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In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world of science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world.

Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover.

Robert McC. Adams

Secretary

Smithsonian Institution

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY • NUMBER 31

The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán

with Grammatical Analysis and Historical Commentary

VOLUME I: Tzotzil-English

Robert M. Laughlin

with John B. Haviland

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

Washington, D.C.

1988

ABSTRACT

Laughlin, Robert M. The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán, with Grammatical Analysis and Historical Commentary, Volume I: Tzotzil-English; Volume II: English-Tzotzil; Volume III: Spanish-Tzotzil. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, number 31, 1119 pages, 29 figures, 34 tables, 1988.—This dictionary of Tzotzil (Mayan) vocabulary from the town of Zinacantán, Chiapas, Mexico, was edited by the author over a period of nine years. The original manuscript, compiled by an anonymous Dominican friar, probably at the close of the 16th century, disappeared during the Mexican Revolution, but a manuscript copy of 351 pages survives. It was made around 1906 at the behest of the Bishop of Chiapas, Francisco Orozco y Jiménez. The approximately 11,000 Spanish-Tzotzil entries have been translated into English. Following the format of The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán, the colonial Tzotzil has been ordered by roots. The spelling has been corrected and modernized. Doubtful interpretations are stated and problems are brought to the reader’s attention, with frequent reference to the existing colonial Tzeltal dictionaries. Each entry is analyzed grammatically according to a system devised by John B. Haviland. All entries are keyed to their original location in the manuscript copy. A second section provides an English-Tzotzil dictionary and index for the thesaurus that follows. To make the cultural contents of this dictionary more readily available to anthropologists and historians, the thesaurus groups the Tzotzil terms under 36 cultural categories such as world, movement, life cycle, emotions, agriculture, ailments, religion, etc. Of special interest is metaphoric speech, subdivided into 10 categories. A third section presents the Spanish-Tzotzil dictionary slightly abbreviated and with the spelling of both languages modernized. A facsimile of the manuscript copy is also offered. Preceding the dictionaries is a historical sketch that places the original in its colonial setting, compares it to other 16th and 17th century lexicographic efforts, and suggests a possible author. The lives of the five individuals responsible for the preservation of the manuscript copy are traced. John B. Haviland, drawing upon the contents of the manuscript, provides a detailed analysis of the grammatical changes that have occurred in Tzotzil over the past four centuries.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. COVER DESIGN: Mayan glyphs, “The Writing, the Speech, of the People of the Bat, the Black Lords,” by David S. Stuart.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Laughlin, Robert M.

The great Tzotzil dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán.

(Smithsonian contributions to anthropology; no 31)

Bibliography: v. 1, p.

Contents: v. 1. Tzotzil-English—v. 2. English-Tzotzil—v. 3. Spanish-Tzotzil.

Supt of Docs, no.: SI 1.33:31

1. Tzotzil language—Dictionaries—English. 2. English languages—Dictionaries—Tzotzil. 3. Spanish language—Dictionaries—Tzotzil. I. Haviland, John B. II. Title. III. Series.

GN1.S54 no. 31a 301s 87-600364 [PM4466.Z5] [497′.4]

Contents

VOLUME I

Epigraph

Welcome to the Party!

A Web of Mysteries

The Search for Souls

The Search for Words

X, Y, and Z

Francisco Orozco y Jiménez

Nicolás León

Paul Wilkinson

William E. Gates

Robert Garrett

At Play in the Fields of the Lord

Notes

It’s My Own Invention: A Comparative Grammatical Sketch of Colonial Tzotzil, by John B. Haviland

Outline

1. Introduction to the Grammatical Formulas

2. Simple Sentences

3. Nominal Constituents

4. The Verb Phrase

5. Complex Sentences

Explanatory Notes

A Word of Warning

The Design

Tzotzil-English

English-Tzotzil

Spanish-Tzotzil

Phonology

Compounds

Tzotzil-English Dictionary

Appendix: Undetermined Words

References

1. Anonymous Manuscripts

2. Newspapers

3. Correspondence

4. Published Works

Requirements for Smithsonian Series Publication

TABLES

1. Comparison of 20 entries for echar and echarse

2. Comparison of entries for empanada

3. Dictionaries examined for cultural comparison

4. Weather

5. Metals, stone, jewels

6. Edible plants

7. Herbs, spices

8. Flowers

9. Fruit

10. Textile plants, etc

11. Bread, etc

12. Illness

13. Architecture

14. Furniture and furnishings

15. Tools, etc.

16. Clothing

17. Government, etc.

18. Punishment

19. Laborers, servants

20. Army

21. Military construction

22. Arms and armor

23. Navy, etc.

24. Schooling

25. Music

26. Sports and games

27. Most frequent entries from Tables 4–26

28. Sum of shared entries

29. Rank of sharing in cultural categories

30. Sum of rankings in cultural categories

31. Sum of entries

32. Comparison of one page of Ara with Guzmán and Z

33. Comparison of colonial and modern roots

34. Colonial roots

FIGURES

FRONTISPIECE: Bishop Bartolomé de las Casas seeking souls in San Cristóbal de las Casas

1. Church and former monastery of St. Dominic

2. Bishop Francisco Orozco y Jiménez, 1902

3. Bishop Orozco y Jiménez with two of his students in Rome, 1907

4. Episcopal Palace, San Cristóbal de las Casas, 1906

5. Episcopal Palace and Cathedral of San Cristóbal L.C., ca. 1950

6. Emblem of the bishopric of Chiapas, 1907

7. Archbishop Orozco y Jiménez in hiding in Jalisco, ca. 1926

8. Birthplace of Dr. León, Quiroga, Michoacan

9. Dr. Nicolás León in the field

10. Dr. León’s study

11. Bookplate of Dr. León

12. Commemorative plaque

13. Dr. Nicolás León in formal pose

14. Dr. Nicolás León at ease

15. Paul Wilkinson, 1891

16. Wilkinson book sale catalogue

17. William E. Gates and Cipriano Alvarado at the kymograph, 1923

18. Robert Garrett at the First Olympics in Athens, 1896

19. Robert Garrett in later life

20. Bookplate of Robert Garrett

21. Evergreen, home of Robert Garrett

22. Alfred Bush

23. The fiddler, John B. Haviland, with Romin Peres Peres, rebuilding the roof of his dream house in Naben Chauk, 1984

24. The author at play in the fields of the Lord, 1982

25. First approximation

26. Spanish key; stage 1

27. Spanish key; stage 2

28. Grammatical revision and preparation for computer

To William E. Proxmire, for the fun of it!

EPIGRAPH

Y sobre todo esta lengua [Tzotzil] es imperfecta
y barbara y estoy cierto que aun los
mas Peritos en ella no podran explicar
muchos conceptos que quieran.

Nicolás de Morales y Astiná
(1789)

1st SPECTATOR [from the audience]: All you need is a dictionary!

3rd SPECTATOR: There’s no harm in that—dictionaries have all the words.

Eugène Ionesco

But when not satisfied with Spoils at home,
The Pyrate wou’d to foreign Borders roam;
May he still split on some unlucky Coast,
And have his Works, or Dictionary lost…

Matthew Prior
A Satyr on the Modern Translators
(1685)

Words are not pebbles in alien juxtaposition; they have only a communal existence; and not only does the meaning of each interpenetrate the other, but all in their aggregate take their purport from the setting in which they are used…

Judge Learned Hand

FRONTISPIECE.—Bishop Banolomé de las Casas seeking souls in San Cristóbal de las Casas. (Photo by Frank Cancian.)

Welcome to the Party!

On this Thanksgiving Day, it seems meet and right to turn my thoughts to the host of people who contributed by spoken or written word and by deed to the fashioning of this Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán.

I will call up first, from early colonial times, the anonymous friar and the unknown Indians from Zinacantán and neighboring towns, who answered his endless questions, so that he could bring to completion his Diccionario grande to further his evangelical mission. Then there are the nameless friars whose linguistic efforts in Chiapas contributed in unknown ways and to an unknown degree to the work of this Dominican I am calling “Z.”

Of those with names, first and foremost come “the Father of the Indians,” Bishop Bartolomé de las Casas, and his inspired assistants: Fray Domingo de Ara, linguist, and the four friars who founded the monastery of Zinacantán; Fray Tomás de la Torre, historian, Fray Pedro de la Cruz, architect, Fray Jordán de Piamonte, horticulturalist, and Fray Alonso del Portillo, oracle.

They are followed by Fray Andrés del Valle, administrator, Fray Manuel Enriquez de Paz, nobleman of Salamanca who might have been “Z,” and by Fray Alonso de Guzmán, who revised and expanded Ara’s Tzeltal dictionary.

My knowledge of Santo Domingo Zinacantán is owed primarily to Antonio Remesal, Francisco Ximénes, and the accounts published by Justo Cuervo, drawn in great part from the words of their fellow Dominican, Tomás de la Torre.

In my attempts to expand my colonial sources or to comprehend better the contents of the dictionary before me, I was generously aided by Ramón Hernandes, O.P., of the Instituto Histórico de San Esteban in Salamanca, by Miguel León-Portilla, and by George Collier, Jorge Klor de Alva, Charles Dibble, James M. Lockhart, and George Kubler. Edward Calnek, the first to discover the historical value of this dictionary, contributed to my understanding.

I should not fail to include the religious lexicographers from Spain to Mexico, Guatemala, Peru, and Paraguay, whose works I compared with the Diccionario grande, and with them, Fray Tomás Connally and Fray Tomás Higgins, who led me out of many definitive quandaries.

Turning now to the twentieth century, there is the anonymous priest of San Cristóbal who copied the Diccionario grande with a clear hand at the request of the indomitable Bishop Francisco Orozco y Jiménez. It was the bishop who rescued this dictionary from oblivion. Despite his conservative catholicism, he lived a life of epic proportions with a love for humanity in general and Indians in particular, determined to spread the riches of civilization and by unyielding passive resistance to defend his Church from attack. He has been an inspiration for me.

In my quixotic search for the original manuscript and for further knowledge of Bishop Orozco I was aided by Monsignor James P. Gaffey, Perez Alonso, S.J., of the Jesuit archives in Mexico City, by Antonio Garcia, religious of Guadalajara, by members of the Archivo Diocesano of Guadalajara and the Biblioteca de la Universidad de Guadalajara, by Luís Gonzalez y Gonzalez of the Colegio de Michoacán in Zamora, and by Francisco Castillo Cervantes, also of Zamora, and by the bishop’s cousins, Guillermo Arce of Guadalajara and Fernando G. Arce of Mexico City. In San Cristóbal I exploited the hospitality of Gertrude “Trudi” Duby Blom, and with the assistance of Joan Norris, tracked down the bishop’s published works, preserved under lock and key at Na Bolom. Prudencio Moscoso Pastrana graciously permitted me to spend hours in his library consulting local material unavailable elsewhere. He gave me a photographs of the bishop and early views of San Cristóbal, and vividly described the arrival of the Carranza troops and their destruction of the bishop’s library. Michele McGuirk provided me with faithful copies of Don Prudencio’s photographs. Angélica Inda y Buendía of the Archivo Histórico Diocesano de San Cristóbal stretched library hours for my benefit and enthusiastically joined me in the search for pieces of the puzzle. After my departure, Heather “Erica” L. Shaw burrowed through dusty documents there to solve a few mysteries that had plagued me. Jan de Vos, S.J. showed me his copy of an important letter from the bishop to Dr. León housed in the Newberry Library. Lic. Angel Robles Ramirez handed me an incomplete copy of an evanescent memorandum issued clandestinely in “a parish of this archbishopric,” which included a description of Orozco’s activities in Chiapas. John Steichen, chancellor of the Oklahoma diocese jimmied open a file, and his secretary, Helen Sellers, tossed around boxes of books in our futile attempt to discover the manuscript. Sister Theodore Mary Von Elm provided the coup de grace, by assuring me that she had never seen the Diccionario grande in Bishop Kelley’s library. My disappointment was lessened by the knowledge that “my” dictionary could not have shared the fate of the bloated and twisted books stored in hundreds of boxes in the seminary basement, victims of a broken water pipe.

Tony Zito of the Catholic University Archives, Brother Michael George of Loyola University Archives, Edmund A. Balcerak, General Secretary of the Catholic Church Extension Society, and anonymous members of Georgetown University Library, the New York Public Library, the Van Pelt Library of the University of Pennsylvania, the Newberry Library, the Biblioteca Nacional de Mexico, the Biblioteca del Museo Nacional de Antropología, and the Archivo General de la Nación all assisted me in my search for material.

Fernando Gutiérrez Morales passed on to me the altar boy’s story of the bishop’s dramatic escape. Josefa Pineda de Hernandez, granddaughter of Governor Manuel Pineda, niece of the grammarian Vicente Pineda, and daughter of General Alberto Pineda, told me of the bishop’s ranches that the bishop, upon leaving Chiapas, sold to her father. Engelberto Castañeda of Alemajac del Valle, formerly of San Cristóbal de la Barranca, Jalisco, identified locally as “the lame man with the cows,” recounted his boyhood memories of his life with the bishop in hiding. And there is the anonymous cab driver, formerly of Jalisco, who drove me to the Mexico City airport as he told me how he had replaced a mule in the mill to grind wheat for the fugitive bishop’s bread.

Next in line comes Nicolás León, as indomitable as the bishop, and, in his own way, a compelling figure. My pursuit of Dr. León was aided by Donald Brand, George M. Foster, T. Dale Stewart, and Lucile St. Hoyme. In Morelia, Daniel Schavelson, and in Mexico City, William L. Merrill, José Miguel Quintana, Ignacio Bernal, Antonio Pompa y Pompa, Daniel F. Rubín de la Borbolla, Jaime Litvak King, and Antonio Alatorre responded to my inquiries and guided my way. Javier Romero of the Departamento de Antropología Física in the Museo Nacional de Antropología, discovered for me the three photographs of Dr. León reproduced here. In Quiroga I conversed with Pedro Fuentes Magaña, present owner of Dr. León birthplace. I also conversed with León descendants Sra. Soledad León Serranía Vda. de Concha and her son, J. Luís Enrique del Monte Carmelo Concha León.

Members of the Smithsonian Institution Archives, James L. Glenn and others of the National Anthropological Archives and staff of the American Philosophical Society Library assisted me in uncovering León’s correspondence.

Next in the procession appears, but briefly, the mysterious Paul Wilkinson. My attempts to trace him further were made with the determined assistance of anonymous members of public libraries in Kansas City, Kansas, Los Angeles, California, and El Paso and McAllen, Texas, Sally DuMaux of the Frances Howard Goldwyn Hollywood Regional Library, and of César Caballero of the University of Texas at El Paso Library, who searched even the cemetery records of El Paso. A Mrs. Wilkinson, no kin to Paul Wilkinson, but whose baby had been given a beauty prize years ago by Paul’s brother, Hugh, tried to steer me in the right direction. Rowan Koehler, an editor of the Seneca, Kansas, Courier-Tribune, whose aged mother had been the housekeeper for Paul Wilkinson’s parents, gained permission for me from Seneca Free Librarian Elizabeth Weber and Library Board President Lance Tempel to have free access to the library’s newpaper files. He also pointed out to me a defective WPA file of obituaries that nevertheless deviously led me to Paul’s icy headstone. Elizabeth W. Vaughan, niece of the missing man and resident of Kansas City, kept my letter on her bedside table for months to remind her to make still another search in her cellar for photographs of her uncle, and finally brought one to light that, because of its date, could only have been a picture of her Uncle Paul. In the National Archives, I discovered Wilkinson’s date of birth in the 1888 census polls. John B. Glass led me to Wilkinson’s sales catalogs.

When it comes to William E. Gates, his typescript Tzeltal copies of Ara-Guzmán were of great assistance. His enthusiasm and persistence I could enjoy fully. Being spared his cranky complaints I could share his dreams. Gareth Lowe’s introduction to “Dr.” Gates is a fine one. Thomas Niehaus of the Latin American Library, Tulane University, and numerous members of the Lee Library, Brigham Young University, aided me further, providing the photograph of William Gates at the kymograph.

Following Gates is Robert Garrett, who brought the Diccionario grande to my hometown and eventually to my alma mater. At the archives of the Institute for Advanced Studies I was kindly permitted me to consult the Garrett files. The Princeton Alumni Weekly gave me a copy of his appearance at the first Olympics. Robert Garrett’s son, Harrison, whose father-in-law’s sister, by marrying my second cousin once-removed, became a Laughlin, is my inside connection, providing an intimate view of his father’s life, as well as a photograph. William Sloane has given me a further glimpse of Robert Garrett. Alfred Bush has sent me a copy of his bookplate from the Princeton University Library Department of Rare Books and Special Collections.

Which brings me to Alfred Bush, Curator of the Princeton Collection of Western Americana, who, obviously, should be the beadle, the mace bearer at the head of the procession, for it was he who discovered the Diccionario grande buried in the vault of the Princeton University Library, and who first told me of its existence. He let me make, first, the xerox copy that has hounded my steps, and, later, the facsimile reproduction. If it were not for Alfred Bush…. Only Kim Otis was able to track down a photograph of this illusive figure who came to be known by us as “Greta Garbo.”

I am indebted to all those modern lexicographers whose works are listed in the Literature Cited, and to the following linguists who helped me figure out recalcitrant forms: James Fox, Nicholas Hopkins, Terrence Kaufman, Ulrich Köhler, Carlos Lenkersdorf, Barbara MacLeod, William Norman, Victoria Reifler, Brian Stross, and Pierre Ventur. William Norman should take the credit for insisting, to my dismay, that each entry in the Tzotzil-English section be keyed to the Spanish original. Floyd Lounsbury struggled with the kin terms, concluding that they did not present a viable system. Ava Berinstein is here for a more absurd reason. The members of the Albert Gallatin Philological circle are here in all seriousness. Johannes Linn clarified for me the meaning of a nest of German Mayan lexicographic riddles.

In my efforts to reduce the undecipherable Tzotzil words I was aided also by two Chol friends of Barbara MacLeod, by a Tenejapan Tzeltal with a flashing set of gold teeth, and by the last woman in Venustiano Carranza who knew how to spin, introduced to me by Walter “Chip” Morris. Their names have all fled. My compadres Anselmo Peres Peres and Petul Vaskes resurrected a good number of archaic or infrequent terms that never entered my 1975 dictionary.

Next in line are the priests of Zinacantán, José Luis J. Argüelles, O.P., and Jan de Vos, S.J., who spent many afternoons attempting to unscramble Z’s part-Spanish, part-Latin grammatic explanations. Ives Goddard, too, lent a hand.

When I discovered that the Ara dictionary was missing from the Berendt collection I purchased a microfilm copy from James Rauh. As I dimmed my eyes peering at the fuzzy film, I cursed him for having purloined the original. Now that the dictionary has happily reappeared in the collection I apologize for my slander. Years later, Norman McQuown kindly provided me with a clear microfilm copy of the same.

For the Mayan glphyic title of this book, “The Writing, the Speech, of the People of the Bat, the Black Lords,” I am indebted to the hand of David S. Stuart.

Frank Cancian’s camera caught Bishop Las Casas for me as he headed for cover from an August shower.

Paula Cardwell and Karen Willson at the Smithsonian and Frances T Mendez in San Cristóbal manned the machines to convert my illegible scribbles to typescript—a monumental task! At the beginning of this project I was aided by Rita Freidin.

R. Joe Campbell generously lent me his adaptation of Voegelin and Voegelin’s cultural domain scheme for his presentation of Molina’s Nahuatl dictionary. Responsibility for revising this classification of English terms into more appropriate cultural categories became the bane of Priscilla Rachun Linn’s existence. Night after night, for months and months she sorted and resorted words until at last she had invented a whole new creation. How can I provide sufficient thanks? Judy Boruchoff then stepped in to help me revise and prune the system where needed—this with an intelligence and cheerfulness that was a pleasure to behold.

I swore I would never let my words be swallowed up again by a computer, but once more I capitulated—this time to Kelly Jensen’s reasoning. David French welcomed my floppy disks into his department. Now Johanna Humphrey should take a bow. If anyone can take the sting out of a computer it is she. It is hard not to worship her! And she is just as easy marshalling her corps of engineers: Hazel I. Bobb, Kathleen H. Reinberg, Regina Cain, Charlotte Child, and Irene Zimmerman who faithfully tended their ANT CHILD, righted it when it tripped over God, and miraculously transformed it into this great dictionary! By their manipulations I discovered that I, too, just as Guzmán and Z, had cross-referenced to imaginary entries. I suppose I should give personal thanks to the computers, too. Not yet!

I presented Victor Krantz with a faded manuscript and many blurred photographs with the request for clear copy and good resolution. He worked with good result. Marcia Bakry arrowed in for me on Santo Domingo.

Angeline D. Smith, Janette K. Saquet, and many others in the Smithsonian Library helped me innumerable times to locate obscure or ill-identified sources.

Anna Spriggs and Juanda Gates have cheered my mornings and pulled the trash of this great dictionary. S. Dillon Ripley, secretary emeritus of the Smithsonian Institution, keeper of the well, kept my research running to Chiapas and back, and back again for more. Former director of the National Museum of Natural History, Porter M. Kier, and present director, Richard S. Fiske, former chairmen of the Department of Anthropology, William W. Fitzhugh and Douglas H. Ubelaker, and present chairperson Adrienne L. Kaeppler have given me only encouragement and wished me godspeed. Clara Ann Simmons has managed to keep the red tape out from under my feet.

Barbara Spann, Supervisory Editor, Smithsonian Institution Press, accepted the challenge of this endeavor, providing continuous encouragement to the author and to his editor, Donald Fisher, who, with quiet humor and relentless determination, trained the computer to produce just what we intended.

At the end of this procession strides John B. Haviland who, in addition to contributing the grammatical chapter, after closely examining drafts of this dictionary one murky afternoon in Naben Chauk, carried them to the Australian outback where he devised a whole new notational system and revised the pages accordingly. I cannot resist confessing that he began the task on his portable computer, but, to save time, finished with a blue pencil! In revenge, perhaps, he caught for posterity a view of his colleague and fellow reveller at a Vaskes wedding in Naben Chauk.

Drs. Percy Wood and Ervin Varga restored my spirits and allowed me to complete this dictionary.

Here should be marshalled my in-laws, Reese and Dorothee S. Wolfe, who have always been supportive in this endeavor, as has my mother, Roberta H. Laughlin, who is still trying to figure it out. My late father, Ledlie I. Laughlin, showed me what fun it is to untie historical knots and become a super sleuth.

Now, the rear guard: my wife, Miriam “Mimi” W. Laughlin, and my children, Liana DeW. Laughlin and Reese T. Laughlin, who for all these years have had to live with this Diccionario grande spread across tabletops, littering the floor, filling their husband’s or father’s mind and mouth with Elizabethan Tzotzil words, words, words. My children could escape, but my wife has been caught in this web these many years. Indeed she has accompanied me from San Cristóbal de las Casas to San Cristóbal de la Barranca. The miracle is she can still laugh and we will be laughing hard together when it is all over.

But as for laughs, for fun, let’s think of the procession. In colonial Tzotzil it is a joyijel, a walk that proceeds in a circle, starting, continuing, and returning to the starting point. A procession occurs always at a celebration. So let’s return to the beginning and have a big party, and let’s invite all those in the bibliography who I never mentioned, too. This would add Fray Bernardino de Sahagiin, Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Thomas Gage, Frederick Smith, and the great Calepino. And I almost forgot some other notables who strayed into this web of associations: Senator William E. Proxmire, Pajarito, and Dwight Morrow.

We’ll have Jesuits, Dominicans, Franciscans and Augustinians, Evangelists, Baptists, Jews, Catholics, Masons and heathens, archbishops, bishops, cardinals, monsignors, and chancellors, generals, majors and captains, dukes, counts, ministers, ambassadors, governors and senators, smelters, printers, accountants, journalists, archivists and librarians, obstetricians, architects, horticulturalists, administrators, lawyers, teachers, and oracles. We’ll invite Catholic ladies of San Cristóbal and cleaning ladies of Washington, D.C., Zinacantecs, Chamulas, Tzeltals, and Chols. There will be Blacks, Whites, and Indians.

Not to be forgotten are the ethnologists, archeologists, and physical anthropologists, nor the historians, geographers and geologists, nor the botanists, ornithologists, or echinologists to bolster the rectors and vice-rectors, university presidents and secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution. Catch the poet, before he slips away! As I included the present secretary, Robert McC. Adams, as a supporter for my first dictionary, I am sure he would not feel uncomfortable celebrating with us here, for it is quite a cosmopolitan company: Mexicans, Americans, English, Spaniards, Argentinians, Persians, French, Germans, Italians, Guatemalans, Arabs, Turks, and Japanese.

Let’s extend our invitation list to those in power who touched or were touched by those associated with the Diccionario grande: Maximilian of Bavaria and the Reina Infanta, Felipe II and Alfonso XIII, Emperor Maximilian, and 7 presidents of Mexico, Porfirio Díaz, Francisco León de la Barra, Francisco Madero, Venustiano Carranza, Alvaro Obregón, Plutarco Calles, and Emilio Portes Gil. To this assemblage of politicians should be added Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge, Emperor Hirohito, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and 3 popes; Pius X, Benedict XV and Pius XI. To keep the peace and bless this event we should include ‘Alajom and Patol, San Felipe de Jesús de las Casas, Our Lady of Guadalupe, and, of course, Santo Domingo!

Though I do not mention them by name, all my friends and relatives in this country and my Chiapas cronies who have heard all about this dictionary from me deserve a fluid reward.

What fun it will be to toast to the long life of the Diccionario grande, to see the faces of the anonymous Indians and lexicographers, the copyist, G.H., and Paul Wilkinson, to discover, in the end, who “Z” really is!

You who read these lines are now associated, too, whoever and whatever you are. Thank you. Welcome to the party. Let it be great!

Robert M. Laughlin
November 1984

The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán

Robert M. Laughlin

____________

Robert M. Laughlin, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

A Web of Mysteries

A dictionary is not merely a list of words, but a creation of its time, influenced by those who prepare for its coming, and by those who touch it. Not merely a passive creation, it influences the lives of those whom it touches. So I have set about to recreate the times and the individuals who most likely contributed to the creation and preservation of the dictionary sometimes called El diccionario grande, and which I have named The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán. Those who expect to follow an unequivocal history will be caught, as was I, in a web of mysteries. That is the truth!

The Search for Souls

On 11 July 1544, a fleet of 27 ships, defended by an armed galleon, set sail from a small port in southern Spain. Sharing passage on a single ship were the Bishop of Chiapas, Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, 37 priests, and 10 deacons—the largest group of Dominicans yet to venture to the New World.

Two months later, they landed in Santo Domingo, where they waited out the tropic storms until December. After a fearful trip, their sinking spirits buoyed by a chorus of prayers and hymns, they arrived in Campeche. A first boat was embarked by 10 friars on the Laguna de Términos, but old and overladen with their books and provisions, it foundered in a tempest. Singly and in pairs, the friars were washed overboard, leaving but one desolate survivor. Before they set out again, the remaining 36 missionaries retrieved their library from the shallow lake bottom. At last they reached Tabasco and the mountains of Chiapas, some so debilitated that they were carried by Indians in hammocks. Fording three rivers and crossing five arroyos, they climbed the perilous trail up to Zinacantán, in the highlands of Chiapas, reaching the Spanish capital, Ciudad Real, on St. Gregory’s Day, 12 March 1545.

Ciudad Real, midway on the trail that led from the coast to Guatemala, was not yet 20 years old. In 1540 there were 50 Spanish family heads; by 1611 the number was to grow to 280.

Not long after the arrival of the clergy a church stood in Ciudad Real, “but the church was much inferior to the residences of the Conquistadors, who made a show of their wealth.”[1] If the Tzeltal and Tzotzil dictionaries compiled by the early friars paint a true picture of Spanish life in Ciudad Real, one sees all the magnificence of a European court transported to the mountains of Chiapas: turreted walls and keeps, sun galleries, tapestries and canopied feather beds, copper, gold, and silver platters, wineskins and wine jugs. But to maintain this way of life required a retinue of servants and slaves, from the doorman to the taster of the lord’s plate. To clothe and outfit the lords and their ladies there was a host of artisans: jewelers, doublet makers, cobblers, etc. For lordly amusement racing greyhounds competed with jousts and tourneys, falconry, jesters and jugglers, chess and pool, the music of lute, monochord, and sackbutt.

But there was also the dark side: the plague, buboes, king’s evil, diarrhea, and leprosy, compounded with highwaymen, picklocks, counterfeit cocoa beans, manacles and fetters, the place of public punishment, the dungeon, the pillory, and the gallows. From the dictionary, “We whipped him, but he did not profit by it.”[2]

Visiting Ciudad Real in 1616, Fray Antonio de Remesal was suitably impressed.

Their nobility shines in their care towards their appearance and their houses which they maintain so well that each house could provide a surplus of many ducats of rent. Their suits and uniforms could be worn at court. The promenading of the horses as on the border, and their excellence exceeds the finest of Spain.[3]

But there were complaints that because the landholders lived on their estates, the town lacked highways, bridges, and a water system. Constant quarrels among the Spaniards brought a decadence to Ciudad Real lovingly described by Thomas Gage.

The city of Chiapa Real is one of the meanest cities in all America…The merchants’ chief trading there is in cacao, cotton…some sugar…a little cochineal.[4] The gentlemen of Chiapa are a by-word all about that country, signifying great dons…great birth, fantastic pride, joined with simplicity, ignorance, misery, and penury. These gentlemen will say they descend from some duke’s house in Spain, and immediately from the first Conquerors; yet in carriage they are but clowns, in wit, abilities, parts and discourse as shallow-brained as a low brook, whose waters are scarce able to leap over a pebble stone, any small reason tires their weak brain, which is easily at a stand when sense is propounded, and slides on speedily when nonsense carrieth the stream.[5]

The gentlemen Creoles…will be sure to vent out some non-truth, as to say, “O Sir, what a dainty partridge have I eat today,” whereas they pick out nothing from their teeth but a black husk of a dry frijol or turkey bean.[6]

Yet, Monsignor Flores, modern local historian, cautions that these are the words of “the number one enemy of Ciudad Real,” who was not, indeed, a Dominican friar as claimed, but a Cromwellian spy![7]

Into this “cradle of lords” fell Fray Bartolomé and his followers, expecting to minister to their countrymen as they had at home and then begin the difficult task of converting the “barbaric” Indians to Christianity. They came with three guiding principles:

1. Administer the sacraments as if to men and not to beasts.

2. Treat the Indians with love, charity, gentleness.

3. Be the examples of what we preach, especially in cleanliness and poverty.[8]

Tomás Casillas, a leader of the Church, gave this report:

One pot for cooking fish, another for beans, those are all our jewels. No one has tasted wine, we have not seen oil. Sauces and appetizers are an abomination to us.[9]

[The friars] wore ripped and mended tunics. If they became wet, from the rain or sweat, they were dried by the body’s heat. The meal consisted of corn tortillas and hard-boiled eggs, and perhaps plantains or other cooked vegetable. Pieces of mouldy, dry bread were reserved for the sick. They slept dressed, and covered themselves with a goat hair cloth. Much of the time they had no pillow. Nor did they have wool blankets then, but straw mattresses made of corn leaves and husks.[10]

So true to their principles were these first missionaries that they “had great fame in the Indies for their holiness and poverty.”[11] Only four years after their arrival in Chiapas, the friars’ fame had spread so far that Maximilian, King of Bohemia, and his wife, the Reina Infanta of Castille, sent their praise and encouragement.

This halo surrounding the early missionaries, whose lives are described by none other than fellow Dominican historians, is not to be seen in a document of the Audience of Guatemala, 3 April 1582.

Priests demanding tribute in cloth and money, have alcaldes and aluaciles collect for them. Those who couldn’t pay were jailed. They claim the money is for chalices, and monstrances, etc. to be brought from Spain. They forbid Spaniards from living in the towns, and even merchants who wish to buy cloth must do so via the friars in their houses and leave immediately. There is no way for the Justicia Real to know what is happening if the friars do not want them to know.[12]

When the friars arrived in Chiapas, the Indian population was in steep decline from 275,000 in 1511 to 125,000 in 1550, abetted by a severe epidemic in 1544–1545. By 1600 it had dropped to 85,000. Fifty years later the number leveled off at 70,000.[13] As the native population dwindled and tribute was reduced, it was disputed between landholders, magistrates, and the Dominican and secular clergy. Tributes were not divided equally, for in 1611, of the 58 Spanish encomenderos, 6 received 2500 pesos, 20 received 1,000, and 32 received 500.[14]

From the very beginning the friars were considered by civil officials and landholders to be an economic threat. The reception of the clergy was so hostile that it was quickly decided to establish a monastery in the Indian town of Zinacantán, rather than be confronted constantly in Ciudad Real by abusive Spaniards.

Very little is known of early times in Zinacantán beyond what was reported by the first friars. It has been suggested that the nobility were a product of the merging of Central Mexican and Mayan culture roughly two centuries before the Spanish Conquest; that their political organization, religious innovation, and long distance trade reflect Toltec influence if not actual genetic descent.[15]

A century before Spanish intrusion Aztec merchants traveled to Zinacantán in disguise, learning their language and wearing their clothes. They traded blades, needles, and bells, cochineal, red earth, and rabbit fur skeins for quetzal and cotinga feathers, for jaguar pelts and amber. These merchants were, in fact, spies sent from Tenochtitlan to report on conditions at the edge of the empire, with a view towards further expansion. Should their identity be discovered they were speedily dispatched by the Zinacantecs.

Nevertheless, it is reported that Zinacantán became an Aztec garrison, but one wonders what influence it had upon Zinacantec culture, for only five Nahuatl loan words appear in the colonial Tzotzil dictionary.

Bernal Díaz, a member of the first Spanish incursion into Chiapas, describes their assault upon the mountain fortress of Chamula when they were doused with boiling blood and water, burning pitch, attacked with bow and arrow, slings, long obsidian-tipped lances, throwing spears, and obsidian-edged war clubs. Diaz confesses that only the timely intervention of Zinacantec warriors saved their lives and prevented the obliteration of this first Spanish expedition.

But it is Fray Tomás de la Torre, who in 1545 settled in Zinacantán, and whose accounts were repeated by later Dominican historians, who gives the fullest description.

This town of Sinacantlan, which is large and the capital of all that Nation, is a league and a half from the City. It is seated in a valley with many arroyos. It is near the high mountains, and it is in a depression, although it is at as high an altitude as the City…It has a very cold climate although milder than the City and lacking morning mists. It is an impoverished land, only it abounds in many wonderful very cold springs. There is a spring here which pours out with the force of an ox.

And there are innumerable pine and oak trees. There are many lime pits and an alabaster quarry…The people of this town are born more noble than the others of their Nation, and all or most are merchants, and they are known for this far abroad. They have salt wells in their towns. [The salt] from here is used in the whole area, as white salt does not occur elsewhere. They are common wells; whoever wishes makes salt for himself or for sale. Although this Town is barren, it abounds in many things. Since they are merchants the others have recourse here for buying their necessities and also selling all that they bring.

These people also presume greatly and they do not value planting, nor employment, because they say they are merchants. The Spaniards call all those of this Nation Quelenes, because the youths the Indians gave [the Spaniards] for service, they called Quelen /kelem—boy/. But they are called Sinacantecas in Nahuatl, and in their own language they are called Zotcil vinic /Sotz’ il vinik/, which means “bat man.” This is because their ancestors appeared in the plain [surrounding] the City before the sun existed. They discovered a stone bat and they took it to be God and worshipped it.

They walk naked and when the cold or a fiesta forces them to dress, they put a cloak over their shoulders, with two knots on the right side. The women dress like those of Yucatan because both share much in their languages and customs.

The people of this Town are the chiefs of each Town in the whole region, and simply for being from Sinacantlan they are revered because they are merchants. They were very forceful in wars…all the World was against them. Because of the salt wells they were constantly at war with Chiapa, and though sometimes they were friends, and they sent them presents, because they needed many of the things that Chiapa had in surplus. But they became enemies again very easily and they killed and sacrificed each other…

And as everyone tells his story as he pleases and brags about the bravery of his Town, I will not report anything that they tell us. Our purpose is simply to make them our friends and we have seen to it that they forgive the robberies that each has committed against the other. And now they converse together and honor each other, especially the chiefs.

They did not have a Lord in Sinacantlan, but from those of the higher lineages they named one to direct and lead them in warfare. And when they did not perform well they removed and replaced them…the sons of the Lords were Priests, and if they had sexual relations with a woman, provided boys [for their sons], who accompanied them until they were married…

They had many idols, they worshipped the Sun and sacrificed to it, as to full rivers, springs, heavily foliaged trees, and high mountains they gave incense and gifts.[16]

From scattered sources one learns that the chiefs had adobe houses, that the nobility had large numbers of wives, that 3–4 chiefs from the most noble lineages shared civil authority, and that the subject towns of Zinacantán had caciques. Chiefs owned land privately; laborers were employed on land that was not their own. “Patriarchs” seem to have been guardians of the rights of commoners as against those of the chiefs.[17]

When a person wants to build a house, marry a son or clothe him…he holds a feast for all his friends, and they offer him not only payment for the meal, but everything his son needs.[18]

It was not difficult to separate [the Zinacantecs] from their idols and sacrifices, because they were sticks and stones, indeed dead idols. It was not easy, however, to take away their living idols, who were the women with whom they lived…the others were as friends and companions of the lady of the house, and there was so little jealousy among them, that seeing themselves alone all turned to cries and melancholy.[19]

Zinacantán was a regional intermediary in the trade of luxury goods. It also had control of cotton and cacao in the subject lands. Shortly after the Conquest, Pedro de Estrada, encomendero, “established a sugar mill with the Indians of Canacantlan [sic] and its subject towns. He spent over two thousand gold pesos until he had it running and in order, and the said Indians have served him according to the taxation the governor and bishop made.”[20] From the colonial Tzotzil dictionary entries one learns that tribute cloth was woven “night after night,” and that Zinacantecs were probably involved in a great number of activities in service to the Spanish lords; in horticulture, silk culture, viniculture, fruit-growing, animal husbandry, construction, the bearing of burdens, and a variety of household chores.

The artistic talents of the Zinacantecs receives a single mention.

The Indians devoted themselves a great deal to music, both vocal and instrumental, particularly in Chiapa and the Zoque [region], because they were the most active musicians of New Spain. Those of Cinacantlan excelled them all.[21]

There is little attempt by the early friars to describe Indian religion. The Diccionario grande offers Patol Dios, “shaper god,” under the entry for “false god.” ‘Alajom, “bearer,” is the “principal goddess.” In the colonial Tzeltal dictionaries she is listed under “false gods.” Two centuries later, in 1702, Bishop Núñez de la Vega states that Patol and Alaghom are god and goddess, creators of the earth, sky, and mankind. “These are the head and beginning of the other gods which every town has.”[22] A similar pair of gods, Bitol, “shaper,” and Alom, “bearer,” is found in the Popol Vuh.

The bishop speaks also of the worship in Chiapas of a god, Icalahau, “of Ethiopian color who was a great warrior and very cruel.”[23] He is the logical counterpart of the Yucatec Ek Chuah, a black-painted god of war, and patron of the merchants. It is not surprising that the Zinacantecs, who were considered great in war and trade, should have had as a name for their home, ‘Ik’al ‘Ojov. Perhaps the contemporary J‘ik’al, fearful, cave-dwelling and man-eating spook, is descended from the Black Lord.

As an exception to the rule of providing little or no information about native religion, the friar of Zinacantán, when listing Chauk, thunderbolt, informs us that “they attribute everything to it,”[24] and, under tronar, that “they are men who walk in the clouds, he who sounds by day is a young man and is called jjun Ha‘al chon /one water serpent/, and he of the night is an old man, and is called j‘ox-lajun Ha‘al chon /thirteen water serpent/.”[25] Listed under “devils” in the colonial Tzotzil dictionary are Kisin and Poslom. Not only is Kisin a Yucatec devil, but for the Lacandons he is the cause of death, the earthquake, and the devil. Poslom in Zinacantán today is St. Elmo’s fire, a whirling blue ball of light that causes frightful swelling and pain.

Even in the eighteenth century, Bishop Núñez de la Vega speaks of family idols in Chiapas. Their presence in colonial Zinacantán seems very likely.

The bishop discusses the presence of Aztec nagualism in Chiapas with hereditary nagualists descended from pre-Conquest Aztec immigrants. A person’s nagual was determined by the calendar reading of his birth. At the age of seven the person would meet his nagual. He could have as many as 13 naguals. The strongest were thunderbolts and whirlwinds. There is no mention of naguals in the Diccionario grande, although contemporary Zinacantecs have a vayijel or nagual, and vayajel was given under “witchcraft,” and jvayajom k’op as “interpreter.” The prominence of thunderbolts and whirlwinds as epic saviors of Zinacantán in past times is clearly related.

Priests were probably noble novitiates, whereas the diviners were probably calendar priests who also engaged in casting lots. Medicine men cured by incantation, potions, and blowing.

Bishop Núñez tells of the worship of bones placed in caves. In the colonial Tzotzil dictionary there is a listing for “ossuary.”

Also in the dictionary are references to human sacrifice, both by cutting the body open and by choking. The performer of the sacrifice wore a special mask as he stood before the stone receptacle. There were masked keepers or guardians of the idol. Self-sacrifice was practiced by taking blood from one’s ear.

Small reed shields were hung in the church and there were painted images of a flower with a jaguar–dragon in the middle, perhaps as can be seen in the sacristy of the Templo de la Merced in San Cristóbal. Dancers wore feather capes and headdresses, and bells on their legs. Befeathered litters were also in use.

Jubilation alternated with despair as the friars recounted their attempts to convert the Indians to a meaningful Christianity.

And of all the Indians none in this land had more idols than the Quelenes. The friars decided to have a general auto-de-fe, and gather all the idols to bum, and they chose the town of Cinacantlan, on the day of our glorious Father St. Francis, this year [1548]. A heap of idols was made and the nobility had kept them so secretly that the people knew nothing, even though they worshipped them and sacrificed to them. The women and common people who had not seen them came out to look, and they whacked them with sticks and spat on them and they were appalled by what they had worshipped all their lives without ever having seen them. They burned them with great fiestas and music, and everyone brought firewood, and the driest they could find so that [the idols] would bum better and no piece of them remain…And from this time, by God’s mercy, the land began to be clear of idols.[26]

Fray Tomás de la Torre became a witness to the success of Christianity. As he was traveling to Acala, the native priests were about to sacrifice a man and remove his heart, when from the mouth of the idol came the words, “Stop, stop, do not sacrifice more to us, our time has passed, and now our days are over.”[27] The victim was freed as Fray Tomás walked into the town.

Fray Pedro de la Cruz asked an old Chamulan if he wanted to be baptized. “Tog mogcan” /Toj mo jk’ an—I certainly don’t want to/, he replied as did everyone else. But a short time later they were all baptised!”[28]

The friars’ excitement was tempered by the shallowness of these conversions.

[The Indians] thought that the Virgin Mary was the god of the Spaniards, based only on having heard her named many times. And they were so ignorant on this point that they did not even know if the Virgin Mary was a man or a woman.

The most enlightened Indians had heard of Christ, but not of his passion and death.

They thought that to be baptised was to become a Spaniard and have some entry with Spaniards, so as to be relieved of ill treatment. They bought the baptism, and some bought it twice.[29]

Although the Indians’ conversion was, of course, the principal concern of the friars, they soon became deeply committed to their defense.

No one can imagine the rage and enmity the Spaniards have for us, seeing that we favor the Indians, and advise them not to give out one jot more than is written in the tally sheets.[30]

One morning Alcalde San Pedro spotted two friars coming from Chiapa de los Indios to visit Fray Tomás de la Torre in Zinacantán. The alcalde, thinking that the friars were trying to release some Indians he had taken prisoner, galloped up to them.

Oh whore’s sons, what bad taste you have! You deserve to be hung for it. And how dare you travel without permission so early in the morning outside the monastery?[31]

In the lowland center of Copanahuastla, Fray Jorge de León defended the Indians from the Spaniards who walked in the gold mines, because they afflicted them and mistreated them with great cruelty.[32]

But not all the clergy weren in agreement. At the behest of the bishop, Fray Jordán de Piamonte preached a sermon in the cathedral of Ciudad Real in Holy Week, forbidding communion to the slave-holding encomenderos. The Spaniards retaliated by canceling the customary allotment of food to the monks. The dean of the cathedral supported the landholders and continued to serve them communion. Fray Bartolomé invited the dean to dinner to change his ways, but the dean ignored the invitation and all subsequent summonses. Then the bishop had him seized and brought to his house. The dean screamed aloud and promised to absolve from their sins all who came to his aid. The neighbors stormed the episcopal house with insults and drawn swords, but the peaceful bishop so shamed them with his words of reason that they quickly retired.

Later, in an effort to maintain peace with the Indians, a meeting was called at the Audience in Ciudad Real. The chiefs of Chiapa, Copanahuastla, and Zinacantán, the three major towns, were invited to attend. Ciudad Real filled with Indians. The landholders protested angrily.

The friars maintain that the land is the King’s and that the Indians should be at its head, telling the Indians they belong to the King, and not to address the encomendero as “Our Lord.”[33]

This was too much for Fray Tomás de la Torre to let go by unanswered.

You Spaniards, flesh of our flesh, bone of our bones do not want to receive the doctrine, so we were obliged to go out and preach to the Indians, uncivilized and barbarous people, who in the opinion of those in error are beyond the human race…so that these hard rocks become the sons of Abraham.[34]

Finally, in 1549, came the announcement of the freeing of the slaves and the lowering of tributes. “So many Indians came to the city that they did not fit in the streets or the plaza, and the fields were covered with them as if they were blades of grass.” A stage had been set up in the plaza. The judge was seated on the highest seat in the center, then Fray Tomás and the friars, who were to serve as interpreters, were seated, and finally the nobility, “to announce the new laws to each nation in its language.”[35]

When they received the taxes they ran to Santo Domingo to have the priests witness them. The road from the judge’s house to the monastery seemed like an ant nest, because of all the Indians who came and went, here and there, giving jumps of joy, seeing themselves freed from the intolerable burdens that they had suffered until then.[36]

The Spaniards came also to the friars to beg pardon or they sent their wives to intercede for them so that they not be deprived of their slaves or be forced to pay fines, claiming,

Now there would not be whips, blows, or pillory for the Indian, nor would he be called beast of dog, nor suffer other insults. Now they would honor him, treat him kindly and love him, beg him pardon for the offences, and promise their correction in the future.[37]

Needless to say, the friars’ conflicts with the Spaniards continued unabated during the early years of colonization.

From the very outset, the friars developed a special relationship with the Indians of Zinacantán. On their first visit the friars were sent to this

large town where the Indians brought food to them on the trail and were not a little surprised to see that they did not want to eat meat, because they had never seen such a practice among the Spaniards. The friars took an interpreter with them, Gregorio de Pasquera, who briefly explained to them the principle articles of the faith, which none had yet heard.

The friars embraced them, and attracted them with great signs of love. They gave them crosses, bronze images…that they had brought. And [the Indians] received them with great veneration and respect.[38]

Convinced that Zinacantán would be the best place to establish their home, the friars asked the town to aid in the construction of a small shelter—

the cloister and the garden with rosemary from Spain, carnations, basil, lilies, roses of Castile and Alexandria, all so beflowered and fragrant as Paradise…This was the first building that the Order had in the Province.

The town agreed with great willingness and in just three days of work finished the job from the foundation to the roof, designing it wittily with cloister, bedroom, cells, studies, all with a string so it was a pleasure to watch.[39]

The construction of this idyllic retreat was described in different terms by another friar who was witness to the event.

In those times when the friars arrived at Zinacantan they were lodged in a little house which bore the name of House of the Town Leader. But as they do not respect anything there, after the last Mass the priests left in anger. Then they agreed that it would be more peaceful to build a hut next to the church so that in the rainy season they would not be obliged to go outside. They did not like being placed in the house of someone in the town. Until then they had not dared to ask the Indians for a house…

In three or four days they built the little house which they put next to the church, but it was built so badly, it was as poor as the poorest [house] of the saddest Indian. It had two rooms, and a little shelter. On the other wall they put stakes for a corral where they planted many flowers, as carnations, lilies, and fennel which Fray Jordán sent them from Oaxaca…The house has miserable poles covered with mud. Fray Pedro de la Cruz became angry because the Indians did not make the wall straight, and he alone, with the strength of his arms could straighten it.

In one of the rooms they made a dormitory that was ten feet wide, or two meters wide. It was so humid one could not sleep there. “It would be better if we moved to the other room,” we said. The windows were just holes and the door of the hut was covered with mats.

The house was not fenced in and whatever animal could have entered to break the wall and eat the thatch of the roof, so that it would not offer protection from the sun or the rain. We felt very happy, just thinking that we had a house…

The wall poles that were next to the bed of Fray Tomás de la Torre began to sprout. When the house had dried out, the next day it was filled with puddles of water. More than four springs came up inside the house and now it seemed as if it were a lake. Truly, the church was in the worst part of town, humid and full of arroyos.[40]

From this wellspring came forth the evangelization, indoctrination, and instruction of the Indians of highland Chiapas! This was one of the three Indian towns visited by Bishop Las Casas (together with Chiapa and Copanahuastla). When he departed the New World in 1546 to bring his defense of the Indians to the Spanish court, he left in Zinacantán all his library and his jewels, among which were two good clocks. It was here that he gave the friars his last lessons on how the missionary efforts could be advanced. Apparently the bishop’s words found favor in Castille, “Because the Indians of Sinacantlan aided the friars in their persecutions, Philip II sent a decree in favor of the Indians of that town, which they keep in their court house.”[41]

Of the first friars who pioneered in Zinacantán, the name of Tomás de la Torre should now be familiar. He accompanied the bishop across the ocean, climbed up the trail to Zinacantán, arriving in such a desperate state that he could not stand. No sooner had he been cured of that ailment, than he began to grow blind. Finally, he was led down that same trailll to be administered to by a native healer of Chiapa de los Indios who, after initial failure, restored his sight. Back in his refuge in Zinacantán, “lying in bed with a fever, he counted 27 holes in a wall of his cell, letting in so much light through each hole, that it was enough to study in bed.”[42]

[Tomás de la Torre was] learned, holy, discreet and very prudent. He worked as hard as he could so that the ritual would take firm root. He set an example so that the preachers would not come in search of gold or silver, but rather of souls for God, imitating St. Paul who said, “I do not want yours, but you.” He knew that evangelical poverty was the best model for inspiring the affection of the Indians for the doctrine they were being taught. He saw to it that poverty be displayed in everything. They did not permit mules, nor horses, nor jewels in the cells. He visited the province on foot.[43]

He delivered two sermons a day, fasting continuously, walking on foot two to three, sometimes four leagues to say Mass.[44]

Fray Tomás walked to Mexico City and spurned the offer of a mule on the return trip, arriving in Zinacantán to find that the Spaniards had burnt their monastery.

He was the vicar of Zinacantán, the first vicar of Ciudad Real. He was appointed to be prior of the Convent of Santo Domingo in Guatemala in 1550, returning to Chiapas a year later as the first provincial. In this capacity “he was more humble and thoughtful than any others.” In 1564 he was appointed provincial of Guatemala, where he died three years later. Having served as the official historian of Chiapas, he was followed by no one. Fray Antonio de Remesal lamented that after his death there were no sources to turn to, no clues to follow. “It is better to confess ignorance in these cases than to say what one does not know even though it could have been.”[45]

Fray Jordán de Piamonte, shipmate and cellmate of Fray Tomás, bestower of flowers,

was a man of deep religion and zeal, both in regard to the things of God and to the well-being of the natives, even though he could never learn the language. But he was greatly tormented to see such hateful evil and tyranny and whenever he could…he endeavored to obstruct it. And the laymen respected him and took notice of his virtue and learning.[46]

Fray Jordán, witness to the distress of the Indians of Zinacantán who were forced to pay enormous tributes, informed the bishop in the hopes that he could alleviate their suffering.

On one occasion Fray Jordán preached in Ciudad Real, explaining that he would speak that day not as a preacher, but as “a moral philosopher.” He denounced the “monopolies” that he saw developing against Bishop Las Casas. The governor was deeply offended. “This is calling us traitors, there is no traitor here!” His sermon concluded, Fray Jordán went to have his mid-day meal. An official of the Audience presented himself at the dining room door and called out, “Tell Fray Jordán de Piamonte that the whole city is present and desires to hear him speak.” Fray Jordán responded, “Well, tell the whole city I am eating.” The official repeated his demand and proceeded to read off the list of names of “the whole city” standing behind him. Fray Jordán responded again, “Tell the whole city to enter!” The Spaniards crowded in, shouting, “Tell us who the traitor is!” Comments Remesal:

Fray Jordán on such occasions spoke little and seriously, and when he heard the requisition, he said nothing, nor did he lift his eyes from the table, as he was occupied in cutting up an omelette that he had on the plate.—“Must I speak?”—“Yes!”—“Then I say that I say nothing”…and they departed from the dining room and the monastery and scattered through the city, each to his house, as thin clouds moved by a strong wind.[47]

But poor Fray Jordán was not so successful when confronting the “barbarous” Tzotzil language.

Not only could he never understand a single word, but he could not even pronounce the first word of the Creed. He was greatly distressed that he could not overcome such a small difficulty… So that he would be able to “earn his bread” he taught the Christian doctrine to children with a primer that Fray Tomás de la Torre had written in the native language and given to him.[48]

Fray Jordán persevered in the country doing what he could. He taught the Our Father and Hail Mary, the Ten Commandments and the first words of the Creed which are Cuhuy hun. The pronunciation is different from ours and not believing himself able to pronounce it well, he did not want to teach the Creed, though we were all careful to pronounce it slowly. He also taught the children to read and he humbled himself to do whatever he could, but seeing that he lacked the language he decided to leave this land [49]

Fray Jordán concluded his life in Antequera, Spain.

Though also a fellow shipmate and cellmate, Fray Pedro de la Cruz stands in sharp contrast.

When Fray Tomás de la Torre arrived in Sinacantan, he and Fray Pedro de la Cruz began learning the language immediately.[50]

Fray Pedro began to study on the vespers of St. John and preached in the language on the Day of Mary Magdalen. In three months they were as much at ease in the languages as if they had been raised in them.[51]

It was not happenstance that it was Fray Pedro who grew so angry over the sloppy construction of their shelter. Fray Pedro was the architect of the first monastery and church of St. Dominic erected in San Cristóbal in 1549.

Fray Pedro de la Cruz worked with great zeal to finish the fountain of Sinacantan that was designed in that time (1562)…and is not equalled by the best of Spain.

And with the greatest care and perfection he completed the churches of the Tzotzils in this very year. There was reason to respect highly the excellence that Our Lord gave him in architecture, for he had never studied it, and with this talent he designed in Chamula a spiral staircase, the first in the province, as well built as could have been done by the highest official of Spain.[52]

The fourth of the first friars to be fellow shipmates and cellmates was Fray Alonso de Noreña, also known as Fray Alonso del Portillo. He had been a lawyer in Spain before joining the Order.

One of those transported in hammocks across Tabasco, Fray Alonso, shortly after his arrival in Zinacantan, became so ill that the friars decided to send him to Chiapa for a cure “and they did not think he would live. For many months he had such a great corruption of the body that nothing was contained and many times he fell as if he were dead.”[53]

[But when he returned, Fray Alonso] learned the language of Cinacandan with much perfection [in 1546].

He knew three or four languages very well, especially Nahuatl. He was a perpetual student. By day and by night he was with books. And for him the road was not a bother—arriving at a lodging, no matter how tired he was, he would immediately take out pen and ink and put in writing what he had been thinking on the way.[54]

Fray Alonso acted as governor of the bishopric from 1567–1574 until Bishop Casillas’ successor, Bishop Ferea was installed.

Alonso de Noreña knew a great part of the language of Chiapa. Our Lord gave the friar Alonso de Noreña an extraordinar, y facility in learning [Zoque] because in less than forty days after he began to learn it, he was preaching in it. But he slowed down [in learning] the language, for his age did not permit him to advance with the speed of the others. Still, he always set a good example in this for the other friars, particularly for the young ones, who saw a man burdened with years and white hair, worn out by the deepest studies, in which he excelled, memorizing nominatives and other primary principles, asking the meanings of nouns and verbs, writing and translating word lists. This he did throughout the night and before dawn, as if the exercise of languages alone would sustain him.[55]

FIGURE 1.—Church and former monastery of St. Dominic.

Upon his death in 1590, Fray Alonso had written a great many books in Latin, so he had become “the oracle of New Spain.”[56]

A dozen years after the arrival of the quartet in Zinacantán, Fray Andrés del Valle appeared to replace Fray Juan de Castro, who was sent to found the province of the Philippines. Fray Andrés served in Zinacantán from 1557–1584, being in charge also of Ixtapa and San Lucas.

He knew the Tzotzil language in a very few days. The only path he knew was from the cell to the church, and from the church to the cell…He walked the terrible road to Ixtapa on foot.[57]

On that road he fainted, as he never took breakfast, and was revived by the Indians’ insistence that he take their posol.

He defended [the Indians] as best he could. He did not permit them to be mistreated nor did he allow them to be overburdened.[58]

Fray Andrés was prior of the Monastery of Saint Dominic in Guatemala three times. In 1597 he was provincial of Chiapa. As provincial he strictly demanded that on the visits and in the Indian towns no priest leave his house without being accompanied by another priest, both dressed in their cloaks.

Every Lent he fasted on bread and water, and he spent many days without eating. When he journeyed he never broke the fast. He consumed no quantities of food or drink, not even a drop of water. He spent entire nights without sleeping, busy in prayer. Nothing upset him more than to believe that he was considered to be good, because he was happier when he knew that he was not esteemed. And from this it followed that so as to flee from the crowd of people who came to hear his Mass, as if he were a saint, he said [Mass] very early in the morning, before the church doors opened. [In 1612] when he was near death and about to pass to a better life, many important people came to him; friars of every Order, and a great number of commoners whom he blessed. They could not bury him for two days, and twice they dressed him, because the people took his clothes for relics.[59]

The last friar to be introduced here is Fray Domingo de Ara, fellow shipmate of the bishop and the Zinacantec quartet. Fray Domingo was sent to Copanahuastla where he served continuously for nearly thirty years, but he was in constant touch with Fray Tomás.

Fray Domingo de Ara knew the language [Tzeltal] with such perfection that he left many excellent works on it. His writings are the model for those who wish to learn the language with perfection and with them they can solve any problem.[60]

This blessed priest was given the bishop’s seal, and he was so tormented by the honor, since he only considered himself to be the most humble creature, that by day and by night it was pure lamentation, and the shedding of tears before the Lord, begging him not to permit it, since the prelates were forcing him to accept the episcopate before the document reached him. God heard his prayers. Waiting for the Bull [which they said was already in the Indies] to consecrate him, he died a holy death in the year 1572 in the Convent of Copanabastla where he had lived many years.

Fray Domingo knew the language of that province with eminence, and so as not to learn and work only for himself he composed a grammar and a dictionary for his successors. And his language is so proper, so chaste, so meaningful that I doubt if Cicero’s Latin was more correct. And so those here who followed his style of speech carried out his intent more than those who chose a style they thought more elegant, but which was less useful and fitting for understanding the Indian language.[61]

The Search for Words

The chroniclers of Chiapas, in describing and weighing the personalities, talents, and achievements of the early friars, focus on their religious zeal, but seldom forget to discuss their linguistic abilities.

The hand of God has proven to be very generous in this region to those who have dedicated themselves to the administration of the Indians, for in a few months they preach and take confession [in the native language] and they knew it with such perfection that it is a wonder to the natives themselves. And since without their language, it is impossible to carry out fruitful work, God aids in giving them an understanding of these languages, so barbarous and alien to the style of ordinary languages.[62]

…they have been very careful to see that the friars of this Province know the languages of the lands where they are living, so they will have no excuse for failing to take advantage of the natives’ [linguistic knowledge]. And a great deal is owed to these first priests, who with great exhaustion and effort, became as children, they who were perfect men, and the oldest and most advanced in years. They returned to the principles of grammar and such forgotten things as nominatives, declaratives, verbs, conjugations and tenses so that they could render the barbarous languages spoken by the natives of this land into doctrine, instruction and scientific method.[63]

Every Sunday and fiesta sermons were delivered [in Ciudad Real] in Nahuatl, Chiapanec, Tzotzil and Tzeltal. Every day after lunch the friars had theology sessions or language conferences.[64]

Although Bishop Las Casas never learned a native language himself, he urged Pope Pius V to order the bishops to learn the language of their parishioners.[65]

Fray Pedro de Barrientos, who founded the monastery of Chiapa de los Indios and taught the Indians to train, ride, and race horses as well as to perform in jousts and cavalcades, also wrote a four-volume manual of veterinary lessons in the native language.

Bishop Casillas, when the Spaniards threatened to expel the friars, protested vehemently.

The care and diligence which these fathers have taken and now take to instruct the Indians and teach them, not the creed in Latin, nor the commandments in Spanish, as was done before, but the entire Christian doctrine, constructed and declared in their mother tongue, which they drink as if it were water…Has it cost so little to study the language of these Indians, reducing it to method and grammar, embellishing their sentences and words, that it most be in vain, and after being learned, be of no use?[66]

In the clerical ordinations that Fray Domingo de Ara gave to his monastery in 1548, stating all the rules of conduct, he included an order to Fray Juan de Torres to write a grammar and dictionary of Cakchiquel and Quiché within four months.[67]

In 1549, Fray Tomás de la Torre when visiting the monastery [of Guatemala] ordered that the priests hold a daily conference in the native language.[68] In 1550 Maximilian and the Queen ordered the Dominicans of Guatemala to teach the Indians Spanish.[69]

A grammar of Zinacantán as well as grammars of Chiapanec, Tzeltal, and Zoque were published in 1562, “and although this gave considerable delight to the priests who were tired of so much variety, it had a far greater effect on the Indians who felt a remarkable pleasure when they saw their native words in print and saw that not just Latin and Spanish were communicated in that form.”[70]

In the Meeting of Guatemala, in 1564, the superiors were told to select from among those of their monastery the monk who best knew the language of his district and order him to compose a grammar and dictionary of the language. The bound notebooks were to be placed in public libraries so that all could profit by them…In Coban, in 1566, they reiterated the demand for obedience…that all who have begun writing grammars and dictionaries finish them, and present them so that everyone might profit from them. The grammars proved to be wordy and full of useless precepts and rules, which served more to confound and exhaust [the reader] than to teach him and make him quick to learn. To avoid this obstacle, which was not a small one, at the Meeting in Ciudad Real in 1568 they ordered that [the works] be abbreviated. And it was necessary to resolve this issue once again, as witnessed by a resolution of the Meeting of Guatemala in 1572. Since the foundation of this province it was the custom and the law without exception, that no priest who came from Spain, no matter how old, learned or important he might be, could take confession or preach before knowing one of the languages of these provinces. And so that it remain not simply a tradition, it was ordered by resolution of the Meeting of Ciudad Real in 1576.[71]

Although the glowing accounts of the friars’ linguistic abilities must be taken with a grain of salt, nevertheless, their achievements, after being drawn from “the metaphysics of Salamanca,”[72] carried across the ocean, suffering the most extreme physical and spiritual torments in their adopted home, opposed at times by Spaniard and Indian alike, required to plumb the depths and explain the complexities of a “barbarous tongue,” these achievements compel admiration and amazement.

Now then, the mystery of the The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán: Who inspired it, who compiled it, when, and where? The last question is the easiest to answer, though it was not supplied directly by the author. On the cover of the manuscript copy, Bishop Orozco y Jiménez wrote in 1907 that the original was compiled by a Dominican friar in the monastery in San Cristóbal (Ciudad Real). It may well be that the friar spent much time in Ciudad Real and interviewed Indians there, but there is evidence that strongly supports my temerity in assigning Santo Domingo Zinacantán to the title of this dictionary. The only local place names that are given in Tzotzil are for Ciudad Real, Chiapa de los Indios, San Pedro (Chenalhó), Chamula, and Zinacantán. For the latter, two names are supplied. In the example sentences are found, under acompañar, “Take him to Cinacantlan!”[73] under atras, “the towns behind Zinacantan, as Chamula,”[74] under distancia, “Chamula is as far from Zacatlan [Ciudad Real] as Sinacantlan,”[75] and most conclusively, under desde, “How far is it from Sacatlan to Sinacantlan, how far from Mexico City to Sinacantlan?”[76] Why would the friar dream up such an example unless he were sitting in Zinacantán? There is further cultural evidence that to my mind cinches the case.

There are words for salt makers, for the salt that sticks to the bottom of the distillation pots, for salt cake wrappers, and salt merchants. Who else but the Zinacantecs were the salt merchants of Chiapas? And finally, under vecino de tal o tal pueblo, “But the common way to say ‘Where do you live?’ is ‘Where is your house in Zinacantán?’”[77]

The friar’s knowledge of Tzotzil was not restricted to that spoken in Zinacantán, however, for as in his entry, presuncion, he provides several equivalents, remarking that the last is “rare in Sinacantan.”[78] Under encalvecido, “That is how they say it in Totolapa.”[79] In a single entry, monos grandes que dan bramidos, he reports that the Tzeltales call howler monkeys batz’ “as do some here.”[80]

The beginning of the 16th century ushered in a flurry of lexicographic activity that produced the first known bilingual Spanish dictionaries. The earliest bilingual dictionary of a Spanish language is of Catalan-German and German-Catalan, written in 1502!

It was followed in 1503 by a Latin-Spanish, Spanish-Latin dictionary compiled by Antonio de Nebrija, who, four years later, produced a second dictionary, substituting Catalan for Spanish. These two works flank Fray Pedro de Alcalá’s Spanish-Arabic dictionary (1505), which repeats exactly the wording of Nebrija. Alcalá’s dictionary is not quite so extensive and is organized alphabetically within sections devoted to parts of speech; nouns, verbs, adverbs, etc., a style that apparently was never adopted in the New World.

There is no question that Nebrija exerted a great influence on the friars who were suddenly confronted with “barbarous” languages and compelled to reduce them quickly to order. Nahuatl word lists were derived from questionnaires based on Nebrija’s vocabulary. This said, it must be added that the New World dictionaries were not produced as if out of a clay mould. They are extroadinarily idiosyncratic; even those that are most closely related will show not only differences of inclusion and exclusion, but also of order and spelling. Nor is it true that there are Franciscan moulds, Dominican moulds, Jesuit moulds, etc., though it is quite natural that members of the same order would work closely together.

The first known bilingual dictionary in Mexico was compiled in 1555 by Alonso de Molina, a Franciscan friar whose Spanish-Nahuatl, Nahuatl-Spanish dictionary is of the highest quality, offering a wealth of ethnographic detail. It was followed closely, in 1559, by Maturino Gilberti’s dictionary of Spanish-Tarascan, Tarascan-Spanish. Gilberti, also a Franciscan, must have used Molina’s dictionary as a model.[81] A copy of Molina’s 1571 edition, that once was part of Emperor Maximilian’s library, was heavily annotated in 1587 with Fr. P. Otomí equivalents.[82]

The next pair of lexicographers whose work is very similar is Juan de Córdova and Francisco de Alvarado, both Dominicans. The former wrote a Spanish-Zapotec dictionary (1578), and the latter a Spanish-Mixtec dictionary (1593). Córdova kept close to the second edition of Nebrija (1516) and did not follow Molina, while his compatriot, in many entries, uses the identical wording of Molina’s second edition (1571).

Nearly a century later (1642), an Augustinian friar, Diego Basalenque, produced a dictionary of Matlaltzinca, which approaches those of Córdova and Alvarado, though not obviously derived from them or from Molina-Gilberti.

Turning to the Yucatan, there are two early Spanish-Mayan dictionaries. Neither author nor date are known of the San Francisco dictionary. Its vocabulary shows very little resemblance to Molina’s. The second dictionary, the Mayathán, is attributed to the Franciscan Diego Rejón Arias and is dated around 1625. Neither of these dictionaries approach the comprehensiveness of the forementioned.

In Guatemala occurs the clearest evidence of modeling one dictionary upon another, despite great geographic distance of origin. The Calepino Cakchiquel dictionary, compiled by a Franciscan, possibly Fray Juan de Alonso, and dating from the second half of the 16th century, has entries almost identical to Molina’s. There are a few additions and many deletions, but the phraseology is unaltered. For the concept echar, Molina has 66 entries; of these 50 are shared by Calepino, 11 are ignored, and 6 others are added. The Franciscan friar, Tomás Coto, in 1691 greatly expanded and enriched the Calepino Cakchiquel dictionary with ethnographic detail and numerous illustrative sentences.

Fermin Joseph Tirado’s Quiché dictionary (1787) does not follow Molina quite so closely, but it includes the culinary entries particular to Molina. Its scope is greatly reduced.

Considering that the friars who landed in South America must have had equal access to Nebrija as those who reached Mexico and Guatemala to the north, it is strange that their dictionaries were so universally inferior.

Dominican friar Domingo de Santo Tomás’ dictionary of Quechua (1560) is superior only to the three Jesuit dictionaries of the same language. The earliest (1586) has received the name of the printer, Antonio Ricardo Risco, as author, but it was probably compiled by Alonso de Bárcena. This was reprinted in 1603 in a shorter form by Diego de Torres Rubio, and in 1608 Diego Gonzalez Holguín revised the early version, expanding it somewhat.

Another Jesuit, Antonio Ruíz de Montoya, compiled a dictionary of Guaraní (1640) that is equivalent in size and comprehensiveness to Santo Tomás’ Quechua dictionary.

Not all bilingual dictionaries followed the standard, purely alphabetical sequence. Beltrán de Santa Rosa Maria’s Maya dictionary, compiled in 1742, and with a vocabulary quite different from the earlier dictionaries, classes its contents under categories such as “Bodily Illness,” “Portents,” “Some Domestic Things,” and “Names of Animals and Birds” (including Mayan names supplied for dragon and unicorn). Perhaps unique was Pedro de Arana’s Vocabulario manual of Nahuatl, which advised the reader how, in 1611, to greet someone, how to ask for a lost object, what to say to miners and fieldhands, or to a servant so that he would put one’s clothes in order, how to praise, scold or curse, how to speak to a fellow traveler, how to give thanks, what to say to a servant who is sent on an errand and arrives late, or how to order an official to do something.

In all of Latin America the only polylingual dictionaries to have survived, at least in part, are Vico’s Diccionario cakchiquel—quiché and Ximénes’ Diccionario trilingue—quiché, cakchiquel y tzutuhil, but they do not compete with the Calepino dictionaries produced in Italy. The first, in 1578, of Hebrew, Greek, French, Italian, German, and Spanish was published on 1374 pages folio, and the second, appearing twenty years later, added Flemish, Polish, Hungarian, and English!

In presenting the Tzeltal dictionaries of Domingo de Ara (ca. 1550) and Alonso de Guzmán (1620), and the Tzotzil dictionary, there comes the thorny problem of the relationship of these Chiapas dictionaries to the Spanish models, to those of the rest of America and to each other. First, their order is strictly alphabetical. Attempts to relate them to the other dictionaries by the choice of spelling, e.g., goberna vs. governalle or nao vs. navio vs. nave, etc., proved inconclusive, as dictionaries that were obviously related did not always agree on choice of spelling, and inconsistency could be found within a single work. I chose the single most productive Spanish concept, echar and echarse, that in Molina had 66 entries, in Alcalá, 31, and in Nebrija, 27. Checking the entries in several of the dictionaries reviewed above against the 20 entries occurring in the Tzotzil dictionary, the results showed closest similarity to Molina, Alvarado, and Córdova (Table 1).

Identical entries were scored as 1 and entries phrased slightly differently, but with the same meaning, were scored a ½. Clearly Nebrija and Alcalá have not the influence that might have been supposed.

I tried a second test with empanada. The Tzotzil dictionary lists chicken, fish, and bean empanadas, but none of meat. Table 2 compares entries for empanada in other dictionaries.

It is difficult to draw any genetic or cultural conclusions from this array of inclusion and exclusion!

Undaunted by these results, I decided to make a much more extensive test that I hoped would address two problems: first, the relationship between the dictionaries and, second, whether the entries referred to what actually existed in the New World or merely were drawn from word lists brought from Spain. I chose 300 entries from the Tzotzil dictionary, either nouns or phrases including nouns, such as quebrarse el nao, the majority of which pertained to Spanish culture, presumably introduced to the New World. After checking these entries against the 18 dictionaries cited in Table 3, 10 entries proved to be ambiguous and were dropped. Here again, the final tallies point to the basic idiosyncratic nature of dictionaries.

But why should this dictionary contain substantially more Spanish cultural objects than all the others, especially since its volume does not equal Guzmán’s, Molina’s, etc.?

Another question is presented by listing (in Tables 4–26) those words occurring in all or most of the dictionaries found in Table 3 and compiling a list of the most frequent entries shared (Table 27).

This is a very strange assemblage of military terms, minerals, clothes, and sicknesses. If the contents of a dictionary represent the pieces of a puzzle, which, when fitted together, provide a portrait of the world, then clearly many of the pieces never managed to be included. Differences in time, environment, and interest can explain away a few absences, but pants everywhere are as crucial as shirts, chests as benches, etc. Yes, this was a period of warfare and the frantic search for gold and silver, but the number of missing pieces is disturbing.

In the attempt to discern which lexicographers most closely resembled the lexicographer of Zinacantán I tallied the tables (Table 28).

Recalling the large presence of Aztec and Tlaxcalan soldiers in Ciudad Real after the Conquest, bearers of Nahuatl as the lingua franca, it is not surprising that Molina’s dictionary should most closely approximate the Tzotzil, immediately followed by Gilberti who was much influenced by Molina. Córdova and Alvarado, Dominicans working in neighboring Oaxaca, rank 3rd and 7th. Guzmán, at 4th, greatly expanded the work of Ara (9th), and yet 10 of Ara’s entries were not included by Guzmán. Nebrija and Alcalá, 5th and 6th, provided the first European models then available. Calepino, in 8th place, copied Molina, but not in extenso.

Examining the position of each of these lexicographers in the cultural categories numbering 10 or more entries, the results (from first to third) are listed in Table 29.

The top nine lexicographers have a monopoly in every category, and the top five are far more heavily represented. Molina and Gilberti are weak in metals, arms, and military construction, also in illness and sports. Guzmán is strong in metals, edible plants and fruit, arms, military construction, and schooling.

But whether the lexicographers are scored by the total number of entries or by their position in the 14 cultural categories listed in Table 29, the results are similar (Table 30).

Returning to the problem of whether objects cited were actually present in the New World, or more specifically in the highlands of Chiapas, it is well to remember the 18th century dragons and unicorns of Yucatan! That rubies and emeralds, pearls and ivory be present in Chiapas seems particularly odd, considering the friars’ vows of poverty. Yet Ciudad Real was on the trail to Guatemala and ecclesiastical jewels surely traveled that very trail. Strange to behold, too, in Chiapas are the crenellated walls, moats, turreted towers, and the oath of allegiance of the warden of the keep! Although there is no evidence of castles being built in the New World, there certainly were fortified churches sporting merlons and embrasures. Perhaps the medieval ways of the Old World were kept alive in part through pageantry, for we know that in 1625 for the fiesta of Chiapa de los Indios they erected “towers and castles made of wood and painted cloth.”[83]

Confidence in the image of Chiapas presented by the lexicographer of Zinacantán is increased by his noting when certain things are absent, “but you could say…,” e.g., “…corn whiskey” or “…brothels.”

Holding this reassuring light aloft we can grope our way into the murky depths of 16th century Chiapas to try to place “Z” in his proper place between Ara and Guzmán, brushing aside inconsistencies and inventing fabulous schemes.

TABLE 1.—Comparison of 20 entries for echar and echarse in the Tzotzil dictionary with other dictionaries.

TABLE 2.—Comparison of entries for empanada.

TABLE 3.—Dictionaries examined for cultural comparison.

TABLES 4–26.—Selection of Spanish dictionary entries.

TABLE 27.—Most frequent entries from Tables 4–26 shared by dictionaries listed in Table 3.

TABLE 28.—Sum of entries from Tables 4–26 shared with 290 entries from Z’s dictionary.

TABLE 29.—Rank of sharing in cultural categories.

TABLE 30.—Sum of rankings in cultural categories.

X, Y, and Z

The first invention will be the date of Ara’s dictionary. The date of the Tzeltal-Spanish section is given by the Bancroft Library as 1571, one year before the friar’s death. William Gates suggests that it dates “around 1550,” which would be a likely guess, as Fray Domingo wrote a lengthy treatise in Tzeltal in 1557.[84] It must be remembered, though, that dictionaries produced in monasteries were very seldom written by a single man, but were used and added to constantly by fellow monks. This was demonstrably true of Ara’s TzeltalSpanish dictionary that was speckled with additions and corrections in a variety of hands, some signed, some not.

Guzmán revised Ara’s dictionary in Guaquitepec in 1620. A comparison of Ara’s and Guzmán’s Tzeltal dictionaries with Z’s Tzotzil dictionary must begin with the awareness of a number of shortcomings.

Ara’s dictionary is missing the original title page and the initial pages. It begins with the latter part of abeja la mayor and ends on virtud por la fortaleza, missing the final pages (each missing section corresponds to 3 pages of Guzmán). In the 19th century someone (accenting his a’s) replaced the title page and substituted Guzmán’s opening pages.

Guzmán is missing page 182, remo–reposar. He also is missing the sequence from tardador–templar instrumentos, which corresponds to 30 entries (1½ pages) in Ara. This exclusion cannot be explained by the loss of a page. Perhaps as he was writing his copy he simply overlooked that section, which is not missing from the Tzotzil dictionary. Guzmán’s dictionary runs from A–Z, whereas the Tzotzil dictionary ends on X plus a few additions to various letters.

The latter is missing one page, from padecer–pagar pena (10 entries in Ara including padrastro, padre, padrino, padron). Because the manuscript of the Tzotzil dictionary is a 1907 copy of the missing original, no conclusions can be drawn from paper content, calligraphy, or spelling (which the copyist frequently modernized in Spanish).

In the Ara manuscript a compartment for additions, often designated as such, follows most of the alphabetical sections from A–L, after which it is discontinued. All additions are given in the same hand as the original.

Guzmán leaves a space for additions at the end of most letters. Someone with a crude hand has made a few additions there. Z has less than a page of additions at the end of the entire work.

Ara, in the middle of R (page 167), begins to indicate on the bottom of every page the first entry of the following page. This is copied by Guzmán throughout. It is not present in the 1907 manuscript of Z.

Occasionally, when an entry was short, or when the last line was short, Ara would draw a line after it. This practice was continued by Z about half the time, but never by Guzmán. On a single page, 213, of Z a two-column format is used.

Ara, at the head of each letter wrote Incipit letera…and at the foot, Explicit letera…, Additio ad leteram…. This was not followed by Guzmán. If the 1907 copyist was faithful to Z, he only wrote, after A, De incipientibus perlitteram, after B, De incipientibus in C, after M, fin de la M, after N, De incipientibus in O, after O, Fin de la O.

The number of entries under each letter in the three dictionaries are listed in Table 31.

One would expect that there would be a steady progression from Ara to Z to Guzmán. But this is not the case; Z has fewer entries even than Ara in 6 letters (A, B, C, D, Ll, UV), the same as Guzmán in 1 (F), and more than Guzmán in 4 (Ch, M, R, T). Perhaps at the beginning of his labors Z was not inspired to create a Tzotzil dictionary better than his mentor’s, for from A–D he fell behind the Tzeltal model by 389 entries, while Guzmán outstripped Z by 604! Focusing on a single page of Ara (page 173 1.) gives a more intimate view of the situation (see Table 32).

Analyzing Table 32 results in the following:

Ara:

20 entries

8 identical for A, G, Z

G, Z ignore the same one

Z ignores another

A, G share one worded nearly the same

G, Z add 3 nearly the same

A, G, Z share 4 with different wording:

A, G 1 the same

A, Z 2 the same

G, Z 1 the same

TABLE 31.—Sum of entries.

TABLE 32.—Comparison of one page of Ara with Guzmán and Z.

Why Z should choose to ignore saber mal la doctrina is a mystery.

I performed a similar check on two other pages:

RESULTS OF SECOND PAGE

muerto del todo–mundano amador…(page 125 r.)

Ara:

18 entries

12 identical for A, G, Z

G adds 1

Z adds 1

A, G share 1

A, Z share 1

A, G share 1 with different wording

A, Z share 1 with different wording

G, Z share 2 with different wording

RESULTS OF THIRD PAGE

puerco espin–puntiagudo hacer algo (page 156 r.)

Ara:

27 entries

18 identical for A, G, Z

G adds 1

Z adds I

A, Z share 1

G, Z share 6

Shared by all, but one worded differently:

A, G the same—2

A, Z the same—2

G, Z the same—5

Examining the pairing of Ara and Guzmán, Ara and Z, and Guzmán and Z, shows that Guzmán and Z by a count of 7 are equally similar to Ara, whereas by a count of 18 they are similar to each other.

The Chiapas lexicographers used cross-referencing (unlike Nebrija and Molina). Z had 134 vides, of which Guzmán had 88 and Ara had 41. All but three of Ara’s were repeated by Guzmán and one of these was in a missing section. In nearly every case the cross-referencing was identical, though sometimes the two words would be placed in the entry, such as rehacer, fortalecerse, or the second would follow idem q (Z) or idz (Ara, Guzmán). In eight instances the entry to which Z referred the reader did not exist. Both Ara and Guzmán referred their readers to half of these imaginary entries. Some of the cross-referencing referred back alphabetically, but some also referred far forwards as if the lexicographer knew where he was going.

The writing style of Ara is very terse, Guzmán slightly less so, and Z more prolix. For instance, Ara says encojerse la culebra haciendose rosca, Guzmán has encojerse como la culebra haciendose rosca, and Z says encojerse como cuando se encoje la culebra haciendo rosca. Both Ara and Guzmán make great use of abbreviation, not only in Spanish and Latin, but also in Tzeltal. Z occasionally uses abbreviation for Spanish, e.g., qdo for cuando, frequently for Latin, but, mercifully, never for Tzotzil.

Because all three lexicographers were working from the outside in, from Spanish to Tzotzil, their Tzotzil equivalents are often long phrases or even whole sentences.

If there is no native word or words for a Spanish entry it is not included by Ara, and rarely by Guzmán, unlike Z.

Z is the only lexicographer of the three who gives literal translations for native terms.

Frequently if the Spanish term is an adjective, such as pacible, “peaceful,” it is given modifying cosa, e.g., pacible cosa, a practice introduced by Nebrija.

Tzeltal nouns are given by Ara and Guzmán in the unpossessed form and in 1st person possession singular. For Tzotzil, Z adds to this 2nd person singular, but does not translate it. Tzeltal verbs are almost always given in 3rd person singular, contrasting with Z, who uses the 1st person, and sometimes also the 2nd (not translated). Z slavishly provides the 1st person of a verb even when its subject is an animal, e.g., ladrar los perros, “I bark,” or an inanimate noun, e.g., salirse el vaso, “I sweat.”

When nouns and adverbs are derived from a verb, they follow it regardless of whether the first syllable is the same (unlike Molina, who has abierto precede abrir). This presentation of related forms in blocks is characteristic of Nebrija. There is no regular order of nouns, adverbs, and adjectives within the block; usually they are listed alphabetically.

The alphabetical order of the Spanish entries in all three dictionaries, even after one has figured out some of the rules, is totally perplexing. ç, as in açadon, follows c, so çedro and çiego follow curar. j precedes i and y, which are interchangeable. s when preceding a or e is written x, but x and j may be interchangeable as in enxaguar and enjabonar, in which case they follow enbiar or enviar as b and v are interchangeable. z follows x, mezcla following mexilla, but, of course, z and s are frequently interchanged.

But why in all three dictionaries does abismo precede abeçarse, or adornar precede adereço? Why does Z place hermano between habla and hablador, when the others place it after eriço? Why do Ara and Guzmán insert caminarsecandado in the middle of calça?

With one exception, all three lexicographers use the same alphabet for the native language. Disconcertingly, they interchange b and v, as in Spanish, but they employ gh for modern j and x for modern x, though Z sometimes gives gh for modern k. s, ç, and z are used for modern s, and sometimes Ara and Guzmán employ q. c and qu are used for modern k. Only Z uses the letter d, as in amdel, olondon, and generally, though not universally, for the suffixes I write as -tas and -tay. Z usually writes a b preceding a consonant or in final position as m. y’s and i’s are written interchangeably, which causes problems in a word such as yi’tik, that is written ytic. u, v, and hu may also be interchanged—Z uses all three in a single root. The presence of the consonant H, occasionally written h, but usually not indicated at all, is deduced from the occurrence of person markers that normally precede consonants now preceding vowels. Another clue is provided by roots that appear to begin with a vowel, but which, in modern Tzotzil, begin with v’s or y’s. Finally, there is a dim awareness of glottal stops and glottalization, particularly of mid-position k’s. This is marked, more often than not, incorrectly, with an h, which is rarely used by Z for modern H. Thus, Z presents Ho‘on as ohon, ch’ulum-ti’ as chulumtih, k’ ak’ al as cahcal. But even when they are correct they are just as apt to forget the h in the next phrase. Na is written half the time as nah and te‘ is written half the time as te. Following Spanish rules of pronunciation an n before a b is changed to an m, as in nichnambil /nich’ nanbil/.

Comparing the illustrative material of the three dictionaries, the results are very uneven. So, under salir aprisa, Ara and Guzmán give “as children from school,” but Z is more expansive: “as when they leave church or school.” For saltar hacia arriba, Ara gives “dancing,” Guzmán, “children,” and Z, both. For señal, both Ara and Guzmán give “as when we say clouds are a sign of rain,” to which Z adds the morning star as a sign of dawn. Under son, Ara and Guzmán give (1) sound, humming, (2) echo—striking rock, (3) from afar—birds, (4) sick person. Z alters (2) to read, “echo—bell, striking wood.”

The entry tenerse por digno is very long in Ara and Guzmán, but omitted by Z. Tocarse las partes vergonzosas is given only by Z. Entries such as huerta, tentacion, tratar el tratante, triste, and tronar are greatly expanded by Z.

Both Guzmán and Z refer to reed shields hanging in the church, and to the way the Aztecs prepare their fields. But when Z refers to movement towards, it is towards Mexico City, and for Ara and Guzmán, towards Guatemala. Z speaks of a native of Mexico City or Castille, Ara and Guzmán of Copanahuastla. Z speaks of a palm bag for salt, Ara and Guzmán of a palm bag for cotton and beans.

What most distinguishes Z from the Tzeltal lexicographers is his concern for grammar, for correct speech, which he often presents in a conversational style, offering hints to avoid mistakes and to give just the right turn of speech. All Tzeltal grammatic notation is given in extremely terse Latin, often abbreviated. Z’s notation, when long, is in Latin, but often with Spanish words mixed in. The great difficulty in reading Z’s commentary may be the fault of the copyist, who clearly did not dominate Latin.

Z is fascinated with the difference between Spanish and Tzotzil expression.

When we say…these Indians use the verb…

When we say…these [people] say…

As when we say…

As when we say…these [people] say it in a thousand ways

The other words for…are infinite

They don’t say as in Spanish…

But they never say as in Spanish…

But they don’t say…as in Spanish or Latin, but…

They only have the opposite of this verb

The opposite of Spanish…

And they don’t say…

They don’t have the proper word, but they say…

They don’t have a word for it, but they get around it by saying…

As there is no proper word, everyone says it as he pleases

They don’t use it except by circumlocutions

They don’t talk this way, but we can say…

They don’t use this phrase, but they say…

They don’t use these words, but they say…

I don’t believe they have a word for it, but they say…

They don’t have it, but they usually say in its place…

They say it in many ways, but none is correct

They don’t have a transitive form so in order to say…they have to say…

Or differentiating it, they say…

They don’t have a general term, they have to differentiate

To insult a person, as when we call him a beast, they call him a…

They have no word, nor do they know what it is, although sometimes they say that they say… [sereno de noche]

They haven’t used [the expressions] yet, but they understand them well [verguenzas de hombre y de mujer]

They don’t know what it is, but you could say… [mancebia]

Although it would be well understood if they said…

The etymology and exact meaning of words is of prime importance to Z.

This word comes from…

It has two meanings…

…means…and not…

Frequently it is used metaphorically

i.e. [literate term]

It is the same as saying…

They speak differently if it is…

Sometimes they do not differentiate one from the other as when they say…

They have infinite words for these things, many times they use them indifferently

There are an infinite number of expressions derived from this word [olondon]

Using a clear term…a more decent verb is…but when they talk to us they say… [hater, tener parte el hombre con la mujer]

Z notes the frequency of use and the change of language over time.

They say it infrequently, but…

Sometimes they say…

But commonly they call it…

More often they use…

For…they also say…

Once they said…

But note that it is rare to speak in this way

But this word is used rarely now

And note this well because it is a very obscure phrase

Now the younger men don’t say it, but…

Z provides grammatic notes. Often they are redundant, obvious, and tiresome, but some are quite perceptive.

The same for…

Referring to the man…to the woman…

And the same in all the following cases…

When they put it with the substantive…

Always intransitive [neutro] and in the 3rd person

It is to change intransitive verbs to transitives [activo]

All these verbs are conjugated like this, the first by mood and tense

Preterite…accusative gerund using two verbs simultaneously

Always…at the beginning and after the verb follows…

…is made clear by the pronoun

And note that they don’t have comparisons, but…

And noting that…and…frequentlyare used together

Nouns such as sentiment are verbs in this language

When we use nouns, they use verbs

Commonly they don’t answer except by the same verb that one asks: Has your father come? He has come.

Z also advises the reader how to put his best foot forward.

It is better to say…

But they take it as an insult if…

If you want to say…say…

But to say…don’t say…, rather…

But it seems it is better to say…

To say…you should not say…but with the particles…

Z also gives advice on spelling and pronunciation.

Xocohm /xokob/ must be written with an h to distinguish it from plaster which is xocom /xokom.

Just so, but

Ghchom /jch’om/ as for the milpa, except that the milpa is pronounced forcefully ghchom /jchob/, for loan not so much so.

First, he transposes the glottalized noun and, second, fails to distinguish between b and m in milpa.

Z is correct once again when he points out that you have to pronounce the gh in ghalal antz /j‘alal ‘antz/ when it means a woman who has borne her first child, differently from that in ghalal /jalal/ for beloved, which is pronounced more forcefully.

Unfortunately, Z is extraordinarily inconsistent in his spelling. It is not unusual for him to spell the same word two or three different ways in the same entry.

Unlike Ara and Guzmán, Z refers in his dictionary to an accompanying grammar (now lost). It is most frequently cited in the entries dealing with numbers (1, 15–20, and 90 are not included in the dictionary): vide in arte, ut habes in arte, vi in arte, vide artem, vide adverbio, vide adverbio numeralis in arte (or) en el arte. Kin terms were also included: vide in arte nomina consanguineorum, but it must have had a wider scope, as Z, commenting on the suffix -agh /-aj/, says that it means brevity of action and refers the reader to the grammar.

Returning to the trio of Chiapas lexicographers, how does one explain the similarities and differences between them, and yet the pronounced individuality of each? I can come to only one conclusion. As Guzmán is lacking a section of Ara, which is covered by Z, Z could not have copied Guzmán. Guzmán also is much more voluminous. Despite their similarities, it seems equally unlikely that Guzmán copied Z, ignoring his commentary on the grammar, as well as a large number of illustrative references and phrases and nearly 50 cross-references. Knowing that dictionary-making was often a collaborative affair and that the monastery manuscripts were constantly being revised, improved, and expanded by the resident friars, I suggest that there were intermediate copies (now lost) that were used independently by the Tzotzil lexicographer in Zinacantán, and the Tzeltal lexicographer in Guaquitepec.

Who was Z? He was a man who immersed himself in the culture of Zinacantán apparently over a long period of years. He also was a man interested in his own culture—witness the very large number of entries dealing with Spanish objects and customs. He had a deep and comprehensive knowledge of the subtleties of the native language which, in the spirit of Ara, he took great pains to communicate so his readers could quickly learn to speak the language. But his spelling was astonishingly inconsistent, and one has the feeling he was working at top speed, for he would write entries such as for torondron—“como los que tienen en la cabeza digo en la cara.” Or for alcahuetear—xemuculicvan /xemukul-‘ik’van/, xemucultalicvan where the second should be xemuctalicvan /xemuktal-‘ik’ van/, and clearly Z unthinkingly inserted the -ul of the first in the second. So absent-minded was Z that for gramatica, instead of writing castillan cop /castillan k’ op/, he wrote castillan yxim /castillan ‘;ixim/ wheat!

Z reveals very little of his character. Under invernar, he speaks of wintering in Chiapa and comments:

The rainy season would be better named summer which contrasts more with the cold than the rain and then there is no cold. Winter proper is with sun because winter contrasts more with heat than rain and when they call it the sunny season here it is cold though it does not rain and therefore in my opinion it is winter.

He did not refrain from listing “the green butterfly that the Indians eat.” He informs us that “copper is the Indian’s iron.”

For roble he gives the Tzotzil name tzo tulan /tzo‘ tulan/, “shit oak,” and adds, “They consider this to be terrible for firewood and that must be why they give it this name.” “And note that to get drunk in this language not only means to get drunk from wine or some other drink, but also to be stupefied or beside oneself from loving a person or from a dream or anger.”[85] In detener he says, “when robbers or alguaciles (who are the same) close the road on a Sunday so no one may travel.”

If we could answer the question, “When did Z compile his dictionary?” we might be able to identify him. But Z was not so accommodating as Tomás Coto, who inserted the following in one of his entries:

Before putting this example, at 2 o’clock in the afternoon, Saturday, February 18th, occurred the great earthquake of Guatemala and it caught me writing this. From this example I continue today, Saturday, the 29th of March, 1691, in this monastery of Almolonga.[86]

Z provides information about early post-Conquest times.

They call stone idols…[87]

[Masks] that they once used in the sacrifices…[88]

As they once played with beans.[89]

The leashes they used to put on ground hens.[90]

[Bridal bed] they used to say…because they had them join there. Now the younger men don’t say it, but…[91]

These [people] prefer to shoot with arrows and not with crossbows.[92]

[Lift up] as when something that we have in our hands falls, as money or cacao.[93]

[Find something lost] as money, plumes.[94]

Searching through the choice of entries, there is not a significant difference between Ara’s dictionary of the 1550’s and Guzmán’s of 1620, and it must be remembered that the contents of dictionaries are chronically archaic. Within that time period the spelling of words also did not change significantly, so that offers no clue.

If this Tzotzil dictionary of Zinacantán had been in the lifetime of Tomás de la Torre, i.e., before 1568, it seems likely that he would have mentioned it, just as he spoke of Domingo de Ara’s dictionary. It seems certain that he, Pedro de la Cruz, Alonso del Portillo, and Andrés del Valle contributed to it. Fray Diego de Calderon, “a new priest, was sent [in 1545] to live in Zinacantan,” but no word of his achievements is given.[95]

The name of only one other friar, Manuel Enríquez de Paz, appears in the chronicles as associated with Zinacantán. Fray Manuel, “son of Salamanca and a nobleman of that city,” had the visita of Zinacantán, and escorted Fray Antonio de Remesal there in Holy Week of 1616. He called forth the people to discover what they remembered of the tributes that had been so great that “all Seville would have had difficulty in paying [the cacao].” The elders came with all the chiefs and they knew only in general terms that the tribute had been very large.

In a while an old man returned with an ancient book written in the language of that place and Fray Manuel interpreted it for me. It contained the Conquest of that land and the cruelties that the Spaniards practiced against them.

And the priest said that the style and manner of writing had the perceptions and expressions that he had seen in his life, having been involved with that language for years.[96]

Could Z have been no other than Fray Manuel? There is some supporting evidence. It is noteworthy that Remesal would remember how Fray Manuel commented on “the style and manner,” “the perceptions and expressions” of the language. This conversational style and knowledge of the subtleties of the language sounds very familiar indeed.

At the very end of the dictionary is a quotation in Latin taken from the Book of Lamentations of Jeremiah. Jeremiah “was the man of the hour in the midst of the tragical things of the state.”[97] The prosperous times under godly King Josiah were followed by a state of iniquity and final destruction. Jeremiah declared the “Word of the Lord,” the crushing judgment that was to fall upon the nation and her people. In 5:15–17 he says, “The joy of our heart is ceased, our dance is turned to mourning. The crown is fallen from our head and woe unto us that we have sinned.” But Z does not quote this passage verbatim; he abbreviates it and reverses the order of the phrases to read: “The crown is fallen from our head, the joy of our heart is ceased.”[98]

Now why, after concluding what must have been a labor of years, worthy of celebration, does Z end on such a mournful note?

Under the entry rehen, hostage, Z (and only Z) gives this example: “the King of France returned hostages.” Spain was at peace with France for 30 years, from 1559 to 1589 when hostilities resumed, to be terminated in 1598. Now, Z might well have included this example in peacetime, but he seems more liable to have done so during the war or, most especially, at the close of the war when the King of France would have been returning hostages.

On 13 September 1598, King Philip II died. Of this Spanish monarch, Fray Antonio de Remesal wrote: “No other king of the world since Solomon has shone so brightly as the king, Don Felipe.”[99] Mourning rites were celebrated in Mexico City on 29 March 1599.

Was this, perhaps, the crown that had fallen “from our head?” And was it, perhaps, Fray Manuel, nobleman of Salamanca, who was mourning the death of his king? He had been involved with Tzotzil “for years,” in 1616. There is no record of his arrival in the New World. The archives of Salamanca contain no material from Chiapas, having suffered a fate similar to that of the various New World ecclesiastical archives. That the Tzotzil dictionary, so replete with terms for Spanish objects and customs of the gentry, would have been compiled by a nobleman, seems apt.

The citation from the Book of Lamentations is followed by a paragraph in Tzotzil. It was copied so imperfectly that I am unable to translate it, but it suggests that the dictionary was concluded on a Good Friday, and laments the sins of the people. So, perhaps, the crown was not the King of Spain’s, but the King of Christendom’s, and we know no more than that the dictionary was completed on a Good Friday sometime in the second half of the 16th century or the first quarter of the 17th century. I would opt for the former, but there is no positive proof. To repeat Fray Antonio de Remesal’s counsel: “It is better to confess ignorance in these cases than to say what one does not know even though it could have been.”[100] Z cannot be un-Z’d.

For two hundred years there is no record of who learned Tzotzil with the aid of Z, until Fray Josef de la Barrera, sitting in San Felipe Ecatepec, penned his Libro de lengua tzotzil—from 1782 to 1788—that “the curious person may see to his advantage.”[101] In the grammar are found examples which must surely have been taken from Z: “soy menor qe Pedo (Pedro),”[102] “qe tan lexos esta la Ciudad desde tzinacantan,”[103] as well as the name and account of the young man who once walked the clouds by day as thunder.[104]

In 1804, with Fray Josef’s manuscript before him, José Miguel Correa produced a similar work, with a much briefer grammar, but a more extensive dictionary (17 pages). He advised his colleagues that it would be “impossible to carry out” their duties “if they do not know the language that the parishioners speak and understand.” He exhorted them to “study the language earnestly” and, quoting Jeremiah, told them that “bread crumbs” was what was wanted, “not hard loaves.”[105]

I also advise you not to preach at length to the Indians for they are fastidious about quality, and if the sermon is long they do not listen carefully to it, nor do they profit from it, rather they are confused by all they are told and habitually flee from Mass so as not to hear the sermon. And so the gospel of the day should be explained with comparisons that they use, and perceive…They should consider the pains of Hell and the reward of Heaven, the immortality of the soul and eternity, since they are such realists that they doubt much of this and they are persuaded only by what they see. Consequently one must provide a good example, so that the goals of preaching not be frustrated, for if they see in the priest qualities contrary to what he preaches, they laugh and consider his doctrine to be false. And for them a bad example counts more heavily than a thousand sermons, and so the priests must avoid causing a scandal even in trifling matters, remembering that they must account to God for those souls.[106]

Over a century later, perhaps in 1905, the manuscript reappears in the Episcopal Archives of San Cristóbal, discovered by Bishop Orozco y Jiménez, who, determined that it not be lost to history, had a copy made by hand, which he sent to the Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnología in Mexico City.

Francisco Orozco y Jiménez

Francisco Orozco y Jiménez, baptized José Francisco Ponciano de Jesús, was born in Zamora, Michoacán, in 1864. Francisco was only 12 years old when his mother died. His father, a wealthy landowner, decided to send Francisco and his brother to the Latin American College in Rome for their education, but as a premonition of Francisco’s troubled destiny, their trip on horseback to Mexico City was interrupted many times by federal troops that believed they were revolutionaries! After their ordination in 1885, they returned to Zamora. Francisco became a chaplain and vice-rector of the School of Arts and Business, but his modern teaching methods caused his dismissal. He retired to the chapel of his family’s ranch, La Noria, before proceeding to Mexico City. There he continued his studies at the Pontifical University, receiving a Doctorate of Theology in 1896. He was appointed Professor of Latin, and shortly thereafter, vice-rector of the Seminary of Mexico. Francisco’s concern for his students earned him the affectionate nickname of “La Mamá.” In 1902, at the early age of 38, Francisco was installed by the Archbishop of Mexico City with great pomp in the Basilica of Guadalupe as Bishop of Chiapas. The strength of his character was revealed from the outset when he insisted that he would renounce the episcopacy unless he were granted the right to bring Jesuit teachers from Europe to educate his Chiapas parishioners.

This dashing young prelate, known to his family as “Pancho,” or “Padre Pancho,” was feted by the Church with a grand banquet in Mexico City before he set out for the hinterlands of Chiapas. Sherry, three wines, and champagne accompanied the repast:

Macarroni a l’Italienne

—

Hors D’oevres, Potage de volaille

—

Vol-au-vent de Lamproie

—

Guachinango a l’Allemande

—

Filet de boer aux champignons, Poulet sauce Mazagran

—

Punch aux Marasquin et Rhum

—

Asperges sauce mousseline

—

Dindonneaux rotis, Salade de saison escarole

—

Corbeille de fruits—Gateaux

—

Glaces, Pistaches, Fraise et Vanille, Cafe, Thé[107]

At this time Chiapas was known to the world for its Soconusco coffee and cacao on the Pacific Coast, for its giant mahogany trees of the eastern jungle that provided furniture for the rich in America and Europe. Here, too, where paddlewheel steamers plied the Usumacinta, American rubber companies of Portland, San Francisco, and Boston were buying up huge tracts of forest. But it was to the central highlands of Chiapas, the fearsome “Indian country,” where the bishop was to take his episcopal seat.

Rather than traveling post haste to the capital, San Cristóbal, the bishop first made a detour to the Indian town of Chamula where he preached that Indians and Ladinos (non-Indians) should be brothers, not enemies. Continuing on to the capital he found that the heavy ash fall from the recent eruption of the volcano, Santa Maria, in Guatemala had caused the cathedral to be closed. Several churches, including that of Zinacantán, had collapsed. The physical ruin of the Church was matched by the state of the clergy that had grown gray and cantankerous in their San Cristóbal cloisters. With characteristic energy, the bishop promptly rebuilt the churches, dispatched the priests to distant towns, and began an intensive campaign, often personally financed, to bring the fruits of civilization to Chiapas.

During his administration the bishop shored up a rickety seminary in San Cristóbal, and established five girls’ schools and a boys’ school in the state, bringing teachers from France and Spain.[108] The bishop purchased two large fincas, La Naranja and Guadalupe, near Ocosingo. With the funds from the cattle, coffee, and sugar cane crops, he supported the seminary. He inspired one of San Cristóbal’s elite to donate a building to house the Franciscan school, staffed by French nuns. He took seven students to Rome, where, in 1907, he made his first efforts to have Our Lady of Guadalupe crowned as “Queen of America.” From Genoa he brought a Carrara marble statue of Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, which still stands high on its pedestal (Frontispiece). He also brought a meteorological observatory (1909), and established a printing press. Desirous that his churches resound with beautiful music, he built a factory for church organs.

Noting the poor transportation in Chiapas, the bishop organized a carriage system that dispatched gigs from Arriaga on the coast, through the highlands to Comitán. He paved the main street of the capital. And, as if that were not enough, he brought electric light to the city on 12 June 1908, and to Comitan shortly thereafter. He also built a hospital and an orphanage. All this in a decade!

The bishop’s social activism, his embracing of the poor and needy, did not include a tolerance for the Protestant religion. By an edict of 20 October 1906, he forbade attendance at Protestant meetings such as were being held in Tuxtla and Ocozocuautla. The bishop, fluent in Latin, Italian, Portuguese, French, and English, strove to add Tzotzil and Tzeltal to his list. We have no witness to his success, merely the written report that he was fluent in the above languages.

Don Francisco turned to the preservation of history.

I had the desire to rescue from dust and oblivion the precious treasures of this episcopal archive, which form a part of the national heritage and set in high relief my honorable predecessors. Since the beginning of my episcopacy I was moved to dedicate some moments for the collection [of these treasures].

My principal goal has been to avoid the loss of such valuable historical documents which may fill various blanks that have been left by so many historians who have written on Chiapas.[109]

Accordingly, the bishop directed his clergy to bring in all the ancient documents and parchments mouldering in their churches for safekeeping in his library. In an immense room of the Episcopal Palace, the classified documents reached from the floor to the ceiling. The bishop searched in Seville and the Vatican library for Chiapas documents, which he copied and published. He published two volumes of documents referring to the history of Chiapas and had hoped to publish a third. He also published the only existing family tree that traced the genealogy of a San Cristóbal name back to the Conquest. He discovered testimony describing the establishment of the Jesuit missions among the Tarahumara, which he published in a separate pamphlet. He also brought to light documents relating to the discovery of the ruins of Ocosingo and Palenque by Captain DuPaix. He gave a copy of this to the Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnología, whose new director, Genaro García, had it placed as the first article in the Anales.

Now where in all this is the “Z” or the Diccionario grande? Our only sure knowledge of it rests in a handwritten copy, on the title page of which is the following inscription:

Dictionary of the Sotzil language, whose original is located in the Episcopal Archive of S. Cristóbal Las Casas, with several sermons in the same language, written, it appears, at the end of the XVIth century or the beginning of the XVIth century, by a Dominican friar in the monastery of this city. The Most Illustrious and Most Reverend Sr. Dr. D. Francisco Orozco y Jiménez, Bishop of Chiapas, ordered that they be copied for public use, donating them to Sr. Dr. D. Nicolás León.

S. Cristóbal L.C. October 15, 1907

Francisco Orozco y Jiménez

Bishop of Chiapas

FIGURE 2.—Bishop Francisco Orozco y Jiménez, 1902.

FIGURE 3.—Bishop Orozco y Jiménez with two of his students in Rome, 1907.

This is the first of a series of misstatements that could lead the unsuspecting inquirer down a network of paths to the wrong conclusions. Later evidence in the bishop’s hand shows that he was at fault in describing the sermons as being “in the same language,” for they were in Zoque.

On 5 December 1907, Father J. de Cármen Albores, a student of the bishop, wrote from Mexico City to report that he had delivered “the two copies of the dictionaries which Your Excellence gave to me, the director [of the Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnología] was very pleased.” If there were two copies, what was the other copy? And why not “two copies of the dictionary?” This leads one to believe that Father Albores may have deposited the original and the copy for Dr. León at the Museo Nacional. That notion is strengthened by a biographical detail that the bishop gave to the museum “a beautiful manuscript in the Tzotzil Ianguage.”[110]

But a letter from the director of the museum, 4 December 1907, acknowledging receipt, “gives thanks for the copies of the Sotzil Dictionary and the Zoque sermons.” Again the term, “copies,” is distracting, but the number of copies of the dictionary is reduced to one when the director continues by saying, “The first will be published soon by the establishment.”

FIGURE 4.—Episcopal Palace, San Cristóbal de las Casas, 1906.

Now, as for the “beautiful manuscript”—only one rare book in Tzotzil is listed in the library of the Museo Nacional today, and it, in fact, is a beautifully illustrated doctrine and catechism written in Chiapanec, squeezed into the middle of another book not dealing with Chiapas! In addition to the dictionary and the sermons, the bishop had a copy made of an 1812 anti-Napoleonic proclamation. The Tzotzil translation of this document, though unmentioned by Albores or García, apparently accompanied the dictionary. There are two possible solutions: (1) the phrase referred to another manuscript that may have been lost when the museum was relocated, or (2) the biographer’s source assumed incorrectly that the document was an original and not a mere copy.

And so it seems likely that the original Diccionario grande remained, alas, in the Episcopal Archives in San Cristóbal.

Not content with mere papers he “established in San Cristóbal in 1909 a magnificent museum with an abundance of idols, braziers, cooking utensils, necklaces, jade and other prehispanic jewels…as well as a great variety of colonial objects of Indian manufacture, some of them notable for the originality and vitality of the decorative motives.”[111]

The bishop’s awareness of Chiapas history became a motivating force throughout his life. In his sixth pastoral letter he traced the history of his diocese, commenting on the virtual abandonment of the church in the first ¾’s of the nineteenth century, when two of the bishops were banished for political reasons. He speaks of the enrichment of the diocese “by the sweat of the immortal ‘Father of Americans,’ the notable Padre Las Casas, first bishop who supported this illustrious diocese, ennobled by the heroism of the first Dominican missionaries, his companions who placed here the foundation of all civilization and culture.”[112]

Returning to the bishop’s arrival in Chiapas, Don Francisco traversed the same route as Las Casas and the Dominican friars. He was met at Tierra Colorada by a host of Chamulas and escorted to Zinacantán from where he proceeded to Chamula, which had been adorned with floral arches on the command of the local leader, “Pajarito.” Terminating his peaceful words, he bestowed an icon of Our Lady of Guadalupe before departing for San Cristóbal “…changing the contempt, distrust and suspicion with which [the Chamulas] received me the first time I visited their town…my coming [to San Cristóbal] constituted a holiday of rejoicing to all the town. And all this was also for that region a guarantee against the constant fear they had always had of the Indians.”[113]

The bishop’s name spread quickly in Chamula. Every time that Pajarito came to San Cristóbal he visited the bishop, bringing him an offering of incense wrapped in white paper. He is reported to have told his followers that it was the bishop’s food. And every two weeks crowds of Chamulas came to the bishop bearing their incense. The bishop responded by celebrating the fiesta of St. Rose in Chamula, presumably knowing that the “Caste War” of the Chamulas in the 1860’s, painted by Ladino historians as a fearsome Indian onslaught on civilization, was also known as the War of St. Rose. The canon delivered a sermon in Tzotzil. The bishop sent the first priest whom he ordained in San Cristóbal to the parish of Chamula. Every week he sent the Madres de la Divina Providencia to the town to teach the doctrine. The nuns were transported from San Cristóbal to Chamula in chairs, carried on the Indians’ backs.

FIGURE 5.—Episcopal Palace and Cathedral of San Cristóbal de las Casas, ca. 1950.

Pajarito and his followers, not yet caught up in the bloody events that followed, were known as “los Rezadores.” In 1904 the bishop led a delegation of Indians on a pilgrimage to the Basilica of Guadalupe in Mexico City. He took this occasion to call upon President Porfirio Díaz. He sat in the waiting room, with only his pectoral cross to distinguish him from others. When he received audience he plead for justice for the Indians of Chiapas. His words so moved Don Porfirio that he called for his secretary to draw up a decree demanding that all state and federal officials in Chiapas show justice to the Indians. Returning to San Cristóbal, the bishop lined up lawyers to defend Indians in their disputes with Ladinos.

The civilization of the Indians was my particular care always…I promoted all kinds of Indian industries, establishing workshops in divers places of the state.[114]

The bishop provided looms. He also established catechism centers in the Indian communities.

How greedy the Indians are for the things of God! They are extremely simple, attached to the religion which for many years has been lacking for their consolation and aid: their pure customs, their good intentions, and their ability to learn—nothing ordinary![115]

On my part I bless them as my favorite sons.[116]

But the Bishop’s “favorite sons” presented him with some problems.

Father Cañaveral of Tuxtla complained, 4 January 1909, of how the (Zoque) Indians erected a creche in the church on Christmas Eve and asked for alms, which were quickly swallowed up in food and drink, followed by a dance. Their drunkenness could be overlooked in the primitive towns, but in the capital? And, indeed, on the vespers of Palm Sunday the drunken Indians brought into the church “an idol which they call Santo Burro!”

FIGURE 6.—Emblem of the bishopric of Chiapas, 1907.

Closer to home were the Chamulas—

above all the drunkenness with which they were accustomed to celebrate their fiestas even in the church, producing, as I came to witness, real orgies, great riots, striking each other, wounding and killing each other with clubs, kicks, and knives: all promoted by the authorities who sold the cane liquor and profited by the fines of those they jailed.[117]

Another problem was posed by the coffee plantation owners who lured the Indians with their liquor to sell themselves into virtual slavery on the coast. This the bishop claimed to have controlled “because [the Chamulas] knew it was a sin and the ‘cajual’ /kaival/ [bishop] had forbidden it.”[118]

After his death, the bishop’s efforts in Chamula were described in these words:

The evangelization of the Chamulan tribes, whose name is, in the religious history of the Mexican nation, a deed of shining glory, comparable to that which radiates the sweet figure of his great predecessor, Fray Bartolome de las Casas.[119]

And, in a pamphlet written in San Cristóbal in 1904:

Like the immortal Fray Bartolomé in Cumaná, he knew how to attract those savage hearts to the degree that now they call him “Father and beloved friend.”[120]

It is the greatest irony that the bishop’s attempts to bring both enlightenment and peace to the Indians and Ladinos of Chiapas served indirectly to bring them to war and to imperil the lives of the bishop and his parishioners. Dispassionate accounts of the bloody events of 1911–1912 are not to be found. The bishop’s defense sounds the most measured, but to this day he is remembered by many as having been the instigator of the “rebellion.”

It seems inevitable that the bishop become involved in the political turmoil and divisiveness of Chiapas. In 1892 Governor Emilio Rabasa removed the capital from San Cristóbal to Tuxtla Gutiérrez, causing an enmity between the two towns that has not entirely dissipated after nearly a hundred years. Gov. Rabasa took possession of Church property, including churches and chapels. As bishop, Don Francisco felt obliged to seek recovery of this property. He presented his case before the Secretaría de Hacienda and won. He also won the permanent enmity of the “científicos” and “caciques,” the followers of Gov. Rabasa who wished a return to the Díaz era. As the governor had “sowed hatred against the Chamulas,” the bishop’s championing of their cause only deepened the division. Petitions were sent from Tuxtla demanding suspension of the prelate.

Early in 1911, the bishop was paying a pastoral visit to Comitán, where, after delivering Mass, he was sitting in the rectory chatting with the local priest, Father Tornero, when the telephone rang. The priest returned nearly on the run to inform the bishop that 300 soldiers had been sent to arrest him “as an arch traitor to his country,” and that they were accompanied by the local politicians who were shouting, “Die, Chamula!” As they stepped out into the back patio, the bishop asked, “What are you going to do with me?” To which Father Tornero replied, “Hide you, Your Excellency.”

The priest boosted his bishop over a rear wall, not knowing whether he would land on his head or his …, but in the process himself suffering a hernia. As he stood crouched over in the yard, the priest realized he must be able to explain his presence there, so he quickly unbuttoned his pants and only began to fasten them again slowly when the soldiers poured into the yard. When they asked for the bishop, the priest advised them, “He’ll probably arrive soon,” but Don Francisco was long since gone to a house of refuge.[121]

Recalling this scene years later, the bishop commented, “the Indians of Chamula, whose name is for me a pedestal of glory—si gloriari oportet—and whom my gratuitous enemies use to insult me.”[122]

Even today there is a carpenter whose grandfather swore that his adventure as an altar boy should not be lost to history.

It seems the bishop was celebrating Mass when the “liberal” army encircled the cathedral. The wily bishop persuaded the soldiers to let him conclude the service before taking him away. In a low voice the bishop instructed his altar boy to have his horse ready for him at the Puente Blanco, at the edge of town. After he gave the blessing, the bishop retired to the sacristy to remove his clerical garb. There the altar boys quickly shifted a wardrobe and the bishop ducked down into the secret tunnel and soon was galloping off to safety.

In Tuxtla, governors succeeded each other almost daily, increasing demands in San Cristóbal for a shift of powers. A proposal to stage a duel by pistols to decide where the capital would be was rejected.

Outraged by the behavior of the Tuxtla politicians and their scorn for everything and everyone seated in San Cristóbal, the people, on 6 July 1911, restored the capital to the highlands by naming as provisional governor of the state, Manuel Pineda, father of the conservative general, Alberto Pineda. The octogenarian governor was described by one historian, whose sympathies were with Tuxtla, as “a docile instrument of the Bishop of Chiapas.”[123]

Claims were made that the directors of the electric light company that bore the bishop’s name formed the revolutionary cadre. The editors of the various San Cristóbal newspapers vigorously denied assertions that the bishop was a founder or subsidizer of the periodicals. When three battalions of volunteers were organized in the city with the approval of Madero, proof of the bishop’s involvement was sealed by their raising a banner of Guadalupe. “It is affirmed that the bishop donated it to them.”[124] But, in fact, it was Governor Pineda who made the donation.

What most caught the imagination was the participation of the Chamulas. The naming of the governor was preceded by a fiesta on 12 May in honor of Our Lady of Guadalupe, for whom the bishop had particular reverence. One thousand Chamulas came to the Church of Guadalupe in San Cristóbal, where medals of the Virgin were distributed to attract the sympathy of the Chamulas, using the bishop’s name without his permission.

But why would the Chamulas be willing to die for this political change? “A tax for ‘public instruction’ added to other taxes in 1904 with jailings and special judicial procedures in Indian communities, rather than the bishop’s supposed involvement, aroused the Indian populace against the Tuxtla government.”[125]

The bishop describes how the young politicians took advantage of the Indians:

These young men organized a band of volunteers for the conflict between the towns and incorporated the Indians with them; this cannot be called a rising of the Indians, as they are not interested in the matter at all. To this abuse these politicians added that of not allowing me to communicate with the Indians during all the time of the conflict, so that I should not dissuade them from the purpose of helping them.[126]

I had no part in this and was impotent to dissuade them.[127]

Later accusations that the bishop had presided over the May 12th ceremony were clearly inventions, as the bishop had been on a pastoral visit to the northern towns of the state, Tila, Yajalón, Chilín, etc., from 10 May to 22 June. Upon his return to San Cristóbal he was so alarmed by the situation that he considered going to Tuxtla to confront the San Cristóbal army if it appeared, to prevent any bloodshed.

The day after the governor’s installation, the Chamulas, again 1000 strong, poured into San Cristóbal to give thanks to the governor for removing their taxes. They moved on to the Episcopal Palace where an orderly of the bishop appeared on the steps to demand that the demonstration be stopped. The Chamulas simply continued down the streets shouting, “Viva Madero.”

For the next three months the bishop and the Chamulas were in the news. Dispatches wired by Tuxtla politicians to Mexico City received front page coverage. They created a story pitting Catholic newspapers against Liberal newspapers, forwarding claims and counterclaims, assertions and retractions.

On 8 July, El Imparcial gloated over the news that 200 soldiers from Chiapa de Corzo had dispersed 2000 Chamulas in the mountains of Zinacantán, while three sacristans had been captured and the bishop and the clergy had fled with Governor Pineda to a finca in Tenejapa. “There is the threat of an armed attack by the savage Ladinos, united with five thousand Chamulas, influenced by a high clerical official of the diocese. They are making their way to this city [Tuxtla].” La Patria retorted, “Such a joke could only occur to El Imparcial, to it alone, because it is the one newspaper of the capital that never tells the truth.”

The next day, El Imparcial, in a front page story, told how the Chamulas had been dispersed with “not a single shot.” “The Chamulas, armed by the clergy with shovels, hoes, billhooks, clubs, old shotguns, and an occasional good rifle.” It reported how the flight of the Chamulas had been celebrated in Comitán with music and rockets.

A day later, another front page story in El Imparcial admitted that the rumors of the flight of the bishop and governor to Tenejapa were not confirmed, as they were in residence in San Cristóbal. The people of San Cristóbal did not remain silent about El Imparcial. They sent a protest to the governor of Chiapas and the president of Mexico, “They have dreamt up and invented defamatory telegrams, ridiculous and burlesque episodes, struggles and combats, shameful flights and comic scenes.”[128]

El Tiempo, a Catholic newspaper, followed the next day with, “We, for our part, urge the President of the Republic and the Secretary of State to prohibit such newspapers, that dishonor the Mexican Patria with their calumnies, and give opportunity for the Yankee magazines to say what they please.”

On 12 July, La Patria changed its tune, referring to a “diabolical ceremony” where

Their own Most Illustrious Lordship, in pontifical robes went about distributing a weapon to each soldier.

Mumbling in Latin, he placed a copper medal on his breast, having a seal of the effigy of Our Lady of Guadalupe, and he blessed him, saying in Spanish, “With this insignia of Our Lady, bullets will not touch you, and if by chance they do, it is because God does not want you to be here, but there in his paradise.

Two days later, El Demócrata Mexicano raised its voice, claiming it “a real scandal” that the bishop blessed and bestowed on the Chamula soldiers a banner of Guadalupe on 2 July.

The next morning it presented full “proof” of the bishop’s insidious involvement: (1) the bishop sent a letter to his compadre in Tuxtla warning him to flee, as the San Cristóbal army would soon devastate the capital; (2) the bishop removed a saint image from San Andrés, and when the people came to protest he told them it was the fault of Tuxtla, and they should attack the capital to recover their saint; (3) the bishop sent a letter to the priest of Copainalá, directing him to mobilize Ocosingo against Tuxtla; and (4) a woman saw the bishop in his Palace handing out salaries to the soldiers; first, one peso a day, then 25 centavos. (El Demócrata added that that was why there were so many desertions now.) The Copainalá priest denied that he had ever received a letter from the bishop. So much for the other accusations.

On the 17th, front-page treatment told how the governor and the bishop had sent 300 ill-armed men to capture Tuxtla, but on learning of how well Tuxtla was fortified, recalled their troops to San Cristóbal “that seems like a city of the Middle Ages.” Here the bishop collected “several hundred thousand pesos in tithes now abolished in civilized countries.”

And two days later it spoke of the “black hand” of the Church, “the clerical talons,” the “Mafia.” An article is headlined: “Debasing the Chamula Indians: the Work of a Bishop.” And yet, on another page the newspaper retracted its earlier accusations by attacking the same in El Imparcial.

It is known that the newspaper, which continues to be the instrument of the “científicos,” has resorted to slander by claiming that the Most Illustrious Prelate had risen in arms, and with two thousand Chamulas had attempted to attack the state capital to support a political candidate for the local government.

The slander is coarse, infamous, worthy of El Imparcial, which is frightened and believes it sees shadows behind every tree.

The newspaper of the “científicos” lies. There is nothing falser than what it claims. The Most Illustrious Bishop Orozco y Jiménez is a holy man incapable of doing what El Imparcial imputes.

Simultaneously La Patria attacked the bishop as Lucifer, minister of the Devil. It complained how he demanded money from the rich to pay for Masses, hospitals and other good works. “He became a usurer, a merchant, a cigarstore owner, lord of the electric light…Oh, Liberal press…curse the sons of Loyola!”

On 26 July, the clergy of San Cristóbal sent a letter of protest to the president of Mexico and the governor of Chiapas.

The governor responded quickly, assuring the public that he had seen no evidence to support the newspaper accounts implicating the bishop. Protests in support of Don Francisco poured in from Comitán, Tonalá, San Bartolomé, Tapachula, Acala, Chilón, Yajalón, and Tila.

Once again El Demócrata Mexicano turned to Chiapas on 28 July.

All cultivated and liberal people are filled with indignation over the unpatriotic and selfish attitude of the San Cristobalese, who at the last moment wished to disguise themselves with the khaki of the true revolutionaries, hiding in this way the habits and cassocks of the nuns and priests.

El Tiempo complained on 7 August of a caricature that appeared in an unnamed periodical showing the bishop at the head of an army of Chamulas, wearing his mitre, crossed cartridge belts, a rifle in his right hand, a pistol at his waist, and Indian sandals on his feet.

Already the power of the press was made manifest, for, on 13 August 1911, Cardinal Merry del Val, Secretary of State of the Vatican, sent the following message:

I regret that V.S.I. without the least guilt on your part, has been made the target of such malign attacks…and I assure you of the benevolence of the Holy Father who…sends you the consolation of a special blessing.[129]

Three days later La Patria fired another blast under the headline, “The Bishop of Chiapas Military Instructor of the Chamulas.”

All the friars and especially the bishop, study military tactics and there are even those who dedicate themselves to giving instruction to reclutes so that they may fight at a given moment as real soldiers. Of course the Chamulas don’t understand right from left, nor where their noses are, and they only know the road that leads to Tuxtla, the place where they have been told the enemies are to be found.

In El Demócrata Mexicano, on 22 August, is published a letter from the people of Comitán, branding all attacks on the bishop as calumny.

The bishop, viewing the worsening of relations, felt impelled to wire the President of Mexico on 16 September 1911.

Although I have never claimed nor claim to become involved in politics, I believe it is my duty to inform you [of the imminent outbreak of hostilities between San Cristóbal and Tuxtla]. I beg your intervention.

A second wire followed: “My ecclesiastical authority is now powerless, all measures have been exhausted. Only you can correct it. Quick and forcible intervention is urgently needed.”

For over a month the press was silent. Then, on 19 September, El Diario, with front page coverage headlined, “There Is No Caste War In The State Of Chiapas.” The following day, La Patria proclaimed “The Caste War,” while El Diario stated that Tuxtla “is in danger of attack.” It added that the Cabinet “does not believe the bishop to be involved.” The next day La Patria recanted, “There Is No Caste War, But Hatred Between Cities.”

On 30 September, the bishop published an edict imploring peace.

Is war necessary among us? Is there no rational and just motive for conciliation? Are there no well-intentioned and cultivated men to intervene among the respective parties to terminate their differences harmoniously?

I exhort you, beloved sons, to embrace peace, conciliation, perpetual union, elements which make nations powerful and happy.[130]

The following day, the bishop sent a third wire to the President of Mexico.

Most excellent sir:

I am surprised, sir, to see in the newspapers, which I still receive, how slander once again fastens on me.

Since my arrival in this diocese I have tried to instruct and preach the gospel to the Indians. They esteem and respect me for this; but the alarmist press seems to infer from that that I am inciting them to rebel. There is neither logic nor justice in this. Nor is there any truth, since they assert that my chauffeur was killed in a skirmish: it is entirely false. The Chamulas encamped in Ixtapa and Chiapilla did not leave from this city, but from their town. The view in which they have me appear blessing banners among Indians is a photograph taken in 1904, for the pilgrimage of the Indians to the Temple of Guadalupe.

As for me, with no political ambitions, and only as Pastor of Chiapas, I have done what I could to achieve peace within the realm of my abilities, as is evident.

Luís Espinosa, Commander of the Volunteer Sons of Tuxtla, commented on the bishop’s role:

In the moments of greatest political excitement the name of the bishop popped up everywhere in the newspaper columns, to such an extent that public opinion finally marked him as one of the principal directors of the insurrection.

The clergy has recently been menacing the country. Like a monstrous octopus it is trying to imprison [the country] with its multiple tentacles. It wished to set upon Chiapas to establish the absolute superiority of its religion.[131]

One week after the bishop’s third wire to the president, General Paz was sent to Chiapas to end hostilities. It was General Paz’ army of 300, together with the Tuxtla volunteers, that finally decimated the forces of Pajarito and San Cristóbal. Asked General Paz:

Did [the people of San Cristóbal] think that with that mass of human flesh, that avalanche of unarmed Chamulas, they could take advantage of the carelessness and lack of Tuxtla troops to save the Grijalva [River] and, like Attila with his barbarians fall upon a defenseless city, wiping that hated populace off the map?

Would they then point at it for the edification of future generations to ask, “Was Tuxtla here?” Did they examine carefully the risk of inciting those Indian towns to rebel—[Indians] whose intense and devastating passions sleep in their breasts needing only a spark to convert those peaceful residents into worshippers of gods who cry always for blood, more blood, and especially that of the white invaders? Is it possible to believe, that a high official of the Church, learned and intelligent, would have awakened the ferocious instincts of that horde of Indians so that once the power was restored to San Cristóbal his private affairs would improve? How could our intellectual powers be so slight that we would still accept the possibility of a bond between Church and State?[132]

Further intellectual commentary was provided by the Tuxtla newspaper, Pajarito, on 19 October 1911.

We have seen arriving in this town a numerous group of Chamula prisoners looking like wild animals, with their total ignorance of the goals of the war in which they are involved. They speak clearly and loudly of the perfidy of the seditious ringleaders. There are Chamulas covered only in rags and whose faces reveal utter stupidity. How could it be that these miserable people became party to the war promoted by the San Cristobalese? What do these unfortunates know of elections, of voting rights, if they don’t know whether they are men or beasts? What infamous and low passions were sown in the brains of these unfortunates, close relatives of apemen and of Stone Age men?

Although peace was declared just one week after the General’s arrival, feelings in Tuxtla still ran high. They refused to allow the bishop entry into the city.

In a diocesan edict (12 January 1912) the bishop felt compelled to lodge another protest.

Much has been said about my work having an interest in the powers residing in this city. Nothing is more absurd. The question of powers is entirely indifferent to me. I am only concerned about the moral improvement of my Diocese and its spiritual good.[133]

The Tuxtlecos’ refusal to allow the bishop entry into the capital provoked a series of edicts, first welcoming them with open arms to return to the fold, then, with increasing severity, finally, in February, warning them of the necessity for disciplinary action.

You must understand, moreover, that just as We are invested with the duty of Father, so also are We the Head of the Chiapas Church and if We do not correct you, as duty imposes upon us, Our conscience will suffer cruel remorse.[134]

On 12 October 1912, the new governor of Chiapas, Flavio Guillén, who wished the bishop to marry him, had to have the ceremony performed in Chiapa de Corzo rather than the capital. The following day the bishop declared an ecclesiastical censure on Tuxtla, requiring the churches to be closed and the priests removed. Immediately, members of the congregations of four churches plead with the bishop to lift the censure, claiming that it was the irreligious citizens of Tuxtla and not they who were guilty. But the bishop was under heavy pressure from his flock in San Cristóbal. The Mexican League of Catholic Ladies of San Cristóbal, recently founded, “Raises its voice for the first time to protest with energy against the unnatural acts of those ungrateful sons [of Tuxtla]…who have been so bold as not to accept the Pastor.” This protest of 17 October 1912 was signed by over 3000 loyal parishioners.

Anticipating the coming elections in the fall, the bishop reminded his flock in an edict (12 June 1912) of their obligation to vote in national elections “against atheists, impious or declared or hidden enemies of Religion or Christian morality.” He could not resist espousing the cause of the Partido Católice Nacional, which supported Madero, and urged his parishioners to “exercise your rights with energy, frankness, and virility…but always showing charity, order, and measure.”[135]

On 29 October 1912, a protest “against the gratuitous enemies of Tuxtla” was published by the town of San Andrés. “As lovers of Chiapas we cannot tolerate that our State, with such degrading acts, which can only be attributed to a few enraged clergy-eaters, be of repute among those who have just received the light of Civilization.”

Unbeknownst to the Pastor of Chiapas, while the politicians were ranting, a panel of bishops was reviewing his character and his accomplishments. “He was famous for his intellectual capacity, his extraordinary energy and his heroic valor.”[136] He was impatient over failings in church discipline and liturgy, intolerant of mediocrity and hypocrisy. A legend of harsh arrogance had grown around him, yet those who worked with him spoke of his optimism, his sweetness, simplicity, soft-spoken manner, and persuasiveness. They insisted he was “a man of peace and love.”[137] The panel of bishops, when discussing the merits of this young activist, were filled with admiration, tempered with a degree of uneasiness, nevertheless, they decided to elevate him to the archbishopric of Guadalajara.

On 21 November 1912, before departing for Guadalajara, the bishop lifted his censure of Tuxtla. But he left Chiapas with a heavy heart. “Do not congratulate me. What of Chiapas? Instead you should give me condolences.”[138]

All of Guadalajara came out to meet their new archbishop with flower-lined streets and festive carriages, shouting, “Viva, the martyr of Chiapas!” He begged their pardon and asked to use an ordinary van on his triumphal ride from the train station. But the archbishop had not forgotten Chiapas, for he was seen reading Vicente Pineda’s Gramatica tzeltal in his study. He was appointed administrator of Chiapas.

In a short time he established a League of Catholic Ladies and a Catholic Center of Social Studies. Reacting against the anticlerical press, he published an edict forbidding the reading of 9 local “impious” newspapers. Determined to carry out his duties as archbishop, regardless of the risks, Don Francisco officiated at a celebration for Cristo Rey, whereupon the governor of Jalisco accused him of being a rebel. He hurried to the governor’s office, but could not sway him. Deciding that it would be impossible to carry out his office, he chose to go into exile until matters improved. And so began his first exile which lasted from May 1914 to November 1916. He traveled to Cuba and then Rome where he resumed his studies, receiving a Ph.D. from the Gregorian University. He had a private audience with Benedict XV in the Vatican Gardens. The pope, who had heard disturbing reports about this young archbishop, greeted him rather coolly, but before their talk was over had asked him to be his personal messenger to the prelates in the United States.

In Rome, the archbishop met Monsignor Francis C. Kelley, founder of the Catholic Church Extension Society of the United States of America, who was fascinated by the charismatic Mexican prelate. He described the archbishop as a “tall ascetic-looking man, very quiet, but friendly.” “The Mexican struck Kelley as a latter-day cavalier, noble in every sentiment, with boundless generosity and courage, a man who knew no compromise and grieved each day away from his episcopal see.”[139] Kelley, who was to become almost single-handedly the “Guardian Angel” of the Mexican Church, offered the archbishop a refuge in his home in far-away Wilmette, outside of Chicago. Kelley, through the Extension Society, supported exiled clergy in Texas and Rome, funded the seminary for Mexicans in Castroville, Texas, and later established the Montezuma Seminary in New Mexico.

Don Francisco departed for France, where he spent time in Biarritz and made repeated visits to the house of a fellow exile who wished to hear the latest news from Mexico. It was none other than Don Porfirio Díaz. The archbishop then journeyed to Spain, where he so captivated Alonso XIII that he was asked to say Mass in his private chamber. From there he proceeded to Monsignor Kelley’s house in Wilmette. He was provided an office at Mother Cabrini’s Columbus Hospital.

There is no way of knowing what the archbishop had heard of the events in his diocese, that they had confiscated all the automobiles of the church. “They began with that of the archbishop which Obregón appropriated for himself.”[140] Soldiers were seen throwing the books out of the windows of the Jesuit College. Don Francisco had sent to Guadalajara the major pieces of his Chiapas archeological museum for exhibit in a cultural fair. They all disappeared.

On 23 September 1914, the Carranza army marched into San Cristóbal. The inhabitants, hostile but curious to see what manner of men these radicals were, poured out into the streets. It was a motley crew, but what fastened their attention were the clouds of flies buzzing over the tall, peaked sombreros. It seems the soldiers had slaughtered their supper earlier in the day and had laid the strips of raw meat on their wide hat brims to dry in the sun! The stench was unbearable. The next day, for the first time in history, the rats came, the black rat, known still in Tzotzil as karansa ch’o, Carranza rat. Lacking a place to sleep, the troops piled into the seminary and the Episcopal Palace. They formed lines to toss the books out the windows. Being the month of September, of course it rained and rained.

The late Monsignor Flores, then a seminarian, related to me years ago how he had asked permission of the vicar general to approach the general to see if any of the books and documents could be saved. The general agreed for the books to be moved to the courthouse arcade where a team, consisting of the vicar general, Mons. Flores, and 5 seminarians, sorted out the material into two huge piles, one of civil documents to be sent to Tuxtla and one of religious documents. Approached a second time, the general agreed to entrust them with the key to the cathedral, authorizing them with the transferral of the religious documents to be carried out only by cover of dark. They bought some lengths of string to tie up the books in bundles. Working feverishly, they carried the bundles through a back door, which they sealed with bricks and plaster. A secret hiding place behind a retablo permitted them entry and clandestine vigilance. At dawn they returned the key to the authorities. What is now found in the Episcopal Archives is there thanks to Monsignor Flores and his companions. But despite their labors, it was not uncommon years later to see storekeepers wrapping salt and sausages in 16th century parchments.

On 14 October 1914, all priests were given 24 hours notice to leave the country. On 14 December 1914, all Church goods were confiscated.

Don Francisco, still in Chicago in November 1916, decided to return to Mexico because

I have heard that it is being said by some people that the Mexican bishops are not brave; that they deserted their people to save themselves; that if such persecution had come to Irish bishops they would have acted differently and died at their posts. I am not questioning the courage of Irish bishops, for I know enough of their history to concede that they did die bravely in Ireland. But you, my friend, you know that the Mexican bishops were not allowed to do that. Some of us were expelled by force and some had to leave to save our people from being robbed. Now to show of what stuff the Mexican hierarchy is made, one of us at least must be a victim. I am the one surest to meet a firing squad. If it be God’s will, I am going to meet it.[141]

Don Francisco, assuming a false name, returned secretly to his diocese. He made visits to Zacatecas, Nayarit, and Jalisco preaching the faith. It was a sanctuary where the Indians kept watch over the soldiers’ movements and warned their archbishop of any dangers.

Sometimes the people, seeing how unjustly I was persecuted and the difficulties I had in making my pastoral visit, offered me armed force, but I always answered that I was a minister of peace and could not accept it.[142]

So that he would not be easily recognized by the soldiers he grew a beard and dressed as a gentleman farmer. Once, when walking with his secretary on the trail, they saw a group of soldiers riding towards them. The archbishop’s secretary (later Cardinal Garibi) turned and said: “Does your Reverence authorize me to do what I believe to be expedient?” Don Francisco nodded. Then his secretary pulled out a lasso and swung it in circles angrily as the armed men drew near. Then he shouted at his companion that he didn’t know how to herd cattle and ended his tirade, just as the soldiers met up with them, screaming, “¡Mientras mas viejo mas pen—!”[143] The soldiers drew up to the secretary and asked him if he had seen the archbishop. He replied that he had heard he was in the next town and if they hurried up they might catch him. They galloped off, while the archbishop and his secretary had a good laugh.

Not only did the archbishop make pastoral visits when he was in hiding, but he served as rector of the seminary, dividing the students into small groups and sending them into huts to study. Half would play musical instruments or do carpentry while the other half pored over their books, knowing that the soldiers would not suspect that this was the seat of the seminary. The archbishop was known to have sat one night under the stars, with a candle, composing his field notes in Latin, which he sent to the pope!

In January 1917 the press reported that the archbishop and the Bishop of Zacatecas had been arrested. Monsignor Kelley made contact with friends close to the Wilson administration. “The state department warned the Mexican government that the execution of those bishops without a trial would have a terrible impact on the civilized world.”[144] But, fortunately, the report was false, for the archbishop was still in hiding and the search for him continued.

Hiding in the mountains, he sent Monsignor Kelley a diploma appointing him as honorary canon of the Cathedral of Guadalajara. Remarked the Archbishop of Chicago, “This is the first time I have seen a document issued by an Archbishop or Bishop from ‘Somewhere’.”[145]

In February the archbishop published a pastoral letter to be read in all the churches, in which he argued his opposition to those articles of the Constitution that denied the Church its rightful role in Mexican society. Any question that the archbishop had become the symbol of resistance to the Revolution was now muted. His letter, copies of which were sent to the Catholic hierarchy in the United States, was acutely embarrassing to the Mexican government, that ordered its soldiers to shoot him on sight. Don Francisco drafted a letter to President Carranza on 22 July 1917: “To protest a law is not to deny it…My clergy will not oppose it, but will remain passive within the law.” [146]

The archbishop’s letter was backed up by a letter to the president from the clergy of Guadalajara, recounting in detail the atrocities committed by the army—the sacking of the libraries, the eviction onto the streets of old people from Catholic Homes, the desecration of the churches, where “altars became kitchens and…as for the rest we remain silent for decency’s salce.”[147] They complained that after the reading of the archbishop’s letter, the cathedral and many of the churches were closed and 20 priests jailed for sedition. Finally, they stated, “We are not vampires of the people, nor prostitutes, nor conspirators.”[148]

Though aware of the danger and conscious that the governor’s promise that the episcopal outlaw need no longer fear arrest might be a ruse, as in fact it was, the archbishop felt obliged to officiate at the fiesta of San Juan de los Lagos, where a tremendous crowd of parishioners had assembled. The army arrived and took him prisoner. The next morning the general came in on his train, equipped with a parlor car for himself and a flat bed car for his limousines. When the archbishop urged that he be removed secretly lest there be an uprising in Guadalajara he was given a cattle car to share with the soldiers and soldaderas. The archbishop was allowed to take his suitcase with him, which served as his seat by day and his pillow by night. At Zacatecas his secretary was ordered off the train. He took the opportunity to get the right of a civil trial for the archbishop and sent a telegram to Monsignor Kelley in Chicago: “My father is very sick and I fear for his recovery.”[149]

The train proceeded to Tampico, where the archbishop was incarcerated in a small room while the general and his adjutant, Lieutenant Robinson, tried to persuade him to renounce his right to a civil trial. Said Lieutenant Robinson with a smirk, “Why should we plead with him when a stray bullet will end this trouble?” They returned the next day, but the archbishop refused to concede. “Do with me what you will.”[150] Throughout his “internment he was never given a written document specifying the charges. The only document he saw was a violent anti-governmental proclamation endorsed with his forged signature.”[151] Plans to exile him to an island failed when the ferry captain, upon hearing who his passenger was to be, shot away from the dock at full throttle. Plans to have him shot accidentally by a soldier cleaning his rifle failed when a sympathetic officer intervened. Meanwhile Monsignor Kelley, president of the Catholic Church Extension Society, was pulling strings. On 14 July he wired Joseph Tumulty, secretary to President Wilson, to assure that the archbishop could gain easy entry into the United States. The consuls of three countries were sent to Tampico to sit in an adjoining room. Monsignor Kelley knew that the Japanese Minister in Washington was a friend of President Carranza. After a cable to Japan from the minister, the president of Mexico received a cable from Emperor Hirohito pleading for the archbishop’s safety. In addition there was a mysterious lifeline of messages from Tampico to Jalisco and so all of Jalisco had heard the latest news about their prelate and were threatening to rise up in rebellion. Finally, the archbishop heeded the consuls’ advice to renounce his right to a civil trial. Under the name Inocencio Altamira, on 19 July, he wired Kelley of his pending arrival in Laredo, and shortly thereafter was escorted to Texas. From July 1918 to October 1919, the archbishop remained in fitful exile in the United States, in the home of Monsignor Kelley, to whom he entrusted archdiocesan funds for investment. He also ordained the seminarians of Castroville.

Upon his return to Mexico he received a pamphlet in Nahuatl greeting him warmly. During the presidency of Obregón there was a slight respite. The archbishop was able to organize women’s, youths’, and workers’ groups to fight poverty. He sent his secretary to Seville and to the Vatican library to search for material on Nueva Galicia. He wrote a pamphlet Against Emigration, [152] and a pastoral letter on protestantism and socialism. The bishop argued that although the underpaid Mexican worker deserved a better lot, socialism became a means for deceiving him and turning him against Church and State. Protestants, divided into innumerable sects with conflicting beliefs, had, at least, argued the Bishop, borrowed enough of Catholic belief to no longer follow Lutheran’s doctrine, “sin fiercely, but believe more fiercely,” or Calvin’s, “the more you sin, the greater will be Christ’s redemption,” but, denying the pope, the saints, and the Virgin, they, like the socialists, wished to turn the Mexicans against their religion and their government.[153]

One might believe perhaps that the propagandizers are trying to do some good for the Mexicans, bettering at least their economic condition, but one is struck by the scorn the North Americans have always had for the Indians, to the point of having nearly extinguished the Indian race in their country, “leaving approximately three hundred thousand Indians in the midst of 100 million inhabitants of the same country. And those three hundred thousand Indians are confined to a limited territory, as if it were a zoo where they collected the wild beasts to sate public curiosity.” We are all aware of the North Americans’ scorn for Mexicans; if the propagandizers wished to benefit us, they should start by seeing to it that our brothers who have gone to their country in search of work be better treated.[154]

The Bishop concluded that the American missionaries’ motives must be political

to pave the way for the invaders…and don’t believe…that this is a gratuitous supposition; it was confessed in all clarity by Mr. Lind, confidential Agent of Wilson.

For this reason, to hear the preachings of the Protestants, and follow them is not only apostasy but also treason.[155]

Repeatedly he was accused of leading rebel armies, with all the imaginary details supplied, just as when he “led” the Chamulas in their attack on Tuxtla. He appeared on electoral posters plastered on walls, mockingly proclaiming his candidacy as a candidate for deputy. It was even suggested, in 1922, by a fanciful Catholic, that he was the most qualified for the presidency of the republic. In this same year he had the opportunity to host his “guardian angel,” which he did in such style and frequency that the poor monsignor was clutching his belly. But even so he reported back to his archbishop, “This country is a Paradise—with a few snakes but many good people.”[156] Kelley was an astonished witness of the devoutness of the Catholics of Guadalajara.

Wherever the archbishop appeared in public, many adults dropped to their knees in the dust of the roads for his blessing. Much of this display was avoided by motoring in an automobile, but there were genuflections along curbs if he was seen.[157]

Even so, the press continued its vicious attacks, inspiring the archbishop to write an open letter to President Obregón on 28 February, protesting that he had been accused of “having solemnly blessed the sword of a revolutionary general and given him a half million pesos.” After easily disposing of that claim, he insisted, “I am a Minister of Peace.”

Finally, in July 1924, the archbishop decided upon self-exile to see whether passions would calm. He traveled to Amsterdam, Rome, and Israel, where he distributed Guadalupe icons and tracts in German and Latin. He was awarded a Letter of Brotherhood by the Jesuits for his generosity. The archbishop crossed the ocean again and in May 1925 returned to Mexico via the United States, where Monsignor Kelley was making valiant, but largely futile attempts to enlist the aid of the government and to arouse the sympathy of the American public: “I am into the Mexican mess up to my ears!”[158]

Passions had risen higher than ever. To his great distress, Don Francisco found that many of the youths and workers whom he had organized had taken up arms against what they considered to be a godless, repressive government. Once again his efforts to better society led indirectly to bloodshed. “This man, reputed to be a firebrand, a templar-bishop, the bête noire of the Government, was not only categorically opposed to the suspension of worship, but even authorized the Catholic schools to remove the crucifix from their walls.”[159] But this did not prevent the government in 1926 from sacking his house and removing his collection of art and archeology. This same year he wired the secretary of state that he was going into hiding.

For nearly three years the archbishop lived the life of a nomad, sometimes hiding in the houses of friends in the city and sometimes in farmers’ huts, often in the most remote areas where he would not come in contact with the Cristeros. Four of his associates were grabbed in Guadalajara and tortured so that they would reveal his hiding place. But they did not break their silence and were shot. President Coolidge was notified that a prize was offered for the head of the archbishop to be delivered dead or alive, charged with being an armed rebel. Troops scoured the country for him, but,

The simple truth of the matter is that I was protected by the reverent silence of some fifteen thousand of my people, all of them aware of my movements, who were scattered through a poor mountainous region, a people whom I shall continue to bless forever.[160]

Not even the Agraristas who fought the Cristeros breathed a word about him. “One thousand soldiers to capture poor me!”[161] But the archbishop jumped on a horse and escaped. He was more fortunate than his priests, 22 of whom were shot. Even so, as he traveled from hamlet to hamlet he was stricken with malaria, and on one occasion, to escape his pursuers, was pulled by the beard across a raging river. But even in his desperate situation he could not forget the beauty of Guadalajara and several times had an Indian friend drive him through the streets at dusk!

FIGURE 7.—Archbishop Orozco y Jiménez in hiding in Jalisco, ca. 1926.

In 1927, Don Francisco set up camp about 40 kilometers north of Guadalajara in San Cristóbal de la Barranca, then in El Arroyo de la Gloria in Coyutlán, and finally in El Salvador. Word of the archbishop’s presence in the ravine had reached Frederick Williams, a reporter from San Francisco, who came looking for an interview. He spotted a farmer and asked him about the archbishop. He was told that he was on the right track and should just wait. Before long he saw an old countryman making his way slowly down the slope. When they were abreast, Mr. Williams asked the old man if he knew where the archbishop was, and watched while he put his hand in a pocket and fished out his episcopal ring. Then, gesturing towards the cave behind them, he said in excellent English, “Welcome to my home and cathedral!” With quiet charm he granted a brief interview, lamenting that “the fires of Bolshevism are burning in Mexico,” that “Mexico had become a land of martyrs.”[162] The reporter commented further: “People said that he bore a charmed life; he would not allow his priests to come to him, but went to them.”[163]

On the rocks on the road to San Cristóbal can be seen today painted slogans: Vuelva Cristo Pronto, and Viva Cristo Rey. A taxicab driver in Mexico City told me how as a boy he had taken the place of a mule in a mill to grind wheat for the archbishop and the priests in hiding. He described how the generals would come, but look the other way. Engelberto Castañeda recalled that as a boy of 10 he followed “El Viejo,” the “Old Man,” around, remarking that everyone knew him by that name. “When you speak of good men, there was a good man, a humanitarian, not like the vulgar, thieving priests of today!”

But the archbishop’s stay in the ravine was cut short when he was bitten by a rattlesnake. He decided to move to Guadalajara.

One morning, reading the newspaper in a friend’s house, he saw the headline, “Chamula en San Cristóbal de la Barranca.” Turning to his friend, he laughed and said, “Chamula is drinking his coffee.”[164]

Father Kelley opined that “the Mexican government was more afraid of Archbishop Orozco than of any other man.” “Why don’t you leave the Archbishop of Guadalajara alone?” Ambassador Morrow asked President Calles, “He is one of the gentlest and kindest men I have ever met; the last man in the world to hurt anyone.”

“You do not know him at all. I tell you that he is not an archbishop, but a general.”[165]

G.B. Shaw and other European intellectuals were trying to influence the government in his favor, while the president and the Mexican press were accusing him of personally directing the campaign, and the press even screamed that he had burnt prisoners alive!

Urging the Pope not to concede to the government, he exclaimed, “I stay like Moses on the mountains, with my arms raised on high, hoping that God, Our Lord will do the rest and solve the problem.”[166]

While opposed to arms, he could not but sympathize with the Cristeros’ aims. Those who fell were “a true constellation of illustrious confessors of Christ.”[167] And in his 17th pastoral letter he called up “the no less glorious names of so many who have succumbed on the battlefield for their religion.”[168]

Years later, when Father Parsons asked his friend if he had taken part in the rebellion, he replied:

I have examined my conscience on the matter. I can honestly say that I did not. I even suspended two of my priests, who, goaded beyond their strength, did take arms…My sympathies were not with Calles. But I am absolutely guiltless of having taken arms, or of having directed those who took arms, or of any part in the fighting.[169]

In June 1929, the Church, as a sort of offering for the sake of peace, agreed that the archbishop be deported. On learning the news, Don Francisco drove to Mexico City to call upon President Portes Gil to try to persuade him that he was no rebel. But he could not resist recounting to the president all his escapes from his army. Exclaimed the president, “You see what a rotten police force I have!” “No,” replied the archbishop, “you see what a fine guardian angel I have!”[170] The next day the archbishop left for the United States.

This exile, from July 1929 to March 1930, was spent in Laredo, Oklahoma City, New Orleans, New York, and, finally, Mother Cabrini’s hospital in Chicago. During his times abroad the archbishop amused himself by writing poems in Latin and reading Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. “Of towering intellect, with a capacity for command, and a personal presence that was almost hypnotic…he was lionized by Catholic activists.”[171]

Once again the archbishop returned to Mexico and served his diocese from March 1930 to January 1932 when, one evening, his automobile was commandeered by three individuals who directed the chauffeur to the military airport. It seems that the President of Mexico, upon hearing of plans to assassinate the prelate, decided that he should be exiled for his own safety. With orders from the President, the local generals, knowing that the archbishop “always carried a Thompson machinegun and had at his disposition a permanent guard of twelve bold young men, armed to the teeth…as well as a large body of spies,” resolved that this would be the safest means to kidnap him.[172]

On the way, Don Francisco, feeling that his pectoral cross had become entangled in the chain, inserted his hand under his cassock to adjust it, making a metallic jangle which so alarmed his kidnappers that he had to turn on the light and show them the cross to allay their fears. The next day, after spending the night on the ground, the archbishop was flown to Hermosillo, where he thanked the pilots and apologized for being unable to tip them or give them a souvenir because of the circumstances! Hours later, still accompanied by the colonel who had kidnapped him, he proceeded by train to Nogales. At the immigration office the colonel dropped to his knees to kiss the archbishop’s hand while he received the prelate’s blessing “through the many dangers which you must encounter.”[173]

The archbishop’s fifth exile was spent first in El Paso, and then Los Angeles, where he became a favorite of the Chicano community. In 1933 Don Francisco decided to travel to Rome to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the Latin American College, as he had been appointed representative of the Mexican students. But more important, he had been chosen to officiate at a ceremony that had been in the planning stages since 1903. Our Lady of Guadalupe was to be installed as patron saint of Latin America. Offers to extend her patronage to Canada and the United States were declined as the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception had just been erected in Washington. During his trip across the ocean, Don Francisco advanced his idea to have the Philippines included. Both the Catholic hierarchy of that country and Pope Pius XI agreed to his arguments.

For Don Francisco, liturgist and “prince of the Church,” these were days of supreme splendor and satisfaction. His birthday happened to coincide with the anniversary of the College, and as an internationally known fighter for the Church, he was accorded first place in the ceremonies. He celebrated High Mass and presided over discussion groups, the recipient of fervent applause, and, in a poem dedicated to the students, he was reserved final place as the “Martyr of Jalisco.”[174]

But this honor only whetted his appetite, for Don Francisco set about to convince the Vatican Council that Our Lady of Guadalupe was worthy of a crown. And so, on 10 December, she was coronated.

December 12th perhaps was the apotheosis of the archbishop’s career. At early Mass he sang the Te Dewn, and accompanied the procession of the Virgin to the Basilica of St. Peter’s. Chosen by Pope Pius XI to celebrate mass in his stead, an honor usually reserved for cardinals, the Archbishop of Guadalajara gave full honor to his beloved Mexican Virgin, under the gaze of the pope who presided on his throne and that of flocks of cardinals, patriarchs, nuncios, archbishops and bishops, monsignors, ambassadors, consuls, and rectors.

When the Mass was concluded, Pope Pius XI bestowed the kiss of peace on the archbishop who, in turn, handed him an 18th century gold medallion of the Virgin. After the ceremony, one of the Italian cardinals was heard to say, “He is more of a cardinal than all of us!”[175]

The archbishop’s international influence extended to Japan. He had discovered a manuscript in the Genaro García collection at the University of Texas portraying the life of the only Mexican saint, San Felipe de Jesús de las Casas, martyred in Nagasaki. After publishing this, he sent funds from Rome to Japan to build a chapel in honor of San Felipe. He sent Guadalupe tracts in Japanese and a 17th century icon of the Virgin to be hung in the chapel.

But all these exertions had taken a heavy toll on the archbishop, who recrossed the ocean and returned to Columbus Hospital with a serious heart condition. He recuperated in the house of his steady friend, Father Kelley, who, years later, recalled that

The trappings of his rank sat on him with such grace that in them he appeared to be born to the purple. A palace fitted him and the miter became him. One could think of him as a great prelate statesman in the court of a medieval monarch. But under the ermine of the great cape there could have been a hair shirt. The archbishop could shower love on a child, and while he lived with me few were his visitors, but the children of my parish.[176]

Father Kelley reported how he would come home at the end of the day to find a cluster of children all with sticky fingers from the candy the archbishop had given them; one wearing his episcopal ring, one his pectoral cross, and one his skullcap. But this sedentary life was not bearable to Don Francisco. He told Father Parsons in New York that he was going home to Mexico. When the priest warned that it might be extremely dangerous, he answered, “I don’t care; I can’t die in this country.”[177]

The archbishop climbed on a train at the border. Wishing to stretch his legs, he walked into the next car where he found the Governor of Jalisco and all his henchmen. He did not know who was more surprised! But they did not arrest him. The governor merely sent him a letter to lie low. And this he knew well how to do! He hid out in a hospital in Guadalajara, where he worked as a gardener while he received treatment.

Shortly after his arrival, Calles decided to give a speech in Guadalajara that was designed to bait “the Lion of Jalisco” and to convert the younger generation to the radical cause.

It would be a grave and cowardly dereliction of duty not to snatch our youths from the claws of the clericals, from the claws of the conservatives.[178]

In December of 1934, Don Francisco published another pastoral letter, this time on the subject of Socialism (or Communism).

Remember the heroic examples of Ireland and Poland who passed the crucible, and severely tried for centuries, emerged Catholic…[The socialist state] proclaims itself to be God, God the State.[179]

Who defended the disarmed and weak Indians from the power and ambition of the conquerors? It was the Church, it was the friars, those blessed missionaries, who, with Fray Bartolome de las Casas at their head, struggled untiringly suffering persecutions and martyrdoms, until they achieved the fullest recognition of liberty and rights for the Indians as human beings: responsible for issuing those famous “Laws of the Indies,” the finest monument to the civilizing influence of the Catholic Church in America….

The Church is not an enemy of progress and economic well-being of the towns, not an enemy of working classes.[180]

They want God the State established, as in the pagan world of Greece and Rome, and man will be of the State and for the State. We are fertile ground for taking things to the extreme. Our nation is composed in large part of credulous people, not entirely refined by civilization. Many pagan customs will be accepted and decrees and laws will be dispatched for the worship of Huitzilopochtli, with human sacrifice and banquets of human flesh: the Indian dances, songs, and tales that we celebrate indecently with shouts and howls issuing from breasts convinced of the reality of a life intoxicated by alcohol, before long we will see…We will then have Holy Caesar, Holy Tiberius, Holy Nero drunk on the blood of Martyrs and singing their triumph in the reddish light of the bonfire of the Nation in its death agony…Would that be hard to imagine?[181]

Clearly the archbishop had come to the end of his patience, mouthing words that might have sprung from General Paz!

Arguing that he was just an old man, he paid no heed when his refuge was breached and a bullet lodged next to him. A few weeks later when he was told that soldiers were breaking into his house, he waited for mass to end and then went out to watch the spectacle. He was actively, if secretly, carrying out all the duties of an archbishop until almost the last day of his life. When he died in February 1936, his funeral was attended by 50, 000 of his parishioners. On his tomb in the cathedral lies a lion pierced by an arrow.

He saw rivers of gold pass through his hands destined for his great charitable and cultural projects, even unto his death, which he reached as a poor man![182]

Eulogies were collected from those who knew the archbishop. Out spilled a string of metaphors.

a human ocean, silent and magnificent[183]

a live oak[184]

hero, martyr, rock in mid-ocean[185]

cypress[186]

meteor, prince[187]

volcano[188]

good shepherd[189]

crystal fountain[190]

apostle, saint[191]

child, steady quiet rain and furious tempest[192]

father[193]

This was the manner of man who, traveling under the care of St. Christopher, kept the inspiration of Las Casas before him, even in the ravine. This was the man who discovered the Diccionario grande and passed on a copy to Dr. Nicolás León that it might proceed into future generations.

Nicolás León

Nicolás León was born in Quiroga, Michoacán, in 1859, not many miles from the birthplace of the bishop of Chiapas. At the age of 14 he published Hombres ilustres de Michoacán, which testified that at that early age he had read every book written by a fellow michoacano! Even then he scolded those who lacked the courtesy to respond to his numerous letters.[194] His family, which owned the principal houses on the square, were living in the Mesón de León, the León Inn, which provided forage for the animals that came into town from far away. Educated locally, he received his medical degree in 1883. A year later, at the age of 25, Nicolás León was in correspondence with Spencer Baird, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his letter of 18 October 1884, he gave thanks to Dr. Baird for $50 he received from the Institution, which had already been spent on the excavation of a Tarascan site. On 16 November, Dr. Baird suggested to Major Powell that León “can be made a very useful correspondent of the Ethnological Bureau.” On 16 November León wrote Dr. Baird again, wishing to exchange books.

In 1885 Dr. León was a Latin teacher in the Colegio de San Nicolás. A year later he sent a circular to 300 people to create the Museo de Arqueología e Historia Natural. He learned taxidermy and made a collection of human brains that caused a flood of snide commentary. In 1888 Dr. León published the Anales de Michoacán, a scientific journal with international distribution. In its preface he stated, “To attempt great things even though they are not achieved in full, is of itself a worthy and meritorious act.”[195] A year earlier, Don Angel Nuñez Ortega, a local politician, diplomat, and historian, had written him: “It is not strange that your writings have created many envious people and enemies. Everything out of the ordinary that one does reaps such a harvest.”[196]

During this period, Dr. León became engaged in a lifelong activity, the collection of rare books. He made an agreement with the Franciscans and Augustinians in Morelia to collect duplicates from their monastery libraries. These he transported in baskets on the backs of asses to his place of residence.

FIGURE 8.—Birthplace of Dr. León, Quiroga, Michoacan.

In 1889 he became a deputy of the local congress, and his efforts to create the museum were strongly supported by the Governor of Michoacán. But the governor suddenly died and his successor abruptly fired Dr. León, dissolved the museum, and banished him to Oaxaca, where, despite the onslaught of illness, he founded the Museum of Oaxaca. During this time his defamers published scandalous letters under his name.

Once again Dr. León penned a letter to the Secretary of the Smithsonian, on 18 September 1892.

I need pecuniary means and scientific protection. A monthly salary of $200 American gold would be enough for me, and I would deliver to the American Minister in Mexico the result of my investigations and labors.

He had assembled 48 agents in Oaxaca.

In 1894 he moved to Mexico City where he was given the paltry job of assistant in the agricultural school.

Shortly thereafter he was also given a position in the National Museum as assistant. To gain a few pennies he also opened an office as obstetrician and pediatrician.

In 1898, Ales Hrdlicka, physical anthropologist of the Smithsonian Institution, came to Mexico and rapidly passed on his knowledge to Dr. León, who became the pioneer physical anthropologist of Mexico. Writing to Frans Boas in 1903, he referred to Hrdlicka as “my teacher.”

From the very beginning, Dr. León established a set of standards intolerable to the world. He was impatient with superficial, careless work. “Sometimes intractable and brusque, with intemperate bursts of language that overlaid his goodness and gratefulness for favors bestowed on him.”[197] Dr. León, knowledgeable in Nahuatl, Tarascan, Latin, English, French, and German, developed a wide correspondence in the United States and Europe. In 1919, he gave formal tribute to those who had lighted his way. It is a galaxy of eminent scholars: Daniel G. Brinton, Count de Charency, Alfredo Chavero, Albert S. Gatschet, Frederick Webb Hodge, Ales Hrdlicka, Joaquin G. Icazbalceta, James Mooney, Zelia Nuttall, James C. Piling, Francisco Plancarte, and George Parker Winship.[198]

Dr. León, founder of the Academia Mexicana de la Historia, declared that “all historical work requires sincerity and enthusiasm.”[199] He applied an objective, scientific method of observation and analysis to history that was totally revolutionary in Mexico. He had “an iron will for smashing the world of intellectual mediocrity in which he happened to live.”[200] Dr. León’s biography of Bishop Vasco de Quiroga, “greatest of the teachers and friends of the Indians of Michoacan, reveals León’s veneration of the first bishop of Michoacan.”[201]

This was followed by a letter of Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, an article on San Felipe de Jesús, as well as numerous pieces on church history, the publication of two colonial Otomí grammars, two Huave dictionaries, Cordova’s grammar and dictionary of Zapotec, and a linguistic scheme and map of Mexico. He wrote a history of Mexico that focused on Indian history and scarcely touched the porfiriato.

FIGURE 9.—Dr. Nicolás León in the field. (Photo courtesy Laboratorio DAF-INAH, Mexico City.)

Dr. León’s correspondence, which, when still an unknown, he began with the dean of Mexican historians and bibliographers, Garcia Icazbalceta, stimulated him to publish again and again. In addition to a Tarascan ethnography he published word lists of 12 languages, ethnobotanical studies, a history of Mexican obstetrics, natural history, a Tzeltal calendar wheel from Ordoñez y Aguiar, the reproduction of many maps and codices, an 18th century bibliography of Mexico, and a reprint of Beristain de Soúza’s Biblioteca hispano-americana.

“Both in natural history and the history of medicine he set new standards for Mexico of scientific seriousness and documentary exactitude.”[202] He was noted for his “extreme care, scrupulous documentation, simplicity of style that made [his investigations] accessible to all readers, and his heightened nationalism as a Mexican.”[203]

Even as bibliophile and bibliographer beyond comparison, in Mexico he was not free from criticism: “His love for books was very relative; after having gained the advantage with one rare book or some manuscript, he easily gave them up for a good offer.”[204]

FIGURE 10.—Dr. León’s study.

FIGURE 11.—Bookplate of Dr. León.

Dr. Nicolás León, whose name is unknown to most anthropologists, published a minimum of 347 titles and reprinted or edited another 104.

A man of “gigantic simplicity,” he survived an endless series of trials and tribulations. “Every page that he wrote, every pamphlet that he edited, every archeological piece that he collected for a museum signified a battle.”[205]

In 1897 an anonymous friend, probably Dr. Icazbalceta, sent him a clipping announcing that the governor of Chiapas offered a prize of 4000 pesos to whomever would write a history of Chiapas. Encouraged to respond, Dr. León printed a table of contents for Ensayo de una historia general de Chiapas, but never could find the time to edit his 674 pages of notes and illustrations. Suffering economic difficulties, he sold his book collection to the John Carter Brown Library in 1906.

Around this time, Dr. León is reputed to have asked Bishop Orozco y Jiménez for a copy of the Diccionario grande. There is no record of correspondence then between the two, but Dr. León was a friend of the bishop’s childhood teacher, Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete, the priest and archeologist who, years before, had taken his students to the Latin American College in Rome. This contact must have been extended beyond the dictionary, for a copy of Flavio Paniagua’s Una rosa y dos espinas, memorias del imperio, published in San Cristóbal in 1870 and stamped with the bishop’s name, appeared in 1915 in a book sale that contained much of Dr. León’s library.

The dictionary copy was duly delivered to the National Museum where the director in a letter of 4 December 1907, promised that it “would soon be published by this establishment.” But the incompetence and lack of administrative tact of the new director, Lic. García, had caused Dr. León to resign. More than a year passed until the bishop wrote Dr. León, revealing that he was aware that the dictionary, though donated to the doctor, was still in the director’s hands. Replying, 14 February 1908, to a letter of 20 November 1907, the bishop assured his “very dear friend” that the “lost manuscripts, dedicated to you were placed by a young man in the hands of the Director of the Museum.” The bishop described with excitement his latest finds, including an ancient decree ordering the destruction of two boxes of Thomas Gage’s work that had reached Oaxaca. He concluded his letter, “Now you have caused me to consent to your coming here,” explaining that the people were complaining about the lack of doctors. A second letter followed on 28 March.

If you think it wise I will write to Lic. García, Director of the Museum, so that he will hand over the notebooks to you, which contain the Sotzil Dictionary, written surely by the missionaries of the XVI or XVII centuries, and several sermons in the Zoque language.

This would be advisable especially since they have a Dedication made by me for you. You have every right to take them.

Dr. León had reason for concern, as the director was also a book collector whose private library later laid the foundation for the Latin American Collection at the University of Texas.

This letter, too, the bishop concluded by saying:

I see that you are almost resolved to come to this land, resigned to bring your poverty with you. Since, so far as I know, there are scarcely any doctors, you may be presented with a period of prosperity.

But there is no record of Dr. León ever bringing his poverty to Chiapas [206]

Dr. León responded positively (16 July 1911) to the request by the American linguist, William Gates, to help in gathering native material, but he was still unemployed.

a bitter lesson which envy prepared over time…I will not be more than a shadow of what I once was.

When I resigned from the Museum…my future then was to die of starvation with my family.

A month later he was back at the Museum, but he found his laboratory and collection nearly destroyed by the director, who had dispersed the bones and replaced them with plaster casts of archeological pieces.

FIGURE 12.—Commemorative plaque.

Perhaps it was at this time that the Diccionario grande was entrusted to Dr. León, for it was surely in his possession; Lic. García ordered the destruction of Dr. León’s physical anthropology laboratory. One month later Dr. León lost more than 180, 000 silver pesos in the Revolution.

Over the next decade Dr. León remained in contact with his teacher, Dr. Hrdlicka. There was a continual refrain where Dr. León spoke of his financial difficulties, while Dr. Hrdlicka stressed the need for more “liberal laws” to permit foreigners to work in Mexico and restore anthropology to what it was before the revolution.

Then, on 18 March 1926, he sent a letter to Dr. Hrdlicka, informing him that he had returned to the Museum Department of Physical Anthropology in 1925, “which I found almost destroyed and the objects thrown on the floor. For the third time I reconstructed it.” He asked for a certificate of competence.

On 16 April 1926, he sent a second letter to Dr. Hrdlicka.

With this certificate I am entirely tranquil and perfectly armed against my gratuitous enemies of the Gamio band. You see how they treat those in this land who devote their lives and even sacrifice financial advantages for the sake of science; and it is because there are many impatient people who now want to have the same salary as I enjoy.

Dr. León continued working at the museum, but, a thorough individualist, he would not kowtow to his director, Dr. Manuel Gamio. His publications became more infrequent, and suffering considerable physical pain, he finally retired to Oaxaca to die, in 1929.

His death passed unnoticed and his name was not revived until 29 March 1945, when Dr. Donald Brand, a geographer of the Institute of Social Anthropology of the Smithsonian Institution wrote to his director, Dr. Julian Steward.

A matter which will help. lot is the unveiling of a bronze plaque to the memory of Dr. Nicolás León…The main thing is to convince the people of Quiroga that we are what we claim to be [geographers, historians, and anthropologists] and not what we are reported to be by different parties: 1) Fifth columnists representing the United States in some sort of attempt to undermine Mexico, 2) Protestant propagandists, 3) Communists, 4) Agrarian engineers about to expropriate lands, 5) Government assessors who are making studies towards the end of raising taxes. Since Dr. León published an article in the A[nnual] R[eport] of the SI I thought that it was justifiable to have the Smithsonian Institution as one of two institutions…sponsoring the plaque.

This plaque, donated by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia and the Smithsonian Institution, was erected in February 1945 on the Mesón de León, but its present owner, who has renovated the house, has removed it. “This town,” he says, “has done nothing to honor Dr. León except to name a primary school after him.”

In 1959, 30 years after Dr. León’s death, and a hundred after his birth, he received the first significant commemoration. The Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología organized memorial sessions and the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia dedicated its Anales XII to “the illustrious investigator and prime mover of physical anthropology in Mexico.”[207]

FIGURE 13.—Dr. Nicolás León in formal pose.

It was this simple but indefatigable man whose interest in anthropology was ignited by the first bishop of Michoacán, Don Vasco de Quiroga, who rescued from oblivion many of the colonial dictionaries, and who passed the Diccionario grande on to Mr. Paul Wilkinson.

Paul Wilkinson

Paul Wilkinson was born in Buchanan, Michigan, in 1870, but spent all his childhood in Seneca, Kansas, a pretty town with brick-paved streets surrounded by fields of corn and wheat. Here his father, Western Wilkinson, became the publisher of the Seneca Weekly Courier and, later, cashier of the bank. Paul attended Kansas University, but never graduated from there. He was a member of the Phi Delta Theta chapter, which “in those days was known for its scholarship.”[208] There he cavorted with William Allen White, who later achieved a “national name in literature, journalism and politics.”[209] A classmate described how a group of students, members of the YMCA, outraged their landlady On a Sunday “with the aid of a mandolin in the hand of Wilkinson…making more noise than was seemly on that particular day.”[210]

FIGURE 14.—Dr. Nicolás León at ease.

He was employed many years in St. Louis with the Acme Cement Co. In 1909 he was living in Mérida, and from 1911 to 1915 in Mexico City, where he was an “expert accountant by profession,” employed by the Mexican Eagle Oil Company.[211] Mexican Eagle, though independent, was managed by S. Pearson and Sons, Ltd., under the direction of Lord Cowdray, which company, in turn, operated under the umbrella of Royal Dutch/Shell. It was by far the most important oil company in Mexico and also built the Trans-Isthmian Railroad. Its aim was “to obtain absolute control of the oil business in Mexico.”[212] “At no time was the company seriously interested in the goodwill of the Mexican government; instead, it sought to protect its position by requesting U.S. intervention whenever it felt threatened to any extent.”[213]

The little that is known of Mr. Wilkinson derives mainly from correspondence between Dr. León, Wilkinson, and Gates, primarily during the years 1911–1913. T.A. Willard, an amateur Mayan archeologist, recommended Wilkinson to Gates as “a genuine Mayan scholar.” Gates responded quickly and, in a letter of 20 April 1911 to Wilkinson, told him,”I am pleased to meet another enthusiast to join our ‘tiny band’.”

FIGURE 15.—Paul Wilkinson, 1891.

In the beginning there was a flood of letters from Wilkinson to Gates, many written in a lively style while “on the road,” discussing with excitement his various acquisitions of Mexican and, principally, Mayan materials. Mr. Gates’ long letters to Wilkinson were “a Maya tonic.”

On 22 June 1911, Dr. León informed Gates that he had sold his collection to Wilkinson, but apparently the Diccionario grande was not included, for on 15 April 1912, Gates told Wilkinson that Dr. León had “a large Tzotzil vocab. old, author’s original ms. 312 pages and I did not know that there had ever been a Tzotzil piece of such size ever written…I may be able to get temporary access.” And on 9 June 1912, Gates triumphantly told him,”I get the Tzotzil Vocab.” Wilkinson responded, confiding, “I am really crazy to get busy on my ‘Bibliography of Mayaland.’” This work, whose full title was Outline of bio-bibliographical accounts of the writers on Yucatan and Central America with special relation to those who have treated of the Maya race and ‘Mayaland,’ never was taken beyond the stage of rough notes that were inspected years later by Dr. Tozzer, who remarked that they were “incomplete and uneven bibliographies” together with miscellaneous papers including “pages torn from reports of the Smithsonian Institution for 1901–1903.”

In December 1912, Wilkinson fell gravely ill with typhoid fever. In January he had recovered, as Gates wrote Dr. León to tell him that Wilkinson was serving as go-between to return the dictionary. He spoke of Wilkinson’s close call and commented, “we cannot spare an enthusiast and honest man like him.”

But matters became strained and Wilkinson grew exasperated with Gates: “instead of writing me such long letters why don’t you condense—just once—and answer my numerous inquiries?” There are repeated letters from Dr. León to Gates asking him to recover Ordoñez’ Palenque ms. from Wilkinson. And then Wilkinson asked Gates to return Ordoñez as Dr. León was vexed. He wished to visit Gates as “we can only understand each other thoroughly in that manner.” The matter became clearer when Dr. León explained that he gave the manuscript to Wilkinson, who had promised that Gates would make a copy of it. Apparently Gates returned the document shortly thereafter!

In 1914 Wilkinson told Dr. León with pride, but also with a touch of embarrassment, that he had become a Mason of the 33rd degree. On 2–3 March, in New York City, Wilkinson held a book sale comprised mainly of material from the libraries of Dr. León and Alfredo Chavero. The handsomely designed catalog offered a wondrous display of Americana. Among the 774 volumes were 66 works from the 17th century and 32 from the 16th, including both Molina’s and Gilberti’s dictionaries. These items were carefully footnoted, with an erudition that Wilkinson must have acquired from his contacts with Dr. León. Almost immediately Gates sent a letter to Dr. León: “After some time, however, I was compelled to realize that Mr. Wilkinson had undertaken to be the medium of transit between you and me, at a price.”

And Dr. León responded with great agitation, telling how Wilkinson had moved his residence without informing anyone, in a manner not heard of among Mexicans, that he had cut off all communication, and “he does this out of very serious and justified motives.” Eight months later, Dr. León sent another letter to Gates, trying to locate Wilkinson over “unfinished business.”

In January of 1915 Wilkinson sent a testy reply to Gates from Seneca, Kansas: “As to the rest of your letter, you seem to be playing some game which I cannot fathom, hence I do not believe it well for me to take any chips in same.”

In April, Gates had seen the American Art Association catalog for Wilkinson’s second book sale of 483 items, of which #213 was a “Diccionario en lengua Sotzil.” Gates was distressed with the contents of the sale: “He is selling I can see absolutely everything, even as in lot 335, / “Mexican Bibliography”/some of my private memoranda sent to help his work.” Gates was right; this collection contained only 4 17th century documents and 2 16th. Gates’ photographic reproductions of rare works were prominent. The sale of lot 335, Wilkinson’s notes for his bibliography, meant that he was abandoning the field.

FIGURE 16.—Wilkinson book sale catalog.

Present at the sale were a representative from the Library of Congress, Dr. Tozzer for the Peabody Museum, and for Gates, Dr. Bowditch and a “G.H.” The material bought for the Library of Congress became the Wilkinson Collection of Indian Languages, limited chiefly if not exclusively to Gates’ photocopies and Wilkinson’s notes.

After the sale, Gates wrote to Wilkinson in El Paso, telling him what a disaster it had been: “…only [the Library of Congress] and my competition saved the Coronel, and the Gilberti, Tzotzil and Tzoque from being equally smashed off.” He reviewed the downward slide of their relations and summed it up by adding: “It was not good friendship at all; but it was beyond all question, not good business, for you were certainly losing by it at every step.” A few days later he commented to a Miss Breton: “As to Wilkinson, in time the speculator [also under the complications of Mexican troubles] killed out the Maya work fever, and his only care was to use his literary connections to make money. He broke nearly every promise he made me, where he thought he could get more money by doing so.”

The final acerbic note is given by Dr. Tozzer.

I met Wilkinson for the first time in Mexico about five years ago. I bought a number of books of him then…I did not like him and I have never wholly trusted him. I never could understand his desire and his true purpose in collecting books. I am sure you are right that León and he had some arrangement with each other in regard to turning the collection into money. León is quite capable of anything as shown in the latest catalogue of the Wilkinson sale.

In 1916 Wilkinson was office manager of a real estate and insurance firm in El Paso. In 1917 he is listed as a clerk and smelter. From there he moved to Los Angeles, employed as an industrial chemist. After a “lingering illness” he died in 1922 in Hollywood, leaving a 6-year-old adopted son and a German wife, who had his ashes buried in Seneca.[214]

Paul Wilkinson was the bearer of a secret for the last 20 years of his life, which included, of course, his years in Mexico. He suffered from genito-urinary TB. Every summer his parents packed up a chest and traveled from Seneca to Mexico to visit him. He, in turn, was last seen in Seneca when he came to be at his dying mother’s bedside. Perhaps he was drawn to Hollywood by the presence there of the Barlow Hospital, dedicated to the cure of tubercular patients.

There is no way of knowing whether the hints of Wilkinson’s dishonesty and greed were not simply the imaginings of men known for their bouts of crankiness. Perhaps Dr. León’s difficulties with Wilkinson were happily resolved.

Ten years after Wilkinson’s death, William Allen White wrote to Paul’s brother, Dr. Hugh Wilkinson, a much revered surgeon in Kansas City, Kansas.

I was very fond of him. He was one of the most promising boys in the Fraternity. I remember very well that he was my prospect. I brought him in.[215]

The last word on Paul Wilkinson should be given by his brother, in his correspondence to W.A. White.

He was a good sport, always, and was always a REAL big brother to me. While his career wasn’t as illustrious as that of some of his college mates, it was an honorable and successful one and had it not been a continuous fight for health with him I feel certain the world would have heard more of him.[216]

This was the man who sold the Diccionario grande to Mr. William Gates.

William E. Gates

William E. Gates, grandson of the Revolutionary hero General Horatio Gates, and a descendant of Sir Thomas Gates, the 2nd governor of Jamestown, was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1863. After graduating from Johns Hopkins University, he entered the University of Virginia to prepare for a law degree, but withdrew because of poor eyesight. For 20 years he ran a small printing business in Cleveland, Ohio.

In 1905 he retired to Point Loma, California, where he became a professor in the School of Antiquity of the Aryan Theosophical Society. “He was a firm believer in living and let live, and in the fundamental principle that the rights of all men should be honored.”[217] In this spiritual environment he could pursue his “intellectual pastime” of Mayan studies that had been awakened several years previously: “All my life I have poked into language work as the key to that which lies behind our messed up history of ‘religion’…until in 1898 I bought a copy of the Codex Troano [Tro-Cortesianus or Madrid] and my fate was sealed, and my ‘job’ in this incarnation sealed upon me.”[218]

In 1900 he had published 94 copies of The Maya and Tzental Calendars. A year later, already a bibliophile, he offered to help the Bureau of American Ethnology complete its files of Anales del Museo Nacional de México. In 1909 he published the Codex Perez: Maya Tzental. This combined photographic reproduction and printed facsimiles, utilizing the glyph type that he had developed.

Reputed to having a speaking knowledge of 13 languages, in 1911 Gates delved into Scandinavian and Tibeto-Chinese, both for their philosophical interest and their possible reputed influence on Maya.

In 1912 I realized that the problem of the hieroglyphic writing, inseperable from a knowledge of the spoken native languages, must be found only on a thorough science of Comparative Mayance Linguistics, and that this could not be built either on the existing printed material, or on studies of the modern degenerated dialects.[219]

This demanded exhaustive scouring of bibliographies, auction and booksellers’ catalogs, and the gathering of material from archives and private collections, either by purchase, copying, or photography. He developed special photographic techniques and “he expended many thousands of dollars each year in this almost fanatical pursuit and eventually succeeded in scouring, as he said, ninety-five percent of the material that he sought.”[220]

His spirits buoyed by his success, he wrote to Dr. Hodge in 1914.

I am willing to do anything except be a beggar even for Maya manuscripts, even if I were not already beyond the point where I any longer need to ask favors, as I am.[221]

And in 1915:

I have now just about got all the rest of the world cleóned up, so I suppose it is time for Seville.[222]

But Seville never opened its doors to Mr. Gates. And despite his success elsewhere, Gates’ “cantankerous” personality soon alienated those who were most in a position to aid him. Since 1911 he had been in correspondence with Dr. León and Mr. Wilkinson, patiently waiting for their collections to fall in his lap. On 22 November 1913, in a letter to Antonio Batres Jauregui he wrote, “For Tzotzil just enough to work with, as but very little seems to have been written for that.” He had already seen the Diccionario grande. Was he being coy?

Happily esconced in Point Loma, while keeping in touch with Dr. León and Wilkinson, he hired an agent, Frederick J. Smith, who was familiar with Yucatan, to travel through southern Mexico and Guatemala in 1914–1915 for 15 months, searching for documents.

In February of 1915, Smith reached Chiapas and passed on to Gates the gossip he had picked up.

This Bishop Orozco is or was very rich, owning several very valuable haciendas and was the King in Chiapas and had absolute control of the indians and what he said went. It seems he sent some indians with dynamite and oil to bum Tuxtla, but those of Tuxtla won out and cut off the ears of the indians and branded them on the face, and even postcards were sold showing the indians branded thus.

About the Indians whose ears were cut off by the Tuxtla soldiers (following the example of the Italians in their war with the Turks)—quite true! This action was justified by the following arguments:

1. The Chamulas, all of them semi-savages, needed a punishment in harmony with their rudimentary sentiments.

2. A lasting and visible punishment was required for the other Chamulas who comprised the numerous and terrible tribe.

3. It was considered that the removal of their ears was the most efficient means for the Chamulas to learn to respect the authorities and society.

4. In the light of the ferocity of the Indians who do not respect children, old people or women, they must be instilled with fear to avoid a probable caste war.[223]

A month later, Smith was in San Cristóbal, where he received a chilly welcome. He gave a dire report.

The soldiers’ horses are eating up history. I tried to see the Mayor and met him at three thirty on the street and asked him if it was covenient to give me the keys [to the Bishop’s library], but before I had hardly got the words out of my mouth he said no ahora and passed on, and after he had passed he turned and in a loud voice said to his companions “estos cabrones gringos no dan uno tiempo a corner.”

The mayor then had him arrested and put in solitary confinement.

[The] little round tower five feet in diameter, and no supper and no blanket and these cold nights up this high was no fun…He was drunk when he ordered me arrested and if he had ordered me to be shot would have been no surprise.

Smith was taken on a 14-hour ride to Tuxtla, where he was jailed again, but finally he was able to gain permission from the governor to inspect the episcopal library. Back in San Cristóbal, Smith commented philosophically:

They never do anything in a way to save you time, as someone has said they do one thing right and that is when they dig a well they begin at the top. Most of the good books of value have been stolen or carried away by others. A Prof. de escuela of Tuxtla got a bunch in november.

On 20 April, Smith, referring to the valuable documents no longer to be found in the San Cristóbal archives, consoled Gates with, “I believe he [Orozco] has taken them with him.”

Just 10 days later, Gates was making arrangements with Dr. Tozzer to serve as his agent at the Wilkinson sale in New York City to get the four top pieces.

The two modem copies ought to go for half what I bid, or less. But I dare not lose them, most especially the Tzotzil vocab…I simply cannot let Huntington lock up that Tzotzil; $150 is more than I think it will go, but in view of the above facts, the value is such that you may cut in for me higher if you find I have undershot.

Gates discussed with Dr. Bowditch the importance of the sale.

Some mss. I wanted excessively for the bare reason that the whole work could not be done without them, and there were no others known to exist to supply the gap they would leave…And also, some of the very most hopeless empty places are being filled by new discoveries. The Tzotzil Vocabulary in last night’s sale is such. After sending on a $150.00 bid (most ample considering the ms. is only a recent copy), I wrote Tozzer to cut loose if need be, that I would not stop a moment at $300—simply because there is no other early Tzotzil in existence, and further, only a year or so ago, Bp. Orozco’s palace was attacked, and he had to fly to Guatemala [not so] …I have had direct reports of wholesale archive destruction in Chiapas, and while the original may have survived, I simply cannot risk it.

Two days later, on 10 May, he sent another letter to Dr. Bowditch.

It seems that when Orozco became Bishop of Chiapas he set out to write all the history, from the earliest period, and to do that called in to his own archive everything in all the various parish archives of the state…Among these it was he found those few dialect mss. he had copied, and among them that dictionary absolutely the only piece of early Tzotzil I have ever heard of. And so the entire ms. and other archive of the Tzental-Tzotzil district must have been in his obispado.

I know the palace has been attacked, and himself driven from the country, and have great fears. My friend was in the archivo six weeks ago—was given a key to go and come as he pleased, and I understand was free to help himself. He writes it would make you weep…The place has been made a cuartel: mss and parchment covered books scattered and torn everywhere.

He looked and found nothing that he thought would interest me at all—no linguistic.

I did not sleep much last night.

Attempting to console Smith, Gates wrote: “But there is one future possibility; Orozco may have carried off some things I would like.”

To which Smith responded:

Orozco was bishop of Guadalajara some time before he left Mexico and if anything was left it was probably left there, however I will see about it. These priests don’t have much confidence in each other.

Now that Gates had a copy of the coveted dictionary in hand he wrote a despairing letter to Dr. Tozzer.

But there is more than a mistake to a line in the Zotzil, both as to wrong letters and word separations; it is so grossly misleading and erroneous as to be a great deal worse than worthless.

He cannot forget the possibility that the original might still exist, and so fired off a letter to Smith.

Have been copying off some of the Zotzil dict. that Bp. Orozco had copied from the XVI ms. and I find it pretty doubtful in many places; I am only too thankful to have it, but if there is the slightest chance that some one as you suggested collared such things before you were there, and you can find any possible way to get your comandante or his like after them, it simply must be done…Tzental, Zotzil and Mam, etc. are simply the toughest proposition I have.

So do what you can; and also, if you can get hold of a Tzental or Zotzil speaking native, be sure to get him in some measure on the phonograph.

Ignoring Gates’ despair, Dr. Tozzer responded with a letter of congratulations.

I am so glad that you obtained the Tzotzil. It is fine for you to have it in your collection. I can imagine your amazement at the prices and the way they went.

There was no competition at all.

But Gates had not forgotten Mexico. Perhaps because of his disappointment in Smith’s findings, Gates began to find fault, accusing Smith of trying to profit at his expense, an accusation that must have been very hard to accept, considering the great physical privations and even dangers that Smith had endured in working in revolutionary Mexico for Gates. Smith finally “turned him over to the Lord,” for retribution.[224]

Gates decided he should see, for himself, not only the documents but the social and economic situation in Mexico. So, armed with a letter of safe conduct from President Carranza, he traveled throughout southern Mexico.

These [journeys] I began in 1917, in full war and revolutionary times, riding them on horse some 1, 500 miles from far northeastern Yucatan to near the Guatemalan border on the Pacific side[225]

…at times, entirely alone, at times with escorts of Zapatistas or Oaxaca Serrano Indians as protection from the marauding Carrancistas, I set myself to penetrate to those places where no one else tried to go. I stopped in fully half of all the villages in Yucatan, out to the fringe of “civilization” and the indios rebeldes.’[226]

In 1918 Gates was made an Honorary Professor of the Mexican National Museum, the only American to be so honored. Perhaps emboldened by his international reputation, Gates testified before the Senate subcommittee of the committee on foreign relations on 8 September 1919.

Dr. Gates:

What I did in Mexico you know. I did it not because of interests, for I have none, but because I care for my Indians; because they can come back; because they are the great bulk of the population and are not an “inferior race”—only a suppressed one; and because their economic regeneration means the peaceful solution forever of the Mexican-Central American problem.[227]

I have been doing for [President] Wilson the work which was the province of his State Department and ambassador to do, and which they refused…It is possible to form a new Mexican administration by a coalition of all the decent and patriotic Liberal elements, who will initiate a policy of reconstruction, with our accepted help.[228]

This attack on both the United States and Mexican governments caused quite a stir. President Carranza denounced Gates as “an agent of the rebels.”[229]

In 1921 Gates founded the San Diego Museum, endowing it with a collection of books and manuscripts on Chinese art and linguistics,”considered the finest in the world.”[230]

[I] assured myself that (except in Guatemala, which alone has enjoyed peace in the last 50 odd years) there is nothing left worth effort to find.[231]

Gates, now a research associate of the Carnegie Institution, traveled widely with Dr. Morley. For the next three years he focused his attention on Guatemala, where he was appointed Director-General of Archeology. In this capacity he effected the passing of an antiquities law to protect Guatemalan archeological treasures. Gates’ involvement with this act aroused great hostility among American archeologists, who viewed it as a mean attempt to block Morley and the Carnegie Institution, which for years had removed their findings from the country. Gates had hoped to build a great museum in Guatemala, using material from American excavations, but his outspoken opposition to the arrogance of American archeological enterprises doomed the museum.

Although Gates spoke of the “modern degenerated dialects” of Mayan as being of no use for deciphering the glyphs, he had urged Smith in Chiapas to record native speech, and while in Guatemala he became interested in Quiché. He brought this interest back to the United States where he had moved to a farm in Virginia. “I had come back to…build myself a Maya work center, across the fields from Monticello.”[232] There was a big spread in the Washington Star, on 7 January 1923: “Virginian May Solve Mysteries of Ancient Egypt of America.” Gates was working at his farm, Auburn Hill, with Cipriano Alvarado, a Quiché Indian. Under the guidance of Dr. J.P. Harrington of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Gates recorded Alvarado’s voice on a kymograph or “wave-writer.’’

Despite Gates’ battles with the academic establishment he retained the support of Dr. Tozzer.

Mr. Gates of Point Loma, California, is a Maya scholar to whom all students of Maya linguistics owe a deep debt of gratitude. An indefatigable energy, great acumen, and a knowledge of the Middle American field have enabled Mr. Gates to gather together the largest collection of documents on the Maya linguistic stock ever assembled in one place.[233]

Financially pressed, Gates had made arrangements to sell half of his collection, primarily from the Valley of Oaxaca north, comprising 1580 items, but its sudden purchase by Tulane University in 1924, before the announced sale date, caused many hard feelings. Tulane simultaneously appointed Gates director of their new Middle American Research Institute. Gates soon envisioned a University of the Caribbean that would unite scholars of Meso-America. He made plans for a tropical research station that would focus on agronomy, tropical diseases, and medical botany. At the same time he broadened the role of archeology.

Archeology is inseparably united to the history of culture; and to know and interpret either we must know all we can of the region—geography, climate, old and new trade routes, natural products…folklore, language, music.

One must learn all possible about those things, in order to interpret the history of human culture, as well as to apply that knowledge to the betterment of conditions today… The end of Archeology is this interpretation, and not the mere filling of Museums that are only too often morgues…It is a science of life and not of exhumation.[234]

FIGURE 17.—William E. Gates and Cipriano Alvarado at the kymograph, 1923.

But Gates’ dreams far outreached his means and Tulane found itself encumbered with unpaid bills. Gates’ espousal of archeology became dwarfed by his interest in ethnobotany, and when his botanical expeditions received none of the publicity of his associate Frans Blom’s archeological trips through southern Mexico and Guatemala, Gates became very annoyed. Blom, who had entered the field of archeology after manning an expedition to Chiapas for the Mexican Eagle Oil Company, was Gates’ first appointee to the Institute. Blom was soon to inspire the dismissal of his department head, and take his place.

[Blom] just hijacked the Dept., after I had built it into the greatest collection for study of all Latin America.[235]

Publishing a scathing attack on Tulane, Gates retired to Auburn Hill, where he set about to produce typed manuscripts of the Tzeltal and Tzotzil dictionaries. His agent in Europe had been able to secure Ara’s Tzeltal-Spanish. He had a photocopy of the Spanish-Tzeltal and he owned Guzmán’s revisions. On his manuscript of the Diccionario grande, typed in 1929, Gates placed the following note:

This will need very careful use. The copyist does not seem to have been very capable, either as to the language or the XVI script. I shall have to do the best I can in the transcription, and work out doubts later by comparison. At times he splits his m, fails to dot his j, seems to have an s where we should have an e (as? = comegh,? comsgh, seemingly written comsgh). All this cannot be straightened save by boiling up together the whole of our Tzotzil and Tzeltal material.[236]

Considering Gates’ ignorance of modern Tzotzil, his transcription was remarkably faithful. During a single year (1934) at Auburn Hill Gates also typed up a 68-page Tzeltal-Tzotzil word list, a Spanish, Tzeltal, and Zotzil Root Vocabulary, and prepared a 16-page digest of Barrera’s Tzotzil grammar.

But Auburn Hill was always a terrible burden to Gates. To prevent bankruptcy he decided he had to sell his collection of 521 items (the Diccionario was #452). A sale list was printed, but there were problems, for in an undated document, it stated,”Mrs. E.R. McComas of Baltimore [Gates’ sister] holds and claims a still unadjudicated adverse title to Dr. Gates’ entire collection of material on the American Indians.” In 1930 Gates quietly sold his collection to Mr. Robert Garrett of Baltimore.

Gates became a research fellow of Johns Hopkins University. This same year he founded the second Maya Society.

For the promotion of knowledge and better understanding of all matters pertaining to the Indian races of Middle America, past and present, and particularly those matters relating to the Maya people, and their country.[237]

Gates felt obliged to state the ironic position of the collector of rare books who was often described in Mexico as a looter of national treasures.

And then since Independence we have dispersions and total destructions of entire archives accompanied by individual collecting ending in nearly every case in a sale in Europe or New York…While in the lands of origin practically everything that has not been so saved to science and history in this latter fashion, has wholly disappeared.[238]

Referring to his own collection:

But from its start its collector’s objective was not “ownership” merely, but “use”…. Perhaps the greatest service then this collection can give is the reconstruction of the ancient Mayan language from the various dialects into which it separated.[239]

Commenting on the Maya Society Council, Gates stated:

its purpose is to bring forth into usability and into English translations, important material from that veritable ocean which has so long remained inaccessible and inactive…the essential questions of origins and actual culture are treated with learned ignorance.

The seven main branches of the Mayance languages are to be drawn upon, and themselves studied and presented (so far as we can now reach) as tongues worth study in the same way as we do Chaucer, Greek, Old Norse, and other cultural languages.[240]

The first publication of the Maya Society was Gates’ An Outline Dictionary of Maya Glyphs (1931) that was so roundly condemned by Dr. Hermann Beyer, that Gates never turned to glyphs again, but despite failing health he persisted in his studies, publishing many valuable facsimile editions of unknown or barely known works.

In the words of the Baltimore Sun:

Dr. Gates pursued his fetish alone and declared on several occasions that he was “on the verge of a great discovery.” [241]

With no success, Gates proposed that Johns Hopkins University found an “Institute of Linguistics.”

During this same time Gates threw himself into dramaturgy, writing a play whose typescript copy is to be found in the Library of Congress. It is titled A Princess of the Itzás: A Drama with a Prelude and three Acts, with five Scenes. It is set in Eastern Yucatan about 1490, with scenery of Uxmal, Copán, and Chichén Itzá, graced with Dresden Codex figures. It is a tragedy of internecine conflict expressed in high style: “Ah solar orb resplendent!”[242]

Not content with scholarly and literary endeavors, Gates traveled to the West as a member of the board of directors of the American Indian Defense Association, Inc. He took an active part in supporting passage of the Harold Ickes—John Collier program,“trying to help put the Indians on their feet under this new law.” [243]

Nor had he forgotten the Indians of Mexico, for he made a short trip there, collecting a last few pieces of ethnobotanic material, returning to Johns Hopkins to give a lecture on “Rural Education in Mexico and the Indian Problem.”

For in this country you are all simply magnificently ignorant of what lies below your southern border, archeologically, ethnologically, and sociologically.[244]

Mexico must retain the spiritual structure of the Indian and at the same time provide him with the necessities of a scientific method which cannot be improvised.[245]

For the next five years Gates was very active. He traveled frequently to Washington, where he would meet with J.P. Harrington at the Cosmos Club to discuss his latest findings. He intended to have Harrington provide a phonetic section for a Mayan “Grammar and Comparative Dicty. that is authoritative and final, ” to be published by the Smithsonian Institution. Once again his hopes were dashed. In 1937 he published an English translation of Friar Diego de Landa’s Relación de las cosas de Yucatán, which he dedicated to President Lázaro Cárdenas with these words:

There are so few instances to be found in the world today of balanced, constructive and honest programs in the life of the nations, that when one appears like that of Mexico in her present solution of her centuries-old problem of peasant farm lands and its allied practical needs of social and economic education, working, succeeding and actually rebuilding a nation of self-respecting and self-keeping citizens, and at the same time restoring the Indian race to a contributing position in the life of America….[246]

As early as 1937 Gates wrote to Robert Garrett suggesting that the Maya Society be moved to the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton. After Gates’ death, his sister was in frequent correspondence with Garrett, in the hopes of uniting his remaining collections with the Garrett collection at the Institute. She confided that it had been “a secret wish” of her brother to buy back the Garrett Mayan collection.

In 1938 Gates published his A Grammar of Maya, which went totally unnoticed. This was followed by his last publication, in 1939, of the De la Cruz Badiano Aztec Herbal, whose preparation aroused controversies with the Smithsonian Institution (that had a claim on the watercolors), the Vatican Library (that demanded payment), and Johns Hopkins University (that was presented the bill).

Gates, “very disturbed about the ‘whole rotten business’ of the Badiano herbal affair and with the ‘Hitlerian’ tactics at Johns Hopkins,” moved to the Library of Congress. In the 77th and last year of his life, Gates described with boundless enthusiasm his plans for the future: a list of studies that would take an ordinary man several reincarnations to complete! Gates’ departure from this world, in 1940, received no mention by his colleagues. He just disappeared. And his Maya Society Publications, all printed in limited editions, can be found now in only a few libraries. Until recently his typescript copies have lain unseen in the Rare Book and Manuscript Division of Brigham Young University.

A year after Gates’ death, John P. Harrington,“Senior Ethnologist of the Smithsonian,” wrote to Gates’ sister.

[Your brother] thought, if ever he took time to think at all, tha [sic] God would spare him for realizing a large part of his contemplated publications and that further work than he would be able to do would be carried on by students of the future to whom his collection and work would become available.

J. Eric Thompson added his commentary to Gareth Lowe’s sensitive evaluation of William Gates. He described his generosity, “his unflagging zeal in gathering or photographing every available manuscript or rare book on Mayan linguistics.”[247] Gates, a “volcano,” resented being considered merely a collector rather than a great Mayan scholar. Carrying on a lifelong battle with the foremost Mayanist scholars, despite all he retained the friendship of many. A “lone wolf,” quick to take offence, overlooked, he strove to make academic knowledge relevant to the survival of American, and particularly, Mayan Indians.

It should be noted that it was J. Eric Thompson who rose in Gates’ defense, Thompson, who most adamantly opposed the relevance of linguistics to the decipherment of the glyphs. Quite simply, Gates was years ahead of his time; the decipherment of the glyphs has followed the very principle of cross-cultural Mayan linguistics that Gates espoused years ago. This man who sold the Diccionario grande to Robert Garrett, was a voice in the wilderness.

Robert Garrett

Robert Garrett was born in 1875 of a four-generation family of Baltimore bankers and bibliophiles. Robert Garrett & Sons were the financiers of the B & O Railroad from almost its inception. Robert’s grandfather, John W. Garrett, was photographed by Matthew Brady, posing with President Lincoln and General McClellan at Antietam, for it was his railroad that supplied the coal for the Union army. Said Lincoln: “[he was] the right arm of the Federal Government in the aid he rendered the authorities in preventing the Confederates from seizing Washington and securing its retention as the Capital of the Loyal States.”[248]

The family mansion, Evergreen, was an hour’s distance by carriage from downtown Baltimore, so the Garrett children were educated at home by private tutors. When Robert was 12 it was suggested to his father that the boys be taken by their tutor to Europe to see the world. Believing that they should see their own country first, he sent them instead on a five-month tour of the Far West. The following year Robert’s father was drowned in a boating accident. Mrs. Garrett then took the children to Europe for two years (1889–1891). Robert was educated at the Lycée in Tours. Twice they made tours of Egypt, Palestine, and Syria. Robert recalled vividly his horseback trip, at the age of 15, from Damascus to Jerusalem. Returning from the Near East, they settled in Princeton while the boys attended college. As a junior at Princeton University, Robert practiced the shotput, with sufficient skill that he decided to participate in the first Olympics in Athens in 1896. He had tried to throw the discus at Princeton, but nobody knew what a discus was. He had one made, but it weighed 20 lbs. and was too heavy to throw.

The Princeton members of the team, funded with an anonymous bequest by Garrett’s mother, were joined by a contingent from the Boston Athletic Association. Disembarking in Naples, they discovered they had misinterpreted the Greek calendar and might miss the event. They rushed across Italy as fast as one could in 1896 and leapt on an olive boat. Landing in Greece, they reached Athens by train on the eve of the Olympics. That same evening the team hurried to the field to find themselves in the middle of an empty stadium being prepared for the opening day by a clean-up crew. Garrett spotted a piece of metal lying on the grass. When he learned it was a discus, he could not resist taking a throw. He decided he had nothing to lose, so entered the competition. He was slated against the Greek champion discus thrower. His first two throws landed far short, but on the third throw he made the world record. The first prize at that time was an olive branch and a silver medal. He entered shotput—another first. He entered long jump—second prize, a laurel branch and a bronze medal. High jump—tied for second, another laurel. He was “the premier athlete at that premier meet.”[249]

His later comment on this event was

They tell me I took part in the Olympic Games. That must mean I go back at least to 394 A.D., for no real Olympic Games have been held since then—Olympia having been in ruins for many Centuries.[250]

Robert graduated from Princeton with the degree of Bachelor of Sciences. Fresh out of college, Garrett became the junior member of the American Archeological Expedition to Syria, sponsored by Princeton University and comprised of three Americans and one German. Their mission was to penetrate the Ottoman Empire to survey the archeological remains of northern central and southern Syria.

Equipped by Thomas Cook and Son, the expedition proceeded with a staff of 40, transported by 82 animals: 22 horses, 30 mules, 17 donkeys, and 15 camels. In the 2-month autumn journey they were in the saddle for 175 hours and covered 670 miles. The following spring (1900) their survey was even more extensive, traveling, as before, through “rivers of mud”[251] and over “rough rocks,”[252] their tents buffeted by winds in temperatures that ranged from 29° to 99° F, the radiation at times so great that a flock of goats swelled into a fearsome camp of bandits. Their hardships were described merely as “trying experiences!”[253]

FIGURE 18.—Robert Garrett at the First Olympics in Athens, 1896.

It was Garrett’s responsibility to do the mapping and day-to-day accounting of their progress. In a condensed inventory he meticulously provided the temperature readings three times a day, and the time spent to reach each destination.

In the 142 ruins they examined, one member recorded the architecture, one the Greek and Latin inscriptions, and the third the Semitic inscriptions, collecting also Arabic folklore. Whenever possible, they captured the inscriptions with wet paper “squeezes” to later become plaster casts.

The expedition traversed wide areas, which, deforested in the 6th century A.D., were converted to virtual wastelands, inhabited by a few Mohammedans, Druses, Bedouins, and Circassians.

In many locations the inhabitants had not seen a foreigner within the memory of living man.

Our party and our encampment excited the curiosity of the natives, and they gave very disagreeable evidence of the fact by scrutinizing everybody and everything.

FIGURE 19.—Robert Garrett in later life.

They came to stay as long as daylight lasted and brought their lunch along like a picnic party out for a day’s amusement.[254]

Their reception was totally unpredictable. A sheik might feast them with rice, bread, cream, and honey. Commandants and outlaws alike generously provided services. In one town they tried to dispel the natives’ suspicion by remarking, “We are merely smelling the air.”[255] In another town, “a crowd of boys and men followed, hurling small stones at us, and shouting epithets which, fortunately, most of us did not understand.”[256]

The people wondered at the nature of our work and the care we took with it. They thought that the inscriptions we sought and copied indicated to those who could decipher them where treasure was hid, and that the camera was a magical instrument which would locate gold in the ground and spirit it away to any point we desired.[257]

In his geographic survey, Garrett struggled with conflicting responses to his questions, and learned to become a skillful ethnographer.

It is frequently noted in the Orient that if one asks about something in such a way that a particular answer seems to be expected, that answer is very apt to be made … one might ask, “Is that mountain far to the south the Djebel Rîba?” It is much easier for the native to say, “Yes,” than to exert his mind to the extent of deciding whether it is that or some other mountain, so he asserts without hesitation. I always tried to have my attendant ask the question in a noncommittal way, so that the local guide would have to give some such information.[258]

FIGURE 20.—Bookplate of Robert Garrett. (Photo courtesy Princeton University Library.)

Throughout his “itinerary” Garrett demonstrated a broad range of interest.

Many of the ruins are in a marvelously perfect state of preservation and they appeal to the traveler as no other remains of antiquity do, unless we except Pompeii, because of their beauty and dignity and also—and for this reason particularly—because of the vivid picture they afford of the character and the life of those who built and lived in them.[259]

Drawing upon early written documents, he describes the vanished civilizations and then turns to the modern settlements, their architecture, soil, agricultural and grazing techniques, dress, and customs, worrying about the place of women in Mohammedan society. On his return to the United States, Garrett enrolled at Johns Hopkins University for courses in economics and history, prior to entering the family business. He followed the Garrett tradition of civic involvement “with unremitting energy.”[260]

EVERGREEN HOUSE is now the property of The Johns Hopkins University. The rare book library and the numismatic collections of the University are located here. The properly was formerly the residence of the T. Harrison Garrett and John Work Garrett families.

FIGURE 21.—Evergreen, home of Robert Garrett.

In Baltimore he became “a sagacious leader in church and state,”[261] a leader of good causes. He was a public recreation devotee of national reputation who established a series of outdoor gymnasiums with public instructors for the youth of Baltimore. A system of modest parks and playgrounds was supplemented by libraries for the underprivileged younger generation. Under his direction the Baltimore public school standards were raised from the bottom to the top. He was also active in the Boy Scouts and the YMCA. As chairman of Baltimore’s Public Improvement Commission very little escaped his attention. He was a guiding force in the Presbyterian Church. A true Garrett, he was president of the board of the Walters Art Gallery and director of the Baltimore Museum of Art. In a predominately Democratic city, Garrett’s political aspirations were blocked consistently.

When the city notables gathered to do him honor, Garrett remarked very simply, “The truth is that I have had too good a time and have led a happy life and if I have transformed some of this happiness to others, I am still more happy.”[262]

“Prim, proper, straight-laced, a stickler for formalities,” he had “enormous presence” and was extremely “forceful.”[263] Not a talkative man, except when asked about his special interests, he had a talent for bringing out everyone whom he met. His responses were garnished with a dry wit.

Robert Garrett was the father of 10 children. His household was not ever “haphazard.”[264] Civic and family responsibilities curtailed his travels. Besides canoe trips with his sons in the Adirondacks, he visited Greece in 1925, and in 1929 and 1931 took each of his sons separately to Egypt, Palestine, and Syria. The last family trip was to Mexico in 1930, where they rode horseback down the Paseo de la Reforma, visited Dwight Morrow’s summer house in Cuernavaca, and watched Diego Rivera painting a mural in Taxco.

This would seem to have been a lifetime filled to the fullest, but from his earliest childhood both he and his brother, John, again following family tradition, were inveterate collectors. In the early years Robert focused on coins. In 1904 he removed his collection from the bank vault to exhibit it at the Walters Art Gallery, and so, by chance, saved it from being melted in the Great Fire. Afterwards he transferred his collection to his brother and the two switched interests.

He was 14 when he bought his first book, a French Book of the Hours. Garrett’s fluency in French and German was a great asset for a bibliophile. As French was the second language throughout the Near East, he had no difficulty dealing with Arab merchants. He could not translate Arabic texts, but could easily identify and distinguish between the different Arabic languages. In 1901 he purchased from E.J. Brill in Leiden a collection of 384 Arabic, 64 Persian, 13 Turkish, and other miscellaneous manuscripts. In 1904 he purchased a second collection from Brill. That same year his expedition colleague, E. Littmann, wrote an annotated listing of the Arabic manuscripts. A similar list of the Turkish and Persian manuscripts followed. Two further libraries were acquired in 1925. In the 1930s Garrett proceeded to expand his collection, first in blocks,”purchased at different times on the recommendation of scholars,” and then by the selection of individual manuscript.[265] These collections were placed on loan at Princeton University. Garrett’s Arabic manuscripts were used for an experiment in library science to determine how Arabic bibliographic material should be standardized.

At the age of 29 Robert Garrett was also asked by the president of Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson, to become a trustee, a position he served for over half a century.

In 1942, when Garrett was 67 years old, he donated his entire collection of Old World manuscripts to his alma mater. “The distinguished gift to Princeton University by Robert Garrett of the Class of 1897 of one of the world’s great collections of books and manuscripts, embodying the best of the literature, art, religion, science, and history of the Islamic and Western civilizations, is welcomed at a time when the best thought of the past is under brutal attack.”[266]

President Dodds continued:

The acceptance by Princeton University of this great collection of books and manuscripts signifies the assumption of a dual responsibility. On the one hand is an acceptance of such a responsibility as was met by the monasteries during the Middle Ages, the responsibility of preserving the records themselves. On the other hand, it is an acceptance of the duty of going beyond this passive protection into such an offensive warfare of the intellect as, in Milton’s Areopagitica, warned the forces of intolerance and bigotry that their attempts to suppress and efface the wide-ranging records of human thought were futile and cowardly. At Princeton these records of the Arabic and Western civilizations will be cherished and protected. They will remain free for the use of scholars everywhere.[267]

This collection of manuscripts is as astonishing as Garrett’s performance as a young man at the first modern Olympics. The collection of Arabic, Turkic, and Persian manuscripts numbers 10,000 volumes, the greatest library of its kind in any university of the world. Its very gift stimulated the creation of the Department of Oriental Languages and Literature that became a model of serious research in this previously neglected field in America. But this was not all: there was the collection of Byzantine Greek miniatures of the greatest rarity and beauty, the most important Byzantine miniatures in America. There were Coptic and Sanskrit manuscripts as well as Egyptian papyri dating back 2000 years. There was also a collection of Western European illuminated manuscripts from the eighth century on, one of the finest in the country, not restricted to the major countries of Europe, but including manuscripts from Scotland and Poland.

But Mr. Gates’ collection of New World documents was not included, because Mr. Garrett had a dream: that the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, presided over (at least in spirit) by Albert Einstein, might become also a center of Mayanist study. And so he donated the 265 manuscripts of the Gates Collection of Mayance Manuscripts, augmented by a number of other Latin American items in his possession, “in the hope that this will constitute a nucleus of material in this field and a beginning with which you may ultimately develop a section of the Institute devoted to Latin American history, languages and culture.” [268] In addition to his efforts to have the Institute purchase Gates’ remaining collection, he also endeavored to have a Mormon Mayanist scholar, M. Wells Jakeman, hired to care for the collection. In 1940 Jakeman had inventoried Gates’ collection. Garrett stipulated that if no Mayanist were appointed, the collection should go to Princeton University.

At the time of its receipt, Frank Aydelotte, director of the Institute, wrote to Garrett: “This is one of the most interesting gifts the Institute has ever received.” The Robert Garrett Collection of Manuscripts in Indigenous Middle American Languages was judged by Sylvanus Morley (despite his years of conflict with Gates) to be the “most important collection of its kind now to be found in any one place.”[269]

Alas, because of the war-time scarcity of funds, the Institute did not accept the challenge. Worrying over the need for expert conservation care, the lack of copying provisions and photographic equipment, J. Robert Oppenheimer was advised that “the Garrett collection has been stored, successively, in Dr. Aydelotte’s and Prof. Merritt’s offices and is now temporarily housed in a safe in the Newspaper Room.”[270] And so, in 1949, the collection was transferred to Princeton University. Here it was stored unseen in the vault of the rare book division of Forestall Library until it was discovered by Alfred Bush, Curator of the Princeton Collection of Western Americana, and part-time resident of San Cristóbal.

Reviewing the lives of those who passed on the dictionary, as if it were one of those chain letters dedicated to San Judas Tadeo, promising great rewards if the duty were fulfilled and hellfire if not, they share in great part a fierce individuality, extraordinary energy, breadth of vision, a fascination with history, and an interest in language not per se, but as a path to the understanding of that history. Their concern with the past led them to the present and the future destiny of the Mayan Indians. These were men with a dream, a dream often cruelly frustrated, but carried forth with determination. Today their names are all but forgotten.

At Play in the Fields of the Lord

It was perhaps in 1974, 13 years after Robert Garrett’s death, that Alfred Bush showed me the manuscript of the Diccionario grande that had traveled through all these hands to the town where I was born and bred.

Having just completed my dictionary of modern Tzotzil, this great dictionary presented a definite threat. “One entry hints that it was compiled in Zinacantán, but the phonetics point to a more northerly dialect.”[271] With this statement I uneasily consigned the great dictionary to personal irrelevance, salving my conscience by adding: “Hopefully, this colonial midden will be sifted by future scholars,” never dreaming that I would be the one to slip into the garbage pit![272]

It happened this way—one day, in the fall of 1976, sitting bored in my office, I pulled open a desk drawer and discovered the yellowed xerox pages of the colonial dictionary that I had stuffed in years before. I took out a page, saying to myself,”I wonder how long it will take me to read this page?” I spent the rest of the day on it. The next morning I pulled out page 2, and in the afternoon, page 3. I had fallen in, but with the determination that I would crawl out before 14 years had passed!

As anonymous as the lexicographer of the Diccionario grande is the copyist or copyists.

I am convinced that there was but one, with tricks up his sleeve. He had a fine hand that inscribed the text with letters uniformly slanted forward, but when he wrote the capital A to head the entries under A and the B for entries under B, he either stood those capitals upright or tilted them backwards.

Similarly, when he wrote a line in Latin to signify the end or beginning of a letter, and also when he copied the Latin quotation from the Book of Lamentations of Jeremiah at the conclusion of the dictionary, he used a backward-tilting, thick-pointed style comparable to italics.

The last paragraph of the dictionary, following the biblical quotation, and written in Tzotzil, seems to be a cross between the above styles, combining fine point with backward tilt, but the letters are formed in exactly the same way as in the preceding two styles.

Despite the clarity of hand he was, alas, as much at sea in Tzotzil as in Latin. He did not even recognize the Tzotzil name for San Cristóbal, Jovel /Jobel/! So he merely copied the letters that he thought he saw. We have no idea of the condition of the manuscript that he was told to copy—the water stains, worm holes, wrinkles and tears.

The alphabetical order became totally chaotic as he modernized the spelling of some words and left others intact. He never bothered to copy cedillas, which greatly accentuated the chaos, until finally, after seeing Guzmán, I realized the situation. In addition to the confusion of spelling in the original, it was very easy for the copyist to convert i’s into e’s, and o’s into a’s or u’s, l’s into t’s or h’s, u’s into n’s, z’s into g’s, y’s, or q’s, and all of these vice versa. To unscramble the letters and create real words one had to withdraw and float easily over them, scarcely concentrating, watching freely, gliding aloft. Even the Spanish words could be distorted: aguzar was converted into azucar, manzana into mañana, rancio into racion, pie de cuesta into pico de cuesta, o se oye cantar aves into o se oye tamalaves, zumo into cama! It was even worse when the copyist was unfamiliar with medieval Spanish terms as when he wrote maza o mazo como debe del o portero, for maza o mazo como de bedel o portero (beadle or gateman’s mace).

The hundreds and hundreds of errors introduced in Tzotzil can be imagined if one looks at a single entry, that of lirio, lily, where the Tzotzil is given as castillan cuchini instead of castillan nichim.

I wrote down each entry on a card and then, below the original, tried to modernize the spelling of the Tzotzil, changing both letters and word boundaries. Below that I wrote the English translation, when possible. For the interpretation of archaic Spanish terms, such as turquesa, pellet mould for a crossbow, I relied upon Fray Tomás Connelly and Fray Tomás Higgins’ marvelous Diccionario nuevo de las dos lenguas española e inglesa, 1798.

Eight months into the project, half-way through the alphabet, I wrote to W.S. Merwin.

Among yesterday’s entries and examples: “Take pity on me!” “It gives me a headache.” “I will die in peace.” “I cannot sleep I am so fatigued by the torture.” To think that I could have tumbled back into this vortex of words; my days not numbered, but lettered as I scramble in tortoise haste from glottalized k down the cards to 1.[273]

But my pace accelerated, and in two more months I had finished the first draft of the Tzotzil to English.

Not until I had transferred the entire dictionary onto 5×8 cards did I discover, at a linguistic workshop in Cobán, that a typed copy had been made by Mr. Gates! I can only hope I profited by the immersion.

FIGURE 22.—Alfred Bush. (Photo by Kim Otis.)

In 1978 I turned to the Spanish-Tzotzil.

Free at last! For six weeks, from 6:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m., I have been copying the Spanish-Tzotzil dictionary, putting it in properly alphabetical order, with the Tzotzil words spelt according to my alphabet and the Spanish words with reasonably modem spelling. My deadline was May Day at 10 p.m. On page 653 I finished “vulgar cosa” and pulled out my bottle of armagnac.[274]

After several years of poring over the cards, I was left with 257 undecipherable words. I turned, then, to Gates’ Ara-Guzmán typescript, and later to Guzmán’s dictionary itself. As the alphabetical order was nearly identical to that of the Diccionario grande, the number of cognates very high, and the examples very similar, I was able to solve many mysteries. The Ara dictionary was temporarily missing from the Berendt collection, so I had to rely at first on a very fuzzy microfilm. Only recently I learned of a clear microfilm at Chicago, which I used for final consultation. By interviewing people from Zinacantán, Venustiano Carranza, Chamula, and Tenejapa, I was able to discover words that were archaic in Zinacantán or surviving only in other communities; but it is extremely difficult to present a list of words to a person and ask if they exist, when the majority are unfamiliar or sound impossible. Very soon his or her mind goes blank. I also sent lists of problem words to many of my linguistic colleagues, who diminished the number again, so that only about a hundred remain.

Many of the entries on the 356 pages of legal-size lined paper have been checked, probably by Gates, for no discernible reason.

The sum of Tzotzil entries, 11, 055, is distributed as follows:

Examination of the roots results in the distribution listed in Table 33, and Table 34 classifies colonial roots by categories.

Replying to the question, “How much has Tzotzil changed over a period of 400 years?” one may point first to the list of roots: 903 are identical, and 46 differ only slightly; 169 were not listed in Laughlin, 1975, but a few were overlooked and do persist in Zinacantán, while others occur in other Tzotzil communities.

Of course, the language has responded to cultural changels; vocabulary specific to the medieval world has been lost. The term vinik, which once meant human being, was replaced by krixchano, and has come to mean man, as opposed to woman. This change was already in process when Z was compiling the dictionary. The original term for man, xinch’ ok, has disappeared. The terms for warrior, ch’ilom, j‘antzil-ti‘, and jyabutil, all have been lost. Natz’il, which once meant bracelet, now means necklace. Chob, which referred to fields of squash, beans, or corn, now refers to milpa (which may contain all three, but one no longer says xchabal chenek’).

Discussion of Tzotzil grammatical changes is found in the next chapter.

Despite the great number of errors in transcription, and the degree of change over 400 years, it is remarkable that I was able to decipher over 95% of the material. It indicates, I believe, a much lesser degree of change than one finds in the English language from Shakespeare until now. Perhaps literacy, which traditionally has been thought to deter language change, in fact, accelerates it.[275]

FIGURE 23.—The fiddler, John B. Haviland, with Romin Peres Peres, rebuilding the roof of his dream house in Naben Chauk, 1984. (Photo by Frank Cancian.)

TABLE 33.—Comparison of colonial and modem roots.

TABLE 34.—Colonial roots. (The roots have been classified under the following categories: “Tzotz” for roots that occur still in modem Tzotzil of Zinacantán, “diff R” for roots that occur in modem Tzotzil of Zinacantán, but slightly altered,”Tzo cog” for roots occurring in modem Tzotzil exclusive of Zinacantán, “old Tzotz” for roots no longer known in modem Tzotzil, “Tze” for roots occurring in modem Tzeltal, “Y” for Yucatec Mayan loans, “M-Z” for proto-Mixe-Zoque loans, “N” for Nahuatl loans, “Sp-Tz” for Spanish loans listed in Laughlin, 1975, “Span” for Spanish loans not listed in Laughlin, 1975.)

FIGURE 24.—The author at play in the fields of the Lord, 1982. (Photo by John Haviland.)

FIGURE 25.—First approximation

FIGURE 26.—Spanish key; stage 1.

FIGURE 27.—Spanish key; stage 2.

FIGURE 28.—Grammatical revision and preparation for computer

It’s My Own Invention: A Comparative Grammatical Sketch of Colonial Tzotzil

John B. Haviland

____________

John B. Haviland, Department of Anthropology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202.

Outline

1. Introduction to the Grammatical Formulas

1.a. Grammatical Categories

1.b. Root Categories

l.c. Additional Affixation

1.d. Co-reference Restrictions

1.e. Parsing

1.f. Constituent Structure and Required Arguments

1.g. Equivalences

1.h. Phonology

1.i. Morphology

2. Simple Sentences

2.a. Stative Sentences

2.a.1. Nominal Sentences

2.a.2. Adjective Sentences

2.a.3. Sentences Whose Predicates Are Qualifying Phrases

2.b. Verbal Sentences

2.b.l. Verbal Inflection

2.b.2. Ditransitive Sentences

2.b.3. Reflexive and Reciprocal Sentences

2.b.4. Impersonal Constructions

3. Nominal Constituents

3.a. Possession

3.a.l. Noun Subcategorization

3.a.2. Possessed Nouns

3.a.3. Possessive Adjuncts to Noun Phrases

3.b. The Structure of Nominal Expressions

3.b.l. Noun Compounds

3.b.2. Agentive Nouns

3.b.3. Further Elements in Noun Phrases

3.b.4. Numeral Expressions

3.b.5. Relative Clauses

4. The Verb Phrase

4.a. Parts of the Verb Phrase

4.a.l. Directionals

4.a.2. Tense and Aspect

4.a.3. Subjunctives

(i) Auxiliaries

(ii) Imperatives

(iii) Causatives

(iv) Subjunctive and Negative

(v) Conditionals

(vi) Approximations

4.a.4. Voice and Verbal Arguments

4.a.5. Passive and Anti-passive Constructions

4.b. Additional Constituents in the Verb Phrase

4.b.l. Adverbial Modifiers

4.b.2. Further Adjuncts to the Verb

5. Complex Sentences

5.a. Double Verb Constructions

5.b. Sentential Complements

5.c. Conjunctions and Coordination

1. Introduction to the Grammatical Formulas

Tzotzil is a morphologically rich language that follows a mildly ergative patterning of verbal cross-indexing. In the past 400 years of constant and intimate contact with Spanish language and Mexican society, Tzotzil speakers have incorporated many Spanish words into their language, but have maintained the syntactic integrity of Tzotzil grammar with surprisingly few changes. Apart from ongoing variation in the phonological and morphological details of the language, modern Tzotzil differs most obviously from its colonial ancestor in its use of Spanish conjunctions and discourse devices to make explicit the logical links between clauses.

The entries in this colonial dictionary are presented in what might be called a “normalized form.” (See the explanatory notes that accompany the dictionary itself.) Whereas the original author presented most Tzotzil examples as inflected phrases, often whole sentences, the dictionary is organized around single words or decontextualized expressions. In most cases entries have been stripped of affixes and appear as bare stems, or strings of stems. Although this normalization gives a common face to all the entries and allows the reader more easily to compare the expressions listed with their counterparts in the modern Tzotzil of The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán (Laughlin, 1975), it may leave the syntactic behavior of the Tzotzil expressions unclear. Where the original author might have written a whole sentence, consisting of a conjugated verb with its subject and object, only parts of the original sentence may survive in the resulting dictionary entries.

For example, under the entry

enronquecer a otro “make person hoarse” the friar has written

jmak snuk’.

This is, in fact, an entire Tzotzil sentence, which can be translated “I make him hoarse,” or literally, “I close his throat.” It is composed of the following parts:

j-

prefix marking 1st person Agent (transitive subject), ‘I’

mak

transitive verb stem, ‘cover, close’

s-

prefix marking 3rd person possessor, ‘his’

nuk’

nominal stem, ‘neck, throat’

Thus, the sentence has an Agent (‘I,’ the person who makes another hoarse), a verb (‘close’), and a possessed direct object (the thing closed, i.e., his throat).

The corresponding entry in the Tzotzil to English section of this dictionary reproduces neither the Agent, nor the possessive prefix on -nuk’. It appears as

mak nuk’, vphr:tv & -n4d. make person hoarse.

The grammatical formula

vphr:tv & -n4d

is meant to explain how the entry is to be understood, and how it behaves in syntactic terms as part of well-formed Tzotzil utterances. (It says that the expression mak nuk’ is a verb phrase composed of a transitive verb (which itself requires an Agent, the ‘I’ of the friar’s original sentence), and its direct object, a noun that in turn must also have an explicit human (or at least animate) possessor (the ‘his’ of ‘his throat’ in the example).) This grammatical sketch, in turn, is meant to explain how the grammatical formulas work.

Because many of the original Tzotzil examples are complex coordinated sentences, the syntactic behavior of individual entries can often be explained only in the context of the overall structure of Tzotzil grammar. In the sections that follow, therefore, I present an abbreviated general outline of Tzotzil syntax and morphology, using examples from the dictionary itself, and pointing out contrasts or discrepancies with the modern Tzotzil of Zinacantán. The remainder of this section summarizes the abbreviations that appear in grammatical formulas, cross-referenced to the relevant explanatory sections elsewhere in this chapter. Although I have provided a few examples here, this first section should be treated as an index to the more detailed descriptions that follow.

1.a. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

The basic constituents of an expression are drawn from a limited set of terms, most of which in turn is a legacy from Laughlin, 1975. In the text I have noted instances in which the implicit analysis suggested there for modern Zinacantec Tzotzil is not appropriate for the colonial language. Please refer to the grammatical sketch itself for a description of the syntactic behavior of the elements. The following list is intended only as a key to abbreviations.

adv

adverbial

advph

adverbial phrase

agn

agentive

aj

adjective

ajphr

adjective phrase

art

article

aux

auxiliary verb

av

affective verb

contr

contraction

cpd

compound

dv

ditransitive verb

excl

exclamation

iv

intransitive verb

n

noun (see section 3.1.a for a description of the subcategorization system, by number and letter, of possession classes; elements from the categories n, num, and vn can appear with a further letter from a to f, and/or a further number from 1 to 5; hence, for example: n3d or vnlb or n5.)

natt

attributive noun

nc

numeral classifier

neg

negative particle

negphr

negative phrase

nphr

noun phrase

num

numeral (see note above for n)

numphr

numeral phrase

pn

pronoun

pp

passive participle of transitive or ditransitive verb

prep

preposition

pt

particle

ptphr

particle phrase

qphr

qualifying phrase

ragn

reflexive agentive noun

raj

reflexive adjective

rdv

reflexive ditransitive verb

rn

reflexive noun

rpp

reflexive passive participle

rv

reflexive transitive verb

rvn

reflexive verbal noun

s

sentence

temp

temporal expression (subset of adv)

tv

transitive verb

vn

verbal noun (see note above for n)

vphr

verb phrase

x

constituent of unknown grammatical class

1.b. ROOT CATEGORIES

In a few compounds, roots are attributed to underlying categories on the basis of derivational possibilities. The root categories are identical to those used to classify all roots (a classification not attempted here) in Laughlin, 1975. They include the following:

A

adjective root

I

intransitive verb root

N

noun root

O

onomatopoetic root

P

positional root

T

transitive verb root

U

unique CVC root

X

undeterminable root

Occasionally roots borrowed from another language have been tentatively identified:

N

Nahuatl

M–Z

Mixe-Zoque

Sp

Spanish

Y

Yucatec

1.c. ADDMONAL AFFIXATION

Constituents in some complex expressions must appear with additional affixes, which have often (but not always) been stripped from the dictionary entries themselves. We have tried to patch up this inconsistency by occasionally indicating where specifically inflected (or totally uninflected, in the case of the category /root/) forms of words must occur within a larger expression. We represent such cases by including within slashes such specific forms as the following:

/1st person/

a 1st person form

/1s/

1st person singular subject or possessor

/1p/

1st person plural subject or possessor

/2s/

2nd person singular subject or possessor

/3s/

3rd person singular subject or possessor

/3p/

3rd person plural subject or possessor

/ap/

active participle (stative form of transitive verb)

/att/

attributive form of noun, adjective

/pass/

passive form of transitive or ditransitive verb

/perf/

perfect form of verb

/pred/

predicative inflection on noun or adjective

/root/

bare root form of a verb

/stat/

stative form of verb

/subj/

subjunctive affixes on verb or other predicate

Examples:

chabiat k’in, s:tv/pass/ & n5. holy day. (This example, though glossed as a noun, is actually a sentence that means, literally, “the day is guarded, or watched over.” The verb -chabi ‘guard, care for, watch over,’ appears with a passive suffix.)

Ha‘ no ‘ox k’op, s:n5/pred/ & pt & pt & n4d/lp/. be in agreement. The friar’s example, concordar en sentencia o negocio alguno, has as one Tzotzil equivalent

Ha‘ no ‘ox jk’optik. That is the extent of our words.

where the noun -k’op ‘word,’ appears with first person plural possessive affixes.

1.d CO-REFERENCE RESTRICTIONS

Many complex expressions are only grammatical or can only have the indicated meaning if some of their nominal constitutents refer to the same entities. For example, the expression

Jam nuk’, clear one’s throat (literally, “open throat of”) can only mean “clear one’s throat” if the throat in question is one’s own; that is, if the possessor of the throat is the same as the Agent of the verb ‘open.’ Symbols enclosed in square brackets in the grammatical formulas indicate restrictions on nouns that function either as constituents or as possessors of constituents. Using the standard abbreviations A(gent) for subject of a transitive verb, S(ubject) for subject of an intransitive verb, O(bject) for direct object and B(eneficiary) for indirect object, the following symbols occur:

[A]

possessor must be the same as the Agent of the clause.

[0]

possessor must be the same as the direct Object of the clause.

[S]

possessor must be the same as the intransitive Subject of the clause.

[B]

possessor must be the same as the indirect object of the clause.

[P of <some constituent>]

possessor must be the same as the Possessor of some other specified constituent in the expression.

[=A…]

the indicated constitutent must be identical to the Agent of the specified transitive or ditransitive verb.

[=S…], [=0…]

etc. similarly for the other categories shown.

[= <some constituent>]

the possessor must be identical to some other (indicated) constituent in the overall expression.

Thus, the formula for the entry shown would be

jam nuk’, vphr: tv & n4d[A]

Further examples would be

‘ich’ moton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. receive a gift. The ‘gift’ must bear possessive markers corresponding to the Agent of the verb ‘receive.’ Thus, the friar shows, under presente que se recibe, the entry

xavich’ amoton

literally, “you receive your gift.”

mo ‘oyuk tot mo ‘oyuk me‘,s:(s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d) & (s:neg & n5/pred/ & n4d[P=P of tot]). orphan. This complicated example shows again the friar’s use of entire sentences, often compound sentences, to render single word Spanish equivalents. (See section 5.) In this case, he gives for huérfano

mo ‘oyuk stot mo ‘oyuk sme‘.

This sentence means “He has no father, he has no mother” (or more literally “His father does not exist, his mother does not exist”).

Diagrammatically:

To make sense the sentence must obviously refer to the same person’s mother and father, and this is what the notation in square brackets tries to indicate. In many similar cases we have not bothered to indicate such coreferentiality explicitly.

‘ak’bey ‘il be, vphr:-dv & vphr(tv[A=B of dv] & n5)/subj/. show the way to. The friar’s example, under encaminar, enseñar el camino, is simply

xkak’bey ‘il be

literally, “I show (him) seeing-the-road.” However, to yield a grammatical expression in modern Tzotzil one would have to have something like

ch-a-k-ak’be avil li be e

“I will show you the road,” or

“I will cause you to see the road”

in which the indirect object (the [B] constituent) of the verb ak’ ‘cause’ is the same as the transitive subject (the [A] constituent) of the embedded verb il ‘see.’

1.e. PARSING

Expressions are bracketed according to the following notational hierarchy:

:

a colon after a grammatical category indicates the outermost category to which an expression belongs (except with some nominal expressions, which use parentheses at the outermost level).

( )

parentheses indicate the next highest level of structure within a larger expression.

< >

angle brackets enclose constituents within parenthesized expressions.

( )

except that subexpressions within expressions themselves enclosed by angle brackets are again enclosed within parentheses.

Hence, to give a complex example:

Ha‘ te chanantasbil ‘u‘un ‘ajval, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & s<pp/pred/ & --- & qphr(n4d of n4d/lp/)>). disciple. (Literally, “one who has been taught by Our Lord.”) This bracketing could be represented by a tree structure with labeled nodes, as follows:

We have not been entirely consistent in applying this system of hierarchical bracketing to noun phrases. Thus, for example, one will encounter entries with a colon at the outermost level:

tz’ajbil vaj, nphr:pp & n5. bread soup.

But other noun phrase entries with exactly the same structure are represented by formulas which delimit the outermost level with parentheses (often with the final 5 that indicates an unpossessable noun or noun phrase (see section 3.a.1) hopping outside):

juch’bil ‘ixim, nphr(pp & n)5. corn dough.

This inconsistency is another legacy from the grammatical formulas of Laughlin (1975), where there was somewhat less syntactic complexity in individual entries. We introduced a new notation to represent deeper levels of embedding only after many of the formulas had been written, and we decided it was unnecessary, at that point, to rewrite formulas which required only a change in parsing. Note that there is also some inconsistency in the placement of the numbers marking possession category (see section 3.1.a below) within or without the parentheses. Except in the case of some compounds (see section 3.b.1) it is the relevant head noun constituent within a complex noun phrase whose possession class is in question.

1.f. CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE AND REQUIRED ARGUMENTS

Normally constitutents within an expression are joined with the symbol &. However, certain adjunct constituents, with special syntactic properties (cf. section 4.a.4), are joined to the rest of the expression with the symbol +, which usually indicates an agent or instrument involved in the action, but distinct from the syntactic subject of the verb.

nik ‘o ‘osill ‘u‘un, s:iv & pt & n5 + -n4d. call to arms.

The example means, literally, “The earth shakes as a result of—,” where the missing argument here is represented in the Tzotzil expression as a possessor of the word -u‘un. Many entries in the dictionary, if they are to yield grammatical Tzotzil expressions, require further arguments that do not appear explicitly in the entries themselves (though they may have been implicit in the original inflected expressions offered by the friar). For example, verbs and other predicates require subjects; in our notation, a verb phrase is an expression containing a verb or other predicate, but no subject. A sentence, on the other hand, is an expression containing both verb (or other predicate) and subject. Certain other constituents in complex expressions require arguments (possessors, objects, and the like); a dash signals that such arguments are necessary. The following combinations occur:

tv-

a transitive verb that requires a direct object

-dv

a ditransitive verb that requires an indirect object (but whose direct object is probably already explicitly present in the expression)

-dv-

a ditransitive verb that requires both an indirect and a direct object

-(v)n(phr)

a (possibly verbal) noun or noun phrase that requires a possessor

Dashes indicating these additional required arguments appear mostly on predicate and sentence level expressions, and only rarely on complex noun phrases. (On noun phrases, the noun class of the head constituent determines whether or not the expression must bear possessive affixes, and therefore whether a possessor argument is required for syntactic completeness. See section 3.a. Unfortunately, some uncorrected noun phrase formulas occur in which required arguments are not shown by explicit dashes, although in other cases the dashes are present.) Examples:

‘il ‘olonton, nphr(n4f of -n4d). rage. Literally the example means “anger of the heart,” where ‘heart’ requires a possessor (the one who feels rage). In some expressions of this kind we have indicated the dash, although in others no indication of the required argument is present other than the 4 on the n4d, which indicates that the noun is obligatorily possessed. See section 3.a.l.

‘ilin ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be angry. The friar’s example is

x‘ilin kolonton

enojado.

But the sentence he gives means literally, “My heart is angry,” and the expression requires a possessor on the subject constituent, -olonton ‘heart (of someone).’

‘a‘ibey ‘olonton, vphr.-dv & n4d[B]. test. Again, the original example is fully inflected:

xka‘ibey yolonton. (I) test (him).

This means, literally, “I sense (or understand, or learn about) his heart,” and the possessor of -olonton ‘heart’ is the same as the required indirect object ([B] constituent) of the ditransitive verb -a‘ibey.

Occasionally the additional required arguments fall in unexpected places, from the point of view of the English or Spanish translations. For example, the entry

‘elovcha‘ley ba, vphr:-n4e & rv. pretend.

requires two arguments: one, the subject of the reflexive verb, is the person who pretends; the second argument, the grammatical possessor of ‘elov appearance, facade, front,’ is the thing one pretends to be like. The conjugated example the friar offers as an equivalent to simular lo que no es is

yelov jcha‘ley jba. (Literally, “I behave myself with its appearance.”)

which means “I pretend to be like it,” where the ‘it’ is represented only by the y- possessive prefix on -elov.

A more complicated example of deeply embedded arguments is the entry

tamtamuk dios ta ‘olonton, s:iv/subj/ & n5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). Remember God frequently!

The expression is an indirect imperative, and the only required argument refers to the person who is enjoined to remember God. Since the literal translation of the phrase is something like “Let it happen that God arises frequently in the heart of—,” the correct place to attach this argument is as a possessor of the noun ‘olonton ‘heart.’ The dash in the formula indicates this syntactic ‘slot’ in the phrase. Thus, in the friar’s own example

tamtamuk Dios ta avolonton!

Acuérdate de Dios a menudo!

the second person possessive prefix av- attached to -olonton yields the translation “You remember God frequently!”

Some entries require for grammatical completeness, but do not explicitly include, nominal constituents of other sorts. This is frequently the case when an entry includes an embedded sentence, but where the entry does not make explicit all of the sentence’s essential constituents (usually, its subject). In such cases, the grammatical formula contains a series of dashes (---) to indicate the missing element. For example:

mu vinaj bat, s:neg & iv & s(iv ---). be squandered or wasted.

The example, listed under disiparse is

mu xvinaj xbat

or, literally, “that it goes is not apparent.” The subject of the main verb, vinaj ‘be evident, be perceivable,’ is an entire sentence, x-bat ‘it goes.’ But clearly, something must go (i.e., be ‘squandered or wasted’), and this is the required additional argument, a subject for the verb bat ‘go.’ The example presents the following tree structure:

1.g. EQUIVALENCES

Zinacantec Tzotzil words can be assigned to categories along familiar dimensions: there are nouns, which may be modified by adjectives, and which serve as arguments to a variety of predicates, verbal and otherwise, both active and stative. Yet, many of the entries in this dictionary do not produce neat equivalences between Tzotzil syntactic classes and parts of speech in Spanish. In some cases this discrepancy is due to structural differences between Spanish and Tzotzil ways of expressing things, or patterned differences in idioms. (The entries above that use the Tzotzil word ‘olonton ‘heart’ provide good examples.) In other cases, a Tzotzil expression and its suggested Spanish equivalent do not correspond apparently because of a misunderstanding or misinterpretation on the part of the friar who compiled the dictionary.

Many of the examples I have given so far represent cases where what is a single monolexemic noun or adjective in Spanish requires a clause or even a series of clauses in Tzotzil. The inverse case is also possible.

Let me clarify the issue with a single example that illustrates these partial or suspect correspondences. In the following entry, a locational adjective in Spanish is rendered in colonial Tzotzil by an entire nominal sentence.

Ha‘ tz’el, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. near to.

Many Tzotzil sentences have the form

Ha‘ & {nominal expression}.

The friar gives Ha‘ as a translation of ese, esa ‘that,’ but its functions are considerably more extensive than this might suggest. (See section 2.a.1.) Ha‘ often means “it is the case that…” or “that is a/the thing which is…” where the nominal expression which follows supplies the missing predicate. In Zinacantec Tzotzil (using the modern form ja‘) one says

ja‘ j-na. That is my house (referring to some specific house, already mentioned or, perhaps, being pointed at.) (j- = first person possessive prefix, ‘my’; and -na ‘house.’)

In the dictionary entry shown, -tz’el is an obligatorily possessed noun, that acts something like a body part word (meaning ‘edge’ or ‘boundary,’ perhaps): it denotes an otherwise unspecified area near to the thing or person that “possesses” it. Thus, the friar’s example, with a first person possessive prefix,

Ha‘ jtz’el

which he translates as cabe, appears to mean “that (something specific) is near to me.” The relational nature of the English translation ‘near’ is captured in the Tzotzil phrase by means of a possessive prefix on a relational noun; Ha‘ asserts this predicate of some entity.

As we shall see, many of the dictionary entries require considerable syntactic untangling before the glosses can be linked to the underlying Tzotzil expressions.

1.h. PHONOLOGY

The phonemes of colonial Zinacantec Tzotzil appear to have been identical to those of today (see Laughlin, 1975:22–23) except for the addition of the voiced glottal fricative H (sometimes seen as the modern descendent of the ‘proto-Mayan H’) that survives only outside of Zinacantán in modern Tzotzil. The rounded bilabial semi-vowel w is omitted from the colonial orthography (although it may have been present in the Tzotzil pronunciation of Spanish loanwords) as it does not appear in the friar’s renderings of Spanish words into Tzotzil.

The entire inventory of phonemes is as indicated in the data section “Phoneme Inventory.”

Let me add one final phonological note. The entries in this dictionary have also been orthographically normalized, and the Tzotzil words are spelled as Laughlin guesses they were likely to have been pronounced. There are a few notable exceptions.

In some cases, where rules of assimilation and deletion operate to omit doubled consonants, occasionally entries retain these doubled (but unpronounced) consonants to make the syntactic or morphological structure of an expression clear.

e-laj x-xen. He stabbed him many times.

The verb xen ‘stab,’ appears with a prefix x- which marks the third person agent. Nonetheless, a word like xxen would be pronounced xen, with a single x.

The second major reservation has to do with the sound represented by capital H. In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil this consonant does not exist phonetically (although it does in other modern dialects). It has, however, left its legacy in a few roots whose phonetic behavior can only be understood if one postulates this separate phoneme at an underlying level. In fact, modern Tzotzil dialects differ extensively in how they realize roots which must be reconstructed as containing this H phoneme; and the colonial situation appears to have been similarly confused. I will mention only one example.

The verb Halijes ‘continue, delay, perpetuate’ appears under the root Hal ‘long lasting.’ In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil this root is jal, but, again, in Chamula it is Hal. Laughlin notes that the first person form of the verb appears as both ghaleghes and xcaleghes, or, following our normalized orthography, as either j-Halijes or x-k-alijes. This alternation suggests that colonial Tzotzil dialects were somewhat ambivalent about whether an initial H was a true consonant or not.

Words whose spelling is suspect have been starred.

1.i. MORPHOLOGY

Modern Tzotzil is a highly inflected language, and it makes use of numerous, multi-layered derivational processes to produce stems. The colonial material suggests that Tzotzil speakers of four centuries ago had equally rich morphological resources. Here I will summarize the most prominent inflectional and derivational affixes that appear in the dictionary, making brief mention of their equivalents in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil. (Parenthetical numbers refer to the relevant sections of the accompanying grammatical sketch. The letters “C” and “V” stand for ‘some consonant’ and ‘some vowel,’ respectively. The symbol “0” stands for a ‘zero’ or empty affix.)

Inflectional affixes:

Absolutive prefixes(-suffixes)/suffixes (2.a)

i-/-on

1st person singular

a-/-ot

2nd person singular

0-/-0

3rd person singular

i -otik/-otik

1 plural inclusive

i -otikótik/-otikótik

1 pl. exclusive

a -ik/-oxuk

2 pl.

0 -ik/-ik

3 pl.

Ergative and possessive prefixes/suffixes

(vowel initial: consonant initial)(2.b.1):

k-:j-

1 s.

av-:a-

2 s.

y-:s-

3 s.

k-:j- -tik

1 pl. inclusive suffix

k-:j- -tikótik

pl. exclusive suffix

y-:s- -ik

2 and 3 pl. suffix

Aspect markers (4.a.2):

ta- incompletive aspect

x- unmarked aspect

n-/i-/e- completive aspect (modern Zinacantec Tzotzil has I- and i-)

-em/-om stative aspect (intransitive) (modern Zinacantec Tzotzil has -em)

-oj/-ej stative aspect (transitive)(modern Zinacantec Tzotzil has only -oj)

Benefactive suffix (2.b.2):

-be(y) promotes indirect object to direct object status

Subjunctive suffixes (4.a.3):

-ik-/-uk

subjunctive and negative

-an

2nd person subjunctive

-o

transitive 2nd person imperative

Passive suffixes (4.a.5):

-at, -e(y), -ot non-stative passive (modern Zinacantec Tzotzil has -at and -e)

-bil stative passive (resembles passive participle)

-balal plural or attributive form of -bil (‘ak’-balal Hun ‘letter, message’ < ‘ak’ ‘give,’ Hun ‘paper’)

Verbal derivations:

Affective verbal derivation:

-laj/-luj.(modern Tzotzil also has -lij); sudden sound or motion

-[C]on(et), -et. exaggerated, perhaps overly slow or clumsy action

-te-ROOT-te. repetitive action with motion (the root receives extra stress, and is of the form ConsonantVowel-Consonant).

Intransitive verbal derivation:

-Vj. an intransitive action associated with a nominal root; (e.g., ‘anil ‘race, swiftness, running,’ > ‘anil-aj ‘run’)

-ib/-ub. inchoative (e.g., ‘utz ‘good, fortunate,’ > ‘utz-ib` get well, be pleased, etc.’)

-van. antipassive (4.a.5)

-Vlaj. repetitive intransitive action

-p’ij, -ch’uj, -tzaj. derives an intransitive stem which often denotes exaggerated, sudden motion or noise (including their lack; e.g., tz’ot ‘twist’ > tz’ot-p’ij ‘become twisted, rebound with a twist’; nak ‘at home, seated, secure’ > naktzaj ‘be dammed up, stop moving.’)

Transitive verbal derivations:

-in. usitative (na ‘house’ > na-in, t.v., ‘inhabit, reside in, use as a house’)

-es, -tas. causative (4.a.3)

-a(y), -u(y), -ta(y). act on in a specific way related to the nominal stem from which the verb is derived (‘anil ‘running’ > ‘anil-tay ‘make run, hurl self’; ‘ach’el ‘mud’ > ‘ach’el-ay > ‘flood’)

-Vlan. repetitive transitive action (noy ‘grind very fine’ > noyilan ‘grind very fine’)

-ch’un, -p’in, -tzan. transitive equivalent of intransitivizing -ch’uj etc. above (tz’ot-p’in ‘make rebound’)

Verbal noun derivations:

-el. passive nominal (4.a.5)

-bail. reflexive or reciprocal noun (2.b.3)

-ben(al). the result or mark left by an action (chik’ ‘burn’ > chik’-benal ‘burnt area’)

-bol. a prototypical direct object of the parent verb (e.g., lo‘ ‘eat (fruit)’ > lo‘bol ‘fruit’)

-ej. doing whatever action the verb denotes (malay ‘wait’ > malayej ‘waiting for (something)’)

-eb. the place for doing something or for something to happen (‘och ‘enter’ > ‘ocheb Ho‘ ‘sewer’ (literally, “place where water enters”))

-ob, -ab. an instrument for doing something (in the colonial examples, -ob follows monosyllabic roots, and -ab polysyllabic roots; in modern Tzotzil -ob occurs in both cases)

j-. agentive prefix (3.b.2)

Nominal derivations:

-etik. plural for non-possessed stems

-VI. special possessed forms, or attributive forms of nouns (see section 3.a; note that all five vowels can occur as V, with a variety of meanings)

Adjective derivations:

-VI. attributive form of an otherwise predicative adjective (2.a.2)

-an. frequent suffix on color words (‘ik’ ‘black,’ lum ‘earth’ > ‘ik’-lum-an ‘dawn’)

2. Simple Sentences

Let me now present the major features of Tzotzil syntax. One way to classify Tzotzil sentences is to distinguish different predicate types, on the basis of the different sorts of arguments they take, the way these arguments are marked or cross-indexed morphologically, and the sorts of additional grammatical categories that accompany them. For example, we can distinguish stative from verbal predicates.

2.a. STATIVE SENTENCES

The simplest sentences in Tzotzil take the form

PREDICATE + SUBJECT

where the predicate carries a suffix which corresponds to (or cross-indexes) the subject. This suffix is drawn from a set of “absolutive” affixes, which include the following forms:

[Absolutive suffixes, singular forms only]

-on

1st person, “I”

-ot

2nd person,“you”

-0

3rd person,“he, she it”; the suffix is ‘zero’ or empty

Stative sentences assert that the subject is a certain sort of thing (represented by a nominal predicate, for example), or that it exhibits a certain property (denoted by an adjective, perhaps), or that it occupies some position, or location. (These characterizations obviously do no more than suggest the range of meanings of the three basic sorts of stative sentences that occur in this dictionary.) Stative predicates do not require explicit marking for tense or aspect, but record, instead, an ongoing continuous state.

2.a.1. Nominal Sentences

First, nominal sentences take the form

N + absolutive suffix (X)

meaning

X (the subject) is N (the nominal predicate).

Such sentences assert membership in a class.(They may mean, among other things, “X is an N” or “X is the N,” or even “X is a kind of N” or “X’s are N’s.”)

Consider the following examples from the dictionary:

‘atelon. I am a partner.

The friar gives ‘atel as a nominal form of the verb ‘at ‘count, belong to,’ meaning “partner” (someone counted, presumably.) The sentence takes the form

‘atel-on

{“I”}

partner-1st person Absolutive suffix

Predicate

{Subject}

The presence of the suffix -on indicates that the subject is ‘I,’ and no further explicit subject pronoun is required. On the basis of modern Tzotzil grammar, we may surmise that it was also possible in colonial Tzotzil to say

‘atel-ot. You are a partner.

and also

‘atel-0. He (or she) is a partner.

using different absolutive suffixes to cross index subjects of different persons. (The last hypothetical sentence shows that a bare noun by itself can serve as an entire Tzotzil sentence in a context in which it can be taken as asserting that some specific third person (or object) is an instance of the class of entities denoted by the noun.)

The expression that serves as a nominal predicate can be derived from other sorts of root. For example, it can be an agentive-noun phrase, like j-‘epal-k’op, which can be analyzed into its component parts as follows: j- ‘agentive prefix’; ‘epal ‘much, lots’; k’op ‘words, talk’; thus: ‘talkative person.’ (See section 3.b.1.) The sentence

j‘epal-k’op-on. I am talkative.

thus consists of the agentive-noun predicate plus a 1st person absolutive suffix.

Similarly, nouns derived from other sorts of consituent can provide nominal predicates.

lajebal-on. I am nearly dead.

Here, the noun lajebal (from the verb laj ‘finish, end’), meaning “the moment of finishing or ending” is predicated of a 1st person subject. Other deverbal nouns allow more complex ideas:

ch’aniel-on ta tze‘ej. I have stopped laughing.

Ch’ani is a verb meaning ‘stop’; ch’ani-el is a derived noun meaning ‘stopping,’ here with a first-person absolutive suffix; tze‘ej is a noun meaning ‘laughter,’ part of a prepositional phrase with the all-purpose Tzotzil preposition ta, ‘in, at, on, with… etc.’ (See section 4.a.5.)

The nominal expression that serves as predicate in such a sentence can itself be complex. It may be a possessed noun, for example, which combines a possessive prefix corresponding to the possessor with a noun stem which denotes the possession. In Tzotzil, there are two series of possessive prefixes, one for vowel-initial nouns and the other for consonant-initial nouns. (These forms are presented in more detail in section 3.a.2.)

[Possessive prefixes, singular forms only, Vowel-initial/Consonant-initial]

k-/j-

1st person, “my”

av-/a-

2nd person, “your”

y-/s-

3rd person, “hers, his, its”

A possessive noun, as a nominal predicate, brings its possessor along with it into the resulting sentence (often creating an expression whose English translation seems to require two arguments). For example, in modern Tzotzil, one often hears such sentences as

s-krem-ot li vo‘ote. You are his son.

The subject of this sentence is the pronominal expression li vo‘ote ‘you’, cross referenced with a 2nd person absolutive suffix -ot. The predicate is a possessed noun, composed of the 3rd person possessive prefix s- and the noun krem ‘boy.’ (Thus, the possessed noun s-krem means ‘his boy.’) A similar example appears in this dictionary:

s-k’inal tana. It is the opportune time.

The evident subject of the sentence is the temporal noun tana ‘now, today’; and again the predicate is a possessed noun, the 3rd person possessed form of k’inal ‘day, time’; hence, ‘its day, its time.’ The sentence thus means “now is the day (or the time) for it” (where the ‘it’ is the grammatical possessor of the word ‘day.’)

Numeral expressions form numeral predicates. For example, the sentence

jun s-pasel. (He/she/it) resembles (something).

has as its predicate the numeral jun ‘one.’ The subject is a possessed form of a verbal noun, based on the transitive verb -pas ‘do, make.’ Literally, the sentence means something like “its making is one,” i.e., “it is made the same way” or “it resembles (something).” One imagines that a full expression would indicate what it is that the logical subject (the grammatical possessor of -pasel) resembles. Thus one would expect something like:

l-a-nae, jun s-pasel xchi‘uk li j-nae.

ART-2s-house one 3s-making with ART 1s-house Your house resembles my house.

The following examples make use of a reduplicated form of jun.

junjun kibeltik. We are of the same parentage.

junjun jtasaltik. We are of the same lineage.

Both have the predicate junjun ‘one, one and the same,’ and in both sentences the subjects are 1st person plural possessed forms of nouns: ‘ibel ‘foot, origin’ (in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil ‘root’), and tasal ‘friend, lineage.’

(These 1st plural possessed forms use the same suffix -tik, but alternate prefixes: k- marks 1st person possession with a vowel initial noun, where j- appears with consonant initial nouns. See section 3.a.2 below.)

Such numeral predicates can also be applied to body part expressions.

chib k-olonton y-u‘un. I am suspicious of him.

Chib is the numeral ‘two’; the sentence literally means “my heart is two (in two parts?) because of him.” (The other constituents are k- ‘1st person’ + -olonton ‘heart,’ and y- ‘3rd person’ + -u‘un ‘on account of, due to’; see sections 2.6.2 and 3.b.1.) The same metaphor survives in modern Tzotzil, where one says

jun k-o‘on. ‘I am happy’ (literally, “My heart is one.”)

Moreover, nominal sentences can also be based on more complex numeral expressions, which in turn consist of a numeral combined with a numeral classifier, an element which denotes a particular unit or kind of countable thing. (See section 3.b.2.)

cha‘-jech ye ‘ek’el. ‘two-sided axe’ (or, perhaps, “The axe has two edges” or “The cutting edge of the axe has two sides.”)

One possible analysis of this example would take as the predicate the numeral expression cha‘- ‘two’ + jech ‘side,’ and as subject the complex noun phrase y-e ek’el, literally ‘the mouth (or edge) of the axe,’ yielding a literal gloss “The edge of the axe is (of) two sides.” The appropriate formula would be

s: num(num & nc)/pred/ & nphr(n4f of n5).

Such constructions are also possible with the ‘interrogative numeral’ jay-, which means ‘how many?’

jay-tom s-tz’ujel? How many leaks does it have?

(Literally, “It’s leaks are (in) how-many places?”)

Nominal sentences also occur in the negative, asserting that some entity (the subject) is not of a certain sort (denoted by the predicate). Often the presence of a negative particle, mu in modern Tzotzil, but variously rendered as mo or mu in this dictionary, engenders a special change in the “absolutive” suffix that cross-indexes the subject of the sentence. In the case of a 3rd person subject, for example, a negative predicate takes the negative suffix -uk before the zero absolutive suffix. (With non-zero absolutive suffixes, the negative suffix is -ik-, as we shall see shortly.)

mo s-nup-uk. (It is) different (from something).

mo j-nup-uk. (He is) different from me.

The subjects of these sentences are pronominal third person entities, and the predicates are, respectively, 3rd and 1st person possessed forms of the noun -nup ‘companion, spouse’ (or, by extension, ‘match, counterpart’). The predicate, in turn, combines with the negative particle mo ‘not’ and the negative suffix -uk. Hence, a literal translation of the second example would be “He (she/it) is not my counterpart.”

Negative stative sentences can also contain temporal clitics, like to ‘still, yet.’

sob, mu to s-k’inal-uk. (It is) early. (It is) not yet time (for it).

The adjective sob means ‘early’; the second part of the sentence is the negative form of the predicate which we saw in the sentence S-k’inal tana “It is the opportune time.” This complex negative predicate means “(it is) not yet its time.”

Similarly, negative forms of predicates composed of numeral expressions are possible. Consider

mu cha‘-lom-uk. (It is) simple.

The expression cha‘- ‘two’ plus lom ‘layer’ (from the verb lam, ‘cover, lay’) suggests complexity, while its negative clearly suggests simplicity.

Though the friar does not give any explicit inflected examples, it was presumably possible in colonial Tzotzil, as in modern Tzotzil, to have negative stative sentences whose subjects are in the 1st or 2nd person, as well as in the 3rd person (with the negative suffix -uk). Thus, whereas the friar gives

mo a-chi‘il-uk. (He is) different from you. (Literally, “He is not your companion.”)

In modern Tzotzil one can also say such things as

mu x-chi‘il-ik-ot. You are different from him. (“You are not his companion.”)

and

mu a-chi‘il-ik-on. I am different from you. (“I am not your companion.”)

We can represent these noun forms as follows:

Poss. Prefix

Noun

Neg. infix

Subject suffix

x- (3rd pers.)

chi‘il

-ik-

-ot (2nd pers.)

a- (2nd pers.)

chi‘il

-ik-

-on (1st pers.)

The absolutive (or subject) suffixes are the same as in other stative sentences, but, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, they must be preceded by the negative form -ik-. (See section 4.a.3.)

There are two predicates which give rise to a wide variety of nominal sentences, many of which are idiomatic. One is the root ‘oy, grammatically a noun, that might be glossed ‘something that exists’; ‘oy often serves as the predicate in existential sentences that assert that something exists, that there is something of a certain kind, or that someone has something (that his or her possession exists). Another root, Ha‘, also behaves somewhat like a noun, meaning ‘this, this is it, the entity that is here and now.’ Ha‘ appears in sentences that assert the equivalence of two things, or that comment on the presence or immediacy of things. Both predicates also occur in the negative, and accept subjects which are themselves whole sentences or clauses. (Both words could also be interpreted as adjectives, but the derivational possibilities of ‘oy at least are somewhat more like those of other nouns; it seems to be related to the intransitive verb, ‘ayan ‘be born,’ for example.)

Here are examples from the dictionary of nominal sentences in which ‘oy is the predicate.

ta yol xinch’oketik, ‘oy ‘antzetik. There are women amongst the men.

The subject of ‘oy ‘exists’ is ‘antz-etik, the plural form of ‘antz ‘woman’; ta yol xinch’oketik is a prepositional phrase meaning ‘in the midst of the men.’ The subject of ‘oy can also be a possessed noun, as in the following example with a 1st person possessive prefix, j-, on the noun tza ‘wisdom, skill.’

‘oy j-tza. (I am) clever, respected, or skillful.

(Literally, “My cleverness exists.”)

‘Oy can also be inflected in other than the 3rd person, often when the predicate is used together with a modifier: an adverb, adjective, or other adjunct to the sentence. Consider the friar’s example:

‘ip ‘oy-on j-tuk. I am all alone.

‘Ip is an intensifier, an adverb that means ‘strongly, intensely, completely’; j-tuk is the first person form of a word which, although syntactically somewhat like a noun, functions as an independent constituent in a sentence that emphasizes the isolation or uniqueness of its possesssor: ‘I myself,’ ‘I alone.’ (See section 4.b for more details on these sentential adjuncts.) The predicate ‘oy carries the 1st person absolutive (subject) suffix -on. Thus the entire construction means “I exist completely alone.”

The friar suggests that ‘oy is the underlying verb in all sentences of existence and predication; that is, he confuses the regular process of cross-indexing the subject of a stative sentence by means of absolutive affixes with the need for an explicit ‘verb’ which can hold the suffixes. He remarks: “many times the verb is understood within the nouns, as when we say,

‘I am the son of someone’ [i.e., a nobleman—JBH].

‘ajvetik-on.

‘You are rich.’ ‘ayik’al-ot.

and they don’t put the verb ‘oy.” He goes on to say that ‘oy states existence, “as when someone says ‘There is no one here’ and another answers

‘oy-on. Yes, I’m here.”

Like other nominal predicates, ‘oy also occurs in the negative, accompanied by the negative suffix -uk.

mu ‘oyuk k-anil. I have no swiftness, i.e., I am feeble.

(Literally, “My swiftness does not exist.”)

mu la ‘oy-uk. They say there isn’t any.

(La is an evidential clitic, often called a ‘quotative’; modern Zinacantecs in careful speech insert the clitic to indicate that what is being asserted is based on hearsay: ‘I hear that…,’ ‘they say that…,’ etc. In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, the construction mu + ‘oy + -uk has contracted to the single word mu‘yuk.)

The subjects of sentences which have ‘oy as predicate are often not simple nouns or noun phrases, but sentences or whole clauses, sometimes beginning, like English relative clauses, with interrogative words like buy ‘where’ or buch’u ‘who,’ introducing clauses that stand as indefinite nominal expressions: ‘somewhere,’ ‘someone.’

mo ‘oy-uk buy Hech. It is strange.

Hech is an adjective meaning ‘thus, that way.’ The sentence might be translated, literally, “somewhere like that does not exist,” or “places like that don’t exist.”

When the grammatical subjects of ‘oy sentences are themselves whole sentences, ‘oy conveys a meaning of ‘sometimes, it happens, it has happened that…’

‘oy e-j-pas. (I am) experienced.

The grammatical subject of this sentence appears to be itself a sentence (realized as an inflected transitive verb: e- ‘completive aspect’ + j- ‘1st person agent (transitive subject)’ + pas ‘do (something),’ thus ‘I did it’). Combined with ‘oy the force of the sentence is “there exist occasions of my doing (something),” hence: “I am experienced (from having had the experience of doing it).”

I mentioned that this putative noun root ‘oy also seems to be the source for the intransitive verb ‘ayan- ‘be born, come into existence,’ which, unlike ‘oy in nominal stative sentences, can carry explicit inflection for tense and aspect. (See section 2.b.)

naka tok x-‘ayan. It is clouding over. (Literally, “purely clouds are coming into existence.”)

In modern Tzotzil, there is another intransitive verb stem, ‘ay, which means ‘be in a place (in the past),’ or ‘go to and return from.’

I-i-‘ay ta Jobel. I went to San Cristóbal (and have returned).

This stem is also likely to be related to the nominal predicate ‘oy, although its equivalent in colonial Tzotzil is itself morphologically a noun, taking absolutive suffixes like ‘oy.

‘ay-on ta tzob-patan. I went to collect taxes.

Whereas ‘oy asserts existence (or state), the predicate Ha‘ asserts an equivalence, identity, or fact. In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, if someone asks “Who’s that coming up the path,” the form of the reply may be:

Ha‘ li Xun e. It’s John.

Ha‘ li krem e. It’s the boy.

(Li and the enclitic -e function like a definite article when they enclose a noun or noun phrase like Xun ‘John’ or krem ‘boy.’) The logical ‘subject’ of such expressions is some entity already known or mentioned in the context of discourse: that person coming up the path.

Ha‘ slajeb k’op bi! That was the conclusion!

(The noun phrase s-lajeb k’op means ‘the end of the words,’ and bi is an emphatic particle, ‘indeed!’)

When the noun serving as a subject of Ha‘ is possessed, the resulting sentence is relational:

Ha‘ j-tz‘el. (It (something specific) is) near to (me).

As I mentioned in section 1, in modern Tzotzil -tz’el is an obligatorily possessed noun that suggests the ‘edge’ or ‘boundary’ or ‘outskirts’ of something. Thus, the example that contains a 1st person possessed form, means something like “It is my nearness (something near to me).” Similarly, with the noun -koj ‘fault or cause of, reason for,’ the friar gives the example

Ha‘ s-koj. (That is) the cause (of it).

where, as it were, Ha‘ points towards the cause, and the possessive prefix s- cross-references the thing caused.

It appears that the same root, Ha‘, produces the expressions that function in modern Tzotzil as independent pronouns. Consider again the situation where a Zinacantec asks “Who is coming?” If I am coming, I may answer simply:

Vo‘-on. It is I.

One assumes in colonial Tzotzil the equivalent would have been (as it still is in some dialects of modern Tzotzil, where the sound represented by H still exists):

Ho‘-on. It is I.

I suggest that the root Ha‘ is again involved here, in this case in combination with a 1st person absolutive suffix -on. Second person and plural forms also exist.

Ho‘-ot-uk, a-tot-uk. (It is) neither you, nor your father.

Apparently, here, the suffix -uk by itself is sufficient to convey the negative sense of the expression. (See section 4.a.3.)

When used with a sentence or clause, Ha‘ suggests ‘it is the case that…’ or ‘this is what happened.’

Ha‘ x-sakub j-jol. My hair is turning white. (sakub ‘turn white,’ from sak ‘white’; -jol ‘head, hair.’)

(The sentence can emphasize or highlight a variety of constituents in the sentence. It can suggest, for example, that it really is the case that I am going gray (or, asserts that it really is my hair that is turning white); or the sentence cites the fact that my hair is turning white in the context of an explanation for something else. One needs to know more about the discursive setting to be sure.) Similarly, in the 2nd person:

Ho‘-ot a-likes. It was you who started it.

The verb is a- ‘2nd person transitive subject’ + -likes ‘begin (it),’ hence, ‘you started (it).’

Ha‘ also occurs with relative clauses introduced by te, parallel to “that…” clauses in English.

Ha‘ te mo lek-uk xanav.

The friar glosses this expression as ‘incontinent’; however, the expression is clearly an entire sentence, based on a relative clause. We may suppose that it was possible, in colonial Tzotzil, to say,

mo

lek-uk

e-xanav

li

Pedroe.

neg

good-neg

past-walk

art

Peter

Peter did not comport himself well (i.e., was incontinent). With the conjunction te ‘that,’ this sort of sentence produces a relative clause ‘(the one) that is incontinent.’ The original sentence with Ha‘ thus means: “he (someone specific) is the one who does not comport himself well.”

Not surprisingly, Ha‘ sentences also occur in the negative.

e-maj-ey-ik, mo Ha‘-uk e-y-a‘i. They whipped him, but he did not profit by it.

E-maj-ey-ik appears to be a passive form of maj ‘beat, whip’ (although the apparent plural suffix, evidently cross-indexing a plural Agent which is otherwise missing in this passive construction, is puzzling); ‘a‘i is a verb meaning ‘feel, understand (something).’ (See section 4.a.5.) The hypothetical sentence

Ha‘ e-y-a‘i.

would mean “He really did feel it” (or in this context, ‘profit by it’). By contrast, the negative form of Ha‘ suggests: “but he didn’t even feel it.” (In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil the negative form of Ha‘ is often abbreviated ma‘uk.)

2.a.2. Adjective Sentences

There is another large class of stative sentences with adjectival predicates. Like nominal predicates, adjectival predicates also receive absolutive suffixes which cross-reference their subjects. Adjectival sentences ordinarily attribute qualities to their subjects.

‘ep-on. I am many, i.e., I have a big family.

‘ep-on ta j-nail. I have a big family. (Literally, “I am many in my house”; ‘ep ‘many,’ -nail ‘house, household.’)

‘utz-ot ta a-nail. You have a good family. (Literally, “you are good in your house”; ‘utz ‘good.’)

As in many of the examples we have seen, adjective sentences often have possessed nouns as subjects. (See section 3.a.2 for more details of possessive forms.)

‘ip j-bak’el. I am exhausted. (‘ip ‘extreme,’ -bak’el ‘aches and pains, tiredness.’)

Many idiomatic constructions in colonial Tzotzil, as in modern Tzotzil, are based on possessed body-part words.

‘utz nakal av-olonton yo‘e. You feel secure there. (-olonton ‘heart,’ yo‘e ‘there.’)

This example also shows that adjectival predicates can themselves be modified by one of a limited class of other adjectives, of which ‘utz ‘good, well,’ is one. Nakal means ‘residing, seated, sitting’ in this dictionary (and in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil it means ‘at home’). Thus the sentence means, literally, “your heart is well at home there.”

Other kinds of modifiers can accompany adjectival predicates. For example, the quotative clitic la ‘they say,’ appears in the example:

Hech la. They say it’s like this. (Hech ‘thus.’)

Or, in the next entry, the adjectival predicate lek ‘good,’ is modified by a passive verbal noun derived from the transitive verb -il ‘see,’ to convey the meaning ‘it seems, it appears.’

lek yilel. (It is) pretty.

Temporal expressions, including clauses, also modify adjectival predicates.

kuxul s-batel ‘osil. (He/she is) immortal.

Here the predicate is the adjective kuxul ‘alive,’ appearing in the third person (i.e., with a null absolutive suffix). S-batel ‘osil is a complex noun phrase, based on the deverbal noun -batel (from bat- ‘go’) and ‘osil ‘earth’: it means literally “the going of the earth,” hence, “(until) the end of the world, forever.”

This same kind of (passive) deverbal noun (formed by adding the suffix -el to a verb stem, see section 4.a.3) provides subjects for a number of interesting adjectival sentences, with idiomatic meanings. We have already met the adjective predicates ‘ip ‘extreme, much, very,’ and ‘utz ‘good’:

‘utz j-pas-el. I am well-mannered. (pas ‘do, make,’ hence, literally, “my making—the way I am made—is good.”)

‘ip j-na‘-el. I am very famous. (na‘ ‘know,’ hence, literally, “my knowing—my reputation—is considerable.”)

Of the same type are the following examples, where the syntactic possessors of the deverbal nouns in -el are 2nd and 3rd person nouns, respectively.

kolo‘ av-il-el. You make a bad appearance. (kolo‘ ‘bad,’ -il ‘see,’ hence, literally, “your seeing—the way you are seen—is bad.”)

toj tzotz x-k-a‘i x-chan-el ‘amayil. I can’t learn how to play the flute.

In this last complex example, we appear to have an embedded sentence

toj tzotz x-chan-el ‘amayil. Learning the flute is hard.

whose predicate is tzotz ‘hard’ (modified by the intensifier toj ‘very’), and whose superficial subject is the possessed noun phrase x-chan-el ‘amayil (from -chan ‘learn’), ‘the learning of the flute.’ This embedded adjectival sentence is, in turn, the direct object of the verb x-k-a‘i, a 1st person verb form of ‘a‘i ‘feel, understand.’ (See sections 2.b and 4.a.3 for details of verb inflection.) Hence, a literal translation of the whole sentence might be something like “I feel that learning the flute is hard” or “I find it hard learning the flute.”

Consider the form of explicit comparison in the friar’s example:

toj muk’ Pedro, bik’it te Juane. Pedro is bigger than Juan. (Literally, “Pedro is very big, (but) Juan is small.”)

Adjective sentences also accept other kinds of constitutents. For example, forms of the word -tuk ‘alone, self,’ that we have met before, can complement the subject of an adjectival predicate, in such comparative contexts.

toj kolo‘-ot a-tuk. You are worse.

(The example suggests a context in which someone else has been called kolo‘ ‘bad,’ and the retort is given: “You yourself are bad.”) Further adjuncts to adjective sentences can describe instruments or agents that bring about or affect the state or quality being described. Both prepositional phrases with ta ‘in, at, on, with, by,’ and forms of the syntactically active word -u‘un ‘because of, as a result of, belonging to’ can act as these instrumental or agentive adjuncts. (For more -u‘un constructions, see section 4.a.4.)

bal-on ta ‘ach’el. I am muddy. (bal ‘covered, rolled in’ + -on ‘1st person subject’; ‘ach’el ‘mud’; hence, literally, ‘I am covered in mud.’)

tzoj k-olonton y-u‘un. (I) hate (him). (tzoj ‘red.’)

The last example means, literally, “my heart is red because of him.” Here is another adjectival sentence with an agent expressed by -u‘un, which also has a complex relative clause as its subject:

tz’akal k-u‘un to x-tuun ta j-nae. I have my house supplies.

The predicate here is tz’akal ‘complete,’ complemented by the 1st person form of -u‘un (hence, “because of me,” i.e., “as a result of my efforts”). The subject is a relative clause that means “what is needed in my house” (tuun ‘serve, be needed,’ na ‘house’). Thus, the entire sentence means not simply that I have the necessary items of my household operation, but that through my efforts I have managed to get them all together.

It is, of course, also possible to have negative adjectival sentences, again with negative suffixes attached to the predicate word.

mu nat-uk j-xanbal-tik li‘ ta balumile. Our life is not long here on earth. (nat ‘long,’ xanbal ‘walking, journey,’ li‘ ‘here,’ balumil ‘earth.’)

(The form j-xanbal-tik is the 1st person plural possessive form of xanbal ‘our journey.’ See section 3.a.1.)

Subjunctive forms of adjective predicates also exist, with inflection that resembles that of the negative forms.

yanyan-uk. Put it somewhere else.

(The friar’s original gloss is “no lo pongas allí, ponlo en otra parte.”) The adjective yan means ‘other, elsewhere, different,’ here appearing in a reduplicated form, with a subjunctive suffix -uk. (See section 4.a.3.) A more literal translation of the example might be “Let it be (in some place) slightly different (from where you are putting it).”

2.a.3. Sentences Whose Predicates Are Qualifying Phrases

The basis I have been using for classifying different sentence types in colonial Tzotzil has been the nature of the predicate constituent, defined formally as the constituent which receives absolutive affixes. There are stative sentences based on predicates that are, themselves, formally complex: prepositional phrases composed of the universal Tzotzil preposition ta ‘in, at, on, with, from, etc.’ plus a nominal expression. The canonical sentences of this type express the location of some entity.

ta Castilla s-na. (He is a) Spaniard.

Although the friar gives this expression as a gloss for the single word “Spaniard,” he has actually provided an entire locative sentence, using the prepositional phrase ta Castilla ‘in Castille’ as predicate. The grammatical subject of the sentence is s- ‘3rd person posssessive’ plus -na ‘house, home.’ The sentence actually means, therefore, “His home is in Castille.”

Because the subject s-na is a third person noun, it engenders only a zero or null absolutive suffix on the predicate. When the subject of such a sentence is 1st or 2nd person, it presents a morphological difficulty: to what do the absolutive suffixes (e.g., -on or -ot) attach? In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil the solution is often to employ a dummy adjectival predicate of location, tey ‘there,’ which bears absolutive inflection, and which is then followed by the prepositional phrase that expresses the actual location.

tey-on ta Jobel. I am (there) in San Cristóbal. (Jobel ‘San Cristóbal.’)

(Tey, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, can be considered a dummy locative predicate in much the same way that Ha‘, described in the preceding section, is a dummy ‘assertive’ predicate, that carries absolutive inflection in certain nominal constructions.)

By contrast, in colonial Tzotzil, an absolutive suffix can attach directly to the nominal constituent of the prepositional phrase, something that modern Zinacantec Tzotzil does not always permit (although it apparently does sometimes).

ta ‘ak’ol-on. I am on top. (‘ak’ol ‘above, top.’)

ta y-olon-on. I am under it. (-olon ‘underside, underneath, below.’)

The familiar -on suffix marking a 1st person intransitive subject, in these two sentences, is affixed to the noun complement to ta. In the second case, the sentence admits two logical arguments: the 1st person subject (the person who is under), and the thing under which the subject is (grammatically represented as the possessor of -olon). Thus, the second sentence means, literally, “I am at/in its underneath.”

Colonial Tzotzil does use the locational predicate te(y) to mark location, as in the adjectival sentence

tey va‘al lume. He is standing over there.

Va‘al is a positional adjective, ‘standing,’ and the expression tey lume means ‘over there’ (lum ‘land, earth’).

In some sentences with prepositional phrases as predicates, the noun in the prepositional phrase is based on a verb, and the resulting sentence asserts that some activity or process is taking place.

ta ch’iel to. (He is) a minor.

The verb ch’i means ‘grow’; hence the sentence suggests “He is still in the growing stage.”

In other cases, the meaning of the qualifying phrase may be more instrumental, as in the following complex negative example, which appears in the dictionary under the same entry, menor de edad.

mo to ta s-tak’inal s-k’ulej s-tuk. (He is) a minor.

Here the subject is the 3rd person possessed form of k’ulej ‘family, residence’ (but ‘wealth’ in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil), plus the adjunct s-tuk ‘himself, alone.’ The predicate is a qualifying phrase using the 3rd person possessed form of -tak’in(al) ‘money,’ modified by the negative particle mo and the temporal clitic to ‘still.’ Thus, a literal rendering of the sentence would be something like

“His residence is not yet on/by his own money.”

The negative suffix appears when the object of the preposition in such sentences is directly negated.

mo ta j-k’op-uk a-pas. You did not do it with my consent.

Here the prepositional phrase, ta j-k’op ‘on/by my word’ (k’op ‘word’) is directly negated, and thus receives the negative suffix -uk. The form a-pas is a transitive verb meaning ‘you did it’ (see section 2.b). A slightly more accurate translation of the sentence would thus be: “You did it without my consent.”

The dictionary also contains a set of sentences whose subjects are possessed body-part words, and whose predicates are ta phrases based on positional roots, nominalized with the suffix -lej. The resulting noun denotes a state pervaded by the position or condition the parent root signifies.

ta p’us-lej s-pat. He is hunchbacked. (p’us ‘bent, bowed, hunched’ in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, pat ‘back.’)

ta tzav-lej s-tzotzil. (He has his) hair standing on end. (tzav ‘standing on end,’ tzotz ‘fur, hair.’)

ta pet-lej j-k’ob. My hands are blistered. (pet ‘blistered, with boil,’ k’ob ‘hand.’)

Based on parallel constructions in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, a sentence like the last would suggest “my hands are covered in blisters.”

2.b. VERBAL SENTENCES

Verbal sentences, unlike the stative sentences we have been considering, are obligatorily marked for tense or aspect. In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil the verbal system is aspectual, in that it distinguishes, by means of verbal inflection, between completed and incompleted actions; a third aspect denotes states that result from actions, and an unmarked or neutral aspect occurs in certain special contexts (negative sentences, for example). (I will abbreviate these aspects as COMP, INC, STAT, and NEUT respectively.) Aspects are marked by means of prefixes in the case of COMP, INC, and NEUT aspects, and by a suffix attached to the stem in the case of STAT aspect. These aspectual variants, in combination with explicit temporal particles, and in particular contexts, often correspond to past, present or future, and perfect tenses.

Tzotzil also distinguishes formally between intransitive verbs (which accept a single argument: a Subject), and transitive verbs (which always have two arguments: an Agent, and a direct Object). A common notation for these different sorts of arguments employs the letters S, A, and O. Tzotzil can also be described as formally ergative because of the way in which it cross-indexes these different types of arguments on the verb. The intransitive subject (S) and the transitive direct object (O) of a verb must be explicitly marked on the verb itself with a single series of “absolutive” affixes. (In the preceding sections we have already met some of these absolutive suffixes.) The transitive subject (A) is likewise marked on a transitive verb by means of a different series of “ergative” prefixes.

2.b.1. Verbal Inflection

For speakers of dialects of modern Tzotzil, an important diagnostic of where one comes from is how one forms one’s verbs, that is, the set of absolutive, ergative, and aspectual affixes that one uses; there are often differences even between neighboring hamlets of the same community in the way verbs are conjugated. Examples in this colonial dictionary, not surprisingly, often differ from modern Zinacantec Tzotzil on exactly these grounds. To show the contrast, let me first present the modern system (whose details are well understood), and then show how the colonial examples (or, at least, the friar’s transcriptions) diverge.

Intransitive verbs, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, are composed of a stem, an aspect marker and an absolutive affix that cross-indexes the subject (S function). For STATive aspect, the suffix -em is added to the stem, followed by an absolutive suffix drawn from the set we have already met (here I include plural forms as well):

-on

I

-ot

you (singular)

-0 (null)

he/she/it

-otik

you and I (and perhaps others)

-otikótik

I and others (not you)

-oxuk

you (plural)

-ik

they

Thus, with the intransitive stem yul ‘arrive (to here)’ one encounters such forms as

yul-em-on.

I have arrived.

yul-em-ik.

They have arrived.

yul-em.

He (she/it) has arrived.

yul-em-otikótik.

We (not including you) have arrived.

(The last sentence might be uttered, for example, in response to a polite query: mi yul-em-oxuk? “have you all arrived?”)

In the remaining aspects, intransitive stems receive an absolutive prefix before the stem, which is in turn preceded by an aspect marker; this entire complex then receives a further suffix in the plural forms. The series of absolutive affixes can be represented as follows:

prefix

suffix

meaning

-i-

I

-a-

you (singular)

-0-

(null)

he/she/it

-i-

-otik

we (you and I, and perhaps others)

-i-

-(o)tikótik

we (not you)

-a-

-ik

-0-

-ik

they

For NEUT aspect, the prefix is x- (which assimilates to s- before certain consonants); for INC aspect the prefix is ta plus x-; for COMP aspect, the prefix in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil is l- before a vowel, and i- otherwise (i.e., in the 3rd person cases). (Note that all intransitive stems are consonant initial, even if the initial consonant is simply a glottal stop, represented here as ‘‘.’)

Thus, one meets the following forms, with the intransitive stem ve‘ ‘eat’:

INC

ta x-i-ve‘.

I (will) eat.

ta x-a-ve‘.

You (will) eat.

ta x-ve‘.

He (she/it) (will) eat

ta x-i-ve‘-otik.

We (inclusive) (will) eat.

ta x-i-ve-(o)tikótik

We (exclusive) (will) eat.

ta x-a-ve‘-ik.

You (plural) (will) eat.

ta x-ve‘-ik.

They (will) eat.

(The NEUT forms are the same, except without the preceding ta.)

COMP

l-i-ve‘.

I ate

l-a-ye‘.

You ate.

i-ve‘.

He (she/it) ate.

l-1-ve‘-otik.

We all ate.

l-i-ve‘-(o)tikótik.

We (not you) ate.

l-a-ve‘-ik.

You all ate.

i-ve‘-ik.

They ate.

Although there is both inconsistency and incompleteness in the examples in the colonial dictionary, the basic system seems to resemble that of modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, with a few exceptions:

(1) The 1st person absolutive prefix is often -e- instead of -i-.

(2) Full INC forms almost never occur, being replaced instead by NEUT forms (without the preceding ta-). It is worth pointing out that this distinction is often difficult for non-Tzotzil speakers to hear, since the INC combination ta + x- is frequently contracted to ch-, which differs only slightly from NEUT x-.

(3) The COMP prefixes are usually n- before a vowel, and e- elsewhere. The n- form still occurs in such divergent modern Tzotzil dialects as those of Huistán and Ixtapa. Moreover, the COMP i- in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil is often omitted or pronounced so lightly that the vowel quality is difficult to judge.

Modern Tzotzil dialects also differ greatly in the plural forms they employ, but there are not enough examples from colonial Tzotzil to allow us to speculate on what differences there may have been. Furthermore, there are very few examples of STAT forms of intransitive verbs in the dictionary, leaving us in the dark about how those forms might have diverged.

Here, by way of illustration, are some intransitive examples from the dictionary.

‘ach’ to e-nupun. He was married recently. (‘ach’ ‘new’; nupun ‘marry, be married,’ here in 3rd person singular COMP form.)

mu sob-uk n-a-Hul, n-a-Halej. You did not come early, but delayed. (sob ‘early’; Hul ‘arrive (yul in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil)’; Halej ‘delay.’ These are two 2nd person singular COMP forms.)

Ha‘-uk te x-a-bate, x-e-bat ‘ek-uk tok. If you go, I will go, too. (bat ‘go’; ‘ek and tok mean ‘also’; the -uk is a subjunctive ending that, attached to Ha‘, suggests “Should it be the case that you go, it would also be that I would go, too.” The forms are 2nd and 1st person, NEUT aspect, which probably should be INC aspect in the latter case.)

Transitive verbs in Tzotzil always have two arguments, in A and O functions. A fully inflected transitive verb consists of a stem, with an “ergative” prefix which cross-indexes the agent or A argument, plus an aspect marker and an absolutive affix that cross-indexes the O argument or direct object. Transitive stems can be either vowel or consonant initial (vowel-initial transitive stems in this dictionary are often shown with an initial glottal-stop although this is formally unneccesary), and there are two complementary series of ergative (A function) prefixes.

Vowel init/Cons. init

Meaning (A function)

k-/j-

I

av-/a-

you (singular)

y-/s- (x-)

he/she/it

(3rd person s- sometimes assimilates to x-, when it occurs, for example, before ch or x.) Plural forms are again marked with suffixes (although in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil plural forms are often omitted, and the rules for the interaction between absolutive and ergative plural suffixes are complex and varied). The normal ergative plural suffixes (always in combination with a personal prefix) are:

-tik

1st person inclusive plural

-(ti)kótik

1st exclusive plural

-ik

2nd and 3rd person plural

Absolutive prefixes or suffixes, corresponding to the direct object (O function) noun, are added to this combination of stem and ergative prefix. In the STAT aspect, the stem receives the suffix -oj, then any plural ergative suffix, and then an absolute suffix. In the other aspects, absolutive affixes are attached to the complex of ergative prefix and stem, according to the following rule: absolutive prefixes are used before a consonant, but suffixes are required if the ergative prefix is a vowel (i.e., second person). Finally, aspect prefixes are added, according to rules similar to those governing intransitive verbs. (One difference: the x- prefix of NEUT and INC aspects only occurs before a vowel; before a consonant it is omitted. Another difference: no explicit COMP prefix is used before a bare second person ergative prefix.) Thus, with the transitive stem maj ‘hit’:

STAT

j-maj-oj-ot.

I have hit you.

j-maj-oj.

I have hit him.

a-maj-oj-on.

You have hit me.

a-maj-oj.

You have hit him.

s-maj-oj-on.

He has hit me.

s-maj-oj-ot.

He has hit you.

s-maj-oj.

He has hit him.

j-maj-oj-oxuk.

I have hit you all.

s-maj-oj-otikótik.

He has hit us (not you), etc.

INC

ta x-a-j-maj.

I (will) hit you.

ta j-maj.

I (will) hit him.

ta x-a-maj-on.

You (will) hit me.

ta x-a-maj.

You (will) hit him.

ta x-i-s-maj.

He (will) hit me.

ta x-a-s-maj.

He (will) hit you.

ta s-maj.

He (will) hit him.

ta x-i-s-maj-otik.

He (will) hit us (all).

ta x-a-s-maj-ik.

He will hit you (all).

OR: They will hit you, etc.

COMP

l-a-j-maj.

I hit you.

i-j-maj.

I hit him.

a-maj-on.

You hit me.

a-maj.

You hit him.

1-i-s-maj.

He hit me.

1-a-s-maj.

He hit you.

i-s-maj.

He hit him.

i-j-maktikótik

We (not you) hit him.

I-i-s-maj-otikotik

He hit us (not you), etc.

These verb forms, of course, must be combined with real arguments to form actual Tzotzil sentences, and not every possible combination is represented in the examples from colonial Tzotzil. Notice that the system of cross-indexing arguments by means of explicit affixes attached to the verb stem itself often, but not always, makes clear which argument is Agent and which Object, i.e., who is doing what to whom.

‘altik e-j-tzames. By chance I killed him. (altik ‘by chance,’ -tzames ‘kill’ (from cham ‘die’).)

The ergative prefix j- makes it clear, in this sentence, that I am doing the killing; and the null absolutive affix shows that I killed some third person, otherwise unidentified in the sentence itself. Similarly, the 3rd person ergative s- (which is assimilated to x-, since it precedes a stem beginning with ch), and the combination of 1st plural absolutive prefix -e- and suffix -otik makes it clear, in the next example, that he is doing something to us.

laal x-e-x-chi‘in-otik ta xanbal. He is well acquainted with us. (laal ‘abundant,’ -chi‘in ‘accompany,’ xanbal ‘travel, walking’; hence, literally, “he frequently accompanies us on our affairs/travels.”)

When a bride says

n-e-s-k’elan j-tot. My father gave me away. (k’elan ‘give,’ tot ‘father.’)

the 1st person absolutive -e and the 3rd person ergative -s- leave no doubt about the roles of father and daughter.

In the case of both 3rd person Agent and 3rd person Object, the form of the verb does not allow us to disambiguate the two sentence roles: we must either judge from principles of semantic naturalness (sometimes called ‘selectional restrictions’), as when, in a sentence with a verb like ‘want,’ we expect an animate agent, or with a verb like ‘eat’ both an animate agent and an inanimate direct object, regardless of the order in which the actual nouns appear in the sentence.

va‘alva‘al no‘ox s-k’an ve‘el. He wants to eat every few minutes. (va‘alva‘al ‘all the time,’ no‘ox ‘only,’ -k’an want,’ ve‘el ‘food’ (from -ve‘ ‘eat’)).

Here the form of the verb, s-k’an, tells us only that some third person wants something or someone. The noun ve‘el can only, given the semantic restrictions, be the Object.

p’ilil s-na‘ te Juane, juteb no‘ox te Pedro. John knows more than Peter. (p’ilil ‘more,’ -na‘ ‘know,’ juteb ‘a little’; hence the sentence literally means “John knows more, Peter only a little.”)

Here p’ilil apparently modifies an (unstated) direct object, and it comes in the first position in the sentence, a position often reserved for Agents. However, it is clear in this context, that it is John who knows more of something, and not vice versa.

There are often cases, however, when a transitive sentence could logically admit its Object as Agent or vice versa. For example, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, the following sentence could mean either “John killed him” or “He killed John”:

i-s-mil li Xun-e. (-mil ‘kill,’ Xun ‘John.’)

That is, the form of the verb tells us only that the A and O arguments are 3rd person singular, so that the exact function of the explicit noun, Xun, remains potentially ambiguous, given no further context. In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, in sentences of this kind, when there are two explicit noun phrases, the ordinary sentence order is always:

Verb

Object

Agent.

I-s-mil

Xun

li Petul-e.

killed

John

(art.) Peter

Peter

killed

John.

Occasionally, the A noun is moved to the front of the sentence, producing the order:

Agent

Verb

Object

Ali Petul-e

i-s-mil

li Xun-e.

Peter

killed

John.

We may surmise that the same sorts of conventions of order operated in colonial Tzotzil as well, although the friar gives us only examples of the second type.

dios e-(y)-ulesan av-ajvalel. God ended your dominion. (dios ‘God,’ -ulesan ‘end’ (from ‘ul ‘disappear’), -ajvalel ‘dominion’ (from ‘ojov lord’).)

2.b.2. Ditransitive Sentences

Although, as we have seen, the morphology of Tzotzil verbs provides for two main varieties—intransitive verbs with a single S argument, and transitive verbs with an A and an O argument—there are some verbal notions that seem, inherently, to imply three arguments. ‘Give,’ for example, entails a giver, a thing given, and a receiver. (Compare ‘say.’) Tzotzil permits only two arguments to be cross-indexed on a verb, and therefore, to accommodate such ditransitive actions, it provides a mechanism by which the ordinary Object (the thing given, in the case of ‘give’) is demoted or rendered syntactically inactive, and the indirect object, (the receiver, in the case of ‘give’), is promoted to a position of prominence in which it, rather than the Object, engenders absolutive affixes on the verb. To record this altered perspective, such ditransitive stems carry an additional suffix, -be, or -bey in the friar’s transcription.

x-a-k-ak’-bey te caballo. I will give you the horse. (-ak’ ‘give,’ caballo ‘horse.’)

The verb in this sentence can be decomposed as follows:

x-

NEUT aspect

a-

2nd person Absolutive

k-

1st person Ergative

-ak’

‘give’

-be

Benefactive or ditransitive suffix

Hence, the verb form means ‘I give (it) to you.’ Similarly, in the COMP aspect:

mu n-e-y-ak’-bey e, e-y-al ta s-ti‘ x-e-y-ak’-bey Ia. He did not give it to me, but he promised he would give it to me. (-al ‘say,’ ti‘ ‘mouth’; hence, literally, “He did not give (it) to me, he said with his mouth he would give (it) to me.” Note the quotative particle la.)

Perhaps the commonest case in which this sort of ditransitive construction appears is one in which the literal direct object of a transitive verb is actually a possessed noun. In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, in such cases, the possessor of the direct object noun is almost invariably promoted to the position of indirect object, hence engendering absolutive affixes and the corresponding -be suffix on the verb. Such examples are also common in colonial Tzotzil.

e-k-il-bey s-bek’tal. I had sexual relations with her. (-il ‘see,’ bek’tal ‘flesh’; hence, literally, “I saw her flesh.”)

x-ich’-bey te s-tza Pedro. He follows Peter’s opinion. (-ich’ ‘receive,’ tza ‘wisdom’; hence, literally, “He receives Peter’s wisdom.”)

ta x-a-j-k’an-bey a-ch’akel. I ask for your judgment. (-k’an ‘want,’ ch’akel ‘judgment, appraisal.’)

In this last case, note that the verb bears the explicit 2nd person absolutive prefix, -a-, which cross-indexes the 2nd person possessor of the direct object noun a-ch’akel.

(These considerations suggest that such examples as the following are in error:

x-a-chan-bey j-ti‘. You imitate my speech. (-chan ‘learn,’ ti‘ ‘mouth, speech’; hence, literally, “You learn my mouth.”)

Here the absolutive affix on the verb seems to be missing. In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil this would have to be, instead,

x-a-chan-b-on j-ti‘

where -b- is an alternate form of -be, and with an explicit 1st person absolutive suffix attached to the verb, corresponding to the 1st person possessor of j-ti‘ ‘my mouth.’)

The same constraints on order, when the A and B constituents are both 3rd person, apply as with A and O constituents. The basic order is

Verb (Object) Indirect Object Agent

which sometimes becomes

Agent Verb (Object) Indirect Object

The colonial dictionary contains a complex example of this sort:

dios x-ak’-bey s-ve‘el skotol ti k’usitik kuxul x-xanave. God feeds every living creature.

The Agent is dios ‘God,’ the Object is s-ve‘el ‘its food,’ and the verb is x-ak’-be “he gives (it) to (someone).” The indirect object is itself a complex noun phrase with an embedded relative clause, which means, literally, “all the things that walk around alive.” (kotol ‘all’: kuxul ‘living,’ xanav ‘walk.’)

2.b.3. Reflexive and Reciprocal Sentences

Special forms are also required when the A constituent is the same as the O or B constituent (i.e., when someone does something to or for himself, or when people do things to each other). In such cases, the O (or B) constituent appears as a possessed form of the reflexive noun -ba ‘self.’ These possessed forms, in turn, use combinations of possessive prefixes and suffixes which exactly duplicate the ergative prefix/suffix set we have already met in connection with transitive verbs. (See sections 2.b.1, for the ergative set, and 3.a.2 for further details on noun possession.) Thus, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, one can say:

ta j-maj j-ba.

I hit myself.

ta x-a-maj a-ba.

You hit yourself.

ta s-maj s-ba.

He hits himself.

ta j-maj j-ba-tik.

We hit ourselves (or each other).

(Note that the plural suffix appears only once.)

ta x-a-maj a-ba-ik.

You hit each other.

ta s-maj s-ba-ik.

They hit each other.

The friar gives the same example, under the gloss “quarrel in more than words, i.e., come to blows”: j-maj j-ba.

Ditransitive sentences can also be reflexive, if the indirect object and Agent are coreferential. For example, the dictionary contains the entry

j-jak’-bey. I ask him about something.

The verb is jak’ ‘ask, ask for,’ appearing here in a ditransitive form in order to admit as B constituent the person whom I ask. In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil one can say, for example,

ta x-a-j-jak’-be j-p’el-uk k’op. I ask you for a word of advice.

The dictionary also has a reflexive example of the same ditransitive construction, under the gloss “consult with many in the town hall,” or “ask one another”:

j-jak’-bey j-ba-tik k’op. (Let’s) consult with one another.

The sentence might be translated, “let’s ask words of one another (of ourselves),” where the 1st person plural reflexive pronoun assumes the syntactic function of the B constituent (and the literal O constituent, k’op ‘words,’ is demoted to a syntactically inactive position).

In many cases, a reflexive form assumes a meaning that extends somewhat beyond that of a literal reflexive or reciprocal, and many of the expressions from colonial Tzotzil survive in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil.

‘oy j-k’alal to j-toy j-ba. I have a reason for rebelling. (k’alal ‘reason,’ -toy ‘raise’; hence, literally, “there exists my reason for which I raise myself.”)

j-pas j-ba ta av-olon. I submit to you. (Literally, “I make myself (into) your subject or underling.”)

mu x-k-a‘i j-ba x-lok’ j-k’op. I spoke inadvertently. (-a‘i ‘hear, feel, understand,’ lok’ ‘leave, exit,’ k’op ‘word’; hence, literally, “I did not feel myself (that) my words came out.”)

The syntactic ramifications of these formally reflexive processes are far-reaching in Tzotzil, both modern and colonial.

With verbs of speaking, reflexive and reciprocal forms often suggest not only literal meanings, but also have more introspective readings: ‘talk to each other,’ or ‘get along with’; ‘say to oneself,’ or ‘think about, consider, pretend.’

j-k’opon j-ba j-chi‘uk j-tot. I am consulting with my father. (k’opon ‘speak to,’ -chi‘uk ‘with,’ tot ‘father.’ Literally, “I am speaking to myself with my father.”)

In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil this would also mean, “I get along with my father (i.e., I have not quarrelled with him).”

naka x-al s-ba ta batel. He is pretending he is going. (naka ‘only,’ al ‘say,’ bat ‘go’; literally, “He only tells himself (that he is) going.”)

Similarly, many reflexive expressions offer both a literal, concrete reading, and a somewhat more idiomatic meaning having to do with inner states, or the imagery of an action.

j-bik’tajes j-ba x-e-k’opoj. I am speaking modestly. (bik’it ‘small,’ bik’t-ajes ‘diminish, make small,’ k’opoj ‘speak’; literally, “I make myself small (as) I speak.”)

mu to ta stak’in x-chabi s-ba s-tuk. He is a minor. (Literally, “he does not yet care for himself on his own money”; chabi ‘care for.’)

It is clear that, formally, a reflexive construction provides a syntactic mechanism which reduces the number of arguments of a transitive (or ditransitive) verb. (Whereas a transitive verb has both an agent and a direct object, in the reflexive form the agent and direct object are formally collapsed into one, and transitive action of one entity onto another object is reduced to an action by an entity on itself.) Not surprisingly, Tzotzil, like many other languages, uses reflexive constructions to describe a variety of situations in which action is impersonal or which emphasize reduced agency.

‘utz e-s-tz’ak s-ba. (The adobes) were laid properly. (‘utz ‘well,’ tz’ak ‘join’; literally, “(The adobes) join themselves well.”)

yo ‘oy s-nup s-ba be. crossroads. (be ‘road,’ nup ‘meet’; literally, “where the road meets itself.”)

Reflexive syntax is also appropriate, for similar reasons, with actions that are otherwise agentless (as, for example, in the case of unintentional or accidental acts).

k-atin-ej j-ba ta ch’ich’. I was bloodied. (‘atin ‘wash,’ ch’ich’ ‘blood’; literally, “I washed myself in blood.” But note the friar’s translation.)

On the other hand, reflexive forms also seem appropriate vehicles for representing actions that are all-encompassing, that involve the whole of the agent (its entire self).

x-kuch-oj s-ba ‘anil. (It is) running hard. (kuch ‘carry.’)

The friar gives this expression in the context, for example, of a deer running headlong. As it stands the sentence seems ungrammatical, requiring instead a preposition ta before ‘anil; in that case, the sentence would mean, literally, “(it) is carrying itself in running.”

Reflexive forms also permit transitive conjugation of some verb stems which are otherwise only intransitive. For example, many positional stems (which mean ‘be in a position’) do not easily form transitive stems (which would mean ‘put in a position’), but will allow reflexive forms (which mean ‘put oneself in a position’).

p’ev abaik. (You [pl.]) move aside! (According to the friar: “Said to people on a bridge, or so that they will get their horses off the trail.”)

The friar gives p’ev as an intransitive verb ‘be absent from work,’ with an adjectival form p’evel ‘absent from work.’ No transitive form is shown, but the reflexive form clearly suggests “absent oneself.” In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, the positional root p’ev implies an opening, tear, or crack in an otherwise intact surface or barrier. Again, there is no direct transitive stem, but the reflexive appears in ritual contexts to talk about leaving the parental home after marriage (Laughlin, 1975:295).

There are, additionally, a number of predicates, both verbal and non-verbal, which appear only in reflexive forms, both in colonial and modern Tzotzil. An example is the reflexive adjective, ‘abol -ba ‘wretched, poor,’ which inflects for person not by attaching absolutive affixes to the adjective but rather by means of possessive prefixes on the reflexive pronoun -ba.

‘abol j-ba. I am wretched.

‘abol s-ba. He is wretched.

Some nouns also inflect, as predicates, by means of reflexive pronouns. For example, the underlying root of the agentive noun j-lak’-na ‘neighbor’ (from lak’ ‘companion’ and na ‘house’) appears to form a predicate either as a reflexive noun, or in the reflexive form of an explicit transitive verb (lak’-na-in ‘have as a neighbor’).

j-lak’-na j-ba. I am a neighbor (to someone).

j-lak’nain j-ba j-chi’uk Pedro. I am neighbor of Pedro.

(Literally, “I take myself as a neighbor with Pedro.”)

Other reflexive nouns require both an inflected form of the reflexive pronoun -ba and possessive affixes on the head noun itself. The word ‘utz’ ‘close consanguinal relative’ (in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil it means ‘immediate next sibling’) appears as a predicate in sentences of the form

k-utz’ j-ba (jchi‘uk Pedro). I am a close relative (of Pedro).

where both k-utz’ and j-ba are 1st person possessed forms. (The sentence might be, literally but unenlighteningly, glossed “I am my relative myself with Pedro.”)

2.b.4. Impersonal Constructions

A few expressions in Tzotzil resemble the impersonal sentences of other languages, in that there are no genuine subjects or agents to their verbs, only dummy, unspecified third person entities.

There are other possibilities. The impersonal weather verbs of other languages, for example, are, in Tzotzil, usually ordinary intransitives whose subjects are the meteorological phenomena themselves. In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil one says

ch-tal vo‘. It is raining. (tal ‘come,’ vo‘ ‘water.’)

The friar’s colonial equivalent is

x-yal Ho‘. It is raining. (yal ‘descend, fall,’ Ho‘ ‘water.’)

However, the following entry suggests that Tzotzil has as well the nebulous and impersonal it of weather verbs.

e-tz’i‘lej ta tok. It clouded over. (tz’i‘-lej ‘be damaged or ruined,’ tok ‘cloud.’)

It is not clear to me from the friar’s original entry whether this can also mean, of some specific thing, “it was damaged by clouds.”

Similarly, certain expressions having to do with time and the seasons appear with third person impersonal grammatical subjects. In the following example, the main verb, ta ‘find, reach,’ is transitive, with a third person ergative prefix.

s-ta y-osilal ‘ovol. It is corn planting season. (ta ‘find, reach,’ -osil ‘season, time, earth,’ ‘ovol ‘planting’: literally “it reaches the season of planting.”)

Occasionally, the only constituent available to generate absolutive affixes on a verb seems an unlikely candidate as a subject, again producing an expression with impersonal flavor.

k’usi ta k’oplal x-k’opoj? What is the subject? (k’usi ‘what,’ k’oplal ‘topic, matter,’ k’opoj ‘talk (intransitive).’)

The only possible literal rendering seems to be “it is talking about what topic?” where the identity of the impersonal ‘it’ is very unclear.

Some of the friar’s examples use a dummy second person subject to express an impersonal meaning (that might be rendered in English by ‘one’ or, occasionally, ‘you’—Pooh’s “you never can tell with bees.”) For example, the friar glosses the following sentence as “His goodness is without measure.”

mo no ‘ox jay av-at y-utzil. (mo ‘negative,’ no ‘ox ‘only, just,’ jay ‘how much,’ -at ‘count, measure,’ ‘utzil ‘goodness’; hence, literally, “you measure his goodness as not how much (i.e., an uncountable amount).”)

It is not clear whether this second person subject comes from ordinary Tzotzil expressions or whether it has been imported from Spanish (along with the notion of ‘goodness,’ in this example).

Modern Zinacantec Tzotzil also uses first person plural forms in a generalized or impersonal sense, in such expressions as

(mu) j-na‘-tik? Who knows? (na‘ ‘know’; literally, “we (don’t) know.”)

The strict syntactic division, in Tzotzil, between transitive and intransitive verbs, is tempered by extensive derivational and syntactic mechanisms applied to verbs, to allow for considerable subtlety in expressing the nuances of action. Semantically, there are degrees of transitivity; that is, an agent can act on another entity to varying extents, and with varying sorts of consciousness and intention. Tzotzil expresses these shades of meaning with a variety of syntactic devices (including reflexive forms we have already met, as well as passives, antipassives, and “middle” verbs with oblique agents—see sections 4.a.5, and 4.b), and by shifting perspective. The results of such shifts often produce expressions that, in translation, seem impersonal, because they shift the locus of action onto an impersonal entity, which appears as the grammatical subject of a verb. The logical agent, in such cases, is frequently represented by a phrase using a possessed form of u‘un ‘on behalf of, by means of.’

‘ep x-’elmaj k-u‘un. I am making a good profit. (‘ep ‘much,’ ‘elmaj ‘be profitable, advantageous’; literally, “it is very profitable for me.”)

tz’akal x-Hu‘ y-u‘un. He is all-powerful. (tz’akal ‘complete,’ Hu‘ ‘be able’; literally, “everything is possible for him.”)

The form of these expressions shifts the perspective of action from the logical agent (the person making a profit or the one able to do something) to the result or logical patient (the profitable activity, or the result of the omnipotent agent’s efforts).

3. Nominal Constituents

3.a. POSSESSION

3.a.1. Noun Subcategorization

In The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán, Laughlin (1975:24) introduces a system of noun classification

with the intention of signalling to the reader, in a kind of shorthand, what nouns may be possessed and what their shape is when they are unpossessed, possessed animately, or possessed inanimately.

Many of the categories that appear in the subclassification of modern Zinacantec Tzotzil nouns have also been applied to colonial. Tzotzil, though not all possibilities are represented in this dictionary. Unfortunately, the system of notation adopted in the dictionary is not entirely adequate for representing the behavior of Tzotzil nouns, and some clarification is required to make the facts clear.

Let me first outline what sorts of phenomena are involved. We have seen already that nouns are formally marked as possessed by means of prefix-suffix pairs that exactly match the ergative affixes engendered on transitive verb stems by an A constituent. A possessed noun phrase consists of the possessed noun, followed optionally by the noun phrase denoting the possessor itself; that is the order of constituents in a noun phrase like s-na Xun ‘the house of John’ is as follows:

poss. prefix

+

noun stem

(+ poss. suffix)

(possessor)

s

-

na

Xun

3rd sg.

‘house’

‘John’

“John’s house”

To recapitulate, the inflectional forms are as follows:

Prefixes

Suffixes

[Vowel init./Cons. init.]

[added for plurals]

k-/j- 1st singular

-tik lst plu. incl.

av-/a- 2nd sg.

-(ti)kótik 1st plu. excl.

y-/s- 3rd sg.

-ik 2nd, 3rd plural

For example, with the two nouns na ‘house’ and ‘abtel ‘work,’ such possessive forms as the following exist:

j-na ‘my house’

k-abtel ‘my work’

a-na ‘your house’

av-abtel ‘your work’

s-na ‘her house’

y-abtel ‘his work’

j-na-tik ‘our house’

k-abtel-tik ‘our work’

j-na-tikótik ‘our (excl.) house’

k-abtel-tikótik ‘our (excl.) work’

a-na-ik ‘your (p1.) house’

av-abtel-ik ‘your (p1.) work’

s-na-ik ‘their house’

y-abtel-ik ‘their work’

In the case of these two nouns, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil and, apparently in colonial Tzotzil as well, the noun occurs both as an unpossessed entity (na ‘house’), and as a possessed form (someone’s house, e.g., j-na ‘my house’). These nouns are represented as of type ‘n1’ (with a further subdivision by letter to which I will return shortly).

There are also, in modern Tzotzil, some noun stems which seem not to be possessable. We may assume that such stems existed also in colonial Tzotzil, although clearly a dictionary does not offer sufficient evidence to be sure in any particular case. (In this dictionary, nouns marked as class ‘n5’ simply do not happen to appear in given contexts with explicit possessive markers.) Such an example, then as now, is the noun ‘ak’ot ‘dance.’ A related (but small) category comprises nouns that are not possessable as bare stems, but which require a suffix (usually of the form vowel plus 1, or -Vl) before they can bear possessive affixes. Such a noun in colonial Tzotzil is k’uk’um ‘feather,’ which can be possessed only if it has the additional suffix -al: s-k’uk’um-al ‘its feather.’

Another large class of nouns includes those of the so-called “inalienably possessed” variety. These denote entities which are, in some sense, inherently possessed: they logically require possessors. Prototypical examples are body part words. (We normally speak not of ‘hands’ but of ‘someone’s hand.’ In Tzotzil, the bare roots of such words function as nouns that require possessive affixes. Hence the root -k’ob ‘hand’ can appear as j-k’ob ‘my hand,’ a-k’ob ‘your hand,’ etc. Inalienably possessed nouns can appear unpossessed only if they bear a special suffix, of the form -Vl (where various vowels may appear as V). The suffix suggests “generalized possession”; e.g., k’ob-ol, ‘someone’s hand’ (with the someone unspecified, or understood as indefinite). In this dictionary, nouns of this class are shown occasionally as of type ‘n3’ (when they appear with the generalizing suffix -Vl), or, more frequently, as of type ‘n4’ (when they require grammatical possessors in a complete expression).

In the colonial dictionary, as in modern speech, body part words are often glossed in Tzotzil by the 1st person possessed form. If you ask a speaker of modern Zinacantec Tzotzil how to say ‘hand,’ he or she will ordinarily reply

j-k’ob-tik

1st person-hand-plural

“our hand(s)”

The same sort of form appears in the colonial example

junjun k-ibel-tik. We are of the same parentage. (junjun ‘one’; -ibel ‘root.’)

The indefinite possessed form, on the other hand, appears in expressions such as

kolo‘ yak’el mulil ta ‘olontonil. To acquiesce in sin is evil. (kolo‘ ‘evil’; mulil ‘sin’; yak’el ta ‘olontonil means literally, “giving to one’s heart,” where ‘olonton-il is the indefinite possessed form of ‘heart’)

Similarly, the indefinitely possessed form of -tzotz ‘hair, fur,’ appears in the example

ta tzavlej tzotzil. with hair standing on end.

Elaborating on these three basic noun classes—possessable, unpossessable, and inherently possessed nouns—Tzotzil extends the formal mechanisms of grammatical possession to distinguish several different logical or semantic types of possession. In modern Tzotzil these include the following:

(i)

an absolute or unpossessed form, which makes no reference to a possessor at all: ‘ixim ‘corn,’ ‘abtel ‘work,’ na ‘house.’

(ii)

a simple possessed form, which relates the entity denoted by the noun to the entity denoted by its grammatical possessor as part to whole, as possession to owner or controller, or as product or creation to producer or creator. The relation is one of “belonging”: k-ok ‘my leg,’ j-na ‘my house’; k-ot ‘my tortilla (that I made, or that I’m about to eat),’ s-na ‘ixim ‘granary,’ lit. ‘house of corn.’

(ii’)

an “indefinitely possessed” form, without possessive prefixes and with a -Vl suffix (usually -il), which indicates a thing possessed (in sense (ii)), but whose possessor is unspecified or indefinite: ok-ol ‘the leg of someone,’ ‘abtel-il ‘the work (of some person).’

(iii)

a special form of “inanimate” (Laughlin, 1975), “impersonal” (Cowan, 1969), or “benefactive” (Haviland, 1981) possession, which connects the noun with its “possessor”: a person or thing on which it will be used, or for whose benefit (or detriment) it is intended. Inanimate possession is marked with possessive prefixes and a special suffix (also of the form -VI). The exact semantic relationship implied may be one of the following: location or origin (s- bolom-al ch’en ‘the cave’s jaguar,’ i.e., the one who lives there), function or purpose (y-ot- al li bek’et e ‘the meat’s tortilla,’ i.e., the one to be eaten with the meat), destination, cause, victim or beneficiary (y-il-al na ‘the house’s debt,’ i.e., the debt which the owner incurred in building it).

A good example of “benefactive possession” from colonial Tzotzil is

e-juy-be-at x-xuch’-al. It was mended with pitch.

The verb juy means ‘smear, rub’; xuch’ is ‘pitch.’ The sentence means, literally, “It had its (benefactive) pitch smeared on it,” where the type (iii) form of the possessed noun suggests “the pitch that affected it.”

There are other more specialized “possessive” forms in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, which do not figure prominently in this colonial dictionary. These utilize further suffixes to denote qualities or states associated with some nominal stem, or expanses of plants or natural features. (For a more complete discussion, see Haviland, 1981:191–215.)

The behavior of a noun stem in Tzotzil depends first on which possession class (possessable, unpossessable, or inalienably possessed) it belongs to (this is partly a semantic matter: things that are never owned may also be grammatically unpossessable; words denoting parts of wholes are generally inalienably possessed); and second, on which sorts of “logical” possession (types i–iii) it accepts.

One difficulty with the label “inanimate possession” in Laughlin (1975) is that it conflates what I have distinguished here as two different sorts of possession. Inanimate objects can function as “possessors” in both sense (ii) of simple possession and sense (iii), benefactive possession. Thus, the relationship between the house and its possessor is substantially the same in both the case of j-na ‘my house (where I live)’ and s-na li ‘ixim e ‘the house of the corn (where it is kept).’ This is type (ii), simple possession; but consider the noun -te‘-el ‘stick for something’ (from te‘ ‘wood’), which requires type (iii) benefactive possession. Its possessor may be animate (as in s-te‘el caballo ‘the horse’s stick,’ i.e., the post to tether it to) or inanimate (as in s-te‘el coles ‘cabbage stock,’ i.e., the rigid stem which supports the cabbage), and in either case a similar benefactive relationship is implied between stick and its grammatical possessor. In general, it is always the case that benefactive possession requires an additional -Vl suffix on a noun stem, whether or not the possessor is animate or inanimate.

In the context of this brief description, let me summarize the notation that actually appears in the dictionary. Four noun classes are distinguished as follows:

n1

These are ordinary possessable nouns, which occur in both forms (i) and (ii), without any change to the stem.

n3

These are the indefinitely possessed forms of inalienably possessed nouns. They therefore appear with the -VI suffix.

n4

These are the bare stems of inalienably possessed nouns, shown without possessive prefixes. They therefore always require additional possessive inflection for morphological completeness.

n5

These are unpossessable nouns stems (or, at least, nouns that in the context of the friar’s examples do not appear with possessive inflection).

In addition, nouns are further categorized by letter, where the following occur (I give first the original characterization from Laughlin, 1975:24, followed by an explanation in terms of the scheme I have presented here):

a

“if inanimate has -VI, animate does not; if inanimate lacks -VI, animate adds it.” This category is an artifact of the decision Laughlin has made to include as the citation form an absolute or indefinitely possessed form (type ii’) of an otherwise inalienably possessed word (a body part, for example). Luckily, rather few examples of this ‘type’ survive in the current entries.

b

“inanimate same as animate.” This means that the noun may have both animate and inanimate possessors, of either type (ii) or (iii).

c

“inanimate with or without VI.” The noun may have both types (ii) and (iii) possession, and in both cases the grammatical possessor may be an inanimate entity. Laughlin’s original assignment to this category I think ignored the distinction between types (ii) and (iii), and hence sometimes a noun labeled type b occurs with a further -V1 suffix (in type ii possession), and sometimes without such a suffix (type ii possession).

d

“only animate occurs.” This means that, probably for semantic reasons, the possessor, of type (ii), seems always to be animate, at least in the contexts shown.

e

“only inanimate occurs with -V1.” This notation suggests a context in which only type (iii) benefactive possession seems appropriate (and the possessor in the examples given happens to be inanimate).

f

“only inanimate occurs without -V1.” Such cases are examples of type (ii) simple possession, in which the possessor happens to be an inanimate entity.

The following dictionary entries exemplify these categories. The noun leb ‘bird net’ is shown as ‘nla’; it can occur as an absolute, unpossessed noun, type (i). It can also appear in type (ii) possession, with a -VI suffix, when we are interested in the person whose net it is. It can also evidently appear in type (iii) possession, with a further suffix: s-leb-al X ‘the net of (with which to catch) X’.

In the expression ta ‘olon ‘below, underneath,’ the relational noun ‘olon is given as ‘n1b’ to show, first, that the word can be unpossessed (meaning ‘below, low, lowlands,’ etc.), and possessed, in which case its logical possessor can be either animate or inanimate—it denotes the person or thing below which something is. (In this sense, ‘olon functions something like a body-part word meaning ‘the underneath part.’)

The noun ‘ach’el ‘mud’ is shown as ‘n1c.’ That is, again, it can appear either unpossessed (type i) or ordinarily possessed (type ii), with no change in the stem. In the latter case, the ‘possessor’ can be either a person or a thing. But there is also type (iii) possession, as in the friar’s example ‘ip yach’elal ‘(it is) muddy’, in which a further -Vl suffix is added to suggest, literally, “its mud (covering it, or all over it, or created by it, or waiting for it to fall into) is extensive.”

In the expression ‘ak’ vokol ‘exhaust, torment,’ the noun vokol (which means ‘difficulty, pain, suffering’) is marked as ‘n1d’; that is, it can appear either possessed or unpossessed, and in its possessed form ‘only animate occurs,’ presumably because only animate things can be tormented.

x-k-ak’ vokol.1 I torment (torture) (someone). (‘ak’ ‘give, cause.’)

x-k-ak’ a-vokol. I exhaust you. (Literally, “I cause your suffering.”)

The expression jok’ ch’en is glossed as ‘dig a hole’; ch’en ‘hole’ is shown as type ‘n1e.’ The fact that it is ‘n1’ suggests that the word can occur either unpossessed, as in

j-jok’ ch’en. I dig a hole.

or in a possessed form, as in

j-jok’ x-ch’en-al. I dig a hole for it.

The subcategory ‘e’ represents the fact that in the friar’s examples, the only possessed forms of the word are of type (iii), benefactive possession. (The hole I dig does not belong to someone or something but rather is designed for something to be put into.)

There are also some nouns marked as ‘nlf’. These nouns evidently occur in an unpossessed form (type i) without suffix; but the only possessed form they display, in the dictionary materials, is of type (iii), with a further -V1 suffix, and in cases where the ‘possessor’ is an inanimate thing. For example ‘uxub evidently refers to a knot or lump on a tree; but if you want to specify that it is the knot or lump on, say, a particular tree you must seemingly use a type (iii) ‘benefactive’ possession construction of the form y-uxub-al te‘ ‘the tree’s knot.’

Of ‘n3’ type nouns, only the subtypes ‘a’, ‘b,’ and ‘d’ occur in this dictionary. Most of these, the ‘n3d’s, are ordinary body part words (or other inalienably possessed nouns such as vayich-il ‘dream’ or k’u‘-ul ‘garment’), which seemingly require animate possessors; the full cited form bears the -Vl suffix of indefinite possession, a suffix that disappears in the presence of possessive affixes. Only two ‘n3a’ types nouns have slipped through into the present dictionary, both of them articles of clothing that are ordinarily possessed by their wearers, usually animate, in both cases with the final -VI suffix of the citation form stripped away. Thus ‘ual ‘rosary’ and vexil ‘trousers’ are the unpossessed forms; with possessors these lose their suffixes, to become y-u ‘his (or its) rosary’, or j-vex ‘my trousers.’ The subtype ‘n3b’ represents part words that may belong to things as well as to humans or animals. Thus, the expression ta pat-il is glossed as ‘behind’ (pat-il is ‘back’), and the following examples are given:

ta s-pat. Behind it. (Literally, “at its back.”)

ta pat-il. Behind (something).

ta j-pat. Behind me. (”At my back.”)

The type ‘n4’ nouns are also inalienably possessed; the only difference between these and nouns of type ‘n3’ is that the ‘n4’ nouns appear in the dictionary cited in the possessed-only form, without -Vl suffix. Type ‘d’ nouns logically require animate possessors.

‘a‘i ta -olonton. treat a matter prudently or diligently. (Literally, “feel in one’s heart,” where -olonton ‘heart’ is of type ‘n4d.’)

Type ‘a’ nouns also seem to require animate possessors, though Laughlin’s notation suggests that he also anticipates the possibility that a ‘benefactive’ possessor of type (iii) could occur without an added -Vl suffix. One case is Hotob ‘drill,’ shown as ‘n4a’ and presumably ordinarily possessed by the person who wields it. Type ‘b’ nouns can also have ‘inanimate’ possessors:

‘a‘i-bey -ik.’ Smell (something or someone). (Literally, “sense the smell of—,” where -ik’ ‘smell, scent’ is ‘n4b.’)

Type ‘e’ nouns require a -VI suffix before they can accept their obligatory possessive affixes. Thus they represent two different types of construction: one in which only ‘benefactive possession’ (type iii) is possible, and the other in which a simple possessed form (type ii) itself requires a -VI suffix on an otherwise unpossessable noun stem. In the following two examples, the first is of the former type, and the second of the latter.

s-na-il te‘. jail. (Literally, “the house of the stick”; the friar offers the following gloss: “la casa del palo y del cepo.” -na ‘house,’ is shown as ‘n4e’—requiring an inanimate benefactive-type possessor.)

‘ajil s-k’uk’um-al. Having small (reed-like) feathers. (‘aj ‘reed,’ and k’uk’um, type ‘n4e’ only because to be possessed at all the stem k’uk’um ‘feather,’ requires a suffix -al.)

Nouns of type ‘n4f’ are shown as requiring an inanimate possessor, but with no additional -VI suffix. The restriction to inanimate possessors may be only an artifact of the particular examples the friar happens to give.

x-k-a‘is-vinajeb. I note (it). (Literally, “I perceive its sign, its appearance”; where -a‘i is ‘perceive,’ and -vinajeb is a noun of type ‘n4f’ meaning ‘the means or cause of its appearing,’ from the verb vinaj ‘appear, be perceivable.’)

Finally, a great number of nouns appear as ‘n5,’ unpossessable, a label that in this colonial dictionary merely means that, in a given context, the noun does not happen to appear with any possessive affixes.

laj ta taiv. be frostbitten. (Literally, “be finished by the frost,” where taiv ‘frost’ is shown as ‘n5.’)

Occasionally the friar’s explicit syntactic remarks touch on these possession classes, especially when, in his zeal to reproduce a pedagogically important Catholic concept, he seems to have squeezed the morphological and derivational resources of Tzotzil dry. The following entry appears, under the root ch’u, which includes such notions as ‘God,’ ‘holy,’ ‘blessing,’ ‘soul,’ and ‘luck.’ The friar has derived an abstract noun from the adjective ch’uul ‘holy’:

ch’uulil, n1f. holiness.

The category ‘n1f’ suggests that the noun can appear both possessed and unpossessed (class 1), but that only an inanimate possessed form occurs (type f). The friar adds the comment: “But they talk this way rarely except when they say that someone is holy and the other responds: k’usi x-ch’uulil? What is holy about him?” The example, which translates literally, “what is his holiness?”—spoken, presumably, of an animate being—suggests that the noun should be listed as ‘n1b.’ The sentence also shows the relationship between two syntactic roles: the possessor of a derived noun, and the subject of an adjectival predicate from which the noun is derived.

It is important to note that “unpossessability” is a formal feature of the language, and not strictly a semantic matter. As Laughlin (1975:24) notes, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, a noun’s category may change over time, as when the word “bus” became syntactically possessable only after Zinacantecs began to own them. However, there is a mechanism by which formally unpossessable nouns may be associated, obliquely, with a possessor, which is marked by affixes attached, not to the noun itself, but to an adjunct to the noun, the word -u‘un ‘belonging to, the possession of, for the benefit of.’ (-U‘un also has a variety of related syntactic functions, as we have seen; for example, it is used to mark an oblique agent in contexts where the verb cannot explicitly record an agent; see section 4.a.4 below.) In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, almost any ‘n5’ can be effectively possessed in a construction like the following:

ch’abal xa te‘tik k-u’un. I no longer have woodlands. (ch’abal ‘there is none’; te‘tik ‘forest’—an unpossessable n5 noun.)

The noun phrase te‘tik k-u‘un (where k-u‘un is the 1st person singular possessed form of -u‘un) means something like ‘forest which is mine’; hence the entire sentence means: “there is no longer a forest which belongs to me.”

In colonial Tzotzil the word -u‘un also apparently has this possessive function. It appears in contexts like the one just mentioned, to associate a possessor with an otherwise unpossessable noun, like ‘osil ‘time, weather, country.’

mo natuk yilel ‘osil k-u‘un-tik li‘ ta balamil. We don’t have a long life. (Literally, “our time here in earth is not long,” where ‘osil k-u‘un-tik, with 1st person plural affixes on -u‘un, means ‘our time.’)

Similarly, colonial Tzotzil, like modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, uses the word -u‘un to formulate questions about possessors:

much’uy y-u‘un li‘e? Whose (is this)? (much’uy ‘who’; li‘e ‘this’)

Finally, the dictionary includes several examples of a possessed form of -u‘un attached to a verbal noun that already bears possessive affixes; as the direct possessor of a noun derived from a transitive verb corresponds to the direct object of the original verb, this second possessor, marked with -u‘un, corresponds to the verb’s original subject.

mo ‘oyuk j-na‘el av-u‘un. You are not grateful to me. (mo ‘not’; ‘oy ‘exist.’)

The 1st person form j-na‘-el, from the verb na‘ ‘know, remember,’ suggests ‘remembering of me’; the 2nd person form av-u‘un suggests ’by you.’ Thus, the whole sentence means: “your remembering of me does not exist.”

3.a.2. Possessed Nouns

Noun phrases with possessors display considerable formal complexity in Tzotzil. Where the basic form of a possessed noun phrase is

N(+ possessive affixes) NP(possessor)

it is further possible that the possessor may be possessed noun. For example, in the sentence

‘ip y-ila‘al s-ba. It is deformed.

the predicate is the adjective ‘ip ‘strong, great, extreme.’ The subject is a complex possessed noun phrase, consisting of a 3rd person possessed form of ila‘al ‘ugliness,’ whose possessor is itself a 3rd person possessed form of -ba ‘self, face.’ Hence, the sentence might be translated literally as “the ugliness of the face of it is extreme.”

As we have already seen, possessed nouns in Tzotzil play a number of syntactic roles in the language. Or, put another way, the mechanism of grammatical possession serves a variety of functions besides marking the relationship between an object and its owner. For example, Tzotzil often uses the mechanism of possession to mark the arguments of nouns whose meanings are inherently relational. What appears formally as the grammatical possessor of a noun often resembles rather more the direct object of a verb. This is the case with the noun -chi‘il ‘companion’ in sentences such as

mu x-chii‘il-uk. (It is) different. (Literally, “(it) is not the companion of it.”)

where the counterpart to a relational notion in English like like or the same is represented with an equivalent of the notion companion, and where the grammatical possessor is one of the arguments or terms in the relation. Consider also the sentence

mu s-tojol-uk x-bat. It is wasted.

Literally, this sentence means “It goes (but) not on account of (anything).” The word tojol, which appears here in 3rd person possessed form, and in the negative, is derived from the verb toj ‘pay,’ and hence is relational: the account, meaning, cost, or rectitude of something.

Nominalized adjectives, on the other hand, make use of grammatical possessors to mark relations that might otherwise be expressed between an adjectival predicate and its subject. For example, the adjective ch’uul in colonial Tzotzil means ‘holy’; as we have seen, it produces a derived noun -ch’uulil ‘holiness,’ which is obligatorily possessed. In the sentence

k’usi x-ch’uulil? What is holy about him (literally, “what is his holiness?”)

the 3rd person grammatical possessor is the entity of which ch’ul is predicated (if only grudgingly, in this example).

We have also seen examples, based on possessed forms of the word -k’inal ‘day (of or for something),’ in which the grammatical possessor of the noun anchors the temporal expression.

mo to s-ta s-k’inal ve‘el. It isn’t mealtime yet. (Literally, “it does not yet reach the day or moment of the meal.” Ve‘el is the grammatical possessor of -k‘inal.)

Somewhat more interesting is the sentence

j-k’inal n-i-Hul. I arrive opportunely.

Here the verb means ‘I arrived.’ The first person possessed form of k’inal evidently suggests “at (or in) my own (good) time.”

Finally, possessed forms of verbal nouns mark as grammatical possessor what would, with a fully inflected verb, be a subject (in the case of an intransitive verb) or a direct object (in the case of a transitive verb).

junjun j-tal-el j-chi‘uk Pedro. Peter and I are of the same blood. (Literally, “my coming is one with Peter.”)

The word j-tal-el is the 1st person possessed form of a noun based on the intransitive verb tal ‘come’; it means ‘my coming,’ or ‘the fact (or the moment) that I came.’ The grammatical possessor corresponds to the subject of a simple sentence in which tal might be the verb.

Nominalized transitive verbs ending in the suffix -el have a passive flavor; accordingly, their grammatical possessors are logically like transitive direct objects. (See section 4.a.5.)

mo x-ch’uun-el-uk dios. unfaithfulness.

What the friar here glosses as a noun is in fact a negative sentence, meaning literally “(It is) not belief in God”; the sentence is based on a possessed, nominalized form of ch’uun ‘believe (in).’ The grammatical possessor of this nominalized verb is dios ‘God,’ in some sense the logical direct object of the verb ‘believe in.’ The semantic relationship between possessor and direct object is even more obvious in the sentence

‘ip j-na‘-el. I am very famous.

The predicate of this adjectival stative sentence is again ‘ip ‘very, great, extreme’; the subject is the 1st person possessed form of a noun derived from the verb na‘ ‘know, remember.’ Hence, the sentence means, literally, “my knowing (i.e., the knowing of me) is very great.”

3.a.3. Possessive Adjuncts to Noun Phrases

The mechanism of grammatical possession also provides colonial Tzotzil with additional syntactic resources for including adjuncts that either complement or go entirely beyond the normal sentential roles of subjects and direct objects. Two important roots, -tuk ‘alone, self’ and -kotol ‘all’ can supplement almost any noun phrase to indicate its solitariness, uniqueness, or unambiguous identity on the one hand, or its totality on the other. In both cases, the adjunct must bear possessive affixes that correspond to the main noun phrase.

toj kolo‘-ot a-tuk. You are worse. (Literally, “you are very evil, yourself.”)

mu j-ta Pedro, juteb j-na‘ j-tuk. I am not as smart as Peter. (Literally, “I do not reach Peter, I know little myself.”)

toj s-tuk. He himself. (toj ‘very, completely,’ hence ‘all by himself.’

In sentences like toj kolo‘-ot a-tuk, where the subject of the main predicate, kolo‘ ‘evil’ is a second person singular pronoun (cross-indexed with the 2nd person absolutive suffix -ot), the adjunct a-tuk ‘your-self’ agrees with the subject which it complements by bearing a second person possessive prefix. Tuk emphasizes that a nominal argument is exactly, only, or prototypically the person or thing in question, of which some predication is made.

The colonial word tza, which embraces a wide range of meanings having to do with thought and cleverness, shares some syntactic properties with tuk. As an adjunct to the subject of a verb (and bearing the corresponding possessive prefix) it suggests intention and will (which perhaps misfires). The friar gives tza as the translation for pensar ‘think,’ “as when one thought such and such a thing.”

x-e-tal ta j-tza-e, mo x-Hu‘ k-u‘un. I thought I would come, but I couldn’t. (tal ‘come,’ Hu‘ ‘be able,’ -u‘un ‘by,’ or ‘for’ (bears 1st person possessive inflection); literally, “I (would) come by my intention, but it wasn’t possible for me.”)

Similarly, a possessed form of -kotol ‘all’ can appear as an adjunct to a nominal expression.

x-e-‘och-otik j-kotol-tik. We all fit. (Literally, “we enter, we all”; ‘och ‘enter.’)

dios x-ak’-bey s-ve‘el s-kotol te k’usitik kuxul xxanave. God feeds every living creature.

The verb in the second example is x-ak’-bey ‘he (God) gives it (food) to (someone)’; the indirect object, the recipient of the food is a third person expression, composed of s-kotol ‘all (of them)’ plus a relative clause ‘those which walk about alive.’ Notice that, in the first example, the first person plural possessive affixes on kotol agree with the underlying subject of the verb, which also engenders first person plural absolutive affixes on the verb.

3.b. THE STRUCTURE OF NOMINAL EXPRESSIONS

Many of the entries in this dictionary function as noun phrases, but are themselves complex. A noun phrase is, minimally, a single noun or verbal noun. Some entries in the dictionary contain noun phrases that consist only of a noun with an accompanying definite article, te ‘the.’

x-k-al te k’in. (I) hold the fiesta. (Literally, “I say the fiesta.”)

A noun may also be modified by a variety of other constituents: numerals, adjectives, and passive participial verbal forms.

‘ox-vinik k’in. sixty-day period. (‘ox-vinik ‘three twenties, i.e., sixty,’ k’in ‘day.’)

castillan pom. incense (literally, “Castillian incense.”)

tz’aj-bil vaj. bread soup. (tz’aj ‘dip, sop, dunk,’ vaj ‘tortilla’; literally, “dunked bread/tortillas.”)

In the following example, both adjectival and passive verbal modifiers are present.

‘epal tz’albil Hun. quantity of books. (‘ep-al ‘many,’ tz’al ‘lay, stack,’ Hun ‘paper’; literally, “many stacked papers.”)

3.b.1. Noun Compounds

The most common way to form a compound noun phrase from simpler nominal constituents involves the mechanisms of possession in ways we have already seen. That is, a noun phrase can have the form

N of NP

where the individual constituents are themselves noun phrases. In a normal construction of this sort, the first N bears possessive affixes which correspond to the second NP. In compounds, however, possessive affixes on the first N constituent remain only as vestiges (in the form of a y- prefix on a vowel initial first noun, for example), and the entire compound inflects as a unit.

pix jolol. hat. (pix ‘covering,’ jolol ‘head.’ The friar notes that this expression means, literally, cobertura de cabeza. Note that pix, a consonant initial noun, requires no explicit possessive prefix in this compound.)

jol na. roof. (jol ‘head’; na ‘house.’)

y-ut ‘okil. sole of the foot. (‘ut ‘inside,’ ‘okil ‘foot.’ Here the vowel-initial ut requires a vestigial 3rd person possessive prefix y-.)

As we have seen, when the head noun of such a construction is a verbal noun, derived from a transitive verb, the syntactic possessor corresponds to what would be, in a full sentence, the object (direct or indirect) of the verb.

y-a‘i‘-bey-el s-ve‘el ‘ojov. pregustation.

The grammatical formula for this entry is nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4d of n5).

The internal constituent s-ve‘el ‘ojov means ‘the food of the lord.’ The verbal noun is based on the ditransitive form of -a‘i ‘taste, feel,’ which might appear in a modern Zinacantec Tzotzil sentence like

ta x-k-a‘i-be s-ve‘el ‘ojov. I will taste the lord’s food (for him).

In this nominal form, the entire phrase thus means “the tasting of the lord’s food (for him).”

When N of NP compounds are themselves possessed, different patterns are possible. In compounds of the last type, the possessive affixes attach to the body-part word (which is itself the logical possessor in the compound):

y-ut k-ok. my sole (i.e., the sole of my foot.)

In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, compounds like jol na ‘roof’ follow this same pattern; the logical possessor attaches to the constituent, which is itself the grammatical possessor in the compound; and the explicit possessive prefix on the first part of the compound must reappear. Thus, to say ‘my roof’ in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil one says

s-jol j-na. (‘its roof of my house.’)

The friar’s transcription is not quite up to such phonological subtleties, and his equivalent entry simply shows s-jol na.

Such a pattern is quite correct, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, for compounds like pix jolol, which maintain their compound integrity even when themselves possessed. The friar shows x-pix jol, which corresponds to modern s-pixol, as ‘his hat.’ Here, the original compound origin, of the form

N of N

has been submerged under a newly reinterpreted root. (In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil the indefinitely possessed form is now an integrated stem, pixalal, which corresponds to colonial Tzotzil pix jolol.)

The constituent parts of compound noun phrases can themselves be complex. In the following example, the second part of a N of NP compound is a modified noun phrase.

y-av castillan pom. incense holder. (‘av ‘place, container.’)

Laughlin (1975) distinguishes two further sorts of compound noun phrase, labeled

N type N, and

Natt N.

He writes (1975:27–28):

[w]here the first noun describes the quality or content of the second, as in ‘leather bag,’ ‘baby bird,’ the phrase is labelled ‘noun type noun.’ The third category is…distinguished in Tzotzil by a -VI attributive suffix. It is represented by phrases that, in translation, might be rendered as ‘land crab,’ ‘tree fern,’ and ‘house boat.’ These phrases are labelled ‘noun attribute noun.’

Colonial Tzotzil shows the same range of constructional possibilities.

tux-nok’ chij. sheep. (tux-nok’ ‘cotton’; chij ‘deer, domestic animal.’ This is N type N.)

‘antz-il tux-nok’ chij. ewe. (‘antz ‘female, woman.’)

This last example shows both types of compounding:

nphr:natt & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n).

(One might translate the entire expression as “womanly cotton type deer.”) Similarly, consider

x-pix jol Hun. dunce’s cap (literally, ‘paper hat.’ Note that the order of N type N is reversed from the English equivalent, and that one of the constituents is itself a compound noun phrase of the N of N variety.)

3.b.2. Agentive Nouns

There is a subclass of agentive compound nouns, which normally denote kinds of people, or roles which people can occupy. In modern Tzotzil, agentive nouns normally have a prefix of the form j-, and agentives in the colonial dictionary are represented in the same way. The following pair illustrates the relationship between ordinary nouns and agentives:

‘abtel, n1d. work, job, (religious) office.

j-‘abtel, agn. worker, day laborer, official.

(RML—The j- prefix is frequently not found with agentive nouns having an -om suffix, as satin-om, marksman, or vayaj-om, diviner. It never occurs with agentive nouns having a -vil suffix, as ch’uba-vil, official builder, or mula-vil, sinner.)

Many of the same patterns which govern the formation of ordinary nominal compounds, with the addition of the agentive j-, also produce a complex agentive expression. In particular, where a verbal noun denotes some activity, the corresponding agentive denotes a person who devotes him or herself to that activity. Hence,

tza, n1e. cleverness.

tzai, tv. plan imagine.

tzaiej, iv. become clever, think.

tzaijel, vnld. clarity, cleverness, invention.

j-tzaijel, agn. inventor, thoughtful person.

Agentives are also formed from nouns modified by adjectives (which are then incorporated into the whole agentive expression). For example,

j‘epal-k’op-on. I am talkative. (‘ep ‘much,’ k’op ‘talk.’) In attributive form, ‘ep becomes ‘epal, and the resulting modified noun assumes an agentive character with the addition of j-. This compound agentive in turn receives a first person absolutive suffix, to create a nominal sentence: “I am a lots-of-talk person.”

Agentives are also commonly based on a transitive verb stem compounded with a noun phrase, itself possibly complex, which functions as the underlying direct object of the verb. The friar gives several such examples with the verb ‘ak’ ‘give, cause.’

j-‘ak’-vokol. torturer. (Literally, “giver of suffering.”)

j-‘ak’ ‘utzil k’op. mediator. (Literally, “giver of good words.”)

j-‘ak’ xonob chij. horseshoer. (xonob ‘sandal, footwear,’ chij ‘deer, here: horse.’)

Evidently, agentives can also be formed by nominalizing reflexive verbs, although the evidence from colonial Tzotzil is somewhat ambiguous. In modern Tzotzil a reflexive verb can be nominalized by incorporating the reflexive noun ba ‘self,’ with an added suffix -il, into the verb stem. Hence, from

baj, tv. lock, strike, let /blood/.

and its reflexive

baj ba, rv. flagellate self or pierce self.

one forms

baj-bail, vn. blood-letting.

j-baj-bail, agn. person who has blood let.

Colonial Tzotzil also allows nominalized reflexive verbs, as in the case of

mak naiej bail, seclusion

which derives from mak ‘close,’ and na ‘house,’ through a compound transitive verb mak-na-i ‘jail, close up in a house,’ which, in its reflexive form produces the entry

mak-nai ba, rv: tv(tv & ncpd) & rpn. hide in one’s house, seclude oneself, shut oneself up.

The friar does not include an agentive form derived from this reflexive verb (which would presumably mean ‘someone who secludes him or herself’).

However, consider the friar’s entry

j-jok’an-ej j-ba. (I am) trusting (or a trusting person).

The first person j- prefix on j-ba ‘myself’ indicates the possessor (as in the case of other reflexive nouns we have met in section 2.b.3), whereas the first j- represents either another 1st person possessive prefix or the agentive j-. If the expression is an agentive, its syntactic behavior has no parallel in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil; nor do reflexive verbs nominalize in this way in the modern language. Perhaps this expression would be better analyzed not as an agentive noun but as a perfective verbal sentence meaning “I have committed myself.”

In both colonial and modern Tzotzil, agentives are also formed from verbal nouns supplemented by qualifying phrases introduced by ta.

j-ch’ikvan-ej ta sitz’el. darner, sewer. (ch’ik ta sitz’el, somewhat opaquely, means ‘darn or sew,’ and in this case the antipassive suffix -van apparently suggests “darn or sew things for people.” See section 4.a.5.)

j-ch’ak-el ta y-ol, or

j-k’opoj-el ta y-ol. senator or governor. (ch’ak ‘divide’ or, in this case, probably ‘elect’; k’opoj ‘speak,’ -ol ‘community’; hence, “one elected (or who speaks for) his community.”)

In the last case, notice that the 3rd person prefix on y-ol ‘his community,’ must evidently refer to the senator himself; that is, it refers back to the head constituent of the agentive phrase (the ‘talker’). This fact in turn suggests, although the friar does not give us explicit examples of such expressions in full sentences, that the qualifying phrase is syntactically disjoint, and that absolutive affixes should attach directly to the head constituent. One would expect, tnhat is, a sentence of the form

j-ch’ak-el-on ta k-ol. I am a senator (for my own community).

This is, incidentally, the pattern in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil.

3.b.3. Further Elements in Noun Phrases

Ordinary noun phrases are also composed of simpler nominal constituents—nouns, noun phrases, verbal nouns, or agentive nouns—to which are added other sorts of adjunct: qualifying prepositional phrases, or words like -u‘un, -tuk, etc., which we have already met. Qualifying phrases specify time, place, instrument, material, and so on.

chukvanab ta y-ut lum. dungeon. (Literally, “jail in the inside of the earth.”)

‘ik’al ta j-k’ob. arthritis. (Literally, “wind in (my) hand.”)

y-ak’-el s-bel na ta Hun. inventory of possessions. (ak’ ‘give, put’; bel ‘contents,’ na ‘house’; Hun ‘paper’; hence, “putting of the contents of the house on paper.” This noun phrase has the form: vn of nphr(n of n) & qphr(prep & n).)

Other adjuncts in compound noun phrases play roles similar to those they play in full sentences. For example, a possessed form of -u‘un may appear together with a possessed verbal noun, where the possessor on the noun corresponds to a verbal direct object whereas the possessor on -u‘un corresponds to an agent or transitive subject.

‘ep j-na‘el av-u‘un. You are very grateful to me. (‘ep ‘much,’ na‘ ‘know, miss, be grateful to’; literally, “the knowing of me by you is great.”)

Still other complex noun phrases combine interrogative words with mechanisms of possession. For example, to ask “whose is this?” Tzotzil speakers must form a possessed noun phrase whose possessor is the interrogative pronoun much’u(y) ‘who?’

much’uy y-u‘un li‘e? Whose is this? (Literally, “this is the possession of whom?”)

Of a similar sort is the expression

k’u y-epal? How much? (Literally, “what is its amount”; k’u(si) ‘what’; ‘ep ‘many’; the thing whose quantity is questioned appears as the grammatial possessor of -epal ‘quantity.’)

3.b.4. Numeral Expressions

When counting things, colonial Tzotzil, like modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, uses numeral classifiers to form quantifying expressions. That is, a numeral expression takes the form

{numeral + classifier} noun

where the classifier specifies aspects of the shape, position, size or form of the enumerated entities.

Occasionally a noun can be counted without a specific classifier, using instead a numeral form that incorporates a generalized classifier (of the underlying form -Vb on all numerals except jun ‘one’), or no classifier at all.

vaxakib k’ak’al. one week. (vaxakib ‘eight,’ k’ak’al ‘day.’)

chib k-olonton. (I am) doubt(ful). (chib ‘two,’ -olonton ‘heart’; literally, “I have two hearts.”) Note that in this example, unlike the others, the Numeral expression (chib, ‘two,’ which includes an unmarked -(V)b classifier suffix) acts as a full predicate.

‘ox-vinik k’in. period of sixty days. (‘ox ‘three,’ vinik ‘man, i.e., twenty’; hence, ‘three twenties.’)

Hearts and days apparently come in units that need no further delimiting.

On the other hand, most nominal expressions require an explicit numeral classifier, or one of several possible different classifiers. For example, in counting cattle, colonial Tzotzil, like modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, uses the numeral classifier kot (which denotes four-legged objects).

lajun-kot. ten (cattle). (lajun- ‘ten.’)

But, in the expression

cha‘-choj vacas x-chabanan ta jun k’ak’al. (The amount of ground that) two yokes of oxen can plow in one day. (cha‘- ‘two,’ -choj ‘bunch, string, yoke (of oxen).’)

the vacas ‘oxen’ are enumerated in groups, using the special classifier -choj (for groups of things attached, as for example bunches of grapes). Clearly the Tzotzil classifier system, then as now, provided a flexible and creative way to emphasize features of the entities being classified, rather than automatically associating a fixed classifier with each sort of denotatum.

An expression of the form numeral + numeral classifier shares syntactic properties with both adjectives and noun phrases. As I showed in section 2.a.1, such an expression can be the predicate of a stative sentence; or it can modify (that is, quantify) a substantive in the manner of an adjective or attributive noun. Tzotzil also permits possessed forms of numeral expressions, which function as ordinal numbers, and which require a -VI suffix in addition to possessive affixes.

y-ox-kaj-al na ta chamebal. purgatory. (Literally, “third storey of the place of death”: ‘ox- ‘three,’ koj ‘level,’ na house,’ cham ‘die,’ > chamebal ‘place of death.’)

In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil one can use the numeral classifier koj ‘level’ to count, among other things, the floors of a house: ‘ox-koj na ‘a house of three stories.’ A possessed form of such a numeral expression yields an expression that can mean either, ‘its third level’ or ‘all three of its levels.’ (Similarly, one can say, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, ‘ox-vo‘ vinik ‘three men,’ and k-ox-va‘al-tik (with 1st person plural possessive affixes) ‘the three of us.’)

With temporal expressions, ordinal numerals imply past time,

y-ox-ib-al ‘u. three months ago.

or duration

y-oxib-al ‘u s-pas. It matures in three months. (pas ‘do.’)

Here, as with other temporal units, ‘u ‘month’ uses the generalized form of the numeral ‘three,’ ‘oxib (where the suffix -ib is a generalized classifier); this form, in turn, is suffixed and possessed to create an ordinal numeral.

3.b.5. Relative Clauses

The most complex noun phrases contain a noun and a modifying sentence, in the form of a relative clause. Many of the friar’s glosses in this dictionary are periphrastic attempts in Tzotzil to render, with a relative clause, a single Spanish word. In his examples, the friar resorts to three distinct types of relative clause. The first takes the form

noun + {(te) + sentence}

where the Tzotzil conjunction te corresponds to English ‘that,’ and where the introductory head noun is often Ha‘ ‘that, the one that.’

Ha‘ te mu xa‘i k’ope. disobedient person. (Literally, “(That is) the one that doesn’t understand words.”)

‘oy j-k’alal te j-toy j-bae. I have a reason for rebelling. (Literally, “there exists my reason that I rebel.”)

s-pasnej te mo ch’uunvan vinike. heathen custom. (Literally, “the practice of a person that does not obey.”)

In the last example, the entire expression is of the form

pasnej of nphr

where the head of the possessor nphr is vinik ‘man,’ and the relative clause is te mo xch’ uunvan“that doesn’t obey.” This is an example of an apparently forced translation that would be suspect, if not impossible, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, where one would instead use a relative clause of the third type I mention below, with an interrogative word. That is, one could say, in modern Tzotzil,

s-kostumbre ti much’u mu xch’unvan. The custom of one who doesn’t obey.

The conjunction te does not always appear, just as, in English, tiie ‘that’ of a relative clause can sometimes be omitted.

natil te‘ pajal ta yol jom. mast. (Literally, “long stick stuck in the middle of a boat.”)

Natil te‘ ‘long piece of wood,’ in this periphrastic expression, is followed without further preamble, by the clause pajal ta yol jom ‘planted in the middle of the boat’ (from the verb paj ‘planet’).

The friar often translates a single Spanish noun by means of a noun phrase that contains a relative clause of this sort. His gloss for ‘foot soldier or pikeman’ is

ch’ilom x-xanav ta y-ok. (ch’ilom ‘soldier,’ xanav ‘walk,’ ‘ok ‘leg’)

Clearly, the entire expression means nothing more than “a soldier (who) walks on his legs.” It sometimes seems that the missing conjunction te has only disappeared as a result of the compiler’s desire to represent his Tzotzil translations as less “ad hoc” or better integrated than ordinary Tzotzil usage would have suggested.

The second class of relative clauses is introduced by the conjunction yo‘ ‘oy (in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil yo‘o), ‘where, when, in order that.’

s-tz’omol yo‘ ‘oy xHu‘ ch’akel. court. (Literally, “seat where trial takes place.”)

lum yo‘ ‘oy xlok’ talel k’ak’al. East. (Literally, “country where the sun rises.”)

Some of the friar’s entries omit the head noun.

yo‘ ‘oy n-e-ch’i. my homeland. (Literally, “where I grew up.”)

The third class of relative clauses, like the second, is related to English “wh-clauses,” which are based on an interrogative word.

mo ‘oyuk bu Hech kolo‘. especially bad or evil. (Literally, “there is nowhere as evil.”)

mo ‘oyuk bu s-nup. (He is) a sovereign lord. (Literally, “there is nowhere where he has a match.”)

mo ‘oyuk k’usi tzotz x-a‘i. (He is) skillful. (Literally, “there is nothing which he finds difficult.”)

Here the interrogative words bu ‘where, when,’ k’usi ‘what’ (and the word much’u(y) ‘who’ also belongs in this group) introduce relative clauses of the form “where S,” “which S” (or “who(m) S”), where the interrogative word in the embedded S refers back to the head noun of the entire expression.

Tzotzil provides a further complex mechanism for relating an entire clause to a nominal expression, to form a complex noun phrase. The relational particle ‘oy (in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil ‘o) refers back to a previously identified nominal entity, marking the action of the current clause as related or dependent, in a general way, on that entity. (See section 5.) For example, in modern speech, one can say

ta jsa‘ tak’in, ta jman ‘o ‘ixim. I am looking for money to buy corn with.

The two parts of this sentence, ta jsa‘ tak’in ‘I am looking for money,’ and ta jman ‘ixim ‘I will buy corn,’ are interrelated by the particle ‘o. The particle allows a construction somewhat like an English relative clause: “the money with which I’ll buy corn.” In the second clause, ta jman ‘o ‘ixim, the ‘o marks the place of the otherwise elided instrument, tak’in. The same sort of device appears to have occurred in colonial Tzotzil, although in a somewhat obscure form.

k’usi achi‘il xak’el ‘oy? What is your kinship (to him)?

The first clause, k’usi a-chi‘il (chi‘il ‘companion, relative’), appears to mean ‘what is your relationship?’ or ‘how is he your relative?’ The second clause, x-a-k’el (k’el ‘look at’), suggests a translation like “how do you see him (i.e., relate to him)?” The particle ‘oy relates the two clauses: ‘how do you see him as your relation?’

4. The Verb Phrase

The nuċleus of a Tzotzil sentence is the verb. In fact, many Tzotzil sentences consist of nothing more than a verb, which contains tense and aspect markers, and which cross-indexes subjects and direct objects with explicit absolutive and ergative affixes. I have already shown, in section 2.b, how simple transitive and intransitive verbs are formed. There are other constituent parts of a verb phrase that we have not yet met.

4.a. PARTS OF THE VERB PHRASE

4.a.1. Directionals

Occasionally a verb is supplemented by a directional word, ordinarily formed from an intransitive verb of motion with the addition of -el. The directional word suggests that the action of the main word involves motion or orientation of the indicated sort: going, coming, ascending, staying, etc.

x-k’aman muy-el ta te‘. It is coiling up the tree. (k’aman ‘coil,’ muy ‘arise,’ te‘ tree.)

lum yo‘ ‘oy x-lok’ talel k’ak’al. East. (lum ‘country,’ lok’ ‘exit, come out,’ tal ‘come,’ k’ak’al ‘sun’; literally, “land where the sun comes out from.”)

The directional batel, from bat ‘go,’ means not only ‘going’ (i.e., in a direction away from the point of speech), but also ‘from now on (extending from the point in time of speech).’ In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil batel also means ‘sometimes.’

naka tza x-xanav bat-el. He walks for a long time. (xanav ‘walk.’)

Directional words can also be attached to nouns derived from verbal stems.

tz’alal batel. plowed field. (tz’al ‘plow, furrow.’)

jakal talel. foreigner. (jak ‘be absent, end (in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil),’ jakal ‘distant’; literally, “coming from afar.”)

The friar gives examples of a double verb construction in colonial Tzotzil that would, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, be managed by directionals. The colonial examples involve the verb lut’ ‘jump.’

e-lut’ i-‘och ta ‘uk’um. He jumped into the stream. (Literally, “he jumped, he entered the stream.”)

e-lut’ e-muy ta sba mesa. He jumped onto the table. (Literally, “he jumped he climbed onto the table top.”)

In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, using the verb p’it ‘jump,’ one would say, instead,

i-p’it ‘ochel ta ‘uk’um.

or

i-p’it muyel ta sba mexa.

with normal directionals based on ‘och ‘enter,’ and muy ‘rise.’

4.a.2. Tense and Aspect

The verbal aspects that Tzotzil distinguishes formally are associated in ordinary speech with different effective tenses. Incompletive aspect ordinarily corresponds to present or future actions, completive aspect to past, and stative aspect to some perfect tense. In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil there are, in addition, reasonably strict rules governing the sequence of aspects in related clauses, or their concurrence with negative, imperative or causative forms. Unfortunately, the friar’s transcriptions do not permit careful analysis of the corresponding phenomena in colonial Tzotzil. To be sure one would need exact transcriptions of the aspectual prefixes, whereas I have the impression that in many examples in the dictionary, the friar’s attention was concentrated more on his informants’ words than on their consonants.

For example, in the sentence

x-i-bat ta ‘ak’in. I am going to weed.

the unmarked or neutral aspect of the verb (marked by the prefix x-) would be impossible in modern Tzotzil, where one would have to use an explicit incompletive form: ch-i-bat or ta x-i-bat.

Because the colonial examples consistently omit the ta prefix of the incompletive aspect, it is possible that the unmarked aspect had a wider range of uses in colonial Tzotzil than in the modern language. (It may also be that x- was, in fact, an incompletive aspect marker in colonial times, and that the explicit ta prefix in modern Tzoztil is a recent development, perhaps from an aspectual particle.)

j-bik’tajes j-ba x-e-k’opoj. I am speaking modestly. (bik’tajes ‘make small’; k’opoj ‘speak’; literally, “I make myself small (as) I talk.”)

In the last example, as in many in the dictionary, both verbs appear in unmarked neutral aspect, where from the gloss, one would expect incompletive aspect with ta in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil.

In Tzotzil the clitic ‘ox denotes a time other than the moment of speech. Usually, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, this means a time in the past. Combined with a stative predicate, ‘ox suggests a past state that no longer continues.

‘ay-on ‘ox ta kol-el, x-e-nipaj. I was recovering and had a relapse. (‘ay is, according to the friar, “conjugated like an adjective,” and means ‘be, go’; kol ‘recover,’ nipaj ‘fall ill.’)

Here the neutral aspect of the verb x-e-nipaj ‘I fall sick’ would be unlikely in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, where one would expect a completive form.

Completive aspect focuses on the completion of an action, and hence ordinarily translates into English as a past action.

n-e-‘elk’an-at, e-laj s-bel j-na. I was robbed completely. (‘elk’an ‘rob,’ laj ‘finish,’ bel ‘contents,’ na ‘house.’)

The main verb is a passive form of the transitive verb ‘elk’an. The sentence thus means “I had my things robbed; the contents of my house were completely finished.” (One would expect, following modern Tzotzil, a passive ditransitive form like n-e-‘elk’an-b-at ‘I had something stolen from me,’ with the benefactive suffix -b-.)

The colonial examples use stative verb forms to express a continuous state, regardless of whether the state is in the past

k-atin-ej j-ba ta ch’ich’. I was bloodied. (Literally, “I had washed myself in blood.”)

or in a timeless present

y-elan-ej s-ba s-ti‘ lok’ebal s-na xchi‘uk s-na X. His house faces X’s. (Literally, “the entrance to his house has faced itself with the house of X.”)

Although, in modern dialects of Tzotzil, neutral aspect is common in present and future negative sentences, as well as in negative imperatives, the friar’s examples are again somewhat suspect.

mo j-k’opon j-ba, j-ch’uun mo ‘oy-uk x-k-il. I am not speaking with him; I act as if I don’t even see him.

In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, both negative verbs in this sentence would be, as these are, in unmarked neutral aspect: mu j-k’opon j-ba j-chi‘uk ‘I am not speaking with him’; and mu ‘oy-uk x-k-il ‘I do not even see him.’ But the neutral aspect on j-ch’uun ‘I act as if, I pretend’ would be replaced by the incompletive aspect: ta j-ch’uun.

In fact, the friar explicitly includes the incompletive aspect marker ta in very few expressions.

mu to ta x‘ech’. It is indigestible. (‘ech’ ‘pass’; literally, “it does not pass yet.”)

By contrast, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, it is precisely in negative contexts like this one that unmarked neutral aspect is most likely to appear; indeed, the friar, himself, in an alternate gloss for ‘indigestible,’ gives unmarked aspect:

mu to x-yal x-ch’ut. (yal ‘descend,’ ch’ut ‘stomach’; literally, “its stomach does not yet go down.”)

Explicit incompletive aspect does appear, in a way that exactly parallels modern syntax, in the following example. The friar says “When one sees a bird or something, the other will say, I am looking, but I don’t see it”:

ta j-k’ele-ey, mu x-k’ elav. (k’ el ‘look [transitive],’ k’elav ‘see something [intransitive].’)

ta j-k’el-ey, mu s-ta j-sat. (ta ‘reach, find,’ sat ‘eye’; literally, “I am looking but it doesn’t reach my eyes.”)

Notice that in these examples, too, the negative verb receives neutral aspect.

4.a.3. Subjunctives

Subjunctive inflection appears, with transitive verbs, as the absence of explicit aspect markers, sometimes with an additional suffix -uk attached to the verb. On intransitive verbs, subjunctive inflection uses either an additional suffix -ik- or -uk, or a portmanteau suffix that combines, in a single form, both subjunctive and 2nd person absolutive affixes.

Table of Subjunctive Forms

Transitive

Intransitive

j-pas ‘I do’

‘abtej-k-on ‘I work’

a-pas ‘you do’

‘abtej-an

‘abtej-k-ot ‘you work’

s-pas ‘he/she does’

‘abtej-uk ‘he/she works’

j-pas-tik ‘we do’

‘abtej-k-otik ‘we work’

a-pas-ik ‘you all do’

‘abtej-an-ik

‘abtej-k-oxuk ‘you all work’

s-pas-ik ‘they do’

‘abtej-uk-(ik) ‘they work’

4.a.3(i) Auxiliaries

Subjunctive forms are required with verbs that contain auxiliaries. Most auxiliary verbs are themselves derived from intransitive verbs of motion. They add a sense of motion (or its lack) to the action of the main verb: go (or come, or descend, or stay, or begin) in order to do something. However, most of the colonial examples have the auxiliary laj, which in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil means simply ‘finish,’ but which here seems to imply ‘do completely, thoroughly, or many times.’

mu x-laj ‘och-uk-otik. We can’t fit. (‘och ‘enter’; literally, “we do not finish entering.”)

mu x-laj k-a‘i. I did not understand it very well. (‘a‘i ‘hear, understand.’)

e-laj x-xen. He stabbed him many times.

In these examples, the transitive main verb appears with only ergative and absolutive affixes, and the aspect marker is attached to the auxiliary itself. The form ‘och-uk-otik is composed of the verb stem, plus the subjunctive suffix -uk-, plus a 1st person plural absolutive suffix.

Another common auxiliary verb is tal ‘come.’

Ha‘ to mo ‘oyuk stojol k’op x-tal y-al-bey-one. He does not come to me with polite speech. (Literally, “It is the case that it is without polite speech that he comes to talk to me.”)

The main verb here is x-tal y-al-bey-on ‘he comes to say it to me,’ which may be analyzed as follows:

x-

tal

y-

al

-bey

-on

NEUT

‘come’

3erg

‘say’

BENefactive

1sg person abs.

Again, the auxiliary bears the aspect marker, and the main verb carries only the markers for agent and direct object.

Colonial Tzotzil presents other double verb constructions where the first verb receives full inflection, and the second the reduced inflection (without explicit tense/aspect markers) of the subjunctive. (See section 5.)

j-yokin j-ch’ay. I discard it.

x-a-yokin a-ch’ay. You discard it.

s-yokin x-ch’ay. He discards it. (yokin ‘hurl, scatter, toss out,’ ch’ay ‘lose’; literally, “you throw it out (in order to) lose it.”)

Both stems are transitive, but only the first is marked for aspect (and given the compiler’s penchant for omitting incompletive aspect markers, this is only evident in the second person form). The friar was aware of this interesting construction, for he says: “All these verbs are conjugated this way, with the first (conjugated) by tense and mood [i.e., aspect—JBH], and the second only like an adjective regardless of tense [i.e., with only person markers—JBH]. I say ‘the first verb’ because in each there are two.”

4.a.3(ii) Imperatives

The normal imperative for tal is the irregular la‘ ‘come!’ and this same form appears in imperative sentences in which tal is the underlying auxiliary; the colonial examples are first person imperatives, “Let’s (do such and such)!”:

la‘ j-lok’ j-bat-ik! Come, let’s cast lots!

la‘ j-mak-tik! Come (let’s) fix it!

In both imperative and non-imperative contexts, the auxiliary bat ‘go’ is sometimes reduced, in both modern Zinacantec Tzotzil and in colonial Tzotzil, to ba.

ba k-a‘i-tik ‘ixim! Let’s (go) enjoy corn (i.e., drink corn liquor)!

Giving orders is a frequent context in which subjunctive verb forms must appear. Ordinary second person imperatives require specialized verbal suffixes: -o for transitive imperatives, and -an (the ordinary portmanteaux suffix for second person absolutive subjunctive) for intransitives.

bet’an-be-o a-k’ob! Give him a fig! (bet’an ‘press,’ k’ob ‘hand’; literally, “press your hand to him” (i.e., press your thumb between your fingers, in a gesture directed at him).)

‘abolaj-an k-u‘un! Take pity on me! (‘abolaj ‘be merciful, have pity,’ -u‘un ‘on behalf of’; literally, ‘have pity on my behalf.’)

Plural transitive imperatives, especially with reflexive verbs, often appear to have no explicit suffixes whatsoever.

p’ev abaik! Move aside! (p’ev -ba ‘step aside.’)

k’up av-ik’ yu‘un xk’uxul! Hold your breath for the pain! (k’up ‘cut,’ ‘ik’ ‘breath, wind.’)

One imperative form which, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, occurs only rarely and has an archaic flavor, seems to have been more productive in colonial Tzotzil. Superficially, the construction combines a verb root with a subjunctive form of laj ‘finish.’ In modern Zinacantec speech, one of the few examples of this form is the especially polite response of elderly people to a leave-taking. The person departing bows and says ch-i-bat “I am going.” The elder person touches the forehead of the interlocutor, saying

bat-laj-an kik! Go, perhaps! (bat ‘go,’ kik ‘perhaps.’)

(The ordinary way to say this, a regular imperative of bat, is simply bat-an.) If the suffix is, indeed, a form of laj ‘finish,’ it can still combine with the full verb laj, as

laj-laj-uk ba‘yuk! Let it finish first! (ba‘y[i] ‘first.’)

Several seemingly related subjunctive forms appear in the colonial dictionary, under the entry for mientras ‘while.’

malayvan-an bat-laj-uk-on ta j-na! Wait here while I go home!

(malayvan ‘wait,’ bat ‘go,’ na ‘house.’)

li‘-uk-ot to-e, bat-laj-uk-on ta j-na! (Stay) here, while I go home! (li‘ ‘here.’)

Here again, as in the modern examples, the verb bat-laj-uk-on consists of the main verb root, bat ‘go,’ combined with the stem laj, a subjunctive -uk, and an absolutive suffix: in this case the first person -on. The translations of these colonial examples suggest that the formative laj has aspectual meaning: let something finish first (so that something else may happen).

One peculiarity of verbs of eating in modern Tzotzil is that, although they are transitive, they permit second person imperatives with the intransitive form -an, both in a general meaning (“Eat! Drink!” without specifying what to eat or drink), and when an explicit direct object is present. One would expect instead a transitive imperative form (in -o). For example, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil one says both:

Ve‘-an! Eat! Have a meal!

ve‘-an me vaj! Please eat a tortilla! (ve‘ ‘eat (tortillas, bread),’ me ‘polite desiderative particle,’ vaj ‘tortilla.’)

In the second case, since there is an explicit direct object (vaj), and the verb is transitive, one would expect

*ve‘-o vaj!

Such a form is incorrect in modern speech. Eating verbs in colonial Tzotzil seem to behave the same way. For example, the root jech’ produces both a transitive stem (jech’ ‘bite’) and an intransitive stem (jech’olaj ‘eat a cold or miserable meal’). But both verbs take an imperative in -an. Says the friar:

He who invites another to eat says out of humility:

“jech’-an jech’olaj-an!” “Eat a miserable or cold meal!”

Similarly, the dictionary contains the example

lo‘an, x-a-laanej yu‘un! Eat it! It will refresh you. (lo‘ ‘eat (fruits).’)

In both cases, although no explicit nominal direct object appears, the translations suggest that the verbs are used transitively with an implicit (understood) nominal direct object. In any case, no case of an transitive imperative suffix -o appears with eating verbs in the colonial material, although all the stems except ve‘ are exclusively transitive in other moods. (See section 4.a.4.)

In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil only positive imperatives use subjunctive suffixes; negative imperatives instead require neutral aspect. For example, one says

mu me x-a-pas! Please don’t do it! (me ‘desiderative particle’; pas ‘do.’)

However, the friar gives the same example with what appears to be a subjunctive (though not imperative) form of the transitive verb:

mo me a-pas! Please don’t do it!

Similarly, where in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil one would expect neutral aspect, x-a-k’opoj, the friar gives a subjunctive form in the following negative imperative of an intransitive verb:

mu lomlomtik k’opoj-an! Don’t speak abusively! (lomlom ‘pitted, sunken,’ k’opoj ‘speak.’)

The meaning of subjunctive inflection includes desire, intention, and purpose. The suffixes can therefore be attached not only to verbs but to other constituents to convey the full semantic force of an imperative.

tzotz-uk moth-o! Knot it tightly! (tzotz ‘hard, tight,’ moth ‘tie knot.’)

The adjective tzotz receives subjunctive inflection, in addition to the imperative suffix on the verb, suggesting a translation like: “knot it, and let it be tight!”

Similarly, subjunctive inflection can be used to create third person, and indirect imperatives,

tamtam-uk dios ta av-olonton! Remember God frequently! (tam ‘arise,’ ‘olonton ‘heart’; literally, “Let God rise repeatedly in your heart.”)

tzatzub-uk a-k’ulej, muk’ub-uk a-naklej! Stay in town! (tzatzub ‘be strong,’ k’ulej ‘residence,’ muk’ub ‘increase,’ naklej ‘dwelling’; literally, “May your residence be strong, your dwelling increase!”)

In the following example, the second verb is marked with second person subjunctive inflection, which corresponds to the syntactic direct object of the verb. The first verb is an explicit second person imperative.

lo‘-an li‘e, Ha‘ sikubes-an! Eat this, it will refresh you! (lo‘ ‘eat (e.g., fruits),’ sikubes ‘cool (something).’)

A more literal translation would be: “Eat this; let yourself be refreshed (cooled) by it.” Compare the following alternate example, given by the friar, with no subjunctive inflection in the second clause.

lo‘an li‘e, x-a-sikub y-u‘un! Eat this, it will refresh you! (Literally, “…you will be cooled by it.”)

From the adjective sik ‘cold,’ Tzotzil forms an intransitive verb sikub ‘become cold,’ and a transitive verb sik-ub-es ‘cool (something).’

Indirect imperatives can also involve a nominal or adjectival constituent, with subjunctive inflection, in a construction that seems to mean: ‘Let it be X that does such and such.’ For example, the dictionary contains the example

dios-uk tzatzubes-ot! May God give you good health! (dios ‘God,’ tzatzubes ‘strengthen’; literally, “May God strengthen you.” The fact that there is no ergative prefix on the verb (one would expect s-) may be simply a phonological mistranscription.)

yan-yan-uk! (Put it) somewhere else! (yan ‘other.’) Subjunctive inflection, similarly, may occur on a verb which is the direct object of a verb of commanding.

e-k-al-bey te ‘utz-uk s-k’ele. I told him to look (and look well). (‘al ‘say, tell,’ ‘utz ‘well,’ k’el ‘look.’)

Third person imperatives (which would, in English, be translated “let so and so happen…”) often combine a form of the verb ‘ak’ ‘give, let, cause’ with a further clause whose predicate bears subjunctive inflection.

‘ak’-o ‘ech’-uk ya! May the suffering pass! (‘ech’ ‘pass,’ ya ‘adversity, suffering’; literally, “Cause that the suffering should pass.”)

‘ak’-o y-ich’ s-tojol av-u‘un! Give it temper! (‘ich’ ‘receive,’ tojol ‘payment, hardening’; literally, ‘may it receive temper by you.”)

4.a.3(iii) Causatives

Some causative constructions in Tzotzil involve verbal morphology alone. Generally, when an intransitive verb stem denotes some change of state, it is possible to form a causative transitive stem by adding -es to the intransitive stem. For example, from the intransitive verb yaij ‘be anguished by sickness or loss,’ (in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil yayij ‘be wounded or injured’), the causative transitive verb yaijes is formed.

Ho‘otik e-j-yaijes-tik k-ajval-tik. It was we who tormented our Lord.

When there is no direct causative form of a verb and a periphrastic expression is required, however, Tzotzil uses a subjunctive construction to express a causative. Here, two clauses are linked; the main clause contains a verb of causing, usually ‘ak’. The syntactic direct object of ‘ak’ is a second clause that denotes the result.

x-k-ak’ ‘oy-uk. I let it be. (Literally, “I give that it should exist.”)

mu x-ak’ k’opoj-uk-on. He won’t let me speak. (Literally, “he won’t allow that I should speak.” Note the subjunctive affix -uk that follows the verb k’opoj ‘speak,’ and precedes the first person absolutive suffix -on.)

mu x-k-ak’ pas-uk. I won’t let him do it.

In the last example, where the verb of the embedded clause, pas ‘do,’ is transitive, modern Zinacantec Tzotzil would require a different subjunctive form, which included at least an ergative prefix s-, whether or not the subjunctive suffix was also present. For example, one says in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil

ch-k-ak’ av-il il k’in e. I will show you (i.e., let you see) the fiesta. (‘i1 ‘see,’ k’in ‘fiesta.’)

There are also productive examples, in modern Tzotzil, in which the second verb in such a construction involves a transitive stem in a semi-passive or ‘middle voice’ use. For example, one says

I-y-ak’ ‘il-uk li balamile. He showed the land.

But such an example means something slightly different from the friar’s sentences in that the embedded clause is truly agentless: it means ‘I let the land be seen’ (for example, when there was some possibility that I might not allow access to it). It cannot mean ‘I let him see the land.’

The main verb, the verb of causing, can itself be in imperative, in the subjunctive.

‘utz-uk ‘ak’-o s-tz’ak s-ba av-u‘un! See that they are well joined! (‘utz ‘well,’ tz’ak ba ‘join [reflexive]’; literally, “let it be good, you make it join itself, by you.”)

4.a.3(iv) Subjunctive and Negative

In both colonial and modern Tzotzil there is a close morphological connection between subjunctive and negative inflection. Negated predicates bear suffixes which are identical to those on subjunctive forms, as in the case of sob in the following sentence.

mo sob-uk x-laj. (It is) long-lasting. (sob ‘early,’ laj ‘finish’; literally, “not early does it come to an end.”) Sometimes, in the friar’s examples, only the presence of subjunctive inflection shows the negative sense of an expression.

Ho‘-ot-uk, a-tot-uk. neither you nor your father. (Ho‘ot ‘you,’ tot ‘father.‘)

4.a.3(v) Conditionals

The colonial examples suggest a connection between this similarity of subjunctive and negative morphology, and the frequent use of subjunctive inflection to mark contrary to fact conditionals. (Perhaps a literal reading for the previous example should be: ‘as if it were you, as if it were your father’—implying that it is neither.) Clausal complements to the verb ‘a‘k (probably derived from ‘a‘i ‘think’ plus -uk), which means ‘think (mistakenly),’ always take subjunctive inflection, presumably because the events they describe did not actually take place.

x-k-a‘k x-a-Hul-uk voljeye, mu n-a-Hul. I thought you would come yesterday (but you didn’t come). (Hul ‘arrive here,’ voljey ‘yesterday.’)

x-k-a‘k n-a-Hul-uk voljeye. I thought (mistakenly) you came yesterday.

(This pair of sentences is one of the few in which the friar records a difference in aspect which is significantly translated. The first sentence has neutral aspect (in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil it would be incompletive), for the translation ‘you would come,’ whereas the second has completive aspect, with the translation ‘you had come.’)

Subjunctive inflection alone seems to imply a hypothetical but unrealized (or unrealizable) situation.

chak-uk Ha‘ -uk juez. (It is) as if he were a judge (but he isn’t). (chak ‘as if,’ Ha‘ it is the case that,’ juez judge.’)

Ordinary positive conditional sentences do not require subjunctive inflection on the if-clause:

‘a ma ti x-a-bat, x-e-bat ‘ekuk. If you go, I’ll go too. (‘a ma ti ‘if,’ ‘ek ‘also.’)

This example shows the form of ordinary conditional sentences, in which the if-clause is bracketed by the introductory conjunction and a phrase final suffix -e, before the then-clause. The conditional clause may also be in the negative indicative.

‘a ma ti te mu x-a-tal-e, x-i-bat. If you don’t come, I will go.

(This example includes an explicit conjunction te ‘that’ after the ‘a ma ti ‘if.’)

However, when speakers speculate about an unrealized hypothetical condition (a different completive or past outcome, for example), subjunctive inflection is required.

‘a ma ti te n-a-bat-uk-e, x-i-bat ‘ek-uk tok. If you went, I would go too.

Notice that the verb in the conditional clause, n-a-bat-uk ‘you would have gone,’ is in completive aspect, with a second person absolutive -a-, and a final subjunctive -uk; whereas, the verb in the then-clause is simply first person indicative, in neutral aspect: x-i-bat ‘I go.’ Sentences where the condition is contrafactual always have subjunctive if-clauses.

maxa ‘oy-uk-ot, pisil x-pas-ey te k’in-e. The fiesta will be celebrated without you. (Literally, “even if you should not be there, all the same the fiesta will be held.”)

mu k’usi x-Hu‘ av-u‘un-ik te manchuk-on-e. You can’t do anything without me. (Hu‘ ‘able,’ te ‘if’; literally, “Nothing is possible by you, if it were not for me.” Manchuk ‘were it not,’ seems to include a built-in subjunctive -uk.)

Ha‘ -uk manchuk-ote. If it weren’t for you…

The last phrase implies: ‘if it were the case that you did not exist… (but you do exist).’ In the friar’s peculiar terminology, subjunctive forms like ‘oy-uk-on ‘if I were,’ ‘oy-uk-ot ‘if you were,’ etc., are called “imperfect.”

4.a.3(vi) Approximations

Finally, subjunctive inflection appears, in both colonial and modern Tzotzil, with quantifying expressions, to suggest ‘about so much,’ and with interrogative words to form indefinite expressions parallel to the English ‘whenever, wherever, whoever….’

jun ‘u-uk n-e-x-ch’ak-bey. He gave me (about) a month’s sentence. (jun ‘one,’ ‘u month,’ ch’ak ‘divide.’)

buytik-uk ‘ep ta j-mek x-tuun. (It is) handy. (tuun ‘serve,’ buy-tik ‘where [plural],’ ‘ep ‘a lot,’ ta j-mek ‘very’; literally, “it is very useful wherever.”)

4.a.4. Voice and Verbal Arguments

As we have seen, the strict division between transitive and intransitive morphology in Tzotzil, and the mapping of different roots onto transitive and intransitive stems, occasionally complicates the dictionary compiler’s attempts to gloss Spanish expressions in a natural way in Tzotzil. In particular, transitive verbs in colonial Spanish often appear in the friar’s Tzotzil glosses as intransitive or ‘middle’ verbs. Accordingly, the expressions require some oblique mechanism to represent agents, and occasionally instruments or even objects.

Many Tzotzil verbal roots can, in fact, be conjugated as either transitive or intransitive stems. The common pattern is for a single root to produce both a transitive stem (that means ‘act on something in some way’), and an intransitive ‘middle verb’ stem (which means ‘be acted upon in some way’). This is the pattern with a root like mak ‘close,’ which shows entries

mak, tv. assault, cover, etc. (In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil it means ‘close.’)

mak, iv. be constipated, become less ill, stop (bleeding). (In modern Tzotzil it means ‘close, be closed’—a prototypical ‘middle verb.’)

The relationship between the two forms is clear in sentences like the following.

ta j-mak Ii nae. I will shut the house. (mak is transitive, with a 1st person agent; the direct object is na ‘house.’)

ta x-mak li nae. The house will (be) shut (for example, by a gust of wind, or by legal authorities). (mak is intransitive, and the subject is na.)

The direct object of the transitive verb parallels the subject of the intransitive middle verb. In both cases, what remains constant is the logical patient: the entity acted upon. The middle verb obviously gives less emphasis to the agent, or to the will, intention, or effectiveness of the agent.

Not all verbs work this way in Tzotzil, however. First there is a large class of verbs that display what one might call a higher degree of transitivity. They produce only transitive stems, which can also occur in passive voice (see section 4.a.5.) or with reflexive forms. The root maj ‘hit’ is an example; it seems to require an agent, and thus does not occur as a middle verb, although both reflexives and passive uses are possible.

maj, tv. shatter with blows, whip, wound.

maj ba, rv. come to blows.

majey, tv/pass/. take an airing, be sentenced to corporal punishment, etc.

There are also a few verbal roots that produce both transitive and intransitive stems, which, nonetheless, do not stand in a transitive/middle verb relationship. A good example is ve‘ ‘eat,’ as illustrated in the following modern Tzotzil sentences:

ta j-ve‘ vaj ta sob. I eat tortillas in the morning. (vaj ‘tortillas,’ sob ‘early’; the verb is transitive, with 1st person ergative inflection.)

ch-i-ve‘ ta sob. I eat in the morning. (The verb is intransitive, with a 1st person subject.)

Here the argument held constant is the transitive agent (the eater) and the intransitive subject (also the eater). The intransitive verb merely fails to mention (or generalizes) the direct object of the action (in this case, the food).

Where the lexical resources of Tzotzil do not present an appropriate verbal voice to translate a Spanish transitive, or where Tzotzil usage confounds the friar’s desire for exact translation of both content and perspective, what mechanisms exist for, say, encoding an agent where an intransitive verb has no syntactic slot to accommodate it? We have met two common devices already. An intransitive, middle verb, whose subject is a logical patient may be accompanied by an adjunct that obliquely records the agent, either as the syntactic possessor of the word -u‘un ‘by means of, on behalf of,’ or as part of a qualifying prepositional phrase with ta, the all-purpose Tzotzil preposition that means ‘in, on, at, by, for, to,’ etc.

x-*‘ap’ ‘abtel k-u‘un. I will ease up on the work. (*‘ap’ is apparently an intransitive verb meaning ‘be unoccupied, stop’; ‘abtel ’work’; the sentence thus means, literally, “the work will be eased by me.”)

e-tz’ot ta chon. He was poisoned by snakebite. (Tz’ot as a transitive stem means ‘turn, twist’; here it is a middle intransitive verb, presumably ‘twist, be twisted.’ Chon is ‘snake.’ Hence, literally, “he twisted (shriveled, contorted?) from a snake.”)

Indicating an agent obliquely with an -u‘un adjunct brings additional semantic nuances to Tzotzil expression. In the first place, -u‘un suggests ability or possibility.

‘utz x-a-kol y-u‘un. You can be cured (by it). (kol ‘recover, be cured,’ ‘utz ‘good, well.’)

The friar offers this example as an equivalent to sanable ‘curable.’ Whereas the normal Tzotzil word for ‘recover (from an illness)’ is the intransitive kol, the notion of possibility is incorporated by including an agent with -u‘un: ‘you can recover well as a result of it.’

Secondly, showing an agent with an oblique -u‘un clause allows the logical direct object to assume a more prominent role, as the syntactic subject of the (intransitive) verb. Often such a syntactic subject can be moved, from its normal position after the verb, to the very front of a sentence.

s-kotol x-Hu‘ y-u‘un. (He is) all powerful. (kotol ‘all,’ Hu‘ ‘can, be able.’)

The sentence means, literally, “Everything is possible for him,” and the emphasis is on the ‘everything,’ which occupies the front position.

Finally, demoting an agent from transitive subject position to an indirect syntactic role may suggest that the action described is unintentional or accidental, or that it does not have the full cooperation of the logical agent.

naka ‘altik x-ch’ay jun k’ak’al k-u‘un. I am spending a whole day in vain. (‘aItik ‘uselessly,’ ch’ay ‘lose, be lost,’ jun ‘one,’ k’ak’al ‘day’: literally, “uselessly one day is lost by me.”)

Logical direct objects can also be demoted to an oblique position in Tzotzil, partly as the result of slightly different partitioning of direct objects and indirect objects in the syntax of Tzotzil verbs from that of English or Spanish. For example, verbs of giving in English normally have the object given as the direct object of a verb, with the person receiving the gift acting as an indirect object. The Tzoztil verb -ak’ ‘give’ also functions in this way. However, a few colonial verbs seem to have behaved in a different way, in particular verbs derived from the root moton ‘gift.’

j-matanijes Pedro ta capa. I am favoring Pedro with my cape.

Pedro is the syntactic direct object of the transitive matanijes, and the object given, the capa, appears in a prepositional phrase with ta. From the point of view of English (or Spanish) syntax, the following example shows the same sort of peculiar oblique direct object.

ta j-chanantas ta be. (I) show (someone) the way. (chanantas ‘teach,’ be ‘road, path.’)

Presumably the syntactic direct object is the person to whom I show or teach the way, and the way itself appears only as the object of the preposition ta.

The friar comments explicitly on this sort of direct object perspective in the case of

x-e-ch’uiv ta dios. I pray to God.

The verb is intransitive, and God is only an obliquely represented object. The author remarks: “There is no active form, as to say ‘I pray to God’ they have to say ‘in God or with God.’”

Reflexive verbs, whose syntactic direct object positions are occupied by a reflexive pronominal form, also require a ta phrase to represent a logical direct object.

ta j-pas j-ba ta av-olon. I submit to you. (pas ‘do,’ -olon ‘underneath’; literally, “I make myself into your underling.”)

e-sk’ex s-ba ta ‘abtel. He won the job. (k’ex ‘change,’ ‘abtel ‘work’; literally, “he exchanged himself in the work.”)

As a last example of this change of perspective, consider

e-j-tij ton ta j-jol. I bumped my head on a rock. (tij ‘bump,’ ton ‘rock,’ jol ‘head.’)

The Tzotzil would have it, apparently, that “I hit the rock on my head.” This perspective contrasts with that of

j-p’osi k-ok ta ton. I will trip over a stone. (p’osi seems to mean ‘cut, slice, chop,’ or perhaps ‘cross’; ‘ok ‘leg.’)

in which ta ton ‘on the stone’ marks an inanimate agent or cause (or perhaps merely a location).

In fact, if the position of transitive agent is prototypically appropriate for animate, conscious, voluntary agents, it is not surprising that Tzotzil uses oblique ta-phrases to indicate inanimate agents or instruments which can ordinarily not be considered to act consciously or voluntarily.

x-e-yakub ta chi‘. I am drunk with wine. (yakub ‘be drunk,’ chi‘ ‘sweet, i.e., fermented, drink.’)

e-yanij ta s-ku‘. (He is) with disguised clothes. (yanij ‘alter, be different,’ k’u‘ ‘clothes.’)

Ta adjuncts have one final major function in these colonial examples. When the object of ta is a verbal noun, the phrase often denotes an activity.

ch’aniel-on ta tze‘ej. I have stopped laughing. (ch’ani ‘cease, be silent,’ tze‘- root for ‘laugh’; literally, “I am being silent from laughing.”)

The same construction seems possible with nouns that, though not derived from verbal roots, imply a specific sort of activity.

x-a-s-nak’ ta k’op. He is speaking against you. (nak’ ‘store, enclose,’ k’op ‘speech’; literally, “he is closing you in speech”—presumably a reference to formal denunciation in court.)

x-i-bat ta petz’. I am going hunting with a deadfall. (petz’ ‘deadfall.’)

Complex verbal nouns are possible, which in turn allow logical direct objects, deriving from the full verbal ancestor of the head noun.

j-nop Pedro ta s-tzamesel j-vinik. I suspect Pedro of killing my man. (nop ‘think, suspect,’ tzames ‘kill,’ vinik ‘man.’)

taki-bil ta x-ch’ayel ‘abtel. (He is) excused from work. (taki ‘excuse, exempt, command,’ ch’ay ‘lose’; literally, “He is commanded in the losing of work.”)

Although the device is somewhat less frequent in colonial Tzotzil than in modern dialects, additional oblique verbal arguments can often be incorporated into a verb phrase by means of the word -chi‘uk ‘with,’ which is inflected like a possessed noun. Often when a verb has no remaining place to accommodate a direct object constituent, a logical object can be represented as the grammatical possessor of -chi‘uk.

j-k’opon j-ba j-chi’uk j-tot. I am consulting (with) my father. (k’opon ‘speak to,’ tot ‘father.’)

Here the verb is reflexive and thus the ordinary grammatical direct object position is occupied by the reflexive pronoun j-ba ‘myself.’ The sentence thus means, literally, “I am speaking to myself with my father.” Logical ‘direct objects’ can also occur with nominal or adjectival sentences that have no explicit verb at all.

junjun j-talel j-chi‘uk Pedro. Peter and I are of the same blood. (junjun ‘just one,’ talel ‘lineage’ (from tal ‘come’); literally, “my coming is one with Pedro.”)

4.a.5. Passive and Anti-passive Constructions

The form taki-bil ‘excused’ above illustrates a set of passive forms that we have not yet met. Both transitive and ditransitive verbs, in all aspects, produce passive forms, in which the original transitive direct object becomes an intransitive subject (which generates absolutive affixes on the passivized verb), and in which the agent, if explicitly present at all, is represented by an oblique construction with -u‘un or ta.

The passive form of a verb varies with aspect. The simplest forms are in the stative aspect, where the stem combines with -bil, to produce an adjective or participle-like form that inflects with absolutive suffixes.

‘at-bil-on ta a-tojol. I am your partner. (‘at ‘count,’ tojol ‘account, behalf’; literally, “I am counted on your account.”)

‘a‘ i-bil k-u‘un. I am experienced. (‘a‘i ‘understand, feel’; literally, “it is understood by me.” This is another example of the reversed perspective between the Tzotzil expression and the friar’s gloss.)

These -bil forms also commonly function in embedded or subordinate clauses, where only some of their verbal attributes remain.

likes-bil ‘ox k’op i-j-ta. I found that the dispute had already started. (likes ‘start, begin,’ ‘ox ‘ already, by then,’ k’op ‘dispute,’ ta ‘find, encounter.’)

Here both verbs in the sentence focus on the same direct object constituent, k’op ‘dispute.’ The main verb, i-j-ta tells us that ‘I found the dispute,’ which was, according to the passive verb, ‘already begun.’

Ditransitive verbs, which incorporate both a third person direct object and an indirect object, also form a stative passive with the same suffix -bil. Consider what must happen to the various arguments of a ditransitive verb, when it is passivized. We may imagine the hypothetical sentence: “I shoed the horse.” In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil this would be something like

i-k-ak’-be xonob li ka‘ e.

(Literally, “I gave shoes to the horse.”) The agent is 1st person (‘I’), the direct object is xonob ‘shoe,’ and the indirect object, which gives rise to absolutive affixes (zero, in this case), is ka‘ ‘horse.’ In a passive form, the agent disappears (or only appears obliquely), and the indirect object is promoted to the position of syntactic subject; the direct object, ‘shoes,’ remains syntactically tied to the verb.

The horse was given shoes (by me).

The dictionary contains just such an entry:

‘ak’-bil x-xonob. (It is) shod (e.g., a horse). (Literally, “it is given its shoe.”)

where the understood third person subject of ‘ak’-bil ‘be given something’ is some sort of animal. The original Spanish gloss is herrada bestia.

In other aspects, passive stems are formed by adding one of several possible passive suffixes to the active stem, which is then inflected as an intransitive stem in the same aspect. The affixes are -e(y), which mostly occurs with mono-syllabic verb stems, and -at, which occurs with other stems, including ditransitive stems. (Occasionally the suffix -ot occurs in the colonial examples, although its exact status is unclear, as I demonstrate below.)

cha‘-jech x-t’ox-ey. (It is) split in two. (cha‘ ‘two,’ jech ‘half, piece,’ t’ox ‘split.’)

x-a-‘at-ey k-u‘un. I make you my partner. (‘at ‘count’; literally, “you are counted by/for me.”)

The -at suffix also occurs from time to time with monosyllabic verbs stems.

i-maj-at ta chauk. (He was) struck by lightning. (maj ‘hit,’ chauk ‘lightning.’)

Ordinarily, however, it appears on longer verbs, especially with ditransitive stems.

‘oy ta x-ch’ail-al x-muyibtay-at. (It is) perfumed with incense. (ch’ail ‘smoke,’ muyibtay ‘flavor’; literally, “it happens that it is flavored with its smoke (presumably, of copal).”)

‘oxib ‘abil i-ch’ak-be-at. (‘oxib ‘three,’ ‘abil ‘year,’ ch’ak ‘divide.’)

The Spanish expression for which this Tzotzil construction is offered as a gloss is “for a period of three years,” although the example is clearly a full sentence, with a passive ditransitive verb, meaning “it has been allotted three years.”

Completive aspect also occurs in the passive voice.

n-e-‘elk’an-at e-laj s-bel j-na. I was robbed, my possessions are gone. (‘elk’an ‘rob,’ laj ‘finish,’ bel ‘contents,’ na ‘house’; literally, “I was robbed, the contents of my house are finished.”)

mo s-tojol-uk n-e-pas-be-at. I was wronged by him. (tojol ‘on account of,’ pas ‘do’; the example means “I had it done to me not on his account.” I think the proper gloss should be, “I was wronged, but not by him.”)

The status of the suffix -ot is unclear in the colonial examples. In some examples it appears to be an alternative to -at.

sob x-na‘-ot. It is easily learned. (sob ‘early, quickly,’ na‘ ‘know.’)

However, the friar also gives several examples, with both -at and -ot, whose glosses suggest passive constructions but where the verbs still seem to bear ergative prefixes.

k-ak’-ot x-pix jol Hun.

x-k-ak’-be-at x-pix jol Hun. I had a pasteboard cap put on me. (ak’ ‘give,’ pix jol ‘hat,’ Hun ‘paper.’)

In modern Tzotzil an ergative prefix is impossible on a passive verb, and such a sentence would have to be translated by something like

ta x-i-‘ak’-b(e)-at j-pixol. I was given a hat.

where the 1st person grammatical subject is marked by the absolutive prefix -i-. It seems likely that these are not syntactic differences between colonial and modern Tzotzil, but rather systematic errors on the part of the dictionary’s compiler.

A last important passive form, which we have met before, results from nominalizing transitive verbs, by attaching the suffix -el to the verb stem. The deverbal noun thus produced denotes an activity, and it can, in turn, be possessed; the grammatical possessor corresponds to the logical direct object of the full transitive verb.

toj tzotz x-k-a‘i x-chan-el ‘amayil. It is too difficult for me to learn the flute. (Literally, “I find very hard the learning of the flute”; chan ‘learn,’ ‘amayil ‘flute.’)

j-kisnan ta j-maj-el-e. I was exhausted by the beating. (Literally, “by my beating”; kisnan ‘be exhausted by,’ maj ‘beat.’)

This structure permits a variety of hidden passive constructions. One way of understanding the following examples would be to start with an underlying clause with a transitive verb and a direct object. The verb of this underlying clause is nominalized, and its underlying logical direct object now becomes its grammatical possessor. This grammatical possessor in turn becomes the grammatical subject of the outer, higher verb: ‘it wants splitting (being split)’; ‘it allows stealing (being stolen).’

s-k’an jav-el. (It is a) separable (thing). (k’an ‘want,’ jav ‘split, separate’; literally, “it wants splitting, i.e., to be split.”)

s-tak’ ‘elk’an-el. (It is) easy to steal. (tak’ ‘possible, admit the possibility of,’ ‘elk’an ‘steal’; literally, “it admits of stealing (being stolen).”)

Compare this last example with other equivalents offered in the dictionary that use a possessed form of ‘elk’an-el.

matanal y-elk’an-el. It is easy to steal. (moton ‘gift’; literally, “its stealing is a gift.”)

‘utz y-elk’anel. It is easy to steal. (‘utz ‘good.’)

A verbal noun denotes an activity, and thus can appropriately serve as the object of the preposition ta in a qualifying phrase.

i-sit ta ve‘-el. He is stuffed with food. (sit ‘swell,’ ve‘ ‘eat’; literally, “he swelled from eating.”)

yakyak-on ta vay-el. I am sleeping. (yak ‘current, happening now,’ vay ‘sleep.’)

Verbal nouns are, in a sense, simply syntactically reduced full clauses; they can retain not only their direct objects (transformed into grammatical possessors), but also modifying temporal or locative phrases, or oblique agents as well.

mo x-Hu‘ s-ti‘-el bek’et ta viernes. Meat must not be eaten on Fridays. (Literally, “the eating of meat on Fridays is not permitted.”)

The following expression is given in the dictionary as an equivalent to the word ‘martyrdom.’

tzamesel y-u‘un dios i-cham. (cham ‘die,’ tzam-es ‘kill,’ dios ‘God’; literally, “killed on behalf of God, he died.”)

Transitive sentences have (at least) two arguments: an agent (who does something) and a direct object (to which he does it). In Tzotzil, the agent is cross-referenced by ergative affixes on the verb, and the direct object engenders absolutive affixes. Formally intransitive sentences have only a single subject, which in Tzotzil produces an absolutive affix on the verb. Passive sentences are formally intransitive. The subject of a passive sentence parallels the direct object of the corresponding transitive sentence, whose agent is formally demoted and, as we have seen, appears only obliquely, if at all. In modern Tzotzil, one might say

l-i-s-maj li Xun e. John hit me.

in which the agent (Xun) acts on me. (Note the 1st person absolutive affix -i-, which cross-indexes the direct object of the (verb maj ‘hit.’) In the corresponding sentence

l-i-maj-e (y-u‘un Xun). I was hit (by John).

the original direct object has become the subject of the formally intransitive passive verb, still cross-indexed by the absolutive -i-. The original agent has been demoted to an oblique adjunct to the verb.

Tzotzil also allows anti passive constructions: in these formally intransitive sentences, the intransitive subject corresponds to a transitive agent (and the transitive direct object is demoted—in fact, it disappears). In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, anti-passives may be formed with a special, rather rare suffix, -on as in the following example.

muk’ much’u x-maj-on. There is no one to do the hitting. (Literally, “who hits does not exist.”)

There is also an extremely productive derivational suffix, -van, which, when attached to a transitive stem, produces an anti-passive stem, usually with the restricted meaning”do x to people.”

tol ch-maj-van. He hits (people) too much (i.e., he fights a lot). (tol ‘high, too much.’)

Colonial Tzotzil makes free use of this second anti-passive derivational suffix. The friar gives four Tzotzil sentences under the entry ‘obey’: two are transitive, and two are the corresponding anti-passives, with -van.

j-ch’uun. I obey (him). (ch’uun ‘obey’; note the 1st person ergative prefix j-.)

x-e-ch’uun-van. I obey (people). (The subject is cross-indexed by absolutive -e-.)

x-k-ak’ ta vinik. I obey him. (Literally, “I give him as a man.”)

x-e-‘ak’-van ta vinik. I am obedient. (Literally, “I give (people in general?) as a man.”)

Similarly, giving Tzotzil expressions for ‘praise,’ the friar uses a circumlocution based on ‘utz ‘well’ and ‘al ‘speak.’ One might imagine a hypothetical transitive sentence

‘utz ta x-k-al. I praise him. (Literally, “I speak well of him.”)

which in turn produces two dictionary entries, one passive, and the other anti-passive.

‘utz ‘al-bil. He is praised. (Literally, “he is spoken of well”; the original transitive direct object has been promoted to the intransitive subject of the passive verb.)

‘utz x-e-‘al-van. I praise (people). (The original transitive agent is retained, now as the intransitive subject of the anti-passive; the original specific direct object has disappeared, and the resulting anti-passive has a more general meaning.)

Finally, note that derived anti-passives with -van need not imply an exclusively human generalized direct object, although it may require at least a generalized animate object. The dictionary entry for ‘stallion’ uses an anti-passive form of the transitive verb japi ‘grapple, wrestle.’

ta x-japi-van caballo. The horse grapples (with things). The friar explains that this means “a horse that takes mares,” commenting that the expression is suggestive and thus should be avoided in favor of euphemism.

4.b. ADDITIONAL CONSTITUENTS IN THE VERB PHRASE

4.b.1. Adverbial Modifiers

Tzotzil makes extensive use of special adverbial roots, as well as ordinary adjectives and full clauses, to modify verb phrases. The categories are familar: adverbial modifiers qualify the manner, time, location, or degree of the action denoted by the verb.

Perhaps the canonical verbal modifier is the word Hech ‘like that, like this, such,’ (yech in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil), which might be considered a demonstrative adverb or adjective; attached to a verb, it means ‘do it this way’— requiring a gesture, or a pre-understood referent, to make clear what way the speaker intends.

Hech no ‘ox j-pas taleltalel. I am just used to doing it this way. (no ‘ox ‘just,’ pas ‘do,’ talel ‘usually’ (from tal ‘come’); literally, “just this way I do it again and again.”)

Time and degree adverbials are similar in form, and often involve explicit quantification. Occurring in both positive and negative forms, they also frequently include temporal clitics of perspective: the forward looking to ‘still,’ and the backward looking xa ‘already, more.’

‘ak’-o xa! Put more on! (‘ak’ ‘give,’ given here in imperative form; literally, “give it already/now!”)

‘ach’ to e-nupun. He was married recently. (‘ach’ ‘new,’ nupun ‘marry’; literally, “he married still newly.”)

x-cha‘-kajal n-e-s-maj. He hit me for a second time. (cha‘- ‘two,’ koj ‘layer, time, blow,’ maj ‘hit.’)

The inflected transitive verb n-e-s-maj ‘he hit me’ itself constitutes a complete sentence, with no argument slots unfilled. Thus, the numeral expression, ‘the second blow,’ acts as an adverbial adjunct of degree.

When negated, these adverbial modifiers ordinarily bear the negative suffix -uk, much like full predicates.

mu sob-uk x-laj. (It is) long lasting. (sob ‘early,’ laj ‘finish’; literally, “it is not early (that) it finishes.”)

Such adverbial expressions can modify transitive verbs as well.

mo nat-uk x-k-il ‘osil. I am not far-sighted. (nat ‘long,’ -il ‘see,’ ‘osil ‘country, earth’; literally, “it is not far that I see the earth.”)

Finally, they can also modify clauses with oblique agents.

‘ok’elal n-e-kom y-u‘un. He made me stay. (‘ok’elal ‘involuntarily’ (from ‘ok’ ‘cry’), kom ‘remain’; literally, “I remained involuntarily because of him.”)

‘ip x-a-xi‘ y-u‘un. You are (very) frightened by him. (‘ip ‘very,’ xi‘ be afraid.’)

Many of the colonial examples with adverbs cluster around a few main verbs, which the compiler clearly used to create periphrastic Tzotzil equivalents for somewhat simpler Spanish notions. For example, the friar bases expressions having to do with speech and public performance on the verb k’opoj ‘speak,’ and expressions relating to behavior more generally on such motion verbs as bat ‘go,’ and xanav ‘travel, walk.’

‘amay‘amay x-i-k’opoj. I speak harmoniously. (‘amay ‘flute.’)

s-be x-k’opoj. (He) speaks the truth. (be ‘path’; literally, “its path he speaks.”)

In this last example, the syntactic status of s-be ‘it’s path,’ is problematic, as the main verb is intransitive and cannot admit a direct object. If the sentence is grammatical at all, s-be must be considered some sort of adverbial adjunct.

Somewhat more interesting, syntactically, are sentences of this type in which the adverbial modifiers are themselves full clauses.

mo ‘oy-uk s-be x-bat. It is wasted. (Literally, “it has no path (as, in the way that) it goes.”)

The entire clause mo ‘oyuk sbe ‘it has no path,’ appears to modify the main verb.

j-bik’tajes j-ba x-e-k’opoj. I am speaking modestly. (bik’itajes ‘make small’; literally, “I make myself small (as) I talk.”)

e-kom j-lumal x-e-xanav. (I) go on a pilgrimage. (kom ‘remain,’ lumal ‘homeland’; literally, “my homeland stays behind (as) I travel.”)

In the previous example, notice that the possessor of lumal ‘homeland’ must coincide with the subject of xanav ‘journey.’ As a final example of clausal adverbs, consider the following roundabout entry for ‘be sleepless.’

‘oy to ‘ak’abal x-e-julay. I am sleepless, wake early. (‘ak’abal ‘night,’ julay ‘wake’; literally, “there is still night (when) I awake.”)

4.b.2. Further Adjuncts to the Verb

We have already met obliquely represented agents and instruments that are part of Tzotzil verb phrases but which do not receive explicit morphological cross-referencing on the verb itself. These adjuncts usually occur in prepositional phrases with ta or in constructions with -u‘un or -chi‘uk, as we saw in section 4.a.4. There is a further class of syntactically isolated adjuncts that seem to float unconnected in a verb phrase. I will mention only a few examples: those associated with two verbs, -a‘i ‘feel, think, understand,’ and ‘ayan ‘be born, come into existence, be,’ and those examples involving the so-called affective verbs.

Formally, -a‘i is a transitive verb: its agent perceives, hears or feels something, and its direct object is the thing perceived.

x-k-a‘i k’op. I am obedient. (Literally, “I heard words.”) -A‘i can take an entire clause as its direct object, as we shall see in section 5. However, -a‘i commonly takes an additional adjunctive argument, often an adjective, which can be understood as modifying the grammatical direct object of the verb (although it does itself not inflect). Such a sentence, of the form

Adjective -a‘i direct object agent

means “[Agent] finds [direct object] to be [adjective].” Thus, the dictionary includes the example

mu x-k-a‘i. It tastes good. (mu ‘tasty.’)

There is no explicit direct object of the verb -a‘i, but we know it must be some third person entity; the sentence means, literally, “I feel (it) (something unnamed but understood) to be tasty.” The same construction, but this time with an explicit direct object—k-abtel ‘my work, my job’—appears in the following sentence.

k’ux x-k-a‘i k-abtel. I value my work. (k’ux ‘painful’ and hence ‘serious, valuable.’)

The adjunct need not be only an adjective. In the following example, appearing under the entry for ‘hold in low esteem,’ it appears that the syntactic direct object of -a‘i must be the thing or person held in low esteem; the adjunct is the noun phrase bik’it ch’amal, literally, ‘small child,’ i.e., ‘inconsequential, trifling.’

bik’it ch’amal x-k-a‘l. I hold (it) in low esteem.

There are also more complex examples in which the syntactic direct object of -a‘i is a full clause. We have met the following sentence several times before:

toj tzotz x-k-a‘i x-chanel ‘amayil. I can’t learn to play the flute. (tzotz ‘difficult,’ chan ‘learn,’ ‘amay ‘flute’; literally, “I fmd the learning of the flute (to be) very hard.”

The grammatical direct object of the verb seems to be the whole clause predicating toj tzotz ‘very difficult’ of the verbal noun phrase x-chan-el ‘amayil ‘the learning of the flute.’ The subject of -a‘i is 1st person (marked by the ergative -k- on the verb).

A second verb that routinely accepts adjunct constituents outside the range of the normal syntactic slots is the intransitive ‘ayan, literally ‘be born,’ but more generally, a verbal form of the stative predicate ‘oy ‘exist, be.’ In some modern dialects of Tzotzil, ‘oy accompanies many nominal and adjectival predicates (in a way reminiscent of the friar’s comments about ‘oy as a near equivalent to the verb ‘to be’). For example, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, one can say both

lek-on. I am well. (lek ‘good.’)

and

lek ‘oy-on. I am well.

If we consider ‘ayan to be an intransitive verbal derivative of this same word, it can be understood to mean ‘come into existence,’ or ‘become.’ It thus accepts a subject and, in the second meaning at least, a further (adjunctive) constituent which tells us what sort of thing the subject has become.

lukluk e-‘ayan. He became one-eyed. (lukluk ‘crooked one-eyed.’)

When an agent is incorporated with an -u‘un construction, the resulting translation has a transitive flavor. The following example is offered under the entry “make long or tall things equal”:

ko‘ol x-‘ayan k-u‘un. I make it the same size. (ko‘ol ‘equal’; literally, “it becomes equal because of me.”)

The adjunct can also be a noun phrase, and, in fact, can be in the negative.

mo melel-uk x-‘ayan. (He is) perverse. Or: he does something perversely. (melel ‘right, straight.’)

The last sort of additional constituent in a verb phrase I will mention is an “affective verb”: a member of a subclass of verbs that, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, are “used characteristically in narrative description with a certain gusto, a desire to convey a vivid impression. They have dash…” (Laughlin, 1975:26). Affective verb stems are derived from other roots by means of a small set of endings, and they display limited inflectional possibilities. Moreover, in the colonial examples, affective verbs only rarely occur as the main verb of a sentence.

x-k’opk’on k-olonton. (I am) anxious. (k’op ‘speech,’ -k’opk’on ‘persist unreasonably,’ -olonton ‘heart’; literally, “my heart keeps talking.” The friar’s gloss is afligirse interiormente.)

Instead, affective verbs combine with other full verbs to amplify the meaning of a predication. The dictionary’s compiler seems somewhat undecided about whether both verbs, or only the main verb, in such combinations, will bear full absolutive inflection. (All affective verbs are, syntactically, intransitive.) In the following two examples, the main verb and the affective adjunct carry first person absolutive inflection.

x-e-joyet x-e-xanav. I revolve. (joy ‘turn around’; literally, “I walk turning around.”)

x-e-bichbonet x-e-tak’av. I reply shamelessly (or repeatedly). (tak’av ‘reply’: bich in Zinacantec Tzotzil suggests ‘sticking out, bubbling, pulsing, spurting’ or perhaps ‘twisting.’)

However, the dictionary also contains perhaps ungrammatical examples in which only the main verb has full nominal inflection.

x-laet x-e-xanav. I am at peace. (laet ‘at peace’; literally, “I walk about being at peace.”)

Perhaps in the last example the entry should read x-laet ‘osil x-e-xanav “I walk about with the world at peace,” paralleling the following complex sentence:

x-laet ‘osil x-k-a‘i x-i-cham. I will die in peace. (-a‘i ‘feel,’ cham ‘die’: literally, “I will die feeling that the world is at peace.”)

It is to such complex sentences that I turn in the final section.

5. Complex Sentences

I will end this sketch of colonial Tzotzil grammar with a few brief notes on the syntax of constructions that incorporate multiple clauses into single sentences or discourse units.

5.a. DOUBLE VERB CONSTRUCTIONS

We saw in section 3.b.1 the form of noun compounds of different types. Tzotzil verbs also combine to form units that are syntactically coherent. The important variables in this cohesion are the obligatory categories of verbal inflection—aspect, subject and object affixes—and how they are distributed between the constituent verbs.

The loosest conjunct merely concatenates two syntactically similar verbs, both of which are fully inflected but which exactly share a subject, or an agent and a direct object.

j-japi j-ch’ay. (I) grapple (with it). (japi ‘grapple with, hold, seize,’ ch’ay ‘lose, throw away.’)

j-jip j-ch’ay. (I) discard (it). (jip ‘throw’; literally, “I throw it, I lose it.”)

In both these examples, the two verbs share the same agent (1st person, in both cases), and the unnamed direct object of both verbs may be presumed to be the same entity.

In the following example, the first verb is reflexive, and the second intransitive, with identical subject.

j-kak j-ba x-e-‘och. (I) slip in through a narrow place. (kak ba ‘become thin, contract,’ ‘och ‘enter.’)

It is not clear, given the friar’s inconsistent orthography, whether transitive double verbs, like those shown above, do, in fact, exactly share inflection. Another possibility, more consistent with modern syntax, is that the second member of such a pair receives no explicit aspect marker, inflecting instead like a subjunctive complement. The colonial dictionary has such examples, which we have already met in section 4.a.3, where the friar explicitly comments that the second verb in the pair does not bear aspectual inflection.

x-a-yokin a-ch’ay. You discard it. (yokin ‘hurl, scatter, toss out.’ Notice that the second verb has no aspect prefix, whereas the first has the neutral aspect marker x-.)

Here one might interpret the relationship between the first verb and the second as one of purpose, or cause and result: “you hurl it (in order to) lose it.”

Some of the dictionary entries that appear to consist of double verbs probably have a structure that more closely resembles the adjunct constructions we met in the previous section. The second element is the main verb, and the first element is part of a clause that modifies the action denoted by the second. For example, the dictionary contains the entry

ch’an-chi xanav, vphr: iv(aj & ivcpd) iv. be at peace. The second verb is our old friend xanav ‘walk, travel.’ Ch’an is an adjective meaning ‘calm, still, silent,’ and chi is the verb for ‘speak, say’ or (in this case) ‘act.’ The friar gives a fully inflected example:

ch’an x-chi x-e-xanav. (I am) at peace.

It seems likely that the correct form should either be

ch’an x-e-chi x-e-xanav. (Literally, “I am silent (as) I walk about,” i.e., “I go about (while) I am at peace.”)

where both verbs have 1st person absolutive subjects, or

ch’an-xi x-e-xanav. (“I go about (being) quiet.”)

where ch’an-xi is, effectively, an adverbial modifier. In either case, the effect of the first verb is that of a modifying sentence: “the way I go about is at peace.”

Other examples of this sort involve body part expressions that suggest the manner or form of an action.

j-*keman j-sat j-k’el. (I) look angrily (at it). (*keman sat ‘frown,’ sat ‘eye, face,’ k’el ‘look at’; literally, “I frown (as) I look at it.”)

A third type of double verb, which remains important in modern Tzotzil dialects, combines an intransitive verb with the transitive -a‘i ‘think, feel, hear.’ The linkage of arguments is complex: the syntactic subject of the intransitive verb must be assumed to be identical to the direct object of -a‘i, which in turn also has an agent.

e-ch’ay x-k-a‘i. I forgot (it). (ch’ay ‘lose’; literally, “it got lost (as) I perceive it.”)

e-nop x-k-a‘i. It was agreeable to me. (In modern Zinacantec Tzotzil this would mean, “I got used to it.” Nop ‘fit in, be in harmony’; thus, literally, “I feel it to fit in.”)

These syntactically complex idioms survive unchanged in modern Tzotzil dialects.

5.b. SENTENTIAL COMPLEMENTS

In Tzotzil, as in most languages, some verbs accept entire clauses as direct objects. Such verbs fall into clear-cut categories: (a) verbs of perception, feeling, or thought (‘a‘i ‘hear, feel, think,’ ‘il ‘see,’ na‘ ‘know,’ ta ‘find, discover’); (b) verbs of ordering, causing, or permitting (‘ak’ ‘cause, make, give,’ taki ‘permit’); (c) verbs of saying (‘al ‘say,’ ‘ut ‘tell’); and (d) verbs of wanting (k’an ‘want, need’). Not all of the sentential complements take the same form, however; some require subjunctive inflection, while others must be introduced with conjunctions. Here are some representative examples.

Sentential complements to the ubiquitous ‘a‘ i ‘think, hear,’ are fully inflected clauses. They both precede and follow the main verb.

chak e-k-ak’-bey Pedro x-k-a‘i. I thought I gave it to Pedro. (chak ‘as if,’ ‘ak’ ‘give.’)

mu e-k-a‘i-tik e-tal. He came suddenly. (tal ‘come’; literally, “we didn’t hear (perceive) that he came.”)

mu x-k-a‘i x-lok’ j-k’op. I spoke inadvertently. (lok’ ‘exit, leave,’ k’op ‘word’; literally, “I didn’t perceive that my words came out.”)

Notice that the intransitive form of x-lok’ j-k’op emphasizes the fact that the speech was inadvertent and unintentional: there is no agent, no transitive subject.

1i‘ x-tal x-k-a‘i. It seems he is coming this way. (1i‘ ‘here,’ tal ‘come’; literally, “I perceive (that) he comes here.”)

The verb ‘il ‘see’ accepts similar sentential complements.

x-lok’ j-ch’ich’el x-k-il. (I) have a menstrual period. (lok’ ‘exit, leave,’ ch’ich’el ‘blood’; literally, “I see (that) my blood comes out.”)

Temporal particles in the direct object clauses may have interesting effects on the overall force of the sentence. One of the most curious particles is ‘ox, glossed as a particle expressing ‘completed time,’ by the friar; however, as I have mentioned before, in modern Zinacantec Tzotzil, ‘ox suggests not simply completed time but action undertaken or completed in some time other than that mentioned or described by the main verb.

kuxolaj ‘ox e-k-il. I saw him after he had come back to life. (kuxolaj ‘revive’; literally, “I saw he had already (by then) revived.”)

e-Hul ‘ox i-k-a‘i. He had come before I realized it. (Hul ‘arrive’; literally, “I perceived that he had already arrived.”)

Other verbs in this class distinguish between two types of complements—those that denote facts and those that denote events that remain in doubt. The first type of complement is introduced with the conjunction te ‘that,’ and the second type with the conjunction me ‘whether, if,’ which is also an interrogative clitic.

Ha‘ j-na‘ ‘oy te ‘ok’ob-uk cham-an-e. I assume you will die tomorrow. (na‘ ‘know,’ ‘ok’ob ‘tomorrow,’ cham ‘die.’)

Here the complement is inflected in the subjunctive. Literally, the sentence means “I know (from that, i.e., from some independent evidence, signaled by the relational particle ‘oy) that you will probably die tomorrow.” By contrast, introducing the complement with the interrogative particle me represents an as yet unestablished or uncertain situation:

x-k-il me ‘oy j-ch’ulel. I’ll see if I have luck. (il ‘see,’ ‘oy ‘exist,’ ch’ulel ‘luck.’)

With verbs of speaking, ‘al ‘say, tell, order’ requires a complement with te, whereas ‘ut ‘tell’ requires no conjunction, expressing instead a direct quote.

e-k-al-bey te ‘utz-uk s-k’el-e. I told him to look. (‘utz ‘good,’ k’el ‘look’; literally, “I said to him that he look well.”)

mu x-Hu‘ k-u‘un x-k-ut. I say that I can’t. (Hu‘ ‘be possible.’)

5.c. CONJUNCTIONS AND COORDINATION

A major difference between the colonial Tzotzil of this dictionary and modern Tzotzil dialects is the total absence, in the colonial material, of borrowed Spanish conjunctions. By contrast, conjunctions like pero, que, and y are frequent loanwords from Spanish in modern Tzotzil; and the list continues to expand. Before Spanish conjunctions were available (and there is no reason to suppose that the author of this dictionary pruned such foreign items from his entries), Tzotzil speakers must have had recourse to different devices for indicating the logical relations between conjoined clauses.

We have already met the conditional conjunctions te and a ma ti, which introduce if-clauses.

‘a ma ti te mu x-a-tal-e, x-i-bat. If you don’t come, I will go.

The clitic -e(y) attaches to the last part of the conditional clause, and, judging by modern Tzotzil, it coincides with a pause or a rising inflection that separates the condition from the consequence. Apparently te by itself can suggest a fact: a condition more or less certain to obtain (much like modern Zinacantec ti).

tey x-vinaj j-ve‘el te ta x-chonel caballo-e. With the sale of horses I will see my way to a meal. (vinaj ‘appear,’ ve‘el ‘meal,’ chon ‘sell,’ caballo ‘horse’; literally, “My meal will appear then when (or: if it happens that) there is a sale of horses.”)

Notice again that the conditional clause is bracketed by the conjunction te at the beginning and the phrase final enclitic -e at the end.

A similar use of te occurs in

k’usi s-k’alal x-a‘i te x-ut-e? What does he think his reason is for scolding? (k’usi ‘what,’ k’alal ‘reason,’ ‘a‘i ‘think,’ ‘ut ‘say, scold’; literally, “he thinks that the reason that he scolds is what?”)

The particle ‘oy relates two clauses, or a clause and an independent noun phrase, by showing a causal or instrumental link between one entity or action and another.

K’usi j-mak-tik ‘oy? What can we repair it with? (k’usi ‘what,’ mak ‘close, repair.’)

Mak is a transitive verb, and so the 1st person plural form shown means ‘we repair (it).’ No further argument positions are available on the verb, and the instrument about which we are asking can only be shown with the relational ‘oy, referring back to the interrogative k’usi ‘what.’ The sentence thus means: “we repair it by means of what?” However, rather than simply indicating an instrument, ‘oy can have a more general meaning.

x-tuun ‘oy e-Hul. He arrived at a good time. (tuun ‘serve,’ Hul ‘arrive’: literally, “it serves that he arrived for that reason.”)

The unspecified reason shown in the literal gloss suggests that ‘oy refers back to some previously mentioned circumstance that makes his arrival particularly opportune. Here is a final example:

k’usi-a-chi‘il x-a-k’el ‘oy? What is your kinship (to him)? (k’usi ‘what,’ chi‘il ‘kinship, relative,’ k’el ‘see, look’; literally, “what is your relationship through which you see him?”)

Causal links are also shown explicitly with y-u‘un ‘because of it,’ attached to the causal clause.

lo‘-an li‘, x-a-sikub yu‘un! Eat this, it will refresh you! (Literally, “Eat this, you will be cooled because of it!”)

mu x-i-vay y-u‘un y-ipal k’uxul k’op. I cannot sleep I am so fatigued from the torture.

In both these examples, the constituent introduced by y-u‘un might be analyzed as a simple noun phrase oblique agent. In modern Tzotzil, however, the pattern has been more clearly generalized so that y-u‘un is nearly equivalent to, and sometimes occurs together with, the Spanish loan porke.

By contrast, two clauses are sometimes chained together with no subordinating conjunctions or particles, where each clause could stand as an independent sentence. The logical relationship between the clauses follows from certain internal semantic clues, with several recurrent patterns.

First, two clauses may represent alternative and parallel expressions of the same proposition. Colonial Tzotzil, like most Mayan languages, makes extensive use of couplets— parallel constructions that differ often in only a single word—in formal speech, which may include not only prayer and exhortation, but also scolding and formal denunciation.

Mu ‘oy-uk s-tot, mu ‘oy-uk s-me‘.

The friar offers this expression as a gloss for ‘orphan’; it uses a parallel conjunction of two sentences, meaning “he has no father, he has no mother.”

me a-bet’oj-on, me av-olon-on? Am I your subject, your underling? (Literally, “have you dominated me? am I underneath you?”)

In the last example, the two clauses are not exactly syntactically parallel (because the first clause has a stative verb, whereas the second has a possessed noun as predicate), but the outward form preserves a close similarity. Both conjuncts are interrogatives. In the following examples, both of which suggest the formal exhortatory style of a curer, the two clauses are imperatives:

tzatzub-uk a-k’ulej, muk’ub-uk a-naklej! Stay in town! (tzatzub ‘become strong,’ k’ulej ‘home, place of wealth,’ muk’ub ‘increase, enlarge,’ naklej ‘residence’; literally, “may your home be stronger, may your residence be larger!”)

Says the friar: “To console a person in suffering they say: ‘ak’-o ‘ech’-uk ya, ‘ak’-o ‘ech’-uk kisin! May the suffering pass, may the adversity pass!” (‘ech’ ‘pass,’ ya ‘anguish, suffering,’ kisin ‘adversity, devil, exhaustion.’)

Parallel couplets are also appropriate for scolding.

Ho‘ot a-jut, Ho‘ot a-likes! You started it! (Ho‘ot ‘you,’ jut ‘begin (something new),’ likes ‘begin,’ from lik ‘arise.’)

Non-parallel conjuncts seem to display three logical patterns, which we could represent diagrammatically as follows:

[S, S]. The two clauses complement each other, with the second amplifying, clarifying or simply restating the first. Often the first conjunct is negative, and the second a positive reformulation.

[S, but S]. Two two clauses present a contrast, where the expectation or premise of the first is contradicted or otherwise altered by the circumstances of the second. One frequent device, in the Tzotzil examples, is for the second clause to begin with an explicit negative particle that, as it were, abruptly changes the direction of the sentence.

[S, because S]. Often the second clause begins with Ha‘, producing an emphatic effect something like the English construction “p,for q.”

Here are a few examples of each type, starting with the [S, S] variety.

mo j-lekoj-uk j-k’ulej, ‘oy k-ajval. I live in my master’s house. (Literally, “My house is not separate, I have a master.”)

mu s-ta, toj juteb x-k-a‘i. I do not think it is enough. (Literally, “it doesn’t reach, I think it is too little.”)

mu sob-uk n-a-Hul, n-a-Halej. You did not arrive early but delayed. (Literally, “not early you arrived, you delayed.”)

In the last example, the two clauses do not contrast, despite the ‘but’ in the English translation.

The contrasting conjuncts, where the second clause typically contains a negative, include the following examples:

e-j-k’an-e, mo x-Hu‘ ku‘un. I wanted to, but I could not do it. (k’an ‘want,’ Hu‘ ‘be able’; literally, “I wanted it, but it was not possible for me.”)

‘ep s-k’op-e, mo s-ta ta sk’op. He makes many promises but doesn’t carry them out. (‘ep ‘many,’ k’op ‘word,’ ta ‘reach, find’; literally, “he has many words, he doesn’t reach to his word.”)

x-k-a‘k x-a-Hul-uk voljey-e, mu n-a-Hul. I thought you would come yesterday. (Literally, “I thought (mistakenly) you would arrive yesterday, you didn’t arrive.”)

And consider the following complex ecclesiastical example:

‘ep ta j-mek x-e-s-jotz’-k’optay-otik-e, mu x-e-s-jotz’iotik. (The devil) tempts us many times, but does not conquer us. (jotz’i ‘conquer,’ jotz’-k’optay ‘tempt.’)

In all of these examples, the second clause begins with the negative mu; moreover, the initial clause is itself bracketed with the clause final -e, which suggests, in the context of discourse, that there is more to come: that the utterance is not yet complete.

The contrast between clauses that would produce a ‘but’ in the translation can be set up in other ways. The presence of the particle ‘ox ‘at another time,’ in the first clause, or a narrowing of focus in the second, accomplish the same effect in the following examples.

‘ay-on ‘ox ta ‘utz‘utz, ta x-e-cham x-cha‘-mekel. I had a relapse. (‘ay ‘be, have been,’ ‘utz ‘good,’ cham ‘die,’ cha‘ ‘two,’ mek ‘time’; literally, “I was formerly somewhat good, I got sick a second time.”)

jol x-k-il s-kotol-e, yan-ot a-tuk-e. I love everyone, but you especially. (jol ‘beloved’, il ‘see,’ kotol ‘all’ yan ‘different, other,’ tuk ‘alone’; literally, “I see everyone as beloved, you yourself are different”)

The third common pattern introduces a second reason clause with the emphatic Ha‘ ‘it is the case.’

i-j-tak’-bey, Ha‘ s-koj n-e-s-tzatzal-k’an-bey. I agreed for he insisted. (tak’ ‘answer,’ koj ‘fault of,’ tzotz ‘strong,’ k’an ‘want’; literally, “I answered him, it was the case that it was the fault of the fact that he strongly asked me.”)

sob e-j-pas-tik s-na dios, Ha‘ y-ak’ to sababil-otik y-u‘un padre. We built the church quickly, because the priest made us hurry. (sob ‘quick,’ pas ‘make,’ na ‘house,’ dios ‘God,’ ‘ak’ ‘cause,’ sababil ‘hurried,’ padre ‘priest’; literally, “We quickly made the house of God; it happened that we were made to hurry by the priest.”)

The structure of discourse in modern Tzotzil grammar is itself not well described, and the decontextualized materials of a colonial dictionary allow one to draw only the most schematic conclusions. Nonetheless, the complex sentences in the dictionary do permit insights into some interesting developments in Tzotzil discourse over four centuries. Perhaps the scraps of colonial syntax embedded in this dictionary will feed future study of the continuing evolution of batz’i k’op, ‘the true word.’

Explanatory Notes

A Word of Warning

The proud title of this dictionary may have seduced those who, choosing to skip over “A Web of Mysteries,” have landed here, confident that they are gazing upon a monument of colonial Tzotzil. Not so! By pilfering and reassembling the colonial debris, we have aspired to build on this site a much sturdier, far more elegant edifice.

The Design

TZOTZIL-ENGLISH

For the Tzotzil-English section, I extracted all Tzotzil words from the “original,” and organized them alphabetically, first by root and then by stem. Stems are listed in the following order:

1. (a) stems with the same phonemic sequence as the root
(b) such stems with derivational prefixes
(c) such stems embedded in phrases

2. (a) stems not having the same phonemic sequence as the root
(b) such stems with derivational prefixes
(c) such stems embedded in phrases

For example:

pak’—plaster

pak’ ak’ tik—wall with many turrets

jpak’ tayej—cheat, falsifier, pretender

ta pak’ -k’ op—lying

pok’—cloth

[2(b) does not occur in this root; no root has the full series.]

bik’ tal pok’—small cloth

Note: phrases and compounds are listed alphabetically under the stems where they appear.

To make the vocabulary more accessible to native speakers I have chosen an orthography that closely approximates that used in contemporary bilingual publications, but to aid the scholar I have retained initial glottal stops. Roots and/or stems whose spelling is particularly dubious are marked with an asterisk (*).

Each entry is given a grammatical analysis whose format is adapted from that found in The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán. Our classification of the nouns should not be considered “the truth,” but simply a reflection of what the friar elicited. Although the format is not entirely satisfactory, it does permit rapid grammatic comparison between colonial and modern Tzotzil.

I derived the English translation from the Spanish entries under which each Tzotzil term occurs in the “original,” rather than directly from the Tzotzil itself. I tried to remain true to the friar’s perception of the language. Colonial Spanish-English dictionaries aided in the interpretation of archaic terms.

The English definition is sometimes followed by the friar’s commentary, which is marked with an asterisk. Then I may offer my own commentary, indicated by “RML—.” Here can be found arguments for the particular spelling chosen, literal translations of Tzotzil expressions, and criticism of the friar’s interpretation.

Finally, I have indicated for every Tzotzil entry its location in the priest’s Spanish-Tzotzil reconstruction so that my version may be checked readily against “the original.” This feature is a necessary aid, because I altered, or corrected to my best satisfaction, what I presumed to be an abundance of copyist’s errors. However, for the Spanish entries, themselves, except for ñ’s, where the tilde was sometimes absent, and which I have provided in all cases, the spelling is identical to that of the “original,” even when defective. When entries did not occur where expected, I have provided the page number in the “original.” These Spanish entries are not necessarily definitions of the Tzotzil, for the term for “godmother” might be included in the entry for “godfather.”

The material in the Tzotzil-English section is presented, then, as follows:

1. root

2. stem

3. grammatical analysis

4. English translation

5. Z’s commentary

6. my commentary

7. location in Spanish “original”

8. illustrative example

9. location of illustrative example in Spanish “original” (if different from that of the stem)

ENGLISH-TZOTZIL

For the English-Tzotzil section I simply extracted all English definitions from the Tzotzil-English and listed them alphabetically, indexed to the thesaurus, which follows it. In cases where I believe Z’s translation to be surely in error I supplied my own (taken from my commentary). The Tzotzil equivalents are given in their abbreviated form, precisely as in the Tzotzil-English, but are stripped of their grammatical analysis. Z’s commentary and my own are excluded also. Hopefully the thesaurus will permit easy access to the cultural content of the dictionary.

SPANISH-TZOTZIL

The Spanish-Tzotzil section is not an exact replica of the “original.” I have modernized the spelling of many Spanish words and alphabetized them according to contemporary practice so that they may be understood by Zinacantecs as well as by foreign scholars. I have translated the friar’s Latin grammatical commentary into Spanish only when I felt it contributed to our understanding. The Tzotzil words are given according to my analysis, with no attempt to reproduce the friar’s orthography. Although he normally gave both 1st and 2nd person verb forms and noun possession, I have limited these to the 1st person. Whoever finds this presentation inadequate may consult the facsimile.

Phonology

Tzotzil transitive verbs having an -ay, -lay, or -tay suffix, as ch’ ub-ay, build, k’ op-lay, bewitch, or lok’ -tay, copy, frequently are given without the y when followed by the suffixes -bey, -bil, or -van, as in lok’ -ta-bey, ch’ ub-a-bil, lok’ -ta-bil, and k’ op-la-van. The presence or absence of these y’s seems totally random, so I have inserted them throughout the Tzotzil-English section, but have been faithful to the text in the Spanish-Tzotzil.

Spanish loan words are reproduced just as they were written.

Compounds

Compounding has been indicated by hyphenation. For aesthetic reasons I have omitted the hyphens in compounds that are made up of more than two words, such as jpak’ tayej ta kokov, cocoa bean forger.

Tzotzil-English Dictionary

Pictograph of Santo Domingo (Codex Aubin)

Tzotzil-English

A

aceite (Sp.)

aceite, n5. oil. aceite 37.

aceituna (Sp.)

aceituna, n5. olive. molino de aceite.

juch’ obil aceituna, cf. juch’.

aguja (Sp.)

aguja, n5. needle. aguja.

ajos (Sp.)

ajos, n5. garlic. sartal de cuentas.

j-jil ajos, cf. jil.

alcalde (Sp.)

alcalde, n5. alcalde. sustituto ser 324.

jlok’ tay-alcalde, cf. lok’.

almohasa (Sp.)

almohasa, n5. curry comb. almohasa.

altar (Sp.)

altar, n5. altar. frontal de altar.

tzatzajel altar, cf. tzotz (2).

angel (Sp.)

angel, n5. angel. cf. yabut. matanza.

arroba (Sp.)

arroba, n5. weight of twenty-five pounds. quintal.

chanib arroba, cf. chan (2).

asna (Sp.)

asna, n5. donkey. pollino, hijo de asna.

‘ol asna, cf. ‘ol (2)

ayuno (Sp.)

ayuno, n5. fast. ayunar 14.

pas ayuno, cf. pas.

‘

‘a

‘a ma ti, ptphr:pt & pt & pt. if. RML—In colonial Tzeltal this is always given as hamati (Gates, 1934b:45). en alguna parte.

‘a ma ti ‘oy buch’uy (or) ‘a ma much’uy (or)‘a ma ti te ‘oy much’uy (or) ‘a ma ti te ‘oy much’uyuk. If there were anyone, if there were someone. si, conjuncion condicional.

‘a ma ti xabat xebat ‘ekuk tok. If you go I will go too. si, conjuncion condicional.

‘a ma ti te ‘oy buy (or) a ma ti te ‘oy buyuk. if it were any where, if it were somewhere, if it were from some place. si, en algun lugar.

‘a ma ti te nabatuke xibat ‘ekuk tok. If you went I would go too. si, conjuncion condicional.

‘a ma ti te mu xatale xibat. If you do not come I will go. sino, conjuncion condicional.

*‘aal

*‘aal, bet, guilt, sin, temptation, treason. cf. ‘al (1).

‘a‘ (1)

‘a‘, tv. suppose, think or believe mistakenly, pretend. (1) fingir, (2) fingir que no entiende, (3) pensar asi de otro.

xka‘k xaHuluk voljeye mu naHul. I thought you would come yesterday, you did not come. pensar asi de otro.

xka‘k naHuluk voljeye. I thought you came yesterday. pensar asi de otro.

ya‘ukon‘oy. I pretended. (1) fingir, (2) fingir que no entiende

‘a‘ (2)

‘a‘onet, av. cackle (goose), howl like a crying dog, mutter, wail. (1) gañir, (2) gemir llorando, (3) graznar, (4) hablar entre dientes.

‘a‘onetel, vn5. howling, wailing. (1) gañir como perro como llorando, (2) gemido asi.

j‘a‘onetel, agn. wailer. gemidor que asi gime.

‘a‘i

‘a‘i, tv. accept advice or reproach, consent, experience, feel, give opportunity to or reason for, listen, profit by, taste, test, think, understand. (1) aprovechar, (2) atentar 35, (3) consentir, (4) entender algo, (5) escuchar, (6) experimentar 128, (7) experiencia 128, (8) oir como quiera, (9) probar algo que se come o bebe 274, (10) recibir como admitir avisos, reprehensiones 289, (11) recibir, percibir por el sentido 289, (12) sentir.

e‘a‘iat. He is experienced. publica cosa.

eHul ‘ox eka‘i. He had come before I realized it. subita cosa.

eka‘i batuk. I gave him the opportunity to leave (or) the reason for leaving. ocasion propiamente, sino comenzar.

emajeyik mo Ha‘uk eya‘i. They whipped him, but he did not profit by it. aprovechar.

‘ep eka‘i (or) ‘oy eka‘i. I am experienced. (1) prueba, experiencia, (2) ser experimento.

chak ekak‘bey Pedro xka‘i. I thought I gave it to Peter. pensar como cuando decimos pienso….

chak xchi Juan xka‘i. I thought John said it. pensar como cuando decimos pienso….

mo no ‘ox eya‘i jutuk xchamel. He was not the least affected by his death. sentimiento, obra de sentir.

mu eka‘itik etal. He came suddenly (without us realizing it). subita cosa.

mu xka‘i xlok’ jk’op (or) mu xka‘i jba xlok’ jk’op. I spoke inadvertently. soltarseme de palabra.

mu xa‘i stijel. He overlooked it (or) he ignored it inadvertently. pasarse por alto sin sentir o entender.

xa‘i skotol vinik ek’opoj. He spoke in public. publicamente.

xka‘i smuil (or) mu xka‘i. It tastes good. saberte al que lo comes.

toj xa‘i. He is wise. sabio que seconte las cosas.

Ha‘ iya‘i. He profited by it (whipping or sermon). aprovechar.

Ho‘on eka‘i spas. It was me who caused him to do it. ocasion propiamente sino comenzar.

‘a‘i ba, rv. wake up. despertar.

‘a‘i k’op, vphr:tv & n5. be obedient. ynobediente 188.

‘a‘i lot, vphr:tv & n5. listen to backbiting or gossip. recibir, admitir chismerias… 289.

‘a‘i vinajeb, vphr:tv & -n4f. note. notar señalando.

‘a‘i ta‘olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(pt & n4d[A]). treat a matter prudently or diligently. pesar el negocio con cordura o diligencia.

‘a‘i ta k’ubul, vphr:tv- & qphr(pt & n5). impound. secrestar en otro.

xka‘i ta k’ubul sbel ana. I am impounding your possessions.

‘a‘i tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f. acquaint self with. ynformarse 188.

‘a‘iab, n5. auditorium (place where they listen), sample. (1) auditorio, lugar donde oyen, (2) muestra para ver o probar algo.

‘a‘iab k’ak’al, nphr:n4f of n5. sun porch or gallery. solana o corredor para el sol.

‘a‘iabil, n4f. auditorium (place where they listen), sample, sense of hearing, signs for making self understood, understanding. (1) auditorio, lugar donde oyen, (2) entendimiento, (3) muestra para ver o probar algo, (4) oido, sentido para oir, (5) señas para entender.

‘a‘ibey‘ik’, vphr:-dv & n4b[B]. smell. oler como para conocer o sacar para rastro.

‘a‘ibey‘olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. test. tentar en muchas maneras.

‘a‘ibey k’op, vphr:-dv & n5. persuade. persuadir.

‘a‘ibey ve‘el ‘ojov, vphr:dv & nphr(n4d of n5[=B]). taste the lord’s food. salva hacer.

‘a‘ibey ve‘ob, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. taste the lord’s food. salvo hacer.

‘a‘ibeyel ve‘el ‘ojov, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4d of n5). pregustation. salva.

‘a‘ibil, pp. famous, experienced. esclarecido.

‘a‘ibil ku‘un. I am experienced. experimentado 128.

‘a‘iel vn4d. experienced, proof. (1) experiencia 128, (2) prueva.

chabjey ‘oxjey to ya‘iel. It happened just three days ago. poco tiempo como cuando….

ya‘iel ya‘iel xk’opoj. He mixes in many subjects. mezclar muchas ablas o palabras 223.

‘xa‘ivan, iv. be obedient. ynobediente 188.

‘a‘ivanab, nld. mind, sense of hearing, understanding. (1) entendimiento, (2) mente, (3) seso o sentido.

‘a‘ivanej, vn5. mind, skill, talent. (1) yngenio, habilidad 188, (2) mente.

‘ip‘a‘iel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. be famous. esclarecimiento.

‘utz‘a‘iel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. sound good or pretty. son o sonido, sonar, sonido hacer.

k’ux ‘a‘i, cf. k’ux (3).

j‘a‘i-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). listener. (1) auditorio, los que oyen, (2) escucha o escuchador.

j‘a‘ivanej, agn. listener, judicious or wise person. (1) oidor que oye, (2) sesudo de buen seso.

toj j‘a‘ivanej. sensitive person. sabio que seconte las cosas.

mu ‘a‘i ba, vphr:neg & rv. be stupefied. embobecerse mirando algo.

toj ‘a‘i, vphr:adv & tv-. be sensitive. sabio que….

Ha‘ te mu ‘a‘i k’ope, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & neg & tv & n5). disobedient person. ynobediente 188.

Ha‘ te mo ‘a‘ivan ta vinike, s:n5/pred3s/ & s(pt & neg & iv & qphr<pt & n5>). disobedient person. ynobediente 188.

‘a‘yej, vnld. fame, news, opportunity, reason. (1) fama o nueva cierta, (2) nuevas.

tojol ‘a‘yej (or) tojtoj ‘a‘yej. fame (or) reputation.

‘a‘yejlal, n4d. fame, reputation. ynfamado ser 187.

j‘a‘yej-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). listener. oidor.

‘ip ‘a‘yejlal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be famous. esclarecimiento.

‘utz ‘a‘yejlal, cf. ‘utz.

‘utzil ‘a‘yej, cf. ‘utz.

‘utzil ‘a‘yejlal, cf. ‘utz.

‘a‘y

‘a‘y. fame, listener, news, opportunity, reputation, reason. cf. ‘a‘i.

‘ab

‘ab, n5. future year. año futuro.

jun ‘ab. a year from now.

cha‘-‘ab. two years from now.

‘abi, n5. past year. año pasado.

jun ‘abi. last year (or) a year ago.

cha‘-‘abi. two years ago.

‘abil, nle. year. RML—Modern Tzotzil: jabil. Perhaps this root should be read Hab, as the inanimately possessed form of this entry is given both as yabilal and zabilal. año

taju-jun ‘abil. annual (or) annually. cada año.

ju-jun ‘abil jch’akel. annual office holder (alcalde). añal.

Ha‘ li‘ ‘abile. this year. ogaño.

‘abilal, natt. annual. añal.

‘abilal jch‘akel, nphr:natt & agn. annual office holder. añal.

‘abat

‘abat, nld. messenger. RML—Modern Tzotzil of Larraínzar soldier, messenger (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:13), modern Tzeltal of Bachajón: servant (Slocum and Gerdel, 1965:115), modern Tzotzil of Chamula: mutual servant. el mensajero asi 97.

‘abat papa, nphr:n4d of n5. papal legate. legado del Papa.

‘abatij, iv. send as a messenger. mensajero hacer.

‘abatil, nlf. messenger, errand boy. (1) mensajero, (2) mozo para mandado 226.

‘abatil k’op, nphr:natt & n5. message. mensaje.

‘abatin, tv. send as a messenger. RML—Modern Tzeltal of Bachajón: to send on errands (Slocum and Gerdel, 1965:115). (1) enviar, hacer mensajero 97, (2) mensajero hacer.

‘abatok, nld. messenger. (1) el mensajero asi 97, (2) mensajero.

‘abatokin, tv. send as a mesenger. enviar como quiera 97.

j‘abat, agn. porter. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Larraínzar: soldier (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:13). gana pan.

*‘abten, tv. send. RML—This term occurs also in colonial Tzeltal for “enviar hacer mensajero” and “enviar como quiera” (Guzmán, 1620:64). enviar como quiera 97.

*‘abtenat, tv/pass/. be sent enviar como quiera 97.

‘abnal

‘abnal, n5. leaf (tree leaf and all other leaves except pine needles). hoja de arbol.

‘abnalil, natt. wild. salvaje.

‘abnalil vinik, nphr:natt & n5. savage. salvaje.

‘abnaltik, n5. forest, pasture. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Chenalhó, abmaltic means forest (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:13) (1) erracal, (2) monte.

‘abnaltikil, natt. wild. montañes, cosas ilustres.

‘abnaltikil lo‘bol, nphr:natt & n5. wild fruit. montañes, cosas ilustres.

‘abol

‘abol ba, vphr:aj/pred/ & rn4d. poor, wretched. (1) cuitado, (2) pobre.

‘abol ba, s:n4e[P=P of ba] & -rn4d. poverty. pobreza.

‘abolaj, iv. be merciful, give alms, take pity on. (1) apiadarse, (2) limozna hacer, (3) merced hacer asi, (4) merced haber asi.

x‘abolaj avu‘un. You are merciful. misericordia haber.

‘abolajan ku‘un. Take pity on me! misericordia haber.

‘abolajel, vn5. aid, alms, indulgence, leniency, mercy. (1) yndulgencia 187, (2) limozna, (3) merced o misericordia, (4) misericordia, (5) socorro.

‘abolan, tv. give alms. limozna hacer.

‘aboltay, tv. aid the poor or miserable in their needs, do charity, do good, do merciful acts, favor, give alms, reward, take pity on. (1) apiadarse, (2) caridad hacer, (3) galardonar el servicio, (4) hacer bien o actos de misericordia 165, (5) limozna hacer, (6) merced hacer asi, (7) privilegiar 271, (8) remediar al pobre o necesitado, (9) socorrer, (10) socorrer al pobre o misero en su necesidad. avaboltayon. Take pity on me. merced haber asi.

‘aboltaybey ch’ulel, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. perform obsequies. exequias hacer 126.

‘aboltaybil, pp. rewarded. premiado asi.

‘aboltaybil vinik, nphr:pp & n5. individual who has been granted a privilege. privilegiado 271.

‘aboltayel, vn5. charity, favor, mercy, prize, reward. (1) caridad que se me hace, (2) galardon, (3) merced haber asi, (4) misericordia que recibo, (5) piedad o clemencia que recibo, (6) premio, galardon de buena obra, (7) premiado asi, (8) socorro.

mu avaboltayeluk xava‘i. You do not feel that you have been rewarded. merced haber asi.

muk’ kaboltayel xka‘i. I have been greatly favored. merced haber asi.

‘aboltayel chame-vinik, nphr:vn4f of n(aj & ncpd)5. obsequies. exequias 126.

‘aboltayel ch’ulelil, nphr:vn4f of n5. obsequies. exequias 126.

‘aboltayvan, iv. do good, do merciful acts, give alms. (1) hacer bien o actas de misericordia 165, (2) limozna hacer.

‘aboltayvanej, vn1d. alms, charity, clemency, indulgence, leniency, kindness, mercy, reward. (1) caridad o limozna que hago, (2) gracia, mercerd, (3) yndulgencia 187, (4) limozna, (5) merced o misericordia, (6) misericordia, (7) misericordia que hago, (8) piedad o clemencia que hago, (9) premio, galardon de buena obra.

kaboltayvanej. charity that I perform. caridad o limozna que hago.

j‘abolajel, agn. alms-giver. limoznero.

j‘aboltayvanej, agn. alms-giver, charitable, frank, liberal or merciful person. (1) caritativo, (2) dadivoso, (3) franco, liberal, (4) limoznero, (5) misericordioso, (6) piadoso.

‘abt

‘abtej, iv. work. trabajar.

‘abtejeb k‘u‘ul, nphr(n type n)3d. work clothes. vestidura para el trabajo.

‘abtejebal, n3d. tool. herramienta.

‘abtejebal tak’in, nphr(n type n). tool. herramienta.

‘abtejel, vn. work. trabajo.

‘abtejes, tv. give work to, keep busy. ocupar.

‘abtel, n 1d. business, craft, difficulty, exercise, job, occupation, office, work. (1) ejercicio 136, (2) hechura del que hace obra, (3) negocio, ocupacion, (4) obra, el trabajo que se pone…, (5) obra mia trabajada…, (6) obra como…, (7) obra como cuando…, (8) cupacion asi, (9) oficio, (10) trabajo.

‘oy kabtel. I am in office (or) I am in difficulty. (1) ympedimiento tener 185, (2) oficio tener.

ch’akbil jun k’ak’al ‘abtel (or) jun k’ak’al ‘abtel. one day’s work. tarea.

mo‘abteluk (or) mo‘abteluk spasel. It is easy. (1) facil cosa, (2) facilidad.

mo‘abteluk sna’el. It is clear. claro, no dificultoso.

‘abtelan, tv. tell stories, work. (1) ejemplos o ystorias asi dicen 136, (2) trabajar.

‘abtelanel, vn1b. craft, difficulty, workmanship. (1) artificio, (2) hechura del que es hecho.

‘ep yabtelanel spasel. It is artfully done. artificiosa cosa.

tzotz yabtelanel. It is difficult. trabajosa cosa.

mo‘utzuk yabtelanel. It is not good work. obra como….

j‘abtel, agn. day laborer, official, official mason, worker. (1) albañil, (2) obrero, (3) oficial, (4) trabajador.

‘ip ‘abtel ‘a‘i, vphr:nphr(aj & n5) & tv-. be laborious, seem difficult. trabajosa cosa.

‘atz’am

‘atz’am, n5. salt, salt well, saltpeter. (1) sal, (2) salina o sale la sal, (3) salitre.

‘atz’am lum, nphr(n type n)5. saltpeter. salitre.

‘atz’am ton, nphr(n type n)5. saltpeter. salitre.

‘atz’amil Ho‘, nphr(natt & n)5. brine. salmuera.

‘atz’mel, n4f. salt. salada cosa.

‘oy yatz’mel. salted. salada cosa.

‘atz’meltas, tv. salt. salar.

‘atz’meltasbil, pp. salted. salada cosa.

‘ik’al‘atz’am, cf. ‘ik’ (2).

sakil‘atz’am, cf. sak.

‘ach’ (1)

‘ach’, aj. fresh, new, recent, recently. (1) fresco, reciente, (2) nueva cosa.

‘ach’ jpan. my fresh bread. fresco, reciente.

‘ach’ ‘a‘ibil. recently heard. nuevamente.

‘ach’ ‘ich’bil. recently married (bride). novia, recien casada.

‘ach’ pasbil. recently done. nuevamente.

‘ach’ ‘ayan ‘u‘un, vphr:aj/pred3s/ & iv + -n4d. renovate. renovar.

‘ach’ ‘u, nphr(aj & n)5. new moon. luna nueva.

‘ach’ chi’, nphr(aj & n)5. must, new wine. mosto.

‘ach’ j‘abtel, nphr(aj & agn). novice. novicio.

‘ach’ j’ich’el, nphr(aj & agn). bride, newlywed. novia, recien casada.

‘ach’ k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. news, novelty. novedad.

‘ach’ lo‘bol, nphr(aj & n)5. fresh fruit. fresco, reciente.

‘ach’ ni‘atz, nphr(aj & n)5. groom, newlywed. novio, recien casado.

‘ach’ ni‘atzil, nphr(aj & n)5. groom, newlywed. novio, recien casado.

‘ach’ padre, nphr(aj & n)5. novice. novicio si es religioso.

‘ach’ to, qphr:aj & pt. recent, untamed, recently. *As when we say he died recently or he married recently. (1) ahora poco a, (2) bosal cosa 42, (3) nuevamente (4) poco tiempo como….

‘ach’ to enupun. He was married recently. novio, recien casado.

‘ach’ to eyich’ baptismo. He was baptized recently (convert). tornadezo.

‘ach’ to‘ik’ti‘ nphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & n5. recent history. ystoria antigua 190.

‘ach’ to vokol, nphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & n5. recent history. (1) ystoria antiqua 190, (2) ystoria de este dia 190.

‘ach’ vacas, nphr(aj & n)5. young bull (or) ox. novillo, buey.

‘ach’ Hulel mu ‘nat, nphr(nphr<aj & vn> type n)5. newly arrived slave. siervo, bocal.

‘ach’ (2)

‘ach’, iv. get wet, sweat. (1) mojarse, (2) mojado, (3) remosar.

‘ach’el, nlc. mud. lodo.

‘ach’el ye ta‘ok’el (or)‘ach’el ye ta’ov. Lit. His mouth is mud from crying (or) screaming, i.e., He is screaming and crying. gritar llorando.

‘ip yach’elal. It is muddy. lodoso.

‘ach’elay, tv. be flooded. enaguasarse la tierra.

‘ach’eltik, n5. mire, bog, mudhole. (1) atoyador, (2) cieno 71, (3) lodoso lugar.

‘ach’es, tv. wet, water. remojar.

‘ach’et, ay. sweating (glass). salirse el vaso.

‘at’es, tv. wet, water. (1) mojar a otro, (2) remojar.

‘utz ‘ach’el, cf. ‘utz.

‘ain

‘ain, n5. crocodile. lagarto de los grandes que andan en el agua.

‘aj (1)

‘aj, n5. reed. caña.

‘ajil k’uk’um, nphr(natt & -n4e). fledged with very small or young feathers. emplumecido.

‘ajtik, n5. reed field. cañaveral.

‘aj (2)

‘ajulan, tv. pant. asesar 7.

‘ajulanel, vn5. panting. acceso 7.

‘aja

‘aja. bee, rattlesnake, cf. ‘ojov.

‘ajan

‘ajan, n5. ear of corn when the kernels are large and soft. mazorca cuando estan los grandes tiernos 203.

‘ajm

‘ajmul. concubine, girlfriend, mistress. cf. mul (1).

‘ajnil

’ajnilaj, iv. marry (man). casarse el varon.

‘ajnilal, n5. married woman, wife. mujer casada.

’ajnilan, tv. marry (man). casarse el varon.

‘ajv

’ajv. elegant, empire, to master, nobility, palace, weasel.cf. ‘ojov.

‘ak

‘alcanaj, iv. complain (or) groan with pain (or) sickness. (1) gemir con dolor o enfermedad, (2) quejarse el enfermo.

‘aket, ay. complain (or) groan with pain (or) sickness. (1) gemir con dolor…, (2) quejarse el enfermo.

‘akan (1)

‘akan k’ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). knuckle, joint. (1) articulo de dedo, (2) coyuntura de manos o pies 55.

‘akan vale’, nphr(n4f of n5). sugarcane node. nudo de caña.

‘akan vitz, nphr(n4f of n5). mountain pass, lower slopes of mountain. (1) garganda, (2) haldas de sierra.

‘akanij, iv. wither (plant or reed). ennudecer.

‘akanil, n3d. knee. rodilla.

‘akantik, aj. with many joints (or) nodes. nudo de caña.

*‘akan (2)

*‘akan-‘ol ba, raj. industriousness. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the noun is given as acol acol (Guzmán, 1620:88, 114). In colonial Yucatec acaan olis given for “el que esta quieto y sosegado” with acaan described as a participle (Martinez Hernandez, 1929:66, 67). estudio asi.

‘akan-‘olaj, iv. solicit. solicitar.

*‘akan-‘oltay, tv. be prudent at work or in business, chastise, solicit. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term is given as -ghacalotanih and -ghacalotaniy (Guzmán, 1620:48, 200). (1) cuidado tener en alguna obra o negocio, (2) hostigar, (3) solicitar.

*xkakan-‘oltay xchanel sk’op Dios. I am careful or diligent in learning the doctrine. estudio asi.

*‘akan-‘oltayvanej, vn5. chastisement, petition. (1) hostigamiento, (2) ynstancia 188.

*j‘akan-‘ol, agn. diligent or solicitous person. solicito.

*j‘akan-‘oltayvanej, agn. chastiser. hostigador.

mu*‘akan-‘oltay, vphr:neg & tv-. lazily. perezosamente.

‘ak’ (1)

‘ak’, nld. large net, vine, bark rope, lasso. (1) cordel de los que cogen de los arboles, (2) laso, (3) red grande.

‘ak’il, n4b. cordage, cap (or) hat strap. (1) cordel…, (2) fiador de gorra o sombrero.

‘ak’il tz’i‘, nphr(n4b of n5). leash. traya para atar perros 338.

‘ak’il tz’usub, nphr(n4b of n5). grapevine, grapevine runner. (1) sarmiento en la vid (2) vid, parra o cepa.

‘ak’il freno, nphr(n4b of n5). reins. rienda de freno.

‘ak’il vob, nphr(natt & n)5. harp. harpa.

‘ak’ol chij, nphr(n4b of n5). deer lasso. laso.

‘ak’ol mut, nphr(n4b of n5). bird lasso. laso.

j-‘ak’cuentas, nphr(num<num & nccpd>of n)5. string of beads. sartal de cuentas.

j-‘ak’nichim, nphr(num<num & nccpd>of n)5. garland. sartal de cuentas.

‘ak’ (2)

‘ak’, tv. bet, cause, escort, give, let, permit, put, set. (1) acompanar hasta alguna parte, (2) dar, (3) jugar como…, (4) permitir, (5) poner absolute.

xkak‘ k’upinikon. I am becoming jealous (man, woman). hacerse codiciar el hombre o la muger 165.

‘ak’o ta ‘Ik’al‘Ojov. Lit. Escort him to Black Lord, i.e., Escort him to Zinacantán. acompañar hasta alguna parte.

mu xak’k’opojukon. He won’t let me speak. estorbar.

mu xkak’batuk. I won’t let him go. estorbar.

mu xkak’pasuk (or) xkak’manchuk pasuk. I won’t let him do it. ympedir que no se haga alguna cosa 185.

mu xkak’xanavan. I won’t let you walk. estorbar.

xkak’‘oyuk. I let it be. *Because the meaning may be “let” or “cause,” it is necessary to add something before or afterwards to eliminate the confusion, as “mo ejkomes mo ejpajes,” “I did not abandon it, I did not stop it.” permitir.

xkak’pasuk. I am letting it be done. permitir.

xkak’ ta sba mesa. I am putting it on the table. poner encima.

xkak‘ ta yolon. I am putting it underneath. poner debajo.

xkak‘ ta yut lum. I am putting it underground. poner de tierra.

‘ak’ ‘a‘i, vphr:tv & tv-/subj/. explain, interpret, notify. (1) entender o hacer entender, (2) notificar.

xkak’ ava‘i. I explained it to you.

‘ak’ ‘a‘i ‘ik’al ‘ak’abal, eabal, vphr:tv & vphr(tv/subj/ & nphr< n4f of n5>). expose to the night air. serenar, poner algo al sereno.

‘ak’ ‘a‘i sikil ‘ak’abal, vphr:tv & s(tv/subj/ & nphr<n4f of n5>). expose to the night air. serenar…

‘ak’ ‘a‘i tojol, vphr:tv & s(tv/subj/ & -n4f). inform. ynformar 188.

‘ak’ ‘atey, vphr:tv & tv/pass//subj/. make person one’s partner. parcionero hacer a otro.

xkak’ ‘ateyan. I make you a partner.

‘ak’ *‘elo, vphr:tv & -n4f. add up. sumar en la cuenta.

‘ak’ ‘il, vphr:tv & tv-/subj/. show. mostrar.

’ak’ ‘il, vphr:tv & tv-/subj3p/. announce fasts, prayers, and other good things. publicar los ayunos u oraciones u otra cosa asi buena.

‘ak’ ‘ilinuk, vphr:tv & iv/subj/. anger (person). enojar a otro.

‘ak’ ‘olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. be careful or solicitous, intend to do, propose willingly. (1) proposito tener de hacer algo o proponer en la voluntad, (2) solicito estar o cuidadoso.

‘ak’ ba ta k’el vinik, vphr:ry & s(prep & tv/3s/ & n5[=A of k’ el]).edify, set an example. edificar, dar buen ejemplo.

‘ak’ tzo‘ caballo, vphr:tv & nphr(n4d of n5). fertilize. estercolar la tierra.

‘ak’ tzukulinabil, vphr:tv & -n4f. trip up. poner ofendiculo para que se tropieze.

‘ak’ chabajuk, vphr:tv & iv/subj/. fine. multar, penar con dinero.

‘ak’ chi‘il, vphr:tv & -n4b. pair. parear o hermanar algo.

’ak’ chik‘bil xamitl ta lumtik, vphr:tv & nphr(pp & n5) & qphr(prep & n5). lay brick floor. ladrillar el suelo.

‘ak’ chon, vphr:tv & tv-/subj3p/. settle on a price in order to sell…. poner en precio o a la moneda para que se venda.

‘ak’ ch’an chiuk, vphr:tv & vphr(adv & iv/subj/). silence. callar.

‘ak’ch’ayuk ta‘olonton, vphr:tv & vphr(iv/subj/ & qphr<prep & -n4d>). make forget. guitar algo de la memoria.

‘ak’ ch’ilomal, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. be daring. atreverse.

‘ak’ ch’upak’, vphr:tv & -n4e. soap. enjabonar 121.

‘ak’ freno, vphr:tv & n5. bridle. enfrenar.

‘ak’ jlok’ob k’op, vphr:tv & agn(n4f of n). give hostages. rehenes dar.

‘ak’ kejeluk, vphr:tv & aj/pred//subj/. make kneel. arrodillarse.

‘ak’ kojob, vphr:tv & -n4d. load. cargar, echar carga a otro.

‘ak’ k’exol, vphr:tv & -n4f. refund, replace, substitute. (1) restituir, (2) sustituir.

‘ak’ k’ob te‘, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n5). decorate with branches. enramar.

‘ak’ k’op, vphr:tv & n5. promise. prometer.

‘ak’ k’op ta tz’el juez, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>).litigate. pleitear.

‘ak’ k’upin, vphr:tv & tv/pass?//subj/[S=A of ‘ak’]. arouse another’s desire. hacerse codiciar el hombre o la muger.

xkak’ k’upinikon. I am sexy.

xavak’ k’upinikot. You are sexy.

‘ak’ k’ux ba, vphr:tv & rv/subj/. fit in, wedge in. encajar 106.

xkak’xk’uxojuk sba. I am fitting it in.

‘ak’ lek ‘ekulc, vphr:tv & vphr(tv/subj/- & pt). include a person in an activity. hacer participante a alguno de alguna cosa 165.

‘ak’lok’ol, vphr:tv & -n4f. replace, substitute. sustituir en lugar de otro.

‘ak’ majey ‘ik’, vphr:tv &vphr(tv/pass/ & n5). air. orear, poner al aire.

‘ak’ maxilajuk, vphr:tv & iv/subj/. divert, entertain. recrear a otro.

‘ak’ melol, vphr:tv & -n4f. pair. parear o hermanar algo.

‘ak’ muibuk, vphr:tv & iv/subj/. divert, entertain, please. (1) placer hacer o dar a otro, (2) recrear o otro.

‘ak’ na‘uk, vphr:tv & tv-/subj/. annouce fasts, prayers and other good things. publicar los ayunos u oraciones u otra cosa asi buena.

‘ak’ nit-bail ta jol, vphr:tv & vn(tv & rncpd) & qphr(prep & -n4d). place garland on person’s head. guirnalda poner a otro en la cabeza.

‘ak’ nop ba, vphr:tv & rv/subj/. fit in. encajar una cosa en otra 106.

xkak’ snopojuk sba. I am fitting it in.

‘ak’ pakobil misa, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n5). charge fee for Mass. recaudo poner para decir misa.

‘ak pakol, vphr:tv & -n4b. tip. gratificar.

‘ak’ pakol ‘aboltayel, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of -vn4d). recompense, reward. recompensar.

‘ak’ paño, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. put on one’s hood. tocarse.

‘ak pas, vphr:tv & tv-/subj/. drill, excite, incite. (1) ejercitar a otro, (2) yncitar 186.

‘ak’ pas juramento, vphr:tv & vphr(tv/subj/ & n5). make person swear an oath. *As a creditor makes a debtor do when he refuses to pay. juramentar, hacerle que jure como….

‘ak’ patan, vphr:tv & n5. apply a rent. recurrir con la renta.

‘ak’ patan, vphr:tv & -n4d. keep busy, make work. ocupar.

‘ak’ pimijuk, vphr:tv & iv/subj/. make abundant. abundancia.

‘ak’ pix jol Hun, vphr:tv & nphr(nphr<n4f of n5>type n5). put on pasteboard cap of infamy. encorosar.

k’ak’ot xpix jol Hun. I had a pasteboard cap put on me. encorosado.

‘ak’ pox, vphr:tv & nle. apply plasters. emplastar.

kak’ot xpoxil. I had plasters applied to me.

‘ak’ silla, vphr:tv & n5. saddle. ensillar.

‘ak’ silla, vphr:tv & -n4e. saddle. ensillar.

‘ak’ sobuk pas, vphr:tv & vphr(adv & tv-)/subj/. make person do something quickly. apreciar, señalar precio, cf. apresurar.

‘ak’ xak-toj, vphr:tv & nphr(n of ncpd)5. decorate with pine needles. enramar con hojas de pino.

‘ak’ xalma, vphr:tv & n5. saddle (pack saddle). enalbardada cosa.

‘ak’ xanavuk, vphr:tv & iv/subj/. make walk. caminar.

‘ak’ xonob chij, vphr:tv & nphr(n4d of n5). shoe (horse). herrar bestias.

‘ak’ta ‘ale, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). bet on. jugar como….

k’usi skoj avak’ ta ‘ale? Why did you bet so much on it?

‘ak’ ta ‘olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). believe in, give in to temptation, imagine, intend to do, make up one’s mind, propose willingly, take advice seriously, take note of, think, treat diligently or prudently, trust. (1) consejo tomar asi, (2) consentir en alguna cosa interiormente, (3) crecer, cf. creer, (4) determinarse, (5) ymaginar, pensar 184, (6) notar algo en otro, (7) proposito tener de hacer algo o proponer voluntariamente.

mu ekak’ ta kolonton sk’op. I did not give in to his talk. resistir como….

‘ak’ ta ‘olonton un, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]) + -n4d. treat diligently or prudently. pesar el negocio con cordura o diligencia.

‘ak’ ta chonel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). settle on a price. poner en precio o a la moneda para que se venda.

‘ak’ ta chukvanab na, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<n type n>5). jail. encarcelar a otro.

‘ak’ ta ch’ailtik, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). perfume. perfumar.

‘ak’ ta ch’amol, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). give on credit, lend. (1) arrendar, dar a renta, (2) emprestar, dar prestado, (3) fear dar fiado, (4) prestar.

kak’ot ta ch’amol. I borrowed it. emprestada cosa, dada prestada.

‘ak’ ta ch’amunel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). lend, rent. (1) arrendar, dar a renta, (2) prestar.

‘ak’ ta k’elanel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). give without charge. graciosamente asi dar.

‘ak’ ta k’exlal, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). humiliate. afrentar a otro.

‘ak’ to k’ubul bel na, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & n5) & nphr(n4f of -n4d). impound one’s belongings. secrestar en otro.

‘ak’ ta lotz’op, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). carry under one’s arm. sobacar.

‘ak ta na te‘, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<n4e of n5>). jail. (1) echar en la carcel, (2) encarcelar a otro.

‘ak’ ta namal, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). affront, humiliate. afrentar a otro.

‘ak’ ta vinik, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). obey, respect, revere. (1) obedecer, (2) respeto tener, (3) reverencia acatar.

‘ak’ ta ya, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). molest, vex. acosar persiguiendo o molestando.

‘ak’ ta Hatzil, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). give on credit. fiar.‘ak’ ta Hun bi, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & n5) & -n4d. take census. empadronar.

‘ak’ ta Hun k’op, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & n5) & n4d[A]. make a bond. obligacion.

‘ak’ ta ‘aluk ‘a‘i vphr:tv & s(adv & tv-/subj/). content, satisfy. contentar asi a otro.

‘ak’ ta’aluk ‘oy ‘a‘i, vphr:tv & s(aj/pred//subj/ & pt & tv-).content, satisfy. contentar asi….

‘ak’ tan, vphr:tv & -n4f. plaster (putting on quantities of plaster as with a trowel). encalar poniendo mucha cal como con plans.

‘ak’ tan na, vphr:tv & nphr(n4e of n5). lay cement floor. echar suelo a la casa.

‘ak’ tanal, vphr:tv & -n4f. lay foundation. poners fundamento….

‘ak’ tanal likeb ch’ub, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of nphr<n4f of n5>). lay foundation. fundar, poner fundamento….

‘ak’ te‘el, vphr:tv & -n4f. build, lay beams or boards (carpenter). (1) enmaderar 99, (2) fabricar o asentar madero el carpintero.

‘ak’ te‘el jol na, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of nphr<n4f of n5>). roof. techar, no….

‘ak’ tenal te’el, vphr:tv & -nphr(natt of n)4f. construct loft, lay boards. (1) entablar algo, (2) techar de zaquicami.

‘ak’ tik’ba, vphr:tv & rv/subj/. fit in. encajar una cosa en otra 106.

xkak’ stik’ojuk sba. I am fitting it in.

‘ak’ tojol jom, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n5). charter a ship. fletar navio.

‘ak’ t’abuk ta ‘olonton, vphr:tv & s(iv/subj/ & qphr<prep & -n4d>). remind. acordar a otro.

‘ak’vokol, vphr:tv & -nld. exhaust, torment, torture. (1) fatigar asi a otro, (2) tormentar o atormentar.

‘ak’balal Hun, nphr(vn type n)5. letter, message. letra, carta mensagera, carta.

‘ak’beat, dv/pass/. be granted a request. ympetrar 185.

‘ak’bey, dv. distribute to, give, give to, turn over to. (1) dar, (2) entregar algo a otro, (3) partirles asi a otro algo.

‘ak’bey ‘a‘lel, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. water. regar.

‘ak’bey ‘aboltayel, vphr:-dv & vn4d[B]. give alms to. limozna hacer.

‘ak’bey ‘ik’ti‘, vphr:-dv & n5. torture. atormentar.

‘ak’bey ‘il, vphr:-dv & tv-[A=B of dv]/subj/. show to. mostrar.

‘ak’bey ‘il,‘ik’ti‘, vphr:-dv & vphr(tv[A=B of dv] & n5)/subj/. torture. atormentar.

‘ak’bey ‘il be, vphr:-dv & vphr(tv[A=B of dv] & n5)/subj/.show the way to. encaminar, enseñar el camino.

‘ak’bey ‘il vokol, vphr:-dv & vphr(tv[A=B of dv] & nld[B of dv])/subj/. afflict, punish, torture. (1) penar a otro asi o darle pena o torment, (2) punir castigando.

‘ak’bey ‘uch’chi’, vphr:-dv & vphr(tv[A=B of dv] & n5)/subj/. serve drink to. escanciar.

‘ak’bey ‘uch’kola’al pox, vphr:-dv & vphr(tv[A=B of dv] & nphr<natt & n5)/subj/. poison. emponzonar, dar a beber ponzona.

‘ak’bey ba, rv. divide up or distribute among selves. partir o repartir entre nosotros.

‘ak’bey bi, vphr:-dv & n4b[B]. name. nombre poner.

‘ak’bey bon, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. paint. pintar.

‘ak’bey tza, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. be clever, teach. abil hacer a otro.

‘ak’bey chab, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. wax. encerar.

‘ak’bey chu‘, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. nurse. leche dar.

‘ak’bey freno, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. bridle. enfrenar.

‘ak’bey k’op, vphr:-dv & n5. excite, incite. yncitar 186.

‘ak’bey nukul, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. cover with leather. encorar algo.

‘ak’bey patan, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. entrust office to. encomendar oficios.

‘ak’bey pix jol Hun, vphr:-dv & nphr(nphr<n4f of n5>of n5). put on pasteboard cap of infamy. encorosar.

xkak’beat xpix jol Hun. I had a pasteboard cap put on me.

‘ak’bey pox, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. apply plasters to. emplastar.

‘ak’beat xpoxil. He had plasters applied to him. emplastado.

‘ak’bey xuch’, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. mend with pitch (leather or wine jug). empegar cuero o jarro para vino.

‘ak’bey tak’in, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. gild. dorar algo.

‘ak’bey te’el jol na, vphr:dv & nphr(n4f of nphr<n of n>5[=B]. roof. techar, no….

‘ak’bey tojol, vphr:-dv & n4b[B]. tip. gratificar.

‘ak’bey vokol, vphr:-dv & nld[B]. afflict, punish, torture. (1) justiciar, (2) penar a otro asi o darle pena o tormento.

‘ak’bey yolob te’, vphr:-dv & nphr(n4f of n4b[B]). give a dowry to. dotar.

‘ak’beybil patan, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4d[S]. entrusted with an office. encomendado asi.

‘akbeyel k’op, nphr(vn4f of n5). incitement. yncitacion 186.

‘ak’beyel vokol, nphr(vn of n)5. punishment. punision.

‘ak’bil xonob, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4d[S]. shoed (horse). herrada bestia.

‘ak’bil ta vinik, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). obeyed. obedecido.

‘ak’bil ta Hun, vphr:pp & qphr(prep & n5). inventoried. ynventariada cosa asi 189.

‘ak’bil vinajeb, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4f[S]. branded. herrada asi.

‘ak’ebil, pp. delivered, submitted. entregado.

‘ak’ebil‘ikatzinab, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4f[S]. saddled. enalbardada cosa.

‘ak’ebil freno, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4e[S]. bridled. enfrenado.

‘ak’ebil k’op, vphr:pp/pred/ & n5. incited. yncitado 186.

‘ak’ebil nukul, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4e[S]. covered with leather. encorado.

‘ak’ebil pox, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4e[S]. applied with plasters. emplastado.

‘ak’ebil silla, vphr:pp/pred/ & n5. saddled. encillada bestia 116.

ak‘ebil ta ch’amol, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). loaned. emprestada cosa, dada prestada.

‘ak’ebil tenal te‘al, vphr:pp/pred/ & nphr(natt & n)[S]. planked. entablado.

‘ak’el, vn4d. position, social standing. estado o grado en que esta cada uno.

‘ak’el ba, rvn. obligation. obligacion.

kak’el jba. the obligation I put on myself.

‘ak’el bel na ta Hun, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4f of n5) & qphr(prep & n5). inventory of possessions. ynventario 189.

‘ak’el k’exol, nphr:vn4f of -n4b. restitution. restitucion.

‘ak’el ta ‘olonton, nphr:-vn4f & qphr(prep & -n4d). purpose. proposito.

‘ak’el ta ‘olontonil, nphr:-vn4f &qphr(prep & n5). compliance. consentimiento con que es consentido algo.

kolo‘ yak’el mulil ta ‘olontonil. To acquiesce in sin is evil.

‘ak’el ta Hatzil, nphr:-vn4f & qphr(prep & n5). surety. fianza asi.

‘ak’ob bak, nphr(n of n)5. ossuary. osario para hechar huesos.

‘ak’ob tan, nphr(n of n)5. trowel. plana de albañil

‘ak’van, iv. put. poner absolute.

‘ak’van ta vinik, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be obedient. obedecer.

‘ak’vanej, vn5. position. postura.

j‘ak’-‘ik’ti‘, agn(tv & ncpd). torturer. atormentador.

j‘ak’-‘ik’ti‘, k’op, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n)cpd. mediator. medianero en amistad.

j‘ak’ k’anal tak’in, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n)cpd. gilder. dorador.

j‘ak’-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). agitator, instigator. (1) yncitador 186, (2) revolvedor que mete mal entre algunos 287.

j‘ak’ xonob chij, agn(tv & nphr/n4d of n5/cpd). horseshoer. herrador.

j‘ak’ ta ch’amol, nphr:agn(tv) & qphr(prep & n5). lender. prestador que da prestado.

j‘ak’ ta ch’amunel, agn(tv & qphr<prep & vn5 >). lender. prestador que da prestado.

j‘ak’ ton ta likeb ch’ub, agn:vphr(tv & ncpd) & qphr(prep & nphr<n4f of n5>). foundation maker. fundador tal.

j‘ak’-vokol, agn(tv & ncpd). executioner, punisher, torturer. (1) punidor, verdugo, (2) sayon 307.

j‘ak’ol, agn. escort. el que asi acompaña 5.

j‘ak’vanej ta vinik, nphr:agn(vn5) & qphr(prep & n5). obedient person. obediente.

j‘ak’vanejon ta vinik. I am obedient. obediente.

j‘ak’vanejon ta ya, nphr:agn(vn5) & qphr(prep & n5). molester, person who vexes another. acosador asi.

‘ak’abal

‘ak’abal, n5. night. RML—As in modern Tzotzil of Ixtapa: ac’abal (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:13). noche.

‘ak’abal julay, vphr:qphr(n5) & iv. rise early in the morning. madrugar.

‘ak’abal k’op, nphr(n type n)5. black magic. nigromancia.

‘oy to‘ak’abal, s:n5/pred/ & pt & n5. dawn. (1) madrugar, (2) madrugada.

‘ak’al

‘ak’al, n5. red hot coal, ember, charcoal. (1) ascua de fuego, brasa, (2) brasa, (3) carbon 51.

‘ak’lel candela, nphr(n4f of n5). candle snuff. pabesa de candela 252.

‘ak’lin, iv. burn (coals). (1) abrasarse, (2) ascua hacerse, abrasarse, (3) brasa.

‘ak’in

‘ak’in, nld. weeding, plants removed by weeding. (1) escardamiento asi, (2) escardadura, lo que asi quitan escardando.

sk’inal‘ak’in. weeding season. escardamiento asi.

xibat ta ‘ak’in. I am going to weed. yr a limpiar o escardar las milpas 190.

‘ak’inaj, iv. weed. limpiar de la maleza y mala yerba.

‘ak’inajeb, nld. weeding instrument, weeding hatchet. escardador o hachuelo con que escardan.

‘ak’inajebal, n5. weeding instrument, hatchets they use for weeding. escardador o hachuelo con que escarden.

‘ak’intay, tv. weed. limpiar de la maleza y mala yerba.

‘ak’intay ‘ixim, vphr:tv & n5. weed cornfield. escardar, impiar de la maleza y mala yerba.

j‘ak’in, agn. weeder. escardador asi.

j‘ak’inajel, agn. weeder. escardador asi.

j‘ak’intayvanej, agn. weeder. escardador asi.

‘ak’ol

‘ak’ol, nld. above, on, over. arriba.

kak’ol. above me. sobre, preposicion.

ta‘ak’olon. I am on top. estar encima.

ta yak’ol. above it. sobre, preposicion.

‘ak’ol ‘ak’vanej, nphr(n type n)5. high standing. estado alto.

‘ak’ol ‘ik’, nphr(n type n)5. east wind, west wind. *I believe they do not have names for others (than the west wind). RML—East wind is surely the only correct gloss. levante, viento oriental.

‘ak’ol ‘ut ‘e, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of -n4d). palate. paladar.

‘ak’ol na, nphr(n4f of n5). attic. sobrado de casa.

‘ak’ol ti‘ nphr:n4f of -n4d. upper lip. (1) beso de arriba 39, (2) labio de encima.

‘ak’ol ti‘ na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. lintel. lumbral de puerta alto.

‘ak’ol va‘leb mak na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of <n of n>5). lintel. lumbral de puerta alto.

‘ak’ot

‘ak’ot, n5. dance. baile.

‘ak’otaj, iv. dance. bailar.

‘ak’otajeb, n5. dancing school. escuela de danzar.

‘ak’otajes, tv. make dance, spin (top). bailar hacer.

‘ak’otal, n5. dance. baile.

‘ak’otan, tv. make dance (cat). bailar o mitotear algun gato.

‘ak’ottas, tv. make dance. bailar hacer.

j‘ak’ot, agn. dancer. bailador.

j‘ak’otal, agn. dancer. bailador.

‘al (1)

‘al, nld. bet. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Venustiano Carranza ‘ak’be ’al and pas ’al mean to bet. apuesta.

‘oy kal. I have a bet. apostar.

‘al, n5. guilt, sin, temptation. tentacion asi.

‘al, tv. accuse, bequeath, bless, mean (as when we say that bird calls mean rain, planets or comets, such and such), offer, promise, relate person’s history, say, serve, testify. (1) acusar, (2) decir 84, (3) mandar asi, (4) mandar asi o hacer manda, (5) significar como, (6) testiguar, (7) tratar de alguno contando sus hechos o historias, (8) votar, dar el voto.

chamel xal. It means sickness. significar como….

vi‘nal xal. It means hunger. significar como….

ta sna Juan kaloj padre. I serve in the church of St. John. servidor y servir.

yalojotik kajvaltik dios. We serve Our Lord God. servidor y servir.

ta xkal ta stz’el jch’akel. I will testify before the judge. pedir asi en juicio al reo….

‘al ‘a‘yej, vphr:tv & n5. give message, tell news. mensaje o nuevas decir.

‘al bi -dios, vphr:tv & nphr(n4d of n5). Lit. say God’s name, i.e., swear. jurar como….

‘al mul, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. confess. confesar.

‘al nopobil, vphr:tv & -n4f. give an example. ejemplificar, poner ejemplo o comparacion 136.

‘al patan, vphr:tv & n5. pay tribute or tax. echar tributo o derrama.

‘al p’isobil, vphr:tv & -n4f. give an example. ejemplificar, poner ejemplo o comparacion 136.

‘al ta ti‘, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). promise. mandar asi o hacer manda.

mu neyak’beye eyal ta sti‘ xeyak’bey la. He did not give it to me, but he promised he would give it to me.

ta xkal ta jti‘ xkak’bey sk’u‘. I promised I would give him his clothes.

‘al te k’in, vphr:tv & nphr(art & n5). hold fiesta. echar la fiesta.

‘al ti‘, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. reply. replicar.

‘al tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f. interpret. significar.

‘alben, n4d. statement. decir a otro alga 84.

‘albey, dv. impute, summon, tell. (1) achacar a alguno algo, (2) decir a otro algo 84, (3) requerir.

‘albey kola’al, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. blame. vituperar.

‘albey patan, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. entrust office to. encomendar oficios.

‘albey pukuj, vphr:-dv &n4e[B]. call person a devil. cf. ‘al (1). diabolica cosa.

‘albil patan, vphr:pp/pred/ & n4d[S]. be entrusted to an office. encomendado asi.

‘albol, n4d. accusation to be made. acusar.

‘ale, vn5. bet. jugar como….

ebat ku‘un ta ‘ale. I lost it on a bet.

k’usi skoj avak’ ta ‘ale. Why did you bet so much?

ta ‘ale ebat. It was lost on a bet.

‘alel, n4d. vote. vote de esta manera.

‘aley, tv. bet, cause to commit treason, tempt and win over, win game or bet. (1) ganar en el juego o apuesto, (2) traicion asi, (3) traicion hacer.

ekaley Pedro. I tempted Peter and won him over. tentacion asi.

‘aley ba, rv. bet together. apostar.

Hal xkaley jbatik. We will bet on it. apostar.

‘aleyat, tv/pass/. lose bet (or) game. (1) ganarme a mi, (2) jugar como…, (3) perder algo en juego o apuesta.

xe‘aleat (or) xe‘alebat (or) nealeat. I was beaten.

‘aleyey, tv/pass/. fall to temptation. tentacion asi.

xe‘aleyey (or) xe‘aleat yu‘un pukuj. I was tempted and conquered by the devil.

‘aleyvan, iv. win bet (or) game. ganar en juego o apuesta.

‘alobil, n4f. story. decir 84.

yalobil svinkilayel kajvaltik. the story of Our Lord’s birth.

‘ip ‘aley, vphr:adv &tv/pass/. be famous. cf. ‘al (1). esclarecerse o afamarse.

j‘al-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). talkative person. parlero.

j‘al-k’op ta tz’el jch’akel, nphr:agn(tv & ncpd) & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). litigant. pleiteador.

j‘al-k’op ta tz’el juez, nphr:agn(tv & ncpd) & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). litigant. pleiteador.

j‘al-mul, agn(tv & ncpd). confessor (who confesses). confesante que descubre sus pecados.

j‘al-ti‘il, agn(tv & ncpd). responder. replicacion.

j‘alal-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). prophet (male or female). profeta, varon o mujer.

j‘alal-k’op mu to x’ ayan ‘oy. He is a false prophet.

j‘aleyvanej, agn. traitor. RML—This is given both here and in colonial Tzeltal as ghalavanegh (Guzmán, 1620:210). traidor.

mu‘al, vphr:neg & tv-. deny. negar.

*‘aal, n5. guilt, sin, temptation. RML—This term occurs also in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:206). tentacion asi.

*‘aal k’op, nphr(n type n)5. temptation, treason. (1) tentacion asi, (2) traicion.

*‘aal-k’optay, tv(n & tvcpd). cause to commit treason, tempt. *They have the same word for winning at a game or in a bet; it can be used for tricking and sometimes the Indians use it that way. Some use indifferently *xkaalk’ optay y jjotz’ -k’ optay y xe’ aleyey y xejotz’ iey y xkaley y jjotz’i. (1) tentacion asi, (2) tentar coma para vencerlo, (3) traicion hacer.

‘ep ta mek *xeyaal-k’optayotik pukujey mu xeyalotik. We are tempted many times by the devil, but we do not fall. tentacion asi.

*j‘aal-k’op, agn. traitor. RML—The same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:210). traidor.

‘al (2)

‘al. adopt, child, conceive, give birth, goddess, hamlet, relative, womb. cf. ‘ol (2)

‘al (3)

‘al. heavy, lazy, sluggish, weight. cf. ‘ol (1).

‘al (4)

‘al. perpetuate. cf. Hal.

‘alib

‘alib, n4d. daughter-in-law, parents-in-law (woman’s). (1) nuera, muger del hijo, (2) suegro o suegra, la muger dice.

‘aljun

‘aljun, n4d. woman’s nephew or niece (sister’s son or daughter) or woman’s stepchild. RML—Modern Tzeltal of Bachajón: woman’s nephew or niece. (Slocum and Gerdel, 1965:117). (1) ante todo cf. entenado, (2) sobrino hijo de hermana….

‘altik

‘altik, adv. in vain. en vano.

‘altik ejtzames. By chance I killed him. acaecer.

‘altik nebat. By chance I went. acaecer.

‘amak’

‘amak’, nld. yard, patio, porch. (1) fuera, (2) patin de casa o patio 252, (3) portal de casa.

‘amak’il, nlb. yard, patio. (1) fuera, (2) patin de casa o patio 252.

yamak’il jna. My patio. fuera.

‘amay

‘amay, n5. flute. RML—As in modern Tzotzil of Larraínzar, amay (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:15), and Chalchihuitán. flauta.

‘amay‘amay xik’opoj. I speak harmoniously. cordel llaman….

‘amayain, iv. play the flute. tañer flauta.

‘amayain, tv. play the flute. tañer flauta.

j‘amay, agn. flutist. flautero que las tañe.

‘amoch

‘amoch, n5. frog. (1) harda, (2) ramal.

‘an (1)

‘an, iv. kindle, burn (coals). (1) abrasarse, (2) ascua hacerse, abrasarse, (3) brasa.

‘anel Ho‘, nphr(natt & n)5. lye. lejia 196.

‘an (2)

‘an, tv. hew, carve. dolar.

‘anbil tz’am te‘. hewn beam. viga labrada.

‘an te‘, vphr:tv & n5. hew (or) carve wood. carpintear o labrar madera.

‘an ton, vphr:tv & n5. hew (or) carve stone. escodar o piedras.

‘anben te‘, nphr(nle of n5). wood chip, shaving. (1) astilla de cosa labrada, (2) dolar con cincel u otra cosa asi dando golpes, (3) ripia, astillas que caen cuando labran.

‘anben ton, nphr(n of n)5. stone chip. dolar con cincel u….

‘anob te‘, nphr(n of n)5. adze, woodworking ax. (1) acuela, (2) hacha para labrar madera.

‘anob ton, nphr(nle of n5). stonecutter’s hammer. (1) acuela, (2) escoda para labrar piedra.

‘anob tontik, nphr(n of n)5. quarry. pedrera.

j‘an-te‘, agn(tv & ncpd). carpenter. (1) carpintero, (2) dolador de madera, carpintero.

j‘an-ton, agn(tv & ncpd). stonecutter. (1) cantero, (2) dolador de madera, carpintero, (3) pedrero que las corta o labra.

j‘an-yolobil, agn(tv & ncpd). fletcher. flechero que las hace 147.

*‘an (3)

*‘ani, iv. be crippled or injured. * *xe‘ani, *xa‘ani, x‘ani, i.e., injure or hurt myself causing blood to flow. They use this word when they fall or stumble or bump into something or however they are hurt by chance. And they add ku‘un to mean “injure another,” *na‘ani ku‘un, you were injured by me, putting the first word in the present or past according to the proper tense, and the person also according to the person who was injured and adding ku‘un, by me, ‘avu‘un, by you, converting neutral verbs to active. xave‘ ku‘un means the same as xajvereltas, *xa‘ani ku‘un as *xkanibtas, which is to injure another. *e‘ani, past tense. RML—In several instances this verb is given with transitive verb person markers. (1) descalabrar, (2) descalabrado, (3) despeñar a otro, (4) lisiar.

‘anibtas, tv. injure. descalabrar.

*‘anibtasbil, pp. injured. descalabrado.

‘anal

‘anal coles, nphr(n4d of n5). cabbage leaf. penca de bersa o lechuga.

‘anal jobel, nphr(n type n)5. thatch (for houses, with a rather wide leaf). paja para casas….

‘anal lechuga, nphr(n4f of n5). lettuce leaf. penca de….

‘anal te‘, nphr(n4f of n5). tree leaf. *And all other leaves except pine needles. hoja de arbol.

‘anal tuix, nphr(n4f of n5). leek leaf. porretas, hojas de puerro.

‘analin, iv. leaf. hojas hechar los arboles.

‘antz

‘antz, n5. woman, female of any species. (1) hembra en cualquier genero o especie, (2) muger, hembra.

‘antzil ‘olol, nphr(natt & n)3d. woman’s daughter. hijo respecto de la muger.

‘antzil caballo, nphr(natt & n)5. mare. yegua 183.

‘antzil k’op, nphr(natt & n)5. womanly talk. mugeril, asi perteneciente a muger.

‘antzil mu‘nat, nphr(natt & n)5. female slave. sierva.

‘antzil mul, nphr(natt & n)5. womanly sin. mugeril, asi perteneciente a muger.

‘antzil pom, nphr(natt & n)5. bee (other kind). abeja de otra especie.

‘antzil xinch’ok, nphr(natt & n)5. hermaphrodite. hombre y muger 239.

‘antzil ti‘, nphr(natt & n)5. war. guerra.

‘antzil tuluk’, nphr(natt & n)5. hen. gallina.

‘antzil tux-nok’chij, nphr:natt & nprh(n<n & n>cpd type n)5. ewe. oveja.

‘antzil vinik, nphr(natt & n)5. mermaid. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, Guzmán gives thig as vinic chay,“human fish,” which seems more apt (Guzmán, 1620:196). sirena del mar 315.

‘antzil-ti‘ij, iv(natt & ivcpd). wage war. guerra hacer.

‘antzil-ti‘in, tv(natt & tvcpd). wage war on. guerra hacer a otro.

‘antzilel, n4d. vagina. *More proper than lu‘il. miembro de muger.

j‘antzil ti‘, agn(natt & ncpd). warrior, real de genie armada.

‘atil‘antz, cf. ‘at (1).

‘utzil‘antz, cf. ‘utz.

‘anil

‘anil, n4d. race, swiftness. (1) flacosa sin fuerzas, (2) ligereza. mo ‘oyuk kanil. Lit. I have no swiftness, i.e., I am feeble. flacosa sin fuerzas.

‘anil ‘apon, nphr(n type n)5. buboes that spread from one part of the body to another. encordio que anda….

‘anil jkotz, nphr(aj & n)5. young rooster. gallo pequeño o pollo.

‘anilaj, iv. hurry, run. (1) aguijar, it a prisa, (2) correr.

‘anilajebal, n3d. racetrack where they run. carrera donde corren.

‘anilal, n4d. first in everything. prima en cada genero.

yanilal. he himself. el mismo.

yanilalik vinik. town founders. primeros del pueblo.

‘aniltay, tv. make run. *(As) “Run to your priest, run to the church.” correr algo.

‘aniltay ba ta majel, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & vn5). attack each other. arremeter ambos o mac asi.

‘aniltay ta lut’el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). hurl oneself into the assault. *The verb is always followed by what it is that one hurls oneself into. arremeter para saltar.

‘aniltay ta majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). attack, assault. arremeter a mi asi.

j‘anil, agn. swift person or thing. ligera cosa.

‘ay ta muk’ta‘anil, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). fugitive. huidico.

‘ap

‘ap. confession, oath, pact, pray, proclaim, promise. cf. ‘av (3).

’apon

‘apon, nld. boil, pus-filled growth. (1) divieso, (2) nacido o nacida de materia.

‘anil ‘apon, cf. ‘anil.

tzajal ‘apon, cf. tzoj.

ton ‘apon, cf. ton (1).

‘ap’

‘ap’, iv. crack open (ground). abrirse hendiendose como la tierra.

*‘ap’, iv. be unoccupied. RML—This verb is given very confusedly, sometimes seeming to be a vowel initial and other times consonant initial, sometimes as intransitive verb and sometimes as transitive verb. In colonial Tzeltal it is given both as ahp and hap (Gates, 1934b:3, 45). (1) aflojar en el trabajo, (2) continuar, (3) tiempo no tener para hacer algo….

mo‘oyuk *yap’el ‘osil (or) mu *x‘ap’osil. be too busy to do something tiempo ano tener….

mo no ‘ox *x‘ap’ jutuk. I won’t stop at all. continuar.

*x‘ap’ ‘abtel ku‘un. I will ease up on the work. aflojar en el trabajo.

‘ap’al, aj. cracked. abierto como hendido 3.

’ap’al, n4e. crack. abertura como hendidura 3.

‘ap’alul, n4f. crack (board, window, door). resquicio de labia o ventana o puerta.

‘ap’el, vn4f. crack. abertura como hendidura.

‘ap’ap’tik, aj. badly cracked, cracked in many places. hendido en muchas partes.

‘ap’ap’tik ‘ak’, vphr:adv & tv-. insert in many places. entremeter entre otras cocas.

‘ap’ap’tik lok’es, vphr:adv & tv-. pick out. entresacar.

‘ax

‘axibal, n3d. raincape (woven palm leaves they carry for when it rains). guarida asi.

‘axibal ‘abnal, nphr(n type n)5. arbor, place with shade provided by branches. ramada, sombra de ramas.

‘axiban, tv. use palm leaf rain cover. guarida asi.

‘axibin, tv. use palm leaf rain cover. guarida asi.

‘axing, n5. helmet. casco.

‘axinaj, iv. take shelter from the rain. guarecerse de la lluvia.

‘axinajebal, n3d. rain shelter. guarida asi.

‘axintas, tv. shelter from the rain. guarecer algo asi.

‘at (1)

‘at k’ok’, nphr(n4f of n5). flame. llama de fuego.

‘at xinch’ok vacas, nphr:n4f of nphr(n type n)5. bull penis. vergajo de toro.

‘atil, n3d. penis. (1) miembro del hombre, (2) pixa.

‘atil, n4d. friendliness, frankness. familiaridad.

‘atil, n5. nobility. nobleza.

‘atil‘antz, nphr(natt & n)5. hermaphrodite. hombre y muger 289.

‘atil ‘uch’, nphr(natt & n)5. crab louse. ladilla.

‘atil chon, nphr(natt & n)5. crab louse. ladilla.

‘atil vinik, nphr(n type n)5. noble, merrymaker, friendly, generous, liberal, serene (or) sociable person. (1) alegar, (2) familiar persona, conversable, sereno, (3) franco, liberal, (4) Llano en conversacion, (5) noble de condicion.

laal ‘atil, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. friendly, serene, sociable. familiar persona, conversable, sereno.

‘at (2)

‘at, tv. count, belong to, be in partnership with. contar.

‘atbilon. I am a partner. parcionero.

x‘atey ta‘atojol. He is your partner. parcionero.

xa‘atey ku‘un. I make you my partner. parcionero hacer a otro.

mo no‘ox jay avat yutzil. His goodness is without measure…. ynfinito en bondad 188.

ta San Juan xe‘atey. I belong to the parish of St. John. parroquiano ser en tal o tal parroquia.

‘at ‘olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. consider, think. (1) pensar, (2) pensar si es cosa que le conviene, (3) suspirar 323.

‘at tza, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. think. pensar.

‘at ta ‘olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). consider. conciderar, 63.

‘atal jetav, nphr(aj & n)5. branchy. RML—This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:176). ramoso o lleno de ramos.

‘atal k’elom, nphr(aj & n)5. branchy. ramoso o lleno de ramos.

‘atal mek, nphr(aj & nc)5. frequently. a cada paso, a menudo.

’atel, vnld. account, sum. cuenta de lo que es contado 63.

katel. My account. cuenta de lo que es contado 63.

mo xu‘ yatel. It is infinite. ynfinito en numero 187.

mo xu‘ yatel yutzil. His goodness is infinite. ynfinito en bondad 188.

mu sta yatel. It is infinite. ynfinito en numero 187.

‘atel ‘olonton, nphr:vn4f of -n4d. thought. pensamiento.

‘atob, n4f. pointer puntero.

‘atob ‘osil, nphr(n of n)5. clock. reloj.

‘atob ‘osil, nphr(n4e of n5). calendar of saints’ days. martirologio.

‘atob biil, nphr(n of n)5. register, list of names. matricula de nombres propios.

‘atob biil, nphr(n4e of n5). register, list of names. matricula de nombres propios.

‘atob k‘ak’al, nphr(n4e of n5). calendar of saints’ days. martirologio.

‘atob k’in, nphr(n4e of n5). calendar of saints’ days. martirologio.

‘atob vinik, nphr(n of n)5. register, list of names. martricula de nombres propios.

‘atob vinik, nphr(n4e of n5). register, list of names. matricula de nombres propios.

‘atolaj, iv. count. contar. (1) prudente, (2) sabio que discurre mucho.

j‘at-‘olonton, agn(tv & ncpd). reflective person, sage, prudent person. contador.

j’atolayel, agn. counter (person). contador.

j’atvanej, agn. counter (person). contador.

ta tojol ‘atey, vphr:qphr(prep & -n4d) & tv/pass/. be a partner of. parcionero.

‘otol, nld. count, possession, rent of of harvest, share. (1) cuenta 63, (2) perteneciente cosa, (3) racion o quinta 286.

j‘otol, agn. counter (person). contador.

‘at (3)

‘atimol, nld. bath, bath water. (1) baño, la agua… 345, (2) baño la agua… 345.

battik ta ‘atimol! Let’s go bathing!

ebat ta ‘atimol. He went to take a bath.

mi avatimol li‘ stuk? (Seeing the water gourd) Is this your bath water?

‘atin, iv. bathe (not in sweatbath), get wet. (1) bañarse o lavarse fuera de baño 345, (2) mojado.

‘atin ‘ach’el, vphr:tv & n5. bemuddied. enlodarse.

katinej ‘ach’el. I was muddied. enlodado.

katinej jba ta ch’ich’. I was bloodied. ensangrentarse.

‘atin ch’ich’, vphr:tv & n5. bestained with blood. ensangren tarse.

‘atin ta ch’ich’, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be stained with blood. ensangrentarse.

‘atin Ho‘, vphr:tv & n5. bathe (not in sweatbath), get wet. (1) baño donde se bañan 345, (2) mojado.

‘atinab, n5. bath, bathing place. baño donde se bañan 345.

‘atinej ch’ich’, vphr:tv/ap/ & n5. bloodied, bloody. sangriento.

‘atintas, tv. bathe, wet (person). (1) banarse o lavarse fuera de baño 345, (2) mojar a otro.

‘atintas ta ‘ach’el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). muddy. enlodar a otro.

j‘atimol, agn. bather. bariador de los que se barian asi 345.

‘at’

‘at’. wet, water. cf. ‘ach’ (2).

‘av (1)

‘av, n4f. place where something is or is put, mold for bell or casting of other metal object, site. *Site for building town, as when they say, “Look for a good site to found a town.” “We cannot find a good site.” RML—yav is usually represented as “yauh,” but also “yay.” (1) lugar donde algo se pone o esta, (2) molde de campanas o cosa asi vaciadiza, (3) sitio, (4) sitio para edificar pueblo como….

‘av ‘atz’am, nphr(n4f of n5). saltcellar. salero.

‘av ‘amay, nphr(n4f of n5). flute case. caja de flautas 53.

‘av ‘ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). granary. troje de pan 342.

‘av ‘itaj, nphr(n4f of n5). garden. huerta 343.

‘av ‘okil, nphr(n4f of n3d). footprint. (1) patada o huella, (2) pisada de pie, (3) rastro por señal si es de pisadas, (4) señal de la planta o pisada.

‘av bon, nphr(n4f of n5). dyer’s vat. tina de tintorero.

‘av tz’unbaltik, nphr(n4f of n5). garden, orchard. huerta 343.

‘av tz’unubil, nphr(n4f of n5). garden, orchard. *To say I want to make a garden here you have to say jk’an jlek(or) jk’ an jpas li‘ yav tz’unubil(or) yav jtz’ unubil(or) yav tz’unbaltik, and it is incorrect to say jk’an jlek tz’ unubil(or) jtz’ unubbecause that means that you want to make or take the tree or vegetable itself. huerta 343.

‘av candela, nphr(n4f of n5). lantern. linterna 193.

‘av castillan pom, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. censer. naveta.

‘av ch’ojon, nphr(n4f of n5). whiplash. señal de azote.

‘av incienso, nphr(n4f of n5). censer. naveta de incienso.

‘av japbalal, nphr:n4f of -n4f. candlestick, lamp socket. mechero de candil o lampara.

‘av j-tek lum, nphr:n4f of nphr(n<num & ncpd>of n5). town site. sitio.

‘av kap ve’el, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). sauceboat. salsera.

‘av k’a‘-‘ep, nphr:n4f of n(aj & ncpd)5. dump. establo no de bestias sino de suciedades.

‘ay k’obil, nphr(n4f of n3d). handprint. serial de la planta o pisada.

‘ay k’obol, nphr(n4f of n3d). handprint, mark left by blow of the fist or by a slap. (1) señal de la planta o pisada, (2) señal de azote o herida absolute.

‘av k’ok’, nphr(n4f of n5). hearth. hogar.

‘av na, nphr(n4f of n5). house site. solar de casa

‘av nanatik, nphr(n4f of n5). site of abandoned town. (1) sitio, (2) sitio de pueblo, casas que ya no habitan.

‘av naul, nphr:n4f of -n4f. candlestick, lamp socket. mechero de candil o lampara.

‘av nichim, nphr(n4f of n5). flower garden. (1) huerto como vergel 344, (2) vergel.

‘av sibak, nphr(n4f of n5). inkwell. tintero.

‘av tak’in, nphr(n4f of n5). surgeon’s case. estuche de cirujano.

‘av vinagre, nphr(n4f of n5). vinegar bottle. vinagrera.

’av Ho‘, nphr(n4f of n5). basin, fountain. (1) madre de rio, (2) pila de agua.

‘av(2)

‘av, tv. plant (as they plant corn or we plant radishes). sembrar como….

‘ovol, n5. planting. sembrar coma….

xibat.ta‘ovol. I am going to plant. yr a sembrarlas 190.

‘av (3)

‘avalet, av. cackle (goose), cry, howl like a dog, scream. (1) gañir como perro como llorando, (2) graznar el ansar, (3) gritar, (4) llanto hacer.

‘avan, iv. bleat, cry, proclaim. (1) balar, (2) gritar, (3) llanto hacer, (4) pregonar.

‘avan ‘osil, s:iv & n5. thunder. atronar.

‘avan chauk, s:iv & n5. thunder. atronar.

‘avan ta ‘ok’el, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). wail. gritar llorando.

‘avanabil, n3d. adam’s apple, throat, vent. (1) garganta, (2) nuez del cuello, (3) respiradero.

‘avanel, vn5. bleat, scream. (1) balido, (2) grito.

j‘avanel, agn. shouter. gritador.

‘aptay, tv. proclaim. pregonar.

‘aptay dios, vphr:tv & n5. pray to God. rogar a Dios.

‘aptayabil kotol sanctoetik, nphr(n4f of nphr<n4f of n5>).litany. cf. ‘av (3). letania.

‘aptaybil, pp. mocked. escarnecido.

‘aptayel, vn5. prayer. ruego.

‘ov, nid. bleat, publication of town crier, shout. RML—Given as oy. (1) balido, (2) grito, (3) pregon.

‘ov chauk, nphr(n4f of n5). thunder. tronido.

j‘ov, agn. loudmouth, shouter, town crier. (1) bocinglero 44, (2) gritador, (3) pregonero.

‘ipal j‘ov, nphr(aj & agn)5. loudmouth. bocinglero 44.

‘avob

x‘avob, n5. pollywog. RML—This term is still in use in Larraínzar, x’avob(Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:228). ranacuajo.

‘ay

‘ay, n5. came, went. cf. ‘oy (1).

‘ay ta jatval. He fled. huidico.

‘ayon ta tzob patan. I went to collect taxes. recadar rentas.

‘ayon ta maj-‘ak’. Lit. I went to the vine-beating, i.e., I went to poison fish. pesca de esta manera.

‘ayon ta maj-‘ak’icj choy. I went to poison fish. pesca de esta manera.

‘ayon ta nupol (or)‘ayon ta snupol. I went to the reception (the welcoming). recibimiento 289.

‘ayotik ta tzamesvanej. We went to the killing. rebato hacer.

‘ayotik ta xchukel vinik. We went to the jailing. rebato hacer.

‘ayan

‘ayan. be born, Christmas, social standing, supply. cf. ‘oy (1).

‘ayik’ (Y.)

‘ayik’al, aj. rich. RML—No longer in use in modern Tzotzil, it is found in both colonial and modern Yucatec; ayikal, rich, and ayikalil, wealth, and modern Yucatec; ayikal, rich, and ayikalil, wealth (Pérez, 1877:11). The same terms occur in colonial Chord (Morán, 1935:56). rico.

‘ayik’alot. You are rich. ser.

‘ayik’

‘ayik’al chabjom, nphr(aj & n)5. lit. “rich cultivator,” i.e., rich man. *(Referring to cultivator) many times they consider him a rich man. rozador o labrador.

‘ayik’al xanvil, nphr(aj & agn)5. rich trader. rozador o labrador.

‘ayik’aletik, aj. rich. RML—This reading is suspect. rico.

‘ayik’lej, iv. grow rich. (1) enriquecer, (2) enriquecido.

‘ayik’lejel, vn5. enrichment. enriquecimiento.

‘ayik’lejes, tv. enrich. enriquecer a otro.

‘ayik’lejesbil, pp. enriched. enriquecido.

‘ayik’lelil, n3d. property, wealth. (1) bienes, haciendas, (2) hacienda o riqueza 166, (3) riqueza.

ayik’leltas, tv. enrich. enriquecer otro.

‘e (1)

‘e, n4f. blade. filo de espada o cuchillo.

‘e elefante chij, nphr:n4d of nphr(n type n)5. ivory. marfil.

ye chij Ha‘ te elefante sbie. Lit. tooth of the deer that is called elephant, i.e., ivory.

‘eal, n3d. tooth. diente.

‘oy ‘e, s:n5/predi & -n4f. sharp (blade). filos tener asi.

‘utz ‘e, cf. ‘utz.

‘e (2)

‘ean, tv. carry, transport. acarreara.

‘ean tzo‘op, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. build a nest. nido hacer.

‘eanbol, n4d. goods being transported. acarrear lo que tengo que acarrear.

j‘eanvanej, agn. porter. ganapan.

*‘e‘

*‘e‘et, av. breathe. RML—Possibly related to Totontepec Mixe, xeh, “breathe.” resollar.

*‘e‘onet, ay. breathe. resollar.

*‘echan

*‘echan, n5. today. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term is hichan (Guzmán, 1620:144). oy 237.

‘ech’

‘ech’, iv. bedigested, exceed, go through streets or gardens, pass by, surpass. (1) digerirse, (2) digerido, (3) pasar caminando, (4) pasarse por canes, huertas, cf. pasearse, (5) sobrar, sobrepujando, (6) sobrepujar.

mu to ta x‘ech’. It is indigestible. yndigesto, no digerido 186.

‘ech’‘olonton, s:iv/3s/ & -n4d. become tame. manso hacerse asi.

‘ech’ ‘osil ‘u‘un, s:iv/3s/ & n5 + -n4d. divert self. recrearse.

‘ech’ ta be, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). get ahead of. RML—This is given as xequich Labe. adelantarse como dejando los otros arras.

‘ech’ ta lekom, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4d). become the property of. poseer.

‘ech’ Ho‘tik‘u‘un, s:iv/3s/ & n5 + -n4d. winter. ynvernar, tener invierno 189.

ta Soktom x‘ech’ Ho‘tik ku‘un. I am wintering in Chiapa.

’ech’bil, pp. surpassed. sobrepujado.

‘ech’eb, n4f. ford. pasadero, lugar do pasan.

‘ech’eb‘osil, nphr(n4f of n5). competent sustenance appointed to person entering the priesthood, pastime. (1) pasada, cf. pasadia, (2) pasatiempo.

‘ech’eb ‘uk’um, nphr(n4f of n5). stepping stone. pasadero, lugar do pasan.

‘ech’el, vn4f. departure. aun ahora fue 22.

yech’el to. He just left.

‘ech’el ta jom, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & n5). navigation, passage. (1) navegacion, (2) navegante.

‘ech’olaj, iv. drop in price. vilescerse en el precio.

‘ech’om, aj. old, stale. añejo.

‘ech’te ‘ech’te xanav, vphr:av(av & av)/3s/ & iv. go on pilgrimage. peregrinar.

‘ech’te ‘ech’te xanbal, s:vphr(av & av) & -nld. make a pilgrimage. peregrinacion.

j‘ech’el-be, agn(vn & ncpd). passerby, traveler. (1) caminante, (2) viandante.

Ha‘ te ‘ech’e, s:n5/pred3s/ & s(pt & iv). predecessor. antecesor.

Ha‘ te tana‘ech’, s:n5/pred3s/ & s(pt & qphr<n5>& iv). current. presente cosa.

‘et’es, tv. abort, administer to (giving something to someone). (1) abortar, (2) administrar dando algo.

‘et’es ‘ipal k’ak’al, vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n5). take a siesta. sestear, tener la siesta.

‘et’es ‘osil, vphr:tv & n5. divert self, pass the time away. (1) pasar tiempo, (2) recrearse.

‘et’es k’ak’altik, vphr:tv & n5. summer. estio tener o pasar en lugar, estivar.

‘eyes tumuch k’ak’al, vphr:tv & nphr(n type n)5. take a siesta. sestear.

‘et’es ve‘el, vphr:tv & n5. digest. digerir.

‘et’esab ‘osil, nphr(n of n)5. RML—See ‘ech’eb‘osil. (1) pasada, cf. pasadia, (2) refrigerio.

‘et’esab k’ak’al, nphr(n of n)5. place for taking a siesta. sesteador, cf. sesteadero.

‘et’esabil ‘osil, nphr(n4f of n5). competent sustenance ap pointed to person entering the priesthood, consolation, refreshment. (1) pasada, cf. pasadia, (2) pasatiempo, (3) refrigerio.

‘et’esabil charnel pox, nphr:nphr(n4f of vn5) type n5. purge. purga.

jk‘an kak’be yet’esabil charnel pox. I want to take a purge. …purgar.

‘et’esbey, dv. give to, turn over to. RML—This is given as xquitasbey. entregar algo a otro.

‘et’esbey ‘a‘lel, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. irrigate with water from a draw well. regar con agua de pie.

‘et’esbey ‘osil, vphr:-dv & n5. divert. recrear a otro.

‘et’esbil, pp. delivered, submitted. RML—This is given as etasbil. entregado.

‘et’esej ‘osil, nphr(vn of n)5. recreation. recreacion.

‘ek

‘ek, pt. also, too. RML—As in modern Tzotzil of Chamula and Chenalhó. tambien.

‘ekuk, pt. also, and, too. (1) e, conjuncion, (2) y, conjuncion.

mo‘ekuk, neg & pt. neither. tampoco.

mu jk’ an ‘ekuk. I don’t want it either.

‘ekel

‘ekel, vn5. purchase of corn. comprar maiz 190.

xibat ta ‘ekel. I am going to buy corn.

‘ekel, vn4d. corn that has been bought. comprar maiz.

‘ekelaj, iv. buy corn. comprar maiz.

‘ekeltay, tv. buy corn. comprar maiz.

‘ek’el

‘ek’el, n5. hatchet used by the Indians, metal. (1) hachuela de las que ellos tienen, (2) metal.

‘ek’el tomin, nphr(n type n)5. copper coin (quarter). moneda de cobre como cuartos.

batz’i ‘ek’el, cf. batz’i.

castillan ‘ek’el, cf. castillan.

‘elan

‘elan. be in front of, face. cf. ‘elov.

‘elav’

‘elav. admire, wonder, cf. ‘elov.

‘elek’

‘elek’, n5. larceny. (1) hurto, (2) latrocinio, (3) robo o hurto.

‘elek’, nld. stolen goods. robo o hurto.

j‘elek’, agn. robber (who acts in secret). (1) hurtador, ladron, (2) ladro secreto.

‘elk’aj, iv. steal. hurtar.

‘elk’ajebal tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. picklock. ganzua.

‘elk’an, tv. steal. hurtar.

ne‘elk’anat elaj sbel jna. I was robbed, my possessions are gone. fatiga asi o adversidad.

‘elk’an bel na dios, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of nphr<n4f of n5>). commit a sacrilege (by stealing from the church). *There is no general term for sacrilege, but they must specify whether it is against a place or a person. sacrilegio.

‘utz ‘elk’anel, cf. ‘utz.

‘elk’

‘elk’. steal. cf. ‘elek’.

‘elm

‘elm. earn, profit, provide. cf. *‘elo.

*‘elo

*‘elo, n4f. count, profit. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term is yela (Guzmán, 1620:203). (1) logro, (2) suma en la cuenta.

*‘elaaj ‘u‘un, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). add up. RML—The same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:203). sumar en la cuenta.

*‘elaajes, tv. add up. sumar en la cuenta.

*‘elaaj ‘u‘un, iv. earn, make a profit. (1) ganar, ganar en la mercaduria, (2) ganar trabajando.

‘ep x‘elmaj ku‘un. I am making a good profit. ganar, en la mercaduria.

‘elmaj j’ilojel ‘u‘un, s:iv & agn + n4d. prove with a witness. probar con testigos 274.

‘elmaj p’olmal, s:iv & n5. make a profit. ganar en la mercaduria.

‘elmaj yo‘ ‘oy, vphr:iv & pt & pt. be advantageous or profitable. provecho y provechoso.

‘elmajes, tv. provide. RML—In colonial Tzeltal -elmaghtez means “ganar en la mercaderia, proveer”(Guzmán, 1620:168). proveer.

‘elmajesbil, pp. supplied. proveido.

j‘elmajesvanej, agn. provider. proveedor.

mo ‘elmaj k’in, s:neg & iv & n4e. be too busy (to do something because of disturbances). tiempo no tener….

‘elov

‘elov, n4f. excess, facade, front, surface. (1) frontera o delantera o la haz de algo, (2) haz, la cara, (3) haz de cualquiera cosa, (4) sobra que sobrepuja.

‘elov cha‘ley ba, vphr:-n4e & rv. pretend to be. similar lo que no es.

‘elovil, n3d. face. rostro o cara.

‘elan, iv. be in front of, face. publicamente.

x‘elan skotol vinik e‘elk’aj. In front of everyone he stole.

x‘elan skotol vinik elaj vinik. Everyone heard him in public.

‘elanej ba, nphr(vn4f of rn4f). in front of (one house or another), facing. enfrente de tal casa o de tal cosa.

yelanej sba sti‘ lok’ebal sna xchi‘uk sna fulano. His door (or) house faces so and so’s.

‘elanej ba ‘ak’, vphr:nphr(vn4f & rn4f) & tv-. place against. poner en contrario.

‘elavaj, iv. admire, wonder at. admirar.

*‘eno

*‘eno, pt. Look! Here! (1) he, (2) hea aqui 166, (3) que buena cosa es, admirandose.

*‘eno avil. Look! he!

*‘eno li’ Look here! hea aqui 166.

*‘eno avutzil bi. Look how good you are! que buena cosa es, admirandose.

*‘eno yutzil. Look how good he is! que buena cosa es, admirandose.

*‘eno jt’ujumal. Look how good I am. que buena cosa es, admirandose.

‘ep

‘ep, aj. abundant, many, much. (1) abundancia, (2) muchos en numero cantidad.

‘epon. Lit. I am many, i.e., I have a big family. casa, familia.

toj‘ep. a great many. muy mucho.

‘ep‘il ‘osil, vphr:aj & tv & n5. belong-lived or old. grande en edad.

‘ep ‘olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. fickle. mudable asi en el parecer.

‘ep tza, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. fickle. mudable asi en el parecer.

‘ep tz’i‘ley ba, cf. tz’i‘ (2).

‘ep ch’uunat, cf. ch’u.

‘ep k’op, cf. k’op.

‘ep labal, cf. lab.

‘ep labanel, cf. lab.

‘ep nopel, cf. nop.

‘ep patan, cf. pat.

‘ep xi‘ey, cf. xi‘.

‘ep ta jech‘ak’, cf. jech.

‘ep ta kot, ajphr:aj & qphr(prep & nc). flock (cattle). res, cabeza de ganado.

‘ep ta mek, ajphr:aj &qphr(prep & nc). frequently, many times, often. muchas veces.

‘ep ta mek jna‘(or)‘ep ta mek xkat kolonton (or)‘ep ta mek xkich’ jtza. I think of it often. pensar muchas veces.

‘ep ta mek xlik. It moves frequently. mudable, cosa que muchas veces se muda.

‘ep ta mek tuuney, cf. tu (2).

‘ep takiej, cf. tak (1).

‘ep tojol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. be expensive, valuable, or worthy.(1) caro, (2) estimable, cosa preciada.

‘ep tuun ‘u‘un k’usitik, cf. tu (2).

‘ep‘ep, aj. quite a lot, quite frequently. muchos algun tanto.

‘ep‘ep nopbil. thought of quite frequently.

‘ep‘ep tijbil. mentioned quite frequently.

‘epaj, iv. become abundant, increase, multiply. (1) abundancia, (2) acrecentarse, (3) multiplicarse.

‘epaj na, s:iv & n5. grow (town). poblarse o engrandecerse el pueblo.

‘epajes, tv. increase, multiply. (1) abundancia, (2) multiplicar otra cosa.

‘epal, n4f. multitude. muchedumbre.

‘epal, aj. much, many. muchedumbre.

‘epal‘olonton, nphr(aj & n)5 fickle. ynconstante 186.

‘epal‘olontonil, nphr(aj & n)5 fickleness, inconstancy. ynconstancia 186.

‘epal tzaijel, nphr(aj & vn)5. fickleness, inconstancy. (1) ynconstancia 186, (2) pensamiento asi.

‘epal tz’albil Hun, nphr:aj & nphr(pp & n5). quantity of books. libreria muchos libros.

‘epal caballo, nphr(aj & n)5. flock of horses. piara de ganado.

‘epal jom, nphr(aj & n)5. fleet. flota de navio.

‘epal k’ob, nphr(aj & n)5. branchy. ramoso o Ileno de ramas.

‘epal k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. disagreement, discord. diferencia o discordia.

‘epal na, nphr(aj & n)5. population, town. poblacion.

‘epal na yo‘ ‘oy. There is a large population there.

‘epal pom, cf. pom (1).

‘epal tux-nok’chij, nphr(n<n & ncpd>type n)5. flock of sheep. piara de ganado.

‘epal tux-nok’chij, nphr(n<n & ncpd>type n)5. crowd. muchedumbre de hombres.

‘epal vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. crowd. (1) gente o gentio, (2) muchedumbre de hombres, (3) tropel de gente.

‘epub, iv. spread out. desdoblar.

e‘epub avikatz. Your burden is spread out.

‘epuj, iv. spread out. desdoblar.

j‘epal-‘olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). capricious person. antojadiso.

j‘epal-tza, agn(aj & ncpd). capricious person. antojadiso.

j‘epal-k’op, agn(aj & ncpd). imperious, long-winded or talkative person, person who speaks empty words. (1) baladron asi, (2) hablador que habla mucho, (3) mandon que mucho manda, (4) parlero, (5) vano en palabras.

j’epal-k’opon. I am talkative. parlero ser.

j’epal-ti‘, agn(aj & ncpd). talkative person. palabrero.

‘es (1)

‘es, n4d. luck. ventura buena.

‘oy kes. I am lucky.

‘esomaj, iv. procure by one means or another, profit. ganar, sacar que de una parte que de otra.

j‘esel, agn. lucky person. ventura buena.

‘ep ‘esomaj ‘u‘un, vphr:aj & iv + -n4d. have great luck. *This is when one’s crops multiply and are sold. ventura buena.

‘ep ‘esomajes, vphr:aj & tv-. multiply one’s wealth almost inadvertently. ventura buena.

‘es (2)

‘esel, n5. chilblain. savañon.

‘eselul, n4d. chilblain. savañon.

‘eseltik, n5. afflicted with many chilblains. savañon.

‘etel (1)

‘etel k‘anal tak’in, nphr(n4f of nphr<aj & n>5). carat. quilate de oro.

‘etel k’u‘ul, nphr(n4f of n5). uniform. traje de vestido.

‘etelaj, iv. mark. señalar dejando seña o muesca en arboles.

‘etelaj ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. mark silver, etc. marcar plata u otra cosa.

‘etelil, n3b. blaze, brand, dot (in writing), mark, sign. (1) nota asi, (2) punto encima de letra, (3) raya para señalar 284, (4) señal como…, (5) sino por serial 317.

‘oy yetel. marked. marcada cosa.

‘eteltas, vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n)5. blaze, brand, chisel, engrave, mark (wood or stone for cutting), seal (document). (1) herrar ganado con fuego, (2) marcar plata u otra cosa, (3) notar señalando, (4) rayar, hater raya 284, (5) reglar asi madera, piedra para cortar aserrar, (6) sellar escritura, (7) senalar dejando sena o muesca en arboles, (8) sincelar 319.

‘etelkas k‘anal tak‘in, vphr(tv & nphr<aj & n>5). mark carat. quilate dar al oro.

‘etel (2)

‘eteltasab tak’in, nphr(n type n)5. branding iron. hierro para herrar ganado.

‘eteltasabil, n5. seal. RML—This is given as dazabil. sello.

‘eteltasbenal, n4f. seal (on document). selladura.

‘eteltasbil, pp. branded, marked. (1) herrada asi, (2) marcada cosa.

‘eteltasbil sakil tak’in, nphr:pp & nphr(aj & n)5. marked silver. plata marcada.

‘i

‘i, n4d. woman’s grandchild. RML—This term persists in Venustiano Carranza. nieto del varon.

‘i‘(1)

‘i‘onet, av. howl like a dog, neigh, wail, whinny. (1) gañir como perro como llorando, (2) geñir llorando, (3) relinchar.

‘i‘onet ‘ok’, vphr:av & iv [S=S of av]. neigh, whinny. relinchar.

‘i‘onet ta ‘ok’el, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). neigh, whinny. relinchar.

‘i‘onetel, vn5. howling, neigh, wailing, whinny. (1) gañir como perro como llorando, (2) gemido asi, (3) relincho.

j‘i‘onetel, agn. wailer. gemidor que asi gime.

*‘i‘(2)

*‘i‘et, av. breathe. RML—Possbily related to modern Tzeltal of BachajOn, hu’xiy,“blow,” (curing ritual). respirar.

*‘i‘onet, av. breathe. respirar.

‘ib (1)

‘ibet ‘olonton, s:av & -n4d. squeamish. acedia tener 37.

‘ib (2)

‘ibel, n4b. foot (tree with branches), origin, relationship, right, title (legal). (1) arraigar, (2) origen o principio, (3) original cosa, (4) parentesco por sangre, (5) raigar, (6) titulo o derecho a alguna cosa.

junjun kibeltik. We are of the same parentage (or) of the same stock. parentesco por sangre.

‘ibel ch’ub, nphr(n4f of n5). foot of wall, foundation. (1)fundar o asentar, (2) fundamento asi desde la haz de la tierra arriba.

‘ibel mulil, nphr(n4f of n5). original sin. original cosa.

‘ibel te‘, nphr: n4f of n5. foot of tree. tronco de arbol si es….

‘ibel totil, nphr(n4f of n5). patriarch. patriarca.

‘ibel vitz, nphr(n4f of n5). foot of mountain. (1) arraigar, (2) cuesta por la ladera, (3) haldas de cierra al pie de la sierra.

‘ibeltas, tv. give the motive for, lay the foundation. (1) fundar o asentar desde encima la tierra arriba, (2) ocasion dar.

‘ibelub, iv. take root. arraigar.

‘iben, iv. take root. (1) arraigar, (2) asirse en la planta en la tierra, (3) prender la planta.

e‘iben. rooted. presa planta.

j‘ibeltasej-ch’ub, nphr(vn4f of n5cpd). foundation maker. fundador asi.

*‘ib (3)

*‘ibal pok’, nphr(aj & n)5. striped cloth (with stripes of one color). RML—This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:120). This root may also refer to armadillo. listada cosa cuando todo es de un color.

‘itz’

‘itz’lajet ‘osil, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. sparkle (sunbeam through a crack in the wall, stars). RML—This verb persists in modern Tzotzil. resquicio de tabla o ventana opuerta.

‘itz’in

‘itz’inal, n3d. man’s younger brother. hermano menor del hombre 161.

‘itz’intas ba ta lum, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). humble oneself. RML—In colonial Tzeltal -itzintez is “abatir a otro humillandolo”(Guzmán, 1620:4). humillarse.

‘ich (1)

‘ich, n5. chili. pimienta.

‘ich, n5. itch. RML—This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:193). sarna 193.

‘ichil chak, nphr(natt & n)5. piles. almorranas.

castillan‘ich, cf. castillan.

*‘ich (2)

*‘ichinal, nld. merchandise, property, wealth. RML—This may be related to colonial Yucatec ichinah “frutificar, dar fruto los arboles” (Michelon, 1976:163). (1) alhaja de mercader, (2) bienes haciendas, (3) hacienda o riqueza.

*ichinalil, n3d. furniture, wealth. (1) mueble cosa, (2) riqueza.

‘ichin

‘ichin, n5. great horned owl. lechusa.

‘ichok’

‘ichok’il, n3d. man’s nephew or niece, (sister’s son or daughter). RML—Modern Tzotzil of Chalchihuitán: man’s sisters’son and man’s first cousins (Hopkins, 1969:8, 86). sobrino hijo de hermana si habla el varon.

‘ichon

‘ichon, n4b. front, presence. *In the prayers which we give when we say, “the presence of the king has a great effect in the kingdom, that of the bishop in the bishopric.” They say: ‘utz te y‘ichon yilik svinkilel yu‘un ‘ojove. presencia, (or) ‘utz yichon yilel svinkilel yu‘un obispo. presencia. (1) frente de cualquiera cosa, (2) presencia.

‘ichon na, nphr(n4f of n5). facade, portal. portada de casa.

‘ichoninej ba vphr:rv/ap/ & tv-. place against. RML—In this and the following entry the verbal noun perhaps should be read ‘ichonel. poner en contrario.

‘ichoninej ba chi‘uk na, vphr:rv/ap/ + nphr(n4f of -n4d). facing the house of. …enfrente.

ta ‘ichonil, qphr:prep & n3d. ahead of, in front of. (1) adelante, (2) enfrente.

ta kichon. ahead of me (or) in front of me.

‘ich’

‘ich’, tv. accept, exceed, receive, take. (1) recibir, tomar 289, (2) sobrepujar, (3) tomar, recibir.

ekich ’ejpas. I did it voluntarily. voluntariamente.

‘ich’ ‘ip, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. convalesce, make an effort, rest. (1) esforzarse tomando fuerzas, (2) reposar, descansar.

‘ich’ ‘olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. relax. reposar, quietarse el inquieto.

‘ich’ batel, vpphr:tv- &dr. take away. llevar.

‘ich’ tza, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. be cautious, consider if suitable. (1) pensar si es cosa que le conviene, (2) recatado.

yich’oj stza. He is cautious. recatado.

‘ich’ ch’ulel, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. become brave. animar, tomar anima.

‘ich’ k’uk’, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. Lit. to collect feathers, i.e., to collect tribute. recaba o recaudar.

‘ich’ lot, vphrtv & n5. listen to backbiting or gossip. recibir admitir chismerias… 289.

‘ich’ moton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. receive a gift. presente que recibe.

‘ich’ padreil, vphr:tv & nld[A]. be ordained, graduate from priestly order. (1) graduarse de orden sacerdotal, (2) ordenarse asi.

‘ich’ patan, vphr:tv & n5. collect taxes. recaudar rentas.

‘ich’ tak’in, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. collect taxes. recabar o recaudar.

‘ich’ sacerdoteil, vphr:tv & n5. be ordained. (1) ordenarse asi, (2) ordenado asi.

‘ich’ tojol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. earn wages in war. sueldo ganar asi.

‘ich’ tojol ‘u‘un, vphr:tv & n4d[A] + -n4d. restore to former shape or beauty, shape, temper on the forge. (1) formar, reducir a cierta forma, (2) templar el hierro en la fragua.

‘ich’bey tza, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. follow the opinion of. opinar, seguir opinion.

xich’bey te stza Pedro. He follows Peter’s opinion.

‘ich’bey juramento, vphr:-dv & n5. take an oath. juramentar tomar juramento.

‘ich’el patan, nphr(vn4f of n5). collection of taxes. recaudamien to asi.

‘ich’on, iv. win (lottery). *If (they draw lots by) writing names they will say, “la’kak’ ta Hun jbitik much ’uy van te xlok’ sbie Ha‘ ‘ich’ onuk,” “Come, we’ll put our names on paper, whoever’s name comes out wins.” RML—This term is given xchichonuc, but in colonial Tzeltal for the same meaning it is given as x‘ichonand xihchon (Guzmán, 1620:201). sortear o echar suertes.

j‘ich’-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). gossip, talkative person. parlero, chismero.

‘ach’ j‘ich’el, cf. ‘ach’ (1).

‘ik

‘ik, aj. fast, firm, fortified, strong. firmeza.

‘ik, tv. grasp, hold in the hand. (1) asir asi algo o tener en la mano, (2) tener.

kikoj. I am holding it.

‘ik ba, rv. join, shake hands. (1) asirse de las manos, (2) travar.

‘ikobal, n4f. handle. asa.

‘ikobil, n4f. handle. asa.

‘iktalep, n5. widow. dejado.

‘iktalepay, iv. be widowed. (1) enviudar, (2) enviudada.

‘iktay, tv. abandon, leave, move (from one’s house), take a drop in rank. (1) desamparar, (2) dejar 84, (3) mudar, (4) renunciar dignidad o algo asi.

mo no ‘ox xkiktay jutuk. Lit. I do not abandon it in the least, i.e., I continue doing it. continuar.

‘iktay ‘ik’al pok’, vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n)5. remove mourning clothes. luto quitar.

‘iktay ‘ixim, vphr:tv & n5. diet, fast. (1) bebedor 41, (2) dietatener.

‘iktay ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. move object. mudar otra cosa.

‘iktay chu’ vphr:tv & -n4d. be weaned. (1) destetarse, (2) destetado.

‘iktay ch’uunel dios, vphr:tv & nphr(vn4f of n5). renounce one’s religion. renegar de Dios.

‘iktay dios, vphr:tv & n5. forsake God, renounce one’s religion. renegar de Dios.

‘iktay na, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. move from one’s house. mudar.

‘iktay na xanav, vphr:vphr(tv & n4d[A]) & iv[S=A of tv]. travel far away. peregrinar.

‘iktaybil, pp. abandoned. (1) desamparado, (2) dejado 84.

‘iktayel ‘ixim, nphr(vn of n)5. diet. dieta templanza.

j‘iktayej, agn. apostate, renegade. renegador o renegado.

‘ikatz

‘ikatzil, n3d. burden. carga.

‘ikatzin, iv. pack. carga.

‘ikatzinab, n5. pack saddle. enjalma de bestia 115.

‘ikatzinab chu‘uy, nphr(n type n)5. bag, sack. saco, costal.

‘ikatzinay, tv. saddle. enalbardar.

‘ikatzinaybil, pp. saddled. enjalma de bestia 115.

‘ikatzinom caballo, nphr(n type n)5. drove. recua.

‘ikatznom caballo, nphr(n type n)5. drove. recua.

‘ikatznom caballo yu‘un Pedro. Peter’s drove.

j-‘ikatz, num(num & nccpd)5. bundle of torch faggots or plants. hace o haz de tea o yerba.

j‘ikatznom, agn. bearer, porter. RML—Given as ycatznom. carga.

*‘ikoy

*‘ikoy, n5. fight. RML—Also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:30). It is possibly a loan from Nahuatl iizk alii, “atacar, batallar.” pelea.

*‘ikoyaj, iv. fight, fight in a contest. RML—Also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:41, 119). (1) lidiar asi, (2) pelear.

*‘ikoyajel, vn5. fight. RML—Also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:195). pelea.

*‘ikoyan, tv. fight in a contest. RML—Occurs in colonial Tzeltal for “batallar” (Guzmán, 1620:30). lidiar asi.

*j‘ikoyajel, agn. fighter. peleador.

‘ik’(1)

‘ik’, n5. air, spirit, wind. (1) ayre 14, (2) espiritu, (3) espiritual, (4) viento.

mo ‘oyuk ‘ik’. It is calm. calma.

‘ik’, n4b. scent. rastro por olor.

‘ik’al, n3d. breath, reputation. huelgo, aliento.

‘ik’al charnel, nphr(n type vn)5. gout. gota de pies.

‘ik’al nab, nphr(n4f of n5). sea breeze. marca, viento de mar, cf. marea.

‘ik’al ta ‘ok, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5). gout. gota de pies.

‘ik’al ta k’ob, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5). arthritis. gota de manos.

‘ik’altik, n5. gouty. gotoso.

‘ik’ayabil ‘ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). winnowing floor. RML—Modern Tzotzil: jik’ aob. era donde trillan.

‘ip ‘ik’s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. famous, illustrious. esclarecerse o afamarse.

‘ip ‘ik’s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. important (official). grave, personade autoridad.

‘ipal chamelal ‘ik’, nphr:nphr(aj & natt) type n5. pestilential wind. pestilencial cosa.

‘ipal ‘ik’nphr(aj & n)5. whirlwind, windstorm. (1) torbellino, (2) viento recio.

‘ipuk ‘ik’ ‘a‘i, vphr:nphr(aj & n5) & tv-. revere. miedo haber de reverencia.

‘oy ‘ik’, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be awe-inspiring or fearsome. temerosa cosa.

‘oy ‘ik’ ‘a‘i, vphr:s(n5/pred/ & -n4d) & tv. respect, think highly of. tener en mucho a alguna persona.

k‘ak’al ‘ik’, cf. k‘ak’.

nab ‘ik’, cf. nab (1).

toj nom ‘ik’, s:adv & aj/pred/ & -n4d. majesty. majestad.

‘ik’ (2)

‘ik’ ‘ak’abal, nphr(n of n)5. night dew. *They don’t have a word for it, nor do they know what it is, though sometimes they say: ek’uxub jjol yu‘un ‘ik’ ‘ak’abal.My head aches from the night’s darkness. sereno de noche.

‘ik’-‘otz’tay, iv(aj & Ucpd). grow dark (trees in the distance). RML—Given as xihcutztay. negreguiar como negreguean los arboles de lejos.

‘ik’-‘oman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (abyss). abismo.

‘ik’-baltay, iv(aj & Pcpd). smoke (firewood). RML—In colonial Tzeltal this is given as xihcbeltay(Guzmán, 1620:209), but in modern Chol, ‘ik’-baltay isto become black, referring to roof poles. (1) humear sin querer arder, (2) humosa leña que no quiera arder.

‘ik’-loman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (abyss, backwater). (1) abismo, (2) negreguiar como…, (3) remanso de rio.

‘ik’-loman yanal, nphr:aj(aj & Ucpd) & n5. leafy. hojosa cosa.

‘ik’-lomtay, iv(aj & Ucpd). grow dark (trees in the distance). negreguiar como….

‘ik’-luman(aj & ncpd)5. dawn. (1) de manana, (2) en amaneciendo, (3) manna del dia 210.

toj ‘ik’-luman. early at dawn. madrugada.

‘ik’-lumantik, n(aj & ncpd)5. at dawn. de mañana.

‘ik’-mustay ‘isim, s:iv(aj & Pcpd) & -n4d. begin to grow a beard. mozo que comienza a barbar 226.

‘ik’-numan, n(aj & Ucpd)5. dawn. (1) de manna, (2) mañana del dia 210.

‘ik’-numantilc, n(aj & Ucpd)5. at dawn. de mañana.

‘ik’-pulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (abyss), dark, gloomy. (1) abismo, (2) negro asi, (3) negreguiar como…, (4) tenebroso.

‘ik’-pulan ‘osil ta tok, s:aj(aj & Ucpd)/pred/ & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). cloudy. nublado.

‘ik’-pulantik, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark, gloomy (sky). negro asi.

‘ik’-pultay, iv(aj & Ucpd). grow dark (sky). RML—In modern Tzotzil the verb to grow dark as in an eclipse is ‘ik’-pultaj. negro asi.

‘ik’-pultan ‘osil, s:iv(aj & Ucpd) & n5. have sky grow dark. negreguiar el tiempo.

‘ik’-pultay ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphrs(iv<aj & Ucpd>& n5) & tv. grow dizzy. desvanecerse.

‘ik’-pultay ‘osil ta tok, s:iv(aj & Ucpd) & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). cloud over. nublado hacer.

‘ik’-t’uban, aj(aj & T2cpd). black (backwater). remanso de rio.

‘ik’-votzan, aj(aj & P, P2cpd). black. negreguiar como….

‘ik’-votzan, aj(aj & P, P2cpd). black. negreguiar como….

‘ik’-yaman, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown, dark gray (cloth). (1) morena cosa, (2) pardo, color de paño.

juteb ‘ik’-yaman. rather dark gray. negro un poco.

‘ik’ ‘ik’, aj. black, blackish, dark. (1) negra cosa. (2) prieto.

‘ik’al, aj. black, blackened. ennegrecida cosa, poniendo la cosa.

‘ik’al *atz’am, nphr(aj & n)5. black salt. sal negra.

‘ik’al‘ak’abal, nphr(n of n)5. night dew. sereno de noche.

ek’uxub jjol yu‘un ‘ik’al ‘ak’abal. My head aches from the night’s darkness.

‘ik’al ’Ojov, nphr(aj & n)5. Zinacantin. RML—Lit. “black lord.” cf. ‘ak’(2). acompañar hasta alguna parte.

‘ik’al lum, nphr(aj & n)5. black earth. negra manta.

‘ik’al moy, cf. moy.

‘ik’al pok’, nphr(aj & n)5. mourning clothes. negra manta.

‘ik’al saben, nphr(aj & n)5. black weasel. huron.

‘ik’al seda, nphr(aj & n)5. black silk. prieto.

‘ik’al tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. iron. hierro.

‘ik’al ton, nphr(aj & n)5. blackened rock, jasper, jet, pitch. *St. Gregory says that (jasper) is green and in Spain it has a thousand colors. (1) azabache 37, (2) betun, (3) ennegrecida cosa poniendo la cosa, (4) jaspe.

‘ik’al vinik, cf. vinik.

‘ik’al‘ik’al, n5. blackness. negregura.

‘ik’ub, iv. get dirty, grow dark, grow murky (as when wine, etc., is rolled down several slopes). (1) ennegrecerse, (2) ensuciarse, (3) ensuciada cosa, (4) revotado vino o otra cosa semejante 287, (5) sucio hacerse o ensuciarse 327.

‘ik’ub ’u, s:iv & n5. have eclipse of the moon. eclipsarse la luna.

‘ik’ub ‘u’un chame-vinik, vphr:iv + nphr(n4d of n<aj & ncpd>5). dress in mourning. enlutarse.

‘ik’ub k‘ak’al, s:iv & n5. have eclipse of the sun. eclipsarse el sol.

‘ik’ubal, n4f. spot, stain. peca.

‘ik’ubaltik, n5. spotted. pecosa, Ilena de pecas.

‘ik’ubel, vn5. blackness, darkness. ennegrecimiento.

‘ik’ubes, tv. dirty. ensuciar otra cosa.

‘ik’ubtas, tv. blacken, dirty. (1) ennegrecer algo, (2) ensuciar otra cosa.

‘ik’ubtasbil, pp. soiled. ensuciada cosa.

‘ik’uyal, nlb. dirt, grease (as on old clothes), soot. (1) grasa como suele haber en las vestiduras usadas, (2) suciedad 327, (3) tizne u hollin.

‘ik’uyal ba, raj. dirty. sucia cosa 327.

‘ik’uyal jom, nphr(n4f of n5). bilge. sentina de nave.

j‘ik’al, agn. Negro from Guinea. negro de guinea.

‘ep ‘ik’uyal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. greasy. grasiento, lleno de esta grasa asi.

‘ip ‘ik’uyal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. dirty. (1) sucia cosa 327, (2) sucio estar 327.

noj ta ‘ik’uyal, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). greasy. grasiento, Ileno de esta grasa asi.

pim ‘ik’uyal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. greasy. grasiento, lleno de esta grasa asi.

‘ik’(3)

‘ik’, tv. call, invite, seize. prender.

‘ik’ batel, vphr:tv- & dr. take live animals. llevar cosas vivas.

‘ik’ chij, vphr:tv & n5. decoy deer with a whistle. reclamar.

‘ik’ dios, vphr:tv & n5. pray to God. rogar a Dios.

‘ik’ mut, vphr:tv & n5. decoy bird with a whistle. reclamar.

‘ik’ ta ‘ichon jch’akel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of agn>). summon before the judge. emplazar para delante de la justicia.

‘ik’ ta tzamesel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). challenge. desafiar.

‘ik’ ta majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). challenge. desafiar.

‘ik’ ta ve’el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). invite to a meal. convidar 56.

‘ik’bil, pp. invited to a meal, seized. (1) convidado, (2) engarrafar o asir.

‘ik’ob chij, nphr(n4e of n5). deer decoy. reclamo para aves.

‘ik’ob mut, nphr(n4e of n5). bird decoy. reclamo para aves.

‘ik’van, iv. decoy with a whistle, pander. (1) alcahuetear, (2) reclamar.

j‘ik’vanej, agn. pimp. alcahuete.

jmukul-‘ik’vanej, cf. muk (2).

muktal ‘ik’van, cf. muk (2).

‘ik’ti‘

‘ik’ti‘, n5. fable, torment, torture. (1) atormentar, (2) conseja.

‘ik’ti‘ij, iv. improve one’s wealth or luck, tell fables. (1) hablar consejas, (2) medrar por mejorar en hacienda o suerte.

‘ik’ti‘il, n3d. history, improvement, legend. (1) ystoria 190, (2) leyenda 195, (3) mejoria o medra asi.

‘ik’ti‘il k’op, nphr(n type n)5. fable. hablador asi de consejas, cf. habla.

‘ik’ti‘in, tv. tell fables. hablar consejas.

‘il (1)

‘il, n4d. debt. deuda.

‘il(2)

‘il, tv. experiment, find what one was looking for, have a vision, see. (1) experimentar 128, (2) hallar cosa perdida, (3) ver como quiera.

‘ep ekil (or) ‘oy ekil. I am experienced. (1) prueba, experiencia, (2) ser experimentado.

‘il, avil. Look (or) Here it is! hea aqui!

ekil te those. I saw God. vision, la cosa que se veo aparece.ekil te lobe. I saw the evil spirit. vision, la….

ekil te santo. I saw the saint. vision, la….

xkil me ‘oy jch’ulel. I’ll see if I have good luck (casting lots). lance.

toj ‘utz jilel te ekile. What I saw was wonderful. vision, la….

‘il ‘osil, vphr:tv & n5. live, see. (1) vida, (2) vista, tengo….

mo natuk xkil ‘osil. I am not far-sighted. vista, tengo….

nat eyil ‘osil. He lived a long time. vida.

‘il ‘osil, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. have sexual relations. hacer, tener parte el hombre con la mujer….

‘il ch’ulel, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. be happy or lucky. RML—The verb is in the past tense. bien aventurado o dichoso como….

‘il ta lok’obil, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). cast or draw lots. suerte echar.

manchuk kut jbatik la‘ kiltik alok’obil. Even though we quarreled, come, Let’s cast lots.

‘il tun, vphr:tv & tv/3s/. prophesy. ahorar 12.

‘il vokol, vphr:tv & n5. be punished, be tortured (as the damned). (1) penar, por torment como los dañados, (2) punido.

‘il vokol ‘u‘un, vphr:tv & n5 + -n4d. afflict, exhaust, punish, torture. (1) fatigar a otro absolute, (2) penar a otro asi o darle pena o tormento, (3) punir, castigando.

‘il Hun, vphr:tv & n5. read. (1) leer, (2) relatar proceso.

‘ilben ta vayichil, nphr:vnld & qphr(prep & n3d). dream vision. vision de sueños.

‘ilbey bek’tal, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. have sexual relations with. hacer, tener parte el hombre… 166.

ekilbey sbek’tal. I had sexual relations with her.

‘ilbil, pp. visited. visitado asi.

‘ilel, vn4b. appearance, form, style. (1) forma o manera, (2) manera de…, (3) vista, que….

‘utz yilel. He makes a good appearance. forma….

kolo’ avilel. You make a bad appearance. (1) forma…, (2) vista, que….

‘ilel ‘ak’abal, nphr(vn4f of n5). wake. vigilia o velada.

‘ilel ‘ilel ‘abtel, s:nphr(vn & vn)4f of -n4d. mix many works. mezcla muchas obras 223.

‘ilel ‘ilel tza, s:nphr(vn & vn)4f/pred/ & -n4d. mix many works. mezclar muchas obras 223.

‘ilel ‘ilel k’elay, vphr:nphr(vn & vn)4f/3s/ & tv-. make grimaces. visaje hacer.

‘ilel ‘ilel lok’tay, vphr:nphr(vn & vn)4f/3s/ & tv-. make grimaces. visaje hacer.

‘ilel ‘ilel pasel satil, s:nphr(vn & vn)4f/pred/ & nphr(vn4f of n5). grimaces. visaje.

‘ilel ‘ilel pasnej, s:nphr(vn & vn)4f/pred/ & -vn4d. mix many works. mezclar muchas obras 223.

‘ilel ‘ilel p’is, vphr:nphr(vn & vn)4f/3s/ & tv-. make grimaces. visaje hacer.

‘ilel’ilel p’isel satil, s:nphr(vn & vn)4f/pred/ & nphr(vn4f of n5). grimace. visaje.

‘ilel ‘osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). life. vida.

mo natuk yilel ‘osil ku‘untik li‘ ta balamile. We don’t have a long life here on earth.

‘ilel vokol ‘u‘un dios, nphr:vn4f of n5 + nphr(n4f of n5). martyrdom. martirio.

‘iley, tv(pass). visible, visible 350.

‘ilob ‘ik’ti‘, nphr(n of n)5. place of torture. atormentador.

‘ilob pomtik, nphr(n of n)5. apiary. colmenar.

‘ilob vokol, nphr(n of n)5. place of torture. atormentador.

‘ilobil, n5. nest egg. nidal, huevo del nido.

‘iloj, iv. witness. ver como quiera.

‘ilolaj, iv. witness. (1) testiguar, (2) ver como quiera.

‘ilomaj, iv. menstruate. menstruo padecer.

‘ilomajel, vn5. menstruation. menstruo de rnuger 220.

‘ilot, tv(pass). known (to be good or evil). (1) señalada cosa de bien o mal, (2) visible.

‘ilvan, iv. see. vista.

‘ilvanab, nld. eyesight, spectacles. (1) antojos, (2) vista, tengo….

kolo ‘ kilvanab. I have bad eyesight. vista, tengo….

j‘il ‘antzil chij, agn:tv &nphr(n type n)cpd5. keeper of breeding mares. yeguarizo que las guarda 183.

j‘il-chij, agn(tv & ncpd). drover, shepherd. ganadero o pastor.

j‘il-chitom agn(tv & ncpd). pigherd. porquero.

j‘il-jomal, agn(tv & ncpd). skipper. patron de nao.

j‘il-tuluk’, agn(tv & ncpd). poultryman. gallinero que las cuide.

j‘il tux-nok’chij, agn:tv & nphr(n<n & n>cpd type n)cpd5. shepherd. ovejero que guarda ovejas.

j‘il-Hun, agn(tv & ncpd). reader, reporter (of lawsuit). (1) lector que lee 195, (2) relator asi.

j‘ilojel, agn. witness. (1) testigo, (2) ver como quiera.

j‘ilolajel, agn. witness. (1) testigo, (2) ver como quiera.

mo ‘oyuk s:(neg & n5/pred/[S=O of tv]) & tv-. not be on speaking terms with. extrañarse, extraño de mi fulano.

mo ‘il naklej, vphr:neg & tv & vn5. be restless. inquieta cosa.

ta ‘ut ’ilob, qphr:prep & nphr(n4f of n4d/lst person/). from everywhere. de todas partes.

‘il(3)

‘il, nld. anger. (1) enojo, (2) yra 190, (3) rencor, ira 285, (4) saña enojo.

‘il ‘olonton, nphr(n4f of n4d). rage. aquella pasion de amor 25.

‘ila‘aj, iv. be disgusted by, become disgusting, scorn. (1) asquerosa cosa hacerse… 32, (2) menospreciar.

‘ila‘al ‘a‘i, vphr:s(n4f[O of tv]) & tv-. be disgusted by. asco aver.

‘ip yila‘al xka‘i. I can’t bear it. menosprecio con que uno es menospreciado.

xtal yila‘al xka‘i. I hate it. (1) menosprecio con que…, (2) odio tener.

‘ila‘al ba, nphr(n4f of n4f). terrible. terrible cosa.

‘ip yila‘al sba. It is deformed. disforme, feo.

‘ila‘alil n3d. detestation, disgust., scorn, ugliness. (1) asco, (2) fealdad, (3) menosprecio con que….

kila‘al. disgust that I provoke (or) scorn that I receive. asquerosa cosa hacerse…32.

‘ilan, tv. denounce, deny, detest, loathe, reproach, scorn. (1) asco aver, (2) menospreciar, (3) renegar, (4) renunciar dignidad o algo asi, (5) reprochar o reprovar.

‘ilan ‘ajvalel, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. drop one’s dignity. renunciar dignidad o algo asi.

‘ilan tzitzo‘, vphr:tv & -n4d. resist temptations. resistir, como a las tentaciones.

‘ilan k’op, vphr:tv & -n4d. resist temptations. resistir como…

‘ilanbil, pp. scorned. menospreciado.

‘ilet ‘i1, vphr:s(av[S=A of tv]) & tv-. hate. odio tener.

‘ilet ‘iley, vphr:s(av[S=S of tv/pass/]) & tv/pass/. be hateful. odioso.

‘iletel, vn4d. hatred one receives. odio con que soy aborrecido.

‘iletel ‘ilel, nphr(vn5 type vn4d). hatred one receives. odio conque….

‘iletel ‘ilvanej, nphr(vn type vn)5. hatred towards another. odio enemistad con que aborrezco.

‘ilin, tv. become angry with, quarrel, scold. (1) corregir reprehendiendo, (2) enojarse.

xkilin jtot. I am angry with my father. enojarse.

‘ilin, iv. become angry, quarrel. (1) reñir, (2) reprehender.

‘llin ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. beangry. enojado.

‘ilin ta tojol, vphr:iv + qphr(prep & -n4d). become angry with. enojarse.

‘ilinel, vn5. anger. saña, enojo.

‘ilinoj, tv. anger person. enojar a otro.

‘ilo ba, raj. beterrible. RML—This occurs also in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:206). terrible cosa.

j‘il, agn. quarrelsome or angry person. (1) rencilloso 295, (2) sanudo.

j‘ila‘ajel, agn. detester, scorner. menospreciador.

j‘ilanvanej, agn. detester, disgusting person, scorner. (1) asqueroso 32, (2) menospreciador.

j‘iletel, agn. angry person. sañudo.

bik’tal il, nphr(aj & n)5. irritation, quarrel. (1) rencilla o renilla, (2) saña pequena.

toj j-likel j‘il, nphr:nphr(aj & n<num & nccpd>) type agn. person quick to anger. yrado subitamente 190.

*‘iliko

*’iliko, pt. right away. RML—This same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:121). luego.

‘inam

j’inam, agn. doe. RML—This same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:104). In modern Tzeltal of Tenejapa (h)? inam, meaning “wife” is not applied to deer, but to trigonid bees (Hunn, 1977:272, 341). hembra venado o ciervo.

‘inatab

‘inatab, n5. iguana (that they eat). lagarto de los que se comen, o iguana.

‘ip (1)

‘ipaj, iv. fester. (1) enconarse la llaga, (2) enconada llaga.

nipaj, iv. fester, grow worn (in sickness), have a relapse. (1) empeorado asi, (2) enconarse la llaga, (3) recaer en enfermedad.

‘ayon‘ox ta kolel xenipaj. I was recovering, I had a relapse. recaer….

xenipaj xcha‘-mekel. I had a relapse. recaer….

toj ‘ip ‘a‘i, vphr:s(ajphr adv & aj>/pred/[S=A of tv]) & tv. become gravely ill. enfermar gravemente.

‘ip (2)

‘ip, nle. firmness, strength. firmeza 11.

‘ip, aj. fast, firm, firmly, fortified, grave, loud, serious, strong. (1) afirmado o fortalecido o firme, (2) alto en voz, (3) estar, ser…, (4) firme cosa, (5) firmemente, (6) grave cosa que da pesadumbre.

‘ip ‘a‘i, vphr:n4d[O] &tv-. be awed by. miedo haber de reverencia.

‘ip ‘a‘iel, cf. ‘a‘i.

‘ip ‘a‘yejlal, cf. ‘a‘i.

‘ip ‘abtel ‘a‘i, cf. ‘abt.

‘ip ‘aley, cf. ‘al (1).

‘ip ‘ik’, cf. ‘ik’ (1).

‘ip ‘ik’al cf. ‘ik’ (1).

‘ip ‘it’et, cf. ’it’.

‘ip ‘olet, cf. ‘ol (4).

‘ip ‘oy tuk, cf. tuk (1).

‘ip bililul, cf. bil (1).

‘ip tza, cf. tza.

‘ip tzatzal, cf. tzotz (2).

‘ip tzon tzotz, cf. tzon.

‘ip tzon tzotzil, cf. tzon.

‘ip tz’i‘lelal, cf. tz’i‘ (2).

‘ip tz’i‘lelal ‘a‘i, cf. tz’i‘ (2).

‘ip ch’ail, cf. ch’a (1).

‘ip jalal, cf. jol (2).

‘ip jelav, cf. jel.

‘ip jelavel, cf. jel.

‘ipal jjokjonetel, cf. jok.

‘ip kola’al, cf. kolo‘.

‘ip kux, cf. kux (1).

‘ip k‘ak’al, cf. k‘ak’.

‘ip k’uxul jol, cf. k’ux (3).

‘ip lek’-ti‘il, cf. lek’.

‘ip likok, cf. likok.

‘ip ma‘, cf. ma’.

‘ip muk’ul, cf. muk’.

‘ip na‘, cf. na‘.

‘ip na‘el, cf. na‘.

‘ip na‘ey, cf. na‘.

‘ip nap’ap’ul, cf. nap’.

‘ip natil, cf. nat.

‘ip pukuk, cf. puk.

‘ip xi‘, cf. xi‘.

‘ip xixib ton, cf. xixib.

‘ip xojobil, cf. xoj.

‘ip tajley yan, cf. toj (2).

‘ip te‘te‘il, cf. te‘.

‘ip ti‘ ‘ok’, cf. ti‘.

‘ip tilet, cf. til (1).

‘ip to ba to jchamel, s:aj/pred/ & pt & -n4d & qphr(prep & agn). feign sickness. mortecino fingido.

‘ip tok, cf. tok (1).

‘ip ton, cf. ton (1).

‘ip vay, cf. vay.

‘ip vokol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. have sorrows or hardships. duelo tener o trabajos.

‘ip vokol ‘u‘un, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d + n4d. exhaust person. fatigar a otro absolute.

‘ip avokol ku‘un. I xam exhausting you.

‘ip Ho‘, s:aj/pred/ & n5. constant rain. llover mucho.

‘ip‘ip, aj. strong (animal). fuerte animal.

‘ipaj, iv. be buttressed, fortified or strengthened, become strong (sun, rain, wind, child), convalesce, regain one’s strength. (1) arreciar el sol o el agua o el aire 30, (2) convalecer, (3) estribar asi, (4) fornecer o fortalecer, (5) rehacer fortalecerse.

‘ipaj k’uxul, s:iv & -n4f. have pain doubled. doblar la pena.

‘ipaj me‘anajel, s:iv & vn5. have grief doubled. doblar la pena.

‘ipajeb chij, nphr(n4d of n5). fodder. pasto, comida de animales.

‘ipajeb ch’ub, nphr(n4f of n5). buttress. estribo de edificio.

‘ipajeb jom, nphr(n4f of n5). ballast. lastre.

‘ipajebal, n3b. buttress, food, grapevine prop, instrument for making firm, supporting post, sustenance. (1) afirmado fortalecido o firme, (2) arreciar el sol 30, (3) bastimento, (4) mantenimiento, (5) poste para sostener, (6) rodrigon para vid.

‘ipajel, vn5. firmness, fortification, strength. (1) firmeza 11, (2) fornecimiento.

‘ipajes, tv. fortify, prop up (grapevine), strengthen, support. (1) afirmar o fortalecer asi algo, (2) firmarse o fortalecerse algo, (3) mantener a otro, (4) rodrigar vides u otra cosa.

‘ipajes ba, rv. support oneself. mantenerse.

‘ipajes jom, vphr:tv & n5. ballast. lastrar el navio.

‘ipajes yabutinab na, vphr:tv & nphr(n type n)5. garrison a fortress. guarnecer fortaleza.

‘ipajesbil, pp. fortified. afirmado o fortalecido o firme.

‘ipajesel, vn4f. fortification. fornecimiento.

‘ipal ‘ik’, cf. ‘ik’ (1).

‘ipal ‘ok ‘akan tontik, nphr:aj & nphr(n4f of nphr<n4f of n5>). torrent. raudal.

‘ipal-tzitz, tv(aj & tvcpd). scold strongly. reprehender.

‘ipal tzitz, cf. tzitz (1).

‘ipal tzitzvanej, cf. tzitz (1).

‘ipal chamel, cf. cham.

‘ipal chamelal, cf. cham.

‘ipal chamelal ‘ik’, cf. ‘ik’ (1).

ipal chamelal ve‘el, cf. ve’.

‘ipal j‘anil-tee, cf. tz’i‘ (1).

‘ipal j‘ov, cf. y’av (3).

‘ipal jjokjonetel, cf. jok.

‘ipal-kola‘aj, iv(aj & ivcpd). get worse (sickness). empeorarse.

‘ipal pumlajetel nab, cf. pum.

‘ipal vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. skilfull person. suelto o cosa diestra.

‘ipal Ho‘, nphr(aj & n)5. constant rain, flood, rainstorm, whirlwind. (1) diluvio, tempestad de agua, (2) llover mucho, (3) tempestad de agua, (4) torbellino.

‘ipaltas, tv. fortify. RML—This is given as xqusaldas. afirmar fortalecer asi algo.

‘ipan, tv. buttress. estribar asi.

j‘ipal-‘osil, agn(aj & ncpd). quarreler. rencilloso 295.

j‘ipal-k’op, agn(aj & ncpd). quarreler. rencilloso 295.

j‘ipal-metz’, agn(aj & ncpd). philosopher. razonador asi.

j‘ipal-pom, agn(aj & ncpd). philosopher. razonador asi.

j‘ipal-ti‘, agn(aj & ncpd). quarreler. rencilloso 295.

j‘ipal-vayel, agn(aj & vncpd). sleeper, sleepyhead. (1) dormecido, dormilon.

j‘ipal-ve‘el, agn(aj & vncpd). eater. comedor.

mo ‘ipalajuk, vphr:neg &n5. easy. raeso, facil.

mo ‘ipuk, vphr:neg & aj. weak. flaca cosa no recia.

mo ‘ipuk, vphr.neg & aj. not let, obstruct. estorbar.

Ho‘on ku‘un mo’ipuk fabtej. I won’t let him work.

Ho‘un ku‘un mo’ipuk xxanay. I won’t let him walk.

Ho‘un ku‘un mo’ipuk xve. I won’t let him eat.

mo ‘oyuk‘ip, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. beweak. flacosa.

‘is

‘is-ak’, n(x & ncpd)5. potato. batata.

‘isim

‘isim, n4d. beard. barba.

‘isimay, iv. take root (plant). (1) presa planta, (2) prender la planta.

ch’ixil ‘isim, cf. ch’ix.

‘ix (1)

‘ixim, n5. corn. maiz.

ba ka‘tik ‘xim. Lit. Let’s enjoy corn, i.e., Let’s drink…. bebedor 41.

‘ixin, iv. shell corn. desgranar maiz.

‘ixin, iv. shell corn. desgranar maiz.

‘ox-vinik k’in ‘ixim, nphr:nphr(n<num & numcpd>type n) type n5. corn that matures in sixty days. maiz que se hace en sesenta dial.

tz’ibal ‘ixim, cf. tz’ib.

castillan ‘ixim, cf. castillan.

sakil ‘ixim, nphr(aj & n)5. white corn. maiz blanco.

‘ix(2)

‘ix kelemil, nphr(n type n)3d. guest who lodges in one’s house. huesped en cuya casa posan 344.

‘ix-kelmaj, iv(n & ivcpd). take lodgings. hospedarse 242.

‘ix-kelmajeb vinik, nphr:n(n & ncpd) type n5. innkeeper. hospederia 242.

‘ix-kehnajebal, n(n & ncpd)5. hostel, inn. hospederia 242.

‘ix-kelman, iv(n & ivcpd). take lodgings. RML—This is probably a transitive verb. hospedarse 242.

‘ix-kehnan, tv(n & tvcpd). give lodgings to. hospedar a otro 242.

‘ix me‘elil, nphr(n type n)3d. cousin, father’s sister’s child, mother’s sister’s child. prima hijo de hermana de su madre.

‘ix ta ‘ajvalel, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). fellow lord. compañero en el señorio.

‘ix ta ‘ajvetildl, nphr:n4d &qphr(prep & n5). fellow lord. compañero en el señorio.

‘ix ta ’unetikil, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). fellow in infancy. compañero en la niñez.

‘ix ta *tzaatil, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). marriage partner. compañero en casarse.

‘ix ta ch’iel, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). agemate. ser de una edad.

‘ix ta kelmal, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). childhood companion. compañero en la juventud.

‘ix ta k’ulej, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). roommate. morar con otro.

‘ix ta majel, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). concubine, mistress, whore. (1) amancebarse haciendo pecado, (2) manceba con quien pecan, (3) puta, ramera.

‘oy yix ta majel. He is having an affair. amancebado.

j‘ix-kelmajel, agn(n & vncpd). host who gives lodgings. hospedero que da posada 242.

‘ixlel

‘ixlel ‘ixlel tot, nphr:-n4d & nphr(n4d of n4d[P of 1st n4d]). man’s father’s brother’s daughter when younger than he is. tia, hermana de padre….

‘ixlelil, n3d. man’s father’s brother’s daughter when younger than he is, or mother’s daughter when younger than he is. (1) prima, hija de hermano, (2) to hermana, cf. tia 334, (3) tia, hermana de padre.

‘ixtal

‘ixtal. act perversely, stir up discussion. cf. ‘ixtol.

‘ixtol

j‘ nld. child’s doll. muñeca de niños.

j‘ixtol-k’op, agn(n type ncpd). speaker of vain things. hablador de cosas vanas.

‘ixtalaj, iv. act perversely, stir up dissension. (1) hurgar, siniestramente hacerse algo.

‘ixtalan, tv. stir up dissension. hurgar.

‘itaj

‘itaj, n5. edible greens, vegetable. (1) yerva comestible 183, (2) legumbre, (3) hortaliza 242, (4) verdura.

tz’ul ‘itaj. RML—In modern Tzotzil, Amaranthus hybridus, A. spinosus.

ch’ixal ‘itaj, cf. ch’ix.

‘ito

‘ito, pt. Look! Here! RML—This is the same in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:103). In modern Tojolabal it is “Aqui tenga”(Lenkersdorf, 1979:131). he.

‘ito li‘ Look! (or) Here! hea aqui!

‘it’

‘it’et, ay. become greasy. grasa o gordura salir asi de algo.

‘it’it’, aj. fat, greasy. *They speak this way of the kitchen or cheese or bacon that is very greasy: laal‘it’ it’(or) laal yit’ it’ ul. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Venustiano Carranza ‘it’ it’means sticky. (1) grasa por grosura, (2) grosura.

‘it’ it’ul n4f. fat, grease. RML—In colonial Tzeltal ititu is given for “grasa por grosura” (Guzmán, 1620:98). (1) grasa por grosura, (2) grosura.

laal ‘it’ it’, ajphr:aj & aj. very greasy. grasa por grosura.

laal ‘it’itul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. very greasy. grasa por grosura.

‘it ’it’ul tocino, nphr(n4f of n5). bacon fat. pringue de torrezno.

‘ip ‘it’et, vphr:aj & ay. begreasy. grasiento, lleno de esta grasa asi.

pim ‘it ’it’ul s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. be greasy. grasiento, lleno…

‘it’ix

‘it’ix n4d. envious or jealous person. (1) celos tener 70, (2) envidioso que a mi tiene envidia 98.

kit’ix. person who is jealous of me. *Term of address between sisters-in-law and between two wives of one man when they are together. celos tener 70.

‘it’ix‘it’ix, n5. enviously. envidiosamente 98.

‘it’ixaj, iv. beenvious or jealous. (1) celos 70, (2) envidia tener 98.

‘it’ixajel, vn5. envy. envidia 98.

‘it’ixal, n5. envy. (1) envidia 98, (2) envidiosa cosa 98.

‘it’ixal k’op, nphr(natt & n)5. jealous or envious talk. (1) celos tener 70, (2) envidiosa cosa 98.

‘it’ixan, tv. be envious or jealous of. (1) celos tener 70, (2) envidia tener 98.

j‘it’ixajel, agn. envious person. envidioso 98.

‘o

‘o, excl. oh! o.

‘o‘ (1)

‘o‘il, n3d. flank, leg of animal, thigh. (1) yjares 184, (2) muslo, (3) parte trasera, (4) pierna de animal.

‘o‘chitom, nphr(n4d of n5). leg of ham. pernil de tocino.

‘o‘ (2)

‘o‘. fifth. cf. Ho‘ (2).

‘o‘lol

‘o‘lol, n5. halfway. medio, lugar en medio de dos extremos.

‘o‘lol ‘ak’abal, nphr(n of n)5. midnight. media noche.

‘o‘lol ‘oxib libra, nphr:n of nphr(n4e of n5). two and a half pounds. libras dos y media.

‘o‘lol ‘oxib p’is, nphr:n of nphr(n4e of n5). two and a half pounds. libras dos y media.

‘o‘lol chib‘u, nphr:n of nphr(n4e of n5). one and a half months. mes y media.

‘o‘lol chib p’is, nphr:n of nphr(n4e of n5). one and a half pounds. libra media.

‘o‘lol k’ak’al, nphr(n of n)5. noon. medio dia.

‘o‘lol k’ob, nphr(n5 of n4d). middle finger. dedo de en medio 351.

‘o‘lol k’opoj, vphr:n5 & iv. be reserved (person). esquiva persona.

‘o‘lol libra, nphr(n of n)5. half a pound. media libra.

‘o‘lol nab, nphr(n of n)5. deep water, high seas. mar alta.

‘o‘lol tojol, nphr(n5 of n4d). half pay. medio de la paga.

‘o‘lol ve‘el, nphr(n of n)5. midpoint in meal. medio de la comida.

ta‘o‘lol jat, vphr:qphr(prep & n5) & tv-. break in half, break in two. romper por medio.

‘ob

‘obal, nld. cough, head cold, phlegm. (1) pechuguera, tener enfermedad, (2) romadizo, (3) Lose.

‘obal ‘a‘i, vphr:n5 & tv. catch a cold, have a cough. (1) pechuguera, tener enfermedad, (2) romadizarse.

‘oban, iv. catch a cold, cough, hawk. escupir gargajos 125.

‘ip x‘oban. He has a bad cold. tosegoso que mucho tose.

‘obtay, tv. hawk on. escupir gargajos 125.

j‘obal, agn. person with a bad cough. tosegoso que mucho tose.

‘obok

‘obok, nle. soot. (1) hollin de fuego, (2) tizne u hollin.

‘och

‘och, iv. be put in, enter, fit, batch, take lodgings. (1) caber, (2) empollarse el huevo, (3) entrar, (4) metido, (5) posar en posada….

xe‘ochotik jkotoltik. We all fit. …caber.

mu xlaj’ochulcotik. We can’t fit. …caber.

ta sna Julio ne’och. I took lodgings in Julio’s house. posar….

‘och ‘a‘lel‘u’un, s:iv & -n4f + -n4d. water. regar.

‘och ‘ak’il‘u‘un, s:iv & -n4f + -n4d. fasten hat strap. fiadorasi poner.

‘och ‘u‘un tzo‘ caballo, s:iv + -n4f & nphr(n4d of n5). fertilize. estercolar la tierra.

‘och ‘u‘un xalma, s:iv + -n4d & n5. saddle (pack-saddle). enalbardada cosa.

‘och ‘u‘un xonob chij, s:iv + -n4f & nphr(n4d of n5). shoe. herrar bestias.

‘och ‘u‘un ta tak’in, vphr:iv + -n4d & qphr(prep & n5). print. ymprimir 185.

‘och ‘u‘un ton ta likeb ch’ub, s:iv + -n4d & n5 &qphr(prep & nphr<n4f of n5>). lay a foundation. fundar, poner fundamento cuando….

‘och tzatzubeb‘u‘un, s:iv & -n4f + -n4d. fortify, strengthen. fornecer o fortalecer.

‘och tzatzubesabil‘u‘un s:iv & -n4f + -n4d. fortify, strengthen. fornecer o fortalecer.

‘och ch’upak’, s:iv & -n4d. be soapy. RML—The verb is in the past tense. enjabonado 121.

‘och freno, s:iv & -n4d. be bridled. enfrenado.

‘och kap, s:iv & -n4f. mixed. RML—The verb is in the past tense. mesturada cosa.

‘och k’inajel ‘u‘un, s:iv & vn5 + -n4d. brand. herrar ganado con fuego.

‘och lapluk sat, s:vphr(aux & aj/subj//pred/) & -n4d. get circles under one’s eyes. ojeras hundidas.

‘och lomluk, vphr:aux & aj/subj/. be dented. hundirse, abollarse cosa dura.

‘och nivel ‘u‘un, s:iv & n5 + -n4d. beleveled. nivelar.

‘och patan ‘u‘un, s:iv & n5 + -n4d. pay rent. recurrir con la renta.

‘och potz’luk, vphr:aux & aj/subj/. be dented. hundirse, abollarse cosa dura.

‘och xojob yo‘ ‘oy, s:iv & n5 & ptphr(pt & pt). shine through (thin cloth). traslucirse como la manta delgada….

‘och xojobil yo‘ ‘oy, s:iv & n5 & ptphr(pt & pt). shine through, translucent. (1) traslucirse como la manta delgada…, (2) trasluciente.

‘och ta ‘abnaltik, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). lie in ambush. emboscarse.

‘och ta ‘ojov, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). become king. reinar.

‘och ta ‘olon, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4d). submit to. someter.

‘och ta ‘uk’um, vphr:iv & qphr(<prep & n5). jump in the river. saltar en alguna cosa.

‘och ta jom, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). embarcar. embarcar.

‘och ta na‘ajval, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n4d>). become a day laborer or a soldier. entrar a jornal o soldado.

‘och ta nap’eil, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). become sterile. esteril hacerse.

‘och ta naptil Ho‘, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & <aj & n5>). enter deep water. engolfarse.

‘och ta padre, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). take holy orders. (1) graduarse de orden sacerdotal, (2) religioso.

‘och ta pox ‘u‘un, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4e) + -n4d. Lit. to be cured, i.e., to be beaten. acotar como quiera.

‘och ta sacerdote, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). take holy orders. graduarse de orden sacerdotal.

‘och ta sik-potz‘ik’, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & <aj(aj & ajcpd) & n5>). become paralyzed. perlatico hacerse.

‘och ta tak’in, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be printed. ympresa cosa 185.

‘och ta te‘tik, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). lie in ambush. emboscarse.

‘och ta Hun, vphriv & qphr(prep & n5). be registered. empadronado asi.

‘och ta yalel k’ak’al, s:vphr(iv & qphr<prep & vn5>) & n5. set (sun). ponerse el sol.

‘och te‘al ‘u‘un, s:iv & n5 + -n4d. roof. techar de zaquicami.

‘och tenal te‘ s:iv & nphr(aj & n)4e. be planked. entablado.

‘ochan, iv. steal. hurtar.

‘ocheb ‘a‘lel, nphr(n4f of n4f). sluice, tube. caño, cañal.

‘ocheb jom, nphr(n4f of n5). port. puerto al mar.

‘ocheb j-tek lum, nphr.n4f of nphr(n<num & ncpd>of n)5. city gate. puerta del pueblo.

‘ocheb sakubel, nphr(n4f of vn5). loophole. saetera o tronera.

‘ocheb Ho‘, nphr(n of n)5. sewer. albañar.

‘ocheb Ho‘, nphr(n4f of n5). sluice, tube. caño, cañal.

‘ochebal, nld. entrance. entrada.

‘ochel, vn5. entrance. entrada.

‘ochel ‘ak’abal, nphr(vn4f of n5). first quarter of the night. prima noche.

‘ochem ch’ak, nphr(ajpp & n)5. chigger. pulga.

‘ochol, n5. stolen goods, theft. (1) hurto, (2) latrocinio.

‘ocholaj, iv. steal. hurtar.

j‘ochol, agn. robber. (1) hurtador, ladron, (2) ladron secreto.

‘otes, tv. put in. (1) entrar hacer, meter, (2) mesar 221.

‘otes biil ta Hun, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). register. matricular.

‘otes chab, vphr:tv & -n4e. wax. encerar.

‘otes chik’bil xamitl, vphr:tv & nphr(pp & n)5. brick. ladrillar el suelo.

‘otes ch’upak’, vphr:tv & -n4e. soap. enjabonar 121.

‘otes freno, vphr:tv & n5. bridle. enfrenar.

‘otes naktzajeb jom, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n5). ballast. lastrar el navio.

‘otes sakil tak’in, vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n)5. tin. estañar.

‘otes xak-toj, vphr:tv & n(n of ncpd)5. decorate with pine needles. enramar con hojas de pino.

‘otes xonob chij, vphr:tv & nphr(n4d of n5). shoe. herrar bestias.

‘otes ta jom, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). embark. ernbarcar.

‘otes ta Hun biil, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & n5) & n5. take census. empadronar.

‘otes te‘el, vphr:tv & -n4f. plank. enmaderar 99.

‘otesbey sakil tak’in, vphr:-dv & nphr(aj & n)4e[B]. tin. estañar.

‘otesbey silla, vphr:-dv n4d[B]. saddle. ensillar.

‘otesbey tak’in, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. gild. dorar alga.

‘otesbil, pp. put in. metido.

‘otesbil nukul, s:pp/pred/ & -n4e. covered with leather. encorado.

j’otesej Hun ta tak’in, nphr:agn(vn & n) & qphr(prep & n5). printer. impresor.

‘ojov

‘ojov, nld. king, lord, master of slaves, prelate. *Note that “‘ojov” is universal for any individual of authority. They even call the alcaldes of their town, the prefects, and the provincial fathers “‘ojov” in respect. When it is necessary to explain the difference between the king and the others, one must add to king “sba‘ojov, muk’‘ojov, batz’i‘ojov.” (1) caballero, (2) hidalgo, (3) perlado, (4) rey, (5) señor de siervos.

‘ojov kotol ‘osil, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). prince of the world. principe de todo….

‘ojov padre, nphr(n type n)5. prelate. perlado.

‘ojov ta padreil, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5). prelate. prelado.

‘ojovin, tv. take as one’s lord or king. enseñorear, tomar por….

‘ojovinbil ta kotol ‘osil, vphr.pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<n4f of n5>). prince of the world. principe de todo….

x‘ojov, n5. lady, mistress of slaves, queen. (1) reina, (2) señora de siervos.

‘Ik’al ‘Ojov, cf. ‘ik’ (2).

ta tz’el ‘ojov xanav, vphr:qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>) & iv. Lit. he walks beside the king, i.e., courtesan. palaciano.

ta na ‘ojov xanav, vphr:qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>) & iv. Lit. he walks in the king’s house, i.e., courtesan. palaciano.

‘aja-pom, n(n & ncpd)5. bee (best species). abeja la mejor….

‘ajav chon, nphr(n type n)5. rattlesnake. culebra llaman tambien….

‘ajval, n4d. master, person who afflicts or kills us. (1) enseñrear, tener por…, (2) morar con otro….

‘oy kajval ta na. Lit. I have a master in the house, i.e., I live with my master. morar con otra….

kajvalon ta k’ulej. I live with my master. morar con otra….

mo jlekojuk jk’ulej‘oy kajval. Lit. My house is not my own, I have a master, i.e., I live in my master’s house. morar con otra….

‘ajval k’op, nphr(n Id type n5). elegant speech. habla asi.

‘ajval-k’opoj, iv(n & ivcpd). speak elegantly or eloquently. hablar elegantemente.

‘ajval tuluk’, nphr(n4d of n5). fox, weasel. enseñorear, tener por….

‘ajvalej, iv. enter into servitude, take as one’s master. enseñorear, tener por….

‘ajvalel, nld. kingdom, nobility, prelacy. (1) hidalguia, (2) imperio, (3) prelacia.

‘ajvalel emperador, nphr(n4d of n5). empire. imperio.

‘ajvalel kotol‘osil, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). princedom of the world. principado asi.

‘ajvalel k’u‘ ul, nphr(n type n)3d. royal vestments. vestidura real.

‘ajvalel na, nphr(n type n)5. palace. palacio real.

‘ajvalel pop tz’omol, nphr:n5 of nphr(-n4d & -n4d[P=P of pop]).Lit. lord of his mat and stool, i.e., lady. señora de Señor.

‘ajvalel ta kotol‘osil, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4f of n5>). princedom of the world. principado asi.

‘ajvalin, tv. to take as one’s master. enseñorear, tener….

Ha‘ no‘ox ekajvalintik castillan vinik. We just took the Spaniards as our master.

ch’ich’ nakal xkajvalintik. Bloody dysentery is mastering us.

‘ajvalinbil to kotol ‘osil, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<n4f of n5>). prince of the world. principe de….

‘ajvay, iv. become a lord or master, rule. *It is not used commonly except to signify that one has received the kindgom or mandate or that one is entering into office.(1) enseñorear, hacerse Señor, (2) reinar.

‘ajvayeb na, nphr(n type n)5. palace. palacio Real.

‘ajvetik, n5. chief, lord of slaves, nobleman. (1) caballero 53, (2) hidalgo, (3) noble, (4) principal, (5) señor de siervos, (6) ser.

‘aivetikij, iv. rise to nobility. ennoblecerse.

‘ajvetikil, nld. nobility. (1) hidalguia, (2) nobleza.

‘ajvetikil vinik, nphr(natt & n)5. nobleman. noble de condicion.

‘ojtak

‘ojtakin, tv. know, recognize. conocer.

xe‘ojtakiney. I am known. conocidos.

x‘ojtakinat. It is known (to be good or evil). señalada cosa de bien, de mal.

stalel te vinik mu xojtakinan those. The people do not know God (heathens). …gentil, cosa de gentiles….

‘ojtakinabil, n4b. mark of identification. saws para conocer.

‘ojtakinel, vn4d. knowledge or recognition of person. conocimiento con que soy conocido.

avojtakinel. knowledge about you.

‘ojtakinvan, iv. know, recognize. conocer.

‘ojtakinvanej, vn4d. knowledge, recognition. conocimiento con que conozco.

avojtakinvanej. your knowledge (of someone or something).

j‘ojtakin-‘abnal, agn(tv & ncpd). herbman. erbolario.

j‘ojtalcin-pox, agn(tv & ncpd). herbman. erbolario.

j’ojtakinej-ton, agn(vn & ncpd). lapidary. lapidario.

‘ok (1)

‘okel, n4d. maturity (full grown), new business. (1) negocio, el que viene de fuera…, (2) sason de lo sasonado.

‘okelan, tv. obtain, trade. negociar o procurar algo.

‘okil, n3d. foot, thigh. (1) pane trasera, (2) pie con que anda el animal.

mu to k’ot ta ‘okel, vphr:pt & pt & iv & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). be a minor (having a guardian), be immature (wine). menor de edad que esta debajo de tutor, (2) mosto.

‘ok (2)

‘ok, n5. aquatic turtle. (1) galapago de el agua, (2) tortuga.

‘okalpix (N.)

‘okalpix, n5. steward. RML—This term perhaps should be read kalpix. It is derived from the Nahuatl term for majordomo or steward: calpixqui. guardador de casa.

‘okotz

‘okotz, n5. lizard. lagantja.

‘ok’(1)

‘ok’il, n3d. tongue. lengua.

‘ok’(2)

‘ok’, iv. cry, howl (dog), peep (chicken), sing (bird, frog), warble. *It is better to say howl than bark. (1) ayna, cf. ahulla, (2) cantar ayes o ranas, (3) gorgear las ayes, (4) Ilanto hacer, (5) piar el polio.

‘ok’ ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be distressed, repent. fatiga o afliccion….

‘ep x‘ok’kolonton. I am greatly distressed. fatiga o afliccion interior o del anima.

x‘ok’kolonton yu‘un jmul. I repent my sins. pesarle de sus pecados.

‘ok’el, vn5. crying. llanto.

‘ok’el, vn4d. message. mensaje.

‘ok’el ‘osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). disturbance, outcry. alborotado.

‘ok’elal, aj. barely, hardly, involuntarily, negligent, scanty in weight or size, scarcely, with difficulty. (1) dificultosamente, (2) escasamente en peso o medida, apenas, (3) forzar 144, (4) tibia, cosa Perezosa.

‘ok’elal sta. He barely hit it (with a lance). apenas o con dificultad.

‘ok’elal nekom yu‘un. He made me stay. forzar 144.

‘ok’elal kich’ Ha‘ skoj te nestek’tek’-‘ak’ey. I conceded it with difficulty, it was because he asked me persistently. forzar 144.

‘ok’elal neHul Ha‘ skoj nestajal-‘ik’ey. He made me come. forzar 144.

‘ok’elal ‘osil‘a’i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. be weak with age or infirmity. dificultosamente.

‘ok’es trompeta, vphr:tv & n5. blow a trumpet. wrier trompetas.

‘ok’esol, n5. megaphone, trumpet. (1) bocina 44, (2) trompeta.

‘ok’etay, tv. cry over person. llanto hacer por otro.

‘ok’il, n5. wolf. RML—Probably should be coyote. lobo.

‘ok’il te‘, nphr(n type n)5. cypress. *It is the most resistant wood, but is darker than cedar, and has leaves like a cypress. cedro de hoja mayor…70.

‘ok’olet, ay. cry. Ilanto hacer.

j‘ok’el, agn. warbler (bird). gorgeador.

j‘ok’es-trompeta, agn(tv & ncpd). trumpeter. trompeta, el que las tañe.

j-‘ok’, num(num & nccpd)5. distance, moment, while. trecho. cha‘-‘ok’ ‘ayon. I was there for two moments. rato de tiempo.

j-‘ok ’no ‘ox. just a moment. poco tiempo como….

j-‘ok ’yulel. He arrived a moment ago. raw de tiempo.

muk’ta‘ok’ sHulel. He arrived a long while ago. raw de tiempo.

j-‘ok’ ba‘yi, num(num & nccpd)5 & aj. shortly before. poco tiempo antes.

j-‘ok’ xa, num(num & nccpd)5 & pt. a little later, shortly after, a while later. (1) de aqui a poco, (2) despues como de aqui a un poco, (3) luego de aqui a poco.

j-‘ok’ to, num(num & nccpd)5 & pt. recently, a short time ago. ahora poco a.

j-‘ok’uk xa, num(num & nccpd)5 & pt. a little later, shortly after, a while later. despues como de aqui a un poco.

‘ok’ob

‘ok‘ob, n5. tomorrow. mañana despues de hoy 210.

‘ok’ob xa ‘oy, temp:n5 & pt & pt. the day before. mañana despues de hoy 210.

‘ok’ob xa ‘oy San Julio. The day before the fiesta of San Julio.

‘ok’ob xa ‘oy xtal. The day before he came.

‘ok’ob xa ‘oy xcham. The day before he died.

‘ok’ob xa ’oy domingo, temp:n5 & pt & pt & n5. Lit. the day before Sunday, i.e., Saturday. sabado.

‘ok’om‘ok’om, n5. daily. cada dia.

‘ok’om‘ok’om x‘ak’beat sve’el ta ju-jun k’ak’al. He is given his daily ration of food. ration de comida.

‘ok’och

‘ok’och, n5. cavern (hole in rock). caverna.

‘ok’om

‘ok’om. daily. cf. ‘ok’ob.

‘ol (1)

‘ol, aj. grave, heavy, serious. (1) grave, cosa que da pesadumbre, (2) pesada cosa.

mo‘oluk, vphr:neg & aj. Lit. not heavy, i.e., light. liviana cosa.

‘al-poman ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(aj<aj & Ucpd>/pred/ & n5) & tv. be lazy or sluggish. hobacho estar.

‘al-poman vinik, nphr(aj<aj & Ucpd>& n)5. lazy or sluggish person. hobacho.

‘alai, n4f. weight. pesadumbre.

‘alub, iv. become heavy. pesado hacerse.

‘ol (2)

‘o1 ‘ok, nphr(n4f of n4d). toe. dedo del pie.

‘ol ‘ub, nphr(n4d of n5). young partridge. perdigon.

‘ol asna, nphr(n4d of n5). young donkey. pollino, hijo de asno.

‘ol tz’unubil, nphr(n4f of n5). seedling. planta para plantar.

‘ol caballo, nphr(n4d & n5). colt. potro.

‘ol chitom, nphr(n4d of n5). suckling pig. (1) cochino, (2) lechon.

‘ol kuich’, nphr(n4d of n5). young partridge. perdigon.

‘ol k’ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). finger. dedo de la mano.

‘ol sak‘ichi, nphr:n4d of n(aj & ncpd)5. baby or young egret. garceta.

‘ol tuluk’, nphr(n4d of n5). chick. polio, hijo de gallina.

‘o1 t’ul, nphr(n4d of n5). young rabbit. gazapo 149.

‘ol vacas, nphr(n4d of n5). heifer. ternero, hijo de….

‘olol, n3d. woman‘s child. (1) hijo respecto de la muger, (2) niño o niña

‘antzil ‘olol, cf. ‘antz.

‘unen ‘olol, cf. ‘unen.

ba‘ol, cf. ba(2).

tzajal ‘olol, cf. tzoj.

cha‘-va‘al ‘olol, cf. cHa‘.

juyinom ‘olol, cf. juy.

k’oxil ‘olol, cf. k’ox (1).

xinch’ok ‘ol, cf. xinch’ok.

xinch’okil ‘ol, cf. xinch’ok.

‘alab lechuga, cf. lechuga.

‘alaj, iv. give birth (woman), conceive (woman). (1) ahijar la muger, (2) concebir, (3) parir la hembra.

‘alajebal, n3d. womb. (1) madre do conciben las hembras, (2) matriz de la muger.

‘alajel, vn5. birth. parto.

‘alajom, n5. bearer, principal goddess. RML—This is given as alhaghon.In colonial Tzeltal it is given as alaghan by Guzmán (Guzmán, 1620:59) and alaghom by Ara (Ara, n.d., p. 57), both of whom pair it with naom.Nuñez de la Vega states that patol and alaghom are god and goddess, creators of the earth, the sky, and mankind, “estos son cabeza y principio de los otros dioses que tiene cada pueblo” (Nuñez de la Vega, 1702:131). They parallel the Quiche god pair in the Popol Vuh; bitoland alom, shaper and bearer (Edmonson, 1979:3). Dios de burla.

‘alai, n5. woman’s child. hijo respecto de la muger.

‘alal, n4d. relative. parentesco por sangre.

‘alai j-tek lum, nphrn type nphr(n<num & nccpd>of n)5. hamlet. aldea.

‘alai vinik, nphr(n type n)5. hamlet dweller. aldeano.

‘alan, tv. give birth (woman), adopt (woman). (1) ahijar la muger, (2) concebir, (3) prohtjar.

‘alanbil, pp. born of a woman. ahijado.

‘alnom, n5. woman who has given birth. parida.

‘alnom, n4d. cow (or) mare, etc., that has given birth. parida.

‘alnom chitom, nphr(n type n)5. sow that has given birth. puerca parida.

‘alnom tux-nok’chij, nphr:n type nphr(n<n & n>cpd type n). ewe that has given birth. ovejuno, cosa de oveja.

j‘alal-‘antz, agn(n & ncpd). woman in first labor. *The “g” (j) is pronounced differently than in “ghalal” (jalal) for beloved, which is pronounced strongly. primeriza, muger en parto.

j‘alalon to. I am still in first labor.

ba j‘alanel, cf. ba (2).

‘ol (3)

‘ol, n4f. communal, community, counsel. (1) comunidad, (2) consejo 59.

‘ol‘abtel, nphr(n4f of n5). public office. publico oficio.

‘ol‘amak’, nphr(n4f of n5). yard. patin o sitio de casa.

‘ol ‘osil, nphr(n4f of n5). desert, uninhabited wilderness. (1) desierto, (2) yermo sin casas 183.

‘ol labal k’op, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. illicit talk. monopodio.

‘ol na, nphr(n4f of n5). courthouse. (1) comun cosa, (2) consistorio.

‘ol nanatik, nphr(n4f of n5). street. calle.

‘ol patan, nphr(n4f of n5). public office. (1) comun cosa, (2) publico oficio.

‘ol setz’, nphr(n4f of n5). sauceboat. salsera.

‘ol vinik, nphr(n4f of n5). person exempt from taxation. exento 126.

‘olal, nld. heart. (1) corazon 64, (2) ymportuno sin tiempo, (3) ynquieta cosa.

‘old, n5. heart. corazon 64.

ta‘ol, qphr:prep & -n4f. amongst. entre algunos.

ta yol xinch’ oketik ‘oy ’antzetik. There are women amongst the men.

‘ol(4)

‘olet, ay. become greasy. RML—This term is suspect. grasa o gordura salir asi de algo.

‘ip ‘olet, vphr:aj & av. be greasy. grasiente, lleno de esta grasa.

‘olan

‘olan, iv. die, dismount, stop. RML—In colonial Tzeltal -olan is given for “cesar” and “descansar” (Guzmán 1620:49, 53). (1) bajar 39, (2) cesar 71, (3) fencer, hacer cesar, (4) morir.

‘olaneb k’op, nphr(n4f of n5). league. liga en amistades.

‘olaneb yabutil, nphr(n4f of n5). truce. treguas para cierto dia.

y‘olanebal, n3d. passage of death, end. (1) posamiento de muerta 250 cf. pasamiento, (2) termino por fin.

‘olanel, vn1d. death. fenecimiento.

‘olantas, tv. humble, put to death, rein in a horse. (1) achicar, (2) averiguar, (3) fenecer, hacer cesar, (4) sofrenar.

mo sobuk ‘olan, vphr:advphr(neg & aj) & iv. be long-lasting. estable cosa.

ta ‘olaneb, qphr:prep & -n4b. finally, in the end. (1) en fin, (2) finalmente.

‘olan ta ch’ob, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). remove mourning clothes. luto guitar.

‘olanabil, n3d. overnight stay. manida de jornada.

‘alantas, tv. deprive, humble, overmatch, subject. RML—In colonial Tzeltal alantez means “abatir a otro humil landole” (Guzmán, 1620:4). (1) achicar a otro asi, (2) privar a otro, (3) sojuzgar o sujetar 326.

‘alantas ba, rv. submit. (1) sujeccion, (2) sujetarse.

xalantas sba ta jtojol. He submits to me. sujeccion.

xkalantas jba ta stojol Pedro. I submit to Peter. sujetarse.

‘alantasbil, pp. subject. subdito o sujeto 325.

‘alantasej, vn4d. subjection. subdito o sujeto 325.

‘alantasej kotol ‘osil, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4f of n5). prince of the world. principe de todo el mundo.

‘alantasel, vn4d. subjection. sujeccion.

‘utz xka‘i kalantasel yu‘un. I am happy to be his subject.

sk’an yalantasel ku‘un. He wants to be my subject.

‘olbaj

‘olbaj chamuk, vphr:aj & iv/subj/. half dead. medio muerto.

‘olbaj Hechuk, vphr:aj & aj/pred//subj/. more or less. RML—yolbaj in modern Tzotzil means “still,” synonymous with yolel to. In modem Tzeltal of Tenejapa, yolbajuk skoltael is to give poor advice. poco mas o menos.

‘olbaj Hechuk‘ep, nphr:ajphr(aj & aj/subj/) & -n4e. more or less. poco mas o menos.

‘olon

‘olon ‘ak’el, nphr(n5 type vn4d). low social standing. estadobajo.

‘olon ‘ik, nphr(n type n)5. west wind. RML—I believe the lexicographer must have erred by glossing this as “east wind.” viento de oriente.

‘olon ti‘, nphr(n4f of n4d). lower lip. beso de arriba 39.

‘olon ti‘ na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. threshold. lumbral de puerta, lo bajo.

‘olon va‘leb mak na, nphr:nphr(n4f of n4f) of nphr(n of n)5. threshold. lumbral de puerta, lo bajo.

‘olon vinik, nphr(n type n)5. person in low social standing. el que en bajo estado 131.

‘olonil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(aj/pred/) & tv. have low opinion of, hold in little value. estimar en poco.

‘olonilon xka‘i. I have a low opinion of myself. estimarse en mucho.

‘olonil vinik, nphr(n type n)5. person in low social standing. el que en bajo estado 131.

ta ‘olon, qphr:prep & -nlb. below, beneath, down, under. (1) abajo, (2) esta debajo, (3) so, preposicion.

ta kolon. under me. so….

ta yolonon. I am under it. so….

ta ‘olon ‘osil, qphr:prep & nphr(n type n)5. in the lowlands. abajo.

ta ‘olontik, qphr:prep & n5. below. RML—It is not clear whether this term meant Tenochtitlan then as it does Mexico City now. abajo.

‘olonton

‘olonton nichim, nphr(n type n)5. magnolia (very fragrant heart-shaped flower). RML—I have identified this flower as the magnolia on the supposition that it is the same as yolloxochitl,’heart flower,’ described by Molina as “flor muy olorosa de hechura de corazon” (Molina, 1571:40) that is illustrated on plate 98 of the Badianus manuscript. Emmart comments that “Martinus doubtless intended to illustrate the Mexican magnolia Talauma mexicana” and adds that Sahagún stated that “its use was reserved solely for the nobility.” The blossom was filled with the powder of magnolia leaves and other flowers and bark and carried by travelers as a talisman. The extract of the flower was used to flavor cocoa (Emmart, 1940:310). for muy olorosa de hechura de corazon.

‘olontonil, n3d. heart, mind. RML—Modern Tzotzil of Zinacantán: ‘o‘onil, of Chamula: ‘o‘ntonil, and of Chenalhó: ’o‘ntonal. (1) corazon 64, (2) mente.

‘olontonil ya, nphr(natt & n)5. suffering of the soul. pasion del anima.

‘olontonil yaijel, nphr(natt & vn)5. suffering of the soul. pasion del anima.

‘utz ‘olonton, cf. ‘utz.

‘utzil ‘olonton, cf. ‘utz.

‘unen ‘olonton, cf. ’unen.

bik’tal ‘olonton, nphr(aj & n)5. cowardly. flojo en el animo 144.

bik’tal ‘olonton, nphr(n4f of n5). despondency. poquedad de anima.

bik’tal ‘olontonil, nphr(n4f of n5). despondency. poquedad de anima.

j‘epal ‘olonton, cf. ‘ep.

k’op ‘olonton, cf. k’op.

mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. foolish, importunate, incompetent. (1) bobos 44, (2) ymportuno sin tiempo 185, (3) ynhabil cosa 186.

naka ‘olonton no ‘ox, vphr:pt & -n4d/pred/ & pt & pt will. corazon.

ta ‘olonton, qphr:prep & -n4d. honor, purity. decoro.

talel ta ‘olonton, cf. tal.

‘om (1)

‘om, n5. silkworm, small spider. (1) araña pequena, (2) gusano de seda.

‘om seda, nphr(nle of n5). silkworm. *A worm that makes a web like yellow silk and for that they call the silkworm ‘om. gusano de seda.

‘om(2)

‘omel, vn5. rainstorm. RML—This is given as homal, but homel in colonial Tzeltal is “dilubio” (Guzmán, 1620:58). lluvia grande.

‘omet, av. roar (fire, hail, rain, turbulent river or ocean, wind, large flute). RML—In colonial Tzeltal xeohmetis given for “hervir a borbollones, hacer aquel ruido” (Guzmán, 1620:106) and xomomet for “estruendo”(Guzmán, 1620:87). (1) estruendo, (2) hervir a borbollones, (3) ruido hacer el rio o aire grande, (4) sonar la flauta sola….

‘on

‘on, n5. avocado. madroño.

lo‘balal‘on, cf. lo‘ (1)

te‘el‘on, cf. te‘.

‘osil

‘osil, n5. region, site. *Site for building a town, as when they say, “Look for a good site to found a town, we can’t find a good site.” (1) regio 292, (2) sitio para edificar pueblo….

‘osil, n le. climate, season, time, weather. (1) tiempo, (2) temple de tierra.

‘utz ‘osil yo‘ ‘oy. It is a good climate there. temple de tierra.

‘utz ‘osil tana. The weather is good now (or) It is the right time (for planting, etc.) tiempo.

mu to sta yosilal. It isn’t the season yet. tiempo.

sta yosilal‘ovol. It is the corn planting season. tiempo.

yan ‘osil tana. The weather is bad now. tiempo.

‘osilaj, iv. be born. nacer.

‘osilajel, vn5. appearance or birth of plants. nacimiento de plantas, yerbas.

‘utz ‘osil, s:aj/pred/ & n5. at the proper time. *As he left at the proper time. en buen tiempo se parte.

bilil ‘osil, cf. bil. (1)

‘ox (1)

‘ox, num4e. third. tremesina.

yoxil‘u. three months ago.

‘ox- —, num(num & nccpd)le. three, third. tres años deespacio.

‘ox-jechel, num(num & nccpd)4f. a third. tercera parte.

‘ox-joy, num(num & nccpd)4f. a third. tercera parte.

‘ox-kajal na ta chamebal, nphr:nphr(num<num & ncpd>4f & n5) & qphr(prep & n5). Lit house on the third level of the place of death, i.e., purgatory (where the sins are paid for after this life). purgatorio, lugar do se pagan….

‘ox-k’in, num(num & nccpd)5. three days. tres años de espacio.

‘ox-k’in echam. He died three days ago. *Three days with their nights.

’ox-lajun-vo‘, num(num & numcpd & nccpd)5. thirteen (people). trese

‘ox-lajuneb, num(num & numcpd)5. thirteen. trese.

‘ox-va‘al, num(num & nccpd)4f. third (person). tercero.

‘ox-vinik, num(num & numcpd)5. sixty. sesenta.

‘ox-vinkej k’in, nphr:num(num & numcpd)5 & -n4e. sixty-day period. tres años de espacio.

‘ox‘ox, num5. three. tres años de espacio.

‘ox‘ox ‘abil batel. three years ago. tres años de espacio.

‘oxej k’in, nphr(num5 & n4e). three-day period. tres años de espacio.

‘oxib, numle. three, third. (1) tercero, (2) tres.

‘oxib‘abil‘ech’akbet. for a period of three years. tres años de espacio.

‘oxib sk’inal. three-day period. tres años de espacio.

‘oxib to sk’inal yo‘‘oy emakey. The time will be up in three days. tres años de espacio.

yoxibal ‘abil batel. three years ago. tres años de espacio.

yoxibal ‘u spas. It (wheat, corn, etc.) matures in three months (of their months). trigo o maiz u otra cosa tremesina.

yoxibal yual. three months ago. tremesina.

‘oxib‘u, nphr(num4e & n5). Lit. third month, i.e., March. marco.

‘oxjey, n5. three days ago. oy a cuatro dias 238.

j‘ox-lajun Ha‘al chon, agn:ajphr(num<num & numcpd>& aj) & ncpd. thunder. RML—See jjun Ha‘al chon, tronar. tronar.

‘ox(2)

‘ox, pt. particle expressing completed time. RML—This term is not given a Spanish listing, but occurs throughout the text.

‘ot(1)

‘ot, n4d. bread. pan.

‘ot(2)

‘ot. ballast, brick, bridle, decorate, embark, gild, plank, printer, put in, register, saddle, shoe, tin, wax. cf. ‘och.

‘ot (3)

‘ot. count, possession, rent, share. cf. ‘at(2).

‘ov(1)

‘ov, n4f. frost, ice. RML—This reading is suspect, for “elada” is also given as om, and “nieve” as ohm. yelo o elada 183.

‘ov‘ak’abal, nphr(n4f of n5). dew. rocio de noche.

‘ov(2)

‘ov. planting. cf. ‘av(2).

‘ov(3)

‘ov. bleat, shout, thunder. cf. ‘av(3).

*‘ova

*‘ova, n5. parrot. RML—In colonial Tzeltal this term is given as xova (Guzmán, 1620:150). papagayo, ave conocida.

‘oy(1)

‘oy, n5. be, have, possess. *‘oyon,‘oyot,‘oy. Imperfect: ‘oyukon,‘oyukot,‘oyuk. But many times the verb is understood in the nouns as when we say, “I am son of somebody,” ‘ajvetikon….(1) aver, (2) ser.

‘oy. Enough. basta tal.

‘oy butikuk no ‘ox pisil. It is common…manual que se halla dondequiera.

‘oy jk’u‘. I have clothes. tener algo, poseer.

‘oy ‘u‘un, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. have, possess. tener algo, poseer.

mo ‘oyuk‘u‘un, vphr:neg & n5/pred/. be scarce (bread), be weak. flaco que no puede….

mo ‘oyuk ‘olonton, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. be importunate or imprudent. ymportuno sin tiempo 185.

mo ‘oyuk‘u‘un, vphr:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. lack. carecer.

mo ‘oyuk te‘ yo’oy, s:neg & n5/pred/ & n5 &pt & pt. treeless wasteland. yermo sin arboles 183.

mo ‘oyuk tot mo‘oyuk me’, s:(s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d) & (s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d[P=P of tot]).be an orphan. huerfano.

‘ayan, iv. be born, be created. nacer.

‘ayan butzuy, s:iv & -n4d. grow feather crest. encrestado con cresta de pluma.

‘ayan tzalub, s:iv & -n4d. grow a comb. encrestado como gallo o gallina de castilla.

‘ayan k’op, s:iv & n5. have subject be revived. recrearse algo.

‘ayanajes, tv. supply. proveer.

‘ayanajesbil, pp. supplied. proveido.

‘ayanel, vnld. being, natural state, social standing. (1) estado o grado en que esta cada uno, (2) natural cosa, (3) sustancia.

‘ayanel, vn5. Christmas. navidad.

j‘ayanajesvanej, agn. provider. proveedor.

bet’bil‘ayanel, cf. bet’.

jelel‘ayanel, cf. jel.

‘ayanel, cf. p’il.

toyol‘ayanel, cf. toy.

‘oy(2)

‘oy, nle. house post, stake for hanging things. (1) estaca para colgar, (2) estaca para edificar casa….

‘oy ch’ub, nphr(n4e of n5). buttress. estribo de edificio.

‘oy te‘el, nphr(n4f of n5). wooden column or pillar. pilar parasostener edificios.

‘oy tonal, nphr(n4f of n5). stone column or pillar. pilar para sostener edificios.

‘oy(3)

‘oy, pt. particle expressing completed time. RML—Modern Tzotzil: ‘o.This term does not have a Spanish listing, but occurs frequently throughout the text.

*‘oyo

*‘oyo liklik, vphr:aj & iv. movable, moving frequently. RML—The verb is given as xlicligh. mudable, cosa que muchas veces se muda.

*‘oyo pas, vphr. aj & tv-. do over and over. menudear, hacer una cosa muchas veces….

*‘oyo‘oyo, aj. frequently, many times. RML—In colonial Tzeltal this is given variously as aay aay (Guzmñn, 1620:137), yaay, yaay, (op. cit., 131, 137, 156) and yaai yaai(op. cit., 7). (1) a cada paso, (2) a cada paso, a menudo, (3) a menudo, (4) cada paso, (5) muchas veces.

*‘oyo‘oyo ‘at ‘olonton, vphr:aj & tv & n4d[A]. think frequently. pensar muchas veces.

*‘oyo‘oyo ‘atel ‘olontonil, nphr:aj & nphr(vn4f of n5). frequent thinking. pensamiento asi.

*‘oyo‘oyo tzaijel, vphr:aj & -vn4f. frequent thinking. pensamiento asi.

*‘oyo‘oyo na‘, vphr:aj & tv-. think frequently. pensar muchas veces.

*‘oyo‘oyo pas, vphr:aj & tv-. do over and over. menudear, hacer una cosa muchas veces….

’u (1)

‘u, nle. moon, month. *Month or moon because they count by moons. (1) luna, (2) mes o luna.

‘u marzo, nphr(n4e of n5). March. marco.

‘u octubre, nphr(n4e of n5). October. octubre.

bik’tajel ‘u, nphr(vn4f of n5). waning of moon. menguantede luna.

‘u (2)

‘ual, n3a. necklace. *The same for anything put around the neck or the chest such as chains or beads and the breast plate of bells they put on horses. collar.

‘ual k’anal tak’in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. lit. gold necklace, i.e., jewel. joya.

‘ual sakil tak’in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. lit. silver necklace, i.e., jewel. collar.

‘uan, tv. wear a necklace. collar.

‘u‘un

‘u‘un, n4d. by or for me, you, etc., mine, my, hers, his, its, yours. (1) mio, casa mia, (2) suyo, cosa suya 326.

‘u‘un, n4f. because, therefore. por ende.

‘u‘un lik ch’ut, s:-n4f + vphr(iv & -n4d). produce gas in one’s stomach (food). ventosa cosa que….

‘u‘un obispo, nphr(n4f of n5). episcopal. obispal cosa.

‘ub

‘ub, n5. large partridge. RML—This may be the great curassow whose voice is described as “oohm.” perdiz, ave conocido.

‘utz

‘utz, aj. correct, elegant, faithfully, good, graceful, handsome, holy, just, merrily, polished, praiseworthy, pretty, well. (1) alegremente, (2) bien, (3) dispuesto, gentil hombre, (4) elegante, (5) fielmente asi, (6) galan, (7) justa cosa, (8) linda cosa, (9) loable cosa, (10) pulida cosa 265, (11) santa cosa.

‘utzon. I am fine. estar, ser.

‘utzuk ‘ak‘o stz’ak sba avu‘un (or) ‘utzuk tz’akojuk sba. See that the (adobes) are well-joined. …travar.

‘utz ‘a‘i, vphr:aj & tv-. be pleased, sound good or pretty. agradar 12.

‘utz ‘a‘i ‘u‘un, vphr:aj & tv + -n4b. please. agradar a otro 12.

‘utz ‘a‘i ba, vphr:aj & iv. be healthy. sana cosa.

‘utz ‘a‘ibil, vphr:aj & pp/pred/. be praised. loado.

‘utz ‘a‘iel, s:aj/prep/ & -vn4f. sound good or pretty. son o sonido, sonar, sonido hacer.

‘utz ‘a‘yejlal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. have a good reputation. fama buena de mi.

‘utz ‘ach’el, s:aj/pred/ & -Me. have good mortar. mezcla para asentar piedra o adobes.

‘utz ‘al, vphr:aj & iv-. praise. alabar.

‘utz ‘albil, vphr:aj & pp/pred/. praised. (1) alabado, (2) loado.

‘utz ‘aky, vphr:aj & tv/pass/. be praiseworthy. loable cosa.

‘utz ‘alvan, vphr:aj & iv. praise. alabar.

‘utz ‘ayan, vphr:aj & iv. produce well (corn, fruit). poder, verbo.

‘utz ‘ayan‘u‘un, vphr:aj & iv + -n4b. better, improve, repair. sanear la cosa.

‘utz ‘e, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. be sharp. agudo que corta bien 13.

‘utz ‘elk’anel, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. be easy to ste’el. hurtible cosa.

‘utz vphr:aj & tv-. be pleased. agradar a otro 12.

‘utz ‘ilel, s: aj/pred/ & -vn4f. be pretty. forma o gesto.

‘utz ‘olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be innocent, judicious, or wise. (1) ynocente 188, (2) sesudo de buen seso.

‘utz ‘osil, cf. ‘osil.

‘utz ‘oy, vphr:aj/pred/ & n5. be fine or well. bien esta.

‘utz balam, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be lucky. hado bueno.

‘utz chabi bek’tal, vphr:aj & tv & n4d[A]. be chaste. casto.

‘utz chi ‘u‘un, vphr:aj & iv + -n4b. be pleased by. agradar a otro 12.

‘utz ch‘ulel, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. belucky. hado bueno.

‘utz kol leun, vphr:aj & iv + -n4b. be curable. sanable cosa.

‘utz k’in, cf. k’in. (1)

‘utz k’opoj, vphr:aj & iv. speak graciously. graciosamente hablar o decir.

‘utz na, cf. na. (1)

‘utz nakal ‘olonton, s:ajphr(aj & aj/pred0 & -n4d. feel safe or secure. segura cosa.

‘utz nakal avolonton yo‘ ‘oy. You feel secure there.

‘utz no ‘ox, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt & pt. safe. seguro de peligro.

‘utz pas, vphr:aj & tv-. act faithfully, do good, polish. (1) bien hacer, (2) fielmente asi, (3) pulir 266.

‘utz ta nail, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & -n4d[S]). have a good family. familia.

‘utzot ta anail. You have a good family.

‘utz tan, cf. tan. (1)

‘utz te vinik chi‘il ta naklej, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(art & n5 & vphr-n4d & qphr(prep & n5)>). have a good family. familia.

‘utz te vinik chi‘uk ta naklej, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(art & n5 & vphr -n4d & qphr(prep & n5)>). have a good family. familia.

‘utz te vinik junjun na chi‘uk, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(art & n5 & vphr<num & -n4d & -n4d[P=P of na]>).have a good family. familia.

‘utz vinaj, vphr:aj & iv. sound beautiful. son o sonido, sonar, sonido hacer.

‘utz ‘utz‘a‘i, vphr:aj & tv. recuperate. mejorar en la dolencia.

‘utz ‘utz naklej, cf. nak.

‘utz ‘utz vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. holy person. santa cosa.

‘utzib, iv. be fortunate, honored, merry, or pleased, become good or holy, get well, rejoice, take a rest, take delight in. (1) abonarse, hacerse bueno, (2) alegrarse, (3) bueno hacer algo, (4) gloriarse, recibir gloria o descanso, (5) holgar, burlar, (6) placer recibir o deleitarse, (7) santo hacerse.

‘utzib ‘osil, s:iv & n5. have weather improve. abonar el tiempo.

‘utzibeb, n5. glory, heaven. gloria, lugar de la gloria.

‘utzibebal, n5. glory, heaven. gloria, lugar de la gloria.

‘utzibel, vnld. bliss, grace, joy, leisure, pleasure, prosperity, recreation. (1) alegria, (2) bienaventurado o dichoso coma…, (3) bueno hacer algo, (4) gloria, (5) gracia, (6) holganza o pasatiempo, (7) placer o deleite.

‘utzibes, tv. do well, gladden, make good. (1) abonarse, hacerse bueno, (2) alegrar otro, (3) bueno hacer alga.

‘utzibtas, tv. cure, entertain, flatter, gladden, glorify, make good, please, sanctify. (1) abonarse, hacerse bueno (2) alegra a otro, (3) bueno hacer algo, (4) complacer, (5) placer hacer o dar a otro, (6) regalar alhagando, (7) santo hacer a otro o sanctificar

‘utzibtasbil, pp. glorified. (1) bienaventurado, (2) bueno hacer alga, (3) glorificado.

‘utzibtasel, vn4d. glorification. glorificacion.

’utzibtasvanej, vn5. glorification. glorificacion.

‘utzil, n lb. delight, faithfulness, gallantry, goodness, grace, gracefulness, holiness, modesty, nobility, pleasure, polish, prosperity, recuperation, subtlety, virtue, wealth. (1) bienes, (2) bondad, (3) disposicion, (4) familiaridad, (5) fidelidad, (6) gala, (7) gracia, (8) mejoria en, (9) modestia, (10) nobleza, (11) placer, (12) pulidesa 266, (13) prosperidad, (14) santidad, (15) sutileza 324.

‘utzil, aj. modest. modesta cosa.

‘utzil ‘a‘yej, s:aj/pred/ & -nld. have a good reputation. fama buena asi.

‘utzil ‘a‘yejlal, s:aj/pred/ & -n Id. have a good reputation. fama buena de mi.

‘utzil-‘al, tv(aj & tvcpd). bless, praise. (1) alabar, (2) bendecir, alabar, (3) engrandecer a otro, alabarle.

‘utzil-‘albil, pp(aj & tvcpd). be praised. alabado.

‘utzil‘alel, nphr(aj & vn)4d. praise directed towards person. alabanza con que soy alabado.

‘utzil-‘aley, iv(aj & ivcpd)/pass/. be praiseworthy. loable cosa.

‘utzil-‘alvan, iv(aj & ivcpd). praise. alabar.

‘utzil ‘alvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. praise. alabanza con que alabamos.

‘utzil ‘antz, nphr(aj & n)5. virgin. muger casta.

‘utzil ‘olonton, nphr(aj & n)5. virtue. virtuoso.

‘utzil tzajal ton, nphr:aj & nphr(aj & n)5. ruby. rubi.

‘utzil j‘ok’el mut, nphr:aj & agn(vn type n)5. nightingale. RML—This is probably the brown-backed solitaire, Myadestes obscurus. ruiseñor.

‘utzil k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. holy or modest talk. (1) modesta cosa, (2) santa cosa.

‘utzil lo‘lo k’op, nphr:aj & nphr(n type n)5. witty saying. donaire.

‘utzil lo‘lo k’opoj, iv(aj & n & ivcpd). speak wittily. donaire decir.

‘utzil-nop, tv(aj & tvcpd). react positively towards, think well of. echar las cosas a buena parte.

‘utzil-pas, tv(aj & tvcpd). do good. bien hacer.

‘utzil pasvanej, nphr(aj & vn)4d. good deed, craftsmanship. bien hecho y buena obra.

‘utzil pox, nphr(aj & n)5. proven medicine. medicina experimentada.

‘utzil sakil tak’in, nphr:aj & nphr(aj & n)5. silver. plata.

‘utzil xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. religion, virtue. (1) religion, (2) virtud generalmente

’utzil ton, nphr(aj & n)5. jewel, pearl. (1) perla, (2) piedra preciosa.

‘utzil vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. faithful, frank, friendly, modest, noble, serene, sociable, well-mannered, or worthy person, merrymaker. (1) alegar, cf. alegrador, (2) bien criado, (3) costumbre, (4) digna persona, (5) familiar persona, conversable, sereno, (6) fiel cosa de que confiamos, (7) llano en conversacion, (8) modesta cosa, (9) noble de condicion.

‘utzilal, n4d. goodness. bondad.

‘utzin, tv. flatter, frolic. (1) halagar, (2) retocar.

‘utzin, iv. become good. buena cosa hacerse.

‘utzintas, tv. do well, remedy. (1) bueno hacer algo, (2) remediar, como….

‘utzintasbil, pp. successful. bueno hacer algo.

‘utzinvanej, vn5. flattery. halagueño.

j‘utzil- ‘olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). innocent person. ynocente 188.

j‘utzil lo‘lo k’op, agn:aj & nphr(n type n)cpd. witty person. donoso asi.

j‘utzil-pasvanej, agn(aj & vcpd). benefactor. bienhechor.

j‘utzintasvanej, agn. glorifier, successful or virtuous person. (1) bueno hacer algo, (2) glorificador, (3) virtud generalmente.

j‘utzinvanej, agn. flatterer, reveller. (1) halagueño, (2) retocon.

‘ep ‘utzil, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. endowed with grace. dotado.

batz’i ‘utz, cf. batz’i.

laal ‘utzil, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. friendly, serene, sociable. familiar persona, conversable, sereno.

mo ‘utzuk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. bad, inconvenient, troublesome, unjust, vile. (1) ynconveniente, cosa que no conviene 186, (2) ynjusta cosa 188, (3) ruin.

mo ‘utzuk to xch’akeb jk’optike. The contract we made is not a good one. partido o concierto.

mo ‘utzuk ‘a‘i, vphr:neg & aj & tv-. consider evil, rebuff, reject, reproach, wish to flee from. (1) correr algo, (2) rechazar, (3) reprochar o reprovar, (4) sabele mal o pasale algo.

mo ‘utzuk ‘a‘i pas, vphr:neg & aj & tv & S(tv-). do without one’s consent. consentimiento.

mo ‘utzuk eka‘i apas. You did this without my consent.

mo ‘utzuk ‘abtelanel, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -vn4f. poor workmanship. obra como….

mo ‘utzuk pasel, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -vn4f. poor workmanship. obra como…

mu ‘utzuk. RML—See mo‘utzuk.

mu tojol‘utzibeluk, s:neg & aj/pred/ & vn. vainglory. gloria vana.

ta ‘utzil k’op nop, vphr:qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n5>) & tv-. interpret favorably, think well of. tomar a buena parte.

toj ‘utz, vphr:aj & aj. delicious, especially good, healthy, pleasurable, prosperous, subtle. (1) placentera cosa o deleitable, (2) prospera cosa, (3) singular cosa, (4) sutil cosa 324.

toj ‘utz mu ‘osil xaval yu‘un. You will find it a healthy place (or) climate.

‘utz’ (1)

‘utz’, n4d. close relative (descended from a single stock or lineage). pariente cercano….

‘utz’ ba, rn4d. bea close relative of. *The other kin terms they use with those that are of their origin or line even though it may trace back one thousand years. pariente ser asi.

‘utz’(2)

‘utz’i, tv. sniff. oler algo.

‘utz’i ni‘, vphr:tv & -n4d. lit. “sniff one’s nose,” i.e., kiss. besar, dar besos.

‘utz’ibey ni‘, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. kiss. besar, dar besos.

‘utz’iel ni‘, nphr(vn4f of -n4d). kiss. beso.

‘utz’‘onet, av. scent, sniff. oler como para conocer o sacar para rastro.

‘utz’ob bolom, nphr(n4d of n5). flower painted like a tiger with the image of a dragon inside. for pintada….

‘utz’obil, n3d. nosegay (odorous object that is sniffed). olores como perfumes.

‘utz’ (3)

‘utz’‘utz’ ba, raj. poor, wretched. (1) miserable, pobre, (2) pobre.

‘utz’‘utz’ pas, vphr:aj & tv-. do so-so. medianamente hacer algo.

‘utz’ nopbil, vphr:aj & pp/pred/. moderately good. razonable, no muy bueno.

‘utz’‘utz’ taey tal, vphr:aj & tv/pass/ & dr. so-so. medianamente.

‘utz’‘utz’il ba, rn4f. misery, poverty. (1) miseria de pobreza, (2) pobreza.

tzakbil ta‘utz’il, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n4f[S]). moderately good. cuitado.

‘uch’(1)

‘uch’, nld. louse. piojo.

‘uch’ (2)

‘uch’, tv. be absorbed (as when the rain is absorbed in the ground), drink, swallow. (1) beber 41, (2) embebido en otra cosa…, (3) embebido asi, (4) sorber.

‘uch’, iv. leak (glass). salirse el vaso.

‘uch’ ‘a‘lel, s:iv & -n4f. fester. apostemarse con materia.

‘uch’ tza’ayabil charnel pox, vphr:tv & nphr(nphr<pp & vn5> type n5). be purged. purgado.

‘uch’ kola‘al pox, vphr:tv & nphr(natt & n)5. be poisoned. emponzoñado.

‘uch’ pox, vphr:tv & n5. be purged. purgado.

‘uch’abal, n5. drink. bebida 41.

‘uch’et, av. sweat (glass) resumarse el vaso 289.

‘uch’li, iv. be absorbed (as when the rain is absorbed in the ground), sweat (glass). (1) embebido en otro cosa como…, (2) embebido asi, (3) resumarse el vaso 289.

‘uch’ob chi‘, nphr(n of n)5. wine gourd. taza 327.

‘uch’ob Ho‘, nphr(n of n)5. water gourd (half gourd). taza 327.

‘uch’obil, n5. cup. taza 327.

‘uch’om, nld. drink. bebida 41.

‘uch’om-o‘, n(n & ncpd)ld. corn dough, pozol. *Ground corn is their common drink. RML—This word should perhaps be given as ‘uch’om Ho‘. (1) bebida 41, (2) masa.

‘uch’van, iv. sweat (glass). resumarse el vaso 289.

j‘uch’-Ho‘, agn(tv & ncpd). drinker. *That is “drinker of water” even though it is chocolate that is being drunk because all drinks are subsumed under water as are meals under corn, just as the holy scripture is subsumed under bread. bebedor 41.

‘uch’ (3)

‘uch’p’ij, iv. faint. desfallecer.

‘uch’uy, iv. faint, starve, starve to death. RML—This verb had the same meanings in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:54, 137). In modern Tojolabal, uch’imb’es is “matar de hambre” (Lenkersdorf, 1979:384). (1) desfallecer, (2) hambre grande haber, (3) morir de hambre, (4) muerto de hambre.

‘uch’uyel, vn5. famine, starvation. (1) hambre muy grande, (2) hambriento de gran hambre.

‘uch’uyel‘a‘i, vphr:vn5 & tv. starve. hambre grande haber.

j‘uch’, agn. starving person. hambriento.

j‘uch’uyel, agn. starving person. hambriento.

*‘uk

*uk, n5. bedbug. RML—This occurs in colonial Tzeltal as huc (Guzmán, 1620:50). chinche.

‘uk’um

‘uk’um, nle. river. rio.

‘uk’umal chon, nphr(natt & n)5. water snake. serpiente de agua.

bik’tal ‘uk’um, nphr(aj & n)5. canal filled with water, stream. (1) acequia que lleva agua, (2) arroyo.

‘ul (1)

‘ulil vaj, nphr(natt & n)5. baby food. papas para niños.

‘ul(2)

‘ul, iv. absorb, be absorbed, drained off (strength, water), or ended, decrease, melt, sink (water into ground). (1) achicarse dando, (2) agotarse 12, (3) agotado 12, (4) amenguarse o apocarse como agua, (5) derretir, (6) descrecer, (7) embeber, (8) embebido asi, (9) menguarse el agua, (10) regalarse derritiendo, (11) sumirse.

e’ul yajvalel. His dominion was ended.

‘ulbal ‘osil, nphr(n type n)5. irrigated land. regadillo, lugar….

‘ulbaltik, n5. irrigated land. regadillo, lugar….

‘ulbay, tv. irrigate (cornfields in the dry season). regar asi como maizales de verano.

‘ulbaybil, pp. irrigated. regado asi.

‘ulebal, n3d. end, exhaustion. agotamiento o acabamiento 12.

‘ulel, vnld. decrease, deterioration. menoscabo o mengua.

‘ulel nab, nphr(n4f of n5). low tide. menguante de mar.

‘ules, tv. defame, diminish, drain off, finish off, humble, melt. (1) achicar a otro asi, (2) agotar alga 12, (3) amenguar a otro afrentandolo, (4) derretir, (5) menguar asi.

dios eulesan avajvalel. God ended your dominion. agotar algo 12.

dios xaulesan. God will finish you. agotar alga 12.

‘ules tak’in, vphr. tv & n5. melt metal. fundir metales.

‘ulesbil, pp. exhausted, finished. agotado 12.

‘uley, tv/pass/ blot. pasarse el papel.

‘ulul, aj. low (tide). (1) menguado asi, (2) menguado asi.

j‘ulesej- tak’in, agn(vn & ncpd). smelter. fundidor asi.

‘ulo‘

‘ula‘aj, iv. visit. RML—Modern Tzotzil: vula‘aj. visitar, ir a ver.

‘ula‘ajel, vn5. visit. visitacion tal.

‘ula‘al, n5. visit. visitacion tal.

‘ula‘an, tv. provide a lodging for, receive a guest, visit. (1) hospedar a otro 242, (2) huesped recibir 344, (3) visitar, ir a ver.

‘ul(3)

‘ula’anbil, pp. visited. visitado asi.

‘ulo‘

’ulo‘, nld. guest. huesped 344.

‘ulo‘in, tv. receive guest. huesped recibir 344.

‘ulovil, n5. guest. huesped 344.

j‘ula‘ajel, agn. visitor. visitador asi.

j‘ula‘al, agn. visitor. visitador asi.

*‘ulubalal

*‘ulubalal, aj. graceful (person), polished, pretty. (1) dispuesto, gentil hombre, (2) linda cosa.

*‘ulubalal ‘ilel, vphr:aj/pred/ & vn4f[S]. be pretty. linda cosa.

*‘ulubalal ba, raj. be beautiful. hermoso.

toj *‘ulubalal ba, vphr:adv & raj. be excellent (person). gentil hombre o muger.

‘um

‘um, tv. swallow. *But frequently they say, “xkuc’,” I drink. (1) bocado, (2) bocado dar, (3) sorber.

‘um ch’ay, vphr:tv- & tv-. take a mouthful. bocado dar mordiendo.

‘umel ‘umey, s:vn5 & tv/pass/. be swallowable. sorbible cosa.

j-‘um, num(num & nccpd)5. mouthful, swallow. *By swallow is meant swelling the cheeks or mouth with what is swallowed. (1) bocado, (2) sorbo.

ju-j-‘umuk xkich’tik. Let’s each take a mouthful. sorbo.

‘uma‘

‘uma‘ aj. mute. (1) enmudecer a otro 99, (2) mudo.

etaot ta‘uma’. He became mute. enmudecido 99.

‘uma‘ib, iv. become mute. enmudecer a otro 99.

‘uma‘ij, iv. become mute. (1) enmudecer a otro 99, (2) enmudecido 99, (3) mudescer

‘uma‘ ijel, vn5. muteness. enmudecimiento 99.

‘uma‘eijes, tv. make mute, silence. enmudecer a otro 99.

‘uma‘il, n4d. muteness. enmudecimiento 99.

‘umum

‘umum, n5. duck, goose. RML—This term is also found in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:19, 153). (1) anade, (2) pato, ganso.

‘unen

‘unen, n1d. infant, child, servant. (1) mozo de servicio, (2) niño o niña.

‘unen’olol, nphr(aj & n)5. child. niño o niña.

‘unen ‘olonton, nphr(aj & n)5. cowardly.flojo en el animo 144.

‘unen bakel, nphr(aj & n)4f. gristle. ternilla entre hueso y carne.

‘unen k‘exbon, nphr(aj & n)5. graft (tree). pua para injertar.

‘unen te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. brushwood for an oven. RML—Perhaps unem should be read ‘aneb. horniga.

‘unenal, n4b. sprout, tenderness. (1) cogollo, (2) enternecimiento.

‘unenal nich, nphr(n4f of n4f). sprout. cogollo.

‘unenay, iv. be moved to pity. (1) enternecerse, (2) enternecido.

‘unetiki ba, rv. act childish (older person). niñar los grandes o viejos.

‘unetikil, nld. childhood, childishness. nilieria.

ta kunetikil. in my childhood. en mi tiempo.

‘unetikil k’op, nphr(n type n)5. childish talk. niñeria.

‘unetikil pasnej, nphr(n type vn)5. childish act. niñeria.

tzajal’unetikil, cf. tzoj.

‘unet

‘unet. childhood, childishness. cf. ’unen.

‘up’

‘up’, iv., crack badly. (1) abrirse asi casi del todo, (2) resquebrajado.

‘up’el, n4f. bad crack. abertura grande 3.

‘up’ul, aj. cracked (wall). (1) hendido, como pared, (2) resquebrajado.

‘up’ulil, n4f. bad crack. abertura grande 3.

‘up’up’tik, aj. cracked in many places. hendido en muchas partes.

’us

‘us, n5. gnat. mosquito.

‘ux

‘ux, excl. giddap! shoo! (for chickens or dogs). (1) eje, lo que decimos al perro 136, (2) harre para aguijar bestias.

‘ux ’ut, vphr:excl & tv. drive horses, say “giddap.” harrear.

‘uxub

‘uxub, nlf. fruit stem, tree knot. (1) nudo de arbol, (2) pezon de fruta 252.

‘uxub, n1e. lump (as those on the faces of people afflicted with bubonic plague). torondron como….

‘uxub ‘ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). attachment point of corn kernel or attachment stem of ear of corn. pico de grano de maiz.

‘uxubtik, aj. knotty (wood), lumpy (face). (1) nudosa cosa asi, (2) torondron coma…

laal ‘uxub, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. lumpy (face). torondron como….

‘ut (1)

‘ut, tv. blame, censure, curse, do, insult, oppose, quarrel, say that, tell, touch. (1) afrentar de palabra, (2) baldonar, (3) decir a otro algo 84, (4) maldecir de otro, (5) murmurar, (6) perseguir con pleitos o contradiccion, (7) que, digo…, (8) reñir, (9) reñir mas…

mo xHu‘ xkut (or) mo xHu‘ ku’un xkut. I say that I can’t (or) that I don’t want to. que, digo….

‘ut dios, vphr:tv & n5. blaspheme, curse. renegar, blasfemar.

‘ut santo, vphr:tv & n5. blaspheme, curse. renegar, blasfemar.

‘utben, n4d. statement. decir a otro algo 84.

‘utbil, pp. blamed, insulted. (1) afrentado asi, (2) vituperado.

‘utel, vn4d. blame, insult. (1) afrenta asi, (2) murmuracion, (3) vituperio.

‘utvan, iv. curse, defame. (1) maldecir de otro, (2) reñir, (3) reñir mas.

‘utvanej, vn5. blame, insult. (1) afrenta asi, (2) murmuracion, (3) vituperio.

mu sna‘ ’utvanej. He never insults anyone. afrenta asi.

j‘ut-dios, agn(tv & ncpd). blasphemer. renegador asi o blasfemo.

‘ut(2)

‘ut ‘okil, nphr(n4f of n3d). sole of foot. (1) pata o planta de pie, (2) planta de pie.

‘util, n3b. inside. dentro.

ta kut. inside me.

‘ak’ol ‘ut‘e, cf. ‘ak’ol.

‘uy

‘uyuj, n5. kinkajou. RML—This was glossed probably incorrectly as gato monies, though in modern Tzotzil of Chalchihuitán ‘uyo is a cacomistle. gato monies.

*‘uya

*‘uya, n5. cocoa stirrer. RML—This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:177). (1) mecedor con que mecen cacao, (2) revolvedero de cacao.

B

ba (1)

ba, n5. gopher. (1) liron, (2) topo.

ba(2)

ba, n4f. best, first, first in everything, the first. (1) el primero, (2) primero, (3) prima en cada genero, (4) primero y principal.

ba ‘antzil nich’on’ojov, nphr:nphr(n4f of nphr.<n4f type n5>) of n5. princess. princesa.

ba ‘ojov, nphr(n4f of n5). king, sovereign lord. (1) rey 292, (2) señor soberano.

ba ‘ol, nphr(n4f of n4d). woman’s first child. hijo primero.

ba-betzaj, iv(n & ivcpd). ascend mountain top. encumbrar, llegar a lo alto.

ba-betzajebal, n(n & ncpd)5. moment before completing ascent of mountain top. encumbrar, llegar a lo alto.

ba-betzajebalon. I have nearly reached the peak.

ba tza, nphr(n4f of n5). invention. ynvencion 189.

ba tzaijel, nphr(n4f of vn5). invention. ynvencion 189.

ba tz’ibajom, nphr(n4f of n5). first painter or scribe. RML—This and the following entries referring to writing were associated with firstborn under ”primero.” It is not clear whether this is fortuitous. primero.

ba ch’aj, nphr(n4f & aj). extremely lazy. perezoso.

ba ch’ilom, nphr(n4d of n5). captain. capitan.

ba j‘abtel, nphr(n4f of agn). first worker, top-ranking worker. primero.

ba j‘alanel, nphr(n4f of agn). firstborn (of a woman). primero.

ba j‘il-jom, nphr:n4f of agn (tv & ncpd). pilot. piloto.

ba jtz’ib, nphr(n4f of agn). first painter or scribe. primero.

ba jchabi-jom, nphr:n4f of agn(tv & ncpd). pilot. piloto.

ba jk‘ulej, nphr(n4f of agn). master or mistress of the house. señor de casa.

ba jk‘ulej ta na, nphr:n4f of agn & qphr(prep & n5). master or mistress of the house. señor de casa.

ba jnaklej, nphr(n4f of agn). the first in sitting order. el primero de los que estan sentados.

ba jva‘lej, nphr(n4f of agn). the first in standing order. el primero de los que estan en pie.

ba kajal, nphr(n4f of nc). first row, step or time. grada cada uno de por si, como…

ba k’op, nphr(nf4 of n5). motive. motivo.

ba nich’nal, nphr(n4f of n5). firstborn (of a man). mayor hijo 205.

ba nich’on, nphr(n4f of n4d). firstborn (of a man). hijo primero.

ba nich’on ’ojov, nphr:nphr(n4f of n5) of n5. prince.

RML—Presumably the heir apparent. principe.

ba padre, nphr(nf4 of n5). prelate. prelado.

ba ta ‘abtel, nphr:n4f & qphr(prep & vn5). top-ranking (worker). primero.

ba ta ‘ajvalel, nphr:n4f & qphr(prep & n5). first in rank. primero.

ba ta ‘alanel, nphr:n4f & qphr(prep & vn5). firstborn (of a woman). primero.

ba ta tz’ib, nphr:n4f & qphr(prep & n5). first painter or scribe. primero.

ba ta tz’ibajel, nphr:n4f & qphr(prep & vn5). first painter or scribe. primero.

ba te‘, nphr(n of n)5. army ant. hormiga.

ba vitz, nphr(n4f of n5). hilltop, mountain top. altura de monte.

ba vitz batel, nphr:nphr(n of n)5 & dr. departure over mountain top. altura de monte.

ba vitz talel, nphrnphr(n of n)5 & dr. approach over mountain top. altura de monte.

ba-vitzaj, iv(n & ivcpd). ascend mountain top. altura de monte.

ba-vitzil ‘osil, nphr:natt(n of ncpd) & n5. mountainous region, ridge of mountains. serrania, sierra de montañas.

ba-vitzil lo‘bol, nphr:natt(n of ncpd) & n5. fruit native to mountainous region. serrana cosa de.

ba-vitzil lum, nphr:natt(n of ncpd) & n5. mountainous region, ridge of mountains. serrania, sierra de montalias.

ba-vitzil te‘, nphr:natt(n of ncpd) & n5. tree native to mountainous region. serrana cosa de.

ba-vitzil vinik, nphr:natt(n of ncpd) & n5. mountain dweller. serrana cosa de.

ba vinajel, nphr(n4f of vn5). invention. ynvencion 189.

ba vinajesel, nphr(n4f of vn5). invention. ynvencion 189.

ba vinik, nphr(n4f of n5). noble. hidalgo.

bail, n3d. face, presence. (1) cara o rostro, (2) gesto, la cara, (3) haz, la cara, (4) presencia, (5) rostro o cara.

ta jba espas. He did it in my presence. presencia. bail, n4d. front teeth. RML—This may just as well be read as ”jba ye,” but both interpretations are questionable.

Modern Tzotzil would be sba Ice. dientes delanteros.

bain, iv. become famous or illustrious. (1) ennoblecerse, (2) esclarecerse afamarse.

ta ba, qphr:prep & n5. on, on top of. en la cumbre.

ta ba vitz, on the mountain top. (1) encima del monte, (2) en la cumbre.

ta ba, qphr:prep & -n4f. on, on top of. (1) encima del agua, de la mesa, (2) en la cumbre, (3) sobre, preposicion.

ta sba Ho‘. on top of the water. sobre, preposicion.

ta sba mesa. on the table. sobre, preposicion.

ta sba vitz. on the mountain top. encima del monte.

ba‘yi, tv. take as one’s guide. RML—There is no way of knowing whether “bay” should be read as ba‘ i or ba‘yi. guia.

ba‘yi, aj. be ahead, be the first, before, first. antes.

ba‘yi ta k’op stuk. He is the first to speak. prevenir, anticiparse.

ba‘yion. I am ahead. (1) adelantarse, (2) aventajarse.

ba‘yion talel. I am the first to come. prevenir, anticiparse.

stuk ba‘yion. am the very first. prevenir, anticiparse.

ba‘yi, iv. get ahead, guide. (1) guiar, (2) prevenir, anticiparse.

xeba‘yi ta k’op. I am going to speak first. prevenir, anticiparse.

ba‘yi, vphr:aj & tv-. for the first time, forewarn. (1) estrenar, (2) prevenir dando aviso antes….

ba‘yi’ayon. I told them before I left. prevenir dando aviso antes….

ba‘yi ekalbey. I told him first. prevenir dando aviso antes….

ba‘yi jk’opon. I am telling him first. prevenir dando aviso antes….

ba’yi jlo’I am eating it for the first time. estrenar.

ba‘yi jpas. I am doing it for the first time. estrenar.

ba‘yi—, vphr:aj & iv. be early (fruiting). temprano arbol que primero madura.

ba‘yi ssatin. It is early-fruiting.

ba‘yi xta’aj. It is early-ripening.

ba‘yi jut ta ‘olonton, vphr:aj & tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]).

invent. ynventar 189.

ba‘yi likes, vphr:aj & tv-. invent. ynventar 189.

ba‘yi nich’nal, nphr(aj & n)5. man’s firstborn child. hijo primero.

ba‘yi nich’onil, nphr(aj & n)5. man’s firstborn child. hijo primero.

ba‘yi nach’el, nphr(aj & vn)5. early-fruiting (figs, quinces, etc.). higo temprano….

ba‘yi nop ta ‘olonton, vphr:aj & tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). invent. ynventar 189.

ba‘yi ta‘ajel, nphr(aj & vn)5. early-fruiting (figs, etc.). higo temprano….

ba‘yi vinajes, vphr:aj & tv-. invent. ynventar 189.

ba‘yi vinik, nphr:aj/3p/ & n5. town founders. primeros del pueblo.

ba‘yijes, tv. prepare in advance. RML—This is given as xcaihughes. prevenir dando aviso antes….

ba‘yin, tv. prefer. preferir.

ba‘yitajel, vn5. foremost in rank, at the lead (on trail).

aventajado en dignidad o caminos 37.

ba‘yitajel, vn4f. beginning, best, chief, first, first in everything, foremost. (1) prima en cada genero, (2) primero y principal, (3) principal cosa, (4) principio, principal.

ba‘yitajel vinik, nphr(vn4d of n5). chief. principal.

ba‘yitas, tv. advance, guide, prefer, put ahead of. (1) anteponer, (2) aventajar o anteponer, (3) guiar, (4) preferir.

ba‘yitas ba, rv. get ahead of. anteponerse.

ba‘yitasej, n4d. object advanced or put ahead of. aventajarse.

jba‘yi, agn. guide. guia.

jba‘yitajel, agn. chief. principal cosa.

jba‘yitajel ta ve‘el, agn:vn & qphr(prep & n5). banquet host.

RML—glossed as “principe del convite,” this term occurs also in Tarascan (Gilberti, 1901:448), in Nahuatl (Molina, 1880:98), and in Yucatec, where Motul describes the host as “el casero duerio de la casa llamada popol na, donde se juntan a tratar cosas de republica, y enseñarse a bailar para las fiestas de pueblo” (Acutia, 1978:30). principe del convite.

ba‘yi

ba‘yi. ahead, before, chief, early, first, prefer. cf. ba (2).

batz’

batz’, n5. howler monkey. *Named so by the Tzendales and by some people here. monas grandes que dan bramidos, cf monos.

batz’i

batz’i, aj. fine, pure, very. (1) fina cosa, (2) pura cosa sin mezcla.

batz’i ‘ek’el, nphr(aj & n)5. hatchet used by the Indians. hachuela de las que ellos tienen.

batz’i’ojov, nphr(aj & n)5. king. rey 292.

batz’i ‘utz, ajphr(aj & aj). fina fine. cosa.

batz’i balumil, nphr(aj & n)5. continent. tierra firme.

batz’i bek’et, nphr(aj & n)5. lean meat, meat without bones. (1) magra came, (2) pulpa, came sin hueso.

batz’i tzeb, nphr(aj & n)5. virgin. virgo de doncella.

batz’i tzitz, nphr(aj & n)5. wild fennel. RML—In modem Tzotzil this is the marsh marigold, Tagetes lucida. hinojo de la tierra o silvestre.

batz’i tzoj, ajphr(aj & aj). bright red. fins cosa.

batz’i chi’, nphr(aj & n)5. pure wine. vino puro.

batz’i ch’ay, vphr:aj & iv. fatally ill. perecer sin remedio o del todo.

batz’i jun, nphr(aj & num)5. entire, whole. entera cosa.

batz’i kolo‘, ajphr(aj & aj). very bad. fina cosa.

batz’i k’ob, nphr(aj & n)4d. right hand. mano derecha.

batz’i k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. certain, certain word, native language (Tzotzil), true word. (1) cierto 71, (2) cierta palabra 71.

batz’i k’op, nphr(aj & n)4d/lp/. reality, truth. veras.

batz’i laj, vphr:aj & iv. be fatally ill. perecer sin remedio o del todo.

batz’i lekoj, vphr:nphr(aj & n4d)/pred/. legitimate. legitima cosa por ley.

batz’i lum, nphr(aj & n)5. continent. tierra firme.

batz’i me‘on, nphr(aj & n)5. desperately poor person. pobre con gran miseria.

batz’i muibel, nphr(aj & vn)5. true glory. gloria verdadera.

batz’i xokon, nphr(aj & n)5. right side. lado diestro.

batz’i tomin, nphr(aj & n)5. silver coin. moneda de plata.

batz’i t’abel, nphr(aj & vn)5. purely. puramente.

batz’i t’abeluk, nphr(aj & vn)5. purely. puramente.

batz’i vaj, nphr(aj & n)5. tortilla (true bread). verdadera cosa.

batz’ijesel ta j’ilojel, nphr:vn4f & qphr(prep & agn). provable.

probable, cosa que se prueba.

xHu‘ sbatz’ijesel ta j‘ilojel. be provable.

batz’il, nld. faithfulness, purity, truth, truthfulness. (1) ciertamente, (2) fielmente asi, (3) fidelidad asi, (4) pureza, (5) verdad, (6) verdadero en lo que dice.

jbatz’il jpas. I act in good faith. (1) fielmente asi, (2) verdad.

jbatz’il xkal. I speak the truth. fielmente asi.

batz’il, n4d/lp/. reality, truth. veras.

batz’iltik, aj. certain, true. (1) cierto 71, (2) ciertamente 71.

batz’itay, tv. make progress, persevere, proceed. (1) perpetuar, continuar, (2) proceder, it adelante en algun caso.

batz’itay chabiel k’op dios, vphr:tv & nphr(vn4f of <n4f of n5>). follow God’s commands or persevere in that effort. perpetuamente hacer la palabra de Dios….

batz’itay pasel k’op dios, vphr:tv & nphr(vn4f of <n4f of n5>). follow God’s commands or persevere in that effort. perpetuamente hacer la palabra de Dios….

batz’itay ta j’ilojel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & agn). prove with a witness. probar con testigos 274.

mo batz’iluk, vphr:neg & n4f[SJ/pred/. evil, false. mala y falsemente.

baj (1)

baj, tv. chop, drive (nails or stakes in a wall), nail. (1) clavar, (2) hincar como hincan clavos o estacas en pared, (3) partir cortando a golpes.

baj nukulil vob, vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n)5. drum (using hands or sticks). (1) tañer atabal como tañen los Palos, (2) tañer los atabales con las manos.

baj ta cruz, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). crucify. crucificar.

bajben, n4e. injury caused by blow of hands or feet. herida que da el que asi hiere.

bajbonet, ay. chop. estruendo hacer labrando, haciendo leña.

bajbonetel, vn5. chopping sound. estruendo hacer labrando, haciendo leña.

bajlaj, ay. clang. ruido hacer asi.

bajlajetel, vn5. clang (copper or silver platter falling to ground).

ruido de cosa, que cae….

bajluj, ay. clang. ruido hacer la madera que la hienden.

bajobil, n4f. hammer, sledgehammer. (1) maza 203, (2) martillo.

bajulanbil, pp. hammered. martillado.

baj (2)

baj ti‘ ba, nphr:aj & nphr(n of n)5. bald. calvo.

bajbaj, aj. bald. palada cosa.

bajbaj ti‘ ba, nphr:aj & nphr(n of n)5. bald. encalvecido.

bajub ti‘ ba, s:iv & nphr(n of n)5. grow bald. encalvecerse.

bak

bak, n5. bone. hueso de animal 344.

bak-julan, aj(aj & Pcpd). strong. reciente cosa 299.

bak-julanil, n(aj & Pcpd)4f. strength. reciura 299.

‘ip sbak-julanil. He is very strong.

bak mut, n(aj & n)5. boat-tailed gackle. tordo

bak xinich, nphr(aj & n)5. arboreal ant. hormiga.

bakal, n5. corncob (after it has been shelled). mazorca, el corazon de ella despues de desgranada 204.

bakal-k’opoj, iv(n & ivcpd). persist. RML—This is an archaic form in modern Tzotzil synonymous with the more frequently used repal-k’opoj. pmfiar.

bakbak tz’i,‘ nphr(aj & n)5. greyhound. (1) galgo, (2) lebrel.

bakel, n4d. bone. hueso de animal 344.

bakel choy, nphr(n4d of n5). fishbone. espina de pescado.

bakel jol, nphr(n4f of nld). skull. casco hueso.

bakel te, nphr(n4f of n5). tree trunk and branches. tronco de arbol.

baklej‘ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). corncob (after it has been shelled). mazorca, el…, 204.

baldel castillan‘ixim, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. wheat chaff.

granzas de trigo grandes….

bakub, iv. grow thin. enflaquecer.

bakubes, tv. make thin. enflaquecer a otro.

‘unen bakel, cf. ‘unen.

mo‘oyuk bakel, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4f. lit. it has no bones, i.e., flesh. pulpa, came sin hueso.

bak’

bak’ ‘olal, s:iv & -n4d. be importunate or relentless. ynquieta cosa 188.

toj xbak’ yolal. He is very importunate. ymportuno sin tiempo… 185.

bak’ ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be anxious, careful, disturbed, or solicitous. (1) afligirse interiormente, (2) alterarse, (3) solicito.

bak’ ‘osil‘a‘i, vphr:s(iv & n5) & tv. feel aches and pains. fatiga del cuerpo de dolor o inquietud exterior.

bak’el, wild. aches and pains, dissolution, restlessness. ynquietud 188.

‘ip jbak’el. I am exhausted. fatiga del cuerpo de dolor….

‘ip sbak’el. She is dissolute (or) it is restless (horse that neighs and acts up). (1) disoluta muger, (2) rifadura cosa.

mo smalay bak’el xa‘i. He does not wait, he is importunate.

ymportuno 185.

bak’el ‘olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). anxiety. afliccion asi 11.

bak’el’osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). turmoil. alborotado.

bak’es, tv. disturb, make merry, stir up. (1) ynquietar 188, (2) retocar, (3) turbar

bak’es’osil, vphr:tv & n5. agitate, incite. alborotar.

bak’es ba, rv. be restless (horse). rifar caballos.

bak’laj, av. thunder. retronar.

bak’lajet, av. thunder. retronar.

bak’luj, av. thunder. estallar, dar sonido.

bak’lujel, vn4f. thunder. estallido.

jbak’el, agn. enemy, reveller. (1) contrario, (2) retocon.

jbak’el-caballo, agn(vn & ncpd). restless horse. rifadura cosa.

jbak’el-vinik, agn(vn & ncpd). restless person. ynquieta cosa 188.

jbak’esej- ‘osil, agn(vn & ncpd). agitator. alborotador.

jbak’esvanej, agn. reveller. retocon.

bak’in

bak’in, pt. sometime, then, or when in the future. tiempo. (1) algun tiempo de preterito, (2) en algun tiempo defuturo, (3) en otro tiempo…, (4) en que tiempo…, (5) cuando, en que tiempo 279.

jna‘ to bak’in. Sometime I will know it. tiempo

mo no’ox bak’in xlaj. lit. It will never end, i.e., it will last forever. durar para siempre.

bak’inuk, pt. sometime in the future. en algun tiempo defuturo.

bak’inuk no‘ox, ptphr(pt & pt & pt). whenever in the future. cuando quiera 279.

bak’inuk to, ptphr(pt & pt). sometime in the future. en otro tiempo….

‘oy bak’in, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt. sometime in the future. *Rarely used. alguna vez de futuro.

bak’ ni

bak’ ni, pt. once, sometimes, then or when in the past. (1) algun tiempo de preterito, (2) en otro tiempo…, (3) en que tiempo….

‘oy jpas bak’ ni. I did it once. tiempo.

‘oy bak’ ni, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt. sometime in the past. alguna vez de preterito.

bal

bal, tv. gird. fajar 140.

bal, n4d. sash. faja 140.

bal ta‘ach’el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). muddy. enlodar a otro.

bal ta’ach’el, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). be muddy. enlodado.

balon ta‘ach’el. I am muddy.

bal ta k’uk’um, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). feather (cover with feathers). emplumar.

balaj, iv. roll downhill or on the ground. rodar cuesta abajo o por el suelo.

balajtik pok’, nphr(aj & n)5. undulate trimming of clothes.

trepa de vestidura.

balalij, iv. roll around, wallow. revolcarse 287.

balalijebal, n3d. wallow. revolvadero 287.

balan ba, rv. roll around (like children who throw themselves to the ground in a temper). (1) echarse en el suelo…, (2) revolcarse 287.

balan ba ta‘ach’el, vphr:ry & qphr<prep & n5>). wallow. revolcarse 287.

balax k’ak’ tay, tv(aj & tvcpd). burn (turning the firebrand or embers and scattering them). quemar revolviendo eltizon….

balax k’ok’, nphr(aj & n)5. fire (with embers scattered far and wide). quemar revolviendo el tizon….

xebat ta balax k’ok’. I am going to the fire.

balbal, aj. round and long. rolliso, cosa redonda y larga.

balbal te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. cartwheel hub. maza de carreta 203.

balbil, pp. wrapped up. envuelto 98.

balbil ta‘ach’el, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). muddied. enlodado.

balch’uj, iv. roll downhill or on the ground, twist between the palms of one’s hands. (1) rodar cuesta abajo o por el suelo, (2) torcer dentro las mans.

balch’un ba, rv. roll around, wallow. revolcarse 287.

balch’un ba ta‘ach’el, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & n5). wallow. revolcarse 287.

balch’uy, tv. twist between the palms of one’s hands. torcer dentro las mans.

balem chin, s:iv/stat/ & n5. mangy. sarnoso.

balem ch’ich’, s:iv/stat/ & n5. bloody. sangriento.

balet, ay. roll around (like child with temper tantrum). echarse en el suelo….

balet nojel, s:av & -vn4f. have water stirred up by storm or wind. turbarse el agua con viento o tempestad.

baley ta‘ach’el, vphr:tv/pass/ & qphr(prep & n5). be muddied. enlodarse.

baley ta ch’ich’, vphr:tv/pass/ & qphr(prep & n5). be bloodied. ensangrentarse.

balobil, nld. sash. faja 140.

balobil, n4f. cover, undulate trimming, wrap. (1) funda o cosa donde se envuelve algo, (2) trepa de vestidura.

balobil’unen, nphr(n4d of n5). diapers. pañales para criar muchachos.

baloj ba toles, s:ry & n5. cabbage head. repollo de berza.

balam

balam, n4d. fate, luck. hado o ventura.

‘utz balam, cf. ‘utz.

kolo‘ balam, cf. kolo‘.

balumil

balumil, n5. ground (not sky), world. RML—As in modern Tzotzil of Larraínzar (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:18). (1) mundo, (2) tierra a diferencia del cielo.

balumil tok, nphr(n type n). fog, mist. niebla de la tierra abajo.

balumilal, n5. ground, world. (1) mundo, (2) tierra a diferencia del cielo.

balumilal, natt5. earthly, worldly. (1) mundana o mundanal, (2) terrenal.

balun

balun-tekel, num(num & nccpd)4f. ninth. nono o noveno.

baluneb, numle. nine, ninth. (1) nono o noveno, (2) nueve.

baluneb k’ak’al, nphr(num4e of n4e). novena. novenas.

banco (Sp.)

banco, n5. bench. banco 345.

bandera (Sp.)

bandera, n5. banner. estandarte.

bankil

bankilal, n3d. man’s elder brother. hermano mayor respectuviri 161.

bax

bax, n5. marble. RML—In this and all but one of the following entries the root is given as bas. marmol.

baxbol, aj. diligent. diligente.

baxbol ta spasel. work diligently. diligentemente.

baxbol ta xanbal. journey diligently. diligentemente.

baxbolon. I am diligent. diligente ser.

baxbolaj, iv. become diligent. diligente hacerse.

baxbolal, n4d. diligence. diligencia.

baxbolal vinik, nphr(n type n)5. diligent, nimble or skillful person. (1) diligente, (2) suelto o cosa diestra.

bat

bat, iv. absent one’s self, go. (1) ausentarse, (2) yr 189.

bat’il, vphr:aux & tv-. visit. visitar.

bat‘u’un, vphr:iv + -n4b. send, spend. gastar.

xbat ku‘un yo‘ oy jtot. I am sending it to my father. enviar a otro algo.

‘ep xbat ku’un ta ju-jun k’ak’al. I spend a lot every day. gasto como….

bat ta xanbal, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). go trading. RML—The verb is given in the past tense. andar.

batat, iv. withdraw. apartarse.

batates, tv. remove. apartar algo.

batbat, iv. withdraw. apartarse.

batbates ba, rv. keep one’s distance. retraerse alejandose algo.

batel, dr. away, from now on. de aqui adelante.

utzukot batel tana, utzukot tana. May all goodness be with you forever more.

batel, vn5. departure. yda 183.

batel ‘osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). always. siempre.

batel ‘osil‘oy, vphr:nphr(vn4f of n5) & n5/pred/. perpetual. (1) durar para siempre, (2) perpetua o continua cosa.

batel ‘oy, nphr(vn4f & pt). moment of departure. punto de yda.

batel to, nphr(vn4d & pt). recent departure. (1) aun ahora fue 22, (2) poco ha que fue o vino como aun ahora.

bautismo (Sp.)

bautismo, n5. baptism. bautismo.

melt ta bautismo, cf. me‘.

be

be, n5. path, road, way. (1) camino, (2) via, camino.

be, n4d. new business (of outsider or person who starts new enterprise). negocio, el que viene de fuera….

be‘a‘lel, nphr(n4f of n4f). pipe, sluice. caño, cañal.

be‘ik’, nphr(n4f of nld). windpipe. garguero.

be‘ik’al, nphr(n4f of n3d). windpipe. espiradero.

be k’opoj, vphr:-n4d & iv. speak the truth. verdadero en lo que dice.

be-o‘, n(n & ncpd)5. dry canal, pipe, sluice. RML—This may just as well be be Ho’. (1) acequia cuando no lleva agua, (2) cañn, cañal.

be t‘, nphr(n4f of n5). track left by beam that has been dragged.

senda o sendero.

be ton, nphr(n4f of n5). track left by stone that has been pushed.

senda o sendero.

be Ho‘, nphr(n4f of n5). canal, drainage ditch. (1) cañal, (2) madre de rio, (3) surco para que salgan las aguas.

bein, tv. go to get something, trade, travel. (1) caminar camino y al camino torno o andar, (2) negociar o procurar algo.

belel, n4f. path, road. via, camino.

belel tza, nphr(n of n)5. prudence. prudencia.

belel tzaijel, nphr(n of vn)5. prudence. prudencia.

belel pat na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). door. postigo, puerta tras casa.

belel vinik, nphr(n4d of n5). honest person. honesta 240.

jbelel-tza, agn(n & ncpd). prudent person. prudente.

jbelel-tzainom, agn(n & ncpd). prudent person. prudente o discreto ser.

‘oy be, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. justly, worthily. dignamente.

mo ‘oyuk she xbat. It is squandered (or) wasted. disiparse 89.

‘oy belel, s:n5/pred/ & n4f. justifiable, reasonable (anger). saña con causa o razon.

mo ‘oyuk sbelel. It is unreasonable (anger). saña sin porque o sin razon.

bik’tal be, nphr(aj & n)5. trail. senda o sendero.

bech

bech-k’abay, tv(aj & tvcpd). gesture with one’s hands. señas hacer con las manos.

bech-joli, tv(aj & tvcpd). gesture with one’s head. señas hacer….

bech joli ‘ik’, tv(aj & tv & tvcpd). beckon with a nod. Ilamar con la mano.

bek’

bek’, n4f. fruit pit, seed. meolla de fruta.

sbek’ tz’usub. grape seed. granillo de uva.

sbek’lechugas. lettuce seed. simiente de rabanos.

sbek’rabanos. radish seed. simiente de rabanos.

bek’ lino, nphr(n4f of n5). linseed. linaza.

bek’ tuk’, nphr(n4f of n5). ball of harquebus or moorish shotgun. pelota de espingarda, arcabuz.

bek’et

bek’et, n5. meat. carne.

bek’etal vaj, nphr(natt & n)5. meat pie. RML—This is given as bequetel huagh. pastel de carne.

bek’tal, n4d. flesh. carne.

bek’tal chu‘, nphr(n4f of n4d). udder (cow, sow). ubre de puerco o vaca.

bek’tal-muib, iv(n & ivcpd). indulge in carnal pleasure. deleite.

bek’tal mul, nphr(n type n)5. lust. lujurioso.

bek’tal-mulav, iv(n & tvcpd). lust. lujuriar,

bek’tal mulavej, nphr(n type vn)5. lust. lujurioso.

bek’tal mulil, nphr(n type n)5. lust. lujurioso.

mo‘oyulc bek’tal, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. skinny. flaca cosa mayra.

muk’muk’bek’tal, cf. muk’.

bek’t

bek’t. flesh, lust, robust, skinny, udder. cf. bek’et.

bel

bel na, nphr(nlf of nld). property, wealth. (1) ajuar 37, (2) bienes, haciendas, (3) caudal, (4) hacienda o riqueza 166.

bel nail, nphr(nlf of n3d). furniture, household furnishings, precious furniture. (1) alhaja de casa, (2) mueble cosa, (3) provision de casa.

‘oy bel, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f. full, occupied. (1) alhaja de mercader, (2) ocupado lugar o cosa con algo.

mo ‘oyuk bel, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4f. empty. alhaja de mercader.

ben

benet, av. be big-bellied (pregnant woman). prenada.

bet’

bet’, tv. dominate, subject, take one’s place. (1) enseñorearse, (2) ocupar lugar, como…, (3) sojuzgar sujetar 326.

bet’ juramento, vphr:tv & n5. swear in vain. jurar.

bet’ ta tek’el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). kick, molest greatly. acosar o pesar mucho.

bet’an, tv. press. higas dar.

bet’anbey k’ob, vphr:-dv & n4d[A]. give a fig to (thumb placed between other fmgers). higas dar.

bet’anbeo ak’ob! Give him a fig!

bet’anel k’obil, nphr(vn4f of n5). fig. hija para afrentar 171, cf. higa.

bet’anel k’obol, nphr(vn4f of n5). fig. hija para afrentar 171.

bet’balal, n5. person in low standing. el que en bajo estado 131.

bet’bil, pp. dominated, foreign, subjected. (1) agena 13, (2) enseñorearse, (3) subdito o sujeto 325.

bet’bil ‘ak’el, s:pp/pred/ & -vn4d. standing. estado bajo.

bet’bil ‘ak’vanej, nphr(pp & vn)5. low standing. estado bajo.

bet’bil ‘ayanel, nphr(pp & vnld). low standing. estado bajo.

bet’bil nojel, s:pp/pred/ & -vn4f. be made to swell by stepping on and stuffing in. henchido 174, henchido, lleno asi 174.

bet’bil ta tek’el, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & vn5). greatly molested, trampled on. (1) acosado, de assi, (2) pateada cosa o pisada.

bet’bil vinik, nphr(pp & n)5. person in low standing. el que en bajo estado 131.

bet’el k’obil, nphr(vn4f of n5). fig. hija para afrentar 171.

bet’el k’obol, nphr(vn4f of n5). fig. hija para afrentar 171.

bet’et’ik, aj. protruding (adobes or stones in poorly made wall).

higas dar.

bet’ey, iv. be pressed. higas dar.

bet’oj, n4d. jurisdiction, occupied place, power over a person, subject, subjection. (1) enseñoreado o sojuzgado por mi, (2) juriadiccion, (3) mando, (4) ocupada cosa asi por mi…, (5) subdito o sujeto 325.

me abet’ojon me avolonon? Am I your subject, am I your underling? enseñorearse.

bet’oj tuk ‘a‘i, vphr:s(-n4d/pred/ + n4d[A]) & tv-. owner. propietario.

bet’oj vinik, nphr(n4d/3s/ type n5). foreigner. agena cosa.

jbet’anej-k’obol, agn(vn & ncpd). giver of figs. higas dar.

bi (1)

bi Hun, nphr(n4f of n5). book title. titulo de libro.

biil, n3d. name. nombre.

biiltas, tv. name, specify, vote. (1) nombrar, (2) nombre poner, (3) votar, dar el voto.

biiltas-‘ik’, tv(tv & tvcpd). call by name. llamar por nombre.

biiltasbil, pp. famous. esclarecido.

biiltasel, vn5. vote. vow de esta manera.

biinem, iv/stat/. famous. esclarecido.

bi (2)

bi, tv. knead between the fingers or in hands (small object, wax). sobar cosas pequeñas como… 324.

biulan, tv. knead. sobar cosas pequeñas como… 324.

bich

bichbonet tak’av, vphr:av & iv[S=S of av]. reply shamelessly or many times. responder desvergonzadamente o mucho.

bichuy, tv. twist (as rope on their thighs). torcer, como tuercan sobre los muslos.

bik

bikil chitom nojesbil ta bek’tal, nphr:nphr(n4d of n5) & ajphr(pp & qphr<prep & n5>). pork sausage. longaniza.

bikilil, n3d. intestines. tripas.

bik’

bik’, tv. swallow (chewed object or drink). tragar cosa mascada o bebiendo.

bik’, n5. swallow. RML—This is probably the numeral classifier. trago asi.

bik’it

bik’it, aj. little, narrow (beam, board, container), small, thin (round object). (1) achicarse, (2) angosto que no cabe algo 24, (3) angosto como tabla o viga 24, (4) delgada, cosa redonda.

bik’it ‘a‘i, vphr:aj & tv-. hold in low esteem. tener en poco.

bik’it ‘a‘i ba, vphr:aj & rv. hold self in low esteem. estimarse en mucho.

bik’it ‘a‘i bail, nphr:aj & vn(tv & rncpd)5. humility. humildad.

bik’it cha‘ley ba, vphr:aj & rv. humble self. achicarse.

bik’it cha‘ley-bail, nphr:aj & vn(tv & rncpd)5. humility. humildad.

bik’it ch’amal, ajphr(aj & aj). small, small part, trifling. RML—In modern Tzotzil this means inconsequential, insignificant. (1) chico, (2) menuda cosa, (3) parte pequeña, (4) pequeño.

toj bik’it toj ch’amal mo no’ox xk’ot‘oy asat. It is too small to see or make out. pequeñio.

bik’it ch’amal‘a‘i, vphcajphr(aj & aj) & tv-. hold in low esteem. estimar en poco.

bik’it ch’amal ve’, vphr:ajphr(aj & aj) & iv. diet. dieta tener.

bik’it ch’amal ve‘el, nphr:ajphr(aj & aj) type n5. diet, moderate diet. dieta, templanza.

bik’it lum, cf. lum (1)

bik’it naul, cf. no.

bik’it te‘, cf. te‘.

bik’itbik’it, aj. smaller than. menor.

mu jta Pedro, bik’itbik’iton jtuk. I am smaller than Peter.

bik’ituk, aj. trifling. menudencia.

bik’itul, n4f. smallness. achicadura.

bik’taj, iv. be exhausted or worn out (person). decrease (water), grow narrow or small, humble self. (1) achicarse caendo de su estado, (2) amenguarse o apocarse como agua, (3) desbastar, (4) enhangostadura 115, (5) humillarse.

bik’taj ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be anxious, distressed, penitent, sorrowful or unhappy, grow sad, repent. (1) afligirse, (2) entristecerse, (3) pena tener, (4) penar, recibir pena, (5) penitente.

‘ip xbik’taj kolonton. I am very anxious… fatiga o afliccion interior o del anima.

xbik’taj avolonton yu’un. It makes you sad… penal, cosa que da pena.

xbik’taj kolonton yu’un jmul. repent my sins. …pesarle de sus pecados.

bik’tajeb, n4f. piece torn off a gown. giron que se quits.

bik’tajebal, n3d. moment when or place where one humiliates self or repents. achicadura.

bik’tajel’olontonil, nphr(vn4f of n3d). anxiety, penance, sorrow, repentance. (1) fatiga o afliccion interior…, (2) pena generalmente, (3) penitencia, dolor de corazon, (4) pesadumbre asi.

bik’tajel’u, nphr(vn4f of n5). waning of moon. menguante de luna.

bik’tajes, tv. cut short, find fault with, humble, weaken. (1) abreviar, (2) achicar a otro, (3) desbastar.

bik’tajes ba, rv. humble self, lessen self (by wicked deed), subdue self, submit. (1) achicarse, (2) apocarse haciendo vileza, (3) humillarse, (4) sujetarse, (5) tachar.

jbik’tajes jba xek’opoj. I am speaking modestly and prudently. mesurarse.

bik’tajesabil’olontonil, nphr(n4f of n5). motive for sorrow.

penal, cosa, que da pena.

bik’tajesbey’olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[I3]. sadden, upset. (1) entristecer a otro, (2) molestar, (3) penar, dar pena.

bik’tajesej-bail, vn(vn & rnpd)5. humility. humildad.

bik’tal, n4f. brevity, smallness, trifle, young. (1) achicadura, (2) brevedad, (3) menudencia.

bik’tal 11, cf.’il(3).

bik’tal ‘olonton, cf. ’olonton.

bik’tal’olontonil, cf. ’olontonil.

bik’tal 11, cf. ‘u (1).

bik’tal‘uk’um, cf. ‘uk’um.

bik’tal be, cf. be.

bik’tal tzeb, cf. tzeb.

bik’tal tzitzo’, cf. tzitz (1).

bik’tal tz’i‘cf. tz’i‘ (1).

bik’tal chamel, cf. ch’am.

bik’tal chenek’, cf. chenek’.

bik’tal chitom, cf. chitom.

bik’tal ch’amal, cf. ch’am (2).

bik’tal ch’ubil xamitl, cf. xamit.

bik’tal jatal, cf. jat (3).

bik’tal kelem, cf. kelem.

bik’tal k’o, cf. k’o.

bik’tal k’op, cf. k’op.

bik’tal k’opk’onel, cf. k’op.

bik’tal lechuga, cf. lechuga.

bik’tal lum, cf. lum (1).

bik’tal na, cf. na (1).

bik’tal nab, cf. nab (1).

bik’tal nen, cf. nen.

bik’tal poket, cf. poket.

bik’tal pok’, cf. pak’.

bik’tal p’in, cf. p’in.

bik’tal sak-Ichi, cf. sak.

bik’tal setz’, cf. setz’.

bik’tal-xanav, cf. xan(2).

bik’tal xanbal, cf. xan (2).

bik’tal xotxot vaj, cf. xot.

bik’tal te‘, cf. te‘.

bik’tal tenel te’cf. ten.

bik’tal ton, cf. ton (1).

bik’tal t’ul, cf. t’ul.

bik’tal vacas, cf. vacas.

bik’tal Ho’, cf. Ho‘(1).

bik’talul, n4f. trifle. menudencia.

jbiklajeseyolonton, agn(vn & nvpd). person who causes sadness. entristecedor.

jbik’tajesej-bail, agn(vn & mcpd). humble person. humilde.

jbik’tajesvanej-‘olontonil, agn(vn & ncpd). nuisance, tormentor. molesto o molestador que persique a otro.

jbiletal- ‘olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). despondent person. poquedad de anima.

jbik’tal-jatal, cf. jat (3).

bik’t

bik’t, anxious, brevity, cut short, decrease, humble, lessen, nuisance, penitent, quarrel, sorrowful, subdue, tormenter, trifle, waning, weaken. cf. bik’it.

bil (1)

bil, tv. swallow whole as chickens swallow corn. tragar cosa sin mascar….

bil, iv. swallow whole. *Neuter. tragar cosa sin mascar….

xbil vaj. The tortilla is swallowed whole.

bilil, aj. slippery. delicadero o deleznable.

bilil ‘osil, nphr(aj & n)5. slippery place. resbaladero.

bililul, n4f. slipperiness. RML—There is no Spanish entry for this term; it is simply derived from the entry below. resbaladero.

bililul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. very slippery. resbaladero

jaal bililul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. very slippery. delicadero o deleznable.

bil (2)

bili-ba vinik, nphr(n<aj & ncpd> type n)5. lively or spirited person. RML—In this and the following entries the colonial Tzeltal stem is bilba (Guzmán, 1620:96, 120). lozano gallardo 199.

bili-baij, iv(aj & ivcpd). make a face. gestos hacer con visajes.

bili-baijel, vn(aj & ivcpd)5. wry face. gestos asi.

bili-batay, tv(aj & tvcpd). make a face at. gestos hacer a otro.

jbili-batay Pedro. I make a face at Peter.

bili-batik, n5. wry face. RML—In modern Chol bilil ti-ba means gesturing. gestos asi.

bili-batik xanav, vphr:n(aj & ncpd)5 & iv. walk spiritedly. lozano gallardo andar 199.

jbili-baijel, agn(aj & vncpd). person who makes faces. gestos asi.

jbili-batayvanej, agn(aj & vncpd). person who makes faces. gestos asi.

botz’

botz’, tv. pull out (object without roots, pole, stake). (1) arrancer lo que no tiene raices, (2) sacar arrancando lo que no tiene raiz….

bocb

boch jay tulan, nphr(nphr<n type n> type n)5. large-leaved oak. roble de hojas grandes.

boch *ji tulan, nphr(nphr<n type x> type n)5. large-leaved oak. *Other towns call them (this). RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term is boch ghite (Guzmán, 1620, 186). In modern Tzeltal of Tenejapa hih te? refers to oaks (Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven, 1974:274). The same term is used in Bachajón (Slocum and Gerdel, 1965:148). roble de hojas grandes.

bochil *puk, nphr(natt & n)5. drinking glass. vidrio.

bochil ton, nphr(natt & n)5. stone basin. pila de agua.

boj

boj, tv. chop. cortar dando golpes algun palo.

boj ‘osil, vphr:tv & n5. hoe, plow. rosa cavando o arando 301.

boj ta majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). wound with hoe or ax. herir con hacha o azadon o cosa asi.

bojel ‘osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). hoeing, plowing. rosa cavando o arando 301.

bojob lum, nphr(n of n)5. hoe. acadon.

jboj-lum, agn(tv & ncpd). hoer, plowman. ganan.

bok’

j-bok’, num(num & nccpd)5. four hundred. milla.

lajun-vinik ‘ox-bok’, cf. lajun.

bol

bol, aj. befuddled, stupid. (1) rebotado, (2) ruda cosa, (3) torpe.

bolib, iv. be befuddled or stupefied. (1) entorpecido, (2) entorpecerse, (3) rebotarse en elentendimiento.

bolibes, tv. befuddle, stupefy. (1) entorpecer, (2) entorpecer a otro.

bolil, n4d. befuddlement, stupidity. (1) rebotadura asi o torpeza de entendimiento, (2) rudesa asi, (3) torpe.

bolil vinik. nphr(aj & n)5. dull-witted, incapable or stupid person. bow o torpe, no habil.

bola (Sp.)

bola, n5. bowling ball. bola.

ten bola, cf. ten.

bolom

bolom, n5. ferocious beast, jaguar. (1) fiera bestia, (2) lazo de venados.

bolom, aj. ferocious. fiera cosa.

tzajal bolom, cf. tzoj.

bon

bon, tv. color, dye, paint. (1) color dar, (2) tenir.

bon, n5. cochineal, color, dye, pitch. (1) betun, (2) color, (3) grana, (4) tinte de tintor.

bon, n4f. cooking pit. pan cocido en agujeros….

bon, nlf. enchasing. engaste asi.

bon k’u‘, vphr:tv & -n4d. enchase (leather). engastar como cuero.

bon ta chab, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). wax. encerar.

bon ta k’uk’um, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). feather. emplumar.

bonbil, pp. colored, dyed. (1) colorado, (2) teñido.

bonbil ta chab, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). waxed. encerado.

bonobil, n4f. color, dye, dyer’s vat, pitch. (1) betun, (2) color, (3) teñido, (4) tina de tintorero, (5) tinte de tintor.

bonoj, iv. dye, paint. (1) pintar, (2) teñir.

bonol, n4f. dye, paint. tinte de tintor.

‘oy sbonol. It is painted. pintada cosa.

bontaybil mail, nphr(pp & n)4f. squash cooked in a pit. pan cocido en agujeros….

bontaybil vaj, nphr(pp & n)4f. bread cooked in a pit. *Bread cooked in holes or pits as they do sometimes when they go to trade and lack bread. They make a pit, put the posol there and then a fire on top. pan cocido en agujeros….

jbon, agn. dyer. tintor.

jbonojel, agn. dyer. tintor.

k’anal bonojeb, cf. k’on.

bonok’

bonok’il, n3d. mane. crinis.

bot

bot, n5. hail. granizo.

bot’

bot’ol-‘ik’, tv(aj & tvcpd). summon importunately. molestar, ser molesto….

bot’ol-k’an, tv(aj & tvcpd). request importunately. molestar, ser molesto….

butz

butzuy, nld. feather crest. cresta de pluma.

‘ayan butzuy, cf. ‘oy (1). encrestado con….

‘oy butzuy, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. have feather crest. encrestado con….

butz’

butz’, tv. lick, suck (as when they suck their fingers or lick the bowl). chupar como cuando chupan…

buch

buchul, aj. sprouting (seedling). reventar la simienta 287.

buch’uy

buch’uy, n5. which (person), who. (1) cual 278, (2) quien.

buch’uyuk, n5. whichever (person). cualquiera, cualquiera cosa 279.

buch’uyuk no‘ox, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). whoever. quien quiera.

much’uy, n5. someone, which (person), who. (1) alguno, (2) cual 278, (3) quien.

much’uy’u’un li‘ s:n5 & n4d[P = much’ uy]/pred/& n5. whose? cuyo es esto 69.

much’uy junuk, nphr(n5 & num5). which (person). cual 278.

much’uy lekoj s:n5 & n4d[P = much’uy]/pred/& n5. whose? cuyo 69.

much’uyuk, n5. whichever (person). cualquiera, cualquiera cosa 279.

much’uyuk no‘ox, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). whoever. quien quiera.

buj

bujbuj, aj. lumpy. (1) hinchado asi, (2) hinchar sumiendose la cosa….

bujey, iv. swell with large lumps. hincharse asi a tolondrones para grandes.

bujujtik, aj. lumpy, with large swellings. hinchado asi.

bujulbujul, aj. lumpy. hinchar sumiendose la cosa….

buk

bukbon ch’ail, s:av & -n4e. smoke. humear.

bukbonet, av. smoke, smoke before catching fire. RML—The latter is given as xbusbonet, but in colonial Tzeltal it is xbucbonet (Guzmán, 1620:1). (1) humear, (2) humear antes que arda la cosa.

buket, av. smoke, smoke before catching fire. RML—The latter is given as xbucet. (1) humear, (2) humear antes que….

buk’

buk’, n5. shuttle. Ianzadera de tejedor 192.

buk’ul, n4f. weft. rasa o veta atravesada 283.

bul(1)

bul, tv. pull out, pull out by the roots (as radishes, carrots, without digging), pull the hair out of. (1) arrancar como quiera, (2) pelar, sacar los pelos, (3) secar lo enterrado como….

bul, n5. chess, dice. RML—The term is no longer in use. In modern Ch’ol, bu‘ul means bean (Aulie and Aulie, 1978:33). (1) ajadrez 37, (2) dado.

bul tzotzil jol, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n4d[A]). tear one’s hair.

mesar 221.

bulan, tv. pull out leaving no trace. arrancar asi perfectamente sin dejar nada.

bulin, iv. play cards, play games of fortune. (1) jugar juego de Fortuna, (2) jugar a los naipes.

bulin ta Hun, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). play cards. jugar a los naipes.

bulinab, n5. gameboard. tablero.

bulinabil, n5. gameboard. tablero.

bulinom, n5. chess player, player of games of fortune. (1) ajedrez, (2) jugador asi.

bulinom ta Hun, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5). card player. jugador asi.

jbul, agn. chess player. ajedrez 37.

chenek’bul, cf. chenek’.

te‘el bul, cf. te‘.

Hunal ul, cf. Hun.

bul (2)

bulbon, av. bubble up. fuenta que se hace en tiempo de aguas.

bulbonet, av. simmer. hervir.

bulbux, n5. rainy season spring. fuente que se hace….

bulbuxtik, n5. place abounding in springs. (1) fontanal, lugar de muchas fuentes, (2) fuente que se hace…

bulin, iv. gush up. (1) fuente que se hace…, (2) manar a borbollones.

bulinab, n4f. spring. RML—The possession marker is given as “x.” manadero o manantial.

bullajet, av. gush up in many places. manar por muchas partes.

buluch

buluch-——, num(num & nccpd). eleven. numero.

buluchib, num5. eleven. numero.

bus

bus ba, nphr(n of n)5. gopher mound. RML—Glossed as “mole hill.” tierra amontonada por las hormigas.

bus k’is, nphr(n of n)5. leaf-cutter ant mound. sierra amontonada por las hormigas.

bus xinich’, nphr(n of n)5. ant mound. tierra amontonada….

busan, tv. gather together, heap up, pile (firewood). (1) amontonar a otro, (2) colmar, (3) juntar asi…, (4) recojer.

busbon, av. swarm. hormiguear.

busbonet, av. be in heaps. a montones.

sbusbonet xcham. They are dying in heaps.

bustzaj, iv. heap, pile. (1) amontonarse, (2) colmar, (3) juntar asi…, (4) montonar.

bustzajeb, n4f. place where objects are piled. a montones.

bustzajel, vn4f. heap.colmo.

busi, iv. pile up. amontonarse.

busul, aj. heaped, piled. (1) amontonado, (2) junta o cosa juntada asi, (3) montonado.

busustik, aj. in many small piles. a montones.

j-bus, num(num & nccpd)5. heap, pile. RML—This root is given sporadically as “butz.” (1) a montones, (2) rima o rimero.

but’

but’, tv. bury under, cover up. *Sometimes they use this for covering their nakedness, but commonly it means to cover by filling up as when they bury or when weeds cover the garden or the path or when they fill up a house or church with dirt. (1) cobijar, tambien es…, (2) sumir debajo.

but’, iv. heal, mend (wound), sink. (1) soldarse la herida, (2) sumirse.

but’na to lum, vphr:tv & n4d[A] & qphr(prep & n5). lay an earth floor. solar, echar suelo a la casa.

but’ta lum, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). bury, put underground. (1) poner de tierra, (2) soterrar.

but’bil k’anal tak’in, nphr:pp & aj & n5. buried treasure. tesoro escondido.

but’bil ta k’anal tak’in, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). gilded. dorada cosa.

but’i, tv. cover, put underground. cf. but’. (1) cobijar, tambien es…, (2) meter debajo de la tierra.

but’i j-tz’uj ta lum, vphr:tv- & num(num & ncpd) & qphr(prep & n5). put underground. meter debajo de la tierra.

but’iabil, n4f. bench cloth, any cloth covering. poyo para sentarse.

but’iabil mesa, nphr(n4f of n5). tablecloth. manteles.

but’ibil ta lum, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). buried. metido asi.

but’ibil ta lumtik, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(pred & n5). buried. metido asi.

but’iej, vn4d. buried or covered object. cobijar tambien es….

but’ij, iv. be covered up. cobijarse asi o henchirse algo.

but’ijes ta lumtik, vphr:tv- & qphr(pred & n5). put underground. meter debajo de la tierra.

but’ijesbil, pp. buried. metido asi.

but’oj, n4d. buried or covered object. cobijar tambien es….

but’ul, aj. buried. metido asi.

but’ul tz’ i ‘Ieltik, nphr(aj & n)5. overgrown. fragosa de arboles y maleza.

buy

buy, n5. from where, to where, where, where? RML—Modern Tzotzil: bu, and buy. (1) adonde, (2) de donde, (3) donde.

buy toj ebat? Where did it go to? hacia donde preguntando 166.

buy ‘osil, vphr:nphr(n5 & n5)/pred/. at what time, when? cuando, en que tiempo 279.

buy jechuk, vphr:nphr(n5 & n5)/pred/. which way? (1) hacia donde preguntando 166, (2) por donde.

buy k’ak’al, vphr:n5 & n5/pred/. what day, when? cuando, en que hora 279.

buy k’ak’al k’in, s:vphr(n5 & n5)/prep/ & -n4e. what day, when? cuando, en que hora 279.

buy k’alal, qphr:n5 & pt. till when. hasta cuando.

buy tojol, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f. which way? (1) hacia donde 166, (2) por donde.

buytik, n5. from where. de donde.

buytikuk, n5. wherever. (1) adonde quiera, (2) de donde quiera, (3) donde quiera.

buytikuk‘ep ta mek tuun, vphr:n5 & qphr(aj & qphr<prep & nc>) & iv. be handy. manual cosa.

buyuk, n5. somewhere, wherever. (1) adonde quiera, (2) de donde quiera, (3) donde quiera, (4) en alguna parte.

buyuk jechuk, qphr:n5 & n5. which way? por donde preguntando.

buyuk no‘ox, qphr:n5 & pt & pt. whichever way. hacia do quiera 166.

buyuk no‘ox jechuk, vphr:qphr(n5 & pt & pt) & n5/subj//pred/.

whichever way hacia do quiera 166.

‘oy buy, s:n5/pred/ & s(n5---). somewhere. por algun lugar.

‘oy buyuk, s:n5/pred/ & s(n5---). somewhere. por algun lugar.

‘oy no‘ox buyuk, s:vphr(n5/pred/ & pt & pt) & s(n5---). common. general cosa.

TZ

tza

tza, nle. cleverness, cognizance, craftsmanship, guess, industriousness, intelligence, opinion, prudence, skill, speculation, talent., thought. *Think, as “I thought he would come,” “I thought such and such,” “give him what he expected.” (1) abilitarse o hacerse habil, (2) artificio, (3) a sabiendas, (4) conjetura, (5) consideration, (6) especulacion, (7) yndustria 187, (8) yngenio, habilidad 188, (9) mana 209, (10) opinion, (11) pensamiento, (12) pensar coma…, (13) prudencia, (14) sentencia o parecer de lo que sentimos, (15) traza asi 338.

‘ep stzail spasel. It is done with great craftsmanship. artificiosa cosa.

xetal ta jtzae mo xHu‘ ku‘un. I thought I would come and I couldn’t. pensar como…

tza’u’un, s:-n4e/pred/ & -n4d. knowingly. a sabiendas.

stzail ku‘un jpak‘tay. I lie knowingly. mentir a sabiendas.

tza pas, vphr:n4d[A] & tv-. be moderate, govern self.

comedirse.

tzatza, aj. on the pretext of. so color.

tzatza xestzitzotik spakol yatel. On the pretext of justice he takes his revenge.

tzatza xbat yil yol nanatik ta mulavej xbat. On the pretext of taking a walk in town he goes sinning.

tzai, tv. imagine, plan, think. (1) ymaginar, pensar 184, (2) trazar en el entendimiento 338.

tzai ‘olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. guess. barruntar.

tzaibil, pp. cautious, clear, cunning, distinctly, gently, imagined, thought of. (1) astuto, (2) avisado, (3) distintamente, (4) distinto, (5) ymaginada cosa o pensada 184, (6) paso a quedo.

tzaibil k’op, nphr(pp & n)5. deceitful talk. doblada habla asi. tzaibil k’opoj, vphr:pp/pred/ & iv. explain, speak deceitfully. (1) distinguir razones, (2) dobladamente hablar.

tzaibil to pas, vphr:advphr(pp & pt) & tv-. do so-so. medianamente hater algo.

tzaibiltzaibil, pp. gradually. poco a poco.

tzaibiluk no‘ox, vphr:pp/pred/ & pt & pt. gradually. poco a poco.

tzaij, iv. become clever, speak, talk, think. (1) abilitarse o hacerse habil, (2) parlar o hablar, (3) pensar comp….

tzaijel, vnld. clarity, cleverness, discretion, industriousness, invention, skill, speech, talent, thought. (1) discretion, (2) distincion, (3) fabrication tal, (4) yndustria 187, (5) yngenio, habilidad 188, (6) mana 209, (7) parleria, (8) pensamiento.

tzail, n3d. intelligence. RML—This seems suspect and probably should be merged under tza. seso o sentido.

tzail k’op, nphr(natt & n)5. deceit. engaño.

tzail-k’opoj, iv(n & ivcpd). speak deceitfully. dobladamente hablar.

tzail-tak, tv(n & tvcpd). send cautiously. enviar con cautela 97.

tzail-takbil, aj(n & ppcpd). sent cautiously. enviado asi 97.

tzainom. RML—see jtzainom.

jtza-‘abtel, agn(n & ncpd). master craftsman. maestro de algun arte.

jtzai-yolobil, agn(tv & ncpd). arrowsmith. flechero que las hace.

jtzaiej- ‘olonton, agn(vn & ncpd). wise man who discourses at length. sabio que discurre mucho.

jtzaijel, agn. inventor, thoughtful person. (1) fabricador asi, (2) pensativo.

jtzail-k’op, agn(n & ncpd). deceiver. engañador asi.

jtzainom, agn. cautious, clever, cunning, deceitful, discreet, industrious, ingenious, judicious, speculative or wise person, wise man who takes good measures. (1) avisado, (2) discreto, (3) doblado hombre, (4) especulativo, (5) fabricador asi, (6) yndustrioso 186, (7) yngenioso 188, (8) mafioso 210, (9) sesudo de buen seso.

jtzaivanej, agn. ingenious person, wise man who takes good measures. (1) yngenioso 188, (2) sabio que da buenos cortes.

‘ak’bey tza, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

at tza, cf. ‘at (2).

‘ip tza, s:aj/pred/ & -nld. cunning, ingenious, judicious, wise. (1) astucia, (2) yngeniosa 188, (3) sabio que de buenos cortes, (4) sesudo de buen seso.

‘oy tza, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be clever, respected or skillful. (1) considerado, hombre de consideracion, (2) maña 209.

‘oy tzaitzaibil, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f. be discreet. RML—This reading is suspect. discreto.

‘oy tzaijel, s:n5/pred/ & -vn4d. be clever or skillful. maña 209.

ba tza, cf. ba (2).

ba tzaijel, cf. ba (2).

mu tzailajuk, vphr:neg & iv/subj/. be easy. raeso, facil.

mu tzailuk‘u‘un pak’ tay, vphr:s(neg & n4/3s//pred/ + n4d[A]) & tv-. tell falsehood unknowingly. mentir no da proposito o a sabiendas.

ta tzail k’op, qphr:prep & nphr(natt & n5). deceitfully, figuratively. engañosamente asi.

toj ta tzail k’op xek’opoj. I am speaking figuratively.

figurativamente hablar.

toj‘utz tza, s:vphr(aj & aj/predn & -n4d. industrious.

yndustrioso 186.

Ha‘no‘ox tza, nphr(n5 & pt & pt & n5). whenever. cuando quiera 279.

*tzaat

*tzaat, aj. married. RML—In colonial Tzeltal this term appears to be a noun meaning “moço mancebo por casar” (Guzmán, 1620:135). In modern Chol tsa’is a completive particle (Aulie and Aulie, 1978:117). In modern Yucatec ‘o’? ok u b’e‘el, lit. “his/her road is completed” means “he/she is married” (Bricker, personal communication). casado 52.

tza‘

tza‘. chamberpot, privy, purge. cf.

tzo‘.

tzatz

tzatz. adorn, arm, castle, courage, difficult, dress up, firm, garrison, glorify, hardness, health, martyr, obstinacy, rough, sacristy, scold, strength, support, uniform. cf.tzotz (2).

tzaj

tzaj. annoy, blush, bribe, compulsory, confiscate, hatred, rape, redden. cf. tzoj.

tzak

tzak, tv. capture, catch (live animal), earn wages, meet, pillage, seize, take. cf. tz’ak. (1) achar, (2) cautivar, (3) encontrar a otro, (4) ganar trabajando, (5) prender, (6) presa hacer, asir, (7) robar en guerra, (8) tomar, prender.

tzak ba, rv. meet. (1) encontrarse, (2) travar.

tzak choy, vphr:tv & n5. fish. pescar.

tzak lum, vphr:tv & n5. take root. prender la planta.

tzakal, aj. sprouted. reventar la simienta 287.

tzakbil ta‘utz’il, cf.‘utz’(3).

tzakel bel na ta ch’ilomal k’op, nphr: vn4f of nphr(n of n)5 & qphr(prep & nphr<natt & n>5). pillage. saco mano para robar.

tzakleb, n4f. fruit stem. RML—This should be read perhaps as tz’akleb. pezon de fruta.

tzakobil p’ohnal Hun, nphr:nphr(n4f of n5) type n5. order of payment for property. libramiento de hacienda.

tzakobil tak’in Hun, nphr:nphr(n4f of n5) type n5. debenture, order of payment. libramiento de dineros.

tzakolaj, iv. capture. presa hacer, asir.

tzakolajel, vn5. capture. presa.

‘ep tzak, vphr:nphr(aj) & tv. make a profit. ganar trabajando.

tzokil, n3d. captive, capture, plunder. (1) achar 32, (2) cautivo, (3) presa, (4) robo asi.

jtzok-vinik, agn(n & ncpd). slave (who has been captured).

siervo.

tzalub

tzalub, nld. cockscomb, comb of hen. cresta de gallo o gallina.

‘ayan tzalub, cf.‘oy (1).

‘oy tzalub, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. have a comb. encrestado, como gallo o gallina de castilla.

tzam

tzam. arsenic, fisher, greet, hunter, kill, respect, revere, warm.

cf cham.

tzan(1)

tzan, tv. light. alumbrar el fuego.

tzan, iv. burn. *When we say, “You will burn in Hell,” they say, “You will be burnt in Hell.” arder.

tzan k’ok’, vphr:tv & n5. light. encender fuego.

tzan-ti‘ ba, nphr(aj & ncpd & n5). bald. calvo.

tzan-ti‘ baot. You are bald.

tzanal ti‘ ba, s:aj/pred/ & -nphr(n of n)4d. bald. calva.

tzantzan ti‘ ba, s:aj/pred/ & -nphr(n of n)4d. bald. encalvecido.

tzaneb k’ok’, nphr(n of n)5. hearth. hogar.

tzanob k’ok’, nphr(n4f of n5). tinder of burnt cloth. yesca de mantas quemadas u …184.

tzanobil k’ok’, nphr(n4f of n5). tinder of burnt cloth. yesca de mantas quemadas u …184.

tzanub if ba, s:iv & -nphr(n of n)4d. grow bald. encalvecerse.

tzan (2)

tzantzon, av. ring (anything that echoes, whether it is a bell or a blow on wood). son o sonido, sonar, sonido hacer.

tzanet, av. ring. RML—see tzantzon. son o sonido….

tzanlaj, av. clang, clink (falling metal or money). (1) reterñr el metal, dinero cuando cae asi, (2) ruido hacer asi.

tzanlajetel, vn5. clang (falling copper or silver platter). ruido de cosa que cae en el suelo como….

tzanluj, av. thunder. estallar, dar sonido.

tzanlujel, vn5. thunder. estallido.

*tzaom

*tzaom, agn. glutton. RML—In colonial Yucatec tzamezah is “gastar y consumir la comida poco a poco” (Martinez Hernandez, 1929:258). gloton.

*tzaomal, nld. gluttony. glotoneria.

*tzaomal vinik, nphr(n type n)5. glutton. gloton.

tzav

tzavet tzotzil, s:av & -n4d. have one’s hair stand on end.

espelucarse.

tzavub, iv. have one’s hair stand on end. espelucarse.

ta tzavlej tzotzil, s:qphr(prep & n5)/pred/ & -n4d. with hair standing on end. (1) espelucarse, (2) espelucada.

tze (1)

tze, aj. green, raw, unripe. (1) crudo, (2) verde cosa no matura.

tze to, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt. half-cooked. medio crudo.

tze to ta voel, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt & uhr(prep & vn4f[S]).

half-broiled. medio asado.

tzeel, aj. green, pure, unripe. (1) pura cosa sin mezcla, (2) verde cosa no matura.

tzeel tzeb, nphr(aj & n)5. virgin. (1) doncella, (2) virgo de doncella.

tzeel tz’usub, nphr(aj & n)5. unripe grape. agras 12.

tzeel chi’, nphr(aj & n)5. pure wine. vino puro.

tzeel castillan vaj, nphr(aj & nphr<aj & n>)5. wheat dough.

masa de harina.

tzeel kokov, nphr(aj & n)5. pure chocolate. pura cosa sin mezcla.

tzeel kokov yiloj sba chi’. pure chocolate.

tzeel vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. innocent person. ynocente 188.

tzeel vino, nphr(aj & n)5. pure wine. vino puro.

*tze (2)

*tze, n4d. cause, suffering. RML—This term occurs in colonial Tzeltal for “causa porque padece” (Guzmán, 1620:39).

causa.

k’usi *atze? What is your suffering? fatiga asi.

*tzein, tv. suffer from. fatiga asi.

Ha’*jtzein te chamele. I am suffering from sickness.

Ha’*estzein te jmultike. (Our Lord) paid for our sins. *Note well because it is a very obscure phrase.

tze‘

tze‘ej, vn5. laugh, mockery. (1) escarnecimiento asi, (2) risa.

tzel ‘i tv. jeer, laugh at, mock. (1) burlar, mofar, (2) escarnecer riendose de alguno, (3) reñr de otro.

tze‘ibil, pp. mocked. escarnecido asi.

tze‘in, iv. laugh. reir.

tze‘inel, vn5. laughter. risa.

tze‘ivanej, vn5. mockery. escarnecimiento asi.

jtze‘tzonel, agn. smiling person. risueño.

jtze’ej, agn. mocker, smiling person. (1) burlador de esta manera, (2) escarnecedor asi, (3) risueño.

jtzeinel, agn. smiling person. risueño

jtzeivanej, agn. mocker. (1) burlador de esta anera, (2)escarnecedor asi.

tzeb

tzeb, n5. girl, maiden. *They call all women “tzeb” who have not given birth even if they have known many men or have been married several times. RML—This term is given as tzeum. Perhaps it should be read tzeub as in the modern Tzotzil of Larraínzar where the attributive is tzebal as it is here (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:205). (1) doncella, (2) mosa asi 225.

tzeb caballo, nphr(n type n)5. filly. potranca.

tzebal, nld. girlhood. (1) doncella, (2) mosedad de aquestas 225.

tzebal’olol, nphr(natt & n)3d. woman’s first child. primera de las que paren….

tzebal malal, nphr(natt & n)4d. girlhood husband. doncella.

tzebal mul, nphr(natt & n)4d. girlhood sin. doncella.

tzebal tuluk’, nphr(natt & n)5. pullet. polio grande.

tzebay, iv. reach girlhood. mosa hacerse 225.

batz’i tzeb, cf. batz’i.

bik’tal tzeb, nphr(aj & n)5. young girl. mozuela asi 225.

tzeel tzebal, cf. tze (1).

ch’iom tzeb, cf. ch’i.

tzek

tzek, n5. scorpion. alacran.

tzek petet, nphr(n4f of n5). spindlewhorl. tortero de huso.

tzekil, n5. skirt. faja de mugeres.

Tzekil, n5. Mexico City. cf. lik, toj (3). (1) desde, (2) hacia Mexico.

ta Tzekil na, s:qphr(prep & n5)/pred/ & -n4d. native of Mexico City. natural, natural de Mexico.

tzel

tzelel charnel, nphr(aj & vn)5. cruel death. muerte cruel.

tzeluyel, vn5. cramp. calambre.

tzepen

tzepentik, aj. badly scarred. mancillada cosa asi llena de mancillos 211.

tzepenub, iv. heal, mend (wound). (1) encorarse la herida, (2) soldarse la herida.

tzitz (1)

tzitz, tv. counsel, dupe, incite, persuade, preach, punish, scold, teach, warn. (1) amonestar, (2) castigar, (3) consejar, amonestar, (4) corregir reprendiendo, (5) dispensado, (6) embaucar, (7) justiciar, (8) yncitar 186, (9) persuadir, (10) predicar, hacer sermon, (11) pufiir castigando, (12) reprehender.

ejtzitz vinik ta sk’op dios. I taught the people the word of God. dispensado.

tzitza‘aj, iv. counsel, give a sermon, preach, reason, sermonize, warn. (1) amonestar, (2) consejar, amonestar, (3) orar asi, (4) predicar, hacer sermon, (5) razonar, (6) sermonear.

tzitza’ajebal, n5. pulpit. (1) predicatorio o pulpito, (2) pulpito. tzitza’ajel, vn5. preaching place. RML—This reading is suspect. amonestador o predicador.

tzitzbil, pp. duped, incited, punished. (1) embaucado asi, (2) yncitado 186, (3) punido.

tzitzel, vnld. counsel, incitement, punishment. (1) castigo, (2) consejo que se toma, (3) yncitacion.

mo jtak tzitzel. I don’t want to be counseled. consejo dicunt.

mo xalan atzitzel! Don’t give your counsel! consejo dicunt.

tzitzil k’op, nphr(natt & n)5. jeer. pulla.

tzitzil lo ‘il k’op, nphr(natt & nphr<n type n>)5. jeer. pulla.

tzitzo’, nld. counsel, sermon, warning. RML—This reading is suspect. (1) amonestacion o predicacion, (2) consejo, sermon, (3) oracion, razonamiento, (4) predicacion, (5) sermon.

tzitzo’bil Hech espas dios. God did this for my punishment.

castigo.

tzitzoj, n4d. sermon. oracion mia….

tzitzvan, iv. preach. predicar, hacer sermon.

tzitzvanej, vnld. punishment, sermon. (1) predicacion, (2) punision.

tzitzvanejeb, n5. preaching place. amonestador o predicador.

jtzitza‘ajel, agn. counselor, preacher, warner. (1) amonestador o predicador, (2) consejaro, (3) predicador asi.

jtzitzo‘, agn. preacher. predicador asi.

jtzitzvanej, agn. counselor, inciter, preacher, punisher, warner.(1) amonestador, (2) consejero, (3) yncitador 186, (4) orador que hace oracion asi o predicador, (5) predicador asi, (6) punidor.

jtzitzvanej ta‘utzil k’op, agn:vn & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>cpd). go-between. medianero en amistad.

‘ipal tzitz, nphr(aj & n)5. strong scolding. RML—This should probably be tzitzo‘. reprehension.

‘ipal tzitzvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. strong scolding. reprehension.

bik’tal tzitzo‘, nphr(aj & n)5. brief sermon. brevedad.

tzitz (2)

tzitz, n5. dill, wild fennel. (1) hinojo de la tierra o silvestre, (2) quijones, yerba conocida.

batz’i tzitz, cf. batz’i.

castillan tzitz, cf. castillan.

tzik’

tzik’, iv. crack open, split (as the ground, fresh tile or green wood does in the sun). RML—Given once as tzi. (1) abrirse hendiendose como la tierra, (2) henderse como la tierra…, (3) hendido asi, (4) resquebrajado.

tzik’ k’ob, s:iv & -n4d. sprain one’s wrist. derrengarse.

tzik’el, vn4f. crack. abrirse hendiendose como a tierra.

tzik’esbey k’ob, vphr:-dv & n4d[13]. sprain wrist. derrengar a otro.

tzik’ik’tik, aj. cracked in many places. hendido asi.

tzik’il, aj. cracked open. (1) abierto como hendido 3, (2) resquebrajado.

tzik’ilul, n4f. crack. abrirse hendiendose como la tierra.

tzil

tziltzon, av. tremble from cold or fright. temblar de frio o temor.

xetziltzon ta sik. I am trembling from the cold. aterido, temblar.

tziltzonel, vn5. trembling. temblor.

tziltzonet, av. tremble. temblar de frio o temor.

tzin

tzintzin ti‘ bail, s:aj/predi & nphr(n of n)3d. bald. calva.

tzis

tzis chauk, nphr(n of n)5. laurel. laurel.

tzisanil, n3d. pubic hair. pendejo o vendija.

tzisin, iv. fart. peer.

tzisinet, av. fart. pedo

jtzisnom, agn. person who farts frequently. pedorro que mucho se peer.

tzistay, tv. fart at ungraciously or mockingly. peer en desfavor burla a otro.

tzo‘

tzo‘, nld. shit (bad word). mierda.

tzo‘ ‘okil, nphr(n4f of n3d). calf of the leg. pantorilla de pierna.

tzo‘ ‘uch’, nphr(n4d of n5). nit. liendre.

tzo‘ ‘uch’il, nphr(n4d of n5). nit. liendre.

tzo‘*‘uk, nphr(n of n)ld. mole, wart. RML—This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal as tzahuc for “luñar señal de cuerpo” (Guzmán, 1620:121). In colonial Yucatec taau is given for moles and for “señal de las picaduras de chinches’ (Pérez, 1877:313). The Totontepec Mixe call luñar tsoo. (1) berruga, (2) luñar, señal del cuerpo.

tzo‘chikin, nphr(n4f of n4d). ear wax. cera del oido 71.

tzo‘ch’upak’, nphr(nf4 of n5). soapsuds. lavamienlo, el acto de lavar.

tzo‘jom, nphr(n4f of n5). bilge. sentina de nave.

tzo‘k’ak’al Ho’, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. foam of boiling water. hollin de agua caliente.

tzo‘k’anal, nphr(n of n)5. meteor, meteorite. cometa.

tzo‘k’anal tak’in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. gold dross.

escoria de oro.

tzo‘sakil tak’in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. silver dross. escoria de plata.

tzo‘tak’in, nphr(n4f of n5). iron slag. escoria de hierro.

tzo‘tulan, nphr(n type n)5. small-leaved oak. *They consider this to be terrible for firewood and that must be why they give it this name. The evergreen oak has the same name in several towns, but to distinguish them they call the one that makes a poor fire bik’it tzo‘ tulan and the evergreen oak muk’tzo‘ tulan. RML—In Zinacantán the evergreen oak is properly called chikinroble de hoja pequena.

tzo‘tuluk’, nphr(n4d of n5). chicken droppings. gallinaca, estiercol de gallina.

tzo‘ vaj, nphr(n4f of n5). bran bread. pan de cemita.

tzo‘vino, nphr(n4f of n5). dregs. heve.

tzo‘vojton, nphr(n4f of n5). corn gleanings. redrojo de mieses.

tzo‘il, n3d. human or other excrement, shit (bad word). (1) estiercol, suciedad de hombre o caballo, (2) mierda, mal vocablo, (3) suciedad o estiercol de hombr o de otro animal 327.

toj‘ip tzo‘uch’, s:adv & aj/pred/ & -nphr(n of n)4d. be nit-ridden. lendroso, lleno de liendres.

tza‘an, iv. purge. purgar, compurgar.

tza‘nabil, n5. chamberpot, privy. (1) latrina privada, (2) necesaria o privada, (3) privada, (4) servidor, bacin.

tza‘nabil na, nphr(n type n)5. outhouse. latrina, privada.

tza’neb p’in, nphr(n type n)5. chamberpot. bacin o servidor.

tza’nebil p’in, nphr(n type n)5. chamberpot. RML—This is given as tzanebil pin. bacin o servidor.

tza‘tayabil chamel pox, nphr:nphr(n4f of vn5) type n5. purge.

purga.

jtza‘nel, agn. person covered with shit. merdoso.

jtza‘nom, agn. person covered with shit. merdoso.

tzob

tzob, tv. accumulate, gather, gather together. (1) ayuntar algo 14, (2) cojer, juntar en uno 54, (3) juntar como quiera y…, (4) ponor en uno, (5) recojer.

tzob’ikatz, vphr:tv & -n4d. collect taxes, get with insistence.

recabar o recaudar.

tzob patan, vphr:tv & n5. collect taxes. recaudar rentas.

tzobaj, iv. gather together. (1) ayuntar 14, (2) cojer, juntar en uno 54, (3) juntar como quiera y….

tzobajes, tv. gather together. ayuntar algo 14.

tzoban, tv. gather together. cojer, juntar en uno 54.

tzobanbil, pp. gathered together. (1) ayuntada cosa…4, (2) cojer, juntar en uno 54.

tzobben, n4d. objects gathered together. ayuntada cosa…14.

tzobbil, pp. gathered together. (1) ayuntada cosa…14, (2)

cojer, juntar en uno 54.

tzobtzob tzobilan, vphr:n5 & tv. show desire to suck (baby).

paladear el niño cuando mama.

tzobel patan, nphr(vn4f of n5). tax collection. recaudamiento asi.

tzobey, iv. gather together. (1) ayuntar 14, (2) cojer, juntar…54, (3) juntar como quiera.

tzobleb, n4d. cattlepen. majada donde se recoge o duerme el ganado.

tzoblebal, n5. meeting place. ayuntamiento 14.

tzoblebal k’op, nphr(n of n)5. meeting place. acuerdo o junta.

tzoblej, nld. meeting. (1) acuerdo o junta, (2) ayuntamiento 14.

tzobob bak, nphr(n of n)5. ossuary. osario para hechar huesos.

tzoboj, n4d. objects being gathered. ayuntada cosa….

tzoboj tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f. amount. molar 228, cf. montar.

tzobojeb bak, nphr(n4f of n5). ossuary. osario para hechar huesos.

tzobojebal, n3d. meeting place. ayuntamiento 14.

tzobojel, vn5. meeting. ayuntamiento 14.

tzobol, aj. gathered, intermingled, piled. (1) cojer, juntar en uno 54, (2) entreverado, (3) junta o cosa juntada asi.

tzobol’aja-pom, nphr(aj & n<n & ncpd>)5. swarm of honeybees. enjambre de avejas 121.

tzobol jom, nphr(aj & n)5. fleet. flota de navio.

tzobol k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. agreement acuerdo o junta.

tzobol-k’opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). consult with many (as in the courthouse). consultar muchos como el cabildo 62.

j-tzob, num(num & nccpd)5. group (object), heap, herd, pile. (1) majada o hato de ganado, (2) rima o rimero, (3) un par.

xcha‘-tzobol. The two groups. un par.

tzobol-k’opon ba, rv(aj & tvcpd & m). consult with many.

consultar mucho…62.

tzobol labal k’op, nphr(aj & nphr<aj & n>5). illicit agreement.

mompodio cf. monipidio.

tzobvan, iv. gather together. ayuntar algo 14.

jtzob-patan, agn(tv & ncpd). tax collector. recaudador.

j-tek tzobbilej vacas, cf. tzob.

tzotz (1)

tzotz ta tzavlej, nphr:n2d & qphr(prep & n5). messy hair.

melena.

tzotzil, n3d. hair (head). cabello.

tzotzil, aj. woolly. lanudo.

tzotzil‘isim chij, nphr:n4f of nphr(n type n)5. goat hair. lana de cabras.

tzotzil chij, nphr(n4d of n5). sheep’s wool. lana de ovejas.

tzotzil jol, nphr(n4f of n4d). hair (head). pelo de cabeza.

tzotzil satil, nphr(n4f of n3d). eyelash. pestatia.

tzotzil tentzun, nphr(n4d of n5). goat hair. lana de cabras.

tzotzil tux-nok’chij, nphr:n4d of nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5.

sheep’s wool. lana de ovejas.

tzotzilal, n4b. hair (head). pelo de cabeza.

tzotzilal chitom, nphr(n4d of n5). pig’s bristle. seda de puerco, de caballo.

tzotzilal caballo, nphr(n4d of n5). horsehair. seda de puerco, de caballo.

tzotzilal jol, nphr(n4f of n4d). hair (head). pelo de cabeza.

sakil tzotz, cf. sak.

tzotz (2)

tzotz, aj. difficult, fast, firm, firmly, fortified, grave, hard, harshly, resistant, serious, stale, strong. (1) afirmado o fortalecido o firme, (2) arreciarse 30, (3) dificil cosa, (4) dificultoso, (5) dura cosa, (6) duramente, (7) endurecido asi, (8) firme cosa, (9) firmemente, (10) fuerte cosa, (11) grave cosa, (12) reciente cosa 299.

toj tzotz xk‘al xchanel‘amayil. It’s too difficult for me to learn to play the flute. dificultad.

tzotzuk chuko! Tie it fast! afirmadamente.

tzotz ak’opoj (or) tzotz k’opojan! Speak firmly! rigurosamente.

tzotz nestzitz. He punished me harshly. rigurosamente.

tzotzuk apas ta stojol (or) tzotzukot ta stojel! Be harsh with him! apretar.

tzotz‘abtelanel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. difficult. trabajosa cosa.

tzotz‘ayan, vphr:aj & iv. become difficult. dificultad.

stzotz ‘osil‘a‘i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. be healthy (person).

salud.

tzotz ‘osil a‘ u’un, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv + -n4b. be healthy. saludable cosa.

tzotz ch’ilom, nphr(aj & n)5. strong warrior. fuerte aminal.

mo‘oyuk k’usi tzotz‘a‘i, s:neg & n5/pred/ & s(n5 & aj & tv).

lit. feel nothing to be difficult, i.e., be skillful. suelto o cosa diestra.

mo tzotzuk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. clear (not difficult), easy, weak (body). (1) claro, o dificultoso, (2) flaca cosa no recia, (3)flojedad del cuerpo, (4) raeso, facil.

mo tzotzuk‘ok, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -n4d. be weak. flaca que no se puede tener.

mo tzotzuk ‘olonton, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -n4d. be inconstant. (1) ynconstante (2) liviano enseso.

mo tzotzuk na‘el, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -vn4f. easy to learn.

facilmente saberse.

mo tzotzuk pasel, s:neg & aj/pred/ &-vn4f. easy to do. (1) facil cosa, (2) facilidad, (3)facilmente hacerse.

tojtzotz, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. harsh. riguroso.

tzatzaj, iv. arm self, dress up. (1) adornar con atavios, (2) armarse, (3) armado, (4) ataviarse.

tzatzajeb na, nphr(n4f of n5). house furnishings. paramentos.

tzatzajeb padre, nphr(n4d of n5). sacristy. sachristia.

tzatzajebal, n5. place where one dresses or puts on armor, sacristy. (1) arma o armas, (2) sachristia.

tzatzajebal k’u’nphr(n of n)3d. uniform. librea.

tzatzajebal pok’, nphr(n of n)5. vestments. paramentos.

tzatzajebal vayebal, nphr(n of n)5. bed canopy. paramentos de cama.

tzatzajel, vnlb. dress, finery, weapon. (1) aderezo o aparejo, (2) arma o armas, (3) atavio.

tzatzajel altar, nphr(vn4f of n5). altar forehangings. frontal de altar.

tzatzajel caballo, nphr(n4f of n5). horse trappings. paramentos de caballo.

tzatzajel jol obispo, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4d of n5). mitre. mitra. tzatzajes, tv. adorn, arm, dress with finery, embellish. (1) adornar a otro, (2) armar a otro, (3) ataviar algo, (4) guarnecer genre, (5) paramentar, emparamentar.

tzatzajes ba, rv. get ready. disponerse.

tzatzajesbey jol, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. put on hood. tocarse.

tzatzajesbil, pp. adorned, armed, readied. (1) armado, (2) dispuesto, aparejado, (3) paramentada cosa.

tzatzal, nld. firmness, hardness, strength (man). (1) arreciarse 30, (2) firmeza 11, (3) dureza, (4) firmemente, (5) fortaleza de varon, (6) reciura 299.

tzatzal ‘olonton, nphr(n4f of nlc). courage, obstinacy. (1) esfuerzo, (2) obstinacion 243.

stzatzal ‘olontonil ta mulil. He is hardened in sin.

obstinacion 243.

tzatzal ‘osil, nphr(n4f of n5). health. salud.

muk”aboltayel te stzatzal ‘osile. Good health is a great blessing.

tzatzal-tzitz, tv(aj & tvcpd). scold. reprehender.

tzatzal tzitzvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. scolding. reprehension.

tzatzal juez, nphr(aj & n)5. harsh judge. riguroso.

tzatzal kelem, nphr(aj & n)5. grown boy. mancebo crecido.

tzatzal k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. harsh talk, persistence, response to enigmatic questions or signs. (1) dura cosa, (2) porfia, (3) responder a argumento enigmas, (4) riguroso.

tzatzal-k’opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). persist. porfiar.

tzatzal-k’opon, tv(aj & tvcpd). scold. reprehender.

tzatzal na, nphr(aj & n)5. castle, fortress. (1) castillo, (2) fortaleza.

tzatzal te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. hard wood. (1) arreciarse 30, (2) reciente cosa 299.

tzatzal ton, nphr(aj & n)5. hard rock. dura cosa.

tzatzal tux-nok’chij, nphr:aj & nphr(n<n & ncpd> of n)5.

coarse wool. lana gruesa.

tzatzalil, n3d. courage. virtud por la fortaleza.

tzatzub, iv. be given a rest or honored, become difficult or strong, grow stale, harden (bread, mud), regain one’s strength, take delight in. *To say, “Stay in the town,” “tzatzubuk ak’ulej mule ubuk anaklej,” “May your house grow strong, your residence grow big.” (1) afirmarse, fortalecerse, (2) arreciar 30, (3) convalecer, (4) dificultad (5) duro hacerse, (6) empedernerse o endurecerse el pan o lodo, (7) endurecerse, (8) endurecerse el pan, (9) fornecer o fortalecer, (10) gloriarse, recibir gloria o descanso, (11) rehacer fortalecerse, (12) recio hacerse, arreciar o hacerse duro, endurecer 299.

tzatzub ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. become brave. animar, tomar esfuerzo.

tzatzub ta kola’al, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n4dIS1). sin willfully. (1) obstinado en mal 243, (2) obstinarse en el mal 243.

tzatzub‘ok, s:iv & -n4d. become energetic. flaco que no se puede tener.

mo stzatzub yok xch’ilomal. Their warriors are lazy.

tzatzubeb, n4f. supporting post. poste para sostener.

tzatzubel, vn5. courage, firmness, strength. (1) firmeza 11, (2) esfuerzo, (3) fornecimiento.

tzatzubes, tv. embolden, fortify, glorify, strenghten. (1) afirmar o fortalecer asi algo, (2) arreciar o esforzar a otro 30, (3) esfuerzo, (4) firmarse o fortalecerse algo, (5) fornecer fortalecer, (6) glorificar.

diosuk tzatzubesot. May God give you good health. salud.

tzatzubes‘olonton, vphr:tv & -n4d. embolden. animar asi a otro.

tzatzubes ta kola’al, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[0]). harden in evil. obstinar a otro 243.

tzatzubes ta mul, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[O]). harden in sin. obstinar a otro 243.

tzatzubesab, nle. instrument for making firm. afirmado o fortalecido o firme.

tzatzubesbil, pp. fast, firm, fortified. afirmado o….

tzatzubesbol, n4d. that which is to be fortified. afirmado o….

tzatzubtas, tv. embolden, fortify, strengthen. (1) esfuerzo, (2) fornecer.

tzatzubtas‘olonton, vphr:tv & -n4d. embolden. esforzar o animar a otro.

tzatzubtas yabutinab na, vphr:tv & nphr(n type n). garrison a fort. guarnecer fortaleza.

tzatzubtasabil, n4f. supporting post. posta para sostener.

tzatzubtasbey’olonton, vphr.-dv & n4d[B]. embolden. esforzar o animar a otro.

tzatzubtasel, n4b. fortification, strength. fornecimiento.

jtzatzal- ‘olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). courageous, or magnanimous person. (1) animoso, (2) esforzado, (3) magnanimo.

jtzatzal-ch’uunvanej, agn(aj & vncpd). martyr. martir.

‘ip tzatzal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. difficult, rough, strong. (1) aspera cosa coma ropa o arbol, (2) dificultad, (3) fuerte cosa.

‘ip tzatzal’‘a’i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & -n41) & tv. seem difficult.

dificultad.

’och tzatzubeb‘u‘un cf.‘och.

’och tzatzubesabil‘u‘un cf. ‘och.

‘oy tzatzajel, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f. adorned, embellished. paramentada cosa.

tzoj

tzoj, aj. angry. RML—this is given as ghogh. furioso.

tzoj‘i1, vphr:aj & tv-. dislike, hace. (1) abominar, (2) aborrecer, (3) malquerer, (4) odio tener.

tzoj‘iley, vphr:aj & tv/pass/. be hateful. odioso.

tzoj‘olonton ‘u‘un, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d + -n4b. hace. aborrecer.

tzojtzoj, aj. red. (1) bermeja cosa, (2) colorado, bermejo.

tzojtzoj‘ayan, vphr:aj & iv. blush, redden. embermejer.

batz’i tzoj, cf. batz’i.

tzajal, n4d. blush, rage, reddishness. RML—This is given as zghaghal for rage. (1) bermejura, (2) bravear, (3) colorado, bermejo, (4) embravecimiento.

tzajal, aj. compulsory, obligatory. forsosa cosa 144.

tzajal-‘alc’bey, dv(aj & dvcpd). bribe. sobornar.

tzajal‘ak’beyel k’op, nphr(nphr<aj & vn> type n)5. bribery.

soborno.

tzajal‘apon, nphr(aj & n)5. large and very serious bubo.

encordio grande y muy malo).

tzajal-‘ik’, tv(aj & tvcpd). annoy, bother, bring forcibly, call repeatedly. (1) llamar menudo, (2) molestar, ser molestoso….

tzajal ‘ilel, nphr(aj & vn)4d. hatred one receives. (1) odio con que soy aborrecido, (2) odioso.

tzajal ‘ilvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. hatred. odio o enemistad con que aborrezco.

tzajal‘olol, nphr(aj & n)5. newborn baby. nifty o niña recien nacido.

tzajal‘unetikil, nphr(aj & n)4d. infancy. niñes, edad de aquestos.

tzajal bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. mountain lion. leon.

tzajal-tzitz, tv(aj & tvcpd). bribe. sobornar.

tzajal tzitzvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. bribery. soborno.

tzajal chi‘, nphr(aj & n)5. red wine. vino tinto.

tzajal choy, nphr(aj & n)5. shrimp. camaron.

tzajal-komes, tv(aj & tvcpd). be forced to leave behind. forzar 144.

tzajal ch’abajel, nphr(aj & vn)5. compulsory fast. forsosa cosa 144.

tzajal ch’abajel ta cuaresmatik, nphr:nphr(aj & n)5 & qphr(prep & n5). compulsory Lenten fast. forsosa cosa 144.

tzajal-k’an, tv(aj & tvcpd). request repeatedly (with supplications or threats). (1) forzar 145, (2) molestar ser molesto….

tzajal patan, nphr(aj & n)5. compulsory tax. forsosa 144.

tzajal-poch’i, tv(aj & tvcpd). rape. forzar mujer 145.

tzajal poch’ibil, vphr:tv(aj & tvcpd)pp. raped. forzado asi 145.

tzajal-poj, tv(aj & tvcpd). confiscate, seize. (1) forzar 145, (2) forzar mujer 145.

tzajal pojbil chaleyat, vphr:s(aj & pp) & tv/pass/. be raped.

RML—The verb is in the past tense. forzado asi.

tzajal pok’, nphr(aj & n)5. cochineal-dyed scarf. grana, pano.

tzajal saben, nphr(aj & n)5. brown weasel. huron.

tzajal xamitl, nphr(aj & n)5. brick. ladrillo.

tzajal toj, nphr(aj & n)5. pine torch. tea, pino.

tzajal ton, nphr(aj & n)5. topaz. jacinto.

tzajub, iv. become angry, blush, redden. RM.—This is given as xeghaghum for “become angry.” (1) bermejo hacerse, (2) brava cosa, (3) embermejer, (4) embermejecido, (5) embravecerse.

tzajub‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. redden. embermejecer algo.

tzajubes, tv. make red, redden. embermejecer algo.

tzajubtas, tv. make red, redden. embermejecer alga.

jtzajal-’ik’vanej, agn(aj & vncpd). person who brings or summons another by force. forzador asi 145.

jtzajal-komesvanej, agn(aj & vncpd). person who forces another to stay behind. forzador asi 145.

jtzajal poch’i‘antz, agn(aj & tv & ncpd). rapist. forzador asi 145.

jtzajal poj’antz, agn(aj & tv & ncpd). rapist. forzador asi 145.

tzok

tzok. captive, capture, plunder, slave. cf. tzak.

tzon (N.)

tzon tzotzil, nphr(n type n)5. hair. RML—Given as tzom. pelo de cabeza.

tzon te‘, nphr(n4f of n5). spanish moss. mar hoyo o mocho que cuelga de los arboles.

‘ip tzon tzotz, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n type n)5. hairy. peloso asi.

‘ip tzon tzotzil, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n5 type -n4e). hairy. peloso asi.

tzoy

tzoy, tv. tether. afar algo al palo.

tzoy ba, rv. commit oneself to another’s protection, confide in, trust. (1) colgar, (2) confiarse.

tzoy k’uk’, vphr:tv & n5. hunt quetzals with birdlime.

RML—Given as tzay. pegar asi ayes.

tzoy mut, vphr:tv & n5. hunt birds with birdlime. RML—Given as tzay. pegar asi ayes.

tzoyan ba ta tojol, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & -n4d). entrust object to (as when entrusting one’s house to someone when going to trade). fiarse encomendandole algo….

tzoyan ta tojol, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & -n4d). entrust fiale asi algo.

tzoyanbey, dv. entrust to. fiale asi algo.

tzoytzaj, iv. stick (birds or feathers in birdlime). pegarse las aves o plumas en liga.

tzoyleb, n4d. hitching post, hope, object of one’s trust. (1) confiarse, (2) esperanza con confianza, (3) estaca para atar bestia.

tzoylej, n5. hope. esperanza con confianza.

tzoyob, n5. birdlime, catching of birds in birdlime, sticking. pegamento o pegadura….

tzoyob xuch’, nphr(n type n)5. birdlime. liga.

tzoyobil, n4f. falcon’s fetters. pihuela de halcon.

tzoyol, aj. hanging, trusting. (1) colgado, (2) confiado.

tzoyom, n5. hunter of birds with birdlime. RML—Given as tzayom. pegador o cazador de esta manera.

jtzoyleb, agn. person in charge of orphaned women or widows.

*And they say the same for God. colgar.

tzu (1)

tzu, n5. gourd. RML—Given as cuh. calabaza.

tzu (2)

stzu, n5. dove. RML—Given as ztzuh. In modern Tzotzil of Zinacantá;n the mourning dove is called tzuin. In Larraínzar it is still called stsu (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:338). tortola.

tzu‘

tzu‘, n5. wrinkle (in the face). ruga en la cara.

tzuk‘ib, iv. wrinkle. (1) arrugarse, (2) ruga en la cara.

tzu‘ul, aj. wrinkled. (1) arrugado, (2) ruga en la cara.

tzu‘utik, aj. wrinkled. arrugado.

tzu‘utik, aj. wrinkled in many places. (1) ruga en la cara, (2) ruga de ropa, (3) rugosa, cosa arrugada.

tzu‘utik sat mool, nphr(nphr<aj & n> type n)5. wrinkled old man. viejo hombre.

tzub

tzub ba, iv. curl up (as do some caterpillars or bugs when touched), tauten (tendons). (1) encojerse como…, (2) encojerse los nervios.

tzutz

tzutz, iv. die, finish (work). (1) acabarse o destruirse, (2) concluirse, (3) fenecer.

etzutz jk’optik. Our business is concluded. concluirse.

tzutz’u’un, vphr:iv + -n4b. make progress, proceed. proceder, ir adelante en algun caso.

tzutzeb, n4b. completion, end, outcome. (1) fenecimiento, (2) fin de cosa, (3) salida o fin de negocio, (4) termino por fin.

tzutzeb k’op, nphr(n4f of n5). end of negotiation. conclusion de esta manera.

tzutzel, vnld. end. (1)fenecimiento, (2) fin de cosa.

tzutzes, tv. end, finish. (1) acabar asi algo, (2) concluir, (3) fenecer, acabar algo, (4) proceder, ir adelante….

tzutzesbey k’oplal, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. expedite a matter.

espedir lo impedido.

ta tzutzeb, qphr:prep & -n4f. finally, in the end. (1) en fin, (2) finalmente.

tzuk

tzukan sat k’el, vphrs(tv & n4d[A]) & tv-[A=A of tzukan].

look at while frowning or with wrinkled brow. mirar asi.

tzukbil, pp. puckered. encojido asi.

tzuktzuk, aj. puckered. encojido asi.

tzukib, iv. wither. (1) marchitarse, (2) marchita cosa.

tzukli, tv. pleat. RML—This is given as -tzuclihi. (1) encojerse como…, (2) encojido asi.

tzuldi, iv. pucker up (as when sewing shrinks). RML—See above. encojer asi algo.

tzukutz, n4e. cowlick. remolino de cabellos.

tzukutzil, n3d. belly, stomach. (1) estomago, (2) panza de vientre 245.

tzukumtik, aj. with a cowlick. remolino de cabellos.

tzul (1)

tzul ta Ho’, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). put underwater. (1) meter debajo del agua, (2) metido asi.

tzulbil, pp. put underwater. metido asi.

tzulul, aj. underwater. metido asi.

jtzul-ti‘, agn(tv & ncpd). interpreter, trusted messenger. (1) faraute interprete, (2) ynterprete 188.

*tzul (2)

tzul, tv. bowl, roll (as a ball). (1) andar alrededor, (2) jugar a los bolos.

TZ’

tz’ab

tz’abub, iv. make feathers stand on end (chicken), make hair stand on end (cat). enerisarse el gato o gallina.

ta tz’ablej, qphr:prep & n5. bristling (cat), puffed up (chicken). (1) enerisarse el…, (2) enerisado asi.

tz’aj

tz’aj, iv. be put underwater. metido asi.

tz’aj j-tz’uj. It was put slightly underwater.

tz’aj ta chab, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). wax. encerar.

tz’aj ta Ho’, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). put underwater, soak. (1) echar algo en remojo, (2) meter debajo del agua, (3) remojar.

tz’aj vaj ta chi’, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). sop bread in wine. sopear.

tz’aj vaj ta Ho’, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). sop bread in water. sopear.

tz’ajal, aj. put in water. metido asi.

tz’ajal ta chab, vphraj/predi & qphr(prep & n5). waxed. encerado.

tz’ajal ta Ho‘, vphraj/pred & qphr(prep & n5). flooded. (1)

echado asi en remojo, (2) enaguasada tierra.

tz’ajan ta Ho’, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). soak. remojar.

tz’ajbil, pp. put in water. metido asi.

tz’ajbil ta chi‘vaj, nphr:ajphr(pp & qphr<prep & n5>) & n5.

bread soaked in wine. sopa de pan.

tz’ajbil vaj, nphr(pp & n)5. bread soup. sopa de pan.

tz’ajey, iv. be put in water. remosar, cf. remojarse.

tz’ak

tz’ak, tv. fasten, knot, mend (by fastening or sewing), stick on (graft), tie. (1) anudar, (2) ligar, (3) pegar o asir como los inyertos, (4) soldar trabando o cosiendo.

tz’ak, iv. mend (by fastening or sewing). (1) soldar trabando…, (2) soldado asi.

tz’ak, nle. boundary marker. mojon.

tz’ak ‘osil, nphr(n4e of n5). boundary (between properties).

linde entre heredades.

tz’ak ba, rv. join, mend (by fastening or sewing, bones), stick on (graft). (1) asirse, los arboles…, (2) concertar, componer huesos, (3) pegarse asi, (4) soldado asi, (5) travar.

‘utz estz’ak sba. (The adobes) were properly laid. travar asi.

stz’akoj sba. joining. trabada 340.

tz’ak bakel, vphr:tv & -n4d. mend broken bone. concertar, componer huesos.

tz’ak lum, nphr(n4e of n5). boundary. (1) linde entre heredades, (2) mojon, (3) termino por linde.

tz’ak-pati, tv(tv & tvcpd). edify self, follow, follow an example, follow in the company of, opine, pursue enemies, serve. (1) edificarse, toma ejemplo, (2) opinar, seguir opinion, (3) perseguir enemigos, (4) seguir acompanando, (5) servidor.

stza stuk stz’ak-pati (or) sk’op stuk stz’ak-pati. He sticks to his own opinions. opinar, seguir opinion.

tz’ak-patianab, n(tv & ncpd)4d. example one gives. ejemplo que doy.

tz’ak-patibey, dv(tv & tvcpd). follow. opinar, seguir opinion.

Ha’no‘ox stz’ak-patibey te stza (or) te sk’op Pedroe. He just follows Peter’s opinion.

tz’ak-patiel, vn(tv & tvcpd)4d. example one gives. ejemplo que doy.

tz’ak-pativan, iv(tv & ivcpd). follow. (1) seguir, (2) seguir acompañando.

tz’ak-pativanej, vn(tv & ivcpd)4d. example one follows. seta de lo que alguno sigue.

tz’akal, aj. after, all, at last, behind, complete, every, supplied, whole. (1) a la postre, (2) cabal, (3) despues, (4) entera cosa, (5) proveido, (6) suplida cosa, (7) todo, (8) tras.

tz’akal’ay jun’abil. He went for a whole year. entera cosa.

tz’akav, n4d. sticking. pegadura.

tz’akav‘uk’um, nphr(n4f of n5). fork in a river. junta de dos rios.

tz’akav k’ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). knuckle, joint. RML—tz’akav may also refer to the joints of one’s toes. (1) articulo de dedo, (2) coyuntura de manos o pies 55.

tz’akav patil, nphr(n4f of n3d). backbone. lomo.

tz’akbenal, n4f. mending. soldadura.

tz’akbil, pp. mended. soldado asi.

tz’aki, iv. be complete or finished. (1) cabal, (2) cabal estar, (3) cumplirse algo.

tz’aki‘u’un, vphr:iv + -n4d. complete. (1) cumplir en numero 58, (2) suplir lo que falta.

tz’akiab, n4f. supplement (amount added or needed to achieve completion). suplemento de lo que falta.

tz’aldon, nlf. last. RML—The final consonant is given also as m. (1) cabera, cosa postrera, (2) postrero, (3) trasera cosa.

tz’aklon eayan ku’un. He was the last I gave birth to.

posponer 268.

tz’aklontas, tv. put behind. posponer 268.

tz’akoj ba, rv. become knotted or stuck. (1) anudarse algo, (2) pegado asi, (3) trabada.

’utz estz’akoj sba te xamite. The adobes are well-joined.

travar.

stz’akoj sba. joining. trabada 340.

tz’akubtas, tv. complete, provide for, support. (1) cabal hacer, cumplir, (2) cumplir el numero 58, (3) cumplirse algo, (4) mantener a otro, (5) proveer, (6) suplir o que falta.

tz’akubtasbil, pp. completed. suplida cosa.

tz’akubtasel testamento, nphr(vn4f of n5). will. testamentario.

jtz’ak-patian, agn(tv & ncpd). exemplar. ejemplo que tomamos 136.

jtz’ak-pativanej, agn(tv & vncpd). exemplar. (1) allegados, amigos, (2) ejemplo que tomamos 136.

j‘-tz’akal maletik, nphr(n<num & nccpd>4f of n5). second generation. edad una.

mo tz’akluk, vphr.neg & aj/pred/. incomplete. falta, cosa no cumplida.

cha-tz’ok maletik, nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n)5. first generation. edad una.

tz’al

tz’al, tv. furrow (not plowing, but as the Mexicans prepare their corn fields), lay (stones, bricks, adobes as the officials do). (1) fabricar o asentar piedra…, (2) surcar no arando….

tz’al ba, rv. contract (as when a snake contracts and coils). encojerse como….

tz’alal, nlf. patch, pleat, ridge between furrows. (1) giron de vestidura o pliegue, (2) lomo entre surco y surco.

tz’alal batel, nphr(n5 & dr). plowed field. surcador cosa….

tz’alaltik, n5. plowed field. surcador cosa….

tz’alaltik, aj. patched, pleated. gironada o cosa asi de pliegues.

tz’alan, tv. make a ridge. lomo hacer asi.

tz’alav, n4f. furrow (either plowed or as in the Mexicans’cornfields or as we do when we plant radishes). (1) surco arando, (2)surco como….

tz’alav na, nphr(nlf of n5). room, sanctuary. RML—In colonial Chorti tzalam meant prison (Morán, 1935:22). (1) aposento, camara, (2) recamara, (3) retrete.

tz’alav na jnupunel, nphr:nphr(n4f of n5) of agn. bridal chamber. talamo de novios.

tz’aley, tv. interweave. entretejer algo.

tz’aley, iv. become intertwined. entretejerse.

tz’alobil, n4f. mortar. mezcla para asentar piedra o adobes 222.

stz’alobil xamit. mortar for adobes.

stz’alobil ton. mortar for stones.

‘utz stz’alobil. good mortar.

tz’aloj, iv. lay (adobes, bricks, stones). fabricar o asentar piedra…

jtz’al-xamitl, agn(tv & ncpd). mason (adobe-layer). (1) albañil, (2) edificador de tal cosa.

jtz’al-ton, agn(tv & ncpd). stonemason. edificador de tal cosa.

jtz’alojel, agn. mason. fabricador u official asi.

tz’ol, nc. patch, pleat. RML This may be a noun and not a numeral classifier. giron.

tz’am

tz’am te‘, nphr(n type n)5. beam, rafter. viga.

tz’omol, nlb. chair. silla para sentarse.

tz’omol yo‘ ‘oy Hu‘ch’akel, nphr:n4f(3s) & s(pt & pt & iv & vn5). court. tribunal donde juzgan.

tz’an

tz’anal tok, nphr(aj & n)5. foggy. hacer niebla 165.

tz’anal Ho‘, nphr(aj & n)5. canal, dammed up water, puddle. (1) estancada agua, cañal, (2) mar general.

tz’ananet, av. moving quietly (water). queda o sosegado como….

tz’ananet Ho‘, s:av & n5. calm water. mansa agua.

tz’ananet xanav, vphr:av & iv. calm (water). mansa agua.

tz’antzaj, iv. become stagnant. estancarse el agua que corre.

tz’antzajeb, n4f. reservoir. albarque.

tz’antzajeb‘ach’el, nphr(n4f of n5). mire. atoyador.

tz’antzajeb Ho‘, nphr(n4f of n5). pond, reservoir. (1) estacada agua, cañal, (2) preza de agua 270.

tz’antzayaj, iv. become stagnant. estancarse el agua….

tz’aney, iv. become stagnant. estancarse el agua….

tz’anleb Ho‘, nphr(n4f of n5). pond, reservoir. (1) albarque, (2) estancada agua, cañal, (3) preza de agua 270.

tz’e‘

tz’e‘ chikin, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. prick up one’s ears. RML—The noun was given as unpossessed. orejear.

tz’e-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. one-eyed. entuertecido asi 118.

tz’e‘-sati, tv(tv & tvcpd). squint (as when they aim a bow and arrow). atencion tener para acertar…35.

tz’e‘an chikin, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. pay attention. atencion tener.

tz’e‘an achikinik! Pay attention! atencion.

tz’eanel chikinil, nphr(vn4d of n5). attention. atencion.

tz’e‘tz’e‘ sat, s:aj/pred/ & n5. one-eyed. tuerto de un ojo.

tz’e‘el, aj. lying on one’s side. acostado asi.

tz’e‘elon. I am lying on my side. estar echado de lado.

tz’e‘el batel, ajphr:aj & dr. go by a cliff that forms a point or corner. cuesta por la ladera.

tz’e‘el chikin, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be attentive. atento.

tz’e‘eluk achikinik! Pay attention! atencion.

tz’e‘el sat, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. one-eyed. tuerto hacerse.

tz’e‘el satil, s:aj/pred/ & n5. grimace. visaje 350.

tz’e‘ey, iv. be lying on one’s side. estar echado de lodo.

tz’e‘lay, tv. lay on one’s side. acostar asi.

tz’e‘lay, iv. lie on one’s side. acostarse de lado.

tz’e‘p’uj, iv. form a point or corner (cliff). cuesta por la ladera.

tz’e‘ub sat, s:iv & -n4d. go blind in one eye. enturbecerse el ojo 118, cf. entortecerse.

tz’el

Ha’tz’el, s:n5/pred/ & -n4b. near, next to. cabe.

tz’et (1)

tz’et, tv. cut (upright object as a tree). cortar lo que esta levantado….

tz’et te‘, vphr:tv & n5. fell trees. talar montes.

tz’etav, iv. be engaged in felling trees. tala.

tz’etbil, pp. felled. cortar. lo

tz’etob, n4d. felled tree. cortar lo….

tz’etob, n5. felling of trees. (1) cortar (2) tala.

‘ayem ta tz’etob. He went to fell trees. cortar lo…

battik ta tz’etob Let’s go fell trees. cortar lo….

tz’etoj, n4d. tree being felled. cortar lo….

tz’et (2)

tz’et k’obil, nphr(aj & n)3d. left hand. (1) mano izquierda, (2) siniestra mono, izquierda.

tz’et k’obol, nphr(aj & n)3d. left hand. siniestra mano, izquierda.

tz’et xokon, nphr(aj & n)5. left side. lado diestro.

tz’i(1)

tz’iet, av. creak, squeak. rechinar.

tz’i(2)

tz’i, raise, support. cf.ch’i.

tz’i‘ (1)

tz’i’, n5. dog, hound. (1) perro o perra, (2) podenco.

tz’i”eal, nphr(n type n)3d. canine tooth. colmillo.

tz’i‘ chabiomal tux-nok’chij, nphr:n5 & nphr(agn4d of nphr<n(n & ncpd) type n>5). sheepdog. mastin de ganado.

tz’i‘ choy, nphr(n type n)5. trout. *I do not believe there are any here, but this one resembles a trout. trucha.

tzTtz’i‘-k’opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). speak with barbs, foully or dishonestly. echar puas o hablar mal o deshonestamente.

tz’i‘tz’i‘ ve’, vphr:aj & iv. gormandize. glotonear.

tz’i‘il, n4d. currishness, doggishness. perruna, cosa de perro.

tz’i‘il k’ak’al, nphr(aj & n)5. rabies. rabia 286.

tz’i‘il-k’ak’ub, iv(aj & ivcpd). become rabid. rabiar 286.

tz’i‘il k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. currish talk perruna, cosa de perro.

tz’i‘il-mulav, iv(aj & ivcpd). sin persistently (as a stubborn or shameless dog). obstinarse en el ma! 243.

tz’i‘il pasel, nphr(aj & vn)5. currish act. perruna, cosa de perro.

tz’i‘il ta mulil, nphr:-n4d & qphr(prep & n5). persistent sinfulness. obstinacion 243.

tz’i‘il-ve‘, iv(aj & ivcpd). gormandize. glotonear.

tz’i‘il ve‘el, nphr(aj & vn)5. gluttony. (1) glotoneria, (2) gula.

tz’i‘il vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. juggler. juglar.

tz’i‘ub, iv. become a sinner. (1) obstinado en mal 243, (2) obstinarse en el mal 243.

‘ipal j‘anil-tz’i‘, nphr:aj & agn(n & ncpd)5. greyhound. galgo.

bakbak tz’i‘, cf. bak.

bik’tal tz’i‘, nphr(aj & n)5. cur, puppy. gozque, perrillo

jchabi tux-nok’chij tz’i‘, cf. chab (3).

tz’i‘ (2)

tz’i’lej, iv. act perversely, be corrupted, damaged or in danger, become dirty or ugly, change color (face), scar. (1) afearse, (2) corromperse, daiiarse, (3) ensuciarse, (4) estragarse, (5) estragado, (6) mancillarse 211, (7) peligrar, (8) rebotarse el color o tez, (9) siniestamente hacer algo.

tz’i’lej‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4b. make cunning or deceitful. hacer bellaco 165.

tz’i‘lej ta tok, s:iv/3s/ & qphr(prep & n5). cloud over. nublada cosa o daiiada asi.

tz’i‘ lejel, vnld. corruption, danger, risk. (1) corrompimiento, (2) peligro, (3) riesgo.

tz’i‘lejes, tv. corrupt, dirty, make cunning, deceitful or ugly, spoil. (1) afear, hacer feo, (2) ensuciar otra cosa, (3) estragar, (4) hacer bellaco 165.

tz’i‘lejesbil, pp. corrupted. estragado.

tz’i‘lejesel ‘osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). tyranny. tirania.

tz’i‘lel, aj. difficult. dificil cosa.

‘osil, nphr(aj & n)5. brambles, weeds. maleza, brena.

tz’i‘lel ch’en, nphr(aj & n)5. cliff. (1) peña o enriscada, (2) risco de peña.

tz’i‘lel k’eyoj, nphr(aj & n)5. intricate song. entrincada, intricada cosa, cf. intrincada.

tz’i‘lel k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. intricate speech. entrincada, intricada cosa….

tz’i‘lelal, aj. dangerous. peligrosa cosa.

tz’i‘lelal‘uk’um, nphr(aj & n)5. dangerous river. peligrosa cosa.

tz’i‘lelal charnel, nphr(aj & vn)5. dangerous sickness. peligrosa cosa.

tz’i‘leltilc, n5. brambles, thicket, weeds. (1) maleza, brena, (2) matorral, cosa de matas 213.

tz’i‘ley, tv. bewitch, corrupt, make cunning, deceitful or ugly, spoil. (1) afear, hacer feo, (2) estragar, (3) hacer bellaco 165, (4) maleficiar, encantar.

tz’i‘ ley, iv. be in danger. peligrar.

ta jtojoluk jtuk te tfileyulce. Let it be at my risk if he falls in danger. riesgo.

tfiley ‘osil, vphr:tv & n5. tyrranize. tiranizar.

tz’ileybil, pp. corrupted, spoiled. estragado.

tz’i’leyel, vnld. danger, risk. (1) peligro, (2) riesgo.

jtzTleyeluk te tzTleyuke. Let it be my risk if he falls in danger. riesgo.

jtzTlejesvanej, agn. depraver. estragador.

jtz’ileyvanej, agn. depraver, evildoer. (1) estragador, (2) maleficio, hacedor de tal.

‘ep tfiley ba, vphr:aj & rv. purge well. cf. tz’i‘ (2). purgar, compurgar.

‘ip tzTlelal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. be dangerous or difficult. (1) dificultad, (2) peligro.

‘ip tz’i‘lelal‘a‘i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & -n4f) & tv. seem difficult. dificultad.

mo tz’i’leluk, vphr:neg & aj. be easy. facil cosa.

tz’ib

tz’ib, nld. letter (of the alphabet), picture, retablo, writing. (1) dibuja con tinta, (2) escritura, (3) letra, (4) retablo.

tz’ib, n4e. epitaph, inscription, painting. (1) letrero, (2) epitafio 260, (3) pintura

tz’ib, aj. painted. pintada cosa.

tz’ib ‘olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. clever, cunning, judicious, wise. (1) maoñso 210, (2) sesudo, de buen seso.

tz’ibaj, iv. draw (in ink), paint, write. (1) dibujar con tinta 74, (2) pintar.

tz’ibaj ta ba, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4f). address. sobre escribir.

tz’ibaj ta pat, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4f). address. sobre escribir.

tz’ibajeb, nld. inkstand. escribania o tintero.

tz’ibajeb tak’in, nphr(n type n)5. printing press. emprenta.

tz’ibajebal, n5. inkstand. escribania o tintero.

tz’ibajebal k’uk’um, nphr(n type n)5. quill. pendola o pinola.

tz’ibajebal tak’in, nphr(n type n)5. printing press. emprenta.

tz’ibajom, n5. painter, scribe. (1) escribano, (2) pintor.

tz’ibal‘ixim, nphr(aj & n)5. painted corn. maiz pintado.

tz’ibaltik, aj. intermingled. entreverado.

tz’ibay, tv. draw, engrave, paint, write. (1) dibujar con tinta 74, (2) escribir, (3) figurar, (4) pintar, (5) sincelar 319.

tz’ibay biil, vphr:tv & n5. list (in writing). matricular.

tz’ibay firma, vphr:tv & n5. sign. firmar escritura.

tz’ibay ta ‘olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). store in one’s mind (to do or say at a later date). pensar pare decir o hacer algo despues.

tz’ibay ta tak’in, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). print. ymprimir 185.

tz’ibay Hun, vphr:tv & n5. illuminate books. yluminar libros 184.

tz’ibayab Hun, nphr(n le of n5). printing. ympresion 186.

tz’ibayel‘ayik’lelil, nphr(vn4f of n5). inventory. ynventario 189.

tz’ibaybil, pp. drawn, imagined, painted. (1) figurada cosa, (2) pintada cosa.

tz’ibaybil’ik’ti’, nphr:pp & n5. history (written). ystoria, libro o escritura de historias 190.

tz’ibaybil bi vinik, s:pp/pred/ & nphr(n4f of n5). list of names.

matricula de nombres propios.

tz’ibaybil pok’, nphr(pp & n)5. canvas retablo. retablo.

tz’ibaybil ta tak’in, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). printed.

ympresa cosa 185.

tz’ibaybil ta Hun, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). inventoried. ynventariada cosa asi 89.

tz’ibaybil nphr(pp & n)5. wooden retablo. retablo.

tz’ibaybil vokol, nphr(pp & n)5. history of legend (written). (1) ystoria libro…190, (2) leyenda 195.

jtz’ib, agn. painter, scribe. (1) escribano, (2) pintor.

jtz’ib-‘olontortil, agn(tv & ncpd). wise man who discovers new inventions in books. sabio que halla trazos nuevos inventados en obras.

jtz’ibajel, agn. scribe. escribano.

jtz’ibay-Hun, agn(tv & ncpd). author. librero que….

jtz’ibay Hun ta tak’in, agn:tv & n & qphr(prep & n)cpd. printer.

ympresor 186.

jtz’ibay-tak’in, agn(tv & ncpd). writer who writes about metals.

escritor de tal o tal cosa

jtz’ibay-vinik, agn(tv & ncpd). writer who writes about people.

escritor de….

jtz’ibayvanej, agn. painter, scribe. pintor.

ta’ak’ol tz’ibaj, vphruhr(prep & -n4f) & iv. address. sabre escribir.

ta tz’ib, qphr:prep & n5. figuratively. figurativamente.

tz’ik

tz’ik, tv. be patient, conceal one’s anger or grief, endure, suffer for another’s sins. (1) encubrir el enojo o pena, (2) lastar, pagar pecados, (3) paciencia tener, (4) soportar.

tz’ikel, vn4d. concealment of anger or grief. encubrimiento.

tz’ikvan, iv. be patient. paciencia tener.

tz’ikvanej, vn5. concealment of anger or grief, patience. (1) encubrimiento, (2) paciencia.

mo jtz’ikomuk, vphrneg & agn/pred/. be impatient. ympaciente, no sufrido 185.

tz’is

tz’is, tv. sew, string (beads). RML—This root is most frequently given as tzitz, but in colonial Tzeltal it is invariably tziz (Guzmán, 1620:46, 75, 119, 193).

ensartar como cuentas.

tz’isan, tv. bind (books). encuadernar.

tz’isav, n4f. seam. costura, la señal que queda en lo cosido.

tz’isbil tuix, nphr(pp & n)5. string of garlic or onions. ristra de ajos o cebollas 300.

tz’isbil Hun, nphr(pp & n)5. book. libro.

tz’islajeb tak’in, nphr(n type n)5. large needle (that they sew with). aguja grande con que cosan.

tz’isom, n4d. sewing. coser.

tz’isomaj, iv. sew. coser.

jtz’is-jubon, agn(tv & ncpd). doublet maker. jubitero.

jtz’isom, agn. tailor. (1) coser, (2) sastre.

jtz’isvanej, agn. tailor. sastre.

tz’o‘

tz’o‘tz‘o’sat, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. squint-eyed. turnio de ojos.

tz’o‘el satil, s:aj/pred/ & n3d. squint-eyed. turnio de ojos.

tz’ok

tz’ok. generation. cf. tz’ak.

tz’ol

tz’ol. patch, pleat. cf. tz’al.

tz’om

tz’om. chair, court. cf. tz’am.

tz’ot

tz’ot, tv. turn (candle, stick), twist, twist between the fingers. (1) retorcer, (2) torcer entre los dedos.

tz’ot ta chon, vphr:iv + qphr(prep & n5). be poisoned by snakebite. emponzonar mordiendo viboras.

tz’otan, tv. straighten, twist. retorcer o dar vuelta lo tuerto.

tz’otbenal, n4f. sprain. retorcedura asi.

tz’otbil, pp. twisted. retorcido.

tz’otbil pok’, nphr(pp & n)5. unraveled cloth. manta deshilada.

tz’ottz’ot, aj. twisted. tuerta cosa algo retorcida.

tz’otey, tv/pass/. become twisted. (1) torcer entre los dedos, (2) torcerse asi algo.

tz’otel, n4f. sprain. retorcedura asi.

tz’otli, iv. straighten, twist. (1) retorcer, (2) retorcido

tz’oto-ti‘, n(aj & ncpd). crooked-mouthed. *Said as an insult.

besudo 39.

tz’otobil, n4f. sprain. retorcedura asi.

tz’ototik, aj. twisted (candles to make a torch). (1) retorcido, (2) torcida cosa o retorcida.

tz’otp’ij, iv. become twisted, twist. (1) retorcer, (2) torcerse asi algo.

tz’otp’ij’e, s:iv & -n4d. rebound with blade turning. rebotar torciendose el filo.

tz’otp’ijes, tv. straighten, twist. retorcer.

tz’otp’in, tv. make rebound, straighten, twist. (1) redoblar, (2) retorcer.

tz’otp’inbey ‘e, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. make blade rebound and twist. rebotar asi.

tz’otp’inel, vn4f. sprain. retorcedura asi.

tz’ub

tz’uban, tv. make pointed. puntado hacerse algo.

tz’ubtz’ub tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. tine. pua de hierr.

tz’ubey, tv/pass/, become pointed. (1) puntado asi, (2) puntado hacerse asi.

tz’ubey vphr:tv/pass/ + -n4d. make pointed. puntado hacerse algo.

tz‘utz’

tz‘utz’un, tv. suck (as when they suck a bone). chupar para sacar el zumo….

tz‘utz’unej, n4d. object being sucked. chupar para….

tz‘utz’up, n5. canine tooth (of any animal), whistle (made through one’s fingers). (1) colmillo, (2) silvete.

tz‘utz’upaj, iv. whistle (through one’s fingers). silvete.

tz‘utz’uptay, tv. whistle at. silvete o juguete para silvar.

tz’uj

tz’uj, iv. leak (glass, roof). (1) gotear asi, (2) salirse.

tz’ujebal, n5. leak. gotera, lugar do se llueve.

tz’ujel, vnlf. leak. gotera, lugar….

jay-tom stz’ujel? How many leaks does (the house) have? gotear asi.

tz’ujlemal‘atz’am, nphr(n4f of n5). salt deposit (on bottom of pot for making salt). sal negra.

tz’ujubal, n4f. dew (on plants or trees). (1) rocio, (2) rocio de arbol o mata.

tz’ujul, nle. dew. rocio de arbol o mata.

tz’ujultik, aj. dewy. rociada cosa o llena.

tz’uk

tz’ukulin‘ok, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. stumble. *This means to collide into, stumbling or falling. tropezar.

tz’ukulin lum, vphr:tv & n5. stumble over dirt. estropesar en palo.

tz’ukulin takiej, vphr:tv & -vn4d. violate a law. traspasar mandamiento de alguno.

tz’ukulin te, vphr:tv & n5. trip on a branch or root. estropesar en….

tz’ukulin ton, vphr:tv & n5. trip on a rock. estropesar en….

tz’ul

tz’ul’itaj, nphr(x type n)5. amaranth. RML—In modern Tzotzil, this refers to Amaranthus hybridus, A. spinosus. bledo.

tz’uk

tz’ukulinabil’okil, nphr(n4f of n3d). object one stumbles over.

tropezadero, cf. tropazadero.

tz’ukulinbey takiej, vphr:-dv & vn4d[B]. violate a law.

traspasar mandamiento de alguno.

tz’ukulinel‘ok, nphr(vn4f of n4d). stumble. tropezadura o estropiezo.

tz’un

tz’un, tv. plant. sembrar.

tz’un tz’usub, vphr:tv & n5. plant a vineyard. mazuelo plantar 206, cf. majuelo.

tz’un k’ob te, vphr.tv & nphr(n4f of n5). decorate with planted branches. enramar hincando amos.

tz’unbaj, tv. plant. sembrar.

tz’unbajel, vn5. planting. simiente.

tz’unbal, n4d. genealogy, seed. (1) genealogia, (2) semental cosa de simiento o para sembrar, (3) simiente.

tz’unbal nphr(n type n)5. slip. ramo para plantar.

tz’unbaltik, n5. garden. huerta 343.

jk’an jpas li ’yav tz’unbaltik. I want to make a garden here.

tz’unubil, n3d. seed, seedling. (1) planta para plantar, (2) semental, cosa…, (3) simiente, (4) huerta 343.

jk’an jpas li‘ yav tz’unubil. I want to make a garden here. huerta 343.

tz’unubil ’ol te‘, nphr:n type nphr(n4f of n5). slip. planta para plantar.

tz’unun

tz’unun pepen, nphr(n type n)5. green butterfly eaten by the Indians. RML—modern Tzotzil tz’ unun means hummingbird. This butterfly may have been the blue morpho. mariposa de las verdes que comen los indios.

tz’usub

tz’usub, n5. grape. parra, vid o cepa.

tz’usubtik, n5. vineyard. villa.

‘ak’il tz’usub, cf. ‘ak’(1).

CH

cha‘

cha‘-‘ak’ ta *‘aal, vphr:tv(num & tvcpd) & qphr(prep & n5). bid again. revidar.

cha‘-‘alc’ta‘al, vphr:tv(num & tvcpd) & qphr(prep & n5). bid again. revidar.

cha‘-‘al, tv(num & tvcpd). assure, repeat. (1) afirmar, tornar a decir lo dicho una vez, (2) duplicar carta o escritura.

cha‘-‘av, tv(num & tvcpd). reseed. sembrar otra vez.

cha‘-‘epaj k’op, s:iv(num & ivcpd) & n5. have subject be revived. recrearse algo.

cha‘-‘i, n(num & ncpd)4d. woman’s great-grandchild. RML—Presumably there was an absolute form cha‘-’111. bisnieto o bisnieta.

cha‘-‘ikatz, n(num & ncpd)5. one hundred weight quintal.

cha‘-‘ik’, tv(num & tvcpd). call again. duplicar carta…

cha‘-‘il, tv(num & tvcpd). reread. leer otra vez.

cha‘ ‘ox toj toj, vphr:numphr(num & num & nccpd) & tv-. pay in three installments. pagar por tercios.

cha‘-‘otes ta *‘aal, vphr:tv(num & tvcpd) & qphr(prep & n5). bid again. revidar.

cha‘-tz’ibay, tv(num & tvcpd). rewrite. duplicar carta…..

cha‘-tz’ibay Hun, vphrtv(num & tvcpd) & n5. rewrite. reatar, reescribir.

cha‘-tz’un, tv(num & tvcpd). reseed. sembrar otra vez.

cha‘-cho‘, tv(num & tvcpd). clean a second time (scraping). remondar.

cha‘-choj vacas, nphr:num(num & nccpd) & n5. two yokes of oxen. yugada de sierra 190.

cha‘-choj vacas xchabanan ta jun k’ak’al. extent of ground that two yokes of oxen can plow in one day.

cha‘-chuk, tv(num & tvcpd). tie again. reatar.

cha‘-ch’ixil, num(num & nccpd)4f. both (long objects as bananas, flutes). entrambas cosas largas.

cha‘-jach’, iv(num & ivcpd). fall again. recaer.

cha‘-jech‘ayan, vphr:num(num & nccpd) & iv. break in two.

partido en dos partes.

cha‘-jech‘e‘ek‘el, s:num(num & nccpd)/pred/ & nphr(n4f of n5). two-bladed ax. hacha que corta por dos partes.

cha‘-jech‘e hacha, s:num(num & nccpd)/pred/ & nphr(n4f of n5). two-bladed ax. hacha que….

cha‘-jech t’oxey, vphr:num(num & nccpd) & tv/pass/. be split in two. partido en dos panes.

cha‘-jok’ol, aj(num & ajcpd). hard aground. encallada cosa asi.

cha‘-jos, iv(num & tvcpd). clean again (scraping). remondar.

cha‘-jot‘ayan, vphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & iv. split in two.

RML—The verb is in the past tense. hendido en dos o tres partes.

cha‘-jot‘ayan ‘u‘ un, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & iv + -n4d. break in two. RML—The verb is in the past tense. romper por medio.

cha‘-kikil, aj(num & ajcpd). hard aground. encallada cosa si.

cha‘-kotol, num(num & nccpd)4f. both (animals). (1) ambos si son…, (2) entrambas cosas vivas.

cha‘-kux, iv(num & ivcpd). revive. revivir 287.

cha‘-kuxes, tv(num & tvcpd). renovate. renovar o caido.

cha‘-kuxey, tv(num & nccpd)/pass/. be revived. revivir 287.

cha‘-k’ol bat, vphrnum(num & nccpd)5 & iv. be two deep (wall of adobe or stones). pared de adobes.

cha‘-k’opoj, iv(num & ivcpd). reclaim. reclamar de gravio.

cha‘-k’os k’asey, vphr:num(num & nccpd) & tv/pass/. be broken in two. partido en dos panes.

cha‘-lamal, num(num & nccpd)4f. lining. enforrado.

cha‘-laman, tv(num & tvcpd). line. enforrar vestidura.

cha‘-lamanbil, aj(num & pp). interwoven, lined. entretejido asi.

cha‘-lamanbil lum, nphr:aj(num & pp) & n4f. lined. enforrado.

cha‘-likes k’op, vphr:tv(num & tvcpd) & n5. reclaim. reclamar de agravio.

cha‘-lom, num(num & nccpd)5. interwoven, lined. (1) enforrado, (2) entretejido asi.

cha‘-lom’av, tv:num(num & nccpd) & tvcpd. reseed. sembrar otra vez.

cha‘-lom k’op, nphr:num(num & nccpd) type n5. deceit, deceitful talk, gossip intended to arouse discord, lie, treason. (1) chismessar, cf. chismear, (2) doblada habla asi, (3) engaño, (4) forzadura 145, cf. forjadura, (5) traicion.

cha‘ lom k’opoj, iv:num(num & nccpd) & ivcpd. gossip intending to arouse discord, lie, speak deceitfully. (1) chismear, (2)forzar o decir 145, cf. forjar.

cha‘-lom k’opojel, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 type vn5. deceitful talk, lies forzadura asi 145, cf. forjadura.

cha‘ lom k’opojtayvan, iv:num(num & nccpd) & ivcpd. speak deceitfully. dobladamente hablar.

cha‘ lom k’optay, tv:num(num & nccpd) & tvcpd. deceive with fair-seeming words or manners. engañar con palabras o apariencias buenas.

cha‘ lom vaj, tv:num(num & nccpd) & tvcpd. reseed. sembrar otra vez.

cha‘-mekel, num(num & nccpd)4f. a second time. recaer.

xcha‘-mekel nejach’(or) xcha‘-mekel neyal. I fell a second time. recaer.

‘ayon‘ox ta‘utz’‘utz’ ta xecham xcha‘-mekel (or)’ayon‘ox ta kolel xe‘ipaj xcha‘-mekel. I was recovering, then I had a relapse. recaer en enfermedad.

cha‘ mel k’opoj, iv:aj(num & ajcpd) & ivcpd. consult in a group (as at courthouse). consultar muchos como el cabildo.

cha‘ mel k’opon ba, rv:aj(num & ajcpd) & rvcpd. consult in group (as at courthouse). consultar muchos…

cha‘-mom, n(num & ncpd)4d. man’s great-grandchild. RML—Presumably there was an absolute form cha‘-momil. bisnieto o bisnieta.

cha‘ muk’ta me‘, n(num & aj & ncpd)4d. great-grandmother.

RML—Presumably there was an absolute form cha‘-muk’tame‘il. bisabuela.

cha‘ muk’ta tot, n(num & aj & ncpd)4d. great-grandfather,

RML—Presumably there was an absolute form chacrrzuk’tatotil. bisabuelo.

cha‘-nup’mak na, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 type nphr (n of n)5. french doors. puertas ambas a dos.

cha‘-pas, tv(num & tvcpd). redo, repair. (1) duplicar carta o escritura, (2) sanear la cosa, (3) rehacer.

cha‘-pisil, num(num & nccpd)4f. both (round objects).

entrambas cosas redondas.

cha‘-p’el tza, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 type n4d. suspense.

suspenso estar.

cha‘-tek, num(num & nccpd)4f. both (towns). ambos si….

cha‘-tek pasel, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 type vn4f. made in two ways. formado en dos maneras.

cha‘-tek’, tv(num & tvcpd). pack down, trample underfoot. (1) recalcar, (2) rehollar.

cha‘

cha‘-tek’el, num(num & nccpd)4f. second in line. segundo en orden.

cha‘ ti‘il vinik, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 type n5. person who speaks empty words. vano en palabras.

cha‘-t‘ox‘ayan ‘u‘un, vphr:num(num & nccpd) & iv + -n4b.

split in two. hender en dos panes.

cha‘-t’ox cha’ley, vphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & tv-. split in two. hender en dos….

cha‘-t‘ox t‘ox, vphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & tv-. split in two. header en dos….

cha‘-va‘al, num(num & nccpd)4b. both (people), second in line. (1) ambos si son hombres, (2) entrambas personas, (3) segundo en orden.

jcha‘-va‘altik. both of us. entrambas.

cha‘-va‘al‘olol, nphr:num(num & nccpd)4f of n3d. woman’s second child. hijo segundo.

cha‘-va‘al muk’ta me’, nphr:num(num & nccpd)4f of nphr(aj & n)4d. great-grandmother. bisabuela.

cha‘-va‘al muk’ta tot, nphr:num(num & nccpd)4f of nphr(aj & n)4d. great-grandfather. bisabuela.

cha‘-va‘al nich’nal, nphr:num(num & nccpd)4f of n5. man’s second child. hijo segundo.

cha‘-va‘al nich’on, nphr:num(num & nccpd)4f of n5. man’s second child. hijo segundo.

cha‘-va‘al valej, nphr:num(num & nccpd) type n4d. second in line. el segundo de los que estan en pie.

cha‘-vaj, tv(num & tvcpd). reseed. sembrar otra vez.

cha‘-vinaj k’op, s:iv(num & ivcpd) & n5. have subject be revived. recrearse algo.

cha‘-vinik, num(num & numcpd)5. forty. cuarenta 279.

cha‘-vok”ayan, vphr:num(num & nccpd) & iv. break in two.

partido en dos parses.

cha‘-vok’vok’ey, vphr:num(num & nccpd) & tv/pass/. be broken in two. partido en dos panes.

cha‘-yal, iv(num & ivcpd). fall a second time. recaer.

cha‘cha‘-kot, n(num & nccpd)5. in pairs (animals). de dos en dos.

cha‘cha‘-vo‘, num(num & nccpd)5. in pairs (people). de dos en dos.

cha‘ej, n5. day after tomorrow. tras mañana.

cha‘ej xa‘oy domingo, s:qphr(n5 & pt) & n5/pred/ & n5. Friday. viernes.

chaley ba, rv. pretend. disimular 88.

mu xka‘i jcha‘aley jba. I pretend I don’t understand. fingir que no entiende.

mu xkil jcha‘aley jba. I pretend I don’t see it. disimular que no ve 88.

chaley ba‘elov, vphrry & -n4. pretend to be someone else.

simular lo que no es.

chaley ba ta’utz vinik, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5).

be hypocritical. ypocrita 189.

cha‘aleyel ba, rvn. dissembling. disimulacion 88.

mu xlcal jchaleyel ba. I pretend I don’t understand.

jcha‘aleyel jba ta chamel. I pretend to be sick.

jcha‘-chonojel, agn(num & vncpd). huckster. regaton, el que revende 288.

jcha‘ lom k’op, agn(num & nc & ncpd). deceiver, gossip, malicious person, traitor. (1) chismero, (2) doblado hombre, (3) engariador asi, (4) malicioso, (5) traidor.

jcha‘ p‘el tza, agn(num & nc & ncpd). person in suspense.

suspenso.

mu cha‘-lornal k’opuk, vphr:neg & nphr(n<num & nccpd> type n5)/pred/. simplicity. sencilles.

mu cha‘-lomalulc, vphr:neg & num(num & nccpd)/pred/. simplicity. sencilles.

ta cha‘-lom k’op, qphr:prep & nphr(num<num & nccpd> type n5). deceitfully, maliciously. (1) enganosamente, (2) maliciosamente, maligno, malignamente.

chabchab, num5. in pairs, two by two. (1) a pares, (2) dos a dos.

chabjey, n5. day before yesterday. (1) antier, (2) oy a tres dias 238.

chabjey‘oy‘ech’domingo, s:qphr(n5 & pt) & iv & n5. Tuesday. RML—The verb is in the past tense. martes.

chabjey ta‘ak’abal, qphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5). night before last. anteanoche.

chabjeychabjey, n5. three days ago. tres ethos de espacio.

chabjeychabjey icham. He died three days ago.

chajeychabjey‘oy k’ak’altik, s:n5/pred/ & pt & n5. tertian fever. terciana calentura.

chab (1)

chab, nle. paste, wax. (1) cola, engrudo, (2) cera 71, (3) engrudo o cola de la tierra.

chabil porn, nphr(natt & n)5. honeycomb. papal de abejas.

chab (2)

chab. day before yesterday, in pairs, night before last, tertian fever, three days ago, Tuesday. cf. cha‘ (1).

chab (3)

chabaj, iv. cultivate, plow. *Properly it means to cultivate land after the dead plants and trees have been burned. (1) arar, (2) labrar tierra, (3) rosa cabando o arando 301.

chabaj ta’ik’al pok’, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). be in mourning. enlutarse.

xechabaj ta’ik’al pok’yu’un to jtote. I am in mourning for my father.

chabajeb, n1d. cultivating tool. rosador, instrumento con que rosan 301.

chabajeb, n4d. cultivated field. arar.

chabajeb j-choj vacas ta jun k’ak’al, nphrn4f of nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n5) & qphr(prep & num & n5). extent of ground plowed by one yoke of oxen in a day. yugada de tierra 190.

chabajeb k’u‘ul, nphr(nld type n3d). mourning clothes. (1) luto, (2) vestidura de lutos.

chabajebal k’u‘ul, nphr(n type n)5. mourning clothes. iwo. chabajel, vn5. cultivation, fine of money or property, punishment. (1) labranza de tierra, (2) pena de dinero o castigo, (3) pena de dinero o hacienda….

chabajes, tv. fine. multar, penar con dinero.

chabal, n4d. improvement (in health). mejoria en dolencia.

chabal tz’usub, nphr(n of n)5. vineyard. mazuelo 206.

chabal tz’usub, nphr(n4f of n5). vineyard. viña.

chabal castillan chenek’, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. broad bean field. habar 164.

chabal castillan ch’um, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. melon patch.

melonar.

chabal chi’, nphr(n4f of n5). vineyard. viña.

chabal k’u’ul, nphr(n type n)3d. mourning clothes. (1) luto, (2) vestidura de lutos.

chabal juteb, vphr:aj/pred/ & aj. slightly improved (in health).

mejorar en la dolencia.

chaban, tv. cultivate, plow. (1) arar, (2) labrar tierra.

chaban chob, vphr:tv & n5. cultivate, plow. rosa cabando o arando 301.

chabanbil ‘osil, nphr(pp & n)5. cultivated ground. agada 27, cf. arada.

chabanbil ltun, nphr(pp & n)5. cultivated ground. labrada tierra.

chabi, tv. govern, guard, watch over. *To ask who governs Mexico or Guatemala they say: much’uy xchabian, who guards, or much’uy yajchabiomal, who is their guard. (1) gobernacion 155, (2) gobernar 155, (3) guardar como quiera.

chabi-‘ak’abal, vn(tv & ncpd)5. night patrol. ronda, aquel acto.

chabi k’oplal, vphr:tv & -n4f. comply with the ordinances or mandates of the king or courthouse RML—The noun is given as zcopbol. orden u….

chabiabil, n4f. storeroom. lugar donde algo se guarda.

chabiabil bel na dios, nphr:n4f of n4f of nphr(n of n)4f. sacristy.

sachristia.

chabiabil ch’uul komenalil, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5.

reliquary. relicario.

chabiat k’in, s:tv/pass/ & n5. holy day. fiesta de guardar.

chabibil k’anal tak’in, nphr:pp & nphr(aj & n)5. public treasury. tesoro publico.

chabibil to, vphr:pp/pred/ & pt. minor. menor de edad que esta de bajo de tutor.

chabiej, vn4d. possession. poseer.

chabiej-‘ak’abal, nphr(vn type n)5. night patrol. ronda, aquel acto.

chabiej ta na, nphr:vn4d & qphr(prep & n5). possession.

poseer.

chabiel, vn4d. custody. guarda.

chabiel me‘on, nphr(vn of n)4f. guardianship of an orphan.

tutela de aquesta.

ta jtojol xchabiel me‘one. The orphan is in my custody.

chabiel ta na, nphr:vn4d & qphr(prep & n5). possession.

poseer.

chabiomal, n5. custody, government. (1) gobernacion 155, (2) guarda.

chabivanej, vn5. custody. guarda.

chabjom, n5. cultivator. (1) labrador, (2) rosador o labrador 301.

chabjomal, n5. cultivation. labranza de tierra.

jchabatal, agn. farmhand, plowhand. RML—This reading is suspect. ganan.

jchabi-‘ak’abal, agn(tv & ncpd). night watchman. rondador.

jchabi‘antzil chij, agn:tv & nphr(natt & n)cpd. keeper of breeding mares. yeguarizo que las guarda 183.

jchabi‘ikatzinom caballo, agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd. muleteer. recuero.

jchabi-‘aitaj, agn(tv & ncpd). gardener. hortelano 242.

jchabi-‘unetik, agn(tv & ncpd). schoolteacher. maestro de escuela.

jchabi bel nail, agn:tv & nphr(n of n)cpd. butler who guards silver and gold platters. repostero de plata, oro.

jchabi-tz’usub, agn(tv & ncpd). vineyard keeper. viltadero que la guarda.

jchabi-chij, agn(tv & ncpd). drover, mule keeper, shepherd. (1) ganadero o pastor, (2) guardador de yeguas.

jchabi-chitom, agn(tv & ncpd). pigherd. porquero.

jchabi-chukvanab, agn(tv & ncpd). jailer. carcelero.

jchabi-ch’u, agn(tv & ncpd). priest. RML—This is probably a native priest. sacerdote 307.

jchabi-jom, agn(tv & ncpd). sailor. marinero.

jchabi-jomal, agn(tv & ncpd). skipper. patron de nao.

jchabi k’anal tak’in, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n)cpd. treasurer.

tesorero.

jchabi muktal k’op, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n)cpd. secretary.

sacretario.

jchabi-na, agn(tv & ncpd). house watchman, religious steward.

guardador de casa.

jchabi setet te, agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd. cart driver, cartwright. carretero.

jchabi xanvil caballo, agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd. muleteer.

harriero.

jchabi xanvil chij, agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd. muleteer.

harriero.

jchabi-tak’in, agn(tv & ncpd). treasurer. tesorero.

jchabi-te, agn(tv & ncpd). jailer. carcelero.

jchabi-na, agn:tv & nphr(n of n)cpd. gatekeeper. porteroque guarda la casa.

jchabi-tienda, agn(tv & ncpd). storekeeper. *Now they also say jchabi tienda. tendero que vende en tienda.

jchabi-tuluk’, agn(tv & ncpd). poultryman. gallinero que las cuide.

jchabi tuxnok’chij, agn:tv & nphr(n<& ncpd>type n)cpd

shepherd. ovejero que guarda ovejas.

jchabi tuxnok’chij tz’i‘, nphr:agn(tv & nphr<n type n>cpd) type n5. sheep dog. mastin de ganado.

jchabi-vacas, agn(tv & ncpd). cowherd, oxcart driver. *Common term for oxcart driver. (1) regidor de carreta 292, (2) vaquero.

jchabi ve‘ebal tak’in, agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd. butler who guards gold and silver platters. repostero de oro, plata.

jchabiej, agn. possessor, so-so object. xakak’be to caballo jchabieje. I will give you the horse such as is no good, he adds “mo’utzuk, Ha’xkak’ taj jchabiej.” And if the other wants to reply “I will take it such as it is,” ”Ha’uk no‘ox stza pisil xkich’” (1) poseedor, (2) tal cual.

jchabiej‘aboltayabil Hun, nphr:agn & nphr(n4f of n5). person who has been granted a privilege. privilegiado 271.

jchabiej-ch’u, agn(tv & ncpd). priest. sacerdote 307.

jchabiomal, agn. custodian, governor, guard. (1) gobernacion 155, (2) guarda, la persona que guarda, (3) guardador.

jchabiomal, agn4d. government. gobernacion 155.

jchabiomal-me‘on, agn(n & ncpd)4d. custodian (of an orphan).

tutor.

jchabiomal-padre, agn(n & ncpd). prelate. perlado.

jchabivanej, agn. custodian, guard, guardian. (1) guarda, la persona…, (2) guardador.

‘oy jchabiomal, s:n5/pred/ & agn4d. minor. menor de edad….

‘utz chabi bek’tal, cf.‘utz.

mu to ta tak’in chabi ba tuk, vphr:neg & pt & qphr(prep & n4e[A]) & ry + n4d[A]). be a minor (having a guardian). menor de edad….

chob, nld. cultivated field. (1) arar, (2) roca cabando o arando.

xibat ta chob. I am going to cultivate. yr a cabar 190.

chobtikil na, nphr(n type n)5. sheepcote. majada.

chobtikil vinik, nphr(n type n)5. fieldhand. labrador rustico.

jchob-‘abtel, agn(n & ncpd). cornfield laborer. peon que trabaja en cabar o hacer milpa.

*chaj

*chaj tontik, nphr(x & n)5. expanse of boulders or cliffs, hard ground. RML—In colonial Tzeltal this term refers to “pedrecillas” (Guzmán, 1620:92). fragosa cosa.

chak (1)

chak‘oy‘ il ‘a‘i, vphr:qphr(pt & s<n5/pred/ & tv->) & tv[A=A of tv]. recognize. reconocer.

chak Hech, ajphr(pt & aj). such a thing. tal cosa.

chakuk, pt. as if. manera respondiendo, de esta manera.

chakuk Ha‘uk juez (or) chakuk juezuk. as if he were a judge.

chakuk mu jna’jtuk. as if I didn’t know.

chak (2)

chak, n4f. bottom, deep hole, end, point. (1) cabo o auto donde se pone el recaton, (2) hondon.

chak, n5. buttocks. nalgas.

chak, n5. glue, paste. engrudo.

chak‘okil, nphr(n4f of n3d). heel. calcanar.

chaktzaj, iv. form a depression or hollow. quebrada o bajio….

chakchak, aj. with a depression or hollow (land). quebrada o bajio….

chaki, tv. glue, paste. *This comes from hechar por colas. encolar poner o fregar cola.

chakibil, pp. glued, pasted. encolado asi.

chakil, n3d. anus, buttocks, hindpart. *Coarse term. (1) nalgas, (2) rabo por satuonor, (3) salvanos, (4) si eso, cf. sieso.

chaklej, n4f. depression, hollow. quebrada o bajio….

castillan chak, cf. castillan.

chak (3)

chak-*ban, aj(aj & Pcpd). naked. desnudo.

chak-*bananot! Get undressed!

chak-chitom, n(aj & ncpd)5. peccary. puerco de monte.

chak-juban chi’, nphr(aj<aj & Ucpd>& n)5. red wine. vino tinto.

chak-*jutan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red sky. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the adjective is given as chicghutghut (Guzmán, 1620:30). bermejear el cielo a las matianas o tardes.

chak-*juttay, iv(aj & ivcpd). redden (sky at dawn or dusk).

bermejear el cielo….

chak-loman, aj(aj & ncpd). red (chili, blood). bermejear las cosas coloradas….

chak-lomtay, iv(aj & ivcpd). redden (chili, blood). RML—In colonial Tzeltal this is given as -chiclomtay (Guzmán, 1620:30). bermejear las cosas….

chak-lupan, aj(aj & ncpd). red (bald pate, metal on the forge). (1) arder como el hierro en la fragua, (2) calvo 351.

chak-luptay, iv(aj & ivcpd). burn red hot (metal on the forge).

arder como….

chak-palan ba, raj:aj & ncpd. with face red with anger.

demudarse de enojo.

chak-paltay, iv(aj & ivcpd). redden with anger (face).

demudarse de enojo.

chak-paltay ba, s:iv(aj & ivcpd) & -n4d. have face redden with anger. demudarse de enojo.

chak-pan, n(aj & ncpd)5. parrot. RML—In modern Chol pan means forehead. This term most likely refers to the red-lored parrot, Amazonia autumnalis, the only Chiapas parrot with a red forehead. papagayo ave conocida.

chak-xojan ton, nphr:aj(aj & Ucpd) & n5. translucent stone.

piedra que se transluce.

chak-te‘a, n(aj & ncpd)5. brazilwood. brasil.

chakal, n5. boil. divieso.

chakanol

chakanol, n1d. desperation, scorn, detestation. RML—This and the following entries have the same range of meaning in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:54, 124, 125, 131). In modern Chol the term refers to a serious crime. (1) desesperacion, (2) menosprecio.

chakanol k’op, nphr(n type n)ld. curse, scorn, detestation. (1) maldicion, (2) menosprecio.

chakanoltay, tv. curse, scorn, detest. (1) maldecir alguno, (2) menospreciar como detestando y abominando.

chakanoltay ba, rv. despair. desesperar.

chakanoltaybil, pp. cursed, detested, scorned. (1) maldito, (2) menospreciado.

chakanoltayvanej, vn5. curse. maldicion.

jchakanol-k’op, agn(n & ncpd). person who curses another.

maldecidor asi.

jchakanol tayanej, agn. person who curses another. maldecidor asi.

*chal

*chal, tv. split gradually (as when they want the split to be straight or when they make the mark first and then gradually open it up with their hatchets). *To tell (a person) to do it this way before putting the wedges in: manchuk toj j-likeluk apajchuchuy *chalo to bojel ba‘yuk, *chalbiluk to bojel cha‘leyo! Even though you could split it very fast with wedges, split it gradually first. Have it split gradually! RML—This same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:155). hender poco a poco.

*chalopol

*chalopol, aj. stiff with cold. (1) aterecerse, (2) aterecido, (3) yerto estar 183.

*chalopolon. I am stiff with cold. (1) aterecerse, (2) yerto estar 183.

cham

cham, iv. be or get sick, die, grow numb. (1) adolescer, estar malo, (2) enfermar, (3) entumecerse el pie, (4) malo estar 206, (5) morir.

xcham kok. My foot is growing numb. entumecerse el pie. toj echam. He is surely dead. muerto del todo.

cham‘u, s:iv & n5. have eclipse of the moon. eclipsarse la luna.

cham ‘u‘un, avphr:iv + -n4d. be mortal, kill. (1) matar, (2) mortal cosa que muere.

cham cha‘-‘atel, vphr:iv & n(num & nccpd)4e. have a relapse.

recaer en enfermedad.

cham k’ak’al, s:iv & n5. have eclipse of the sun. eclipsarse el sol.

cham ta sik, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be very cold, die of the cold. morir de frio.

cham ta taki-ti‘il, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n<aj & ncpd>5). die of thirst. muerto de sed.

cham ta vayel, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be sleepy.

soñoliento.

cham ta vi‘nal, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be hungry, die of starvation. (1) gana de comer…, (2) morir de hambre, (3) muerto de hambre.

cham ta yan, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & aj). be sentenced to death.

pena corporal.

chamal, aj. dead. muerto.

chame-vinik, n(aj & ncpd)5. dead person. (1) difunto 74, (2) muerto.

ba kik’tik chame-vinik. Let’s go get the dead person. difunto 74.

jk’opon dios yu’un chame-vinik. I pray for the dead. difunto 74.

chamebal, n3d. passage of death. posamiento de muerte 250, cf. pasamiento.

chamebalon. I’m nearly dead. malo estar casi a la muerte 206.

chamebal, n5. hell, limbo, purgatory. ynfierno 187.

chamebal nail, nphr(n type n)5. patrimony. patrimonio.

charnel, vn5. cholera, death, disease, lump jaw, mortality, sickness. (1) adolescer, estar malo, (2) colera, (3) dolencia, (4) enfermedad, (5) hava de bestias, (6) mortandad, (7) muerte, (8) pasion del cuerpo.

chamel echam jnich’on. My child fell ill and died. fatiga asi o adversidad.

chamel chij, nphr(vn & n)4d. glanders. muermo de bestias.

charnel chij, nphr(vn4e of n5). glanders. muermo de bestias.

chamolaj, iv. admire, marvel at, pity, sympathize. (1) admirar, (2) compadecerse o tener compasion, (3) maravillado.

chamolajel, vn5. marvel, miracle. *When we say marvel or marvel at they say be frightened especially when they are frightened by visions that they have seen or heard. (1) maravilla, (2) milagro.

chamolan, tv. pity, sympathize. compadecerse o tener compasion.

jcham-me‘, agn(tv & ncpd). motherless child. huerfano de madre 343.

jcham-tot, agn(iv & ncpd). fatherless child. huerfano sin padre 343.

jchamel, agn. dead or sick person, mortal. (1) adolescer, estar malo, (2) difunto 74, (3) doliente, (4) mortal cosa que muere.

ba kik’tik jchamel. Let’s go get the dead person. difunto 74.

jchamel k’ob, nphr(agn & n4d). one-armed person. manco de mano 207.

‘ipal charnel, nphr(aj & vn)5. epidemic, plague. pestilencia.

‘ipal chamelal, nphr(aj & vn)5. pestilential. pestilencial cosa.

‘ipal chamelal‘ik’. pestilential wind.

‘ipal chamelal ve‘el. pestilential food.

batel ‘osil mo‘oyuk charnel, s:qphr(vn4f of n5) & neg & n5/pred/ & vn5. immortality. ynmortalidad 185.

bik’tal charnel, nphr(aj & vn)5. swelling of the glands. landres del cuello.

k’in chame-vinik, cf. k’in (1).

mo no‘ox bak’in cham, vphr:neg & pt & pt & pt & iv. immortal. ynmortal cosa 185.

mo no‘ox chain bak’in, vphr:neg & pt & pt & iv & pt. immortal. ynmortal cosa 185.

mu cham‘oy, vphr:neg & iv & pt. perpetual. perpetua o continua cosa.

mu cham batel ‘osil, vphr:neg & iv & nphr(vn4f of n5). immortal. ynmortal cosa 185.

pisis charnel, cf. pis.

tzames, tv. greet, kill. *But now they use this verb seldom (for to greet). (1) matar, (2)saludar alguno.

tzames ba, rv. greet one another. saludarse unos a otros.

tzames choy, vphr:tv & n5. fish. pescar.

tzames dios, vphr:tv & n5. respect or revere God. acatar, hacer reverencia.

tzames rey, vphr:tv & n5. respect or revere the king. acatar, hacer reverencia.

tzarnesbey ‘e, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. warm (water or cold object). templar el cigua o cosa asi fria.

tzamesej choy, nphr(vn4d of n5). fishing. pesca de pescados.

xibat ta tzamesej choy. I am going fishing.

tzamesel’u‘un dios cham, vphr:nphr(vn + nphr<n4d of n5>) & iv. martyrdom. RML—The verb is in the past tense. martirio.

tzamesel jalal xeptik’tem Angel, nphr:nphr(vn4d of nphr<aj & n>5) + nphr(n4d of n5). greeting of the Virgin by the angel. salutacion del Angel.

tzamesvan, iv. kill, respect, revere. (1) acatar, hacer reverencia, (2) matar.

tzamesvanej Angel, nphr(vn4d of n5). angel’s greeting. salutacion del Angel.

jtzamesej, agn. killer, murderer. matador de tal cosa.

jtzamesej-chij, agn(tv & ncpd). deer hunter. matador de tal cosa.

jtzamesej-choy, agn(tv & ncpd). fisherman. (1) matador de tal cosa, (2) pescador.

jtzamesej nich’on, nphr(agn of n4d). man who murders his child. matador de hijo.

jtzamesej tot, nphr(agn of n4d). parricide. matador de padre. jtzamesvanej, agn. deadly thing, killer, murderer. (1) matador, (2) mortal.

jtzamesvanej chamel, nphr(agn type vn)5. fatal swelling of glands. landre que mata.

jtzamesvanej pox, nphr(agn type n)5. arsenic, deadly herb, poison. (1) yerva ponzoñosa 184, (2) ponzoña bebedizo 266, (3) rejalgar.

Chamo‘

Chamo‘, n5. Chamula. cf. nom. RML—This term is used in the modern Tzotzil of Chalchihuitán. distancia.

chan (1)

chan, tv. edify oneself, follow the example, learn, practice. (1) abecarse, (2) edificarse, tomar ejemplo.

chan ch’ilomajel, vphr:tv & vn5. fence. esgrimir.

chan k’eyoj, vphr:tv & n5. study music. estudiar.

chan k’op, vphr:tv & n5. study in school. estudiar.

chan k’op dios, vphr:tv & nphr(n4d of n5). learn the doctrine.

*There is no word for studiousness or diligence in a certain thing—they say I do such and such with a great deal of heart. estudio o diligencia.

toj talel ta kolonton ta jchan sk’op dios (or) t’abal kolonton ta jchan sk’op dios. I am learning the doctrine with diligence.

chan pat-vaj, vphr:tv & n(vn & ncpd)5. learn to make bread. panaderia, arte de ello.

tana jchan pat-vaj. Now I am learning to make bread.

chan ta ‘olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). learn by heart. de corar.

chan ta ti‘, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). learn by heart. decorar.

chan Hun, vphr:tv & n5. study (in school). estudiar.

chan yabutil, vphr:tv & n5. fence. esgrimir.

chanantas, tv. show, teach. RML—This is given variously as chanandas, chanamdas, chanandes. Modern Tzotzil is chanubtas. (1) abecar, (2) dispensado, (3) doctrinar 3, (4) enseñar, (5) mostrar, enseñar.

ejchanantas Pedro ta k’eyoj. I taught Pedro to sing. dispensado.

chanantas ba, rv. practice, study. (1) abecarse, (2) ensallarse para algo, (3) estudiar.

chanantas ta be, vphr.tv- & qphr(prep & n5). guide, show the way. encaminar, enseñar el camino.

chanantasvan, iv. lecture. sermonear.

chanantasvanab k’op, nphr(n type n)5. sermon. sermon. chanantasvanab na, nphr(n type n). school. escuela donde aprenden.

chanantasvanej k’op, nphr(vn type n)5. sermon. sermon.

chanbey, tv. copy, imitate. remedar.

chanbey‘ok, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. decoy, imitate or mimic one’s gait. (1) reclamar, (2) remedar.

chanbey ti‘, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. decoy, imitate or mimic one’s speech. (1) arrendar o remedar o imitar en la habla, (2) reclamar, (3) remedar.

xachanbey jti‘. You imitate my speech. arrendar o….

xajchanbey ati‘. I imitate your speech. arrendar o….

chanbol, n4d. subject to be studied. abecarse.

chanel k’op dios, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4d of n5). study of the doctrine. estudio.

t’abal kolonton ta xchanel sk’op dios. I am learning the doctine with diligence.

chanob, n4d. example being followed, subject being studied. (1) abecarse, (2) ejemplo que tomamos 136.

chanob‘ak’ot, nphr(n of n)5. dancing school. escuela de danzar.

chanob tzitzo‘, nphr(nle of n5). oratory, rhetoric. oratoria o retorica.

chanob castillan k’op, nphr:n4e of nphr(aj & n)5. study of Spanish. RML—Either the good friar was distracted or a Zinacantec was having some fun with him because obviously what is being studied is castillan k’op, the Spanish language, not castillan‘ixim, Spanish corn, i.e., wheat. gramatica, arte de la lengua latina.

chanob k’eyoj, nphr(nle of n5). study of music or singing. (1) arte de ciencia, (2) musica, arte de cantar.

chanob k’op, nphr(n of n)5. doctrine. doctrina 93.

chanob latin k’op, nphr:nle of nphr(aj & n)5. grammar.

gramatica, arte de la lengua latina.

chanob na, nphr(n of n)5. school. escuela donde aprenden.

chanob yabutil, nphr(n of n)5. fencing school. escuela de esgrimir.

jchan-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). disciple, student. (1) discipulo 85, estudiante.

jchan-Hun, agn(tv & ncpd). student. (1) discipulo 85, (2) estudiante.

jchanantasej-ch’ilomajel, agn(vn & vncpd). fencer. esgrimidor.

jchanantasej-yabutil, agn(vn & vncpd). fencer. esgrimidor.

jchanantasvanej, agn. doctor who teaches, teacher. (1) doctor que enseña 92, (2) maestro de escuela.

jchanvanej, agn. person who sets an example to follow. ejemplo que tomamos 136.

Ha‘te chanantasbil ‘un‘ ‘aajval, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & pp/pred/+ nphr<n4d of n4d/lp/>). disciple. discipulo 85.

chan (2)

chan-jechel, num(num & nccpd)4f. four quarters (mutton).

cuarto de carnero 279.

chan-jekel, num(num & nccpd)4f. four quarters (mutton). cuarto de carnero 279.

chan-kajal na, nphr. num(num & nccpd)4f of n5. Hell, particularly of the damned. *The fourth room or house of Hell. ynfierno particularmente de los datiados 187.

chan-kot, num(num & nccpd)5. four (animals). cuatro 279.

chan lajun mek, num(num & num & nccpd)5. fourteen times. catorce.

chan-lajuneb, num(num & numcpd)5. fourteen. catorce.

chan-xuk’, iv(num & ivcpd). stand at attention. cuadrarse 278.

chan-xuk’, num(num & nccpd)5. square. cuadrada cosa 278.

chan-xuk’ ‘aayan, vphr:num(num & nccpd) & iv. be squared.

cuadrarse 278.

chan-xuk’es, tv(num & tvcpd). square. cuadrar, hacer cuadrado 278.

chan-xuk’esabil, n(num & ncpd)4f. carpenter’s square, quadrant. cuadrante o cartabon 278.

chan-vinik, num(num & numcpd)5. eighty. ochenta.

han-vo‘, num(num & nccpd)5. four (people). cuatro 279.

chanib, num5. four. cuatro 279.

chanib, n5. reed. caña recia maciza.

chanib arroba, nphr(num & n)5. one hundred weight. quintal.

jchan ‘ut ni‘ chon, agn:nphr(n<num & nc> of n) type ncpd. fer-de-lance. *A kind with four windows in its nose. culebra, una especie….

chan (3)

chan. bee, caterpillar, clothes moth. cf. chon (2).

*chan (4)

*chanul, aj. gathered. ayuntada 14.

*chanul jom, nphr(aj & n)5. fleet. RML—This adjective occurs in the colonial Tzeltal term for fleet (Guzmán, 1620:91). flota.

*chanul k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. agreement, meeting. RML—This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:9) (1) acuerdo o junta, (2) ayuntada cosa.

*chanul-k’opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). consult with many (as in the courthouse). RML—This term occurs also in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:44). consultar muchos como el cabildo 62.

*chanul-k’opon ba, rv(aj & tvcpd). consult with many (as in the courthouse). consultar muchos…62.

*chanul vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. crowd. RML—Also occurring in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:96). (1) ayuntada cosa 14, (2) genre o gentio.

*chaxopol

*chaxopol, aj. stiff with cold. (1) aterecerse, (2) aterecido, (3) yerto estar 199.

*chaxopolot. You are stiff with cold. yerto estar de frio 199.

chauk

chauk, n5. lightning, thunder. *And they attribute everything to him. (1) rayo del cielo, (2) tronar.

chaukil tok, nphr(natt & n)5. storm cloud. niebla de la tierra abajo.

chay

chay. fish tamale. cf. choy (1).

chech

chech, tv. drag, lead against one’s will, pull. (1) engarrafar o asir, (2) traer por fuerza.

chechbil, pp. dragged. engarrafar o asir.

cheche

cheche, n5. fungus that grows on trees. RML—In modem Tzotzil chechev refers to many arboreal funguses. hongo que nace en los arboles.

chenek’

chenek’, n5. bean. juego de fortuna….

chenek’ bul, nphr(n type n)5. game of fortune (that they used to play with beans). juego de fortuna….

bik’tal chenek’, nphr(aj & n)5. lentil. lenteja.

castillan chenek’, cf. castillan.

xuch’ chenek’ te‘, cf. xuch’.

chenk’ul vaj, nphr(natt & n)5. bean tamale. empanada de frijoles.

chenk’

chenk’. bean tamale. cf. chenek’.

chep

chepel, aj. loose. floja cosa 144.

*chet

*chetan, tv. do (as when we say, “what is he doing, what is he up to, what did he come for?”). RML—This and the following root are given as synonyms corresponding to the colonial Tzeltal -cheghen (Guzmán, 1620:102). I have taken liberties in my reading of the example sentences, which are badly garbled. hacer como cuando…165.

k’usi *xchetan? mo k’usi, vayel no ‘ox *xchetan, ve‘el no ‘ox *xchetan. What is he doing? Nothing, he just sleeps, he just eats.

*chey

*cheyan, tv. do (as when we say, “what is he doing, what is he up to, what did he come for?”). hacer como cuando…165.

k’usi *xcheyan? What is he doing?

*cheyil vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. lazy person. flojo, negligence 144.

*cheyilal, n3d. laziness. (1) flojedad asi 144, (2) negligencia.

chi (1)

chi, n5. henequen fiber, maguey. hebra de hilo de maguey.

j-lik chi, cf. lik.

‘a‘lel chi, cf. Ho‘ (1).

pamal chi, cf. pom.

chi (2)

chi, iv. say, think. *As, I think he recovered, I think such and such made me sick. (1) decir a otro algo 84, (2) pensar como….

chi‘ (1)

chi‘, n5. wine. vino generaliter.

chi‘, aj. delicious, sweet. (1) dulce, (2) sabrosa cosa.

chi‘-Ho‘, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. salty water. salobre agua.

chi‘il Ho‘, nphr(aj & n)5. salty water. salobre agua.

chil‘ub, iv. become sweet. dulce hacerse.

tzajal chi‘, cf. tzoj.

mu to pas chi‘, vphr:neg & pt & tv & n5. must, new wine. mosto.

sakil chi‘, cf. sak.

chi‘ (2)

chi‘il, n4d. companion, familiar thing, friend. (1) amigo, (2) compañero, (3) familiar cosa.

chi‘il k’el ‘oy, nphr:-n4d & s(tv[A=P of chi‘il & pt). relationship. parentesco por sangre.

k’usi achi‘il xak’el ‘oy? What is your kinship?

chi‘il ta ‘a‘al dios, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). ritual kin of baptism. pariente espiritual….

chi‘il ta confirmation, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). ritual kin of confirmation. pariente espiritual….

chi‘il ta na dios, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). ritual kin of baptism or confirmation. pariente espiritual….

chi‘iluk, n4d. with. RML—Given as chiluk. (1) conmigo, (2) contigo.

jchi‘iluk. with me. conmigo.

chi‘in, tv. accompany, be familiar with, serve. (1) acompañara, (2) familiaridad (3) servidor y servir.

‘ep ta mek jchi‘in ta lo‘lo k’op. I join him frequently for recreation. familiaridad.

‘ep ta mek jchi‘in ta tajimol. I play with him frequently. familiaridad.

chi‘uk, n4d. and, with. (1) conmigo 57, (2) conmigo tener algo 64, (3) e, conjuncion, (4) y 183.

achi‘uk. with you. conmigo 57.

jchi‘uktik x‘atey. He is our neighbor. (1) e, conjuncion, (2) y 183.

Pedro xchi‘uk Juan. Peter and John. (1) e, conjuncion, (2) y 183.

Ho‘on jchi‘uk. and me. e, conjuncion.

‘oy chi‘il ta k’ulej, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d & qphr(prep & n5). live with another. morar con otro.

mo chi‘iluk, vphr:neg & -n4d/pred/. different. (1) diferente, (2) diferente de mi.

chib

chib, num5. two. dos.

chib ‘ayan, vphr:num & iv. fork (river). RML—The verb is in the past tense. dividirse el rio haciendose dos.

chib ‘olonton, s:num/pred/ & -n4d. doubt. dudar.

chib ‘olonton, nphr(num4e of n5). distrustful. receloso asi 289.

chib ‘olonton ‘u‘un, s:num/pred/ & -n4d + n4d. suspect. recetar sospechando 289, cf. recelar.

chib ‘olonton k’opoj, vphr:s(num/pred/ & n4d[S]) & iv. speak with doubt. dudosamente hablar.

chib ‘olonton ta tojol, s:num/pred/ & -n4d + qphr(prep & -n4d). suspect. recetar sospechando 289.

chib jobel, nphr(num & n)5. bedstraw. RML—In colonial Tzeltal this was chib ‘ak (chibac) (Guzmán, 1620:141). paja para cama.

chibaj ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. become doubtful of, repent, weaken in one’s resolve. (1) arrepentirse, (2) duda hacerle la en algo, (3) entibiarse en el proposito, (4) repentimiento.

chibal ‘avanab, nphr(num & n)5. duo (in singing). duo que se canta.

chibal ‘avanabal, nphr(num & n)5. duo (in singing). duo que se canta.

chibal k’op, nphr(num & n)5. deceitful talk, lie. forzadura asi 145, cf. forjadura.

chibal-k’opoj, iv(num & ivcpd). gossip, lie, speak deceitfully. (1) chismear, (2) forzar o decir palabras forzadas o dobladas 145, cf. forjar.

chibal k’opojel, nphr(num & vn)5. deceitful talk, lies. forzadura asi 154.

jchibal-‘olonton, agn(num & ncpd). person in suspense. suspenso.

jchibal-k’op, agn(num & ncpd). deceitful person, gossip, malicious person. (1) chismero, (2) doblado hombre, (3) maliciosa.

chich

chichin, tv. strain (through a cloth). (1) colar, (2) encolar, colar pano.

chichinab, n5. strainer. colar.

chichinab pok’, nphr(n type n)5. unraveled cloth. manta deshilada.

chichinabil, n4f. strainer. colar.

chichinabil castillan ‘ixim, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. wheat sieve. harnero.

chij

chij, n5. deer, horse, mule, ox, sheep, stag. (1) bestia, (2) caballo 53, (3) ciervo 71, (4) ganado mayor.

chijil chamel, nphr(natt & vn)5. glanders. muermo de bestias.

chijil vinik, nphr(natt & n)5. brutish person. bruta cosa.

elefante chij, cf. elefante.

tux-nok’ chij, cf. tux.

chik

chikilchikil ‘a‘i, vphr:n5 & tv. be ticklish. cosquillas sentir.

chikiltay, tv. tickle. cosquillas hacer.

chikin

chikin, n5. pillar. pilar para sostener edificios.

chikin, n4d. report or rumor that one has heard. fama de nuevas que yo hallo.

chikin ‘ib, nphr(n of n)5. oak. RML—In modern Tzotzil chikin-ib is Quercus acatenangensis and Q. mexicana. (1) encina 121, (2) roble de hoja pequeña.

chikin ‘ibtik, nphr(n of n)5. oak forest. encinal 121.

chikin bax, nphr(n of n)5. marble column. marmol, columna.

chikin na, nphr(n4f of n5). corner of house. esquina de casa.

chikin te‘, nphr(n of n)5. wooden column, pillar or railing. (1) columna o pilar, (2) pilar para…, (3) barandas 346.

chikin te‘, nphr(n of n)le. wooden corridor. andamos o andadero…, cf. andamio.

chikin ton, nphr(n of n)5. stone column, pillar or railing. (1) columna o pilar, (2) pilar para…, (3) barandas 346.

chikinil, n3d. ear. (1) oido, oreja, (2) oreja.

chik’ (1)

chik’, tv. burn, stir the fire. (1) atisar el fuego, (2) guemar.

chik’ ‘osil, vphr:tv & n5. burn the fields. quemar campos.

chik’ ta tak’in, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). brand (cattle, horses). herrar ganado con fuego.

chik’benal, n4f. burnt area. guemadura.

chik’bil, pp. branded, burnt. (1) herrada bestia, (2) quemada cosa con fuego.

chik’bil jomal xamitl, nphr:pp & nphr(natt & n)5. roofing tile. tejar de barro.

chik’bil lum, nphr(pp & n)5. pottery, pottery cup. loza, vaso de barro 199.

chik’bil xamitl, nphr(pp & n)5. brick. ladrillo.

chik’bil xamitl ta lumtik, nphr:nphr(pp & n)5 & qphr(prep & n5). brick floor. ladrillado suelo.

chik’bil xuch’, nphr(pp & n)5. pitch. pez.

chik’et ‘osil ‘u‘un, s:av & n5 + -n4d. excite disturbances. alborotar.

chik’il-k’ak’tay, tv(aj & tvcpd). set fire in patches. quemar dando fuego….

chik’il k’ok’, nphr(aj & n)5. burnt patch, fire in patches. quemadura o fuego de esta manera.

chik’ob caballo, nphr(n4d of n5). brand. hierro para herrar ganado.

chik’ob tan, nphr(n4f of n5). lime pit. calera.

chik’obil tan, nphr(n4f of n5). lime pit. calera.

chik’ulan, tv. stir the fire. atisar el fuego.

jchik’-‘ak’al, agn(tv & ncpd). charcoal maker. carbonero 51.

chik’ (2)

chik’ey, tv/pass/. be flooded. enaguasarse la tierra.

chik’il, n3d. sweat. sudor.

chik’il ta Ho‘, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). flooded. enaguasada tierra.

chik’inabil, n5. place where one sweats. sudadero o lugar do sudan.

chik’inebal, n5. place where one sweats. sudadero….

chil (1)

chil, n5. cricket. *It eats clothing and sings in the dry season. grillo de los que comen la ropa.

chil (2)

chilol, n5. rattle. sonajas.

chilol tak’in, nphr(n type n)5. rattle. cascabel.

chin (1)

chin; n5. mange, scab (with pus). (1) roña, sarna, (2) sarna.

chin-te‘, n(aj & ncpd)5. cudgel. porra para a porrear.

chinchin, aj. mangy. sarnoso.

chinchintik, aj. mangy, scabby (with pus). (1) roñoso, (2) sarnoso.

chin (2)

chin-bak, n(x & ncpd)5. bone marrow. tuetano del hueso.

chin-bakel, n(x & ncpd)4f. bone marrow. RML—This term persists in modern Tzotzil. tuetano del hueso.

chin-bakelal, n(x & ncpd)4f. bone marow. tuetano del hueso.

chinamil, n3d. brains. sesos o meollos.

chix

chix-te‘, n(x & ncpd). cherry. (1) ceresa, (2) goma de arbol.

chitom

chitom, n5. bacon, pig. (1) puerco o puerca, (2) tocino.

bik’tal chitom, nphr(aj & n)5. suckling pig. lechon.

te‘tikil chitom, cf. te‘.

voymoltikil chitom, cf. voymol.

chiton

chiton chuHaj, nphr(x & n)5. epilepsy. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term is chitamit (Gates, 1934b:24). gota coral.

jchiton-chuaj, agn(x & ncpd). person who faints. RML—This is given as chitoni chuagh. amortecerse.

cho

cho, n4d. cheek. RML—Presumably there was an absolute form choil, see Kaufman, 1972:83. mejilla del rostro 222.

cho‘

cho‘, tv. husk (broad beans), peel (pears or apples with a knife), skin. (1) desollar 82, (2) mondar algo como habas, (3) mondar quitando la corteza….

cho‘, n5. metate (used by women to grind corn). piedra para moler maiz las mugeres.

cho‘ben, n4d. skinned article. desollar 82.

cho‘benal, n4f. husk, peeling. mondadura asi.

cho‘il, n3d. gizzard. molleja de ave.

cho‘ilan, tv. weed a second time. remondar.

cho‘obil, n3d. molar. RML—Given as chohomil. muela de a boca.

chob

chob. cultivated field, cornfield laborer, fieldhand, sheepcote. cf. chab (2).

chochob

chochob, n5. acorn. bellota.

choj

chojet, av. sound of rainspouts, of cocoa being poured from one bowl to another, or of horses urinating. ruido hacer las goteras….

chojol, n4d. blood relationship, genealogy. (1) genealogia, (2) parentesco por sangre.

j-choj, num(num & nccpd)5. bunch (bananas, dates, grapes), pair (sandals), string (garlic, onions), yoke (oxen). (1) yunta de bueyes 191, (2) racimo de uvas, platanos, datiles, (3) ristra de ajos o cebollas 300, (4) un par.

xcha‘-chojol. the second bunch, etc. un par.

j-choj cuentas, nphr(num<num & nccpd> of n)5. string of beads. sartal de cuentas.

j-choj nichim, nphr(num<num & nccpd> of n)5. garland. sartal de cuentas.

j-choj ta vinik, nphr:n(num & nccpd)5 & qphr(prep & n5). genealogy. genealogia.

chol

chol, tv. line up, set in row. (1) concertar asi algo, (2) poner por orden.

chol ba, rv. line up. (1) concertarse por ringlera, (2) ordenarse asi.

chol chik’bil xamitl, vphr:tv & nphr(pp & n)5. lay a brick floor. ladrillar el suelo.

chol vinik, vphr:tv & n5. line up or assemble people (as in a procession). regir o concertar la gente….292.

cholbil te‘, nphr(pp & n)5. wooden grate. reja 299.

choley, tv/pass/. be lined up. ordenarse asi.

choley k’op, s:tv/pass/ & n5. have a discussion set in order. ordenar.

chollej, n5. row. ordenarse asi.

k’usi xapasik ta chollej? What are you doing lined up?

cholo-nok’, n(aj & ncpd)5. cotton armor (worn by the Indians). lariga, cota de algodon…200, cf. loriga.

cholo-nok’in, tv(aj & tvcpd). tuck up (by tying the ends). regazar 290.

choloj ba ‘ak’, vphr:s(rv/3s/) & tv. set in a row. ponor por orden.

choloj ba lok’ob-ba, s:rv & n(n & rncd)4d. solid row of shields. pabesada de pabesas 252.

cholol tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. coat of mail. (1) lariga cota de maya 200, cf. loriga, (2) malla o arma de malla.

chololcholol, n4f. lined up. concertado.

chololcholol, aj. lined up. ordenadamente.

choltajesbil k’op, nphr(pp & n)5. legal case. proceso en el pleito.

choltajesbil Hun, nphr(pp & n4d). legal case. proceso en….

j-chol, num(num & nccpd)5. row. orden continuada o ringlera.

j-chol tz’ib, nphr(num<num & nccpd> of n)5. line of writing. renglon de escritura.

j-chol jyabutil, nphr(num<num & nccpd> of agn)5. row of soldiers in battle order. haz batalla ordenada.

chon (1)

chon ba, rv. become a day laborer or soldier. entrar a jornal o soldado.

chon chi‘, vphr:tv & n5. sell wine. tabernear 329.

chonbil k’in, nphr(pp & n)5. day set for payment. plazo.

chonel patan dios, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4d of n5). simony. simonia.

chonel sacramento, nphr(vn4f of n5). simony. simonia.

chonob bek’et, nphr(n of n)5. butchershop. carniceria.

chonob chi‘, nphr(n of n)5. tavern. taberna de vino 329.

chonob choy, nphr(n of n)5. fish market. pescaderia donde se vende pescado.

chonob nukul, nphr(n of n)5. shop where skins are sold. pellejeria, lugar donde se venden.

chonob vaj, nphr(n of n)5. bakery. panaderia do se vende pan 246.

chonob vino, nphr(n of n)5. tavern. taberna de vino 329.

chonojebal, n5. market place. plaza, lugar donde venden.

jchon-bail, agn(tv & rncpd). porter. gana-pan.

jchon-bek’et, agn(tv & ncpd). butcher. carnicero.

jchon-chi‘, agn(tv & ncpd). tavern keeper, wine merchant. (1) tabernear 329, (2) vinatero que trata en vino.

jchon-choy, agn(tv & ncpd). fishmonger. pescadero que lo vende.

jchon k’op dios, agn:tv & nphr(n4d of n5)cpd. simoniac. simoniaco.

jchon panbil pom, agn:tv & nphr(pp & n5)cpd. taffy-seller. melcochero.

jchon-pan^oo, agn(tv & ncpd). rag dealer. trapero.

jchon patan dios, agn:tv & nphr(n4d of n5)cpd. simoniac. simoniaco.

jchon-p’olmal, agn(tv & ncpd). storekeeper. tendero que vende en tienda.

jchon sakil pok’, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n5)cpd. linen seller. lencero que vende lienzos.

jchon-Hun, agn(tv & ncpd). bookseller. librero que los vende.

jchonojel, agn. merchant, storekeeper. (1) mercader 220, (2) tendero que vende en tienda.

chon (2)

chon, n5. caterpillar, serpent, snake, spider, toad. (1) culebra generalmente, zapo, arana, (2) gusano de arbol, de verdura, de maiz, (3) serpiente generalmente, (4) sierpe.

chon choy, nphr(n type n)5. eel. anguilla.

jchan ‘ut ni‘ chon, cf. chan (2).

chanul, n4f. caterpillar. gusano de arbol….

chanul ‘atil, nphr(n4f of n5). crab louse. ladilla.

chanul ‘ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). corn grub. gorgojo.

chanul pok’, nphr(n4f of n5). clothes moth. polilla.

‘ajav chon, cf. ‘ojov.

chanul porn, nphr(n4f of n5). bee (generally). abeja en comun.

chop

j-chop, num(num & nccpd)5. pair (sandals). un par.

chox

*chox, tv. hold (alcalde’s staff, flyswatter). RML—This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:29, 208). (1) asir, tener…, (2) tener.

*choxoj, n4d. object held. (1) asir, tener…, (2) tener.

chot

chotan, tv. make person squat. sentar a otro.

chotey, iv. squat. (1) estar en cuclillas, (2) sentarse en cuclillas.

chotlej, n5. squat. sentamiento asi.

chotol, aj. squatting. (1) estar en cuclillas, (2) sentado asi.

choy (1)

choy, n5. fish. pez 252.

tzajal choy, cf. tzoj.

tz’i‘ choy, cf. tz’i‘ (1).

chon choy, cf. chon (2).

vinik choy, cf. vinik.

chayal vaj, nphr(natt & n)5. fish tamale. empanada de pescado.

choy (2)

choychoy ‘anil, nphr(aj & n)5. trot. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term is choychoy anumal (Guzmán, 1620:212). In modern Chol choychoynya refers to the sound of walking. trote asi.

choychoy-‘anilaj, iv(aj & ivcpd). jog along, trot. trotar o correr poco a poco.

chu‘

chu‘, n4d. udder (sow, cow). ubre de puerco o vaca.

chu‘ ‘antz, nphr(n4d of n5). woman’s milk. leche.

chu‘ tux-nok’ chij, nphr:n4d of nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. sheep’s milk. leche.

chu’il, n3d. milk. leche.

chu‘nom, n5. sucking (animal). mamanton.

chit‘ ul, n3d. breast. teta.

chu‘un, tv. entertain taking care to provide all that is needed, nurse. (1) mamar, (2) regalar teniendo cuidado de proveer lo que es menester.

chu‘un, iv. nurse. (1) amamantar, (2) mamar.

chu‘uneb ‘olol, nphr(n4d of n5). newborn child. niño o niña recien nacido.

chu‘unom, n5. nursing child. niño o niña de teta.

chu‘untas, tv. nurse. amamantar.

chu‘uy, n5. bag, knapsack, sack, saddlebag. funda como de almohada.

chu‘uy, n4e. pillowcase. (1) alforja, (2) balsa, (3) mochila, (4) saco costa!, (5) talega comunmente.

chu‘uy nuti‘, nphr(n type n)5. net, sack. talega de red.

chu‘uy tak’in, nphr(n4e of n5). surgeon’s case. estuche de cirujano.

chu‘uy yolobil, nphr(n4e of n5). quiver. aljaba.

jchu‘unel ‘unen, nphr(agn type n)5. nursing baby. niño o niña de teta.

jchu‘untasvanej, agn. wetnurse. (1) ama, (2) moza de servicio 226.

‘ilcatzinab chu‘uy, cf. ‘ikatz.

muk’-ch‘uy, n(aj & ncpd)5. large sack. saca o saco grande.

muk’ta chu‘uy, nphr(aj & n)5. wineskin. odre para vino.

muk’tik chu‘uy, nphr(aj & n)5. large sack. saca o saco grande.

nukul chu‘uy, cf. nukul.

nukulal chu‘uy, cf. nukul. gota coral.

tik’obil cht‘uy, cf. tik’.

chub

chub ba, rv. become shriveled or deformed (hand, foot). RML—This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:70). In modern Tojolabal chub’ u is “encoger (brazo o pierna)” (Lenkersdorf, 1979:103). encojido asi o manco.

chubbil, pp. shriveled, deformed (hand, foot). encojido asi o manco.

chuch (1)

chuch, n5. squirrel. harda.

chuch (2)

chuch k’ok’, vphr:tv & n5. stir the fire. hurgar asi el fuego.

chuchob k’ok’, nphr(n of n)5. poker. horgonero de horno 179, cf. hurgonero.

chuchobil k’ok’, nphr(n4f of n5). poker. horgonero de horno 179.

chuchoj, n4d. fire being stirred, stick being poked into fire. atisar y de esto hacer que haga llama.

jchuchvanej, agn. person who stirs the fire. atisador de esta manera.

chuk

chuk, tv. fasten, seize, tie. (1) atar o prender, (2) ligar, (3) prender.

chuk tzekil, nphr(n of n)3d. woman’s sash. faja de mujeres 140.

chuk-ch’utin, tv(tv & tvcpd). tuck up (under sash when working). regazar 290.

chuk ta ch’ojon, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). lead by the halter. encabestrar.

chuk ta ch’ojon tak’in, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<n type n>5). chain. encadernar.

chukav, iv. raise the roof purlins. techar.

chukay, tv. raise the roof purlins. techar.

chukbey k’ob, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. hobble. manear bestias.

chukbil, pp. jailed. preso.

chukel, vn4d. capture. prendimiento.

chukleb ve‘el, nphr(n4f of n5). gizzard. papo.

chukob k’obil, nphr(n of n)5. manacles. esposas, prision.

chukob k’op, nphr(n4f of n5). league (between allies). liga en amistades.

chukob vacas, nphr(n of n)5. yoke. yugo 190.

chukobil, n4f. cap or hat strap, falcon’s fetters. (1) fiador de gorra o sombrero, (2) pihuela de halcon.

chukobil ‘okil tak’in, nphr:nphr(n4f of n5) type n5. leg fetters grillos.

chukobil tz’i‘, nphr(n4d of n5). leash. traya para atar perros 338.

chukobil caballo, nphr(n4d of n5). fetters (horse, mule). suelta de mula o caballo…

chukobil jolol, nphr(n4f of n5). braid, scarf. trena a trenza.

chukobil k’obil, nphr(n4f of n3d). manacles. esposas, prision.

chukobil tonilil, nphr(n4f of n3d). truss. tira braguero.

chukobil vacas, nphr(n4d of n5). yoke. yugo 190.

chukoj, n4d. object being tied. atar o prender.

chukul, aj. narrow (unable to contain something). angosto que no cabe algo 24.

chukulil nab, nphr(aj & n)5. narrow body of water. mar estrecho.

chukvanab, n4f. jail. RML—As in modern Tzotzil of Larraínzar. carcel.

chukvanab ch’en, nphr(n type n)5. dungeon. masmorra 214.

chukvanab ta ‘ut lum, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4f of n5>). dungeon. sima o carcel de mazmorra.

chukvanej, vn5. capture. prendimiento.

j-chuk, num(num & nccpd)5. bunch, handful (tied bunch of herbs, torch sticks). (1) hacha de tea para alumbrar, (2) manojo o manada.

mu chukbiluk, vphr:neg & pp/pred/. loose, untied. suelto, cosa no atada.

chuk’

chuk’, tv. launder, wash. lavar.

chuk’bol, n4d. laundry bundle. envoltorio 98.

chuk’ob, n5. moat. RML—Perhaps this should be read chuk’om. cava.

chuk’om, n5. washing. lavamiento, el acto de lavar.

xebat ta chuk’om. am going to wash (glasses).

chuk’omaj, iv. launder, wash. lavar.

chuk’omajeb, n5. washing place. labadero, lugar de lavar 193.

jchuk’om, agn. laundress, washer. lavador o avandero.

chuman

chuman te‘, nphr(n of n)5. stump. tronco de arbol, si es tronco sin ramas.

chumay

j-chumay, num(num & nccpd)5. cubit. RML—This term is given as a numeral classifier in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:40). In colonial Quiche it means forearm (Edmonson, 1965:30). codo medida.

CH’

ch’a (1)

ch’a, aj. acid, bitter, sour. (1) amargo, (2) acedo 37.

ch’a chi‘, ajphr(aj & aj). oversalty. salada cosa, muy salada.

ch’a (2)

ch’ach’on ‘olonton, s:av & -n4d. be enraged. encenderse de ira.

ch’ach’onel, vn4d. rage. encendimiento asi.

ch’a (1)

ch’ail, n1e. smoke. (1) humo, (2) sahumerio.

ch’ail, n4f. bitterness. amargor.

ch’ail muibtayat, vphr:-n4e & tv/pass/. perfumed (with incense). perfumes.

ch’ailal pok’, nphr(natt & n)5. smoky clothes. humosa cosa, llena de humo.

ch’ailal vinik, nphr(natt & n)5. smoky person. humosa cosa, llena….

ch’ailay, iv. become smoky, cense, steam (wall or cloth). (1) ahumarse como la comida…, (2) ahumarse la pared o manta, (3) humoso hacerse, henchirse de humo, (4) sahumar.

ch’ailtas, tv. cense. sahumar.

ch’atay, tv. cense. sahumar.

ch’atayabil, n5. censer. sahumador en que sahuman.

ch’aub, iv. become bitter or smoky. *When they make threats over something which has brought pleasure they say: “xch’ aub to bak’ in” “sometime he will become bitter.” or “jch’ aubtas bak’ in” “I will make him bitter sometime.” (1) ahumarse coma la comida…, (2) amargar, (3)amargar hacer.

ch’aubel, vn4d. bitterness. amargar hacer.

ch’aubes, tv. embitter, make bitter. amargar hacer, cf. amargor.

ch’aubtas, tv. embitter, make bitter, RML—See ch’aub. amargar hacer.

‘ip ch’ail, s:aj/pred/ & n4e. smoky. humosa cosa.

‘oy ta ch’ail muibtayat, s:n5/pred/ & s(qphr<prep & n4e[S]> & tv/pass/). perfumed (with incense). perfumes.

laal ch’ail, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. smoky. humosa cosa, llena….

ch’a‘

ch’a‘al, aj. messy (hair). RML—This term persists in modern Tzotzil. redropelo.

ch’ab

ch’abaj, iv. fast. ayunar 14.

ch’abajel, vn5. fast. (1) ayuno 14, (2) cuaresma 279.

ch’ob, n5. fast, Lent. (1) ayuno 14, (2) cuaresma 279.

ch’ach’ak

xch’ach’ak, n5. pigeon. RML—This perhaps should be read xch’ achak. Both ch’ achak and ch’ach’ak in modern Tzotzil refer to the band-tailed pigeon, Columbia fasciata. (1) paloma, ave, (2) torcaza, paloma.

ch’aj (1)

ch’aj, aj. lazy, negligent, slow. (1) lerdo, perezoso, (2) negligente, (3) pereza, (4) perezoso, (5) tibia, cosa perezosa.

ch’aj vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. lazy person. perezoso.

ch’ajch’aj, aj. lazily, negligently. (1) negligentemente, (2) perezosamente.

ch’ajil, n4d. laziness. flojedad asi 44.

ch’ajil, aj. lazy, negligent. (1) perezoso, (2) tibia, cosa perezosa.

ch’ajil vinik, nphr(aj & n5). lazy, negligent, or slow person. (1) flojo negligente 144, (2) lerdo, perezoso, (3) perezoso.

ch’ajilal, nld. laziness, negligence, slowness. (1) flojedad asi 144, (2) negligencia, (3) pereza, (4) tibieza asi.

ch’ajilal ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:nphr(n of n)5 & tv. be lazy. perezososer.

ch’ajleytay, tv. neglect. negligore.

ch’ajub, iv. be lazy. perezoso ser.

ch’ajubel, vn5. laziness. pereza.

ch’aj (2)

ch’aj. cord, guitar, halter, monocord, rope, string, twist. cf. ch’ojon.

ch’ak (1)

ch’ak, n5. flea. pulga.

‘ochem ch’ak, cf. ‘och.

ch’ak (2)

ch’ak, tv. break or cut roots or vines with which they bind the wood of their houses, break cord or thread, decide a legal case, investigate, judge, postpone, rip clothing, rule a government or town, sentence, set a day, limit or place, tear, undo. (1) aplasar tiempo o dia, (2) averiguar, (3) condenar, (4) descoser 79, (5) desaserse como descoserse 79, (6) determinar juzgando, (7) emplazar, (8) juzgar, (9) quebrar o cortar las raices…, (10) quebrarse el hilo o soga, (11) rasgar, (12) regir como pueblo o gobernacion, (13) romper ropa, (14) romperse, (15) sentenciar, (16) señalar tiempo o lugar para algo.

ch’ak, iv. be fined, become a lord, break (cord or thread), come undone, govern, rip, tear. (1) descoser 79, (2) desaserse como descoserse 79, (3) enseñorear hacerse señor, (4) gobernar 155, (5) quebrarse el hilo o soga, (6) romperse.

ech’ak ta Ho‘-vinik pesos. He was fined a hundred pesos. condenar.

ch’ak, n4f. rip. descocido 79.

ch’ak ‘olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. make up one’s mind. determinarse.

ch’ak ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. deliberate. deliberar.

ch’ak tzamesel, s:iv & -vn4d. be sentenced to death. RML—The verb is in the past tense. condenar.

ch’ak k’in, vphr:tv & -n4e. set a day or deadline for something. señalar tiempo o lugar para algo.

ch’ak lum, vphr:tv & n5. mark boundaries of inherited land. alindar heredad.

ch’ak majel, s:iv & -vn4d. be sentenced to a beating. RML—The verb is in the past tense. condenar.

ch’ak nivel ‘u‘un, s:iv & n5 + -n4d. level. nivelar.

ch’ak patan, vphr:tv & n5. set tribute. tazar tributo.

ch’ak ta ‘olonton, vphr:tv - & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). make up one’s mind. determinarse.

ch’ak ta be k’op, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & n5) & n4d[A]. cut short conversation. abreviar platica.

ch’ak tojobil, vphr:tv & n5. set a price. tazar precio.

ch’ak tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f. price, set a price. (1) apreciar, señalar precio, (2) tazar precio.

ta jch’aktik stojol. We agree on the price. ygualarse en el precio 184.

ch’akal, aj. ripped, torn. (1) descosido 79, (2) quebrado asi, (3) quebrado asi, (4) rompida cosa.

ch’akaltik, aj. ripped in many places. rompida cosa por muchas partes.

ch’akalul, n4f. rip, tear. (1) quebradura asi, (2) rasgadura.

ch’akben, n4d. judgment or resolution that has been made. determinacion.

ch’akben k’op, nphr(n type n)4d. judgment or resolution that has been made. determinacion.

ch’akbey k’in, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. set a day. plazo dar.

jun ‘uuk nexch’akbey. He gave me a month. plazo de tres dias.

ch’akbey tojol mul, vphr:-dv & nphr(n4f of n4d[B]). sentence. sentenciar.

ch’akbil, pp. judged, ripped, set (deadline), torn. (1) descocido 79, (2) juzgado, (3) quebrado asi, (4) quebrado asi.

‘oxib k’ak’al ch’akbil. a deadline of three days. plazo de tres dias.

ch’akbil k’in, s:pp/pred/ & -n4e. deadline. plazo.

ch’akbil tojol, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. with price set. juzgado el precio.

ch’akbil ve‘el, s:pp/pred/ & -nld. ration. racion de comida.

ch’akbil sve‘el ta sna. He receives his ration at (someone’s) house.

ch’akeb, n4f. separation. anadidura para henchir 24.

ch’akeb k’op, nphr(n4f of nld). agreement, contract. partido o concierto.

Hechtik Hechtik xch’akeb jk’optik. Our agreement is like thus and so.

ch’akeb vaxakib k’ak’al nphr:n4f of nphr(num4e of -n4e). octave (eight-day fiesta). ochavas u ochavada.

ch’akebal ‘ik’ nphr(n5 of n4d). near death. malo estar casimuerto 206.

ch’akebal ‘ol, nphr(n5 of n4f). courthouse. cabildo donde se juntan.

ch’akebal na, nphr(n type n)5. council, royal audience. consistorio.

ch’akel, vnld. appraisal, judgment, punishment, sentence. (1) juicio, (2) justicia por el acto de hacer justicia, (3) sentencia, (4) tazacion asi.

‘oy epas ch’akel ta stojol. He was sentenced. juzgado.

ch’akel ‘olonton, nphr(n4f of n5). deliberation, intention. (1) deliberacion, (2) proposito.

ch’akel vaxakib k’ak’al, nphr:n4f of nphr(num4e of -n4e). octave (eight-day fiesta). ochavas u ochavada.

ch’akes, tv. divide, sentence. (1) despartir, (2) sentenciar.

ch’aklajetel, vn5. sound of pottery smashing. ruido de cosas quebradas de barro.

ch’ akob k’op, nphr(n of n)5. agreement, courthouse, gameroom where they play, meeting. (1) acuerdo o junta, (2) consistorio.

ch’akobil lum, nphr(n4f of n5). boundary marker. mojon.

ch’akoj, tv. determine. determinar juzgando.

ch’akoj, n4d. subject of investigation. averiguar.

ch’akoj ‘olonton, vphr:tv/ap/ & n4d[A]. make up one’s mind. determinarse.

ch’akvanej, vn5. judgment. juicio.

jch’ak tojol, nphr(agn of n4f). middleman. medianero en compra o venta.

jch’akel, agn. council, governor, judge, prefect, royal audience. (1) consejo o audiencia real, (2) gobernacion 155, (3) juez, (4) justicia, el que la hace, (5) regidor asi 292.

jch’akel ta ‘ol nphr:agn & qphr(prep & n4f[=agn]). governor, senator. RML—Córdova under senador refers the reader to oydor (Córdova, 1942:376). senador, gobernador.

ch’al

ch’al jol, vphr:tv & -n4d. braid. tranzar, cf. trenzar.

ch’albil vinik, nphr(pp & n)5. person who is ready. RML—This probably means ready in the sense of dressed, for ch’al in modern Tzeltal is to adorn (Slocum and Gerdel, 1965:135). presto.

ch’alob tux-nok’, nphr(n4f of n<n & ncpd>5). spindle. rueca de hilar.

ch’alobil tzotzil jol, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4e of n4d). braid. trenzado de mujer 338.

ch’alobil jol, nphr(n4f of n4d). braid. trenzado de mujer 338.

ch’am (1)

ch’am, tv. catch a contagious disease, light. RML—In colonial Tzeltal -cham is “encender fuego” (Guzmán, 1620:69). (1) alumbrar el fuego, (2) pegarse asi la enfermedad.

ch’am, iv. have epidemic strike. pegar enfermedad contagiosa.

ch’am ch’enal, s:iv & -n4d. have epidemic strike. pegarse la enfermedad tal.

ch’ambey k’op, vphr:-dv & n5. interpret, translate. ynterpretar en otra lengua…188.

ch’ambil, pp. contagious, translated. (1) contagiosa, pegada cosa, (2) ynterpretada cosa 189.

ch’amel k’op, nphr(n4f of n5). interpretation, translation. ynterpretacion 189.

ch’amet, av. be contagious, spead (sickness). (1) contagiosa, (2) pegarse la enfermedad.

ch’amob k’ok’, nphr(n of n)5. tinder (burnt cloth). yesca de mantas quemadas…184.

ch’amobil k’ok’, nphr(n4f of n5). tinder. yesca de mantas quemadas…184.

ch’amojel chamel, nphr(vn type vn)5. fatal tumor. landre que mata.

ch’amol, n5. lending. (1) emprestada cosa, dada prestada, (2) emprestar, dar prestado, (3) prestado, (4) prestado tomar.

xbat ta ch’amol. It is being lent. emprestar, dar prestado.

ebat ta ch’amol. It was lent. (1) emprestada cosa, dada prestado, (2) prestado.

*ch’amtan, tv. catch a contagious disease. RML—This same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:154). (1) pegar enfermedad contagiosa, (2) pegarse asi la enfermedad.

ch’amun, tv. borrow, rent, rent out. (1) arrendar, tomar arrendado, (2) emprestado tomar, (3) prestado tomar.

ch’amunbil, pp. borrowed. (1) emprestada cosas, tomada prestada, (2) prestado, recibido prestado.

ch’amunbil ku‘un. I borrowed it. prestado, recibido prestado.

ch’amunej, n4d. borrowed article. prestado, recibido prestado.

ch’amunel, vn5. borrowing. prestado.

ebat ta ch’amunel. It was borrowed.

ch’amunaobil, n4f. article to be borrowed, rent. (1) pension por alquiler, (2) renta….

jch’am-alcalde, agn(tv & ncpd). deputy alcalde. sustituto ser 324.

jch’am-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). interpreter, translator. ynterprete 188.

jch’am-na, agn(tv & ncpd). person who lives in another’s house. morar en casa ajena.

‘ak’ ta ch’amunel, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

ch’om, n4d. borrowed or rented article. (1) arrendar, tomar arrendado, (2) emprestada cosa, tomada prestada, (3) prestado, recibido prestado.

ch’am (2)

ch’amal, aj. little, small, trifling. RML—This term persists in modern Tzotzil. (1) chico, (2) menuda cosa, (3) menudencia, (4) pequeño.

ch’amal xa, ajphr:aj & pt. a little more. cf. bik’it. un poco mas.

ch’amal xa mu ta, vphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & neg & tv-. a little less. un poco menos.

bik’tal ch’amal, nphr(aj & n)4f. trifle. menudencia.

ch’an

ch’an chi, vphr:aj & iv. be calm or quiet, relax, shrink or withdraw from noise or impediment. (1) encojerse o recojerse de ruidos o embarazos, (2) quedo o sore gado, (3) reposar i quietarse el inquieto.

ch’an xechi. I am quiet. (1) callar, (2) encojerse o….

ch’an chian! Be quiet! reposar i quietarse el inquieto.

ch’an-chi, iv(aj & ivcpd). be calm or quiet, become peaceful, relax, shrink or withdraw from noise or impediment. (1) callar, (2) encojerse o recojerse…, (3) pacificarse, (4) reposar i quietarse….

ch’an chi ‘osil, s:aj & iv & n5. calm (without wind). calma.

ch’an-chi kotol, vphr:iv(aj & ivcpd) & aj/pred/. stand still (deer, horse). quedo estar.

ch’an-chi xanav, vphr:iv(aj & icpd) & iv. be at peace. paz tener.

ch’an-chi xanbal, s:iv(aj & ivcpd) & n5. peace. paz.

ch’an-chi va‘al, vphr:iv(aj & ivcpd) & aj/pred/. stand still (person). quedo estar de cosas animadas.

ch’an chiel, nphr(aj & vn)5. silence. silencio.

ch’anabal vinik, nphr(n type n)5. melancholy, pensive, silent, or withdrawn person. (1) callado, (2) encojido asi, (3) melancolico 207, (4) pensativo.

ch’anantas, tv. calm, check a horse with a violent pull of the bridle. conciliate, deprive of office, pacify, prevent from fleeing, stop. (1) despartir, (2) fenecer, hacer cesar, (3) pacificar, (4) pacificar, hacer paz, (5) privar, guitar de oficio, (6) quedar lo que huye, (7) sofrenar.

ch’anantas caballo, vphr:tv & n5. tame a horse. domar caballos.

ch’anantas ta chu‘, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). wean. destetar, quitarle la leche.

ch’anantas vacas, vphr:tv & n5. tame a bull. domar caballos.

ch’ani, iv. stop. (1) cesar 71, (2) fenecer.

ch’ani ‘u‘un ta ‘anil, vphr:tv + -n4d & qphr(prep & n5). make (horse or ox) stop running. quedar a lo que huye.

ch’ani ta ‘anil, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). stop in one’s tracks. quedarse asi.

ch’ani ta tze‘ej, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). stop laughing. finarse de risa.

ch’aniab, n4b. end, termination. (1) en fin, (2) fenecimiento, (3) termino por fin.

ch’anieb, n4b. end, termination. fenecimiento.

ch’anieb yabutil, nphr(n4f of n5). truce. treguas para cierto dia.

ch’aniel, vn1d. end, termination. fenecimiento.

ch’anielon ta tze‘ej. I have stopped laughing. finado de risa.

ch’anies, tv. prevent from fleeing, stop. fenecer, hacer cesar.

ch’anob, n5. stone on which they performed sacrifices. RML—This is given as chanem. piedra sobre que sacrificaban.

ch’anobil ton, nphr(n4f type n5). stone on which they performed sacrifices. RML—This is given as xechanebil ton. In colonial Tzeltal it is given as chamibal ton (Guzmán, 1620:160). piedra sabre que sacrificaban.

ch’anol, n4f. calm (wind). quedo o sosegado, viento.

‘ak’ ch’an chink, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

ta ch’anieb, qphr:prep & -n4f. finally. en fin.

ch’ay

ch’ay, tv. devastate, diminish, free from debt, lose, squander, tear up, waste. (1) asolarse 33, (2) desperdiciar, (3) destruirse, (4) disipar 89, (5) menguar, (6) perder algo.

ch’ay, iv. be absent from work, be depopulated in war, be destroyed or devastated, be lacking, die, disguise self, end, fall from a height, get lost, have one’s color or complexion change, ruin self. (1) acabarse o destruirse, (2) asolarse 33, (3) caer de alto, (4) despoblarse, acabandose en guerra, (5) destruirse, (6) disfrazarse, (7) faltar el que habia de venir a trabajar, (8) perderse, (9) perecer, (10) rebotarse el color o tez.

ch’ay, iv. be dead, disguised, dissipated or lost. RML—These are all given in the past tense. (1) disfrazarse, (2) disiparse, (3) perdida cosa, (4) perecido.

ch’ay ‘a‘i, vphriv & tv[O = S of iv]. forget. RML—The intransitive verb is in the past tense. olvidar.

ch’ay ‘ik’, s:iv & -n4d. die. morir.

ch’ay ‘ik’s:iv & -n4d. be dead. RML—The verb is in the past tense. muerto del todo.

ch’ay ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be struck with amazement, deceive oneself, go mad. (1) embebecerse, (2) engañarse, (3) enloquecerse.

ch’ay ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be dissolute, forgotten, mad or struck with amazement. RML—The verb is in the past tense. (1) disoluta muger, (2) embebecido, (3) enloquecido, (4) olvidar, (5) olvidada cosa.

ch’ay ‘olonton ‘u‘un, s:iv & -n4d + -n4d. make person forget. guitar alga de la memoria.

ch’ay ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. lose. perder algo.

ch’ay ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. squander. RML—The verb is in the past tense. disipar.

ch’ay ba, rv. disguise oneself. disfrazarse.

ch’ay-tzaij, iv(tv & ivcpd). be befuddled. rebotarse en el entendimiento.

ch’ay ch’ulel, s:iv & -n4d. be stupefied. embobeserse mirando algo.

ch’ay mul, vphr:tv & -n4d. absolve, confess. (1) absolver del pecado 33, (2) confesar.

ch’ay na‘el ‘u‘un, s:iv & -vn4f + -n4d. destroy one’s reputation. guitar la honra.

ch’ay patan, s:iv & -n4d. be absolved from work or retired. RML—The verb is in the past tense. (1) jubilado, suelto del trabajo, (2) jubilado ser.

ch’ay sat, s:iv & -n4d. be drowsy. trasponerse.

ch’ay xi‘el ‘u‘un, s:iv & -vn4f + -n4d. destroy one’s reputation.guitar la honra.

ch’ay ta ‘ach’el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). mire. encenagar.

ch’ay ta ‘ach’el, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). wallow. encenagarse.

ch’ay ta ch‘en, vphriv & qphr(prep & n5). fall off a cliff. despeñar.

ch’ay ta ch’en ‘u‘un, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5) + -n4d. hurl off a cliff. despeñar a otro.

ch’ay ta jom, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). sink (in a boat). arrugarse 23, cf. anegarse.

ch’ayal, aj. absent from work, diminished, lost. (1) faltar el…, (2) menguado asi, (3) perdida cosa.

ch’aybey, tv. absolve, free from debt, pardon. (1) perdon, (2) soltar deuda.

ch’aybey ‘olonton, vphr: -dv & n4d[B]. dupe. embaucar.

ch’aybey kola‘al, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. pardon. perdon.

ch’aybey k’op juramento, vphr:-dv & nphr(n4f of n5). free person from his oath. soltar la palabra o el juramento.

ch’aybey mul, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. absolve, pardon. (1) absolver del pecado 33, (2) perdon.

ch’aybil, pp. pardoned. perdonado.

ch’aybil ‘abtel, s:pp/prep/ & -n4d. exempt from work, retired. (1)franco privilegiado, (2) jubilado.

ch’aybil ba, s:pp/prep/ & -rn4d. disguised. disfrazado.

ch’aybil patan, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. exempt from tribute, retired. jubilado, suelto del trabajo.

ch’aybil ta ‘abtel, vphr:pp/prep/ & qphr(prep & n4c1[S]). exempt from work, retired. franco privilegiado.

ch’aybil ta patan, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). exempt from tribute, retired. franco privilegiado.

ch’ayeb, n4d. time or place of diminishment (of one’s sins). achicadura.

ch’ayeb k’a‘-‘ep, nphr:n4f of n(aj & ncpd)5. dump. establo no de bestias sino lugar de suciedades.

ch’ayel, vnld. death, disguise, loss, pardon, wallowing in mud. (1) disfrase, (2) encenagamiento, (3) perdimiento asi, (4) perdon, (5) perecimiento.

k’anbeyo xch’ayel amul. Beg pardon for your sins. perdon.

ch’ayel ‘olontonil, nphr(vn4f of n5). madness. loco.

ch’ayel bel nail, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n of n)5. prodigality. prodigalidad.

ch’ayob mul, nphr(n of n)5. concession of plenary indulgence. jubileo.

ch’ayobil mul, nphr(n of n)5. concession of plenary indulgence. jubileo.

jch’ay ‘ol vinik, agn(tv & n & ncpd). dissolute person. Perdido hombre o disoluto.

jch’ay-‘olonton, agn(tv & ncpd). forgetful person. olvidadiso.

jch’ay bel na, agn:tv & nphr(n of n)cpd. prodigal person. prodigo.

jch’ayel, agn. dead person. perecido.

ch’ej

ch’ejch’on, av. sound like a cracked bell. sonar como campana quebrada.

ch’ el

xch’el, n5. parakeet. RML—This parrot, described as smaller than the other parrots, was probably the orange-fronted parakeet, Aratinga canicularis. papagayo, ave conocida.

ch’elop

ch’elopil, n3d. rib. costilla.

ch’en

ch’en, nle. burrow, hole. (1) bivar, (2) hoyo 175.

ch’en k’anal tak’in, nphr:n4e of nphr(aj & n)5. gold vein. minero de oro.

ch’en sakil tak’in, nphr:n4e of nphr(aj & n)5. silver vein. minero de plata.

ch’en t’ul, nphr(n4d of n5). rabbit burrow. bivar.

ch’ench’entik, n5. many holes, place with many holes. hoyos muchos o lugar donde los hay 175.

ch’et

ch’etel tzaval jol, s:ajphr(aj & aj)/pred/ & -n4d. dishevelled hair. melena.

ch’etel tzotzil jol, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -n4d). dishevelledor mussy hair. redropelo.

ta ch’etlej jol, s:qphr(prep & n5)/pred/ & -n4d. with dishevelled hair. melena.

ch’i

ch’i, iv. grow. crecer.

ch’i ‘e, s:iv & -n4d. have new tooth grow in. mudar los dientes.

ch’i batel, vphr:iv & dr. grow up. crecer.

ch’i k’exol ‘e, s:iv & nphr(n4f of -n4d). have new tooth grow in. mudar los dientes.

ch’i k’uk’umal, s:iv & -n4d. fledge. (1) emplumecer, (2) emplumecido.

ch’ieb ‘aj, nphr(n4f of n5). reed field. cañaveral.

ch’ieb ch’uj, nphr(n4f of n5). cochineal cactus. grana.

ch’ieb vale‘, nphr(n4f of n5). cane field. cañaveral.

ch’iel, vn5. appearance of plants. nacimiento de plantas, yerbas.

ch’iom tzeb, nphr(aj & n)5. young girl. (1) borrico, (2) mosuelo asi 225, cf. mozuela.

ch’iom caballo, nphr(aj & n)5. colt. borrico.

ch’iom jkotz, nphr(aj & n)5. young rooster. pollo grande.

ch’iom kelem, nphr(aj & n)5. young boy or rooster. (1) borrico, (2) garzon, mancebo 151, (3) mancebo pequeño, (4) mosuelo pequeño 225, (5) pollo grande.

ch’iom sak-‘ichi, nphr(aj & n<aj & ncpd>)5. young egret.garceta.

ch’iom tenel te‘, nphr:aj & nphr(natt & n)5. tablet. RML—Perhaps tenel should be read tenal as given. tablilla.

ch’iom tuluk’ nphr(aj & n)5. pullet. pollo grande.

ch’iom tux-nok’ chij, nphr:aj & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. lamb. borrico.

ch’itas, tv. raise (child, dog, horse). (1) crecer, (2) criar nin^oos, caballos.

mo ch’i ‘a‘i, vphr:s(neg & iv) & tv. feel ill. malo estar 206.

ta ch’iel to, vphr:qphr(prep & vn5)/pred/ & pt. minor (in age). menor de edad que esta debajo de tutor.

yo‘ ‘oy ch’i, nphr:pt & pt & s(iv---). native country. RML—The verb is in the past tense. tierra patria.

tz’itas, tv. raise (child, dog, horse). crecer.

tz’itas ba, rv. support oneself. mantenerse.

ch’i‘

ch’i‘, tv. rip, tear. rasgar.

ch’i‘et, av. have trumpets sound. sonar las trompetas.

ch’i‘il aj. ripped, torn. rasgado.

ch’i‘iltik aj. ripped or torn in many places. rasgado.

ch’i‘ilul, n4f. rip, tear. rasgadura.

ch’ich’

ch’ich’, n5. blood, menses, pulse. (1) menstruo de muger 220, (2) pulso, (3) sangre.

ch’ich’ lukum, nphr(n type n)5. leech. sanguijuela.

ch’ich’-nak’al ‘a‘i, vphr:n(n & ajcpd)5 & tv. suffer from bloody dysentery. camaras de sangre.

ch’ich’ pojov, nphr(n type n)lf. serous blood. sanguasa 309.

ch’ich’el, n4d. blood, child (metaphorically). (1) hijo permetaphoram, (2) sangre.

ta xa ch’ich’ yaxaub, vphr:qphr(prep & pt & n5) & iv. uterine flux. RML—The verb is in the past tense. sangre lluvia.

ch’ij

ch’ij, tv. break one object against another. quebrar una cosa con otra.

ch’ijbenal, n4f. break. quebradura asi.

ch’ijbil, aj. broken. quebrado asi.

ch’ijch’onet, av. be strong (like a bone). reciente cosa 299.

ch’ijet, av. make a din with mirthful or quarrelsome talk, sound (flutes). (1) bullicio hacer como cuando hablan muchos 43, (2) chacota tener, (3) estruendo hacer…, (4) parlar asi con alborato, (5) sonar las flautas juntas.

ch’ijet ‘osil ‘u‘un, s:av & n5 + -n4d. excite disturbances.alborotar.

ch’ijetel, vn5. din of mirthful or quarrelsome talk, discord, dispute, disturbance, muttering, talk of many as in a cofradia. (1) alborotado, (2) bullicio hacer como cuando hablan muchos, (3) chighetel, cf. chacota, (4) diferenciao discordia, (5) diferentemente, (6) estruendo hacer…, (7) murmullo de genre, (8) parla de muchos como en cofradia, (9) cuestion como…283.

ch’ik (1)

ch’ik, tv. darn, repair leaking roof. (1) adobar el tejado de las goteras, (2) reparar, (3) surcir o coser.

ch’ik ba ta jobel, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & n5). make one’s way through second growth. meterse entre yerbas o matorrales.

ch’ik ba ta voymol, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & n5). make one’s way through second growth. meterse entre yerbas….

ch’ik k’u‘, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. tuck up one’s skirts or blankets under one’s sash. regazar 290.

ch’ik ta lum, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & n). put underground. poner de tierra.

ch’ik ta sitz’el, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & vn5). darn, sew. surcir o coser.

ch’ikben, n4d. leak one has mended. adobar el tejado….

ch’ikil, aj. entered in second growth. metido asi.

jch’ikvanej ta sitz’el, agn(vn & qphr<prep & vn>cpd). darner, sewer. surcidor.

ch’ik (2)

ch’iket, av. warble. gorgear las ayes.

jch’iketel, agn. warbler. gorgeador.

ch’il

ch’il, tv. fry (eggs). freir, como freir huevos.

ch’ilbil chenek’, nphr(pp & n)5. bean flour. harina de frijoles.

ch’ilim, n5. corn flour, pinol. harina de maiz o pinol.

ch’ilob tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. frying pan. sarten para freir.

ch’ilob vaj, nphr(n of n)5. brushwood for oven. hornija, cf. horniga.

ch’ilobil, n4f. frying pan. sarten para freir.

castillan ch’ilim, cf. castillan.

ch’ilom

ch’ilom, n5. brave man, fight, fighter. RML—In modem Tzotzil of Chalchihuitán this term is used in the phrase ch’ilom majbenal as a synonym for the evil spirit, poslom. (1) atrevido, valiente hombre, (2) caballero 53, (3) pelea, (4) peleador.

ch’ilom ‘olonton, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be cruel. cruel.

ch’ilom xanav ta ‘ok, vphr:n5 & iv & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). foot soldier, pikeman. peon lanzero en guerra.

ch’ilom vinik, nphr(n type n)5. brave man, lowborn. (1) osado, (2) villano.

ch’ilomaj, iv. fight, skirmish. (1) escaramusar, (2) pelear.

ch’ilomajel, vn5. fight. pelea.

ch’ilomal, n5. skirmish. escaramusa.

ch’ilomal, n4d. courage. fortaleza de varon.

ch’ilomal vinik, nphr(n type n)5. lowborn. villano en la crianza.

ch’ilomay, iv. battle, fight. batallar o pelear.

‘ak’ ch’ilomal, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

ba ch’ilom, cf. ba (2).

mo ch’ilomuk, vphr:neg & n5/pred/. feeble (unable to fight or act vigorously). flaco que no puede pelear….

nakan jch’ilom, cf. nak.

ch’in—

ch’inin ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:nphr(aj & n)5 & tv. itch. comezon.

ch’ix

ch’ix, n5. thistle. abrojo.

ch’ix choy, nphr(n4e of n5). fishbone. espina de pescado.

ch’ix-majan, aj(aj & Pcpd). bristling with cold. enerisado asi.

ch’ix-majtay, iv(aj & ivcpd). bristle with cold. enerisarse por frio.

ch’ix-tontik, n(aj & n)5. sharp rocky place. fragosa cosa de unas piedras agudas.

ch’ixal, n3d. thorn. (1) espina, (2) pua de espina.

ch’ixal, aj. spiny. espinosa cosa.

ch’ixal ‘itaj, nphr(natt & n)5. borrage, thistle. borraja.

ch’ixal chitom, nphr(natt & n)5. porcupine. puerco espin.

ch’ixal choy, nphr(natt & n)5. bony fish. espinosa cosa.

ch’ixal nichim, nphr(natt & n)5. rose. rosa flor.

ch’ixal te‘, nphr(natt & n)5. thorny tree. espinosa cosa.

ch’ixil, aj. sprouting. reventar la simiente 287.

ch’ixil ‘isim, nphr(aj & n4d). new growth of beard. barbar otra vez despues de afeitado.

ch’ixtik, n5. thorny place. espinal.

ch’ it

ch’itet, av. sound of rainspouts, of cocoa being poured from one bowl to another, or of horses urinating. ruido hacer las goteras….

ch’iv

ch’ivet ‘e, s:av & -n4d. scold. regañar.

ch’ivet ‘e ta tze‘ej, s:av & -n4d & qphr(prep & n5). laugh softly, smile. reir un poco o sonreirse.

*xch’iv, n5. monkey. RML—I am hypothesizing here that monkeys’ frequent grimaces have won them this name. Given as xchiu, the same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:36). mona, cf. mono.

ch’ivit

ch’ivit, n5. fair, market. (1) feria, mercado, (2) mercado, lugar 220.

ch’ivitajeb choy, nphr(n4d of n5). fish pond. piscina, estanque de peces 261.

ch’ivitajebal, n3d. fair, marketplace. (1) feria, (2) mercado lugar 220, (3) plaza, lugar do venden.

ch’ivitajel, vn5. market trading. feriar, mercar o vender alli.

xibat ta ch’ivitajel. I am going marketing. yr a la plaza…189.

jch’ivitajel, agn. person who buys and sells at market. (1) feriar, mercar o vender alli, (2) plazera….

yo‘ ‘oy Hu‘ ch’ivit, nphr:pt & pt & s(iv & n5). marketplace. feria, mercado.

yo‘ ‘oy Hu‘ ch’ivitajel, nphr:pt & pt & s(iv & vn5). marketplace. feria, mercado.

ch’o‘

ch’o‘et, av. have stomach growl. rugir las tripas.

ch’ob

ch’ob. fast, Lent. cf. ch’ab.

ch’oj

ch’oj, tv. chisel, drill, engrave, perforate, pierce, sculpt wooden image. (1) agujerar algo, (2) dibujar cosa de bulb en madera 74, (3) escoplear, (4) horadar, (5) sincelar 319, (6) taladrar.

ch’oj, iv. be pierced, perforate, pierce. (1) agujerearse, (2) ho radar.

ch’oj ch’en, vphr:tv & nle. make a hole. hoyo hacer 175.

ch’oj te‘, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. masturbate (man). tocarse las panes vergonzosas.

ch’ojbenal ‘ok mak na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of nphr<n of n>5). pivot hole (door). quicio o quicial.

ch’ojbil, pp. pierced. agujerado.

ch’ojbol, n4d. object to be pierced or sculpted. agujerado.

ch’ojes, tv. pierce. horadar.

ch’ojob te‘, nphr(n of n)5. chisel. escoplo.

ch’ojobil, n4f. drill, hole. (1) agujero, (2) agujerado, (3) taladro.

ch’ojobil te‘, nphr(n4f of n5). chisel. escoplo.

ch’ojojtik, aj. with many holes. agujerado.

ch’ojol, aj. with a hole. agujero.

ch’ojolil tenam ton, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. breach. portillo de muro.

ch’ojoltik, aj. with many holes. agujerado.

ch’ojvan, iv. chisel. escoplear.

ch’ojon

ch’ojon, nld. cord, halter, rope. (1) cabestro o soga, (2) cordel, (3) soga.

ch’ojon jobel, nphr(n of n)5. grass rope. toma.

ch’ojon tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. chain. cadena.

ch’ojon vob, nphr(n type n)5. harp. harpa.

ch’ojonch’ojon k’opoj, vphr:aj & iv. speak harmoniously. cordel llaman….

ch’ajnuj, iv. make a halter, twist (as they twist rope on their thighs). (1) cabestro, torcer, (2) torcer, como tuercen sobre los muslos.

ch’ajnul, n4f. cord, fishline; halter, leather helmet strap. (1) amiento, (2) cabestro o soga, (3) cordel, (4) sedal para pescar.

mo ‘oyuk xch’ajnul. It has no halter. cabestro o soga.

ch’ajnul vob, nphr(n type n)5. guitar, monochord. (1) manucordio 227, cf. monocordio, (2) vihuela, instrumento musico 350.

ch’ajnul vob, nphr(n4f type n5). guitar, lute. (1) laud instrumento, (2) vihuela, instrumento musico 350.

ch’ajnuy, tv. make a halter, twist (as they twist rope on their thighs). (1) cabestro torcer, (2) torcer como….

ch’ajnuybil jobel, nphr(pp & n)5. grass rope. (1) soga de esparto, (2) toma, soga de esparto.

ch’ajnuybil no, nphr(pp & n)5. silk twist. torsal 336.

ch’ajnuybil seda, nphr(pp & n)5. silk twist. torsal 336.

ch’ajnuybil tuix, nphr(pp & n)5. string of garlic or onions. ristra de ajos o cebollas 300.

jch’ajnujel, agn. halter maker. cabestrero.

ch’ok

ch’okil, n5. lump (as on the face of a person afflicted with the pox). torondron como….

ch’okiltik, aj. with many lumps. torondron como….

laal ch’okil, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. covered with lumps (pox). torondron como….

ch’om

ch’om. borrowed, rented. cf. ch’am (1).

ch’op

ch’op, tv. put hand or finger in narrow place like mouth or nose. metida la mono….

jch’op ‘ixim ta p’in. I scoop the corn out of the pot.

jch’op jk’ob ta jti‘. I put my hand in my mouth.

ch’op ba, rv. masturbate (woman). *To ask women about their sins, you say: “me ach’op aba?” or “me ach’op abek’ tal ta ak’ob?” “Did you masturbate?” (1) metida la mano…, (2) tocarse las partes vergonzosas.

ch’op bek’tal, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. masturbate (woman). tocarse las partes vergonzosas.

ch’ot

ch’oti, tv. scratch hard. (1) escarbar, (2) rascar con un dedo.

ch’u

ch’u, n5. god. *But everyone says ”Dios.” dios.

ch’u te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. cedar (with a bigger leaf, lighter wood and reddish). cedro de hoja mayor…70.

ch’ual, n4f. divinity. divinidad 87.

ch’uiltas, tv. bless (meal, water), consecrate. (1) bendecir agua, comida, (2) consagrar o bendecir.

ch’uiltasbil Ho‘, nphr(pp & n)5. holy water. agua bendita.

ch’ uiltasvanej, vn5. blessing. bendicion.

ch’uiv, iv. pray. have to say “in God or with God.” *There is no active form, as to say, “I pray to God,” they have to say “in God or with God.” (1) orar, (2) rezar, orar.

ch’uivej, vn5. prayer. oracion.

ch’uivel Ho‘, nphr(vn type n)5. holy water. agua bendita.

ch’uivil, n5. person who prays. (1) orador, (2) rezador que ora.

ch’ ulel, nld. happiness. dicha.

ch’ulel satil, nphr(n4f of n3d). pupil (eye). niña del ojo.

ch’ulelajel, vn5. prosperity. prosperidad.

ch’ulelil, n3d. fate, happiness, luck, mind, soul. (1) aguero 12, (2) alma, (3) anima, (4) hado o ventura, (5) mente, (6) ventura buena.

ch’uul, aj. holy, spiritual. sagrada cosa.

ch’uul chi‘il, nphr(aj & n4d). ritual kinsman. pariente espiritual por bautismo o confirmacion.

ch’uul komenalil, nphr(aj & n)3d. relics (of saints). reliquias de santo.

ch’uul k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. word of God. (1) dios de burla, (2) sagrada cosa, (3) santa cosa.

ch’uul-k’opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). worship. adorar.

ch’uul-k’opon, iv(aj & tvcpd). worship. adorar.

ch’uul me‘anajel xanbal, nphr:nphr(aj & vn) type n5. pilgrimage. romeria.

ch’uul me‘on, nphr(aj & n)5. desperately poor person. pobre con gran miseria.

ch’uul na, nphr(aj & n)5. church. sagrada cosa.

ch’uul xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. religion. religion.

ch’uul tot, nphr(aj & n)5. holy father. espiritual cosa como padre espiritual.

ch’uul vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. friar, priest. (1) dios de burla, (2) religioso, (3) santa cosa.

ch’uulib, iv. become holy. santo hacerse.

ch’uulibtas, tv. make holy, sanctify. santo hacer a otro o sanctificar.

ch’uulil, nlf. holiness. *But they talk this way rarely except when they say that someone is holy and the other responds: santidad.

k’usi xch’uulil? What is holy about him?

ch’uun, tv. believe, honor, obey, respect, revere, trust, worship. (1) crecer, (2) honrar, reverenciar, (3) obedecer, (4) respeto tener, (5) reverencia, acatar.

ch’uun ba, rv. live a good life. tratarse bien.

ch’uun vinik ton, vphr:tv & nphr(n type n)5. worship idols. ydolatrar 183.

ch’uunbey k’op, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. believe in or trust a person. fiarse de alguno….

ch’uunbil, pp. honored. *More commonly it is said that it is good or very good. honrado.

ch’uunbil vinik, nphr(pp & n)5. important authority. RML—The past participle is given as chunbil. grave, persona de autoridad.

ch’uunbol, n4d. that which must be believed. lo que es creido 68, cf. creencia.

ch’uunej, n4d. that which is believed. lo que es creido 68, cf. creencia.

ch’uunel, vn4d. belief, faith or respect that one receives. (1) creencia o fe…, (2) fe del que es creido, (3) honra con que es honrado.

ch’uunel ‘a‘i, vphr:-vn4d & tv. feel honored (as when we say we feel honored to be visited). honrosa como…240.

ch’uunel dios, nphr(vn4d of n5). one of the articles of the faith, belief in God. (1) articulos de la fe, (2) creencia o fe….

jk’an xch’uunel dios. I want to believe in God. fe del que es creido.

ch’uunel vinik ton, nphr:vn4d of nphr(n type n)5. idolatry. ydolatria 183.

ch’uunvan, iv. believe, honor, obey, respect. (1) crecer, (2) honrar, reverenciar, (3) obedecer.

ch’uunvanej, vnld. faith, honor or respect that one has. (1) creencia con…, (2) fe o creencia del que cree, (3) honra coma 240.

jch’uul-xanbal, agn(aj & ncpd). friar, priest. religioso.

jch’uun pak’tayej ch’u, agn:tv & nphr(vn type n)cpd. pagan. pagano.

jch’uun vinik ton, agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd. idolator. ydolatro 183.

jch’uunvanej, agn. faithful or obedient person. (1) fiel que cree, (2) obediente.

‘ep ch’uunat, vphr:aj & tv/pass/. honored. honro como 240, cf. honra.

‘ich’ ch’ulel, cf. ‘ich’.

ch’ulel, cf. ’il (2).

‘oy ch’ulel, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be happy or lucky. (1) aventurarse, (2) bienaventurado, o dichoso, (3) dichososer, (4) suerte buena…, (5) entura buena haber.

‘oy jch’ulel ekal jmul. I am lucky, I confessed my sins. ventura buena haber o venturo ser.

‘oy ch’ulel ta pasel, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d & qphr(prep & -vn4f). be prosperous. prosperamente hacer algo.

‘utz ch’ulel, cf. ‘utz.

mo ‘oyuk ch’ulel, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. be unhappy, unlucky or wretched. (1) desastrado, (2) desdichado, (3) suerte buena.

mo ‘oyuk ch’uunvanej, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. be without faith. fe del que es creido.

mo ch’uun lum dios, vphr:neg & tv & nphr(n4d & n5). be sacrilegious. sacrilegio.

mo ch’uun na dios, vphr:neg & tv & nphr(n4d of n5). be sacrilegious. sacrilegio.

mo ch’uuneluk dios, vphr:neg & nphr(vn4d & 5)/pred/. unfaithfulness. ynfidelidad 187.

mo ch’uunvan, vphr:neg & iv. be disobedient. teso, inobediente.

mo ch’uunvan vinik, s:neg & iv & n5. infidel. ynfiel, no cristiano 187.

mo ch’uunvanejuk, vphr:neg & vn5/pred/. unfaithfulness. ynfidelidad asi 187.

pak’tayej ch’u, cf. pak’.

pasnej te mo ch’uunvan vinike, cf. pas.

tajimol ch’u, cf. tajim.

Ha‘ te mo batz’i diosuk ch’uunane, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & nphr<neg & aj & n> & tv). pagan. pagano.

Ha‘ te mo ch’uunvanej, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & neg.& -vn4d/pred/). infidel. (1) ynfiel no cristiano 187, (2) ynfidelidad 187, (3) ynobediente 188.

ch’ub

ch’ub, nle. wall. pared.

ch’ub na dios, nphr:nle of nphr(n4d of n5). church wall. pared.

ch’ubaj, iv. lay or make adobes or bricks, lay stones (as do the officials). fabricar o asentar piedra….

ch’ubajel, vn5. construction. fabrication asi.

ch’uban, iv. build, lay or make adobes or bricks, lay stones. (1) edificar, fabricar o asentar piedra….

ch’ubanej, vn5. construction. fabrication asi.

ch’ubavil, n5. mason, official builder. (1) albañil, (2) edificador oficial, (3) fabricador u oficial asi.

ch’ubay, tv. build, console, lay or make adobes or bricks, lay stones. (1) consolar, (2) edificar, (3) fabricar o asentar piedra….

ch’ubay ‘olontonil, vphr:tv & n5. console. consolar.

ch’ubaybil si‘, nphr(pp & n)5. stacked firewood. leña hacinada.

ch’ubayej, vn5. construction. edification.

ch’ubayel ‘olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). consolation. consolador.

jch’ ubajel, agn. mason, official builder. fabricador u oficial asi.

jch’ubayej-‘olontonil, agn(vn & ncpd). consoler. consolador.

jch’ubayej-na, agn(vn & ncpd). builder. edificador de tal cosa.

ch’uch’

ch’uch’, n5. frog. (1) harda, (2) ramal.

ch’uch’ul

ch’uch’ul, n4e. sawdust. polvos de palo como aserraduras.

ch’uch’ul tak’in, nphr(n4e of n5). metal filings. limaduras.

ch’uch’ul te‘, nphr(n4e of n5). shaving, splinter, wooden chip. (1) astilla, (2) dolar con cincel…, (3) ripia de madera como astillas.

ch’uch’ul te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. shaving, splinter, wooden chip. ripia de madera….

ch’uch’ul ton, nphr(n4e of n5). stone chip. ripia de piedra.

ch’uch’ul ton, nphr(aj & n)5. stone chip. (1) dolar con cincel…, (2) ripia de piedra.

ch’uch’ul vaj, nphr(n4e of n5). breadcrumb. mendrugo menudo.

ch’uch’ul vaj, nphr(aj & n)5. breadcrumb. migajas de pan.

ch’uj

ch’uj, n5. cochineal. grana.

ch’ujal pok’, nphr(natt & n)5. cochineal-dyed scarf. grana, pano.

pim ch’uj, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. covered with cochineal bugs. gramoso, lleno de grana, cf. granoso.

toj ch’ujch’ujtik, ajphr(aj & aj). covered with cochineal bugs. gramoso, lleno de grana.

ch’ul

ch’ul, tv. brush, clean, cleanse, plane, polish, purify. (1) acepillar, (2) acicalar, (3) alisar, (4) limpiar, (5) purgar o limpiar.

ch’ul tak’in, vphr:tv & n5. file. limar.

ch’ul tux-nok’ chij, vphr:tv & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. card wool. peinar cardando la lana.

ch’ulbenal, n4f. rubbish. limpiaduras.

ch’ulbil, pp. clean, smooth. (1) alisado o liso, (2) limpia cosa.

ch’ulel, vn4d. cleanliness. limpieza.

ch’ulob, n5. polisher. acicaladera.

ch’ulob chij, nphr(n of n)5. curry comb. almohasa.

ch’ulob tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. file. (1) alisadera, (2) lima.

ch’ulob tan, nphr(n of n)5. trowel. plana de albañil.

ch’ulob te, nphr(n of n)5. plane. alisadera.

ch’ulobil, n4f. cleaner, polisher, purifier. (1) alisadera, (2) limpiadero, (3) pulidero para pulir 266, (4) purgatisa, cosa que purifica.

ch’ulobil tak’in, nphr(n4f of n5). file. acicaladera.

ch’ulobil te‘, nphr(n4f of n5). plane. acicaladera.

ch’ulobil tuk’al lum, nphr:n4f of nphr(natt & n)5. crossbow pellet mould. turquesa para hater bodoques.

ch’ulomaj, iv. clean. limpiar.

ch’ulul, aj. bright, glazed, pretty, slippery, smooth. (1) alisado o liso, (2) delicadero o deleznable, (3) linda cosa, (4) lucio 202, (5) vidriada cosa.

ch’ulul ‘osil, nphr(aj & n)5. slippery place. resbaladero.

ch’ulul seda, nphr(aj & n)5. satin, silk. razo, seda.

ch’ulul taza, nphr(aj & n)5. glazed cup. vidriada cosa.

ch’ululch’ulul ba, raj. pretty. linda cosa.

ch’ulum-ti‘, n(aj & ncpd)5. clever, wise. RML—In colonial Tzeltal chulumti is “abil” (Guzmán, 1620:4). (1) avisado, (2) abil.

ch’ulum-ti‘ij, iv(aj & ivcpd). become clever. abilitarse o hacerse habil.

ch’ulum-ti‘il, n(aj & ncpd)ld. cleverness. (1) abilitarse o hacerse habil, (2) modorro.

ch’ulvan, iv. brush, plane, polish. acepillar.

jch’ul-na, agn(tv & ncpd). mason. albañil.

jch’ul-tan, agn(tv & ncpd). mason. alisadera.

jch’ul-te‘, agn(tv & ncpd). carpenter. alisadera.

jch’ulvanej, agn. person who smooths floor or wall. alisadera.

mo ‘oyulk ch’ulum-ti‘il, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n(aj & ncpd)4d. be incompetent or stupid. ynhabil cosa 86.

mo ch’ululuk ba, vphr:neg & raj. ugly. fea cosa.

toj ch’ulul ba, vphr:adv & raj/pred/. beautiful, excellent (person). (1) gentil, hombre o mujer, (2) hermoso 169.

laal ch’ulul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. slippery. delicadero o deleznable.

ch’um

ch’um, n5. squash (a kind like a melon). RML—This term applies now to the pumpkin squash, Cucurbita moschata. calabaza otra especie de hechura de melones.

castillan ch’um, cf. castillan.

ch’upak’

ch’upak’, nle. soap, soapweed. RML—This term applies now to Cyclanthera langaei. (1) yerva jabonera 183, (2) xabon.

‘oy ch’upak’, s:n5/pred/ & -n4e. soapy. enjabonado 121.

ch’uxuv

ch’uxuval, n3d. nerve. nervio.

ch’uxuvtik, aj. nervous. nerviosa cosa.

ch’ut

ch’ut ‘a‘i, vphr:n4d[A] & tv. have dysentery. camaras tener.

ch’ut jkotz, nphr(n4d of n5). rooster’s dewlap. papada de gallo.

ch’ut k’obil, nphr(n4f of n3d). forearm (ventral surface). tabla de el brazo.

ch’util, n3d. belly. vientre.

ch’utul, n5. belly. vientre.

ch’utul, n4e. rip, tear. rasgadura.

ch’utub

ch’utub, n5. forefinger. dedo indice 351.

ch’utubtay, tv. point at or to. (1) a mostrar con la mano…, (2) demostrar con el dedo, (3) mostrar con el dedo o con la mano, (4) señalar algo con el dedo.

ch’utubtayej, n4d. that which is being pointed at or to. (1) a mostrar con la mano…, (2) demostrar con el dedo.

ch’uy

ch’uy, tv. break or cut the end off of. RML—In colonial Tzeltal -chuy is “cortor algo por las ramas o puntas o cabas, degollar” (Guzmán, 1620:46, 51). This root is given by Kaufman as “tajar” (Kaufman, 1972:212). (1) cortar algo por la punta o cabo, (2) quebrar o partir….

ch’uy jol, vphr:tv & -n4d. behead. degollar.

ech’uyot sjol. He was beheaded. cortar algo por la punta o cabo.

ch’uybey jol, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. behead. (1) degollar, (2) quebrar o partir….

ch’uybey nuk’, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. behead. degollar.

ch’uybil jol, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. with the end broken off. quebrado asi.

ch’uyilan-tzames, tv(tv & tvcpd). kill by cutting to pieces. matar despedasando.

ch’uyul, aj. with the end broken off. quebrado asi.

ch’uyulil, n4f. broken pieces. quebradura asi.

C

caballo (Sp.)

caballo, n5. horse. caballo 53.

bik’tal caballo, nphr(aj & n)5. small horse. haca.

mulav caballo, s:iv & n5. breeding stallion. garañon caballo.

nich’naj caballo, s:iv & n5. breeding stallion. garañon caballo.

caja (Sp.)

caja, n5. chest. candado.

makobil caja, cf. mak.

camisa (Sp.)

camisa, n5. shirt. cabezon, camisa.

nuk’ camisa, cf. nuk’.

campana (Sp.)

campana, n5. bell. campana.

natil campana, nphr(aj & n)5. cattle bell. esquilon.

natnat campana, nphr(aj & n)5. cattle bell. esquilon.

candela (Sp.)

candela, n5. candle. candela.

tz’otbil candela, nphr(pp & n)5. large taper with four wicks. hacha para alumbrar.

muk’ta candela, nphr(aj & n)5. large taper with four wicks. hacha para alumbrar.

candelero (Sp.)

candelero, n5. candlestick. candelero.

capa (Sp.)

capa, n4d. cloak. cf. k’e. presentar, hacer que reciben presente.

carneros (Sp.)

carneros, n5. sheep. cf. k’in (2). riñon de animal.

castilla

ta Castilla na, s:qphr(prep & n5)/pred/ & -n4d. Spaniard. natural, natural de Mexico.

castillan (Sp.)

castillan ‘ek’el, nphr(aj & n)5. iron hatchet. hachuela de hierro.

castillan ‘ich, nphr(aj & n)5. pepper, spice. (1) especies de comer, (2) pimienta.

castillan ‘ixim, nphr(aj & n)5. wheat. trigo.

castillan ‘umum, nphr(aj & n)5. duck, goose. pato, ganso.

castillan tzitz, nphr(aj & n)5. fennel. hinojo de castillo.

castillan chak, nphr(aj & n)5. glue, paste. cola, engrudo.

castillan chenek’, nphr(aj & n)5. broad bean, lentil. (1) haba 164, (2) lenteja.

castillan ch’ilim, nphr(aj & n)5. wheat flour. harina.

castillan ch’um, nphr(aj & n)5. melon. melon.

castillan ch’umtik, nphr(aj & n)5. melon patch. melonar.

castillan jom, nphr(aj & n)5. ship. nao y cualquiera otro navio.

castillan k’o, nphr(aj & n)5. brick or stone bridge. puente de piedra o ladrillo.

castillan k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. Spanish language. romance.

castillan makum, nphr(aj & n)5. mulberry, pomegranate. (1) granado, (2) moral, arbol.

castillan nok’, nphr(aj & n)5. linen. lienzo.

castillan pech’pech’, nphr(aj & n)5. lentil. lenteja.

castillan pok’, nphr(aj & n)5. linen. lienzo.

castillan pom, nphr(aj & n)5. incense. naveta de incienso.

castillan potov, cf. potov.

castillan toj, nphr(aj & n)5. piñon. piñon.

castillan tuil nichim, nphr:aj & nphr(aj & n)5. mint. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Larraínzar: tul nichim. yervabuena 183.

castillan tuix, nphr(aj & n)5. leek. puerro.

castillan tuluk’, nphr(aj & n)5. chicken. gallina de castilla.

castillan vaj, nphr(aj & n)5. wheat bread. pan de trigo.

castillan vinik pato, nphr:nphr(aj & n) type n5. goose. ganzo.

castillan vob, nphr(aj & n)5. lute. laud instrumento.

‘av castillan porn, cf. ‘av (1).

lo‘balal castillan toj, cf. lo‘ (1).

pech’e-‘ok castillan nichim, cf. pech’.

cebada (Sp.)

cebada vaj, nphr(aj & n)5. barley bread. pan de cebada.

clavo (Sp.)

clavo, n5. nail. (1) clavo, (2) tarugo, clavo de madera.

clavos te‘, nphr(n type n)5. wooden peg. tarugo, clavo de madera.

tasob clavos, cf. tas.

coles (Sp.)

coles, n5. cabbage. repollo de berza.

‘anal coles, cf. ‘anal.

confesion (Sp.)

confesion, n5. confession. confesar.

pas confesion, cf. pas.

confirmacion (Sp.)

confirmacion, n5. confirmation. pariente espiritual….

chi‘il ta confirmacion, cf. chi‘ (2).

coro (Sp.)

coro, n5. choir. coro.

cruz (Sp.)

cruz, n5. cross. crucificar.

baj ta cruz, cf. baj (1).

cuaresma (Sp.)

cuaresma, n5. Lent. cuaresma.

cuentas (Sp.)

cuentas, n5. bead. sartal de cuentas.

j-‘ak’ cuentas, cf. ‘ak’ (1).

D

dios (Sp.)

dios, n5. God. dios.

diosil, n4f. divinity. divinidad 87.

domingo (Sp.)

domingo, n5. Sunday. domingo.

domingoil, aj. referring to Sunday. domingo.

dominico (Sp.)

dominico, n5. friar. fraile, padre.

durasnos (Sp.)

durasnos, n5. peach. miel rosada.

pamal durasnos, cf. pom (1).

E

elefante (Sp.)

elefante chij, nphr(n type n)5. elephant. marfil.

‘e elefante chij, cf. ‘e (1).

enjalma (Sp.)

enjalma, n5. packsaddle. enjalma de bestia.

escuadra (Sp.)

escuadra, n5. right angle. escuadra, carta.

escudilla (Sp.)

escudilla, n5. bowl. fregadero de platos.

suk’obil escudilla, cf. suk’.

esgrimir (Sp.)

esgrimir, iv. fence. esgrimir.

espada (Sp.)

espada, n5. sword. espada.

especies (Sp.)

especies, n5. pepper. especies de corner.

espuela (Sp.)

espuela, n5. spur. espuela.

estribo (Sp.)

estribo, n5. sirrup. estribo de silla.

-‘ey

-ey, suffix. but, however. RML—In modern and colonial Tzotzil this suffix separates interrelated clauses, often showing contrast or cause and effect. empero.

‘utzey mo ‘oyuk ku‘un. It is good, but I do not have it.

jna‘ey mu xta ta kolonton. I know it, but I can not remember it.

F

firma (Sp.)

firma, n5. signature. firma de escritura.

Francia (Sp.)

Francia, n5. France, cf. lok’. rehenes dar.

frontal (Sp.)

frontal, n5. altar forehangings. frontal de altar.

G

gato (Sp.)

gato, n5. cat. gato.

gracia (Sp.)

‘ep gracia, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. endowed with grace. dotado de gracia.

granada (Sp.)

granada, n5. pomegranate. cf. nich. for de granada, de membrillo.

granado, n5. pomegranate tree. granado,

H

hacha (Sp.)

hacha, n5. ax. hacha para cortar leña.

higos (Sp.)

higos, n5. fig. hijos.

poxtaybil higo, cf. pox.

hoz (Sp.)

hoz, n5. sickle. hoz para regar.

I

iglesia (Sp.)

iglesia, n5. church. yglesia.

incienso (Sp.)

incienso, n5. incense. naveta de incienso.

‘av incienso, cf. ‘av (1).

J

* ja‘

*ja‘al, aj. unexpectedly. RML—The same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:209). toparse en una puerta o asi con otro.

ja‘al jtij jbatik. We meet unexpectedly.

*jach

*jachet, av. sound softly (wind, breeze). RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term is xghachachet (Guzmán, 1620:188). ruido hacer el aire o viento suave.

jach’

jach’, iv. fall, fall when walking. caer andando o como quiera.

jach’ebal, n5. slippery place. resbaladero.

jach’ub

jach’ub, n5. comb. peine.

jach’ubtasbil, pp. combed. peinado.

jach’ubtay, tv. card, comb, whisk. (1) cardar, (2)peinar alguna cosa.

jach’ubtay tux-nok’ chij, vphr:tv & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. card wool. peinar cardando.

jach’ubtayabil, n4f. comb, carding brush, clothes whisk, comb. escobilla para limpiar ropa.

jach’ubtayabil tux-nok’ chij, nphr:n4d of nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. carding brush. peine de cardador.

jak

jak, iv. deviate, withdraw. RML—Perhaps this means to be dissuaded. In colonial Tzeltal ghaquem is “desviado” (Guzmán, 1620:56). In modern Chol jac is “desgajar” (Aulie and Aulie, 1978:61). (1) alongarse, (2) apartarse, (3) desviarse.

jaka jol, ajphr(aj & aj). worthy, valuable. RML—In modern Tzotzil jaka to likem tal means to have come from a distance. estimable, cosa preciada.

jakal, aj. distant, foreign, from far away, on the wrong road. RML—In modern Tzotzil jakal ch’aj is industrious, and jakal to chamel is healthy. In colonial Tzeltal ghacal is “lexos” (Guzmán, 1620:118). (1) de lejos, (2) desviado, (3) lejos 196.

jakal talel, ajphr(aj & dr). foreign. RML—In colonial Tzeltal ghacal talel vinic is “estrano o estrangero” (Guzmán, 1620:87). extraño o extranjero 134.

jakes, tv. put on the wrong road, remove, remove to a greater distance. RML—Perhaps the first meaning should be to dissuade. (1) alongar, alejar otra cosa, (2) apartar algo, (3) desviarse, (4) guitar, apartar algo.

jakesbil, pp. put on the wrong road. desviado.

mo jaka k’opoj, vphr:neg & aj & iv. be reserved (person). esquiva persona.

mo jaka tak’ ‘ilel, vphr:neg & aj & vphr(tv & vn5). be elusive (person). esquiva persona.

mo jaka tak’ k’oponel, vphr:neg & aj & vphr(tv & vn5). be elusive (person). esquiva persona.

mo to jaka ‘iktayvan, vphr:neg & pt & aj & iv. be incontinent. yncontinente 186.

mo to jaka ‘oyuk ‘olonton, s:neg & pt & aj & n5/pred/ & -n4d. be inconstant. liviano en seso.

mo to jaka ta‘aj, vphr:neg & pt & aj & iv. be half-cooked. medio crudo.

mo to jaka ta‘aj ta voel, vphr:neg & pt & aj & iv & qphr(prep & vn5). be half-broiled. medio asado.

mu jaka Hechuk ‘epal, s:neg & aj & aj/pred/ & -n4f. a little less. poco menos.

mu to jaka ta, vphr:neg & pt & aj & tv-. a little less. poco menos.

jak’

jak’, tv. ask, investigate, pry into. (1) examinar 121 (2) escudriñar, (3) pescudar o preguntar, (4) preguntar.

jak’, n4d. investigation. examinacion 122.

jak‘ ‘ik’, vphr:tv & n5. exhale (as when they drink something sour or foul smelling and so as to not perceive the odor they exhale). soplar para fuera….

jak’o ‘ik’! Exhale!

jak’ ‘ik’, vphr:tv & -n4d[A]. exhale. RML—In modern Tojolabal jak’a ik’ is respiro (Lenkersdorf, 1979:138). soplar para fuera….

jak’ tza, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. request advice. pedir consejo.

jak’ mul, vphr:tv & -n4d. pry into another’s doings. escudriñar los hechos de otros.

jak’ mulil, vphr:tv & n5. search out sins. escudriñar pecados. jak’ pasnej, vphr:tv & -n4d. pry into another’s doings. escudriñar los hechos de otros.

jak’ ta ‘olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). intend to do, propose willingly. proposito tener.

jak’ tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f. price. estimar, tasar o apreciar.

jak’beat, dv/pass/. investigated. RML—The verb is in the past tense. examinado 121.

jak’bey, dv. ask. preguntar a otro de alguno 260.

jak’bey ba k’op, vphr:rdv & n5. consult with many (as in the courthouse). consultar muchos como el cabildo 62.

jak’beybil, pp. asked, investigated. (1) examinado 121, (2) preguntado.

jak’beyel, vn4d. question. pregunta.

jak’beyel ta k’uxul k’op, nphr:vn4d & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). questioning under torture. cuestion de tormento 282.

jak’bil, pp. asked. preguntado.

jak’ebil, pp. investigated. examinado 121.

jak’el, vn4d. question. pregunta.

jak’ob k’op, nphr(n of n)5. question. cuestion pregunta 282.

jak’obil, n4f. question. cuestion pregunta 282.

jak’obil ta xuk’ul k’op, nphr:n4f & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). questioning on the rack. RML—xuk’ul perhaps shoud be read k’uxul. cuestion de tormento 282.

jak’oj, iv. investigate. examinar 121.

jak’ojel, vn5. investigation. examinacion o excusa 122.

jak’van, iv. ask, investigate. (1) pescudar, (2) preguntar.

jak’vanej, vn5. investigation, question. (1) examinacion o excusa 122, (2) pregunta.

jjak’-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). investigator, scrutinizer. (1) examinador 121, (2) escudriñador de esta manera.

jjak’-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). scrutinizer. escudriñador de esta manera.

jjak’ojel, agn. investigator. examinador 121.

jjak’vanej, agn. investigator. examinador 121.

jal (1)

jal, tv. interweave, weave. (1) entretejer algo, (2) texer.

jalav, iv. weave. texer.

jalbil, pp. woven. tejida cosa 333.

jalbil jobel, nphr(pp & n)5. large grass basket. sera de esparto.

jaley, iv. become intertwined. entretejerse.

jjal pimil tux-nok’ chij, agn:tv & nphr(aj & nphr<n(n & ncpd) type n>5). weaver of coarse cloth. sayatero que lo obra 307, cf. sayalero.

jjal tux-nok’ chijil pok’, agn:tv & nphr<n(n & ncpd) type n>att & n5). wool-comber. perayle.

jjalom, agn. weaver, wool-comber. (1) perayle, (2) tejedor 333.

jal (2)

jolob, nld. woven cloth. (1) tela tejida, (2) tejedura 333.

jolobil, n5. woven cloth. tela tejida.

jal. charity, generous, lovable, pearl, protege, ritual kin, ruby, scarce, valuable. cf. jol (3).

jam

jam, tv. interpret, open, uncover. (1) abrir algo, (2) destapar, (3) significar.

jam, iv. accuse, open, split open (cotton, ripe pomegranate). (1) abrir, (2) abrirse como…, (3) acusar.

jam ‘osil, s:iv & n5. have sky clear. abonar aclarando el tiempo de las nubes.

jam ba, rv. show oneself ostentatiously or not. mostrarse con vanagloria o sin ella.

jam ba ta k’elvanej, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & n5). look upwards with mouth agape. mirar hacia arriba.

jam nuk’, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. clear one’s throat. gargajear.

jam ta tz’el jch’akel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of agn>). sue at law (criminal, debtor, accuser). pedir asi en juicio al reo….

jam ta chikin, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & -n4d). report news to. noticia dar a alguno o avisar de algo.

jamalul, n4f. opening. abertura absolutamente.

jambeat ‘u‘un dios, vphr:tv/pass/ + nphr(n4d & n5). known by revelation. RML—. The verb is in the past tense. revelacion.

jamben, n4d. opened object. abrir.

jambey, dv. interpret, reveal. (1) revelar, (2) significar.

jambey bek’tal, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. deflower. corromper doncella.

jambey pix jol, vphr:-dv & nphr(n of n)4d[A]. greet (by doffing one’s hat). saludar alguno.

jambey ta chikin, vphr:-dv & qphr(prep & n4d[B]). report news to. noticia dar….

jambey toj-ti‘el, vphr:-dv & vn(n & tvcpd)5. respond to enigmatic questions or signs. responder a argumentos enigmas.

jambeybil, pp. revealed. revelada cosa.

jambeyel, vn4f. revelation. revelacion.

jambol, n4d. accusation that must be made. acusar.

jameb k’ak’al, nphr(n4f of n5). sunrise. salida del sol.

james, tv. confess, reveal, say. confesar, decir o manifestar

algo.

jamob bail, nphr(n of n)5. duty, tax. alcabala.

jamob na, nphr(n of n)5. key, picklock. (1) ganzua, (2) llave.

jamobil ‘elek’, nphr(n4f of n4d). picklock. ganzua.

jamobil na, nphr(n of n)5. key. llave.

jamoj, n4d. article being opened. abrir.

jamvanej dios, nphr(vn4d of n5). divine revelation. revelation divina.

jjam-mul, agn(tv & ncpd). confessor who confesses his sins. confesante que descubre sus pecados.

jjam-na, agn(tv & ncpd). gateman. portero que guarda a casa.

jjambeyvanej, agn. revealer. revelador.

jjamvanej, agn. revealer. revelador.

mu jam, vphr:neg & tv-. deny. negar.

mu ta sjamuk. reluctantly.

mu ta jamuk, vphr:neg &. reluctantly. pospelo 268.

pox jamobil nuk’, cf. pox.

jan

janet, av. resound (bell). RML—In colonial Tzeltal -ghananet is “retiñir como campana” (Guzmán, 1620:184). retifur como campana 184.

janjonet, av. pray aloud with intonation. rezar alto como en tono.

jap

jap, tv. hold a candle, light up. alumbrar o tener candela.

jap-tajley, tv(tv & tvcpd). light up person with a torch or a candle. alumbrar alguno con tea o candela.

japapet, av. be translucent. trasluciente.

japbalal no, nphr(n type n)5. wick made of string. mecha de candil.

japbalal pok’, nphr(n type n)5. wick made of cloth. mecha de candil.

japbalal toj, nphr(n type n)5. pine torch. mecha de candil.

japet, av. shine, sparkle. (1) relumbrar, (2) resplandecer.

japetel, vn4f. radiance. resplandor.

japi, tv. grapple, hold, hold a sword, seize. (1) empuñar espada, (2) engarrafar o asir, (3) prendar, (4) tener.

japi ch’ay, vphr:tv- & tv-. grapple. engarrafar o asir.

japibil, pp. seized. engarrafar o asir.

japiej, n4d. object held or seized. tener.

japivan caballo, s:iv & n5. stallion. xmulav caballo, xnich’ naj caballo. *Horse that “takes” mares. So it is better (to say) xmulay caballo, xnich’naj caballo. garation caballo.

japivanej, vn5. grappling. engarrafamiento.

japjonet ‘ik’, s:av & -n4d. become famous or illustrious. esclarecerse o afanarse.

japluj, av. shine. lucir, resplandecer 202.

japluj ‘ik’, s:av & -n4d. become famous or illustrious. esclarecerse o afamarse.

japoj, n4d. object being lit up. alumbrar o tener candela.

jax

jax, tv. caress. (1) refrega, hablando como halagando, (2) regalar o halagar con la mano tocandole.

jaxal nojel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. brimful. arrasado asi.

jaxbey, dv. caress. regalar o….

ejjaxbey sjol. I caressed her head.

ejjaxbey sni‘ yolonton. I caressed her breast.

jaxet, av. sound of earth falling from a height, sound of flutes together. (1) ruido hacer como…, (2) sonar las flautas juntas.

jaxulan, tv. caress. refrega.

jaxulanbey, dv. massage (person’s painful belly). sobajar como la barriga al que le duele 324.

jat (1)

jat, tv. deflower, rip, split (firewood, wood), tear (clothing). (1) corromper doncella, (2) hender partiendo como leña o madera, (3) rasgar, (4) romper ropa.

jat, iv. crack (as earth, fresh tile or wood cracks in the sun), rip, split, tear. (1) henderse asi algo, (2) hendido asi, (3) henderse como…, (4) hendido asi, (5) romperse.

jatal, aj. cracked, ripped, split, torn. (1) hendido asi, (2) rasgado, (3) rompida cosa.

jataltik, aj. torn in many places. (1) rasgado, (2) rompida cosa por muchas partes.

jatalul, n4f. rip, splinter, tear. (1) agujero de cosa rasgada, (2) astilla de cosa quebrada, (3) rasgadura.

jatbil, pp. split. hendido que lo hendio otro.

jatbil ’abnal ti‘ tak’av, vphr:s(pp/pred/ & nphr<n5 of n4d[S of iv]>) & iv. reply shamelessly or repeatedly. responder desvergonzadamente o mucho.

jatel, vn4f. tear. RML—This is given as sjatal. agujero de cosa rasgada.

jatulan, tv. keep tearing, romper frecuentativo.

jatulan-tzames, tv(tv & tvcpd). kill by cutting to pieces. matar despedasando.

cha‘-jat ‘ayan, cf. cha‘.

jat (2)

jatanel, vn5. escape, flight. (1) huida de esta manera, (2) huido.

jatav, iv. escape, flee to the hills. (1) escabullirse, (2) huir.

jatavel, vn5. escape, flight. huido.

jatval, n5. escape, flight. huida de esta manera.

xebat ta jatval. I am fleeing to the hills. (1) amontarse, (2) huir.

jatviltas, tv. make flee to the hills. (1) amontar a otro, (2) hacer huir o ahuyentar 178.

jatviltay, tv. escape from person. huir de otro.

jjatanel, agn. fugitive. huidor que huye muchas veces.

jjatavel, agn. fugitive. huidor que huye muchas veces.

jjatvil, agn. fugitive. hombre que anda huido 240.

jat (3)

jataj, iv. quarrel. RML—This term persists in modern Tzotzil of Venustiano Carranza. reñir.

jatan, tv. quarrel, scold. (1) corregir reprendiendo, (2) reñir.

jjatal, agn. quarrelsome person. rencilloso 295.

bik’tal jatal, nphr(aj & n)5. quarrel. rencilla, renilla 295.

jbik’tal-jatal, agn(aj & ncpd). quarrelsome person. rencilloso 295.

jat’

jat’et, av. have trumpets sound. sonar las trompetas.

jav

jav, tv. begin to eat (break bread), break into pieces with the whole hand, split (firewood, wood). (1) encetar cf. encentar, (2) hender partiendo como leria o madera, (3) quebrar asi con toda la mano, (4) rejar.

jav, iv. break into pieces, break open (pomegranates, cotton), break up (ship), split. (1) henderse asi algo, (2) hendido por si, (3) quebrar asi con toda la mono, (4) quebrarse la cosa….

jav ’anal, s:iv & -n4f. leaf (beans, squash, melons). hojas echar….

jav vphr:iv + -n4d. aim well, wound. (1) acertar hiriendo, (2) tirar certero.

javal, aj. lying face up. (1) acostar asi, (2) estar echado de espaldas.

javalul, n4f. break. quebradura, cosa asi.

javan, tv. lay face up. acostar asi.

javay, tv. measure by armspans. brasada o una brasa.

javay, iv. be affronted or ashamed. RML—In colonial Tzeltal ghavay is “avergonzarse” and ghayayon is “estar despaldas” (Gates, 1934b:74). (1) afrentarse, (2) verguenza a verbo.

ejavay ku‘un. I shamed him. verguenza a verbo.

javayel, vn5. affront. afrenta.

javayes, tv. affront. afrentar a otro.

javayesej-k’op, vn(vn & ncpd). revelation. RML—The verbal noun was given as ghayavechogh. predicar, divulgar.

javbil, pp. broken, split. (1) hendido que lo hendio a otro, (2) quebrada cosa asi.

javes, tv. wound. acertar hiriendo.

javey, iv. be lying face up. (1) acostarse de espaldas, (2) estar echado de espaldas.

javob si‘, nphr(n of n)5. axe. hacha para cortar leña.

javobil si‘, nphr(n4f of n5). axe. hacha para cortar leña.

xjaval ‘ek’en, nphr(aj & n)5. swallow. RML—Modern Tzotzil is javal ‘ek’ el. golondrina.

‘ox-jov, cf. ‘ox (1).

j-jov, num(num & nccpd)5. one armspan, half, measure of 1.85 yards, part or piece. (1) brasada o una brasa, (2) estado, medida, (3) media cosa, (4) parte del todo, (5) pieza 261.

j-jov tocino, nphr:num(num & nccpd) of n5. one rasher of bacon. torrezno.

jovjov ‘u, nphr(aj & n)5. half moon. media luna.

jay (1)

jay-latzan, aj(aj & Pcpd). very thin (board). delgada….

jay-latzan sakil tak’in, nphr:aj(aj & Pcpd) & nphr(aj & n)5. silver sheet. plancha de plata.

jay-latzan tak’in, nphr:aj(aj & Pcpd) & n5. metal sheet. plancha de hierro.

jay-lichan, aj(aj & Pcpd). very thin (mule). delgada….

jayal chikin, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. sharp-witted. agudo de ingeni 13.

jayal k’anal tak’in, nphr(aj & nphr<aj & n>)5. gold leaf. oropel.

jayal lum chuk’omajeb, nphr:nphr(aj & n) type n5. glazed laundry tub. lebrillo o lebrillo de barro.

jayal nok’, nphr(aj & n)5. thin cloth. manta delgada asi.

jayal pok’, nphr(aj & n)5. thin cloth. (1) manta delgada, (2) manta delgada asi.

jayal xokon jolol, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. temples. sienes.

jayal tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. large chamberpot, metal sheet. (1) bacinete o bacin grande, (2) plancha de plata.

jayal te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. board. tabla.

jayal ton, nphr(aj & n)5. precious stone. piedra preciosa.

jayal vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. lean person. enjuto hombre 121.

jayil lum, nphr(natt & n)5. pottery plate. platel.

jayil *pok’omtik, nphr(natt & n)5. partition. tabique, pared.

jayil tak’in, nphr(natt & n)5. silver plate. platel.

jayil te‘, nphr(natt & n)5. laundry tub. arteza de estas que llaman bateas.

jayub, iv. become depopulated by famine or sickness, decline (person property), decrease in number, grow thin (clothing, person). (1) acabarse asi, no del todo, (2) adelgasarse, (3) apocarse en numero, (4) descrecer, (5) despoblarse por hambre…, (6) envejecerse la ropa, (7) gastarse.

jayubel, vn5. emaciation, thinness. RML—This is given as jayaubel. enflaquecimiento.

jayubes, tv. make thin. adelgasar algo.

jayubes ‘e, vphr:tv & -n4f. sharpen. azucar como quiera 13, cf. aguzar.

jayubtas, tv. make thin. adelgasar algo.

joy, aj. thin (wide object). delgada….

joy ‘e, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. sharp. agudo que corta bien 13.

joyjoy tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. metal sheet. (1) hoja de metal, (2) plancha de plata.

jay (2)

jay-mek, num(num & nccpd)5. how many (times). cuantas veces 279.

jay-tek, num(num & nccpd)5. how many (objects). cuantas cosas 279.

jay-vo‘, num(num & nccpd)5. how many (people). cuantas personas 279.

jay-vo‘ vinik? How many people?

jay-yalel, num(num & nccpd)5. how many times. cuantas veces 279.

jayib, num5. how many. cuanto, cuanto vale, cuanto darns 279.

mo no ‘ox jay, vphr:pt & pt & pt & num/pred/. infinite in number. ynfinito en 4umero 187.

mo no ‘ox jay ‘at, vphr:numphr(neg & pt & pt & pt & num) & tv-. a great many. RML—The verb is in the past tense. muy mucho.

jazmin (Sp.)

jazmin, n5. jasmine. jazmin.

j‘is

j‘is, n5. pheasant, turkey. RML—This was probably the great curassow (Crax rubra). (1) faisan, (2) pabo o pava 252.

jech

jech ch’uun, vphr:adv & tv-. be partisan. parcial, que sigue parses.

jech k’ex, vphr:adv & iv. be partisan. parcial que….

jechel libra, nphr(aj & n)4f. half a pound. media libra.

jechel vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. member of a faction. parcial que….

jechjech k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. faction. bando 345.

jechjech k’opoj, vphr:adv & iv. be partisan. bandero, hombre de bando 345.

jechjech va‘an ba, vphr:adv & rv. be partisan. bandero, hombre de bando 345.

‘ep ta jech ‘ak’ vphr:ajphr(aj & prep & nc) & tv-. put in many places. poner en muchas parses.

‘ox-jechel, cf. ‘ox (1).

j-jech, num(num & nccpd)5. a half, part, or section (beef, venison), another, a quarter of a sheep. (1) media, (2) otras cosas, (3) parte del todo, (4) partida, parte, (5) cuarto de carnero.

j-jech xkak’bey. I am giving him a part parte dar.

chan-jechel, cf. chan (2).

j-jechjech, num(num & nccpd)5. single piece. parte dar.

j-jechjech no ‘ox ekak’bey. I just gave him a single piece.

ta ‘ox-jechel, qphr:prep & num(num & nccpd)4f. on three sides. ambas partes 36.

ta cha‘-jechel, qphr:prep & num(num & nccpd)4f. on both sides. ambas parses 36.

ta jech, qphr:prep & nc. beyond, on the other side. allende de la otra parte.

ta jech xkak’. I am putting it on the other side. poner allende en otro lugar.

ta ju-jech, qphr:prep & num(num & nccpd)5. on each side. a una parte y a otra.

ta ju-jech ‘osil, qphr:prep & nphr(num<num & nccpd> of n)5. from everywhere. de todas partes.

jech’

jech’, tv. bite, taste. (1) gustar, (2) morder.

jech’, nc. bite. bocado.

jech’benal, n5. bite. mordedura.

jech‘eltik, aj. half-eaten, nibbled. medio comido o mordiscado.

jech‘et, av. sound of grinding teeth, scraping sound of a eam being pushed on top of another. ruido hacer con los dientes….

jech’ol ve‘el, nphr(n type n)5. cold or miserable meal. fria comida, ruin comida.

jech’olaj, iv. eat a cold or miserable meal. *He who invites another to eat says out of humility: “jech’anjech’olajan!” “Eat a miserable or cold meal!”fria comida….

jek (1)

j-jek’, num(num & nccpd). quarter of a sheep. cuarto de carnero 279.

jek (2)

jeket, av. clear one’s thoat. gargajear.

jeketel, vn5. clearing of one’s throat. gargiamento.

jel

jel, tv. deprive, deprive of office, overtake by using a shortcut, pass by without meeting on the trail, surpass. (1) atajar pasando adelante, (2) pasar sin topar…, (3) privar, guitar de oficio, (4) privar a otro.

jel ba, rv. pass by without meeting on the trail. pasar sin topar….

jel-k’opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). persist. porfiar.

jel-k’opon, tv(aj & tvcpd). worship. adorar.

jel takiej, vphr: tv & -vn4d. violate a law. traspasar mandamiento de alguno.

jelav, iv. be bigger, cross over, go through (needle in clothes, drill in a board), surpass. *Note that they have no comparative form. To say that a thing is bigger than another they put the adjective muk’ or the verb xjelav, exceed; other times they put toj muk’. (1) pasar como la aguja…, (2) sobrar sobrepujando, (3) sobrepujar, (4) traspasar de parte a parte.

Ha‘ xjelav te Pedroe. Peter is bigger. mayor 205.

ejelav yu‘un espada ta stakupal. He stuck the sword through his body. traspasar de parte a parte.

jelav ‘ip, s:iv & -n4e. be sicker. peor en enfermedad.

jelav ‘ipal kola‘al, s:iv & nphr(aj & -n4d). be worse. peor comparativo.

jelav ta kola‘al, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). be worse. peor comparativo.

jelav tojol, s:iv & -n4b. be more valuable, cost more. mas valer.

jelav tuk, vphr:iv + n4b[=S]. be bigger or extraordinary. (1) mayor 205, (2) singular cosa que no tiene par.

jelaveb, n4f. excess profit (1) logro, (2) sobra que sobrepuja.

jelaveb ta ‘uz, nphr: -n4f & qphr(prep & -n4e). improvement mejoria absolute.

jelavel, vn4f. first in everything, victory. (1) prima en cada genero, (2) victoria, vencimiento.

jelaves, tv. pierce. traspasar de parte a parte.

esjelaves yespada ta stakupal. He drove his sword through his body.

jelbey, dv. surpass. sobrepujar.

jelbil, pp. exceeded, surpassed. sobrepujado.

jelel, aj. distinguished, especially, special. (1) especial cosa o señalada, (2) particular en bien…, (3) singular cosa que no tiene par.

jelel te Ne. Especially so and so. particular en bien….

jelel ‘ak’el, nphr(aj & vnld). high standing. estado bajo.

jelel ‘ak’vanej, nphr(aj & vnld). high standing. estado alto.

jelel ‘ayanel, nphr(aj & vnld). high standing. estado bajo.

jelel ‘utz, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. magnificent. real cosa y muybuena.

jelel kola‘al tuk, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d + n4d[=P of kola’al].be especially evil. extralia cosa de buena 134.

jelel tuk, vphr:aj/pred/ + n4d[S]. extraordinary, especially good. extraña cosa de buena 134.

jelel stuk ta skola‘al. He is especially good. singular asi.

jelel stuk ta yutzil. He is especially good. singular asi.

jelel vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. person placed in high rank. el que esta…131, cf. estado alto.

jelp’un, tv. toss arms of one’s shirt over one’s shoulders. regazar 290.

‘ip jetav, vphr:adv & iv. be victorious. victorioso.

‘ip jelavel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. be victorious. victorioso.

‘oy jelaveb ‘ich’ vphr:s(n5/pred/ & n4f [A of tv]) & tv. be profitable. logrero.

toj jelel, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. sovereign. soberana cosa.

jen

jenjen, n5. frog, toad. RML—This is given as ghinghen, but in colonial Tzeltal as ghenghen (Guzmán, 1620:176). Jenjen in modern Tzotzil is the giant tropical toad Bufo horribilis. (1) ramal, (2) sapo.

jep

jep, tv. chip. quebrar como dejando mella…

jep, iv. chip. quebrar como dejando mella….

jepbil, pp. chipped. quebrado asi.

jepel, aj. chipped. quebrado asi.

jepel ke. My tooth is chipped. mellado en los dientes.

jepelul, n4f. chip. raja de madera.

jet

jetav te‘, nphr(n of n)5. pitchfork (for turning the wheat). horca para revolver el trigo.

jetobtay, tv. raise the poor or downbeaten, save by shielding. RML—This is given as ghghetmutav. In Gates it appears as ghetuntay, “favorecer, y ponerse en medio” (Gates, 1934b:76). In modern Tzotzil jetobta is to straddle. (1) levantar al pobre o abatido, (2) librar poniendose en medio.

*jey

*jey, pt. God grant, or if. (1) o si, (2) ojala 243.

‘utzukon *jey. or if I were good. o si.

joluk kil *jey. God grant I loved (him). ojala 243.

yaluk Ho‘ *jey. or if it rained. o si.

*jeye, pt. God grant, or if. RML—In colonial Tzeltal gheye has the same range of meaning (Guzmán, 1620:147, 148). (1) o si, (2) ojala 243.

‘utzukon *jeye. or if I were good. o si.

*jeye ejjalal-‘il (or) joluk kil *jeye. God grant I loved (him) ojala 243.

k’opojan *jeye. or if you spoke. o si.

ji‘

ji‘ k’ok’, vphr:tv & n5. poke the fire. hurgar asi el fuego.

ji‘ ob k’ok’, nphr(n of n)5. poker (for oven). horgonero 179, cf. horgonero.

jib

jiban, tv. hang, strangle. (1) ahorcar, (2) colgar.

jibanbil, pp. hung. colgado.

jibey, tv/pass/. be hung. colgar.

jibbil, aj. hung, strangled. ahogar ahogado.

jich’ (1)

jich’el ta majel chak, nphr:nphr(vn4f & qphr<prep & n5>) of -n4d. whip lash on the buttocks. nalgada o herida….

*jich’ (2)

*jich’aj ‘osil, s:iv & n5. dawn. RML—This verb may be related to the modern Tzotzil root meaning “slender” or to the modern Chol root, jich’, meaning “to hang” (Aulie and Aulie, 1978:64). (1) albercar, cf. alborear, (2) amanecer.

*jich’ajel, vn5. dawn, morning. (1) alborada, (2) de manana, (3) en amaneciendo, (4) mañana del dia 310.

jik’ (1)

jik’ abtel, vphr:tv & n5. be cautious. suspirar 323.

jik’ ‘olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. be anxious, sigh. suspirar 323.

jik’ majel, vphr:tv & n5. be cautious (in expectation of the lashing one will receive). suspirar 323.

jik’av, iv. choke, drown. (1) ahogarse en agua o…, (2) suspirar 323.

jik’avel, vn5. choking, drowning. ahogamiento, enfermedad asi.

jik’avel charnel, nphr(vn type vn)5. convulsion. pasmo.

jik’el ‘olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). sigh. suspiro 324.

jik’jon, av. sob. sollozar.

jik’jon ta ‘ok’el, vphr:av & qphr(prep & n5). bray (donkey). rebusnar el asno.

jik’jonel, vn5. sobbing. sollozo en el llorar.

jik’jonet, av. sob. sollozar.

jik’jonet ‘ok’, vphr:av & iv. bray. rebusnar el asno.

jik’jonet tak’av, vphr:av & iv. reply shamelessly or many times responder desvergonzadamente o mucho.

jik’jonetel, vn5. sobbing. sollozo en el llorar.

jjik’avel-vayel vinik, nphr:agn(vn & vncpd) type n5. sleepy person. adormecido.

tuil jik’et, cf. tu (1).

jik’ (2)

jik’ay, tv. winnow. achar 13.

jil

jilbil tuix, nphr(pp & n)5. string of onions. ristra.. 300.

jili-‘atil vinik, nphr:natt(aj & ncpd) & n5. pimp. echar cuerno, cf. echacuervos.

jiljil na, nphr(aj & n)5. hall. sala.

jilol, n4f. length. longura de sala.

‘oy iglesia sjilol. It is as long as a church. longura de sala.

jilol ‘osil, nphr(n4f of n5). continuous, forever, perpetual. (1) perpetua o continuamente, (2) siempre.

sjilol no ‘ox ‘osil ‘oy. It is everlasting. perpetua o continua cosa.

jilom, n5. everywhere. en todas partes.

jilom ‘ak’, vphr:n & tv-. put in many places. poner en muchas panes.

jilom no ‘ox, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt & pt. handy. manual cosa.

jilom no ‘ox ‘oy, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt & pt & pt. common. manual que se halla donde quiera.

j-jil, num(num & nccpd)5. league, string of garlic or onions. *They have no word (for league) but they say j-jil, etc., which seems to be like a league. (1) legua, (2) ristra de ajos o cebollas 300.

j-jil ajos, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & n. string of garlic. sartal de cuentas.

j-jil chi, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & n. maguey fiber. hebra de hilo de maguey.

j-jil cuentas, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & n. string of beads. sartal de cuentas.

j-jil nichim, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & n. garland. sartal de cuentas.

j-jil no, nphr(num<num & nccpd>)5. thread. hebra de hilo.

jim

jimich’, n5. sling. honda para tirar.

jimich’aj, iv. sling. honda tirar.

jimich’tay, tv. sling. honda tirar.

jjimich’ajel, agn. slinger. hondero.

jjimich’vanej, agn. slinger. hondero.

jin

jin, tv. rock (cradle), swing (hammock). mecear o menear hamaca o tuna de niños.

jin, iv. escape, flee, demolish or tear down (house, building). (1) derribar como casa o edificio, (2) escabullirse, (3) huir.

jinebal, n3d. refuge. guarida para defenderse.

jinel, vn5. confusion, disorder, flight. (1) confusion, (2) huida de esta manera.

ebat ta jinel. He is a fugitive. hombre que anda huido 240.

xebat ta jinel. I am fleeing to the hills. (1) amontarse, (2) huir.

jines, tv. demolish, make person flee, tear down. (1) amontar a otro, (2) derribar coma….

jinet, av. explode, roar (river, wind), thunder. (1) estallar, dar sonido, (2) retronar, (3) ruido hacer el rio o aire grande.

jinet ‘osil, s:av & n5. thunder. (1) estallar, dar sonido, (2) estruendo del trueno….

jinet nik, vphr:av & iv. toll thunderously. retañer como la campana.

jinetel, vn If. explosion, thunder. (1) estallido, (2) estruendo del trueno o cosa asi.

jininet ‘osil, s:av & n5. thunder. tronar.

jjinel, agn. fugitive. (1) huidor que huge muchas veces, (2) huido, (3) hombre que anda huido 240.

jip

jip ch’ay, vphr:tv- & tv. discard, toss out. (1) batir algo o echarlo a mal, (2) echar a mal o coma quiera arrojando.

jip ta majel ta ch’ojon, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5) & qphr(prep & n5). wound with a rope. herir con vara.

jip ta majel ta te‘, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5) & qphr(prep & n5). wound with a rod. herir can vara.

jipben, n4d. wound given (with rod or rope). RML—In colonial Tzeltal ghipuben (Guzmán, 1620:105). herida que hace el que asi hiere.

jipbenal, n4d. wound received (from rod or rope). herida del que asi la recibe.

jipbil, pp. discarded. abatir algo….

jipel ta majel chak, nphr:nphr(vn4f & qphr(prep & vn5) of -n4d. whiplash on the buttocks. nalgada.

jipoj, n4d. object being discarded. abatir algo….

jipulanel k’obil, nphr(vn4f of n5). shove. mangonada.

jipun k’ob, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. shove. mangonada dar.

jis

jis, tv. cut, cut in strips, slice. (1) lasada dar, (2) partir cortando a la larga, (3) rebanar 299, (4) tajar.

jis-moch, tv(tv & tvcpd). knot. (1) atar con, (2) lasada dar.

jis-mochbil, pp(tv & ajcpd). knotted. lasada.

jis-mochochtik, aj(tv & ajcpd). filled with knots. lasada dar.

jis-mochoj, n(tv & ncpd)5. object being knotted. atar con lacada.

jisbenal, n4f. cut. tajadura.

jisbil, pp. sliced. revanada cosa.

jisulan, tv. bleed, cut or tear to pieces (cloth), milk with the thumb, scarify. (1) harpar tartar paño en muchas partes, (2) jasar, sangrar, (3) ordenar can el dedo pulgar.

jjis-ti‘bol, agn(tv & ncpd). carver at table. trinchante.

j-jis, num(num & nccpd)5. slice. revanada.

j-jis moch, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n5. knot. lasada.

j-jis tocino, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n5. rasher or slice of bacon. (1) lonja de tocino, (2) torrezno.

j-jisjis, num(num & nccpd)5. single slice (1 only). rebanada.

jit

jit, n5. large shrimp. RML—This term that is given also in Guzmán (1620:36) refers in modern Tzeltal of Bachajón to “pingua,” a large, freshwater crawfish (Cowan and Gerdel, 1965:149). camaron grande.

jit’

jit’, tv. bind (as when they bind the poles of their houses), set in a row. (1) atar coma cuando atan varas en sus casas, (2) poner par orden, (3) trabar con bejucos…340.

jit’aki, tv. prepare warp lashing. enlizar tela.

jit’anubil, pp. provided with leashes (loom). enlizado.

jit’oj ba ‘ak’, vphr:s(rv-) & tv. set in a row. poner par orden.

jit’omaj, iv. bind (with vines or cords as they do with the smaller beams of their houses). trabar con bejucos…340.

jkotz

jkotz. rooster. cf. kotz (2).

jo‘

jo‘et, av. creak. rechinar.

jobel

jobel, n5. field, grass, straw. (1) campo, (2) yerva 183, (3)paja, generalmente.

jobel, n5. Zacatlan (Ciudad Real). cf. lik.

jobeltik, n5. brow of hill, meadow, pasture, plain. (1) campo, (2) erracal, (3) prado, (4) raso, cosa liana, (5) teso.

‘anal jobel, cf. ‘anal.

yaxal jobel, cf. yox (1).

jotz

jotz, tv. pull one’s hair out. pelar, sacar los pelos.

jotz jol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. tear one’s hair. mesar 221.

jotzan, tv. pull up easily (as when they weed the garden). arrancar asi.

jotzbil jol, nphr(pp & n4d). with one’s hair torn out. mesado 221.

jotzbil k’uk’um, nphr(pp & n)5. quill. pendola o pinola.

jotzbil nukul, nphr(pp & n)5. parchment. pergamino 248.

jotz’

jotz’, tv. dig up (jicama, potato), disinter, pull up easily (as when they weed the garden), scrape (boards). (1) arrancar cosa facil…, (2) desenterrar, (3) escarbar, (4) raer como…, (5) sacar lo enterrado….

jotz’ chikin, vphr:tv & -n4d. cut off one’s ear. desorejar.

jotz’-k’op, vn(tv & ncpd)5. deceitful questioning, treason, trick. (1) engaño, (2) tentacion asi, (3) traicion.

jotz’-k’optay, tv(tv & tvcpd). cause to commit treason, gossip, investigate, question, tattle, tempt, try to discover the truth by using deceitful words. (1) chismear o sacar algo…, (2) pesquisar, (3) preguntar, (4) tentar por palabras dobladas…, (5) traicion hacer.

‘ep ta mek xesjotz’k’optayotike mu xesjotz’iotik. (The devil) tempts us many times, but he does not conquer us. tentacion asi.

jotz’-k’optayvan, iv(tv & ivcpd). speak deceitfully. dobladamente hablar.

jotz’-k’optayvanej, vn(tv & vncpd). interrogation, investigation. (1) pesquisa, (2) pregunta asi.

jotz’ vphr:tv & -n4d. cut off one’s nose. desnarizar.

jotz’ vok, vphr:tv & -n4f. skim (froth). espumar, quitar la espuma.

jotz’bey vok, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. skim (froth). espumar, quitar la espuma.

jotz’bil chi, nphr(pp & n)5. flax or maguey burlap. estopa de lino o maguey.

jotz’bil chikin, nphr(pp & n)5. with ear cut off. desorejado.

jotz’bil nphr(pp & n)5. with nose cut off. desnarizado.

jotz’i, tv. cause to commit treason. traicion hacer.

jotz’ob, n5. rake. escarbador.

jotz’ob ‘e, nphr(n & n)5. toothpick. escarba dientes.

jotz’ob lum, nphr(n & n)5. hoe, weed-hook. sachudo o escardillo para escardar 306.

jotz’obil, n4f. rake. escarbador, instrumento.

jotz’obil ‘eal, nphr(n4f of n5). toothpick. escarba dientes.

jjotz’, agn. investigator. pesquisidor.

jjotz’-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). traitor. traidor.

jjotz’-k’optayvanej, agn(tv & vncpd). backbiter. malsin.

joch

joch, tv. drag. arrastrar.

jochbil ti’ k’u‘ul, nphr:nphr(pp & n1 of n3d) type n3d. clothing with embroidered hem. orilla verduda.

jochjonet k’u‘, s:av & -n4d. have one’s skirts trail. haldas que arrastran.

jochjonet pok’, s:av & n5. have one’s skirt trail. haldas que arrastran.

joch’

joch’, tv. bring by force, carve (not with a chisel, but as trimming a beam or carving wood), carve mouldings, chew wood (worms), drag, drill, mark (wood or stone for cutting or sawing), outline, sculpt wooden image. (1) dibujar cosa 74, (2) dolar haciendo molduras, (3) entallar, (4) esculpir o entallar…, (5) perfilar, (6) reglar asi madera…, (7) roer la madera los gusanos, (8) traer por fuerza.

joch’, iv. outline. perfilar.

joch’, nle. weevil, woodborer, wood dust. (1) carcoma, (2) gorgojo.

joch’, aj. worm-eaten. carcomido.

joch’ ‘ilobil, vphr:tv & n5. mine. minar.

joch’ ‘olon ch’en, vphr:tv & n5. mine. minar.

joch’ ‘olon na, vphr:tv & n5. mine. minar.

joch’ te‘, nphr(n4f of n5). wood dust. roedura asi….

joch’ te‘ ta torno, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). turn on a lathe. tornear con torno.

joch’ben, n4b. drilled article, outline. (1) agujerado, (2) peifil o perfiladura.

joch’ben ch’o, nphr(n4d of n5). area gnawed by a mouse. roedura señal que queda.

joch’benal, n4f. gnawed area, outline. (1) perfil o perfiladura, (2) roedura, señal que queda.

joch’bil, pp. carved, mined. (1) estatua de bulto, (2) minada cosa.

joch’bil lok’ob-bail, nphr:pp & vn(n & rncpd)4f. image, statue. estatua de bulto.

joch’bil ta torno, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). shaped on a lathe. torneada cosa asi.

joch’bil te‘, nphr(pp & n)5. idiot. RML—joch’bil is given as ghocbil. (1) bolo, (2) dibujar cosa 74.

joch‘el, vn4f. carving, outline. (1) entalladura, (2) perfil o perfiladura.

joch‘ey, tv/pass/. be mined. RML—Given in the past tense. minada cosa.

joch’ib, iv. become worm eaten, decay. (1) carcomerse, (2) carcomido.

joch’in, iv. become worm eaten. gorgiarse, cf. gorgojearse.

joch’jon ch’ininul, s:av & -n4f. itch. comezon.

joch’ob te‘, nphr(n of n)5. drill. agujerado.

joch’ob ton, nphr(n of n)5. chisel. agujerado.

joch’obil, n4f. drill. taladro.

joch’obil te, nphr(n4f of n5). lathe. torno para tornear.

jjoch’-____, agn(tv & ncpd). carver. entallador.

jjoch’ lok’ob bail, agn:tv & vn(n & rncpd)4fcpd. statue maker. estatuario que los hace.

jjoch’-te‘, agn(tv & ncpd). woodcarver. entallador.

jjoch’ vanej, agn. carver. entallador.

joj

joj, n5. raven (as those in Spain). cuervo de los que hay en Castilla.

jojoch’

jojoch’, n5. corn husk. hoja de masorca de maiz.

jojoch’ castillan ‘ixim, nphr:n4e of nphr(aj & n)5. wheat chaff (small). RML—The inanimate form is xjojoch’ il. granzas de trigo grandes…

xjojoch’ pepen, nphr(n type n)5. large spotted butterfly. mariposa grande pintada.

jok

jokjonet, av. grunt (pig). gruñir el puerco.

jokonet ni‘, s:av & -n4d. grunt (pig). gruñir el puerco.

jokjonetel, vn5. grunt. grurñido asi.

jjokjonetel, agn. grunter. gruñidor asi.

‘ipal jjokjonetel, nphr(aj & agn)5. grunter. gruñidor asi.

jok’ (1)

jok’, tv. dig (as they dig with poles). cabar como ellos caban con palos 53.

jok’ ch’en, vphr:tv & nle. dig a hole. (1) ahoyar, (2) hoyo hacer 175.

jok’ob lum, nphr(n of n)5. hoe. acadon, cf. azadon.

jok’ob ton, nphr(n of n)5. quarry. cantera.

jok’ (2)

jok’an, tv. hang. colgar.

jok’an ba, rv. commit oneself to another’s protection, confide in, trust. (1) colgar, (2) confiarse.

jok’an ba ta tojol, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & -n4d). entrust object to (as when entrusting one’s house to someone when going to trade). fiarse encomendandole algo…

jok’an ba ta tojol dios, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). trust in God. encomendarse a Dios.

jok’an ta ch’ulel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d)[A]. act in good conscience. RML—The subject of the verb and the possessor of the noun are the same. encargar la conciencia asi mismo.

jok’an ta ch’ulel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & -n4d). throw the burden of one’s conscience upon others. encargar la conciencia a otro.

jok’an ta tojol, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & -n4d). take responsibility for. RML—Same observation as above. tomar a su cargo.

jok’an tal tojol, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d). entrust to. fiale asi algo.

jok’anab, n5. place of hanging. ahogar ahogado.

jok’anabil, n4f. place of hanging. ahogar ahogado.

jok’anbey, dv. entrust to. (1) encargar algo a otro, (2) fiale asi algo.

jok’anej ba, rvn. confiding, trusting. confiado.

jok’tzaj, iv. be busy, delayed or postponed, last, run aground (boat, canoe), stay. (1) diferir o dilatarse, (2) diferida o dilatada cosa, (3) encallar barca o canoa, (4) ocuparse, (5) permanecer, (6) retardar, (7) tardarse.

jok’tzajel, vn5. delay, perpetuity. (1) dilatar, (2) perpetuidad asi, (3) tardanza.

jok’tzajel ‘abtel, nphr(vn type n)5. time-consuming work. espaciosa cosa.

jok’tzajel k’op, nphr(vn type n)5. time-consuming talk. espaciosa cosa.

jok’tzajes, tv. delay, postpone. (1) diferir o dilatar algo, (2) retardar, (3) tardar a otro.

jok’el, vn5. running aground. encallamiento asi.

jok’ey, tv/pass/. hang, last, stay. (1) colgar, (2) permanecer.

jok’leb, n4d. hope, hooked pole, source of confidence. (1) colgar, (2) confiarse, (3) esperanza con confianza, (4) estaca para colgar.

jok’lej, n4d. hope. esperanza con confianza.

jok’ol, aj. aground, confident, poor, trusting. (1) colgar, (2) confiado, (3) encallada, cosa asi.

jok’ol ta tojol dios, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). trusting in God. encomendado asi.

jjok’anej ba, nphr(agn & rn4d). confident or trusting person. confiado.

jjok’tzajel, agn. delayer. tardador.

jjok’leb, agn. person in charge of orphaned women or widows.

*And they say the same for God. confiarse.

Ha‘ to jok’anbeat, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & dv/pass/---). will. testamentario.

jol(1)

jol, tv. uncover or remove the thatch or tiles from a roof. descubrir o guitar la paja….

jol (2)

jol ‘e, nphr(n5 of n4d). front tooth. dientes delanteros.

jol bill, nphr(n4f of n3d). family name, surname. nombre comun o sobrenombre.

jol tz’ib, nphr(n4f of n5). tilde. tilde en la escritura.

jol chu‘, nphr(n4f of n5). nipple. pezon de teta 252.

jol k’op, nphr(n4f of n5). prologue. prologo.

jol na, nphr(nlf of n5). attic, roof. (1) sobrado de casa, (2) techo de casa.

jol ni‘, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. tuck up. regazar 290.

jol ta k‘elel, vphr:n/pred/ & qphr(prep & -vn4f). look upwards with mouth agape. mirar hacia arriba.

jol ta k‘elanvanej, vphr:n/pred/ & qphr(prep & vn5). look upwards with mouth agape. mirar hacia arriba.

jolon ta k‘elanvanej. I am looking up with mouth agape.

jol yabutijebal na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n type n)5. highest tower of a fortification in which the warden lived. homenaje de torre 240.

jolimal, n5. native parish or tribe. perrochia o tribu donde proceden.

jolimal biil, nphr(n4f of n5). family name, surname (of the tribes that they once had). renombre.

jolinej kotol ‘osil, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4f of n5). princedom of the world. RML—The verbal noun is given as yololinegh, but in colonial Tzeltal under the entry “principe del mundo” it is explained that the verb -gholin means ”tener auno por senor y cabeça” (Guzmán, 1620:166). principado asi.

jolol, n3d. head. cabeza 45.

jololtas, tv. investigate, judge, sentence. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term for “juzgar” and “sentenciar” is zgholontes zcoplal (Guzmán, 1620:111, 195). (1) averiguar, (2) juzgar, (3) sentenciar.

jolom, n5. skull. calaberna.

jolom-k’optay, tv. ridicule. RML—See lob-k’ optay. motejar.

jolom paxak’, cf. paxak’.

ta jol ba vitz, qphr:prep & nphr(n5 of nphr<n of n>5). on the mountain top. encima del monte.

ta jol vitz, qphr:prep & nphr(n of n)5. on the mountain top. encima del monte.

jol (3)

jol, aj. beloved, expensive, lovable, scarce, valuable, worthy.(1) amable, (2) amado, (3) caro, (4) encarecido, (5) estimable, cosa preciada.

jol ‘il, vphr:adv & tv-. be missed, be on intimate terms with, fall in love, love. (1) amar, (2) enamorarse, (3) familiar cosa, (4) privar con alguno.

xjelav jol xkil Pedro yalulyalul to Juane. I like Peter better than John. mas comparativo.

jol ‘ilbil, vphr:adv & pp/pred/. loved. amado.

jol ‘ilel, nphr(aj & vn)5. love. amor con que soy amado.

jol ‘ilvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. charity, love. (1) amor con que amo, (2) caridad o amor con que amo.

toj ‘utz jol ‘ilvanej. Love is a great thing. amor.

jjol-‘ilvanej, agn(aj & vncpd). lover. amador.

mo joluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. base, cheap, vile. (1) barato, (2) vil cosa.

mo k’usi jol ‘u‘un, vphr:neg & n5 & aj/pred/ + -n4d. generous, liberal. franco liberal.

toj jol, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. precious. (1) falta o mengua…, (2) precioso o cosa de mucho precio.

toj jol ‘a‘i, vphr:s(adv & aj/pred/ & ---) & tv. value highly. estimar en mucho otra cosa.

mo joluk ‘aley, vphr:ajphr(neg & aj) & tv/pass/. disliked. malquisto.

mo joluk ‘il vphr:ajphr(neg & aj) & tv-. dislike. malquerer.

jalaj, iv. be highly valued, become scarce. encarecerse.

jalajel, vn5. scarcity. encarecimiento.

jalajes, tv. make scarce, raise the price of. encarecer algo, subir su precio.

jalajesbil, pp. made scarce, with the price raised. encarecido.

jalal, n4d. beloved, scarcity. (1) amado mio, (2) encarecimiento.

jalal, aj. lovable. amable.

jalal ‘a‘i ba, vphr:n4d[A] & rv. have high opinion of oneself. estimarse en mucho.

jalal ‘ilbil, vphr:aj & pp/pred/. loved. amado.

jalal ‘ilel, nphr(aj & vn)4d. charity, love. (1) amor, (2) caridado amor con que soy amado.

toj ‘utz sjalal dios. Love of God is a great thing. amor.

jalal ‘ilvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. charity, love. caridad o amor con que amo.

jalal tzajal ton, nphr:aj & nphr(aj & n)5. ruby. rubi.

jalal chi‘il, nphr(aj/att/ & n)4d. ritual kinsman by baptism or confirmation. pariente espiritual de bautismo o confirmacion.

jalal ton, nphr(aj & n)5. pearl. perla.

jalal vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. lovable or worthy person. (1) amable, (2) digna persona.

jalaltasbil, pp. be the protege of a lord. privado de algun Señor.

jalaltay ba, rv. be on intimate terms with. tratarse.

jalaltaybil, pp. be the protege of a lord. RML—This is given as ghaltaybil. privado de algun Señor.

jalan ba, rv. become scarce, have a high opinion of oneself. *When someone likes to be coaxed into singing or playing music: sjalan sba. (1) encarecerse, (2) estimarse en mucho.

jjalal ‘il____ agn(aj & tv & ncpd). lover of ____. amador.

jjalal ‘il balumilal, agn(aj & tv & ncpd). worldly person. mundano, amador de las cosas terrenas.

jjalal ‘il dios, agn(aj & tv & cpd). lover of God. amador.

jjalal ‘il vinajel, agn(aj & tv & ncpd). lover of heaven. amador.

‘ip jalal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. be scarce (bread), be valuable or worthy. (1) estimable, cosa preciada, (2) falta o mengua…, (3) precioso, cosa de mucho precio.

mo k’usi jalan, vphr:nphr(neg & n5) & tv. be generous. franco liberal.

toj jalan, vphr:adv & tv-. value highly. *The same when someone does not want to give or lend what he has. encarecerse.

jol (4)

jolet ni‘, s:av & -n4d. snore. roncar.

joletel ni‘il, nphr(vn4f of n5). snore. ronquido.

joljon ni‘, s:av & -n4d. snore. RML—In colonial Tzeltal -ghalghonet znuc is “roncarel pecho” (Gates, 1934b:73). roncar.

joljonel ni‘il, nphr(vn4f of n5). snore. ronquido.

jom (1)

jom, n5. boat, canoe, ship. (1) canoa, barca y cualquier navio, (2) nao y cualquiera otro navio.

jom, n4e. embrasure, loophole. tronera.

jom ta ‘ut, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n4f[S]). hollow. fosa, cosa hueca 144, cf. fofa.

jomal ‘av castillan porn, nphr:aj & nphr(n4f of nphr<aj & n>5). censer. naveta de incienso.

jomal xamitl, nphr(aj & n)5. roof tile. tejar de barro.

jomal te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. dugout. arteza.

jomjom, aj. hollow, hollowed out (embrasure, loophole). (1) tronera, (2) hueca 343.

jomjom ta ‘ut, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n4f[S]). hollow. hueca, cosa no maciza 343.

jomjom k’uk’um, nphr(aj & n)5. quill. pluma, el cañon. castillan jom, cf. castillan.

mo ‘oyuk jom, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4e. solid. maciza cosa.

mu jomjomuk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. solid. maciza cosa. yabutinab castillan jom, cf. yabut.

yabutinab jom, cf. yabut.

*jom (2)

*jomet, av. sound (large flutes). sonar la flauta sola….

jop

jop, tv. hold or take a handful to put it down. abarcar o tomar un puñado….

jopin, tv. tuck up under one’s sash (when working). regazar 290.

jopin k’u‘, vphrty & n4d[A]. tuck up skirts under one’s sash. haldas en cinta poner.

jopoj, n4d. object being held or taken in handfuls. abarcar o…

jopopan, tv. hold or take a handful to put down. RML—In modern Tzotzil this refers to a large amount. abarcar o…

j-jop, num(num & nccpd)5. handful. (1) abarcar o…, (2) puño o puñado….

jos

jos, tv. cut, grate, peel (pears or apples with a knife), rub together (two bricks), scrape, shave with a razor, shear (with a razor), smooth. (1) afeitar a navaja, (2) alisar menos perfectamente como raspar, (3) mondar quitando la corteza…, (4) rayar, (5) rapar o raer el pelo, (6) raspar, (7) tajar, (8) trasquilar a navaja.

jos ba ‘u‘un, vphr:ry + -n4d. rub together (bricks). fregar una cosa con otra como….

jos sol choy, vphrty & nphr(n4d of n5). scale a fish. escamar, quitar la escama.

jos xinch’okil bek’tal, vphr:tv & -nphr(natt & n)4d. circumcise. retajar.

jos tak’in, vphr:tv & n5. file. limar.

josbenal, n4f. cut, scrapings. (1) raedura…, (2) tajadura.

josbenal tak’in, nphr(n4f of n5). metal filings. limaduras.

josbil, pp. smooth, smoothed. alisado o liso.

josbil nukul, nphr(pp & n)5. suede. baldes.

josbil sol, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. scaled. escamado asi.

josilan, tv. scrape (boards), weed a second time. (1) raer…, (2) remondar.

josilan ‘e, vphr:tv & -n4d. brush one’s teeth. fregar dientes.

josob tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. grater. rayo.

josobil ‘ich’ak caballo, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). black-smith’s tool bag. herramental de albeitar.

josobil tak’in, nphr(n4f of n5). file. lima.

josvanab, n5. grater. rayo.

jjosel, agn. solicitor who always gains a profit. ganañcioso o solicitador….

jjosvanej, agn. barber, shearer. (1) afeitador o barbero, (2) trasquilador.

sak-jos, cf. sak.

jot’

jot’, tv. scratch. rascar.

jot’ben, n4d. scratch of cat or tiger. rascadura.

jot’benal, n4f. scratch. rascadura.

jot’ilan ‘eal, vphr:tv & n3d. brush one’s teeth. fregar dientes.

jot’ob chikin, nphr(n4f of n5). ear-pick. escarba dientes.

jov

jov, half, half moon, past, piece, rasher. cf. jav.

joy (1)

joy, tv. cut off one’s escape, encircle, enclose, surround. (1) arrodear como cercar, (2) cercar, poner cerca 71, (3) quedas a lo que huye, (4) rodar, traer al derredor.

joy be, vphr:tv & n5. go a roundabout way. (1) rodear, cercar, (2) rodear en el camino.

joy-chik’, tv(tv & tvcpd). burn around. quemar en derredor.

joy-k’ak’ay, tv(tv & tvcpd). burn around. quemar en derredor.

joy-k’op, n(aj & ncpd)5. comparison, parable. parabola o comparacion.

joy-k’optay, tv(tv & tvcpd). question. preguntar.

joy-te‘, n(aj & ncpd)5. enclosure, fence, stockade. (1) palanquear, cf. palanquera, (2) seto.

joyan, tv. turn (wheel). (1) andar alrededor como rueda o carreta, (2) rodar, traer al derredor.

joyben, n4d. enclosed area or object. cercar, poner cerca 71.

joybil, pp. enclosed. cercar, poner cerca 71.

joybil ta nab ‘osil, nphr:ajphr(pp & qphr<prep & n5>) type n5. island. ysla, tierra cercada de mar 190.

joybil ta nab j-tek lum, nphr:ajphr(pp & qphr<prep & n5>) type n5. island. ysla…190.

joybil ta nab lum, nphr:ajphr(pp & qphr<prep & n5>) type n5. island. ysla…190.

joyeb j-tek lum, nphr:n4 of nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n)5. night patrol. ronda por donde rondan.

joyeb na, nphr(n4f of n5). night patrol. ronda por….

joyet, av. whirl around. remolinarse como quiera.

joyet xanav, vphr:av & iv. revolve (wheel), walk around. (1) andar al derredor, (2) rodar, andar en derredor.

joyij, iv. encircle, go a roundabout way, walk around. (1) arrodear como avidar, (2) cercar, andar alrededor 71, rodar, andar en…, (4) rodear, cercar, (5) rodear en el camino.

joyij xanav, vphr:iv & iv. walk around. andar al derredor.

joyij to xanbal, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). walk around. andar al derredor.

joyijeb setet te‘, nphr:n4f of nphr(n type n)5. axletree of a cart. eje de carreta 136.

joyijeb Ho‘, nphr(n4f of n5). whirlpool. remolino de agua.

joyijel, vn5. procession. procesion.

joyijel xanbal, nphr(vn type n)5. procession. procesion.

joyijes, tv. turn. rodar, traer al derredor.

joyin, tv. encircle, surround, walk around. (1) arrodear como…, (2) cercar, andar 71.

joyin be, vphr:tv & n5. go a roundabout way. (1) rodear, cercar, (2) rodear en derredor.

joyinbil, pp. encircled. (1) arrodear como…, (2) arrodeado o cercado asi, (3) cercar, andar alrededor 71.

joyjoy-k’optay, tv(aj & tvcpd). gossip, tattle. chismear.

joynej, vn4d. object being walked around. cercar, andar alrededor 71.

joynej ta naklej, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). seated in a circle. estar al derredor sentado.

joyoj, n4d. area or object being enclosed. cercar, poner cerco 71.

joyoj ta naldej, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). seated in a circle. estar at derredor sentado.

joyoj ta ta‘lej, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). lying in a circle. estar en derredor echado.

joyoj ta va‘lej, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). standing in a circle. estar al derredor en pie.

joyol, n4f. fence. cerco o seto 71.

joyol, aj. encircled. arrodeado o cercado asi.

joyol be, nphr(aj & n)5. roundabout way. rodeo asi.

joyol k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. circuitous or obscure talk. semejanza obscura….

joyol-k’optay, tv(aj & tvcpd). talk in a circuitous or obscure way. semejanza obscura….

joyol ta naklej, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). seated in a circle. estar al derredor sentado.

joyol ta ta‘lej, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). lying in a circle. esta en derredor echado.

joyol ta valej, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). standing in a circle. estar al derredor en pie.

joyvanej, vn5. night patrol. ronda aquel.

jjoy-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). gossip, person who draws one out. chismero, el que asi sonsaca.

jjoy-k’optayvanej, agn(tv & vncpd). gossip, person who draws one out. chismero….

jjoyvanej, agn. night watchman. rondador.

ta joyobil, qphr:prep & -n4f. round about. enderredor.

joy (2)

joy. sharp, thin. cf. jay (1).

ju (1)

juet, av. sound (heavy rain). (1) estruendo, (2) ruido hacer la agua….

ju (2)

ju. one. cf. jun.

ju‘ (1)

ju‘, tv. anoint, crumble with one’s hands, rub, scrub (as they scrub muddy clothes). RML—The verb to crumble is given variously as ghu and ghuy. (1) desmenusar con las manos, (2) fregar como friegan…, (3) refregar, (4) ungir.

ju‘ aceite, vphr:tv & n5. anoint. ungir.

ju‘ben, n4d. crumbled object. desmenusar con las manos.

ju‘bey aceite ta bek’tal, vphr:-dv & n5 & qphr(prep & n4d[B]). anoint. ungir.

ju‘ilan, tv. massage (person’s painful belly), rub with one’s hands, scrub (clothes). (1) estregar con las manos, (2) fregar como friegan…, (3) refregar, (4) sobajar…324.

ju‘ilanbey, dv. massage. sobajar…324.

ju‘obil, n4f. brush. estregadero, instrumento.

ju‘oj, n4d. object being crumbled. desmenusar con las manos.

*ju‘ (2)

*ju‘el ni‘, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be hawk-nosed. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the adjective is given as ghuul (Guzmán, 1620:140). nariz aguileña.

*ju‘ju‘-ni‘, n(aj & ncpd)5. hawk-nosed. nariz aguileña.

*ju‘ju’ ni‘, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be hawk-nosed. nariz aguileña.

jub

jub, tv. row. bogar o remar.

jub jom, vphr:tv & n5. row. remar.

jubet, av. growl (stomach). rugir las ripas.

jubob jom, nphr(n of n)5. oar, rudder. (1) goberna de navio 156, (2) remo para remar.

jubobil jom, nphr(n4f of n5). oar. bogador o remero.

jjub-jom, agn(tv & ncpd). rower. (1) bogador o remero, (2) remador.

jjubvanej, agn. rower. bogador o remero.

jubileo (Sp.)

jubileo, n5. concession of plenary indulgences. jubileo.

jubon (Sp.)

jubon, n5. doublet. jubon.

juch’

juch’, tv. pound. majar.

juch’ ch’ilim, vphr:tv & n5. grind flour. moler harina.

juch’ kokov, vphr:tv & n5. make cocoa by grinding it. hacer cacao y molerlo 165.

juch’bil ‘ixim, nphr(pp & n)5. corn dough. masa.

juch’bil mostaza, nphr(pp & n)5. mustard sauce. salsa para manjar.

juch’bil nueces, nphr(pp & n)5. sauce made of pounded walnuts and spice. nogada.

juch’bil perejil, nphr(pp & n)5. parsley sauce. salsa para manjar.

juch‘et vayel ta sat, s:av & vn5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). be sleepy. soñoliento.

juch’neb, n4f. mill. molino.

juch’nebal na, nphr(n type n)5. mill. molino.

juch’nebal ton, nphr(n type n)5. mill. RML—This is given as ghux nabalton. atahona.

juch’obil, n4f. pestle. maza 203.

juch’obil aceituna, nphr(n4f of n5). olive oil press. molino de aceite.

juch’obil bon, nphr(n4f of n5). stone for grinding dyes. piedra para moler colores.

juch’un, iv. grind, pound. (1) majar, (2) moler harina.

jjuch’-‘ixim, agn(tv & ncpd). miller. molinero….

jjuch’nom, agn. female servant who grinds the corn, miller. (1) moza de servicio 226, (2) molinero que tiene cuidado de el.

juez (Sp.)

juez, n5. judge. juez.

jul (1)

jul, tv. bleed, chisel, engrave, hurt with a spur, mark (wood, stone for cutting or sawing), pierce (with an awl), prick, sew (sandals, shoes with an awl), stab. RML—The final consonant is given sometimes as t. (1) alesnar, (2) coser alpargatas o zapatos…, (3) espinar o punzar, (4) espolear, herir con la espuela, (5) herir de estocada, (6) punsar, (7) rayar, hacer raya 284, (8) reglar asi madera…, (9) sangrar, (10) sincelar 319.

jul, nc. puncture, stitch. (1) punsadura, (2) puntada con aguja.

jul k’anal tak’in, vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n)5. mark the carats. quilate dar al oro.

jul k’anal tak’in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. carat. quilate de oro.

jul ta majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). stab. herir de estocada.

julbenal, n5. stab wound. purialada como….

julbil, pp. punctured. punsada cosa.

julel, nc. stab wound. putialada de herida.

julintasbil sakil tak’in, nphr:pp & nphr(aj & n)5. marked silver. plata marcada.

juljul nabo, nphr(aj & n)5. long turnip. nabo luengo.

julob, n5. drill. (1) escoplo, (2) sincel, instrumento de hierro 319, (3) taladro.

julob xonobil, nphr(n of n)5. awl. alesnar.

julob tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. dagger, lancet. (1) puñal, (2) sangradera, lanceta.

julobil, n4f. awl, lancet, pencil. (1) alesnar, (2) lanceta de sangrador, (3) plomada para reglar, (4) punson, (5) sangradera, lanceta.

julobil ‘eat, nphr(n4f of n5). toothpick. monda dientes.

julobil caballo, nphr(n4f of n5). spur. espuela.

julvanab, n5. lancet. (1) lanceta de sangrador, (2) sangradera, lanceta.

julvanej, vn5. bloodletting. sangria.

jjulvanej, agn. bloodletter, stabber. (1) punsador, (2) sangrador.

jul (2)

julan, aj. awake, diligent, quick. (1) despierto, (2) despierto, diligente.

julan xanav, vphr:aj & iv. be cautious. recatarse.

julan xexanav (or) julanon xexanay. I am cautious.

julan vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. cautious person. recatado.

julantas, tv. awaken person. despertar a otro.

julay, tv. awaken person. recordar al que duerme.

julay, iv. wake up. (1) despertar, (2) despierto, (3) recordarse, despertar.

julayel, vn5. vigil, wake. vigilia o velada.

‘ak’abal julay, cf. ‘ak’abal.

‘oy to ’ak’abal julay, vphr:s(n5/pred/ & pt & n5) & iv. rise early in the morning. madrugar.

toj ‘ik’-luman julay, vphr:adv & n(aj & ncpd)5 & iv. rise early in the morning. madrugar.

jun

jun, num5. one. RML—There is no Spanish entry for this term; it is derived from the entries below.

jun k’ak’al patan, nphr:nphr(num & n)type n5. one day’s work. tarea.

jun k’ak’al xanbal, nphr:nphr(num & n) type n5. one day’s journey or march. jornada, camino de un dia.

jun k’ak’al ve‘el, nphr:nphr(num & n)5 of vnld. one day’s ration of food. racion de comida.

xak’beat jun k’ak’al sve‘el. He is given one day’s ration of food.

jun me‘il, nphr(num & n)3d. aunt (mother’s sister), great aunt (grandmother’s sister), stepmother. (1) hermana de mi Madre 161, (2) hermana de mi abuela 161, (3) madrasta.

jun muk’ta totil, nphr(num & nphr<aj & n>)3d. great uncle (grandfather’s brother). tio, hermano de abuelo.

jun nich’on, nphr(num & n)4d. man’s stepchild. ante todo respecto del hombre, cf. entenado.

jun pasel, s:num/pred/ & -vn4f. resemble. semejarse o parecerse una cosa a otra.

jun xulub, nphr(num & n)5. falcon. RML—This crested hawk must have been the ornate hawk-eagle, Spizaetus ornatus. halcon.

jun ta maletik, vphr:num/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). be of the same age. edad una.

jun ta mool, vphr:num/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). be of the same age. edad una.

jun totil, nphr(num & n)3d. uncle (father’s brother). tio, hermano de padre.

junajeb choy, nphr(n4d of n5). fish pond. piscina, estanque de peces 261.

junajes, tv. join, unite. poner en uno.

junjun, num. alone, of one mind, single. (1) en uno, (2) sola cosa.

junjun ba, raj. resemble. semejarse o parecerse….

junjun k’op, s:num/pred/ & -n4d. be in agreement. concordar en sentencia o negocio alguno.

junjun no ‘ox chi‘uk, vphr:num/pred/ & pt & pt + -n4d. neighbor. proximo.

junjun no ‘ox tuk, vphr:num/pred/ & pt & pt + -n4d[S]. sovereign lord. Señor soberano.

junjun pajel, s:num/pred/ & -vn4f. match. emparejar.

junjun pajel pas, vphr:s(num/pred/ & vn4f[O]) & tv-. match. emparejar.

junjun pajol, nphr(num of n)5. match. emparejar.

junjun pajol ba ‘ayan, vphr:s(num & rn) & iv. be matched. RML—The verb is in the past tense. emparejar.

junjun pajol ba pas, vphr:s(num & rn[0]) & tv-. match. emparejar.

junjun vinik, nphr(num & n)5. each one. coda uno o cada cual.

jjun Ha’al chon, agn(num & aj & ncpd). thunder. *They say they are men who walk in the clouds. He who sounds by day is a youth and is called Jun Ha’al chon, and he who (sounds) by night is old and is called j‘ox-lajun Ha‘al chon, and that is why the younger men now say instead xt’ ininet ‘osil xjininet ‘osil, “to crack, to crash.” RML—If I interpreted this term properly it means literally “one water snake,” while the other is “thirteen water snake,” but de la Barrera gives it as ghun aghal than (de la Barrera, 1788:95). tronar.

mu junjunuk, vphr:neg & num/pred/. different. diferentemente.

mu junjunuk k’op, s:neg & num5/pred/ & -n4d. disagree. diferentemente.

Ha‘ ta June, s:n5/pred/ & nphr(pt & num). the other. otro, uno de los dos.

ju-jun, num(num & numcpd)5. apiece, one each. sendas.

ju-jun ‘abil vokol, nphr:nphr(num<num & numcpd> & n)5 type n5. annual history. ystoria de cada ano.

ju-jun chuk batel, nphr:num(num & num & nccpd) & dr. bunch by bunch. manojo a manojo.

ju-jun k’ak’al vokol, nphr:nphr(num<num & numcpd> & n)5 type n5. daily history. ystoria de cada dia 190.

ju-jun tal ‘a‘i, vphr:num(num & numcpd) & dr & tv-. taste or test each one. probar muchas cocas 274.

ju-jun vinkilel, nphr:num(num & numcpd) & n4d. limb by limb. miembro a miembro.

juju batel, nphr(num & dr). every few minutes. momento de tiempo.

juju batel ‘oy sk’an ve‘el. He wants to eat every few minutes.

juju-ti‘ ve‘, vphr:qphr(num<num & nccpd>) & iv. fast. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Venustiano Carranza, huhuti’ cic’ tohel is “To pay by installments” and huhuti’ no’o is “little by little” (Sarles, nd.:75). dieta terser.

ta ju-jun ‘abil, qphr:prep & num(num & numcpd) & n5. annually. ystoria de año en año 190.

ta ju-jun ‘abil vokol, nphr:qphr(prep & num<num & numcpd> & n5) type n5. annual history. ystoria de año en año 190.

ta ju-jun ‘ak’abal, qphr:prep & num(num & numcpd) & n5. nightly. todos los dias.

ta ju-jun k‘ak’al, qphr:prep & num(num & numcpd) & n5. daily. todos los dias.

ta juju jech, qphr:prep & nphr(num & n)5. on each side. en una parte y en otra.

*jup

*jupet, av. sound softly (wind, breeze). RML—This is given as xghapet, but in colonial Tzeltal the term is xghupupet (Guzmán, 1620: 188). ruido hacer el aire o viento suave.

jup’

jup’, iv. grow fat. engordar.

jup‘es, tv. fatten. engordar.

juramento (Sp.)

juramento, n5. oath. jurar.

‘ich’bey juramento, cf. ‘ich’.

jus

jus, tv. plaster lightly with daub to fill cracks and to smooth surface. embarrar con barro….

jusilan, tv. rub with the hands. estregar con las manes.

jusob, n5. rubbing instrument. fregadero.

jusobil, n4f. rubbing instrument. (1) estregadero, instrumento, (2) fregadero.

jjusnom, agn. plasterer. embarrador asi.

jux

jlux, tv. burnish, polish roughly, rub together (bricks, rocks), whet. (1) acicalar groseramente como amolar, (2) fregar como regalando, (3) raspar como ladrillos.

jux ba ‘u‘un, vphr:ry + -n4d. rub together. fregar una cosa con otra….

juxbenal, n4f. dust of ground rock or brick, filings, scrapings. *As when they sharpen their axes on a rock. RML—In the first listing this is given as xucbenal. (1) polvos de limadura…, (2) raspadura.

juxtzaj, iv. become smooth. arrasar.

juxilan, tv. rub together (bricks, rocks). raspar como ladrillos….

juxjonet, av. slippery. resbaladero.

juxob, n5. burnisher, polisher. (1) acicaladera, (2) alisadera o instrumento para alisar.

juxobil, n4f. burnisher, polisher. (1) acicaladera, (2) alisadera o….

juxoj, n4d. object being polished or whetted. acicalar groseramente….

jut (1)

juteb, aj. a little, more or less, nearly, to some degree. *As to tell the truth to some degree. It is more or less like this. (1) algun tanto, (2) en alguna manera, (3) poco adjetivo, (4) poco mas.

mu sta toj juteb xka‘i. I do not think it is enough. poco mas menos.

juteb mo nejach’. I nearly fell. ayna, presto.

juteb ‘epaluk ‘oy, s:nphr(adv & -n4f) & n5/pred/. a little bit. poquito.

juteb ‘ojtakin, vphr:adv & tv-. recognize. reconocer.

juteb ‘utz, ajphr:adv & aj. a little better. mejor un poco 205.

juteb be‘yi, ajphr:adv & aj. a little before. poco tiempo antes.

juteb jelav, vphr:adv & iv. be a little better or bigger. (1) mayor un poco 205, (2) mejor un poco.

juteb k’ak’, vphr:adv & iv. be scorched or singed. socarrarse.

juteb k’ak’es, vphr:adv & tv-. scorch, singe. socarrarse.

juteb lok’es, vphr:adv & tv-. take out a little ways. sacar un poco fuera.

juteb muk’, ajphr:adv & aj. a little bigger. mayor un poco 205.

juteb na‘bey ba, vphr:adv & rdv. recognize. reconocer.

juteb xa, qphr:adv & pt. a little more, a little while, nearly. (1) ahora de aqui a un poco, (2) luego de aqui a poco, (3) medio vivo, (4) rato de tiempo, (5) un poco mas.

juteb xa mo nicham. I nearly died. ayna, presto.

juteb xa k’an, vphr:qphr(adv & pt) & tv-. more or less. poco mas a menos.

juteb xa mu ta, vphr:qphr(adv & pt) & neg & tv-. be a little less. (1) poco menos, (2) un poco menos.

juteb tam sat, s:adv & iv & -n4d. recognize. reconocer.

juteb yalul tuk, vphr:adv & aj/pred/ + n4d[S]. be smaller. menor.

juteb yalulon jtuk. I am smaller.

jutebaj, iv. become depopulated by famine or sickness, decrease in number. (1) apocarse en numero, (2) despoblarse por hambre o enfermedad….

jutebuk ‘oy, s:aj & n5/pred/. a little. poco, adjetivo.

jutebuk ‘oy xa, vphr:aj & n5/pred/ & pt. a little more. poco mas.

toj juteb ‘a‘i, vphr:s(adv & aj/pred/ & ---) & tv. a little more or less. poco mas o menos.

jut (2)

jut, tv. begin something new, persuade, start (dispute). cutting or sawing), persuade, start (dispute). (1) comenzar cosa que antes no la habia, (2) mover asi, (3) trabar pelea o cuestion 340.

Ho‘ot ajut, Ho‘ot alikes! You started it, you began it! trabar pelea o cuestion 340.

ba‘yi jut ta ‘olonton, cf. ba (2).

juy

juy, tv. stir. RML—See ju‘. (1) mecer, (2) revolver 287.

juy ‘e, s:iv & -n4f. rebound (with the blade turning). rebotar torciendose el filo.

juy ta tek‘el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). trample on. pisada con los pies, cf. pisar.

juy tan, vphr:tv & n5. plaster (putting on a lot of plaster as with a trowel). encalar poniendo mucha cal….

juybey xuch’, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. mend (leather or wine jug with pitch). empegar cuero o jarro para vino.

ejuybeat xxuch’al. It was mended with pitch. empegado asi.

juybey ‘e, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. make rebound. rebotar asi.

juybil, pp. rubbed, stirred. (1) fregado, (2) mecida cosa asi.

juybil xuch’, nphr(pp & n)5. pitch. pez.

juyemal, n4f. rebound. rebotadura asi.

juyilan, tv. stir. revolver 287.

juyilanbil, pp. rubbed. fregado.

juyinom, aj. alone, single. sola cosa.

juyinom ’olol, nphr(aj & n)3d. woman’s only child. hijo uno solo o hija.

juyinom mut, nphr(aj & n)5. solitary bird. solitaria ave.

juyinom nich’nal, nphr(aj & n)5. man’s only child. hijo uno solo….

juyinom nich’on, nphr(aj & n)4d. man’s only child. hijo uno solo….

juyinom ta naklej, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). living alone, solitary. solitario.

juyinomal, n5. solitude. soledad.

juyob, n5. stirrer, wooden ladle. (1) hataca para mecer, (2) mecedor con que mecen.

juyob tan, nphr(n of n)5. mason’s trowel. plana de albañil.

juyobil, n4f. stirrer, wooden ladle. (1) hataca para mecer, (2) mecedor con…, (3) revolvedero 287.

juyobil ‘ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). threshing floor (where the grain is stirred). era donde trillan.

juyp’ij ‘e, s:iv & -n4f. rebound (blade). rebotar torciendose elfilo.

juyp’in, tv. make rebound. redoblar.

juyp’in ‘e, vphr:tv & -n4f. make rebound. rebotar asi otra cosa.

juyp’inbey ‘e, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. make rebound. rebotar asi otra cosa.

jjuy-Ho’, agn(tv & ncpd). person who stirs. mecedor que mece alguno.

jjuyvanej, agn. person who rocks another. mecedor que mece alguno.

K

ka‘

ka‘al te‘el k’o, nphr:nphr(aj & n) type n5. wooden bridge. RML—Perhaps this should be read k’ atal te‘el k’o, for in colonial Tzeltal the adjective is given as catal (Guzmán, 1620:169). puente de maderas.

ka‘al ton, nphr(aj & n)5. stone or brick bridge. RML—see note above. puente de piedra o ladrillo.

katz’

katz’, tv. carry crosswise in one’s mouth or teeth. llevar atravesado en los dientes o boca.

katz’atz’tik, aj. protruding, RML—See katz’an. higas dar.

katz’an, tv. press down on. * This means to put something in a press, and they say that the adobes or stones that have been poorly laid in a wall, when some stick out farther than others are katz’ ate tik. higas dar.

katz’anbey k’ob, vphr:-dv & n4d[A]. give a fig to someone. higas dar.

katz’oj, n4d. object carried in one’s mouth. llevar atravesado en….

jkatz’anej-k’obil, agn(vn & ncpd). person who gives a fig. higas dar.

kaj (1)

kaj, iv. begin. (1) comenzar, (2) moverse.

kaj tuk, vphr:iv + n4d[S]. take the opportunity. *As when we say nobody gave me the opportunity, but I took it. ocasion tomar.

kajal, aj. on top of. encima de algo.

kajan, tv. load, put on top of, stand up (candle). (1) candelero, (2) cargar, (3) poner encima.

jkajan ta caballo. I am loading the horse. poner encima.

jkajan ta mesa. I am putting it on the table. poner encima.

kajanab candela, nphr(n of n)5. candlestick. candelero. kajeb, n4f. beginning. comienzo.

kajeb k’op, nphr(n4f of n5). introduction of a speech, prologue. (1) yntroduccion de platica 189, (2) prologo.

kajeb Hun, nphr(n4f of n5). prologue. prologo.

kajel lik, vphr:vn5 & iv. movable, moving frequently. mudable, cosa que….

kajes, tv. begin, provide the opportunity. (1) comenzar algo, (2) ocasion dar.

kajey, iv. load, stand up (candle). (1) candelero, (2) cargar.

kajleb ‘ikatzil, nphr(n4f of n3d). packsaddle. alabarda.

kajleb candela, nphr(n4f of n5). candlestick. candelero.

ba kajal, cf. ba (2).

j-kajal, num(num & nccpd)5. row (of stones or adobes or anything laid on top of each other). grada cada una de por si….

xcha’-kajal nesmaj. He hit me for the second time. grada

yox-kajal neyut. He scolded me for the third time. grada cada una….

koj, n4f. disgust, legal title, why? RML—This term for disgust is always given as xcogh, an intransitive verb, which may be an assimilated form of skoj. (1) hastio tener, (2) por que preguntando, (3) titulo o derecho a alguna cosa.

koj, n4d. because of. por para dar causa.

koj ‘a‘i, vphr:s(-n4f/pred/ & ---) & tv. be disgusted by, loathe. RML—See note above. (1) abominar corno…, (2) hastio tener.

koj ‘ilel ‘a‘i, vphr:s(n4f of -vn4f) & tv. dislike. malquerer.

koj ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(n4f of n5) & tv. be disgusted by. hastiotener.

koj ‘oy, vphr:-n4f/pred/ & pt. worthily. dignamente.

koj chak, nphr(n4f of n5). coccyx. rabadilla.

kojobil, n3d. burden. carga.

‘ak’ kojob, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

j-koj, num(num & nccpd)5. row (stone, adobes), step, time. (1) escalon o grada, (2) grada cada una de por si, (3) hilada de piedras o adobes.

ta koj, qphr:prep & -n4d. because of. por para dar causa. ta jkoj. because of me.

Ha‘ koj, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f. because of, that’s why. (1) por para dar causa, (2) por que respondiendo.

Ha‘ koj mo‘oj, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f & neg. that’s why not por que no demostrando.

Ha‘ ta koj, vphr:n4/pred/ & qphr(prep & -n4f). because of, therefore. (1) por para dar causa, (2) por ende.

Ha‘ ta skoj mu netal. For that reason I did not come. por para dar causa.

*kaj (2)

*kajal-pas, tv(aj & tvcpd). do something negligently. RML—Perhaps this and the following entries should be read jakal rather than kajal, since in colonial Tzeltal the term is ghacal (Guzmán, 1620:207) and the meaning is not illogical, but if the friar had a mental short-circuit he was consistently short-circuited throughout this entry. tibiamente hacer algo.

*kajalkajal pas, vphr:aj & tv-. do inconsiderately or negligently. (1) ynconcideradamente 186, (2) tibiamente hacer algo.

*kajaltay, tv. do negligently. tibiamente hacer algo.

*kajaltaybil, pp. done as if it were a joke. tibiamente hacer algo.

*kajalta(y)bil avu‘un. You did it as if it were a joke.

kak

kak ba, rv. become thin, contract. meterse o colarse por….

kak ba ‘och, vphr:ry & iv. go or slip through narrow place as an iron railing. meterse o colarse por….

kakal, aj. caught, stuck. parar metiendose entre dos cosas….

kakbil ‘och, vphr:pp & iv. have slipped through. RML—The verb is in the past tense. metido asi.

kaktzaj, iv. be caught or stuck between two objects (as trees that fall and are caught in the branches of others). parar metiendose….

kam

kam, tv. stuff (food into one’s mouth). tragon.

kamel tik’el ve‘el, nphr:nphr(vn & vn)5 type n5. dinner (principal meal eaten at midday). merienda.

kamkonel tik’el ye’, iv(vn & vn & ivcpd). eat dinner. *There is no such verb as merendar; they say xive‘ for all, but to differentiate one can use this. merendar.

jkamojel, agn. glutton. tragon.

kamul

kamul, n4f. wood chip. rajas de madera.

kamul tak’in, nphr(n4f of n5). metal chip. astil.

kamul te‘, nphr(n4f of n5). wood chip. astil.

kan

kanet, av. ring (bell). (1) retañer como la campana, (2) son o sonido, sonar, hacer sonido.

kankonet, av. bustle about. bullirse.

kap

kap, tv. mix. mezclar 222.

kap, n4f. mortar, pitch, plaster. (1) betun, (2) mezcla para asentar piedra o adobes 222.

kap ‘a‘al tan, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). mortar. argamasa.

kap bon, nphr(n4f of n4f). mixture of a variety of colors. matiz en la pintura.

kap tz’ib, nphr(n4f of n4f). mixture of a variety of colors. matiz en la pintura.

kap ve‘el, nphr(n4f of vn5). sauce. salsa para manjar.

kapal, aj. mixed. mezclada cosa 222.

kapal bon, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. multicolored, striped. listada cosa da varios colores.

kapal naul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. multicolored, striped. listada cosa de….

kapalkapal, aj. intermingled. entreverado.

kapaptik, aj. mixed in many places. mezclada cosa en muchas partes…222.

kapbil ta Ho’, vphr:pp/prep/ & qphr(prep & n5). diluted (wine). vino aguado.

kapij, iv. mix. (1) mesturas, (2) mezclar 222.

kapin, tv. mix. (1) mesturas, (2) mezclar 222.

kapin ta juyel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5), mix around. mecer revolviendo una cosa con otra.

kapinbil, pp. mixed. mesturada.

kapinbil ta saki! tak’in, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). alloyed. metalado.

kapulan ta juyel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). mix around. mecer revolviendo….

mo ‘oyuk kap, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4f. pure, undiluted (wine). *God is clean without any mixture: pokpokbil toj t’ ujum mo ‘oyuk skap. (1) mezcla para…222, (2) pura cosa sin mezcla, (3) vino puro.

‘och kap, cf. ‘och. (1) mesturada cosa, (2) metalado, (3) mezcla para…222.

‘oy kap, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f. alloyed, diluted, mixed. (1) mesturada cosa, (2) metalado, (3) mezcla para…222.

*kata

*kata, aj. lively, spirited. RML—This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal. lozano gallardo 199.

*kata vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. imposter, lively person. (1) embustero, (2) lozano gallardo 199.

*katail vinik, nphr(aj/att/ & n)5. lively person. lozano gallardo 199.

*katatik xanav, vphr:aj & iv. walk spiritedly. lozano gallardo andar 199.

keb

keban, iv. belch. regoldar.

kebanil, n5. belch. regueldo.

kech

kech ch’ut, s:iv & -n4d. be purged. purgar, compurgar.

‘ep ekech jch’ut. I was well-purged.

kechel, vn le. leftovers. migajas que sobren a los que comen.

kechelil, n3d. leftovers. (1) migajas que…, (2) relieves.

kej

kejan ba, rv. bow, kneel. (1) arrodillarse, (2) reverencia hacer.

kejel, aj. be kneeling. (1) arrodillado, (2) estar de rodillas.

kejey, iv. bow, kneel. (1) arrodillarse, (2) estar de rodillas, (3) hincarse de rodillar, (4) reverencia hacer.

‘ak’ kejluk, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

*kek

*kekub, aj. kneeling. RML—In colonial Tzeltal this is given as necub for “coxo” and the verb -necubagh for “coxear” (Guzmán, 1620:46). cojear como…67.

*kekubaj, iv. genuflect. cojear como…67.

*kekuban, iv. genuflect. cojear como…67.

kelem

kelem, nld. bachelor, boy, page, servant, youth. RML—It was this word which, slightly distorted, became the Spanish name of the Tzotzil people—Quelen. (1) mozo mancebo 225, (2) mozo de servicio 225, (3) paje.

kelem caballo, nphr(n type n)5. pony. potro.

kelem vacas, nphr(n type n)5. young bull or ox. novillo, buey.

bik’tal kelem, nphr(aj & n)5. young boy. (1) mancebo pequeño, (2) mosuelo pequeño 225.

ch’iom kelem, cf. ch’i.

kelmal, nld. youth. mosedad de aquestas 225.

ta jkelmal. in my youth. en mi tiempo.

kelmay, iv. grow young, reach boyhood. (1) moso hacerse o llegar aquella edad 225, (2) remosar.

kelm

kelm. boyhood. cf. kelem.

*kem (1)

j-*kem, num(num & nccpd)5. another, part, section. RML—This may be related to the colonial Tzeltal term for “grada,” -quem (Guzmán, 1620:97). (1) algunos, (2) otras cosas, (3) parte del todo, (4) parte dar, (5) partida, parte.

j-*kem xkak’bey. I give him a piece. parte dar.

j-*kemkem, num(num & nccpd)5. single piece. parte dar.

j-*kemkem ekak’bey. I gave him a single piece.

*kem (2)

*kemil, n3d. feathered litter. *The same (term is used) for the feathers that they carry in the dances to cover their heads or their backs. andas de pluma de esta manera.

*skem Dios. litter for the sacrament. andas del sacramento.

*skem Maria. litter for the Virgin Mary. andas del sacramento.

*kem (3)

*keman sat, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. frown. RML—In this entry the root form is given both as quern and quim. ceno mostrar 70.

k’usi skoj *xakeman asat? Why do you frown?

*keman sat k’el, vphr:s(tv & n4d[A] & tv-[A]. frown at. mirar con enojo.

k’usi skoj *xakemanbeon asat? Why are you frowning at me?

*kemanbey sat, vphr:-dv & n4d[A]. frown at. ceno mostrar 70.

*xakemanbeon asat? Why are you frowning at me?

*kemel sat, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be frowning. ceno mostrar 70.

keov

keov, nle. shade. sombra hacer.

‘oy skeovil. It is shady. sombra hacer el arbol.

keovtik, n5. shade. (1) sombrejo o lugar que hay sombra, (2) sombria cosa.

*kep

*kepel, aj. all, every. RML—The same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:208). todo.

*kichin

*kichin ‘osil, nphr(n4f of n5). saltpeter bed. RML—Possibly kichin should be read k’ ixin, “hot.” salitral, lugar.

*kichin lum, nphr(n4f of n5). saltpeter. salitre.

*kichin ton, nphr(n4f of n5). saltpeter. salitre.

kik

kik, tv. clutch. asir asi o tener en la mano.

kik ba, rv. shake hands. asirse de las manos.

kikan, tv. lean against (long objects against a wall). arrimar otra cosa.

kikanej, n4d. object that has been leaned against something. arrimado.

kiktzaj, iv. get stuck, run aground, stem the current, stop, stop falling, stop moving (inanimate object). (1) asirse o detenerse una cosa en otra, (2) encallar barca o cañoa, (3) pararse, (4) parar o estancar, (5) tenerse el que quiere caer….

kiktzajebal, n3d. place where one runs aground. encallecerse con callos, cf. encallamiento.

kiktzajel, vn5. running aground. encallamiento asi.

kikey, iv. lean against. arrimarse.

kikil, aj. run aground, stopped, stuck (unable to be pushed in or pulled out). (1) asirse o…, (2) encallada cosa asi, (3) parado asi, (4) tenido asi o asido en algo.

kikoj, n4d. object being grasped. asir asi algo….

kil

kil, tv. drag, pull. (1) arrastrar, (2) traer par fuerza.

*kinich

Idnich ‘ojov, nphr(x & n)5. consumptive. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, quinich aghauh is given for “almorranas” (Guzmán, 1620:17). The term for piles in colonial Tzotzil is yichil chak. etico, enfermo.

kis

ksin, nld. adversity, devil, exhaustion. RML—quicin is colonial Tzeltal for “desdiche, diablo” (Gates, 1934b:225). In modern Lacandón kisin is the cause of death, earthquake, and the devil (Bruce, 1974:368). diablos, nombre de algunos.

kisnaj, iv. be anguished by sickness or loss. fatiga venir….

kisnajes, tv. torment. fatiga asi o adversidad.

kisnan, tv. be exhausted by. fatiga asi o….

jkisnan te jmajele. I was exhausted by the beating. fatiga asi.

ko‘ol

ko‘ol, aj. equal, equally, of one accord, same, together. (1) en uno, (2) juntamente, (3) ygual cosa asi 184, (4) ygualmente, (5) pareja cosa.

ko‘ol ‘abil, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. be of the same age. ser de una edad.

ko‘ol ‘ayan ‘u‘un, vphr:aj & iv + -n4d. make the same size (long or tall things). ygualar cosas largas o alias 184.

ko‘ol ‘epal ‘abil, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -n4e). be of the same age. ygual en edad 184.

ko‘ol ba, raj. resemble. semejarse o parecerse….

ko‘ol ch’i, vphr:aj & iv. be of the same age. ser de una edad. ko‘ol ch’iel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. be of the same age. ygual en edad 184.

ko‘ol k’op, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be in agreement. concordar en sentencia o negocio alguno.

ko‘ol muk’ul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be of the same size. ygual cosa asi 184.

ko‘ol muk’ul pas, vphrs(aj/pred/ & -n4d) & tv. make the same size (flat things). emparejar.

ko‘ol natil, s:pred/ & -n4d. be of the same height or length. ygual cosa asi 184.

ko‘ol natil pas, vphr: s(aj/pred/ & -n4d) & tv. be of the same height or length. emparejar.

ko‘ol pasel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. resemble. semejarse o parecerse….

mo ko‘oluk, vphr:pt & aj/pred/. different. (1) diferente, (2) diferentemente.

toj ko‘ol, vphr:aj & aj/pred/. exact. justa cosa.

ko‘ov

ko‘ovil, n3d. jaw. quijal o quijada.

kob

kob, tv. fuck (have relations, a man with a woman, using a clear term). hacer, tener parte el hombre…166.

kobvan, iv. whore. putanear.

jkob-xinch’ok, agn(tv & ncpd). active homosexual. puto que hace.

jkobel, agn. whore. putanera.

jkobel-xinch’ok, agn(vn & ncpd). passive homosexual. puto que padece.

jkobvanej, agn. whoremaster. putanero.

kotz (1)

kotzan sat, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. frown. ceno mostrar 70.

kotzan sat k’el, vphr:s(tv & n4d[A] & tv & tv-[A]. look with a frown. mirar asi, arrugada la frente o con ceno.

kotz (2)

jkotz, n5. rooster. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Larraínzar, the rooster is termed both cots and jcots (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:60). In modern Tzotzil of Chalchihuitán kotz is both rooster and gobbler. gallo.

‘anil jkotz, cf. ‘anil.

ch’iom jkotz, cf. ch’i.

koch

xkoch, n5. fly that oxen drive away. RML—In modern Tzotzil, koch is a horsefly. moscarda que avienta los bueyes.

koj (1)

koj. because, burden, coccyx, disgust, row, step, therefore, time, title. cf. kaj (1).

*koj (2)

*kojem, iv. tame (domestic deer). RML—One assumes this is the stative form of an intransitive verb, koj. manso animal, como venados domesticos.

*kojib, iv. become tame (animal). (1) amansar o reposar animal, (2) manso hacerse asi.

*kojibtas, tv. tame (wild animal). domar cosa fiera.

kok (1)

kok, aj. deaf. sordo.

kokib, iv. grow deaf. (1) ensordecer, (2) sordecer.

kokibel, vn5. deafness. ensordecimiento.

kokibes, tv. deafen. ensordecer a otro.

kokibtas, tv. deafen. ensordecer a otro. kokil, n4d. deafness, stupidity. ensordecimiento.

kokil vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. deaf person. sordo.

kokkok, aj. stupid. ensordecimiento.

kok (2)

kokkonet, ay. cluck (hen). gorgear la gallina de castilla.

kok (3)

kok, n5. land turtle. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, coc has the same meaning (Guzmán, 1620:94). In modern Tzeltal of Aguacatenango, the term is kokis (Kaufman, 1972:105). galapago de la tierra.

koktom

koktom, n5. coatimundi. RML—In modern Tzotzil, kotom. pizobe, animalejo.

kol

kol, iv. escape, fall (beads from a ribbon, cloth), miss (crossbow, pellet, arrow), take shelter. (1) caer como el paño o cuentas de la cinta, (2) escabullirse, (3) escaparse del peligro, (4) guarecerse, (5) pasar con tino…, (6) salvarse.

kol, iv. be safe. RML—The verb is in the past tense. seguro de peligro.

kol-chamuk, tv(aj & tvcpd)/subj/. escaped from death. (1) descabullirse o librarse de la muerte…, (2) escabullido o librado de muerte, (3) escapado asi de ser muerto….

kol-chaman (or) kol-chamukot. You have escaped from death. (1) descabullirse o librarse…, (2) escabullido o librado de muerte.

kol-japiuk, iv(aj & tvcpd)/subj/. escaped from capture. escabullido o librado ya….

kol-kom, iv(aj & ivcpd). escaped. escabullido.

kol-miluk, iv(aj & tvcpd)/subj/. escaped from being killed. escabullido difunto de ser ahorcado.

kol-majuk, iv(aj & tvcpd)/subj/. escaped from a beating. escapado asi….

kol ta ‘abtel, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be exempted from labor. RML—The verb is in the past tense. jubilado ser.

kol ta ‘ok’el, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn4d[S]). be full (moon). RML—The verb is in the past tense. Apparently the moon is not thought to be crying when full. luna llena.

kol ta tzakel, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). escape capture. descabullirse cuando lo quieren tomar.

kol ta charnel, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). escape death. descabullirse o librarse….

kol ta jatval, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). flee. huir para salvarse.

kol ta jinel, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). flee. huir para salvarse.

kol ta lubel, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & vn5). divert oneself, rest. (1) descanzar, (2) recrearse, (3) reposar, descansar. kolukotik ta lubel! Let’s rest! descanzar.

kol ta mu‘natil, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be freed from slavery. RML—The verb is in the past tense. horror, cf. horron.

kol ta patan, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be exempt from tribute. RML—The verb is in the past tense. jubilado ser. kolebal, n3d. refuge or shelter to defend oneself. guarida para defenderse.

kolel, vn5. liberty. libertad.

koles, tv. free from danger, protect, rescue, save, shelter. (1) amparar como quiera, (2) defender, (3) librar de peligro, (4) redimir, (5) salvar.

koles ba, rv. be saved, escape from danger, take shelter in the church. (1) retraerse a la iglesia, (2) salvarse.

koles yolobil ta k’ob, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & vn4d[A]). miss (arrow). pasar con tino….

kolesel, vn4d. rescue of oneself. salvacion pasiva....

kolesbil mu‘nat, nphr(pp & n)5. freed slave. horror, cf. horron.

kolesbil ta ‘abtel, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). exempt from labor. jubilado, suelto de trabajo.

kolesbil ta patan, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). exempt from tribute. jubilado, suelto….

kolesvanej, vn5. salvation. alvacion.

koltay, tv. act as an attorney, aid the poor or miserable, defend, free from danger, help, plead a case, rescue, save. (1) ayudar 14, (2) defender, (3) favorecer, (4) librar de peligro, (5) procurar por otro o abrojar, (6) redimir, (7) salvar, (8) socorrer.

koltay ba, rv. take refuge, take refuge in the church. (1) guarecerse, (2) retraerse a la iglesia.

koltayabil, n4d. help one receives. favorable a mi.

koltaybil, pp. aided. socorrido.

koltaybil ‘ok, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. exempt from labor. franco privilegiado.

koltaybil k’ob, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. exempt from labor. franco privilegiado.

koltayej, n4d. object of one’s defense. (1) amparar como quiera, (2) defender.

koltayel, vn4d. help or salvation one receives. (1) ayuda que se nos hace 14, (2) favorable a mi, (3) salvacion pasiva, (4) socorro.

koltayvan, iv. help. ayudar 14.

koltayben, n4d. object of one’s help. favorecido por mi.

koltayvanej, vnld. help, salvation. (1) ayuda que se nos hace 14, (2) salvacion, (3) socorro.

koluk, iv/subj/. escaped. escapado.

jkolesvanej, agn. rescuer. redentor.

jkoltayvaney, agn. attorney, defender, patron, rescuer. (1) favorable a mi, (2) patron o defensor, (3) procurador, (4) redentor, (5) salvacion pasiva….

‘utz kol ‘u’un, vphr:aj & iv + -n4d. be curable. sanable cosa.

toj kolel bat, vphr:aj & aj & iv. miss (crossbow pellet, arrow). RML—The verb is in the past tense. pasar con tino….

kola‘

kola’, blaspheme, corruption, damaged, hate, infamy, innocent, malice, poison, sickness, stained, tyrant, ugliness. cf. kolo‘.

kolo‘

kolo‘, aj. bad, evil, malicious, malignant, pregnant, ugly, vile. (1) empreñado, (2)fea cosa, (3) mal sustantivo, (4) mala cosa, (5) mala y falsemente, (6) maliciosamente, maligno, malignamente, (7) ruin.

kolo‘ ‘a‘i, vphr:aj & tv-. consider evil, dislike, want to leave. (1) correr algo, (2) sabele mal o pesale algo.

kolo‘ a‘yej, nphr(aj & n)5. bad news. fama mala que oimos. kolo”a‘yejlal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. bad reputation. fama mala asi.

kolo‘ ‘elov, s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. ugly. fea cosa.

kolo‘ ‘il, vphr:aj & tv-. hate. (1) aborrecer, (2) odio tener.

kolo‘ ‘iley, vphr:aj & tv/pass/. be hateful. odioso.

kolo‘ ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. be sick. (1) adolescer, estar malo, (2) malo estar 206.

kolo‘ ‘ut, vphr:aj & tv-. degrade. abellacar 36.

kolo‘ ba ‘oy ‘ik’, s:raj/pred/ & pt & -n4d. be terrible. terrible cosa.

kolo‘ ba sat, s:raj/pred/ & -n4d. have an ugly appearance or face. semblante de cara.

kolo‘ balam, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be unlucky. hado malo.

kolo‘ ch’ulelil, s:aj/pred/ & n3d. be unlucky. hado malo.

kolo‘ k’ob, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. lame in one hand. manco de mano 207.

kolo’ k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. word game. juego de palabras.

kolo‘ pasbey, vphr:aj & -dv-. hurt. empecer.

kolo‘ epasbeat. He is hurt. empecido.

kolo‘ pasey, vphr:aj & tv/pass/. badly made. RML—The verb is in the past tense. mal echo.

kolo‘ xanav, vphr:aj & iv. limp. cojear sin doblar el cuerpo 67.

batz’i kolo‘, cf. batz’i.

mo ‘oyuk bu Hech kolo’, s:neg & n5/pred/ & nphr(n5 & nphr<aj & n>). especially bad or evil. extraña cosa de buena 134.

toj kolo‘, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. deformed, perverse, poisonous, ugly, vicious, wicked. (1) disforme, feo, (2) malvado, (3) perverso, (4) ponzoñoso 266.

toj kolo‘ tuk, vphr:adv & aj/pred/ + n4d[S]. worse. peor comparativo.

toj kolo‘ot atuk. You are worse. feo.

kola’aj, iv. become corrupt, damaged, defiled, pregnant, stained, or ugly. (1) afearse, (2) corromperse, dañarse, dañar, corromperse, (4) empreñarse, (5) ensuciarse, (6) mancillarse 211.

‘utzot vo‘ne ta xakola’aj. Once you were good, now you are becoming corrupted. dañar, corromperse.

t’ujomot vo‘ne nalcola’aj *‘echan. Once you were good, now you have become corrupt. dañar, corromperse.

kola‘aj ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. make person cunning or deceitful. hacer bellaco 165.

kola‘aj batel, vphr:iv & dr. grow worse. empeorarse.

kola‘ajes, tv. damage, impregnate, dirty, make cunning, deceitful, or ugly, stain. (1) afear, hacer feo, (2) dañar, corromperse, (3) empreñar, (4) ensuciar otra cosa, (5) hacer bellaco 165, (6) mancillar a otra cosa 211.

kola‘al, nld. corruption, malice, roguery, ugliness, wickedness. (1) abellacar 36, (2) corrompimiento asi, (3) fealdad, (4) maldad, (5) malicia.

kola‘al ‘a‘yej, nphr(n type n)5. bad news. extraña cosa de uena.

kola‘al ‘a‘yejlal, nphr(n type n)ld. bad reputation, infamy. (1) fama mala asi, (2) ynfamia 187.

kola‘al-‘al, tv(n & tvcpd). blaspheme, curse. renegar, blasfemar.

kola‘al ‘antz, nphr(n type n)5. pregnant woman. preñada.

kola‘al ’e chon, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). snake poison. ponzoña de vibora.

kola‘a1-11, tv(n & tvcpd). hate. odio tener.

kola‘al nphr(n type vn)4d. hatred one receives. odio conque soy aborrecido.

kola‘al Ilvanej, nphr(n type vn)5. hatred. odio o enemistad con que aborrezco.

kola‘al ‘osil, nphr(n4f of n5). sickness. adolescer, estar malo. kola‘al-nop, tv(n & tvcpd). react negatively towards. echar las cosas a mala parte.

kola‘al pasnej, nphr(n type n)5. evil action. mal echo.

kola‘al pasojel, nphr(n type vn)5. evil action. mal echo.

kola‘al pox, nphr(n type n)5. poison drink. ponzoña, bebedizo 266.

kola‘al-xanav, iv(n & ivcpd). live wickedly. bivir mal.

kola‘al vinik, nphr(n type n)5. tyrant. tirano.

jkola‘al ’al dios, agn(n & tv & ncpd). blasphemer. renegador.

‘ip kola‘al, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. poisonous. ponzoñoso 266.

laal kola‘al ‘e, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -n4d). poisonous (venom). ponzoñoso 266.

mo ’oyulc kola‘al, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. innocent. ynocente 188.

mo k’usi kola‘al, s:neg & n/pred/ & -n4d. innocent. ynocente 188.

kolol

kolol tak’in, nphr(x type n)5. iron window grate. reja 299. kolol te, nphr(x type n)5. birdcage, wooden window grate. (1) jaula, (2) reja 299.

kolom

kolomil, n3d. chin, jaw. (1) barba, donde nacen las barbas, (2) quijal o quijada.

kom (1)

kom, iv. be left, flood widely, remain, stay. (1) dejado, (2) quedar.

kom ‘u‘un, phr:iv + -n4d. leave, move. (1) desamparar, (2) mudar.

kom chu‘ ‘u‘un, s:iv & -n4d + -n4d. be weaned. destetarse.

kom lumal xanav, vphr:s(iv & -n4d) & iv [S=P of n4d]. go on a pilgrimage. RML—The first verb is in the past tense. peregrinar.

kom na xanav, vphr:s(iv & -n4d) & iv [S=P of n4d]. go on a pilgrimage. RML—The first verb is in the past tense. peregrinar.

kom ta na, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). abandon one’s town, depopulate. despoblar, dejar sitio de pueblo.

komtzaj, iv. be dammed up, stop in one’s tracks, stop moving (inanimate object). (1) estancar, (2) pararse lo que ands de cosas muertas, (3) quedarse asi.

komel, vn4f. flood. diluvio.

komel ‘u’un, vphr:-vn4f/pred/ + -n4d. move object. mudar otracosa.

komenal santo, nphr(n4d of n5). relic Of saint. reliquias de santo.

komenal ve‘el, nphr(n4f of vn5). leftovers. relieves.

komenalil, n3d. defect, leftovers. (1) sobra que queda, (2) tacha en cualquiera cosa.

komes, tv. cut short, leave. (1) abreviara, (2) dejar 84, (3) quedar.

komes ’ajvalel, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. renounce one’s rank. renunciar dignidad o algo asi.

komes kola‘al ‘e, vphntv & nphr(n4f of n4d[A]). poison or bite; something poisonous. ponzoñar o morder cosa ponzoñosa 266.

komes kola‘al ti’, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n4d[A]). poison or bite; something poisonous. ponzoriar o.. 266.

komes ta ‘olonton, vphr:tv- & ciphr(prep & n4d[A]). take note of another person’s actions. notar algo en otro.

komesbey, dv. leave object to be sold or bought. encargar dejandole algo….

komesbil, pp. abandoned. desamparado.

komojes, tv. find fault with. tachar.

mo komes, vphr:neg & tv-. permit. RML—The verb is in the past tense. permitir.

kom (2)

komkom, aj. short, small. (1) baja cosa o corta 39, (2) corto, (3) pequeño i bajo.

komkom vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. dwarf. enano.

komoj, iv. become short. corto hacerse.

komojel ‘u, nphr(vn4f of n5). waning of moon. menguante de luna.

komol ‘u, nphr(n4f of n5). waning of moon. menguante de luna.

komol nab, nphr(n4f of n5). shallow sea. mar baja.

kop

kopkonet, ay. trill (earthen jar, phial). gorgoritas hace la redoma o botija.

kopkonetel, vn5. trill. gorgoritas asi.

koplajet ch’ininul, s:av & -n4f. itch. comezon.

kot

kotaj, iv. stand still or stop (animal). parar cosa animada.

kotey, iv. be or walk on four legs. estar o andar sobre cuatro pies.

kotol, n4d. possession. poseer.

kotol, n4f. all. todo.

kotol, aj. be or walk on four legs. estar o andar….

kotol ‘osil, nphr(n4f of n5). world. mundo.

kotol Hu‘ ‘u‘un, s:n4f/3s/ & iv + -n4d. be all-powerful. todopoderoso.

j-kot, num(num & nccpd)5. in reference to animals. res, cabeza de ganado.

lajun-kot. ten head (of cattle).

j-kotkot, num(num & nccpd)5. solitary (bird) (1 only). solitaria ave.

kovov

kovov tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. helmet. quijote, armadura.

kub

kubil, n3d. haunch, hip. cadera o anca.

kutz’

kutz’av nuk’, nphr(n of n)4f. double chin. papo de papudo.

kutz’el nuk’, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. double-chinned. papo de papudo.

kutz’om nuk’ chitom, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. pig’s double chin. papada de puerco.

kutz’u-nuk’, n(aj & ncpd)5. double-chinned. papo de papudo.

kutz’ul nuk’, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. double-chinned. papo de papudo.

ta kutz’lej nuk’, s:qphr(prep & n5)/pred/ & -n4d. double-chinned. papo de papudo.

kuch

kuch, tv. carry on one’s back, endure (labor, pain, whiplashes), pay for another’s sins. (1) encubrir el enojo o pena, (2) lastar, pegar pecados, (3) soportar, (4) tener a cuestas en las espaldas, cf. traer 338.

kuch ba, rv. mate (horses, dogs). tomarse las bestias o perros. kuch batel, vphr:tv- & dr. carry on one’s back. llevar a cuestas en las espaldas.

kuchoj, n4d. object carried on one’s back. llevar atravesado en los dientes….

kuchoj ‘och, vphr:tv/ap/- & iv [S=A of tv]. slip through narrow place as between iron grates. meterse o colarse por….

kuchoj ba ‘anil, vphr:ry & n5. run hard (deer, horse, bull). RML—One would expect this to be kuchoj ba ta ‘anil. metido asi.

kuchoj ba ‘och, vphr:ry & iv[S=A of rv]. slip through. (1) meterse o colarse por…, (2) metido asi.

kuchvanej, vn5. endurance. paciencia.

kuich’

kuich’, n5. partridge, quail. *Though I do not know if they are partridges as they are small. There are larger ones called ‘ub. RML—In Venustiaño Carranza Tzotzil, kuwic’ is given for quail (Sarles, nd.:35.) This is probably the common bobwhite. (1) codorniz, (2) perdiz, ave conocida.

kuj

kuj ba ta jobel, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & n5). penetrate heavy growth. meterse entre yerbas o matorrales.

kuj ba ta voymol, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & n5). penetrate heavy growth. meterse entre yerbas….

kujul, aj. be standing in heavy growth. meterse entre yerbas….

kukay

kukay, n5. lightning bug. luciernaga.

kukub

kukub-te‘ey, tv(n & tvcpd). make a stockade. RML—In modern Tzeltal, kukub’ is “palo de pared” (Kaufman, 1972:106). palizada hacer o cercar asi 245.

kul

kulil-vay, iv(n & ivcpd). pretend to sleep. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Chamula, culij vayel is given for “dormite” (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:28). fingir que duerme.

jkulil-vayel, agn(n & vncpd). person feigning sleep. fingido asi.

kuma

kumay, tv. distill. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, cumay is given for “sacar agua por alquitara, hacer sal” (Gates, 1934b:323). In modern Tzotzil, skumail is the froth that rises in the salt-distilling pots. sacar agua por alquitara.

kumayab, n5. saltworks pot or house. salina donde se hace sal..

kumayabil ‘atz’am, nphr(n4f of n5). saltworks pot or house. salina donde se hace sal….

kumayej, n5. distilling. *They say the same for soldering with fire underneath as they do in Ixtapa, the same for quince meat when it is cooked, i.e., the meat itself and no other ingredient in it. sacar agua por alquitara.

jkumavil, agn. saltmalcer. salinero que pace sal.

jkumayej-‘atz’am, agn(tv & ncpd). saltmaker. salinero que….

*kumpa

*kumpail, n3d. large shield. RML—This same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:193). Possibly the colonial Quich6 verb, qun, “clothe, shelter,” is a cognate (Edmonson, 1965:110). adarga grande.

kun

kun, nc. pile. hacina ayuntamiento de hacer.

j-kun si‘. a pile of firewood. hacina de leña.

kunaj, iv. gather. juntar tambien asi.

kunan, tv. gather, pile. (1) amontonar algo, (2) juntar tambien asi, (3) recojer.

kuntzaj, iv. gather. juntar tambien asi.

kuney, iv. pile up. amontonarse.

kunleb, n4d. cattle pen (where they gather or sleep). majada donde se recoge o duerme el ganado.

kunul, aj. accumulated, piled. (1) amontonado, (2)junta o cosa juntada asi.

j-kun, num(num & nccpd)5. pile. hacina ayuntamiento de hacer.

j-kun si‘. a pile of firewood.

kup

kup, tv. cut with scissors, sacrifice people, saw. (1) afeitar a tijera, (2) cortar como con sierra, (3) matar sacrificando hombres.

kup ‘ik’, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. endure. RML—Given the example this is vphr:tv & n5. soportar.

kup nukul xinch’okil bek’tal, vphr:tv & nphr(n4e of nphr<natt & n>5). circumcise. retajar.

kupilan, tv. bleed, cut (cloth into many pieces), scarify. (1) harpar, cortar patio en muchas partes, (3) jasar, sangrar.

kupob tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. file. lima.

kupob te‘, nphr(n of n)5. saw. sierra de hierro.

kupoj, n4d. object being sawed. cortar como con sierra.

kupul-‘ik’tayvan, iv(aj & ivcpd). endure. paciencia.

kupul-‘ik’tay, tv(aj & tvcpd). endure. *This is to hold one’s breath, as when they close their mouth and clench their teeth from the pain. And so after they have told the person, “kupul-‘ik’ tayoxk’ uxul, kup avik’ yu’un xk’ uxul!” “Hold your breath for the pain, endure the pain!” they often add, “Matz’ ati’, k’ux aver “Bite your lips, clench your teeth!” RML—In modern Tzeltal of Tenejapa, kupul-‘ik’ ta means to hold one’s breath. (1) paciencia, (2) soportar.

kupvan, iv. sacrifice people. *They commonly say, “xekupvan, jkup,” “I cut (or) I saw.” sacrificar y matar hombre.

kupvanej ta moton ch’u, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). human sacrifice. *To sacrifice is to give a present and, to specify, they say, “I cut a man,” “I cut off the chicken’s head,” “I cut the ear,” according to the kind of sacrifice. sacrificar y matar hombre.

jkup-ti‘bol, agn(tv & ncpd). carver at table. trinchante.

jkupvanej, agn. barber. afeitador o barbero.

kus

kus, tv. clean by rubbing off (mud, or as when they remove mucous from their children’s noses). (1) alimpiar fregando como lodo o mocos, (2)fregar como….

kusilan, tv. clean by rubbing off (mucous). fregar como….

kusob ni‘il nphr(n of n)5. handkerchief. panicuelo de narizes.

kusobil, n4f. cleaning rag. alimpiadera asi.

kusobil chik’il, nphr(n4f of n5). handkerchief for removing sweat. sudario.

kusobil chik’il, nphr(n4f of n5). handkerchief. sonadero democos, paño.

kux (1)

kux, iv. mildew. (1) enmohecerse 99, (2) enmohesido 99.

kux, n4f. rust. orin de hierro.

kux chi‘, nphr(n4f of n5). mildew in wine. moho de pan.

kux jom, nphr(n4f of n5). bilge. sentina de nave.

kux vaj, nphr(n4f of n5). mildew (on bread). moho de pan.

kuxin, iv. mildew. (1) enmohecerse 99, (2) enmohesido 99.

‘ip kux, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. mildewed. mohosa cosa.

kux (2)

kux, iv. come back to life, revive (plant, person, tree). (1) renovar o revivar el arbol o yerba, (2) resusitarse.

kux ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. become diligent. diligente hacerse. kuxan, tv. bring back to life, light (candle, fire), revive. (1) candelero, (2) resusitar a otro, resurreccion.

kuxanab candela, nphr(n of n)5. candlestick. candelero.

kuxanabil candela, nphr(n4f of n5). candlestick. candelero.

kuxel, vn5. liberty, resurrection. (1) libertad, (2) resurreccion.

kuxel pascua, nphr(vn type n)5. Easter. pascua de resurreccion.

kuxes, tv. free, revive. (1) libertar, (2) renovar lo caido, (3) resusitar a otro.

kuxes k’op, vphr:tv & n5. assure for certain. afirmar, tornar a decirlo dicho una vez.

kuxey, iv. revive. (1) resusitarse, (2) resurreccion.

kuxlej, n4f. alight (candle), purity, resurrection. (1) pureza, (2) resurreccion.

kuxluk, aj. purely. paramente.

kuxol, tv. come back to life, come to, revive, wake up. RML—This is given as a transitive verb despite its intransitive meaning. (1) reposar el enfermo, (2) revivir lo amortecido 287, (3) retornar en si, (4) tornar en si el dormido o desmayado.

kuxolaj, iv. come back to life. (1) retornar en si, (2) retornado asi.

kuxolaj ‘ox ekil. I saw him after he came back to life. retornado asi.

kuxul, aj. alive, awake, diligent, pure, purely. (1) bivir, (2) biva cosa, (3) despierto, diligente, (4) puramente.

kuxul ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. be healthy. salud. kuxul batel ‘osil, vphr:aj/pred/ & nphr(vn4f of n5). immortal. ynmortalidad 185.

kuxul tza, nphr(aj & n)5. free will. libre albedrio.

kuxul tzeb, nphr(aj & n)5. virgin. virgo de doncella.

kuxul tzebalil, nphr(aj & n)5. virginity. virginidad.

kuxul chi‘, nphr(aj & n)5. pure wine. pura cosa sin mezcla.

kuxul xanav, vphr:aj & iv. be living. animal.

dios xak’be sve‘el skotol te k’usitik kuxul xxanave. God feeds every living creature.

kuxul vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. freedman. (1) horror cf. horron, (2) Libre.

kuy (1)

kuy, tv. mention, name, relate personal histories (especially the old people), say, tell stories. (1) decir 84, (2) mention hater de alguno, (3) mentar, (4) nombrar, (5) relatar historias, (6) tratar de alguno….

ha‘ jkuytik *‘echan te svokol those. We tell today the suffering of God. decir.

kuyel, vn4f. story. decir 84.

skuyel svinikilayel kajvaltik. The story of the birth of Our Lord.

kuyobil, n4f. story. decir 84.

*kuy (2)

*kuy, x. above, hey (adverb to awaken or incite). RML—In colonial Tzeltal occur cucuy and cucuyic (Guzmán, 1620:30, 204). (1) ea adverbio…, (2) suso.

*kuyik, x. above, hey (for many). (1) ea adverbio…, (2) suso.

*kuy (3)

*kuyey, iv. arrive (Lent, rainy season). arribar o Ilegar la cuaresma….

*xkuyey sk’in San Juan. Saint John’s day is arriving.

K’

k’a‘

k’a‘, tv. rot. podrescerse.

k’a‘, iv. grow old (clothes), rot, sin. (1) envejecerse la ropa, (2) envejecida asi, (3) faltar asi, (4) podrescerse.

k’a‘-‘ep, n(aj & ncpd)le. dung, dungheap, rubbish, rubbish heap. (1) estiercol o basura, (2) muladar.

k’a‘-‘eptik, n(aj & n)5. rubbish heap. muladar.

k’a‘-k’u‘ ‘unen, nphr:n(aj & ncpd)4d of n5. diapers. pariales para criar muchachos.

k’a‘-lo‘ol k’u”unen, nphr:nphr(aj & ajcpd & n)4d of n5. diapers. pañales….

k’a.‘-na, n(aj & ncpd)5. old house. envejecida asi.

k’a‘-pok’, n(aj & ncpd)5. rag. (1) envejecida asi, (2) trapo, (3) vieja cosa.

k’a‘al, n4f. pus. podre.

k’a‘al na, nphr(aj & n)5. old house. envejecida asi.

k’a‘al pok’, nphr(aj & n)5. rag. envejecida asi.

k’a‘al ton tuluk’, nphr:aj & nphr(n4d of n5). rotten egg. huevo guero 344.

k’a‘al ve‘el, nphr(aj & vn)5. gluttony. gula.

k’a‘el, vn5. scrofula. lamparones.

jk’a‘al-k’u‘, agn(aj & ncpd). ragged person. parioso, vestido de remendas.

jk’a‘el, agn. sinner. faltador asi….

jk’a‘esej-nukul, agn(vn & ncpd). tanner. pellejero que las cura.

k’o‘, aj. old, rotten. (1) podrido, (2) vieja cosa.

k’ab (1)

k’abil, n3d. urine. (1) aqua 22, (2) meados, los orines, (3) orina.

k’abin, iv. urinate. (1) mear, (2) orinar.

k’abnabil, n5. urinal. orinal, cualquiera vasija para esta.

k’abnom, agn. person who urinates. meador o meon que mea.

k’abtay, tv. urinate on. (1) mear a otro, (2) orinar a.

k’abtaybil, pp. urinated on. meada cosa.

jk’abinel, agn. person who urinates. meador.

jk’abnel, agn. person who urinates. meador.

k’ab (2)

k’ab. lop off, prune. cf. k’ob.

k’abis

xk’abis toj, nphr(n of n)5. truffle. RML—In modern Tzotzil, k’abix toj is an edible mushroom, Marasmius sp. turma de tierra.

k’ach

k’achk’on, ay. shiver from fear or cold. aterido, temblar.

k’achk’on to sik, vphr:av & qphr(prep & n5). shiver from the cold. aterido, temblar.

k’achk’onet, ay. shiver. aterido, temblar.

k’achk’onel, vn5. trembling. temblor.

k’aj

k’aj, tv. harvest corn. segar las mieses.

k’ajben, n5. corn stubble. calla de maiz seco.

k’ajoj, n5. corn harvest. segar las mieses. xibat to k’ajoj. I am going to harvest the corn. yr a coger el maiz 190.

k’ak’

k’ak’, iv. burn. RML—Frequently the consonants of this root are given as gh. quemar.

k’ak’al, n5. day, sun. (1) dia, (2) sol.

k’ak’al, n4d. bullying, cruelty, ferocity, fever, fury, rage, temper, vengefulness. (1) bravear, (2) calentura, (3) crueldad, (4) embravecimiento, (5) encarnizamiento, (6) ferocidad, (7) furia, (8) ympaciencia 185.

k’ak’al, aj. vengeful. encarnizado.

k’ak’al ’at, nphr(aj & n4d). large brown wasp. RML—In modern Tzotzil this is the tarantula killer, Pepsis sp. abispa, otra especie….

k’ak’al ‘ik’, nphr(n4f of nld). majesty. majestad.

k’ak’al ‘olonton, nphr(nlf of nld). fury, rage. (1) aquella pasion de amor 25, (2) apasionado de enojo.

k’ak’al tz’i‘, nphr(n4d of n5). rabies. rabia 286.

k’ak’al tz ’i‘, nphr(aj & n)5. angry dog. encarnizado.

k’ak’al caballo, nphr(aj & n)5. angry horse (that bares its teeth). rifadura cosa.

k’ak’al-kelmay, iv(aj & ivcpd). grow young. remosar.

k’ak’al k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. harsh talk. aspera palabra.

k’ak’al sik, nphr(aj & n)5. malaria (three- or four-day fever with chills). calentura coma terciana….

k’ak’al vacas, nphr(aj & n)5. ferocious cow or bull. feroz cosa.

k’ak’al vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. abusive, cruel, ferocious, harsh, hot-tempered, or vengeful person, tyrant. (1) apitonado, (2) aspero hombre, (3) cruel, (4) encarnizado, (5) feroz cosa, (6) ympaciente no sufrido 185, (7) tirano.

k’ak’alil, nld. fury. (1) embravecimiento, (2)furia.

k’ak’alil nphr(natt & n)5. east wind. solano viento. k’ak’alk’ak’al pas, vphr:aj & tv-. do inadvertently. inconcideradamente hacer algo 186.

k’ak’altik, n5. summer (dry season). (1) estio, parte del año, (2) estival cosa…, (3) verano.

k’ak’altik tana. It is summer now. verano ser o hacer. k’ak’altikil, natt. solar, summery. (1) estival cosa…, (2) solar, cosa de sol, (3) veraniega cosa.

k’ak’altikil ‘ixim, nphr(natt & n)5. summer corn. veraniegacosa.

k’ak’altikil ‘osil, nphr(natt & n)5. summer. (1) estival cosa…, (2) verano.

k’ak’altikil ‘osil Lana. It is summer now. verano ser o hacer.

k’ak’altikil ’osil, nphr:nphr(natt & n) type n5. summer corn. estival cosa….

k’ak’altikil lo‘bol, nphr(natt & n)5. summer fruit. (1) estivalcosa…, (2) veraniega cosa.

k’ak’altikil sat, nphr(natt & n)5. summer fruit. veraniega cosa.

k’ak’es, tv. burn. quemar.

k’ak’esbil, pp. burnt. quemada cosa con fuego.

k’ak’etal, n4f. burn. quemadura.

k’ak’etal, n5. burn, burnt field. quemadura o cosa quemada….

k’ak’etaltik, n5. burnt field. quemadura o cosa quemada….

k’ak’tik, aj. half-burnt. medio quemado.

k’ak’ub, iv. become abusive, angry, cruel or furious. (1) airarse, (2) agitonarse 26 cf. apitonarse, (3) brava cosa, (4) cruel hacerse, (5) embravecerse, (6) embravecido o bravo, (7) encarnizarse, (8) encarnizado.

toj likel xek’ak’ub. I get angry very easily. agitonarse 26, cf. apitonarse.

k’ak’ub ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be enraged. (1) apasionarse de enojo, (2) aquella pasion…25, (3) encenderse de ira. k’ak’ubel, vn5. cruelty, fire, rage. (1) embravecimiento, (2) encarnizamiento, (3) lumbre, (4) saiia o enojo.

k’ak’ubel ‘olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). rage. encendimiento asi. k’ak’ubes, tv. enrage, provoke. (1) embravecer algo, (2) provocar a otro.

k’ak’ubesbil, pp. provoked. provocado asi.

jk’alc’al-‘olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). angry person. apasionado de enojo.

jk’ak’ubesvanej, agn. provoker. provocador tal.

‘ip k’ak’al, nphr(aj & n)5. very hot. (1) calor, (2) hacer frio 165.

k’ak’al, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. furious, impatient, merciless, quarrelsome. (1) airado, (2) brava cosa, (3) embravecido o bravo, (4) ympaciente no sufrido 185, (5) ympacientemente 185, (6) ynhumanidad 188, (7) rencilloso 295, (8) rifadura cosa.

‘ip k’ak’al k’opoj, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. speak impatiently or in a fit of temper. ympacientemente 185.

laal k’ak’al, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. enraged. airado.

ta k’ak’altik, qphr:prep & n5. by day, in the daytime. (1) de dia, (2) entre dia.

La k’ak’altik xtal. He is coming by day. dia.

k’ok’, n5. fever, fire. (1) calentura, (2) hogar.

k’ok’, aj. abrasive, angry, ferocious, furious. (1) apitonado, (2) brava cosa, (3) embravecido o bravo, (4) ferocida4 (5) furioso.

k’ok’on. I am angry. brava cosa.

k’ok’olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be cruel. cruel.

k’ok’ ba vphr:raj & tv-. hate, scorn. (1) menosprecio con que uno es menospreciado, (2) odio tener.

k’ok’ ba 11, vphr:raj & tv-. scorn. menosprecio con….

k’ok’ vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. ferocious person. feroz cosa.

muk’ta k’ok’, nphr(aj & n)5. bonfire. hoguera.

toj k’ok’, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. boiling, enraged, fierce. (1) airado, (2)fiera cosa, (3) herviente cosa.

toj k’ok’k’ok’, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. greatly agitated. ympa ciente no sufrido 185.

k’ al

k’al, tv. slice. rebanar 299.

k’al ba ta jobel, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & n5). penetrate heavy

growth. meterse entre yerbas o matorrales.

k’al ba ta voymol, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & n5). penetrate heavy growth. meterse entre….

k’al ta lum, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). put underground. poner de tierra.

k’alal, n4f. patch, pleat. giron de vestidura o pliegue.

k’alal, aj. standing in heavy growth. metido asi.

k’alal, pt. as far as, not even, until. hasta preposition.

ave’ k’alal ta ve‘el mu‘yulc pisil. Not even you are eating.

k’alal, n4d. cause, reason. por Para dar causa.

k’usi te xatoy abae? What is your reason for rebelling?

k’usi sk’alal te xute? What does he think his reason is for scolding?

k’alal ta, qphr(pt & prep). until. hasta tal tiempo.

k’alal ta San Juan. Until Saint John’s Day.

k’alal ta qphr(pt & prep & n5). halfway, reach the middle. (1) mediar, hinchar hasta la mitad, (2) media cosa.

k’alal ta ’o‘lol e‘uch’ey. half-drunk. medio que la mitad se ha gastado.

k’alal ta ‘o‘lol elaj. half-finished. medio que….

k’alal ta ‘olol ve‘bil. half-eaten. medio que….

k’alal ta yo‘ ‘oy, qphr(pt & prep & pt & pt). meanwhile. entretanto.

k’alal te ’oy, qphr(pt & pt & n5). as far as, up to where. hasta y do to estas.

k’alal te ‘oyote. up to where your are.

k’alaltik, aj. patched, pleated. gironada o cosa asi de pliegues.

k’albil, pp. sliced. revanada cosa.

k’albil ta jbek’tal (or) k’albil ta nukulil. Between my skin and my flesh. entre cuero y came.

k’usi k’alal, cf. k’u.

mo k’aluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. healthy. sana cosa.

te k’alal, qphr(pt & pt). as far as, that far. hasta alli do esta alguno.

te k’alal yo‘ ‘oyote. as far as you. hasta y….

te k’alal yo‘ oy Pedro. as far as Peter. hasta alli do esta alguno.

j-k’ol, num(num & nccpd)5. patch, pleat, slice, step (as when we count the steps of a staircase). (1) giron…, (2) grada, cada uno de por (3) revanada.

j-k’olk’ol, num(num & nccpd)5. not folded, single slice (1 only). (1) revanada, (2) sencilla cosa, no doblada.

mu cha‘-k’oluk, vphr:neg & num(num & nccpd)/pred/. not folded. sencilla cosa….

k’am

k’am, tv. bind, make twice as thick (cord, thread), wind around (not making a ball, but crosswise or back and forth as when cord is put on a frame). (1) afar o poner algo retorciendo, (2) devanar no…, (3) doblar como….

k’am-xoch’, n(x & nccpd)5. rope made of tree bark. RML—In modern Tzotzil, k’ am-xoch’ is the hand flower Chiranthodendron pentadactylon, whose bark is still used for house lashing. cordel de los de corteza de arbol.

k’amam, av. coil, wind around (snake). *Of the snake that deceived Eve they say: xk’ amam muyel ta te‘, It is coiling up the tree. (1) atarse o retorcerse asi corno culebra, (2) devanarse o cojerse asi.

xk’amam muyel ta te‘. It is coiling up the tree.

k’amoj, n4d. object that is bound, or thickened. devanar no….

k’an (1)

k’an, tv. ask for, desire, try (to attack), want. (1) aver gana, (2) demandar, (3) no querer, (4) querer.

jk’an batel. I want to go. querer.

sk’an la. They say he wants to. querer.

sk’an spasbeon. He is trying to do it to me. acometer para dar.

sk’an stzameson. He is trying to kill me. acometer para dar. ta jk’an ve‘el. I want to eat. gana.

k’an ca‘i, vphr:tv- & tv-. consent. consentrir en alguna cosa interiormente.

k’an ‘il, vphr:tv- & tv-. ask. aventurarse.

k’an ‘ilbey ‘olonton, vphr:tv & sedv[A= of k’an] & n4d[B]). test in many ways. tentar en muchas maneras.

k’an tza, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. ask for advice. pedir consejo.

k’an charnel, vphr:tv & vn5. half-dead. medio muerto.

k’an ch’akel ta tz’el, vphr:tv & vn5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). sue at law. pedir en juicio.

k’an-ch’ulel k’op, nphr(vn<tv & ncpd> type n5). flattery. lisonja.

k’an ch’ulel k’opoj, iv(tv & n & ivcpd). flatter. lisongear.

k’an ch’ulel k’opon, tv(tv & n & tvcpd). flatter. lisongear.

k’an javel, vphr:tv & vn5. separable. partible cosa.

k’an k’ak’el, vphr:tv & vn5. half-burnt. medio quemado.

k’an-k’opoj, iv(tv & ivcpd). pray. *Some say this and others say that it is not currently used, but is archaic, still it is good form to say: xek’ an-k’ opoj, jk’ an-k’ opon. rogar.

k’an-k’opon, tv(tv & tvcpd). pray. rogar.

k’an-k’oponel, vn(tv & tvcpd)5. prayer. ruego.

k’an patan, vphr:tv & n5. collect taxes (rentas). recaudar rentas.

k’an patlej, vphr:tv & n5. be broody (hen). clueca.

k’an pukel, vphr:tv & vn5. separable. partible cosa.

k’an vok’el, vphr:tv & vn5. separable. partible cosa.

k’anbey, dv. love, need. requerir de amores.

k’anbey ch’akel, vphr:-dv & nld[B]. request civil action (from the alcalde). requerir a la justicia….

pedir en juicio. pedir en juicio.

k’anbol, n4d. article to be demanded. pedimiento.

k’anel patan, nphr(vn4f of n5). tax collection. recaudamiento asi.

k’anoj, iv. ask for, beg (poor person), demand. (1) demandar, (2) mendigar el pobre.

k’anoj, nld. object of one’s desire, petition. (1) pedimiento, (2) voluntad, lo que quiero.

k’anojel, vnld. beggary, demand, persistent or demanding, request. (1) demanda, (2) mendigues, (3) voluntad lo que quiero.

k’anvan, iv. beg (poor person). mendigar el pobre. k’anvanab, nld. will, willpower. voluntad, potencia.

k’anvanej, vnld. beggary, desire, persistent demanding. (1) mendigues, (2) voluntad lo que quiero.

jk’an-ch’ulel, agn(tv & ncpd). flatterer. lisongero.

jk’an ch’ulel k’op, agn(tv & n & ncpd). flatterer. lisongero.

jk’anbol, agn. petitioner. demandador.

jk’anojel, agn. beggar, demander, pilgrim who requests contributions for God (the church). (1) demandador, (2) mendigo, (3) pediguerio, (4) romero que pide por Dios, jk’anvanej, agn. beggar. (1) mendigo, (2) pediguerio.

k’an (2)

k’an. blue-eyed, bright, choleric, fat, grease, jaundice, lard, lean, parrot, red, scorch, singe, star, toast, yellow, yoke. cf. k’on.

k’as

k’as, tv. begin to eat (break bread), break or snap (stick, pole, candle, long object), incite, rot. (1) encetar, (2) podrescerse, (3) quebrar como vara….

k’as, iv. rot. podrescerse.

k’asal, aj. broken, snapped. quebrado asi.

k’asbey ‘olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. frighten person from carrying out a plan, make person relent. hacer desmayar o aflojar…165.

k’asbil, pp. broken, snapped. quebrado asi.

k’aslaj, ay. break loudly (beam, support). ruido hacer asi.

k’aslajel, vn5. sound of beam or support breaking. ruido de cosas quebradas como baculo, viga.

k’aslajetel, vn5. sound of beam or support breaking. ruido de cosas quebradas….

j-k’os, num(num & nccpd)5. part (round object as a banana). pane del todo.

k’ axtok

k’axtok kokov, nphr(n type n)5. counterfeit cocoa bean. RML—This term occurs also in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:136). In colonial times k’axtok was widely distributed, occurring in Quiche, Cholti, Cakchiquel, and K’ekchi (William Norman, personal communication). It referred to the demon, Pain Knife, “credited with dividing the tribes from one another in Cakchiquel legend” (Edmonson, 1965:98). The counterfeiting of cocoa beans apparently was a common practice in the early years of the colony when a rooster sold for 20 beans and a hen for 40. The procedure was described in detail by Sahagtin’s informants (Anderson and Dibble, 1961:65) and also in the Codices Matritenses as follows: The bad cocoa merchant is a deceiver. He fixes the unripe cocoa (so that it appears) ash-coloured. The cocoa is toasted in the fire, swollen in water, ripened. The cocoa beans that are still green are whitened. He covers the green ones with ashes, he works on them with ashes, he covers them with chalky earth, he rubs them with earth. He treats them with earth. He makes cocoa beans out of amaranth seeds, with wax, with avocado pits. He covers the cocoa beans this way. He puts these things in the cocoa beans. The white ones, the green ones, the wrinkled ones, those that are like pepper seeds, the broken ones, the gooey ones, those that are like mouse ears—he mixes them all together. He mixes them, he turns them inside out, he substitutes one for another. By doing this he scorns everyone. He carefully puts the quapatlachtli seeds among them, mocking the other people (my translation) (Durand-Forest, 1967:155-181). So pernicious was the counterfeiting of cocoa beans that it was a sin specifically included in the early confessionals: And you who sell cocoa, did you mix the good cocoa with the bad so that all would be sold, deceiving the people? Did you cover the green cocoa with ashes or mix it with white earth so that it would look good? Or do you put amaranth dough inside the skin of said cocoa, or avocado pit dough, counterfeiting said cocoa? And do you toast the small, skinny cocoa beans so they will look big and fat? (my translation) (Molina, 1972:32). moneda falsa.

k’axtok pas, vphr:n5 & tv. do negligently. negligore.

k’axtok tak’in, nphr(n type n)5. counterfeit money. RML—This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:136). moneda falsa.

k’axtoki, tv. do negligently. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the verb is given as caxtoctay (Guzmán, 1620:136). negligore.

k’at (1)

k’ataj, iv. be converted, transform self. convertir una cosa en otra.

k’atajeb biil, nphr(n4f type n5). surname. RML—This surely refers to the new Spanish surnames that have replaced the tribal names. renombre.

k’atajes, tv. convert, transform. convertir una cosa en otra.

k’atal, aj. crosswise. atravesado.

k’atan, tv. place across or crosswise. atravesar algo.

k’atanej, n4d. object being placed crosswise. atravesar algo.

k’atey, iv. cross. atravesar.

k’at (2)

k’atim-bak. RML—See k’ atin-bak.

k’atimol, nld. object used for warming self, warming oneself.(1) escalentarse al fuego…, (2) escalentamiento asi.

k’atin, iv. warm self by the fire as do people or animals. (1) calentarse al fuego, (2) escalentarse al fuego….

k’atin-bak, vn(tv & ncpd)5. hell (where the bones are burnt). RML—This is given as catimbac. ynfierno particular mente de los dañados 187.

k’atin-bakil, vn(tv & ncpd)5. infernal. RML—This is given as catimbaquil, but four of the following entries are given as catinbaquil. ynfernal cosa 187.

k’atin-bakil ‘ik’ti‘, nphr:natt(tv & ncpd) & n5. hellfire. furias del infierno.

k’atin-bakil 11-ya, nphr:natt(tv & ncpd) & vn(tv & ncpd)5. hellfire. furias….

k’atin-bakil k’op, nphr:natt(tv & ncpd) & n5. infernal talk. ynfernal cosa 187.

k’atin-bakil vinik, nphr:natt(tv & ncpd) & n5. person in hell. ynfernal cosa 187.

k’atin-bakil vokol, nphr:natt(tv & ncpd) & n5. hellfire. furias….

k’atin-bakil ya, nphr:natt(tv & ncpd) & n5. hellfire. furias…

k’atin si‘, vphr:tv & n5. warm self by the fire. calentarse al fuego.

xbat jkuch jk’atin. I am going to bring firewood to warm myself.

k’atinab k’ak’al, nphr(n type n)5. sun gallery. solana o corredor para el sol.

k’atinel, vn5. warming oneself. escalentamiento asi.

k’av

k’av, tv. break or snap (stick, pole, candle, long object). quebrar como vara….

k’aval, aj. broken, snapped. quebrado asi.

k’avbil, pp. broken, snapped. quebrado asi.

k’avk’onet, ay. make kicking sound. ruido hacer pateando.

k’ay

k’ayk’onet, ay. cackle. cacarear.

k’e

k’eelaj, iv. offer. RML—See k’ elaj. ofrecer.

k’eelan, tv. offer. RML—See k’ elan. ofrecer.

k’eelil, n3d. gift, offering, present, sacrifice. (1) don, dadiva, (2) enviar algo de retorrio, (3) ofrenda, (4) presence que se da, (5) sacrtficio.

k’elaj, iv. give an offering, sacrifice. sacrificar, dar presente.

k’elan, tv. give, give in offering, give away, give for free, present, sacrifice. *The ancient women and even the new ones say that their fathers or their husbands gave them away to other husbands: “nesk’ elan jtot,” “My father gave me away.” “nesk’ elan jmalal,” “My husband gave me away.” (1) donar, dar, (2) gracioso dar algo, (3) presentar, dar presentes.

ek’elanat kajvaltik ta sna dios. Our Lord was presented in the church. presentar, dar….

jk’elan caballo. I give this horse. presentar, dar….

xesk’elan. He is giving me away. presentar, dar….

k’elanbey, dv. give to. presentar, dar….

jk’elanbey caballo Pedro. I am giving Peter a horse. presentar, dar….

jk’elanbey jcapa Pedro. I am giving my cloak to Peter. presentar, hacer que reciben presente.

k’elanbil, pp. given for free. donada cosa de gracia. jk’eel, agn. donor, giver. donador.

jk’elanvanej, agn. donor, giver. donador.

k’ech

k’ech, tv. carry on one’s shoulders as a litter. (1) llevar atravesado sobre los hombros…, (2) traer en los hombros.

k’echob, n5. single large log for the fire. leño, uno solo grande.

k’echob, nphr(n4f of n5). hand-barrow (for mud, rocks, lime). angarillas.

k’echobil, n4f. hand-barrow. angarillas.

k’echobil chame-vinik, nphr:n4f of n(aj & ncpd)5. bier. andar de difuntos.

k’echoj, n4d. object being carried on one’s shoulders. llevar atravesado en….

k’echolajebal, n5. litter. andas absoluto.

j-k’ech, num(num & nccpd)5. bundle (torch, faggots, plants). hate o haz de tea o yerba.

k’ej

k’ej, tv. take a shortcut. atajar camino.

k’ej ba, rv. fork (river, road). dividirse rios o caminos o caminantes.

yo‘ ‘oy sk’ej sba be. where the road forks (or) crossroad. dos caminos donde se parten.

k’ej be, vphr:tv & n5. get lost (on trail). perderse en camino.

k’ej ta be, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). miss person (on trail). errar a alguno en el camino.

k’ejan ba, rv. greet one another. saludarse.

k’ejan ba ta tz’el, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & -n4d). greet. saludar. k’ejel, aj. different (especially counting lineages). diferir o diferenciarse 85.

k’ejelot. You are different.

k’ejey, iv. fork (river, road). dividirse rios…

yo‘ oy xk’ejey be. where the road forks (or) crossroad. encrucijada de caminos.

k’ejey ta be, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). get lost (on trail). errar el camino.

k’ejeyes ta be, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). make person take the wrong trail. errar hacer a otro.

k’ejibtas, tv. make person take the wrong trail. errar hacer…

k’ejp’uj, iv. become crooked (line, edge, road), stray off the line or path. (1) desviar o torcer de…, (2) entortecer la linea o regla o camino, (3) torcer de la linea que llevaba.

k’el (1)

k’el, tv. look at, watch. mirar.

k’el, n4d. sample. dechado.

k’el ‘ak’abal, vplintv & n5. sit up the whole night. trasnochar.

k’el ta ’ak’ol, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). look up. mirar hacia arriba.

k’elav, iv. be visible. “I see it.” “ta xk’elav esta jsat.” “I am looking, but I don’t see it.” “ta jk’ ele mu xk’elav (or) ta jk’ elel mu sta jsat.” And if later he changes and says, “Now I see it,” “ta xk’elav esta jsat.” ver como cuando….

k’elelet, ay. look frequently. mirar a menudo.

k’elk’onet, ay. look frequently. mirar a menudo.

k’elubey, tv. copy or imitate (writing, work). remedar, imitarle….

k’elul, n4d. representation, sample. (1) dechado, (2) representacion.

k’eluy, tv. copy or imitate (writing, work), edify oneself, follow an example, represent. (1) dechado, (2) edificarse, tomar ejemplo, (3) representar.

k’eluyab, n4d. example one follows, sample. (1) dechado, (2) ejemplo que tomamos 136, (3) ejemplo o dechado de donde sacamos, (4) ejemplo 136.

k’eluyabil, n4f. image, picture, sample. (1) dechado, (2) representation.

k’eluyanab, n4d. example one gives. ejemplo que doy 136.

k’eluyel, vn4d. example one gives. ejemplo que doy 136.

k’elvan, iv. look at, see, watch. (1) mirar, (2) ver comp cuando….

k’elvanab, n5. lookout. miradero, lugar.

jk’eluyan, agn. person who sets an example. ejemplo que tomamos 136.

jk’eluyvanej, agn. person who follows an example. ejemplo que tomamos 136.

k’el (2)

k’el. donor, give, giver, present, sacrifice. cf. k’e.

k’elom

k’elom, n4d. child (metaphorically). RML—In modern Tzotzil, k’ elom is a sprout, but in ritual speech it has the same metaphoric extension. hip permetaphoram.

k’ep

k’ep ‘osil, s:iv & n5. become calm and clear (weather). (1) abonar, aun habiendo sereno, (2) sereno y claro tiempo.

k’epel ’osil, nphr(aj & n)5. clear or fair weather, summer. hacer claro o sereno 165.

k’epel ’osil, nphr(aj & n)4f. dry season. (1) abona tiempo, (2) verano.

k’epel, aj. clear, dry. verano ser o hacer.

tana k’epel. Now it is the dry season.

k’epet muil, s:av & -n4f. have fragrance spread. esparcirse el olor.

k’ex

k’ex, tv. barter (as corn for salt or chili), change one’s clothes, change one’s ways, exchange, perform another’s functions, produce suckers (tree), receive on credit, respect, revere, take one’s place, venerate. *When there are two people about to race and one starts first, the one who is left behind says, “nexk’ ex ta ’and,” “He took my place in the race.” (1) baratar otra cosa, (2) cambiar recibiendo, (3) honrar, (4) mercar dando una cosa por otra, (5) honra como…240, (6) honrar, reverenciar 240, (7) oponerse, (8) prevenir a otro…, (9) remudar, (10) respeto tener, (11) reverencia acatar, (12) suplir por otro, (13) tener en mucho a alguna persona, (14) trastrocarse, (15) trocar….

jk’ex jcamisa. I am changing my shirt. remudar.

jk’ex jk’te. I am changing my clothes. remudar.

k’ex, iv. change one’s ways. trastrocarse algo.

k’ex ‘ixim, s:iv & n5. barter corn. trocar una cosa por otra.

k’ex ba, rv. change office (one entering, one leaving), change one’s ways, take one’s place (competing for a favor, a position). *And this verb is used for any situation where there is competition as in buying and selling when one is buying something and the other emerges to outbid him or pay first. (1) trastrocarse, (2) trocarse unos cesando y entrando otros.

esk’ex sba ta ‘abtel. He won the job. oponerse.

esk’ex sba ta yajvalel. He won control. oponerse.

k’ex lumal ‘u‘un, s:iv & -n4d + -n4d. transplant. trasponer plantas.

k’ex-nai, tv(tv & tvcpd). change residence. mudar casa. k’ex-naij, iv(tv & ivcpd). change residence. (1) mudar casa, (2) mudado asi.

k’ex-naijel, vn(tv & ivcpd). change of residence. mudanza asi.

k’ex ta k’op, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). take person’s place. RML—The verb is in the past tense. prevenir a otro….

k’ex ta manel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). secure the purchase in competition. RML—The verb is in the past tense. prevenir a otro….

k’exav, iv. be ashamed by or bashful of, be humiliated, dread with embarrassment, wish to run away. (1) afrentarse, (2) correria, cf. correr algo, (3) empacho haber de otro, (4) temer con verguenza, (5) verguenza a verbo.

k’exavel, vnld. honor, humiliation, shame. (1) afrenta, (2) deshonra que padezco 80, (3) honra como…240, (4) verguenza.

k’exaves, tv. humiliate, shame, (1) afrentar a otro, (2) deshonrar 80, (3) verguenza poner o avergonzar.

k’exavesvanej, vn4d. dishonor that one brings. deshonra con que deshonro 80.

k’exbey mukenal, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. move one’s grave. trasladar muerto.

k’exbil, pp. honored. honrado.

k’exbil mukenal, s:pp/pred/ & -n4f. have one’s grave moved. trasladado asi.

k’exbil vinik, nphr(pp & n)5. important authority. grave persona de autoridad.

k’exbon, n4c. sprout, substitute, sucker. (1) pimpollo, (2) retorio de arbol, (3) suplemento asi.

k’exbonaj, iv. produce sucker, sprout. (1) brotar la planta, (2) echar las plantas, (3) hojas hechar los arboles, (4) nacer la planta, (5) pimpollo echar el arbol, (6) retoñecer.

k’exbonaj nichim, s:iv & -n4f. blossom. reventar planta 287.

k’exel, vn4d. respect, substitute. (1) acatar, hacer reverencia, (2) honra con que es honrado 240, (3) honrable cosa digna de honra 240. sustituto ser.

k’exey, tv/pass/. be respected. honra coma

k’exey batel, vphr:tv/pass/ & dr. be followed or succeeded by. susesiva, cosa que sucede 324.

k’exk’on, ay. be affronted. afrentarse.

k’exk’onel, vn5. affront. afrontar a otro.

k’exlal, nld. bashfulness, disgrace, humiliation, shame, shameful. (1) afrenta, (2) deshonra que padezco 80, (3) empacho, (4) verguenza, (5) vergonzosa cosa, (6) vituperio.

k’exlal ba, rn. bashfully. empachosamente.

k’exlal bek’tal, nphr(n type n)5. male or female sexual parts. *They have not yet used this term, but they understand it well. verguenzas de hombre o de mujer.

k’exlal k’op, nphr(n type n)4d. humiliating talk. (1) afrentosa palabra, (2) vergonzosa cosa.

k’exlal pasnej, nphr(n type n)5. humiliating action. vergonzosa cosa.

k’exlal ti‘, nphr(n type n)5. honest. honesta cosa 240.

k’exlal ti‘ vinik, nphr:nphr(n type n) type n5. honest person. honesta cosa 240.

k’exlal vinik, nphr(n type n)5. well-mannered person. bien criado.

k’exlalel, n4d. shame. deshonra que padezco 80.

k’exlaltas, tv. humiliate, shame. (1) afrentar a otro, (2) deshonrar 80, (3) verguenza poner o avergonzar, (4) vituperar.

k’exlaltasbil, pp. humiliated, shamed. (1) afrentado, (2) vituperado.

k’exlaltasvanej, vn4d. dishonor that one brings. deshonra conque deshonro 80.

k’exlaltik, aj. embarassed. empachado.

k’exlomaj, iv. sprout brotar la planta.

*k’exma ve‘el, nphr(x & n)5. fast. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, the term for “ayuno”is quex hioc naxbeel (Am, n.d.:13). ayuno 14.

k’exobil tak’in Hun, nphr:nphr(n4f of n5) type n5. order of payment. libramiento de dineros.

k’exoj, iv. barter, change one’s clothes. (1) baratar otra cosa, (2) cambiar recibiendo, (3) mercar dando una cosa por otra, (4) remudar.

k’exol, n4d. deputy (of warden or governor), substitute, vicar. RML—Third person possession. (1) sustituto ser 324, (2) suplir por otro, (3) teniente de Alcaide de Gobernador, (4) vicario que tiene veces de otro.

k’exol rey, nphr(n4d of n5). viceroy. virrey.

k’exol sancto padre, nphr:n4d of nphr(aj & n)5. papal legate. legado del Papa.

k’exolil, n3d. successor. susesor 324.

k’extay, tv. exchange, fill another’s role, receive in barter or on credit, substitute. (1) cambiar recibiendo, (2) sustituir en Lugar de otro.

xk’extay te ‘iche. He receives the chili in barter. trocar una cosa por otra.

k’exvan, iv. compete with, honor, revere. (1) honrar, reverenciar, (2) oponerse.

k’exvanej, vn5. barter. trueco.

jk’exojel, agn. barterer (merchant who does not travel, but who is in a store). (1) mercar dando…, (2) mercader 220.

ak’ ta k’exlal, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). humiliate. afrentar a otro.

‘unen k’exbon, cf. ‘unen.

Ha‘ te k’ex, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & tv- ---). predecessor. ante esto mio, cf. antecesor mio.

Ha‘ te k’extay, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & tv- ---). predecessor. ante esto mio, cf. antecesor mio.

k’et

k’et, tv. cup one’s hand (as when we take water). (1) abarcar o tomar la mano…, (2) empunar, tomar algo….

k’etoj, n4d. object cupped in the hand. abarcar o….

j-k’et, num(num & nccpd)5. handful. abarcar o….

j-k’etlej, num(num & nccpd)5. handful. puñado de cosas….

k’ey

k’eyoj, nle. motet, song. (1) cantar o cancion, cf. cancion, (2) motete.

k’eyojin, tv. publish aloud, sing. (1) cantar, (2) publicar, sacar a la plaza….

k’eyojin, iv. sing. cantar.

k’eyojinebal, n5. choir (of the church). coro.

jk’eyom, agn. musician trained in harmony, person who tunes the first verse of a psalm, singer. RML—The “j” is not always present. (1) cantor, (2) entonador, (3) musico ensenado.

k’i

k’i, tv. stretch out (clothing, cloth). (1) estender como ropa o paño, (2) tender.

k’i, iv. stretch out. tender.

k’ian, tv. stretch out. tender.

k’ianabil, n4f. place where cloth is stretched out. tendero.

k’ianbil pok’, nphr(pp & n)5. wall hanging. manta de pared.

k’ibil tz’usub, nphr(pp & n)5. raisin. paso, fruta.

k’iebal, nlf. place where cloth is stretched out. tendero.

jk’i-tasil, agn(tv & ncpd). butler who lays out the tablecloth. repostero que lo tiende.

k’ib

k’ib, n5. waterjug. cantaro.

k’in (1)

k’in, nlb. bewitchment, fate, fiesta, knowledge or prophecy of diviner, omen. (1) adivinanza o saber…, (2) aguero 12, (3) fiesta, (4) hechizo o suerte asi.

ekilbey sk’in. I watched him cast lots (or) prophesy. hechizo o…

k’in ta ’al, vphr:n5 & tv. have a fiesta. echar la fiesta.

k’in chame-vinik, nphr:n4f of n(aj & ncpd)5. All Saints’ Day, All Souls’ Day. difunto 74.

k’in navidad, nphr(n4f of n5). Christmas. dia.

k’in pascua, nphr(n4f of n5). Christmas. dia.

k’inaj ‘osil, s:iv & n5. dawn. (1) albercar, cf. alborear, (2) amanecer.

k’inajel, vn5. dawn. alborada.

k’inal, n4b. date, opportune time, person’s fate or prophecy, season, time. (1) adivinanza o suerte…, (2) dia, (3) tiempo, (4) tiempo oportuno.

‘utz sk’inal. It is the right time. en buen tiempo….

jk’inal niHul. I arrived opportunely. tiempo oportuno.

mu to sta sk’inal ve‘el. It isn’t mealtime yet. tiempo.

sk’inal tana. It is the opportune time. tiempo oportuno.

sta sk’inal ’ovol. It is planting time. tiempo.

toj sk’inal tana. Now is the opportune time. tiempo oportuno.

k’inal Hulel ‘olonton, nphr:n4f of nphr(vn4f of -n4d). maturity (age of discretion). edad de discrecion.

k’inal ch’abajel, nphr(n4f of vn5). Lent. cuaresma.

k’inal k’ak’al, nphr(n4f of n5). dry season, summer. e stio, parte del año.

k’inal tuunel, nphr(n4f of vn4f). opportunity. oportunidad.

k’inij, iv. cast lots, divine, prophecy. (1) adivinar echando suertes, (2) ahorar, (3) hechizar hechando suertes o cuentas, (4) sortear para adivinar….

k’inij ta Ho‘, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). divine in water. adivinar en agua.

k’inil, n4f. date, opportune time. (1) tiempo, (2) tiempo oportuno.

k’inil ‘osil, nphr(natt & n)5. dawn. (1) alborada, (2) crepusculo, la manana.

k’inilk’inil ‘osil, nphr(natt & n)5. early, dawn. (1) albercar, cf. alborear, (2) modorra antes de el alba.

k’intay, tv. divine by lots, prophesy another’s fate. (1) adivinar echando suertes, (2) ahorar a otro, (3) hechizar asi a otro…, (4) sortear para adivinar….

jk’ina, agn. diviner. adivino asi.

jk’inij, agn. diviner. hechizar, hechando suertes….

jk’inijel, agn. diviner. (1) adivino asi, (2) hechizar hechando suertes….

jk’intayvanej, agn. diviner. adivino asi.

‘och k’inajel ‘u‘un, cf. ’och.

‘utz k’in, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. at the proper time. *As he planted at the proper time. en buen tiempo como….

j-k’in, num(num & nccpd)5. day. dia.

mu to k’inal, s:neg/pred/ & pt & -n4f. early. temprano.

mu to bak’in sk’inal niHul. I arrived early.

mu to sk’inal niHul. I arrived early.

mu to sk’inaluk. early.

ta ba k’in, qphr:prep & nphr(n4f of n5). on the first day. dia.

ta ju-jun k’in, qphr:prep & nphr(num<num & numcpd> & n5). daily, each day. cada dia.

k’in (2)

k’in, n4d. kidney. RML—This is now an archaic term in Zinacantán. riñon 294.

sk’in carneros. sheep kidney.

sk’in vacas. cow kidney.

yo‘ ‘oy nap’al k’in, qphr:pt & pt & s(aj/pred/ & -n4d). coat of fat around the kidneys. riñonada de animal.

k’is

k’is, n5. leaf-cutter ant (that does much damage to trees and plants). hormiga.

k’isis

k’isis, n5. small-leaved cedar. RML In modern Tzotzil this is the montezuma bald cypress, Taxodium mucronatum. cedro de los…70.

k’ix

k’ix-mukan, aj(aj & T2cpd). lukewarm, tepid. tibia cosa.

k’ix-mukanil, n(aj & T2cpd)4f. tepidness. tibieza asi.

k’ixin, aj. hot. caliente.

k’ixnaj, iv. become hot, warm self. calentar algo.

k’ixnajes, tv. heat, warm. (1) calentar algo, (2) escalentar algo.

k’ixnajesbil, pp. heated, warmed. caliente, calentado.

k’ixnajesab, n5. heater. escalentador.

k’ixnajesab ve‘el, nphr(n of n)5. food warmer. escalentador, instrumento.

k’ixnajesabil, n4f. heater. (1) calentador, (2) escalentador, instrumento.

k’ixnay, tv. heat, warm. (1) calentarse, (2) escalentar algo.

k’ixnayabil, n4f. heater. calentador.

k’ixnaybil, pp. heated. calentar algo.

k’o

k’o, n5. bridge. puente.

bik’tal k’o, nphr(aj & n)5. pontoon. ponton.

castillan k’o, cf. castillan.

Wel k’o, cf. te‘.

k’o‘

k’o‘. rotten. cf. k’a‘. ostra pescado.

k’o’ choy, nphr(n type n)5. oyster. RML—In modern Tzeltal, k’o‘ is given as “caracol (de concha)” (Robles, 1966:44). This term may have referred to the conch. ostra pescado.

k’ob

k’ob, n4b. sleeve, spoke. (1) manga de vestidura, (2) rayo de rueda 284.

k’ob nichim, nphr(n4f of n5). flower spray. ramo de flores.

k’ob te‘, nphr(n4f of n5). branch, sprig. (1) mata, (2) rama de arboles.

k’obil, n3d. arm, foreleg, hand. (1) brazo, (2) mano del hombre…, (3) pane delantera.

j-k’ob nio, nphr:num(num & nccpd) of n5. skein. madeja.

k’abay, tv. lop off, prune. (1) desmochar, (2) podar.

k’abayabil, n4f. pruning knife. podadera.

jk’abayvanej, agn. pruner. podador.

k’oj

k’oj, tv. break one thing against another, carve stone image, carve with chisel or other thing by hitting it. (1) dibujar cosa de bulto en piedra 74, (2) dolar con cincel…, (3) quebrar una cosa con otra.

k’oj, nc. blow. golpe.

k’oj te‘ nphr(x type n)5. mask. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Ixtapa, the mask is termed c’ oj (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:32). mascara 214.

k’oj te‘ vinik, nphr:nphr(x type n) type n5. buffoon. homarrache.

k’ojbenal, n4f. break. quebradura asi.

k’ojbil, pp. broken. quebrado asi.

k’ojbil lok’ob-bail, nphr:pp & n(n & rncpd)4f. statue. estatua de bulto.

k’ojbil ton, nphr(pp & n)5. stone idol (that was made with a chisel). (1) dibujar cosa…74, (2) dolar con cincel…

k’ojk’on ’e ta tze‘ej, s:av & -n4d & qphr(prep & vn5). guffaw. reir.

k’ojk’onet, ay. hammer (stone). estruendo hacer labrando….

k’ojk’onetel, vn5. hammering. estruendo hacer labrando….

k’ojilan, tv. hit lightly. golpear o herir.

k’ojlajetel, vn5. muttering. murmullo de gente.

k’ojoj, n le. stink. *Indians note this kind of odor in mutton. RML—It is still abhorrent to them. heder, corromperse.

k’ojojib, iv. cense. sahumar.

k’ojol ba, m. statue. bulto.

jk’oj lok’ob bail, agn(tv & rncpd). image maker. estatuario que los hate.

k’ok

k’ok, tv. cut or pick melon or mushroom cap, break off (legs of the benches they sit on, squashes, pedicles, branches or other objects with a thick attachment stem). (1) cortar o coger melon…, (2) quebrar o cortar….

k’okbenal, n4f. pruned part. podadura.

k’okbil, pp. broken or cut off. quebrado asi.

k’okob, n5. pruning knife. podadera.

k’okobil, n4f. pruning knife. podadera.

k’okol, aj. broken or cut off. quebrado asi.

k’okolil, n4f. break. quebradura asi.

jk’okvanej, agn. pruner. podador.

k’ok’

k’ok’. abrasive, angry, boiling, cruel, fever, fire, hate, scorn. cf. k’ak’.

k’ol

k’ol. not folded, patch, pleat, slice, step. cf. k’al.

k’ on

k’onk’on, aj. yellow. amarillo.

k’an ‘ixim, n(aj & ncpd)5. animal grease. sebo de animal.

k’an-‘iximtik, aj(aj & ajcpd). greasy. sebo, llero de sebo.

n(aj & ncpd)lb. fat, grease, lard. (1) enjundia 121, (2) gordura, no magra, (3) grosura, (4) sebo de animal.

k’an-‘ixmal chitom, nphr:n(aj & ncpd) of n5. bacon fat, lard. (1) manteca, (2) pringue de torrezno.

k’an-lxmal vacas, nphr:n(aj & ncpd) of n5. beef fat. manteca de vacas.

k’an-lxmay, iv(aj & ivcpd). grow fat. gordura, no magra.

k’an-balan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (fat, as the fat of ground chickens). RML—“Ground chickens” are probably tinamous. sebo lleno….

k’an-balan sbek’tal yu‘un yepal sk’an-ixmal. Its flesh is yellow because of all its fat.

k’an-‘oban, aj(aj & Ucpd). red. *But they do not say k’ an-‘oban vinik, k’an-‘oban Pedro, rather k’an-‘oban sjol Pedro. rojo 304.

k’an-*‘opan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red. rojo 304.

k’an-tz’ikan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (hair). rojo 304.

k’an-ch’ixal ton, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. most precious stone of all. esmeralda.

k’an-ch’ulan, aj(aj & T2cpd). bright. lucio 202.

k’an-kolan satil, nphr:aj(aj & Pcpd) & n5. blue-eyed. garzos ojos.

k’an-k’ak’, iv(aj & ivcpd). scorch, singe. (1) chamuscar, (2) socarrarse.

k’an-k’ak’es, tv(aj & tvcpd). scorch, singe. chamuscar.

k’an-k’uyan, aj(aj & P or P2cpd). choleric. colera.

k’an-mut, n(aj & n)cpd. parrot (the common ones that talk). papagayo, ave conocida.

k’anal, n5. star. estrella.

k’anal bon, nphr(aj & n)5. yellow dye. jalde.

k’anal bonojeb, nphr(aj & n)5. yellow dye. jalde.

k’anal tzotz jol, nphr:aj & nphr(n4f of n4d). blonde. enrubiado asi.

k’anal tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. brass, gold. oro.

k’anal tak’in tomin, nphr:nphr(aj & n) type n5. gold coin. moneda de oro.

k’anal ton mut, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. egg yolk. yema de huevo 183.

k’anal ton tuluk’, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. chicken egg yolk. yema de huevo 183.

k’anub, iv. grow yellow. (1) agotarse 12, (2) amarillarse.

k’anub, iv. be toasted. RML—This is in the past tense. tostada cosa.

k’anub tzotzil jol, s:iv & nphr(n4f of -n4d). grow blonde. enrubiarse los cabellos.

k’anubel charnel, nphr(vn type vn)5. jaundice. tiricia, enfermedad 333.

k’anubes, tv. make yellow. amarillarse.

k’anubtas, tv. make yellow, toast. (1) amarillarse, (2) tostar.

k’anubtas tzotz jol, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of -n4d). bleach one’s hair. enrubiarse los cabellos.

jk’an-kolan sat, agn(aj & P & ncpd). blue-eyed person. garzo de ojos.

mo ’oyuk k’an-‘ixmal, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n(aj & ncpd)4d. lean (meat). magra came.

muk’ta k’anal, cf. muk’.

k’op

k’op, nld. consent, message, offer, opinion, proposal, speech, word. (1) habla, (2) manda, (3) mensaje, (4) mensaje, traigoos…, (5) opinion, (6) palabra.

‘ep k’ope mu sta ta sk’op. He makes many offers, but he does not carry them out. manda.

kich’oj sk’op padre. I have received the priest’s message. mensaje, traigoos….

mo ta jk’opuk apas. You did not do it with my consent. consentimiento.

tanaotik ta k’op ta tza. We are talking, thinking. parleria.

k’op, n4d/lp/. native language (Tzotzil). lenguage propio.

k’op ‘olonton, nphr(n4f of n4d). distrust, will. (1) corazon 64, (2) receloso asi 289.

k’op ‘olonton tuk pas, vphr:nphr(n4f of n4d[A] + n4d[A]) & tv. be moderate, govern self. comedirse.

k’op j’ilojel, nphr(n4f of agn). witness’ testimony. testimonio.

k’op ta tz’el jch’akel, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of agn>). legal dispute. pleito.

k’op testigo, nphr(n4f of n5). witness’ testimony. testimonio.

k’opk’on, ay. persist unreasonably. porfia sin razon.

k’opk’on ’olonton, s:av & -n4d. be anxious. afligirse interiormente.

k’opk’onel, vn5. quarrel. rencilla.

k’opk’onel ’olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). anxiety. afliccion asi 11.

k’opk’onet, ay. talk noisily (many people). (1) bullicio hacer…43, (2) casarsar 4, cf. cacarear.

k’oplajes, tv. negotiate. trafagar.

k’oplajet, ay. talk noisily (many people). bullicio hacer…43.

k’oplal, n4f. accusation, epitaph, suit at law. (1) acusacion, (2) epitafio, (3) proceso en el pleito.

k’usi sk’oplal? What is the accusation? acusacion.

k’oplal k’eyoj, nphr(n4f of n5). sheet music. arte de ciencia.

k’oplaltay, tv. negotiate. tratar algun negocio.

k’oplay, tv. bewitch, enchant (with words). (1) encantar, (2) ensalmar, (3) hechizar, (4) hechizero, (5) maleficiar.

k’oplay ‘osil, vphr:tv & n5. excite disturbances. alborotar.

k’oplaybil, pp. bewitched. hechisada cosa.

k’oplayel, vn4f. enchantment one suffers. hechizos del que esta hechizado.

k’oplayvan, iv. bewitch. hechizar.

k’oplayvanej, vnld. enchantment one works. (1) encantamiento, (2) hechizos del que los hace.

k’oplayvanej, vn5. investigation. pesquisar.

k’opoj, iv. become lord, govern, pray, rule (town government), speak, talk. (1) enseñorear, hacerse Señor, (2) gobernar 155, (3) hablar, (4) parlar o hablar, (5) regir como pueblo o gobernacion, (6) rogar.

k’opoj ’olonton, s:iv & -n4d. suspect. sospechar.

xk’opoj kolonton ta stojol Pedro. I suspect Peter. sospechar.

xk’opoj kolonton yu’un. I suspect him. recetar sospechando 289, cf. recelar.

k’opoj ‘u‘un vphr:iv + -n4d. intercede, pray for. (1) procurarpor otro o abrojar, (2) rogar.

xek’opoj avu‘un. I am praying for you. rogar.

yu’un xek’opoj. I am interceding for him (or) acting as his attorney. procurar por otro….

k’opojel, vn5. speech, talk, talking. (1) habla, (2) parleria.

k’opon, tv. greet, pray, talk. (1) hablar, (2) rogar, (3) saludar alguno.

k’opono ku‘un! Talk to him for me! rogar.

k’opon ba, rv. be on speaking terms with, consult. consultar con otro 62.

jk’opon jba xchi‘uk jtot. I am consulting with my father. consultar con otro 62.

mo jk’opon jba jch’uun mo ‘oyuk xkil. I am not on speaking terms with him. I act as if I don’t see him. extrañarse…134.

k’opon dios, vphr:tv & n5. pray, pray to God. (1) orar, (2) rezar, orar, (3) rogar a Dios.

k’opon vinik ton, vphr:tv & nphr(n type n)5. worship idols. ydolatrar 183.

k’oponabil Santa Maria ‘u’un Angel, nphr:n4d of nphr(aj & n)5 + nphr(n4d of n5). angel’s salutation of the Virgin Mary. salutation del Angel.

k’oponbey, dv. recommend. encomendadme a fulano.

k’oponbeon! Recommend me to him! encomendadme a fulano.

k’oponel vinik ton, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n type n)5. idolatry. ydolatria 183.

k’oponvan, iv. intercede, plead, pray for. abogara.

xek’oponvan avu‘un. I will pray for you. rogar.

k’opuk ‘oy, vphr:-n4d/pred/ & pt. pretend. fingir que no entiende.

sk’opuk ’oy mo no ’ox xbat. He is pretending, he won’t even go. fingir.

jk’op, agn. attorney, defender, lawyer, mediator, patron, speaker. (1) abogado, (2) hablador, (3) ynterprete 188. kajk’optik. our defender (or) our patron. (1) abogado, (2) patron o defensor.

jk’opk’onel, agn. quarrelsome or talkative person. (1) palabrero, (2) rencilloso 295.

jk’opk’onetel, agn. long-winded person. (1) casarsar 46, cf. cacarear, (2) hablador que habla mucho.

jk’oplayvanej, agn. enchanter, witch. (1) encantador o hechizo, (2) ensalmador, (3) hechizero, (4) maleficio, hacedor de tal.

jk’opojel, agn. dealer, government, lawyer, speaker. (1) abogado, (2) gobernacion 155, (3) hablador, (4) negociante que tiene pleitos.

jk’opojel ta ‘ol, nphr:agn & qphr(prep & n4f). governor, senator. RML—See jch’ akel ta ’ol. senador, Gobernador.

jk’opon vinik ton, agn:tv & nphr(n type n)cpd. idolator. ydolatra.

jk’oponvanej, agn. lawyer. abogado.

‘ep k’op, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. have a disagreement. diferencias tener.

’ep k’op ta tojol, s:aj/pred/ & n5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). have a

disagreement. diferencias tener.

‘epal k’op, cf. ‘ep.

‘utzil k’op, cf. ‘utz.

batz’i k’op, cf. batz’i.

bik’tal k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. brief talk. (1) brevedad (2) chica calsa.

bik’tal k’opk’onel, nphr(aj & vn)5. quarrel. RML—The adjective is given as bik’ tabil. rencilla o renilla.

junjun k’op, cf. jun.

ko‘ol k’op, cf. ko‘ol.

mu k’opoj, vphr:neg & iv. be mute. mudo.

nop k’op, cf. nop.

Ha‘ no ‘ox k’op, s:n5/pred/ & pt & pt & n4d/lp/. be in agreement. concordar en sentencia….

Hu’ k’opojel ‘u‘un, s:iv & vn5 + -n4d. intercede, plead, pray for. abogara.

k’os

k’os. part. cf. k’as.

k’ox (1)

k’ox, aj. short-lived. suerte.

k’ox elok‘ ‘oy echam. He had bad luck, he died.

k’oxib, iv. decrease. descrecer.

k’oxibtas, tv. postpone. posponer 268.

k’oxil, n4f. at last, last. (1) a la postre, (2) cabera, cosa postrera, (3) postrero.

k’oxil ’olol, nphr(aj & n)3d. woman’s last child. RML—The possessed form is given as jk’ oxil kol, which is surely erroneous. hijo postrero.

k’ot

k’ot ’ak’ patan, vphr:aux & tv & n5. apply rent. recurrir con la renta.

k’ot ta ‘okel, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). reach maturity. RML—The verb is in the past tense. (1) mosa crecida 225, (2) sason de lo sasonado.

k’ot ta k’op, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). keep one’s word. cumplir la palabra 58.

k’ot tojol, s:iv & -n4f. amount. motar 228, cf. montar.

k’otbaj, aj. all, every. todo.

k’otebal ta ’okel, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n4d). nearly mature. sason de lo sasonado.

k’otel pox, nphr(vn type n)5. proven medicine. medicina experimentada.

k’otk’otes patan, vphr:tv & n5. apply rent. recurrir con la renta.

jk’otel-poxil, agn(vn & ncpd). experienced doctor. medico experimentado.

jk’otk’onel-vinik, agn(vn & ncpd). restless person. ynquieta cosa 188.

mu k’ot k’op, s:neg & iv & -n4d. break one’s promise or word, lose one’s credit. quebrar o quebrantar palabra….

k’u

k’u ‘epal ta tek, nphr:nphr(n5 & -n41) & qphr(prep & nc). how many? cuantas cosas 279.

k’u muk’ul, nphr:n5 & -n4f. how big? cuan grande 279.

k’u namal, nphr:n5 & -n4f. how far? cuanto o que tanto..279.

k’uk Ha”oy, nphr:n5 & n5 & pt. whenever. cuando quiera.

k’usi, n5. something, what, what? (1) algo, (2) por ventura alguna cosa, (3) que cosa, (4) que cosa 281.

k’usi ’epal, nphr:n5 & -n4f. however much. algun tanto.

k’usi ’u’un, nphr:n5 & -n4d. why? por que preguntando que es.

k’usi cheleybil, nphr:n5 & pp. how? (1) como, (2) manera preguntando, en que manera.

k’usi chak li‘, nphr(n5 & pt & n5). what does all this mean? pregunta de que es cosa y cosa.

k’usi chake, nphr(n5 & pt). what does all this mean? (1) pregunta de…, (2) que cosa y cosa 281, (3) que es cosa y cosa 282.

k’usi j-tekuk ’al, s:n5 & n(num & nccpd)5 & tv/3s/. what is the subject? que materia….

k’usi koj, nphr:n5 & -n4f. why? por que preguntando.

k’usi koj mo’oj, nphr:n5 & -n4f & neg. who not? por que no.

k’usi k’alal, nphr:n5 & -n4f. why? por que preguntando.

k’usi ma ti, nphr:n5 & pt & pt. what? (1) que cosa, (2) que cosa 281.

k’usi muk’ul, nphr:n5 & -n4e. how big? cuan grande 279.

k’usi namal, nphr:n5 & -n4f. how far? cuanto o que tanto…279.

k’usi nop ’oy, s:n5 & tv/2s/ & pt. what does all this mean? (1) que cosa y cosa 281, (2) que es cosa y cosa 282.

k’usi ta k’op, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5). what is the subject? que materia….

k’usi ta k’oplal k’opoj, s:n5 & qphr(prep & n5) & iv/3s/. what is the subject? que materia….

k’usitik, n5. something similar. (1) algo, (2) cosa asi.

k’usitikuk, n5. something similar. cosa asi.

k’usiuk, n5. something similar. cosa.

k’usiuk no ’ox, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). whichever. cualquiera, cualquiera cosa 279.

k’usiuk no ‘ox chaleybil, nphr(n5 & pt & pt & pp). in whatever way. en alguna manera.

k’u‘

k’u’, n4f. placenta, skin (grape, onion when very thin). (1) hollejo, (2) pares de mujer, (3) tela de cebolla….

k’u‘ ’olonton, nphr(n4f of n4d). skin covering the heart. tela de corazon.

k’u‘ caballo, nphr(n4d of n5). horse trappings. paramentos de caballo.

k’u‘ satil, nphr(n4e of n5). eyelid. parpado del ojo.

k’u’ul, n3d. clothing, uniform. (1) abito, vestidura, (2) traje de vestido, (3) vestidura generalmente.

k’u’ultas, tv. clothe (give person clothing). arropar, darle vestido a otro.

k’u‘un, tv. clothe, use clothing. (1) abito, vestidura, (2) arropar, darle…, (3) usar.

k’u‘un, iv. own clothing. arroparse, tener….

k’u‘unej, n4d. clothing being worn, piece of clothing. (1) arropar, darle…, (2) vestido de tal o tal vestidura. ’abtejeb k’u‘ul, cf. k’u‘.

k’ub

k’uban ba, rv. commit oneself, confide in, trust. confiarse.

jk’uban jba ta atojol. I trust you. fiarse encomendandole algo.

k’uban ba ta tojol dios, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). trust in god. encomendarse a Dios.

k’uban bel na, vphrav & nphr(n4f of nld). impound one’s belongings. secrestar en otro.

k’ubanbey, dv. entrust to, send to. (1) enviar a, (2) encargar algo a otro.

jk’ubanbey jna. I am entrusting my house to him (when leaving to trade.) fiarse encomendandole….

jk’ubanbey jtot. I am sending it to my father. enviar a otro algo.

k’ubanbil, pp. committed, deposited. (1) encargada cosa, (2) encomendado asi.

k’ubanej, n4d. object of one’s trust. confiarse.

k’ubanej ba, nphr(n4d of rn4d). confiding, trusting. confiado.

k’ubanel bel nail, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n of n)5. impoundment of belongings. secrestacion.

k’ubanvanej, vn5. trust. confianza.

k’ubul, nld. object entrusted or sent. enviar a otro algo.

k’ubul, aj. trusting. confiado.

k’ubul ‘u‘un, nphr:-n4d + -n4d. object entrusted. encargada por mi.

jk’ubul k’op santo padre, agn:nphr(n type n) of nphr(aj & n)cpd. papal legation. legation asi.

k’uk’

k’uk’, nld. plume. RML In modern Tzotzil of Larraeinzar c’uc’ is the name for trogon and probably referred in former times to its relative, the quetzal (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:34). plumaje.

k’uk’ toj, nphr(n type n)5. pine. *It has a small leaf and weighs little. RML—In modern Tzotzil this is the white pine, Pinus ayacahuite. pino, una especie.

k’uk’um, nle. feather, quill. (1) cañon, (2) pendola o pinola, (3) pluma de ave.

‘ich’ k’uk’, cf. ‘ich’.

k’ul (1)

k’ulebal, n3d. dwelling, residence. (1) abitacion, (2) estancia 130, (3) morada.

k’ulebin, tv. inhabit, reside. abitar, morar.

k’ulej, nld. family, residence, resident. *Sometimes they use the word to mean a matter of days as when the husband or wife discovers that their residence will not be for two or three days: me? no jk’ ulejukotik chak vi. (1) familia, (2) morada, (3) vecino de…348.

‘epon ta jk’ulej. I have a large family. familia.

buy ta k’ulej? Where is he living? vecino de tal o tal parte 348.

k’ulej ta Sotz’ Leb. residing in Zinacantán. vecino de…348.

k’ulej ta Soktom. residing in Chiapa. vecino de…348.

jk’ulej, agn. populator or resident (as the Spaniards say they are the populators of this land). (1) morador, (2) poblador como….

jk’ulej ta chobtik, agn:n & qphr(prep & n)cpd. person who spends many days in the corn field. (1) morador de milpa, (2) vecino de…348.

jk’ulej ta te‘tik, agn:n & qphr(prep & n)cpd. forest dweller. morador de….

j-tek k’ulej, nphr:n(num & nccpd) of n5. town. pueblo.

mo k’uluk, vphr:pt & aj/pred/. absent. RML—This is given as mo culuc, but it is paired with mo nakluk (given as mo nachic) and in colonial Tzeltal the adjective is given as culuc (Guzmán, 1620:27). ausente.

mu to ta tak’in k’ulej tuk, s:neg & pt & qphr(prep & -n4e)/pred/& n4d[P] + n4d[P]. be a minor (having a guardian). menor de edad….

muk’ta k’ulej, cf. muk’.

k’uyey, iv. inhabit, reside. (1) abitar, morar, (2) morar. k’uyul, nld. family. familia.

‘utzot to ak’uyul. You have a good family.

chanantaso ta sk’op Dios to ak’uyule. Teach your family the doctrine.

k’ul (2)

k’ulet, ay. growl (stomach), make a din with mirthful or quarrelsome talk. (1) bullicio hacer…43, (2) chacota tener, (3) estruendo hacer…, (4) parlar asi con alboroto, (5) rugir las tripas.

k’ulet ‘osil ‘u‘un, s:av & n5 + -n4d. excite a disturbance. alborotar.

k’uletel, vn5. din of mirthful or quarrelsome talk, discord, talk of many as in a cofradia. (1) alborotado, (2) bullicio 43, (3) chacota, (4) diferentemente, (5) diferencia o discordia, (6) estruendo hacer…, (7) murmullo de gente, (8) parla, (9) cuestion como…283.

k’ulk’ul te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. drum, timbrel. adufe, atabal. k’ulub

k’ulub, n5. locust (that is eaten). langosta grande.

k’un

k’un, aj. mildly (cure, rule, punish), softly, tender, very tender, with a soft step. (1) callando, (2) dulcemente curar, regir castigar, (3) ternezuelo, (4) tierna cosa.

k’un ‘ik’, ajphr(aj & aj). tawny. lerdo.

k’un ‘isim, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. menstruation. flores.

k’un-tze‘in, iv(aj & ivcpd). laugh softly, smile. reir un poco o sonreirse.

k’un tzotzil, nphr(aj & n)4d. down, new bristles. boso.

k’un tzoj, ajphr(aj & aj). rose-colored. rosado de color de rosa.

k’un tzoj to, ajphr(aj & aj & pt). rose-colored. rosado….

k’un tzojtzoj, ajphr(aj & aj). tawny. leonado.

k’un-kola‘aj, iv(aj & ivcpd). change color or complexion. rebotarse el color o tez.

k’un k’ixin, ajphr(aj & aj). lukewarm, tepid. tibia cosa.

k’un k’ixin Ho‘, nphr:aj & aj & n5. warm water. entibiada asi.

k’un-k’ixnaj, iv(aj & ivcpd). become lukewarm or tepid. entibiarse el agua fria.

k’un-k’opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). mutter, speak softly. (1) hablar entre dientes, (2) hablar bajo.

k’un k’opoj, vphr:aj & iv. speak softly. hablar bajo.

k’un-laj, iv(aj & ivcpd). be anxious. afligirse interiormente.

k’un-lik ta muyel, vphr:tv(aj & tvcpd)- & qphr(prep & vn5). support sostener.

k’un-lit’om, aj(aj & ajcpd). tiptoeing. callando.

k’un-lit’ovaj, iv(aj & ivcpd). tiptoe stealthily. paso a paso andar….

k’un-pik, tv(aj & tvcpd). touch lightly. tocar livianamente.

k’un pik, vphr:aj & tv-. touch lightly. tocar livianamente.

k’un-putzan, aj(aj & P2 or T2cpd). soft. RML—This could also be read k’ un-putz’ an. muelle, cosa blanda.

k’un sak, ajphr(aj & aj). tawny. lerdo.

k’un sik, ajphr(aj & aj). cooled. entibiada cosa.

k’un-sikub, iv(aj & ivcpd). be refreshed, cool. (1) entibiarse la cosa caliente, (2) refrescar.

k’un-sikub ‘osil, s:iv(aj & ivcpd) & n5. cool off (weather). refrescar.

k’un-takin, aj(aj & ajcpd). slightly dry. seco un poco.

k’un to, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt. tender. tierno maiz….

k’un-toy, tv(aj & tvcpd). support. sostener.

k’un tux-nok’ chij, nphr:aj & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. merino wool. lana gruesa.

k’un-vitz’et Ho‘, s:av(aj & avcpd) & n5. have dew fall. rociar el tiempo.

k’un-yamaj, iv(aj & ivcpd). slacken. (1) entibiarse, (2) sosegarse de la enfermedad, del trabajo.

k’un-yamaj ‘a‘i, vphr:s(iv<aj & ivcpd>) & tv[A=S of iv]. enjoy a respite from sickness or work. sosegarse de….

k’un-yamaj ‘olonton, s:iv(aj & ivcpd) & -n4d. weaken in one’s resolve. entibiarse en el proposito.

k’un-yamajel, vn(aj & vncpd)5. coolness, slackness. entibiamiento o tibieza.

k’un-yaman, aj(aj & I, T2cpd). soft, very tender. (1) ablandar also, (2) muelle, cosa blanda, (3) ternezuelo.

k’un-yaman ‘ik’, nphr:aj(aj & I, T2cpd) & n5. refreshing breeze. fresco, aire que aplace.

k’un-yaman sik, nphr:aj(aj & I, T2cpd) & n5. refreshing coolness as in the lowlands. frio que aplace…147.

k’un-yaman sikil Ho‘, nphr:aj(aj & I, T2cpd) & nphr(aj & n)5. cool water. fresca agua asi.

k’un-yamanil, n(aj & I, T2cpd)4f. respite from sickness or work. sosiego asi.

k’unej, iv. become soft. ablandarse.

k’unejes, tv. soften. ablandar also.

k’unij, iv. be moved to pity, become soft, melt. (1) ablandarse, (2) enternecerse, (3) enternecido, (4) regalarse derritiendo.

k’unijes, tv. soften. ablandar algo.

k’unil, nlb. tenderness, tepidness, weakness (of body). (1) enternecimiento, (2) flojedad del cuerpo 144, (3) ternura, tibieza asi.

‘ip jk’unil. I am very weak. flojedad del cuerpo 144.

k’unil ‘ik’, nphr(aj & n)5. light wind. viento librano.

k’unil bakel, nphr(n4f of n5). gristle. ternilla entre hueso y carne.

k’unil k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. politeness. mesura.

k’unil xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. politeness. mesura.

k’unil tux-nok’ chij, nphr:aj & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. merino wool. lana gruesa.

k’unil vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. weak person. flojo asi 144.

k’unk’un, aj. gently, quietly, soft, very tender. (1) bajo sin voces 39, (2) muelle, cosa blanda, (3) paso a quedo, (4) ternezuelo.

k’unk’un ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. be ill, become sick. adolescer, estar malo.

k’unk’un no ‘ox, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt & pt. gradually. poco a poco.

k’unk’unuk no ‘ox, vphraj/pred/ & pt & pt. gradually. poco a poco.

k’unuk, aj. gently. paso a quedo.

toj k’un, ajphr:adv & aj. fluffed (bed), weak. (1) flojedad del cuerpo 144, (2) mollida cama.

k’up

k’upin, tv. covet, desire, long for. (1) aver gana, (2) codiciar, (3) desear 82.

k’upinej, n4d. object of one’s desire. deseo que yo tengo 82.

k’usi ak’upinej? What is it you desire?

k’upinel, vn4d. covetousness that one receives. (1) adolescer estar malo, (2) codicia con que soy codiciado, (3) deseo, pasion…82.

k’upinvanej, vnld. covetousness, desire that one feels. codicia con que codicio algo.

k’ux (1)

k’ux mak na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. bar across door to hinder entrance. tranca para apretar….

k’uxi, tv. tighten with a peg. tarugear asi o apretar asi.

k’uxiabil, n4f. peg for tightening or fastening. tarugo para apretar o ajustar algo.

‘ak’ k’ux ba, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

k’ux (2)

k’ux, tv. chew or gnaw (as clothes moths or mice eat clothing), eat (fresh corn, greens). (1) comer verdura, maiz fresco, (2) roer como….

k’ux ’e, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. clench one’s teeth, scold. (1) regañar, (2) soportar.

k’uxbaj, iv. eat (fresh corn, greens). comer verdura…

k’uxben ch’o, nphr(n4d of n5). hole gnawed by a mouse. roedura señal que queda.

k’uxbol, n5. food (fresh corn, greens). comida asi.

k’ux-pok’, agn(tv & ncpd). clothes moth. polilla.

k’ux (3)

k’ux, aj. painful, smarting. escocer.

k’ux ‘a‘i, vphr:aj & tv-. consider evil, fall in love, grieve, repent, value. (1) enamorarse, (2) sabele mat o pesale algo.

k’ux xka‘i jpatan. I value my position. preciar o tener en mucho.

k’ux xka‘i kabtel. I value my position. preciar o….

toj k’ux xka‘i. I value it highly. (1) estimar en mucho otra cosa, (2) preciar o….

k’ux ‘e, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. toothache. doler la cabeza.

k’ux ‘olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be anxious. afligido.

k’ux jol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. have a headache, toothache. (1) doler la cabeza, (2) dolor de cabeza, (3) escocer.

k’uxey ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be enraged. aquella pasion…25.

k’uxob ‘olal ba, nphr:nphr(n of n)5 type -n4d. doleful, miserable, poor, wretched. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the first noun is given as cuxub (Guzmán, 1620:161), but the second vowel here is consistently o. (1) cuitado, (2) dolorido, (3) pobre.

k’uxob ‘olal ba, nphr:nphr(n4e of n) type n4d. misery, poverty, wretchedness. (1) miseria de pobreza, (2) pobreza.

k’uxub ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. fall passionately in love, regret, repent. (1) apasionarse de amor, (2) pesarle, arrepentirse.

k’uxubes, tv. please. hacer placer 165.

k’uxubesbey ‘olonton, vphr: -dv & n4d[B]. please. hacer placer 165.

k’uxubin, tv. be benign or merciful, bereave, take pity on. (1) benignidad aver o piedad, (2) clemencia tener, (3) compadecer, (4) duelo tener de alguno, (4) misericordia haber.

k’uxubinon! Take pity on me! misericordia haber.

k’uxubinel, vn4d. mercy or pity one receives. (1) compasion que se tiene de mi, (2) duelo de aquel…, (3) piedad o clemencia que recibo.

k’uxubinvan, iv. have mercy. misericordia haber.

k’uxubinvanej, vnld. benignity, clemency, compassion, grief or pity that one feels. (1) benignidad, (2) clemencia, (3) compadecimiento o compasion con que me compadezco, (4) duelo asi que tengo, (5) piedad o clemencia que hago.

k’uxubtas, tv. hurt, please. hacer placer 165.

xesk’uxubtas jjol. It gives me a headache. escocer.

k’uxul, n4f. pain. (1) escocer, (2) escocimiento.

‘ep xk’uxul xka‘i. I am deeply in love. apasionarse de amor.

‘ip xk’uxul jjol. My head aches terribly. escocer.

k’uxul ‘olonton, nphr(n4f of n4d). love, passion. aquella pasion de amor 25.

k’uxul ‘osil, nphr(n4f of n5). anxiety, distress. fatiga o afliccion interior o del anima.

‘ip xk’uxul ‘osil xka‘i avu‘un. You distress me greatly. muerte cruel.

k’uxul chamel, nphr(aj & vn)5. cruel death. muerte cruel.

k’uxul k’ak’al, nphr(n4f of n5). noon. si esta en el medio dia.

k’uxul k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. questioning under torture. *k’uxul means the same as vokol. cuestion de tormento 282.

mu xivay yu‘un yipal k’uxul k’op. I can not sleep I am so fatigued by the torture. cuestion de tormento 282.

jk’uxubinvanej, agn. benign or merciful person. (1) benigno, (2) misericordioso, piadoso, (3) piadoso.

jk’uxul-‘olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). person in love. apasionado de amor.

‘ip k’uxul jol, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -n4d). have a splitting headache. escoaer.

mo k’uxubinvan, vphr:neg & iv. be cruel or inhuman. ynhumano.

k’uxk’ul

k’uxk’ul, nle. gleaning, gleaning of corn after harvest. (1) espigamiento, rebusco, (2) rebusca, (3) redrojo de mieses.

xebat ta k’uxk’ul. I am going to glean corn. espigamiento….

‘ayon ta k’uxk’ul. I went to glean corn. espigamiento….

k’uxk’ulaj, iv. glean corn. (1) espigar, coger espigas, (2) rebuscar despues….

k’uxk’ulajel, vn5. gleaning. rebusca.

k’uxk’ultay, tv. glean. espigar asi con acusativo.

jk’uxk’ultay jchob (or) jk’uxk’ultay kixim. I am gleaning my corn. rebuscar despues….

k’uy

k’uy. family, inhabit, reside. cf. k’ul (1).

L

la

la, pt. supposedly, they say. (1) disque 90, (2) que, dicen….

xtal la. They say he is coming. que, dicen….

mu la xtal. They say he is not coming. que, dicen….

mu la sk’an. They say he does not want it. que. dicen….

mu la ‘oyuk. They say there isn’t any. que, dicen….

Hech la. They say it’s like this. (1) disque 90, (2) que, dicen….

la k’opoj, vphr:adv & iv. speak graciously. RML—It is not clear whether this root should be read la or la‘. I have grouped here entries that seem to be related to the modern Tzotzil roots, la (3), la‘la’, labal, and lan (1). The sequence laan is often given as lan. graciosamente hablar o decir.

laaet, ay. be at peace, be pacified. (1) aplacarse, (2) pacificarse, (3) pacificada cosa.

laaet ‘osil, s:av & n5. calm (without wind). calma.

laaet ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(av & n5) & tv. feel at peace. paz tener.

xlaaet ‘osil xka‘i xicham. I will die in peace.

laaet ’uch’el, s:av & -vn4f. be refreshing (cold water). fresca agua asi.

laaet xanav, vphr:av & iv. be at peace. paz tener.

laaet xanbal, s:av & n5. peace. paz.

laal, aj. abundant. abundancia.

laal ‘atil, cf. ‘at (1).

laal ‘il ba, vphr:adj & rv. be on good terms. familiarmente trata o habla.

laal ‘il ba chi‘uk, vphr:aj & ry + -n4d. be on good terms with. familiaridad.

laal ‘it’it’, cf. ‘it’.

laal ‘it’it’ul, cf. ‘it’.

laal ‘utzil, cf. ‘utz.

laal ‘utzil k’opoj, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n4d[S of iv]) & iv. be on good terms. familiarmente trata…

laal ‘uxub, cf. ‘uxub.

laal bililul, cf. bil (1).

laal chi‘in ta xanbal, vphr:aj & tv- & qphr(prep & n5). be well-acquainted with. familiar cosa.

laal xexchi‘inotik ta xanbal. He is well-acquainted with us.

laal ch’ail, cf. ch’a (1).

laal ch’okil, cf. ch’ok.

laal ch’ulul, cf. ch’ul.

laal kola‘al ‘e, cf. kolo‘.

laal k’ak’al, cf. k’ak’.

laal k’opon ba, vphr:aj & rv. be on good terms with. familiarmente trata….

laal k’ot ta na, vphr:aj & iv & qphr(prep & -n4d). be well acquainted with. familiaridad.

laal potz’omal, cf. potz’.

laal pukuk, cf. puk (1).

laal xuch’, cf. xuch’.

laal te‘te‘il, cf. te‘.

laal tuil, cf. tu (1).

laal vayel ‘a‘i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & vn) & tv. fall asleep. adormecerse.

laal *Hopolil, cf. *Hop.

laan, aj. mildly (cure, rule, punish), soft, tame, temperate (climate), tame, tender, very tender. (1) amansar o reposar animal, (2) dulcemente curar, regir, castigar, (3) mansa cosa, (4) ternezuelo, (5) tierna cosa.

laan ‘osil, nphr(aj & n)5. mild climate. temple de tierra.

laan ‘osil yo‘ ‘oy. It is a mild climate there.

laan juteb, ajphr:aj & num. be improved (health). mejorar en la dolencia.

laan k’epel, ajphr(aj & aj). with a mild climate. templada tierra.

laan xanav, vphr:aj & iv. be at peace. paz tener.

laan to, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt. slightly dry. seco un poco.

laan vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. polite person. mesurado.

laanej, iv. be calm, merciful, or pacified, become tame, rest (patient). (1) amansar, (2) aplacarse, (3) clemencia tener, (4) pacificarse, (5) reposar el enfermo, (6) sosegarse.

laanej ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be reconciled. reconciliarse el amigo.

elaanej kolonton ta stojol. I was reconciled with him.

laanej ‘osil, s:iv & n5. refresh. refrescar.

laanej ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. be refreshed by. refrescar.

lo‘an xalaanej yu‘un! Eat it, it will refresh you!

laanejeb k’op, nphr(n4f of n5). league (among allies). liga en amistades.

laanejel, vn5. clemency. clemencia.

laanejes, tv. appease, check a horse with a violent pull of the bridle, moderate (water or other cold material), pacify, soften (string in water), tame. (1) ablandar como…, (2) amansar, (3) aplacarse, (4) sofrenar, (5) sosegar a otro, (6) templar el agua….

laanejesabil, n4f. consolation, refreshment. refrigerio.

laanejesabil k’ak’al, nphr(n4f of n5). respite from the heat. refrigerio.

laanejesabil me‘anajel, nphr(n4f of vn5). consolation in one’s grief. refrigerio.

laanil, n4d. moderation, modesty, tameness, tenderness. (1) mansedumbre, (2) modestia, (3) templanza asi, (4) ternura.

laanil ‘olonton, nphr(n4f of n5). calmness. sosiego.

laanil k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. politeness. mesura.

laanil xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. politeness. mesura.

laanlaan ‘a‘i, vphr:aj & tv-. feel a respite from sickness or work. sosegarse de la enfermedad, del trabajo.

jlaaetel, agn. peaceful person. pacifico, hacedor de paz.

jlaal-vayel, agn(aj & vncpd). drowsy person. adormecido.

jlaanesej-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). mediator. medianero en amistad.

la‘

la‘ulan, tv. brandish or shake (lance). RML—In modern Tzotzil this verb is applied to shaking a tree. blandear, sacudir como lanza.

lab

lab-sati, tv(n & tvcpd). see visions. visiones ver asi.

lab-satij, iv(n & ivcpd). see visions. visiones ver asi.

lab satil, nphr(n of n)3d. vision (seen when awake). vision estando despierto.

labaj, iv. be astonished at the price or beauty, or at the loyalty of someone. espantarse del precio….

elabaj. He marvelled at it. maravillado.

xalabaj yu‘un yutzil snupel. You will be astonished by the beauty of the ceremony. solemnidad.

labajel, vn5. heroic feat, marvel of the ceremony, miracle. (1) hazaña, (2) maravilla, (3) milagro.

labal, nld. malice, roguery, wickedness. (1) abellacar 36, (2) maldad, (3) malicia.

labal tz’i.‘, nphr(n type n)5. dangerous or monstrous dog. (1) mal hombre, mal perro, (2) monstruo en la naturaleza 230.

labal k’op, nphr(n type n)5. dispute. cuestion como…283.

labal vinik, nphr(n type n)5. evil person, monster. *(After labal) they put the thing that is monstrous, if it has six fingers or three eyes. (1) mal hombre…, (2) monstruo…230.

laban, tv. be astonished at the price or beauty or at the loyalty of someone, be frightened by having seen or heard a miracle. (1) espantarse del precio…, (2) milagros haber de ver….

xalaban slekil snupel. You will be astonished by the beauty of the ceremony. solemnidad.

labanat, tv/pass/. be miraculous. milagroso.

labanej, vn5. evil enchantment. maleficio, encantamiento.

labanel, vn4b. heroic feat, grandeur, marvel, solemnity. (1) hazaña, (2) maravilla, (3) solemnidad.

labanes, tv. vex. enhodar a alguno.

labaney, tv/pass/. be grand or solemn. solemne cosa.

labbey, dv. prefer. RML—This reading for -labey is suspect. preferir.

labtas, tv. prefer. preferir.

labtay, tv. bewitch. (1) encantar, (2) maleficiar, encantar.

labtayvanej k’op, nphr(vn type n)5. evil enchantment. maleficio, encantamiento.

jlabal-k’op, agn(aj & ncpd). person who speaks empty words. vano en palabras.

jlabtayvanej, agn. bewitcher, enchanter. (1) encantador o hechizo, (2) maleficio, hacedor de tal.

‘ep labal, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. malicious. malicioso.

‘ep labanel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. heroic. hazañoso.

toj labajel, vphr:adv & -vn4d/pred/. grand, solemn. solemne cosa.

toj labanat, vphr:adv & tv/pass/. heroic. hazañoso.

lob, n5. bad or evil person or vision. (1) mal hombre…, (2) vision, la cosa que se ve o aparece.

lob, aj. malicious. malicioso.

lob ‘ut, vphr:aj & tv-. degrade. abellacar.

lob neyut. He degraded me.

lob-k’optay, tv(aj & tvcpd). gossip, ridicule, tattle. (1) chismear…, (2) motejar.

toj lob, ajphr:adv & aj. malicious, perverse, wicked. (1) malvado, (2) perverso.

latz’

latz’, tv. insert in pile (board, book). meter entre otras cosas….

latz’atz’tik, aj. inserted in many places. metida cosa asi.

latz’al, aj. inserted in pile. metida cosa asi.

latz’allatz’al, n4f. inserted in many places. metida cosa asi.

latz’an, tv. insert. meterse asi.

latz’apuy, tv. raise the poor or downbeaten, save by shielding. RML—In colonial Tzeltal this appears as “librar poniendose en medio, llevar baxodel sobaco, sobarcar” (Guzmán, 1620:119, 122, 199). In modern Tzotzil, latz’ ap’in is to carry under one’s arm. (1) levantar al pobre o abatido, (2) librar poniendose en medio.

latz’apuy to lotz’op, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). carry a bundle under one’s arm. sobacar.

latz’bil, pp. inserted in pile. metida cosa asi.

latz’ey, tv/pass/. be inserted. meterse asi.

latz’ob, n5. vise (of carpenter or sculptor). prensa como….

latz’obil, n4f. vise. prensa coma….

laj (1)

laj, iv. be depopulated or devastated in war, die, end, fret (cloth, silk), ruin oneself, wear out (clothing). (1) acabarse o destruirse, (2) asolarse 33, (3) destruirse, (4) envejecerse la ropa, (5) gastarse, (6) perecer, (7) raerse el paño o seda.

laj, iv. be dead, fretted, squandered or wasted. RML—The verb is in the past tense. (1) disiparse 89, (2) perecido, (3) raida osa.

elaj xxen. He stabbed him many times. puñalada de herida.

laj ‘a.‘i, vphr:aux & tv/subj/-. understand very well. entender muy bien.

mu xlaj ka‘i. I did not understand very well. entender no muy bien.

laj ‘a.‘i k’oplal, vphr:aux & tv/subj/ & -n4f. be informed. RML—The intransitive verb is in the past tense. ynformado 188.

laj ‘a‘i tojol, vphr:aux & tv/subj/ & -n4d. be informed. RML—The intransitive verb is in the past tense. ynformado 188.

laj ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. make progress, spend. (1) gastar, (2) proceder, ir adelante en algun caso.

‘epon ta k’ulej ‘ep xlaj ku‘un. I have a large family, I spend a lot. gasto….

laj ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. squander. RML—-The intransitive verb is in the past tense. disipar 89.

laj tza, s:iv & -n4d. be obstructed in some matter. hallarse atajado en algun negocio.

laj ta taiv, vphr:iv + qphr(prep & n5). be frostbitten. elarse las cosas….

laj ta tojol, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4d). suffer for another’s sins. lastar, pagar pecados.

lajal, aj. small. (1) Chico, (2) menuda cosa, (3) pequeño.

lajal machal ‘a‘i‚vphr:ajphr(aj & aj) & tv-. have low opinion of. RML—In modern Tzotzil, machet is to be haughty. estimar en poco.

lajeb, n4f. dregs, end, the last. (1) cabera, cosa postrera, (2) estremidad, (3)fin de cosa, (4) heve, (5) termino por fin.

lajeb ‘ayan ‘u‘un, vphr:n4f[S] & iv + -n4d. postpone, put last. RML—The verb is in the past tense. posponer.

lajeb ‘olon, nphr(n4f of n5). abyss. abismo.

lajeb ‘ut, nphr(n4f of n4e). abyss. abismo.

lajeb k’op, nphr(n4f of nld). end of negotiation, sentence (legal). (1) conclusion de esta manera, (2) sentencia.

mo jtak’ toj slajeb jk’op. In the end I don’t want it. finalmente.

mo jtak’ jbatz’il xkal slajeb jk’op. In the end I say I don’t want it. finalmente.

Ha‘ slajeb k’op bi. That was the conclusion. finalmente.

lajeb-xanav, iv(n & ivcpd). take a walk. pasearse, lugar.

lajeb xanavebal, nphr(n of n)3d. mall, walk. paseadero, lugar.

lajeb xanbal, nphr(n of n)5. walk (of person who is taking a walk). paso de el que se pasea.

lajeb vino, nphr(n4f of n5). dregs. heve.

lajebal, n3d. exhaustion, near death. agotamiento o acaba miento 12.

lajebalon. I am nearly dead. malo estar, casi muerto 206.

lajel, vn5. death, entirely. (1) del todo, (2) muerte, (3) perecimiento.

lajel, vn4f. end. fin de cosa.

lajel ‘osil, nphr(aj of n)5. always. siempre.

lajel bat, vphr:aj & iv. continent. tierra firme.

lajel tz’ak-pati, vphr:aj & tv(tv & tvcpd)-. follow to the end. seguir hasta el cabo.

lajel tz’i‘lej ta mulil, vphr:aj & iv & qphr(prep & n5). become a hardened sinner. RML—The verb is in the past tense. obstinar a otro 243.

lajel cham, vphr:aj & iv. be absolutely dead. RML—The verb is in the past tense. muerto del todo.

lajel kola‘aj, vphr:aj & iv. be persistently evil. RML—The verb is in the past tense. obstinado en mal 243.

lajel pas, vphr:aj & tv-. do to the very end. hacer hasta el cabo 165.

lajel to, qphr:-vn4f & pt. just, slightly before. (1) ahora poco a, (2) aun ahora 22, (3) poco ha que fue…

lajeluk, vn5. entirely. del todo.

lajem, iv/stat/. used up, worn out. agotado.

lajemal, n4f. threads of threadbare cloth. rasa de paño raido o viejo 283.

lajemal ve‘el, nphr(n4f of vn5). leftovers. relieves.

lajes, tv. destroy, devastate, make progress, pardon, waste, use up. (1) asolarse 33, (2) desperdiciar, (3) destruirse, (4) gastar, (5) proceder, ir adelante….

lajes mul ta tojol, vphr:tv & n4d[A] & qphr(prep & -n4d). accuse another falsely of one’s own crime. mentir a otro….

lajes takiej, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. annul one’s law. ley quitar 194.

lajesbey k’oplal, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. sentence. sentenciar.

lajesel bel nail, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n of n)5. prodigality. prodigalidad.

jlajel, agn. dead person, mortal creature. (1) mortal cosa que muere, (2) perecido.

jlajesel bel na, agn:vn of nphr(n of n)cpd. prodigal person. prodigo.

jlajesvanej, agn. squanderer. disipador 89.

mo tojoluk laj, vphr:qphr(neg & -n4f) & iv. be wasted. RML—The verb is in the past tense. desperdiciar.

mo tojoluk lajes, vphr:qphr(neg & -n4f) & tv-. waste. (1) desperdiciar, (2) disipar 89.

mu laj ‘oy, vphr:neg & iv & pt. perpetual. perpetua o continua cosa.

ta lajeb, qphr:prep & -n4f. in the end, finally. (1) a la postre, (2) en fin, (3) finalmente.

laj (2)

laj, tv. roughen grinding stone. picar muela….

laj-Hux, tv(tv & tvcpd). roughen grinding stone. picar muela….

lajulan, tv. roughen grinding stone. picar muela….

lajun

lajun-vinik, num(num & numcpd)5. two hundred. doscientos 93.

lajun-vinik ‘ox-bok’, numphr:num(num & numcpd)5 of n(num & nccpd)4f. one thousand.mil .

lajun-vinik ‘ox-bok’ ta ta‘lej, nphr:numphr(n<num & numcpd> of n<num & nccpd>4f) & qphr(prep & n5). one mile. milla.

lajuneb, num5. ten. dies.

lajuneb ‘ox-vinik, numphr:num of num(num & numcpd)4f. fifty. cincuenta 72.

lajuneb cha‘-vinik, numphr:num of num(num & numcpd)4f. thirty. treinta.

lajuneb chan-vinik, numphr:num of num(num & numcpd)4f. seventy. setenta.

lajunuk chan-vinik, numphr:num of num(num & numcpd)4f. seventy. setenta.

lajchaeb, num5. twelve. doce 93.

lak’ (1)

lak’, n4d. companion. compañero.

lak’-nain ba, rv:tv(n & tvcpd) & rn4d. be a neighbor of, live in the same household with. vecino o cercano…348.

jlak’-nain jba jchi‘uk Pedro. I am Peter’s neighbor.

lak’in, tv. accompany. acompañar.

jlak’-na, agn(n & ncpd). member of the same household, neighbor. vecino o cercano…348.

jlak’-na ba, rn:agn(n & ncpd) & rn4d. be a neighbor of, live in the same household with. vecino o cercano…348.

lak’ (2)

lak’u, tv. mend. remendar.

jlak’uvanej, agn. mender. remendon.

lam

lam, n4f. cream, fat of broth. nata.

lam chitom, nphr(n4f of n5). bacon fat. pringue de torrezno.

lam xanbal, nphr(n type n). peace. paz.

lam xonobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). shoe with thin sole and low heel. escarpin.

lam tocino, nphr(n4f of n5). bacon fat. pringue.

lam Ho‘, nphr(n4f of n5). seaweed. ova que nace en el agua.

lamal, aj. calm, peaceful. (1) pacificada cosa, (2) pacifica cosa 252.

lamal ‘osil, nphr(aj & n)5. peacetime. pacifica cosa 252.

lamallamal ‘a‘i, vphr:aj & tv. feel respite from sickness or work. sosegarse de la enfermedad, del trabajo.

lamal ton, nphr(aj & n)5. paved. enlozado.

laman, tv. pave. enlozar.

laman xamitl, vphr:tv & n5. lay a brick floor. solar, echar suelo a la casa.

jlaman xamitl ta jna. I am paving my house with brick.

lamanbil, pp. paved. RML—This entry is derived from the following. suelo de ladrillos.

lamanbil xamit ta lumtik, s:pp/pred/ & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). brick floor. suelo de ladrillos.

lamanbil ton, s:pp/pred/ & n5. paving. enlozado.

lamanbil ton ta lumtik, s:pp/pred/ & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). stone floor. suelo de lajas.

lamtzaj, iv. become peaceful. (1) pacificarse, (2) pacificada cosa.

lamtzajes, tv. reconcile. reconciliar a otros.

lamtzan, tv. calm, make peace, pacify. (1) pacificar, (2) pacificar hacer paz.

lamet ch‘ail, s:av & n5. smoke. humear.

jlamtzajel, agn. peace maker. pacifico, hacedor de paz.

j-lomlom, num(num & nccpd)5. not folded (1 only). sencilla cosa, no doblada.

mu cha‘-lomuk, vphr:neg & n(num & nccpd)/pred/. not folded. sencilla cosa….

lampara (Sp.)

lampara, n5. lamp. lampara.

lap

lap, tv. mend petates, etc., by inserting straw as if weaving, put in a hole, put on shoes. (1) adobar petates…, (2) calcar, (3) meter la cosa en hoyo….

lap ‘ik’al pok’, vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n)5. be in mourning. enlutarse.

lap ba, rv. intrude. entremeterse en.

lap k’ob ta k’u‘, vphr:tv & n4d[A] & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). put one’s hand over one’s heart (inside one’s shirt). meter la mano en el seno.

jlap jk’ob. I put my arm in the sleeve. *(The same) for the foot in the shoe, the body in the tunic. meter la cosa en hoyo….

lap no ta aguja, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). thread a needle. enhila aguja.

lapal, aj. inserted. metida cosa asi.

lapal ta ‘abnaltik, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). lying in ambush. emboscado.

lapaptik, aj. inserted in many places. metida cosa asi.

lapaptik ‘ak’, vphr:aj & tv-. insert in many places. entremeter entre otras cosas.

lapaptik lok’es, vphr:aj & tv-. pick out. entresacar.

lapbil, pp. inserted. metida cosa asi.

lapel, vn4d. insertion. metida cosa asi.

lapot xonob, s:tv/pass/ & -n4d. shoed. herrada bestias.

latin (Sp.)

latin, aj. Latin. gramatica, arte de la lengua latina.

chanob latin k’op, cf. chan (1).

le

le, tv. hunt. casar 46.

leav, iv. hunt. (1) casa 46, (2) montear, cazar.

leoj, n5. hunting. (1) casa como…46, (2) monteria.

xibat ta leoj. I am going hunting. casa como…46.

jle-‘ub, agn(tv & ncpd). partridge dog. perdiguero perro.

jle-kuich’, agn(tv & ncpd). partridge dog. perdiguero.

jleom, agn. hunter. (1) casador 46, (2) montero.

leb (1)

leb-tanibil ton tuluk’, nphr:pp(x & tvcpd) & nphr(n4d of n5). eggs cooked on the coals. RML—This adjective is given as lomtanibil. pan cocido sobre brasas.

leb-tanibil vaj, nphr:pp(x & tvcpd) & n5. bread roasted on the coals. pan cocido sobre brasas.

leblajet, av. shine, sparkle. relumbrar.

leblajet ‘osil, s:av & n5. flash (lightning). relampaguear.

leblajetel, vn5. lightning. relampago.

Hech sba chak te sleblajetel ‘osile (or) Hech yilel chak te sleblajetel ‘osil (or) chak te ‘oy xleblajet sba. It is like lightning. relampaguear.

leblon ‘osil, s:av & n5. flash (lightning). relampaguear.

leblonet, av. shine. resplandecer.

lebluj, av. shine. lucir, resplandecer 202.

leb (2)—

leb, nla. bird net. red estendida para aves.

leb likil chij, nphr:n4e of nphr(aj & n)5. hunting net. red de casar.

lebal ‘ak’, nphr(natt & n)5. hunting net. red estendida para ayes.

lebayab choy, nphr(n of n)5. fish trap. nasa par pescar.

lech

leche-chikin, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-eared. orejudo.

lechlonet, av. flap one’s ears (when they are so large they flap like leaves or when dogs shake their ears). orejudo.

lecho-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. hut. choca.

lechob ’ak’al, nphr(n of n)4f. brazier. brasero.

leche (Sp.)

leche, n5. milk. leche.

lechuga (Sp.)

lechuga, n5. lettuce. leche.

‘alab lechuga, nphr(n4f of n5). young lettuce. lechuguino.

bik’tal lechuga, nphr(aj & n)5. young lettuce. lechuguino.

lek (1)

lek, aj. elegant, gallantly, genteel, graceful, handsome, polished, politely, pretty. (1) dispuesto gentil hombre, (2) elegante, (3) galan, (4) galanamente, (5) gentilmente, (6) hermoso 169, (7) linda cosa, (8) pulida cosa 265.

lek ‘ilel‚ vphraj/pred/ + vn4f/3s/. pretty. linda cosa.

lek ‘oy, vphr:-n4f/pred/ & pt. fitting, proper, suitable. (1) propiamente, (2) propio oficio ser de alguno, (3) cuadrar o venirle bien algo 278.

lek pas, vphr:aj & tv-. polish. pulir 266.

lek vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. handsome person. gentil hombre o mujer.

lekil, nlb. beauty, gallantry, gracefulness, handsomeness, polish, prettiness, subtlety. (1) disposicion asi, (2) gala o galania, (3) gentileza asi, hermosura 169, (5) lindesa, (6) pulidesa 266, (7) sutileza 324.

lekil k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. elegant talk. elegante platica.

lekub, iv. become beautiful. hermosearse, hacerse hermoso 169.

mo lekuk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. ugly. fea cosa.

mo lekuk xanbal, s:neg & aj/pred/ & n5. incontinence. yncontinencia 186.

toj lek ‘ilel, vphr:adv & aj/pred/ + vn4f/3s/. subtle. sutil cosa 324.

toj lek tzaibil pasel, s:adv & aj & pp/pred/ & -vn4f. subtle. sutil cosa 324.

Ha‘ te mo lekuk xanav, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & neg & aj & iv ---). incontinent. yncontinente 186.

lek (2)

lek, tv. occupy. (1) ocupar lugar…, (2) huerta 343.

lek ‘u‘un ‘ekuk, vphr:tv- & -n4d & pt. include person in an activity. hacer participante…165.

lekbey, dv. occupy or confiscate another’s property in a dispute. quitarle la hacienda….

lekbil, pp. foreign, occupied. (1) agena cosa 13, (2) ocupado asi.

leknej tuk, nphr:n4d + n4d[P=P of lekenej] one’s own. propia cosa.

lekoj, n4d. high position, jurisdiction, object occupied or owned, power, repartimiento, territory. (1) dignidad (2) jurisdiccion, (3) mando…, (4) mio, cosa mia, (5) ocupada cosa, (6) poner aparte, (7) poseer, (8) repartimiento…, (9) territorio.

jlekoj Ho‘on ku‘un. It is mine. mi cosa.

slekoj. his thing. suyo, cosa soya 326.

lekoj ‘ak’, vphr:n4f/3s/ & tv-. set apart. poner aparte.

lekoj ‘ekuk, vphr:n4f/3s//pred/ & pt. partner. parcionero.

lekoj ‘ojov, nphr(n4d of n5). king’s or lord’s attorney. fisco del Rey o Señor.

lekoj ‘oy, vphr:n4f/3s//pred/ & pt. deserve. merecer.

lekoj ba tuk, vphr:rn + n4d[S]. exempt. exento 126.

lekoj obispo, nphr(n4d of n5). episcopal. obispal cosa.

lekoj tuk, vphr:-n4d + n4d[P of lekoj]. one’s own. propia cosa.

lekoj tuk ‘a‘i, vphr:s(n4d[A]/pred/ + n4d[A]) & tv. be the owner. propietario.

lekoj ve‘el ta ju-jun k’ak’al, vphr:nphr(n4d/3s/ & n4d[A]) & tv & qphr(n<num & numcpd>) & n5. daily ration. racion de comida.

lekoj vinik, nphr(n4f/3s/ & n5). foreigner. agena cosa 13.

lekojlekoj, n4f. by turns, distinctly, separately. (1) apartados, cada uno por si, (2) a veces o cada uno por si 37.

lekojlekoj ‘ak’, vphr:n4f/3s/ & tv-. set apart. poner aparte.

lekojlekoj ju-jun vinkilel, s:n4f/3s//pred/ & nphr(n<num & numcpd> & -n4d). limb by limb. miembro a miembro.

lekojlekoj k’opoj, vphr:n4f/3s/ & iv. explain. distinguir razones.

lekojlekoj toj ve‘el, vphr:n4f/3s/ & tv & n3d[A]. pay one’s share. escotar.

lekom ’ojov, nphr(n4d of n5). king’s or lord’s attorney. fisco del Rey o Señor.

lekon, iv. win (inheritance, lottery). *There is no term for primogeniture, but they say, “Ha‘ xlekon stz’ omol spop stot,” “He wins the stool, the petate of his father.” If (they draw lots) with straws they will say, “La‘jlok’ estik jobel much’ uy van slok’ esan te nate Ha‘ xlekonuk,” “Come draw the straws, whoever takes the long one wins.” (1) mayorazgo 205, (2) sortear o echar suertes.

‘ech’ ta lekom, cf. ‘ech’. soltero o soltera.

batz’i lekoj, cf. batz’i.

mu lekav, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. unmarried. soltero o soltera.

mu lekav xanbal, nphr:neg & aj & n5. bachelorhood, spinsterhood. solteria de aquestos.

toj lekoj, vphr:adv & -n4d/pred/. legitimate. legitima cosa por ley.

lek’

lek’, tv. lick (as when they suck a finger or lick a cup), taste. (1) chuchar…, cf. chupar, (2) gustar, (3) lamer.

lek’an! Taste it! gustar.

lek’, n5. sense of taste. gusto, la potencia.

lek’ ni‘, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. lick one’s lips. relamerse.

lek’ ti‘, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. lick one’s lips. relamerse.

lek’ ti‘ijes, tv(tv & tvcpd). enrage. provocar a ira.

lek’-ti‘il, vn(tv & ncpd)ld. cruelty, fierceness, impatience, inhumanity. RML—Although les is given as frequently as lec, in colonial Tzeltal it is consistently the latter (Guzmán, 1620:12, 33, 65, 71). (1) brava cosa, (2) crueldad, (3) ympaciente, no sufrido 185, (4) ynhumanidad 188.

lek’-ti‘il vinik, nphr:vn(tv & ncpd) type n5. cruel person. cruel.

lek’-ti‘ub, iv(tv & ncpd). become cruel or furious. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, -lectiub is “embrabecerse,” “encrudelecerse” (Guzmán, 1620:65, 71). (1) airarse, (2) encruelecerse.

lek’el, vn4d. taste (as when we say he has good or bad taste). gusto de lo que es gustado.

‘ip lek’-ti’il, s:aj/pred/ & -vn(tv & ncpd)4d. fierce, impatient, merciless, quarrelsome. (1) brava cosa, (2) ympaciente, no sufrido 185, (3) ynhumanidad 188, (4) rencilloso 295.

toj lek’-ti’, vphr:adv & aj(tv & ncpd)/pred/. furious. airado.

letania (Sp.)

letania, n5. litany. letania.

letra (Sp.)

letra, n5. letter (of the alphabet). letra.

letratik, n5. inscription. letrero.

lev

lev sat, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. make a wry face (with one’s eyes). visajes hacer….

lev ti‘, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. make a wry face (with one’s mouth). visajes hacer….

li

lilij, iv. fall (fruit, hair, leaves). sacudir.

lilij ‘e, s:iv & -n4d. have one’s tooth fall out. mudar los dientes.

lilij tzotzil jol, s:iv & nphr(n4f of -n4d). have one’s hair fall out. pelarse alguno….

lilin, tv. shake. sacudir.

li‘

li‘ aj. here, this. RML—This is given as li, lih, lihy, and liy. In modern Tzotzil, li‘ varies with li‘i. (1) aca, (2) aqui, (3) este, esta, esto.

li‘ukot toe bat lajukon ta jna. Stay here while I go home. mientras.

leulcot toe xetal to, taval xital to. While you are here, I am coming, I am coming soon. mientras.

li‘ ‘oye, vphr:aj & n5/pred/. It is here (pointing). helo aqui.

li‘ k’alal li‘, vphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & aj/pred/. this far, to here, until. hasta aqui.

li‘ k’alal li”oyone. Until I am here. hasta cuando yo estoy.

li‘ nakal li‘, vphr:aj & aj/pred/ & aj. It is here (pointing). helo aqui.

li‘ tal, vphr:aj & iv. approach, come this way. (1) hacia aca…166, (2) hacia aca, me…166.

li‘ xtal xka‘i. It seems he is coming this way. hacia aca, me…166.

li‘ xtal xk’elay. I see him coming this way. hacia aca…166.

li‘ to, ajphr(aj & pt). It is here (pointing), this. helo aqui.

li‘ toe, ajphr(aj & pt). It is here (pointing). helo aqui.

li‘i, aj, cf. li‘

li‘li‘ to, ajphr(aj & pt). recently (as when we say, “he died recently,” “he married recently”). poco tiempo como….

Ha‘ li‘, vphr:n5/pred/ & aj. this. este, esta, esto.

Ha‘ li‘ to, s:n5/pred/ & ajphr(aj & pt). this. este, esta, esto.

libra (Sp.)

libra, n5. pound. este, esta, esto.

lich’

lich’, tv. spread out, unfold. estender, desemvolver lo doblado.

lich’anbil, pp. spread out, unfolded. tendida cosa asi o doblada.

lich’bil, pp. spread out, unfolded. tendida….

lich’bil pok’ ta xokomtik, s:pp/pred/ & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). wall hanging. manta de pared.

lich’il, aj. hanging (said of a poor person, an orphan), spread out, unfolded. RML—The term for the latter two meanings is given as lechbil, but lichil occurs in colonial Tzeltal for the same entry (Guzmán, 1620:205). (1) colgar, (2) colgado, (3) tendida….

lienzo (Sp.)

lienzo, n5. linen. lienzo.

lik

lik, tv. carry or hold dangling. (1) colgado tener algo en la mano, (2) llevar algo colgado.

lik, iv. be movable, begin, change residence, depart, move, take fright, withdraw. (1) apartarse, (2) asombrado correr o menearse 33, (3) comenzar, (4) moverse, (5) movible cosa, (6) mudar, (7) partirse del lugar.

lik ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. transplant. trasponer plantas.

lik ‘u‘un, sacerdoteal, s:iv + n4d & n5. graduate (priest). graduar asi.

lik ch‘utul, s:iv & n5. produce gas in the stomach (food). ventosa cosa….

lik petluk, vphr:aux & aj/subj/. swell (boil, bruise). (1) hincharse a tolondrones, (2) roncharse o hacersele ronchas.

lik ta, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & ---). from. desdeta 78, cf. desde. javib k’ak’al sbelel Tzekil xlik ta Sotz’ Leb? How many days (or) how far is Mexico City from Zinacantán? *The Indian speaks like this when we say, “from such and such to such and such,” putting first xlik or likel and then ta; xlik ta Jobel or likel ta Jobel, from Zacatlan (Ciudad Real).

lik tok, s:iv & n5. cloud over. anublarse el tiempo.

lik tuk, vphr:iv + n4d[S]. take the opportunity. ocasion tomar.

lik t’elluk, vphr:aux & aj/pred/. swell (boils). roncharse o….

lik vajluk, vphr:aux & aj/pred/. swell (boils). roncharse o….

lik Ho‘, vphr:tv & n5. draw water from a well. sacar agua del pozo.

likan, tv. hang. colgar.

likan ba, rv. commit oneself to another’s protection. colgar.

likanab, nlf. place where object or person is hung. ahogar ahogado.

likanabil, n4f. place where object or person is hung. ahogar ahogado.

likanbil, pp. hanging, hung. colgado.

likanel ta ch’ojon, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & n5). strapado. RML—This is the punishment of a criminal who is pulled up by his arms tied behind his back and allowed to fall without touching the ground. trato de cuerda.

liktzaj, iv. be dammed up (water), be suspended and about to fall. (1) estancar, (2) parar o estancar, (3) tenerse colgado de algo….

liktzanabil, n4f. price tag (sign that purchase price has been agreed upon). *And this term may be applied to the ring or necklace that the groom gives to his bride to signify their agreement or betrothal. senal de cosa….

likey, tv/pass/. hang. colgar.

likeb ‘epal ‘utzil vinik, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & aj & n)5. patriarch. patriarca.

likeb tzitzo’, nphr(n4f of n5). theme of a sermon. tema de sermon.

likeb tz’ib, nphr(n4f of n5). paragraph. parrafo de escritura.

likeb ch’ub, nphr(n4f of n5). foundation, foundation ditch. (1) cimiento 72, (2) fundamento asi, (3) fundar o asentar….

likeb k’op, nphr(n4f of n5). introduction of a book or discussion, motive, paragraph, theme of a sermon. (1) yntroduccion de platica, (2) motivo, (3) parrafo de escritura, (4) principio de…, (5) tema de….

likeb t’abbil k’op, nphr:n4f of nphr(pp & n)5. theme of a discussion. tema de sermon.

likeb Hun, nphr(n4f of n5). introduction of a book. principio del libro.

likebal, n3d. beginning, blood relationship, origin, original. (1) comienzo, (2) origen o principio, (3) original cosa, (4) parentesco por sangre, (5) principio, principal.

likel, vn4d. departure. partida de el lugar o persona.

likel, vn5. immediately. (1) momento de tiempo, (2) subita. ve‘el to likel sk’an. The meal should be served immediately.

likel ‘oy, nphr(vn4f & pt). starting point. punto de partida.

likel kajel, nphr(vn & vn)5. every few minutes, frequently. (1) a cada paso, (2) cada paso.

likel kajel jnup. I meet him frequently. a cada paso.

likel kajel sk’an ve‘el. He wants to eat every few minutes. momento de tiempo.

likel kajel xiyik’. He calls me every few minutes. a cada paso.

likel likel, nphr(vn & vn)5. frequently. a cada paso.

likel likel jnup. I meet him frequently. a cada paso.

likel ta ‘olonton, nphr:vn5 of qphr(prep & -n4d). voluntarily. voluntariamente.

likel t’abel, nphr(vn & vn)5. frequently. a cada paso.

likel t’abel jnup. I meet him frequently.

likes, tv. begin, change residence, do or use for the first time, found, move, persuade, provide the opportunity, remove, start a battle or a dispute, upset. (1) apartar algo, (2) comenzar algo, (3) estrenar, (4) fundar o principiar…, (5) mover asi, (6) mover del lugar, (7) mudar otra cosa, (8) ocasion dar, (9) quitar, apartar algo, (10) romper batalla, (11) trasegar, (12) trabar pelea o cuestion 340.

Ho’ot alikes! It was you who started it! trabar pelea…340.

likes ch’ub, vphr:tv & n5. set a foundation. fundar, poner fundamento….

likes j-tek lum, vphr:tv & nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n)5. found a town. poblar pueblo de nuevo.

likes k’eyoj, vphr:tv & n5. begin a song, intone. entonar, comenzar canto.

likes ta ‘ochel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). start a battle. romper batalla.

likesabil, n4f. large wooden ladle. hataca para mecer.

likesabil tz’ib, nphr(n4f of n5). paragraph. parrafo de escritura.

likesabil k’op, nphr(n4f of n5). paragraph. parrafo de escritura.

likesbil, pp. started. (1) provocado, (2) trabar pelea….

likesbil ‘ox k’op ejta. I found that the dispute had already started. trabar pelea….

likesbil ta ‘il, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). provoked to anger. provocado asi.

likil, aj. hung. ahogar ahogado.

likillikil, n4f. leaf by leaf. penca apenca.

liklik tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. plumb bob, sounder for measuring depth of water. (1) plomo de albañil, (2) sonda para el sondo del agua.

likob Ho’, nphr(n of n)5. water bucket or jug. (1) herrada para sacar agua, (2) jarro.

likobil, n4f. handle. asa.

likobil Ho‘, nphr(n4f of n5). water bucket. herrada para….

likoj, tv. carry or hold dangling. (1) colgado tener algo en la mano, (2) llevar algo colgado.

jilikessej-‘ub, agn(vn & ncpd). partridge dog. perdiguero perro.

jlikesej-ch’ub, agn(vn & ncpd). person who lays a foundation. fundador tal.

jlikesej-kuich’, agn(vn & ncpd). partridge dog. perdiguero.

jlikesvanej, agn. persuader. movedor asi.

jlikvanej-mut, agn(vn & ncpd). hunting bird (general term). pajaro casador o de rapina 252.

j-lik, num(num & nccpd)5. bunch (bananas, dates, grapes), page, sheet of paper. (1) hoja de libro, (2) pliego de papel, (3) racimo de uvas, platanos, datiles 286.

j-lik ‘anal lechuga, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of nphr(n4f of n5). lettuce leaf (counting). penca de bersa o lechuga.

j-lik chi, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n5. henequen fiber (counting). hebra de hilo de maguey.

j-lik no, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n5. thread (counting). hebra de hilo.

j-likel, num(num & nccpd)5. suddenly (1 only). (1) momento de tiempo, (2) subita cosa

j-likel etal. He arrived suddenly. subita cosa.

j-lilel majel, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of vn5. blow (counting). porrada.

j-likel majel ta chin te‘. a cudgel blow. porrada, herida de orra.

j-liklik, num(num & nccpd)5. single (cabbage or lettuce leaf)(1 only). penca de bersa….

‘u‘un lik ch‘ut, cf. ‘u‘un.

ba‘yi likes, cf. ba (2).

tey likel, nphr(n & vn)5. later. RML—This was given as teyliquel. despues.

toj likel, qphr:adv & vn5. immediately, right away, suddenly. RML—Perhaps this should be read as toj j-likel. (1) encontinente, (2) luego, (3) rebatada cosa o subitanea, (4) subita cosa.

etal toj likel. It came so suddenly. subita cosa.

toj likel echam. He died suddenly. rebatada cosa o subitanea.

toj likel chamel. sudden death. subita cosa.

toj likeluk, qphr:adv & vn5. immediately. encontinente.

tojtoj likel, qphr:adv & vn5. precipitately. salir arrebatadamente.

tojtoj likel xelok’. I am leaving precipitately. salir arrebatadamente.

likok

likokil, n3d. spittle. (1) baba 39, (2) escupitina que salen babas 125.

‘ip likok, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. drivelling. baboso 39.

lima (Sp.)

lima, n5. file. lima.

lin

linlajet, ay. pass by noisily (people). RML—This is given as xtinlaghet. ruido hacer asi.

linlajetel, vn5. sound made by people passing by. ruido de gente que pasa.

linlonet, av. pass by noisily (people). ruido hacer asi.

linlonetel, vn5. sound made by people passing by. ruido de gente….

*linko

*linko vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. stupid person. RML—This is given as tinco, but in colonial Tzeltal it is linco (Guzmán, 1620:137). mostrenco.

lino (Sp.)

lino, n5. flax. linaza.

bek’ lino, cf. bek’.

lit’

lit’lonet, av. tiptoe stealthily. paso a paso andar…

lit’ovaj, iv. tiptoe stealthily. paso a….

liv

livet ’e ta tze‘ej, s:av & -n4d & qphr(prep & n5). laugh, softly, smile. RML—The affective verb is given as tivet and Gates gives tivivet ye ta tzeegh for ”reirse mucho,” (Gates, 1934b:175). Nevertheless, my reading is supported by contemporary familiarity with the phrase as interpreted above. reir un poco o sonreirse.

lo‘ (1)

lo‘, tv. eat eggs or fruit (without pits). comer fruta, huevos.

lo‘baj, iv. eat eggs or fruit, graze. (1) apacentarse, (2) comer fruta…, (3) pacer.

lo‘bajeb caballo, nphr(n4d of n5). stable. establo.

lo‘bajeb chij, nphr(n4d of n5). manger, pasture, stable. (1) pasto, lugar para pacer, (2) pesebre o pesobrera.

lo‘bajebal, n5. pasture. pasto, lugar….

lo‘bajes, tv. tend grazing cattle. (1) apacentar, (2) pacer, (3) pensar bestias.

lo‘balal ’on, nphr(n4f of n5). avocado. madroño.

lo‘balal castillan toj, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. piñon nut. piñon.

lo‘balal toj, nphr(n4f of n5). piñon nut. piñon

lo’bol, n5. food as eggs or fruit, fruit. (1) comida de esta manera, (2) fruta, generalmente.

lo‘bol chij, nphr(n4d of n5). daily food given to horses, fodder. (1) yerva para bestias 183, (2) pasto comida de animales, (3) pienzo de bestia.

lo‘ob, n5. pasture. pasto, lugar….

lo‘ob chij, nphr(n4d of n5). manger, pasture, stable. pasto, lugar….

lo‘obtas, tv. feed cattle, tend grazing cattle. (1) apacentar, (2) dar de comer o apacentar el ganado 57, (3) pacer, (4) pensar bestias.

lo‘obtasbil chij, nphr(pp & n)5. grazing cattle. pensadas bestias.

lo’ol, aj. ripped, torn. (1) rasgado, (2) rompida cosa.

lo’ol k’u‘, nphr(aj & n)4d. ragged clothing. pañoso, vestido de remendas.

lo‘olil, n4f. rip, tear. resgadura.

lo‘oltik, aj. ripped or torn in many places, wounded. (1) llagado, (2) rasgado, (3) rompida cosa por muchas partes.

lo‘ov, iv. graze. (1) apacentarse, (2) pacer.

jlo‘bajesej, agn. herdsman. apacentador como pastor.

jlo‘obtasej tux-nok’ chij, agn:vn of nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)cpd. shepherd. ovejero que guarda ovejas.

mo‘yuk lo‘el, s:nphr(contr of mo & ‘oy & uk)/pred/ & -vn4f. tasteless. dasabrida cosa.

pamal lo’bol, cf. pom.

te‘el lo‘bol, cf. te‘.

yaxal lo‘bol chij, cf. yox (1).

lo‘ (2)

lo‘lo‘, n5. gnat that gets in one’s eyes. RML—In modern Tzotzil this is the halictine sweat bee. mosquito de unos….

lo‘ (3)

lo‘il, n5. amusement, leisure, recreation, solace, word game.(1) hologanza o pasatiempo, (2) juego de palabras, (3) pasatiempo, (4) recreacion, (5) solaz, pasatiempo.

tanaon ta lo‘il. Now I am diverting myself. recrearse.

lo‘il vinik, nphr(n type n)5. buffoon, dunce. modorro.

lo‘ilaj, iv. be merry, divert self, mock. (1) holgar, burlar, (2) recrearse.

lo ‘ilajel, vn5. solace. solaz.

lo ‘iltay, tv. divert. recrear a otro.

lo‘lo k’op, nphr(n type n)5. amusement, fable. (1) conseja, (2) pasatiempo.

tanaon ta lo‘lo k’op. I am diverting myself now. pasar tiempo.

lo‘lo-k’opojebal, n(n & ncpd)5. stone bench against a wall. poyo para sentarse.

lo‘lo vinik, nphr(n type n)5. buffoon. truan.

lo‘loy, tv. deceive person about the price of something. engañar en el precio.

loloyel, vn4f. buffoonery. truaneria.

loloyvan, iv. resell. regatear 288.

jlo‘lo-k’op, agn(n & ncpd). witty person. donoso asi.

jlo‘loyel, agn. person deceived by others. engañado que otros lo engañan.

jlo‘loyvanej, agn. huckster. (1) regaton, el que revende 288, (2) regaton.

‘utzil lo‘lo k’op, cf. ‘utz.

muil lo‘lo k’op, cf. mu (1).

ta lo‘loyel, qphr:prep & vn5. deceitfully. engañosamente asi.

ta lo‘loyvanej, qphr:prep & vn5. deceitfully. engañosamente asi.

lob

lob. bad, degrade, malicious, perverse, wicked. cf. lab.

lotz

j-lotz, num(num & nccpd)5. bundle of stitched pages, heap, pile. (1) cuaderno 278, (2) rima o rimero.

j-lotz sakil Hun, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of nphr(aj & n)5. ream. resma 300.

lotz’

lotz’, tv. cut (with two things, as scissors or as they cut the thatch of their houses with an axe and a stick), pull with pliers. (1) afeitar a tijera, (2) cortar con dos cosas…, (3) tenazear con tenazas.

lotz’, iv. shinny. gatear.

lotz’ tzotzil, vphr:tv & -n4e. shear woolen stuff. tundir paño.

lotz’bey tzotzil, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. shear woolen stuff. tundir paño.

lotz’lotz’, aj. narrow. estrecha cosa.

lotz‘ob ‘ok’il, nphr(n of n)5. gag. mordaza.

lotz‘ob Hun, nphr(n of n)5. paper clip. mordaza.

lotz‘ob te, nphr(n of n)4d. hobble (for horses, etc.). tranco de bestia.

lotz‘obil, n4f. pliers. tenazas.

lotz’ oj, tv. cut with scissors, etc. cortar con….

lotz’ol, aj. narrow (plot of land between cliffs, region with many ravines, room, valley). (1) estrecha cosa, (2) estrecha tierra, (3) valles muchos….

lotz’om, n5. person who shinnies up or down tree. gateador que asi….

lotz’opil, n3d. armpit. sobaco.

lotz’tay, tv. shinny up or down tree. gateando subir o bajar.

jlotz’el, agn. person who shinnies up or down a tree. gateador que asi….

ta lotz’el kuch ba, vphr:qphr(prep & vn5) & rv. mount (mating animals, dogs, horses). saltar el animal macho….

loch’

loch’ol voy, s:aj/precli & -n4d. cloven-footed. pati-hendido en dos partes.

lok

loklaj chauk, s:av & n5. thunder. RML—The verb in this and the following entry were given with an initial “t” rather than an “1,” but in modern Tzotzil, -loklaj means to blaze. retronar.

loklajet, av. thunder. retronar.

loklon ‘olonton, s:av & -n4d. seethe with anger. encenderse de ira.

loklonet, av. roar (fire, hail, rain, turbulent river or ocean). (1) hervir, (2) herviente cosa, (3) hervir a borbollones…, (4) ruido hacer la agua….

lokom

lokom jkotz, nphr(n4d of n5). rooster’s dewlap. papada de gallo.

lok’

lok’, tv. fill another’s role, free captive or prisoner, look like (one’s father or mother), obligate self to or for another, pay one’s debts in full, stand as guarantor. (1) libertar, (2) obligarse por otro o para otro, (3) redimir al cautivo o encarcelado, (4) satisfacer por la deuda, (5) soltar prision.

jlok’ jtot. I look like my father. remedar al padre….

Ho‘on jlok’. I am standing as guarantor. fiador salir por alguno.

lok’, iv. absent one’s self, be divided into parts (rosary, sermon, talk), be reduced to (as, “all the commandments are reduced to this,” “everything that has been said can be reduced to this,” bud, depart, flow out without bubbles, go out, leave, sprout. (1) manar sin borbollones, (2) partiese el sermon…, (3) pasar comp decimos…, (4) reventar la simiente 287, (5) reducir, (6) salir, (7) suplir por otro.

‘ox-‘ech’el xlok’ te yotol cuentase. The rosary is divided into three parts. partiese el sermon….

‘ox-tek xlok’ te penitencia. The penance is divided in three parts. partiese el sermon….

cha’-tek xlok’. It is divided in two parts. dividirse como la platica….

cha‘-vok’ xlok’. They are divided into two groups. dividirse como….

lok’, iv. be lucky. RML—The verb is in the past tense. suerte caer sobre alguno.

lok”oy, vphr:iv & pt. be lucky. *When they close their fist so that the other will say where the object is, (he says): “‘alo k’ usi li’? lok’ an ‘oy!” “Say what this is? Be lucky!” This was the only way they had to cast lots, but now if they want to cast lots with straws or strings they say: “la‘ jtastik jobel lok’ ukotik ‘oy!” “Come, let’s take the straws (to see) if we are lucky!” And if they put the names of each one: “la‘ kak’ betik lok’ ukotik ‘oy!” “Come, give them out (to see) if we are lucky!” RML—The verb is in the past tense. suertes echar.

lok‘ ba, rv. cast or draw lots. suertes echar.

la‘ jlok’ jbatik! Come, let’s cast lots!

lok’ chik’, s:iv & -n4d. sweat. sudar.

lok’ ch’ich’el ‘i1, vphr:s(iv & n4d[A of tv]) & tv. have menstrual period. menstruo padecer.

lok’ k’exbon, s:iv & -n4f. sprout (plant). nacer la planta.

lok’ k’uk’um, s:iv & -n4e. fledge. (1) emplumecer, (2) emplumecido.

lok’ pat, s:iv & -n4d. become hunchbacked. corcobado hacerse.

lok’ ta ‘ik*’al pok’, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). remove mourning clothes. luto quitar.

lok’ takiej, s:iv & -vn4d. establish. establecer.

lok’ talel, vphr:iv & dr. arrive. arribar, como…

lok’-te‘, vn(tv & ncpd)5. lumbering. yr por madera 190.

xibat ta lok’-te‘. I am going to get lumber.

lok’ te‘el, s:iv & -n4f. sprout (when partly grown). (1) tallescer, (2) talluda cosa asi.

lok’ yo‘ ‘oy, vphr:iv & pt & pt. be advantageous or profitable. provecho y provechoso.

‘ep xlok’ yo‘ oy ku‘un. It will be very advantageous for me.

‘oy k’usitik xlok’ yo‘ ‘oy. There are profitable things.

k’usi xlok’ yo‘ oy avu‘un? What advantage is it to you?

lok’bey, dv. look like, resemble. remedar el padre….

jlok’bey sba jtot. I have my father’s face.

jlok’bey sk’op jme‘. I have my mother’s way of talking.

slok’bey sba sme‘. He has his mother’s face.

lok’bey ba, rdv. resemble. semejarse o parecerse….

slok’bey sba ta sba (or) slok’bey sba ta ssat. He has the same face.

lok’bil tonil, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. castrated. capado.

lok’tzaj, iv. become level (valley). allanarse.

lok’eb, n4f. completion, end, exit, spring. (1) estremidad, (2) manadero o manantial, (3) salida, (4) salida o fin de negocio.

lok’eb ‘a‘lel, nphr(n4f of n4f). sewer. albañar.

lok’eb ’aboltayeb Hun, nphr:n4f of nphr(n type n)5. order of merciful acts that the Audience performs. libramiento de mercedes….

lok’eb ‘ek’el, nphr(n4f of n5). copper vein. minero de cobre.

lok’eb ch’ail, nphr(n4f of n5). chimney, chimney shaft. humero o chimenea.

lok’eb k’ak’al, nphr(n5 of n5). east. oriente.

lok’eb k’ak’al, nphr(n4f of n5). east, sunrise. (1) levante, oriental parte, (2) oriente, (3) salida del sol.

lok’eb k‘anal tak’in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. gold vein. minero de oro.

lok’eb sakil tak‘in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. silver vein. minero de plata.

lok’eb ton, nphr(n4f of n5). quarry. pedrera.

lok’eb Ho‘, nphr(n4f of n5). fountain, pipe, sewer. (1) albañal, (2) caño, cañal, (3)fuente, manantial.

lok’el, vn5. appearance of plants or grass, entirely, exit, surety. (1) del todo, (2) fianza asi, (3) nacimiento de plantas, yerbas, salida.

lok’el, vn4f. payment of debt. satisfaccion de la deuda.

lok’el tz’ak-pati, vphr:vn5 & tv(aj & tvcpd)-. follow to the very end. seguir hasta el cabo.

lok’el pas, vphr:vn5 & tv-. do to the very end. hacer hasta el cabo 165.

lok’eluk, vn5. entirely. del todo.

lok’es, tv. deprive of office, free (captive or prisoner), remove, take out, throw out. (1) echar fuera, (2) libertar, (3) privar, quitar de oficio, quitar, apartar algo, (5) redimir al cautivo o encarcelado, (6) sacar, (7) soltar de prision.

lok’es vphr:tv & -n4f. trim a wick. despabilar, cf. despabitar.

lok’es ba, rv. go out, leave. salir.

lok’es chikin, vphr:tv & n5. cut off one’s ear. desorejar.

lok’es k’eyoj, vphr:tv & n5. begin a song, intone. entonar, comenzar canto.

lok’es k’op, vphr:tv & n5. respond to enigmatic questions or signs. responder a argumentos enigmas.

lok’es ta vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). pronounce. pronunciar.

lok’es tonil, vphr:tv & -n4d. castrate. capar.

lok’esab ton, nphr(n of n)5. quarry. cantera.

lok’esabil p’olmal Hun, nphr:nphr(n4f of n5) type n5. order of payment for property. libramiento de hacienda.

lok’esabil tak’in, nphr(n4f of n5). debenture, order of payment libramiento de dineros.

lok’esbey, dv. take away from. quitar algo a otro.

lok’esbey ‘ak’lel candela, vphr:dv & nphr(n4f of n5[=.13]). trim a wick. despabilar.

lok’esbey ’etel, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. remove a seal from. sello quitar.

lok’esbey ‘olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. please. hacer placer 165.

lok’esbey ch’ich’el, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. bleed. sangrar.

lok’esbey k‘ob, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. prune. podar.

lok’esbey ta jotz’-k’optayel, vphr:-dv & qphr(prep & vn<tv & tvcpd>5). extract information by indirect questioning and close examination. sacar la cosa….

lok’esbil, pp. removed, taken out. sacado.

lok’esej-te‘, vn(vn & ncpd)5. lumbering. yr por madera 190.

xibat ta lok’esej-te‘. I am going to get lumber.

lok’esvanej ta ti‘il, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & n5). pronunciation. pronunciacion.

lok’lok’es, tv. take a little ways outside. sacar un poco fuera.

lok’ob, nld. example, image, representation. (1) ejemplo o dechado…136, (2) ejemplo 136, (3) figura, (4) ymagen 184, (5) representacion.

lok’ob-ba, n(n & rncpd)1d. painting on a board, statue. retablo.

slok’ob ba kajvaltik. painting of Our Lord.

slok’ob ba San Pedro. painting of St. Peter.

lok’ob-ba kotol ’osil, nphr:n(n & rncpd)4f of nphr(n4f of n5). world map. mapa del mundo.

lok’ob-ba rey, nphr:n(n & rncpd)4d of n5. viceroy. virrey.

lok’ob-bail, n(n & rncpd)3d. image, printing on a board. (1) figura con rostro, (2) ymagen 184, (3) retablo.

lok’ob-bail sancto padre, nphr:n(n & rncpd)4d of nphr(aj & n)5. papal legate. legado del Papa.

lok’ob k’op, nphr(n of n)ld. hostage. rehen.

slok’ob k’op yojov Francia. The king of France (gave us) hostages. rehenes dar.

lok’ob-k’optay, tv(n & tvcpd). give hostages. rehenes dar.

lok’ob-k’optayel, vn(n & vncpd)4d. giving of hostages. rehenes dar.

slok’ob-k’optayel srey Francia. The king of France gave (us) hostages.

lok’obil, n3d. figure, model. (1) figura, (2) muestra, dechado.

lok’ol, n4d. figure, substitute, successor, vicar. (1) figura, (2) susesor 324, (3) suplir por otro, (4) vicario que tiene veces de otro.

lok’ol, aj. removed, taken out. sacado.

lok’ol papa, nphr(n4d of n5). papal legate. legado del Papa.

lok’om, n5. banner, ensign, flag, motto, standard. (1) divisa 89, (2) estandarte, (3) ynsignias como bandera 188, (4) pendon, (5) bandera 345.

lok’om pok’, nphr(n type n)5. flag. (1) pendon, (2) bandera 345.

lok’omil, n3d. pendant. pendon.

lok’tay, tv. copy, falsify, forge, imitate (writing, work), obligate self to or for another, represent, stand as guarantor, translate. (1) falsear o contra hacer, (2) obligarse por otro o para otro, (3) remedar, (4) representar, (5) sacar trasladando…, (6) traducir de….

jlok’tay ta ‘atz’am. I am debasing it with salt. falsear o….

jlok’tay ta ton. I am debasing it with rocks. falsear o….

Ho‘on jlok’tay. I stand as guarantor. fiador salir por alguno.

lok’tayab, n4f. example. ejemplo o dechado de donde sacamos 136.

lok’ tayabil, n4f. model, representation. (1) dechado, (2) representacion.

lok’taybey, dv. copy or imitate (writing, work). remedar.

lok’taybil, pp. painted (portrait). ymaginar, pensar 184.

lok’tayel, vn4f. forgery. falsedad asi.

lok’tayvanej, vn5. security. fianza asi.

lok’uk talel ta ‘olonton, vphr:iv/subj/ & dr & qphr(prep & -n4d). voluntarily. voluntariamente.

lok’vanej, vn5. payment of debt, security. (1) fianza asi, (2) satisfaccion de la deuda.

jlok’esej-k’eyoj, agn(vn & ncpd). intoner, person who begins song. entonador.

jlok’esej-ton, agn(vn & ncpd). quarrier. pedrero que las corta o labra.

jlok’tay, agn. deputy, substitute. sustituto ser 324.

jlok’tay-alcalde, agn(tv & ncpd). deputy alcalde. sustituto ser 324.

jlok’tay-obispo, agn(tv & ncpd). deputy bishop. sustituto ser 324.

jlok’tayvanej, agn. guarantor. fiador de la persona.

jlok’vanej, agn. guarantor, liberator. (1) fiador de la persona, (2) libertador asi.

lom (1)

lom, tv. make sink. abajar otra cosa asi.

jlom te k’atin-bak te ‘antze. I will make the woman sink into Hell.

lom, iv. settle (ground), sink (ground when stepped on, basket, trunk, or other soft object when sat upon). (1) abajar como…, (2) hundirse, abajarse….

lom, aj. dented, depressed, sunken. hundida cosa asi.

lom ta tek’el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). cram, kick, make sink underfoot, molest greatly, trample under-foot, weigh down. (1) acosar o pasar mucho, (2) hollar mucho…, (3) recalcar, (4) rehollar.

xajlom ta tek’el. I will molest you greatly. acosar o….

lom-tek’bil, pp(aj & tvcpd). pestered. acosado asi.

lom-tek’bilon yu‘un. He pesters me (with frequent visits to ask or demand something).

lombil ta tek’el, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & vn5). greatly molested. acosado asi.

lomtzaj, iv. become dented, form a plain in a hilly region, settle (ground), sink (ground, basket, etc.). (1) abajar como…, (2) hundirse abajarse…, (3) hundirse, abollarse cosa dura, (4) quebrada no….

lomtzan, tv. make sink. abajar como….

lomtz’in, tv. make settle (ground). RML—In colonial Tzeltal, xlomtzigh is “bajarse” (Gates, 1934b:97). In modern Tzeltal of Bachajón, lomts’ijel is “hendirse (tierra)” (Slocum and Gerdel, 1965:157). abajar como….

lomtz’inbey sat, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. put person’s eye out. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, lomtzin zcit is ”entortecer” (Gates, 1934b:97). entuertecer o quebrar el ojo a otro 118.

lomes, tv. make sink. abajar otra….

lomlajet, av. make noise walking. RML—This is given as xlumlaghet. ruido hacer asi.

lomlajetel, vn5. noise of people passing by. ruido de genre que pasa.

lomlej, n4f. plain, shallow valley, shallowness. (1) allanarse, (2) cuesta por la ladera, (3) quebrada no…, (4) somera cosa.

slomlej batel. towards the valley. cuesta por….

lomlom, aj. pitted (house floor), slightly dented, depressed or sunken (valleys). (1) hundida cosa asi…, (2) somera cosa, (3) sumida cosa u….

lomlomtik k’opoj, vphr:aj & iv. speak abusively. acosar o….

(lomlomtik xk’opoj) Ha‘ te mo ‘oyuk stojol k’op xtal yalbeone. (He speaks abusively.) He does not come to me with polite speech.

mu lomlomtikuk k’opojan! Do not speak abusively!

lomol, aj. dented, depressed, sunken. hundida cosa asi…

lomollomol, aj. slightly dented, depressed or sunken. hundida cosa asi….

lomomet, av. sink (ground underfoot, basket, etc.). hundirse, abajarse….

lomomtik, aj. dented or sunken in many places. hundida cosa asi.

lom (2)

lom. simple. cf. lam.

longaniza (Sp.)

longaniza, n5. sausage. longaniza.

lot

lot, n5. lie, slander. (1) calumnia, (2) mentira.

lot k’op, nphr(n type n)5. witty saying. donaire.

lotbey k’op, vphr:-dv & n5. slander, testify falsely against person. (1) calumniar algo, (2) mentir a otro levantandole testimonio.

lotoj, iv. lie, slander. (1) calumniar, (2) mentir.

lotoj ba, rv. join together (two or three objects, people, animals). juntarse dos o tres….

lotol, aj. in a group. juntada cosa asi.

j-lot, num(num & nccpd)5. group of two, three or four. un par.

jlot-k’op, agn(tv & n5). slanderer. calumniador.

j-lotol, num(num & nccpd)5. group of two, three or four. un par.

*lu

*lu, iv. abandon one’s town, depopulate. RML—Perhaps this should be read lub as seen in lub (2). despoblar, dejarsitio de pueblo.

lu‘

lu‘il, n3d. vagina. miembro de muger….

lub (1)

lub, iv. become tired. cansarse.

lubes, tv. tire out (in pursuit). (1) acosar cansando algo, (2) cansar a otro.

lub (2)

lub tzotzil jol, s:iv & nphr(n4f of -n4d). have one’s hair fall out. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, xluub and lubagh are “caerse el cabello” (Gates, 1934b:99). In modern Tzeltal of Bachajón, lubajtesel is “dejar caer” (Slocum and Gerdel, 1965:157). pelarse alguno cayendosele los cabellos.

lutz’

lutz’, tv. cover with cloth or clothing. (1) abrigar cubriendo con manta, (2) cobijar con ropa.

lutz’obil ‘unen, nphr(n4f of n5). diapers. pañales para criar muchachos.

lutz’oj, n4d. object being covered with cloth. cobijar o cubrir….

lutz’oj k’ob, vphr:tv & n4d[A] with one’s arms crossed (in idleness). meter la mano…

luch

luch, tv. embroider (with needle or weaving), remove chiggers, mites, or thorn from one’s flesh. (1) bordar, (2) sacar niguas….

luch, n5. embroidery. labrandero….

luch ‘e, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. pick one’s teeth. mondar dientes.

luchbil pok’, nphr(pp & n)5. embroidered cloth. manta labrada.

luchbil ti‘ k’u‘ul, nphr:pp & nphr(n of n)5. clothing with embroidered hem. orilla verduda.

luchiabil ‘eal, nphr(n4f of n3d). toothpick. monda dientes.

luchoj, iv. embroider (with needle or weaving). (1) bordar, (2) labrar de aguja o tejiendo.

luchojel, vn5. embroidery. bordadura.

luchomaj, iv. embroider (with needle or weaving). labrar de….

luchomajel, vn5. embroidery. labrandero o….

luchul, n4f. embroidery. bordadura.

jluch, agn. embroiderer. bordador.

jluchojel, agn. embroiderer. bordador.

jluchomajel, agn. embroiderer. labrandero o….

luk

luk, tv. reap wheat. segar las mieses.

lukbaj, iv. fish with hook or pole. pescar con anzuelo o vara.

lukbay, tv. catch with a hook, hook. (1) gaucho de pastor u…, (2) tomar con anzuelo.

lukbay choy, vphr:tv & n5. fish with a hook. pescar con anzuelo….

lukbay ta julel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). baste. hilbanar lo que se ha de coser.

lukbayabil, n4f. basting. hilbanadura.

lukbayabil ‘ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). sickle. hoz para regar.

lukbayabil bek’et, nphr(n4f of n5). meat hook. garfio para sacar carne.

lukbayabil choy, nphr(n4f of n5). fishing line. sedal para pescar.

lukbayabil jobel, nphr(n4f of n5). sickle. hoz par regar.

lukbaybil ta julel, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & vn5). basted. hilbanado.

lukbayej-choy, vn(tv & ncpd)4d. fishing with a hook or pole. pesca de esta manera.

lukib, iv. become one-eyed. RML—This is given in the past tense. entortecido asi.

lukibel, vn5. one-eyedness. entortecimiento asi.

lukluk, aj. crooked, one-eyed. (1) entortecido asi, (2) tuerta cosa, no derecha.

lukluk e‘ayan. He became one-eyed. entortecido asi.

luklukil, n4d. one-eyedness. entortecimiento asi.

lukuch tak’in, nphr(n type n)5. metal hook. (1) gancho de…, (2) garfio.

lukuch te‘, nphr(n type n)5. wooden hook, shepherd’s crook. gancho de….

lukuchtay, tv. hook. gancho de….

lukum, nle. worm. lombriz.

lukum choy, nphr(n of n)5. fishing with a hook. pesca de esta manera.

xebat te lukum choy. I am going fishing.

lukum tak’in, nphr(n type n)5. fishhook. ansuelo.

lukunel ‘ok, nphr(vn4f of n4d). trip in a wrestling match. traspie en la lucha.

lukuntabey ‘ok’, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. trip. traspie en la lucha.

jlukvanej, agn. reaper. segador.

lum (1)

lum, nle. land, plot of land. RML—Inan. poss. may be either slumal or slumil. (1) terruño, (2) tierra.

lum ch’ameb k’ok’, nphr:n of nphr(n of n)5. sulphur. sufre.

lum nichim, nphr(n4e of n5). garden. jardin.

lum nop’eb k’ok’, nphr:n of nphr(n of n)5. sulphur. sufre o piedra azufre.

lum yo‘ ‘oy lok’ talel k’ak’al, nphr:n5 & s(pt & pt & iv & dr & n5). east. levante, oriental parte.

lumal, n4d. native country. naturaleza o Patria.

lumal chukvanab, nphr(natt & n)5. dungeon. sima o carcel de mazmorra.

lumal ten, nphr(natt & n)5. underground granary for wheat. silo para guardar trigo.

lumtay ta tzo‘, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). fertilize. estercolar la tierra.

lumtaybil ta tzo‘, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). fertilized. estercolar la tierra.

lumtik ta na, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5). floor. suelo de casa.

‘ik’al lum, cf. ‘ik’ (2).

bik’it lum, nphr(aj & n)5. narrow plot of land. estrecha tierra.

bik’tal lum, nphr(aj & n)5. hamlet. aldea.

muk’ta lum, cf. muk’.

sakil lum, cf. sak.

lum (2)

lum ta‘al, ajphr(aj & aj). lying there. helo alli.

lum toe, ajphr(aj & pt). over there, yonder. aculla, cuando es cerca.

lum va‘al, ajphr(aj & aj). standing there. helo alli.

lume, aj. over there, yonder. helo alli.

lumlume, aj. over there (when near), yonder. aculla, cuando….

lup (1)

lup Ho‘, vphr:tv & n5. draw water. yr por agua 189.

xbat jlap Ho‘. I am going to draw water.

lupes, tv. enrage, poke fire and stir flames. atisar y….

lupob Ho‘, nphr(n of n)5. water jug. jarro.

lupobil vino, nphr(n4f of n5). wine jug. jarro.

lup (2)

lup, iv. revive (tree or plant), sprout. RML—In colonial Tzeltal this verb is also given for “brotar, retoñecer” (Guzmán, 1620:33, 184). In modern Tzeltal of Tenejapa, slujp te‘ is a sucker. (1) echar las plantas, (2) renovar o revivir el arbol o yerba.

lut’

lut’, tv. jump in the air (as when dancing or when boys jump for joy). RML—This root may be lut. saltar hacia arriba….

lut’, iv. jump in the air (as above). (1) saltar hacia arriba…, (2) salto a….

elut’ e‘och ta ‘uk’um. He jumped into the stream. saltar en alguna cosa.

elut’ emuy ta sba mesa. He jumped onto the table. salto a….

elut’ eyal ta yol nanatik. He jumped into the street. salto a….

lut’, nc. jump. salto.

lut’el, vn5. jump. salto.

lut’ilanbil k’op, nphr(pp & n)5. lit. basted words, i.e., enigmatic words or reasoning. responder a argumentos enigmas.

lut’lij, av. jump in the air. saltar hacia….

lut’lij muyel, vphr:av & dr. mount (mating animals, dogs, horses). saltar el animal macho….

lut’lon, av. jump over (gullies, ravines, wood, logs). saltar hacia….

lut’lonet, av. jump over (gullies, ravines, wood, logs). saltar hacia….

lut’lut’-k’opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). make a muddle of reasoning or words. enzalada hacer de razones o palabras 115.

lut’um, nle. scar. mancilla en el cuerpo de llaga sanada 211.

lut’um-‘e vinik, nphr(n<aj & ncpd> type n)5. nearly dead person. mortecino frio.

lut’umal, n4d. scar. señal de herida o llaga despues de saña.

lut’umay, iv. scar. mancillarse 211.

lut’umil, n3d. scar. señal de herida….

lut’umtas, tv. scar. mancillar a otra cosa 211.

lut’ umtik, aj. badly scarred. (1) mancillada cosa asi…211, (2) señalada cosa asi.

ta lut’el, qphr:prep & vn5. by assault. salto asalto.

M

ma (1)

‘a ma ti, cf. ‘a.

k’usi ma ti, cf. k’u.

ma (2)

ma, pt. no! no, mandando.

ma‘

ma‘-‘olal, n(aj & ncpd)1d. calamity, craziness, importunity, inability, misery. (1) desatino, (2) desventurado, (3) ymportunidad 185, (4) ynhabilidad 186, (5) miseria.

ma‘-ba, aj(aj & ncpd). calamitous. desventurado.

ma‘-ba ‘olal nphr(aj<aj & ncpd> & n)ld. craziness, misery. (1) desatino, (2) miseria.

ma‘ ba tzatzal k’opoj, iv(aj & n & aj & ivcpd). persist unreasonably. porfia sin razon, cf. porfiar.

ma‘-ba chamel, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & vn5. cruel death. muerte cruel.

me‘-ba k’an, vphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & tv-. ask for importunately. ymportunamente pide 185.

ma‘-ba k’anvanej, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & vn5. importunity. ymportunidad 185.

ma‘-ba k’op, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. imprudence. necedad.

ma‘-ba k’opoj, vphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & iv. speak importunately.

ymportunamente, importunamente hablar 185.

ma‘ ba k’opoj, iv(aj & n & ivcpd). speak vainly. hablar asi vanamente.

ma‘-ba muibel, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & vn5. vain-glory. gloria vana.

ma‘-ba nichimajel, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & vn5. vain-glory. gloria vana.

ma‘-ba pas, vphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & tv-. do inadvertently. RML—This is given as ghmaba ghpas. ynconcideradamente hacer algo 186.

ma‘-ba pasnej, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & vn5. imprudence. necedad.

ma‘-ba xanbal, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. vice. vicio.

ma‘-ba vinik, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. importunate or imprudent person. (1) ymportuno sin tiempo…, (2) necio.

ma‘-ba vinkilel, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. misery. miseria.

ma‘ ba yijil k’opoj, iv(aj & n & aj & ivcpd). persist unreasonably. porfia sin razon.

ma‘-bail, n(aj & ncpd)4d. calamity, corruption, importunity. (1) corrompimiento asi, (2) desventurado, (3) ymportunidad 185.

ma‘-batik, aj(aj & ncpd)5. in vain, stubbornly. (1) neciamente, (2) por demas.

ma‘-batik bat, vphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & iv. be squandered. RML—The verb is in the past tense. desperdiciar.

ma‘-batik laj, vphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & iv. be squandered or wasted. disiparse 89.

ma‘-batik lajes, vphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & tv-. squander, waste. disipar.

ma‘-batik jlajesel, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & agn. squanderer. disipador 89.

ma‘-chikin, aj(aj & ncpd). with an ear cut off. desorejado.

ma‘-ch’ulel, aj(aj & ncpd). unfortunate, wretched. (1) desastrado, (2) desdichado.

ma‘-k’ob, aj(aj & ncpd). one-armed or handed. manco de mono 207.

ma.‘-me‘ me‘on, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. motherless orphan. huerfano de madre 343.

ma‘-ni‘, aj(aj & ncpd). with one’s nose cut off. desnarizado.

ma‘-sat, aj(aj & ncpd)5. blind. ciego 70.

ma‘-sat tuluk’, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. blind chicken. gallina ciega.

ma‘-sati, tv(aj & tvcpd). doze. cegar 70.

ma‘-satij, iv(aj & ivcpd). daze (as when they daze birds), go blind. (1) cegar 70, (2) encandilarse.

ma‘-satijel, vn(aj & vncpd)5. with bloodshot eyes. encandiladamente.

ma‘-satijes, vn(aj & tvcpd). daze (birds). encandilar como encandilan aves.

ma‘-satil, n(aj & ncpd)4d. with bloodshot eyes. encandiladamente.

ma‘-tot me‘on, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. fatherless orphan. huerfano sin padre 343.

ma‘-tuul, aj(aj & ncpd). base, superfluous, unnecessary, vile. (1) escusada cosa no necesaria, (2) ruin, (3) superflua, (4) vil cosa.

ma‘-tuul vinik, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. incompetent or useless person, vagabond. (1) baldio hombre…, (2) ynhabil cosa.

ma‘-tuultik, aj(aj & ncpd)5. superfluously. superfluamente.

ma‘-vinkilel, aj(aj & ncpd)5. misery. miseria.

jma‘ ‘ol vinik, agn(aj & n & ncpd). dissolute person. perdido hombre o disoluto.

jma‘ ba k’op, agn(aj & n & ncpd). speaker of vain things, stubborn person. (1) hablador de cosas vanas, (2) necedad.

jma‘-ch’ulel, agn(aj & ncpd). unfortunate person. desdichado.

‘ip ma‘, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. ache, dizziness. fatiga del cuerpo….

matz’ (1)

matz’ chu‘ chij, nphr:n4e of nphr(n4d of n5). whey. suero de leche.

matz’ ti‘, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. clench one’s teeth (in pain). soportar.

matz’ vaj, nphr(n4e of n5). bran bread. pan de cemita.

matz’et ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(av & n5) & tv. long for. adolescer deseando o antojandosele algo.

matz’ (2)

matz’al, aj. withered. RML—This term is also used in modern Tzotzil. lasio 191.

matz’el ni‘, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be hawk-nosed. RML—In modern Tzeltal of Tenejapa the term is matz’ -ni‘ nariz aguileña.

matz’epal, n4f. after fruit. RML—This term is still used in modern Tzotzil. redrojo de fruta.

matz’matz’, aj. small (cocoa, corn, peach, grains). menuda cosa como….

matz’ub, iv. become flaccid, ripen, wither. (1) lasio, marchito 91, (2) lacio pararse, (3) marchitarse.

matz’ub ta te‘, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). ripen on the tree (figs or other fruit). *But this can be mistaken for withering before ripening and to say that it has ripened well they add: “‘utz ematz’ ub toj chi‘.” “It ripened well. It is very sweet.” RML—The verb is in the past tense. higo pasado.

matz’ub ta te‘el, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n4f[S]). ripen on the tree. RML—See above. higo pasado.

‘utz ematz’ub toj chi‘. It ripened well. It is very sweet.

matz’ubtasbil higo, nphr(pp & n)5: dried fig. higo pasado.

mach (1)

machet, av. walk haughtily. RML—This meaning persists in modern Tzotzil. entonado andar.

jmachetel, agn. haughty person. entonada persona.

mach (2)

mach. ladder, scale. cf. moch (1).

mach (3)

machach vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. modest person. modesta cosa.

machachal, aj. relaxed. RML—This was given as machacha.reposado asi, quieto.

machachal vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. modest person. modesta cosa.

machachil, n4f. modesty. RML—In modern Tzotzil this term means “leftovers.” modestia.

machal, aj. little, small. RML—In modern Tzotzil this term means “phlegmatic.” (1) chico, (2) menuda cosa, (3) pequeño.

maj

maj, tv. shatter with blows, whip, wound. (1) acotar coma quiera, (2) desmenusar dando golpes, (3) herir como quiera.

maj-‘ak’iej, vn(tv & ncpd)5. fishing with poison. pesca de esta manera.

maj-‘ak’i, tv(tv & ncpd). fish with roots making the fish drunk. pescar con raices….

maj-‘ak’iej, vn(tv & ncpd). fishing with poison. pesca de esta manera.

xebat ta maj-‘ak’iej choy. I am going fishing with poison.

maj ba, rv. come to blows. reñir mas que por palabra…

maj ta martillo, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). hammer. martillar.

maj ta te‘, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). cane, drub. (1) apalear, (2) apaleado.

maj-tani, tv(tv & npcd). whitewash (with slaps of the brush). encalar dando golpes o blanquear.

majat ta chauk, vphr:tv/pass/ + qphr(prep & n5). struck by lightning. herido ser del rayo.

majav, iv. become a whore, go whoring, have a concubine. (1) amancebarse haciendo pecado, (2) puta, ramera, (3) putanear.

majav, iv. be lustful. RML—This is in the past tense. lujurioso.

majavil ‘antz, nphr(n type n)5. whore. puta, ramera.

majben, n4d. person whom one whips or wounds. (1) acotar como quiera, (2) herida asi.

majbenal, nld. whiplash, wound. (1) acotar como quiera, (2) herida asi que da el que hiere, (3) herida absolute, (4) herida que da el que asi hiere, (5) llaga, (6) seña de azote o herida absolute.

majbentik, aj. wounded. llagado.

majbil, pp. wounded. herido.

majbil ta te‘, vphr:pp/pred/ + qphr(prep & n5). caned, drubbed. apaleado.

majbil vo‘ney, vphr:pp/pred/ & n5. sentenced to a whipping. juzgado.

majey, tv/pass/. take an airing. orearse.

majey la, vphr:tv/pass/ & pt. be sentenced to corporal punishment. pena corporal.

majey lum, vphr:tv/pass/ & n5. take an airing. orearse.

majey vo‘ney, vphr:tv/pass/ & n5. sentenced to a whipping. RML—The verb is in the past tense. juzgado.

*majmaj ‘ik’, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. rancid. RML—This reading is suspect. In colonial Tzeltal the expression is mamayihc (Guzmán, 1620:176). racion 285, cf. rancio.

majob, n5. hammer, sledgehammer. (1) maza, (2) martillo.

majob ch’ojon, nphr(n of n)5. whip. acote….

majob tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. sword. (1) acote…, (2) espada.

majob te‘, nphr(n of n)5. cane, cudgel. acote….

majobil, n4f. hammer, sledgehammer, whip. (1) acote…, (2) maza 203, (3) martillo.

majulan, tv. hammer. martillar.

majulanbil, pp. hammered. martillado.

majvan, iv. whip, wound. (1) acotar, (2) herir como quiera.

majvan ta te‘, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). cane. apalear.

majvanab, n5. pillory. rollo donde ahorcan.

jmaj ‘ak’ choy, agn(tv & n & ncpd). fisherman who fishes with poison. pescador asi.

jmaj ‘ak’iej choy, agn(tv & vn & ncpd). fisherman who fishes with poison. pescador asi.

‘ak’ majey ‘ik’, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

ta k’ob maj, vphr:qphr(prep & n4d[A]) & tv-. slap. herir con la mano.

voloj k’ob maj, cf. vol.

mail

mail, n5. squash (large and long). RML—In modern Tzotzil this is the watermelon squash, Cucurbita ficifolia. calabaza otra especie grande.

maitines (Sp.)

maitines, n5. matins. maitines.

mak

mak, tv. assault, cover (bowl, pitcher, pot, waterjug), cut off one’s escape, fence in, repair (faulty construction), shelter (from wind), shield (with one’s body or one’s shield). (1) abrigar, como de aire, (2) atapar oya, tinaja, cantaro, (3) cobijar o cubrir…, (4) cercar 71, (5) escudar a otro, (6) favorecer escudando…, (7) quedas a lo que huye, (8) remediar como…, (9) saltear.

k’usi jmaktik ‘oy? What can we repair it with? remedio.

mo ‘oyuk k’usi jmaktik ‘oy. There is no way to repair it. remedio.

la‘ jmaktik naka vinajes skola‘al! Come fix it or it will look badly! remediar como….

la‘ jmaktik naka ‘epajes! Come fix it or it will get worse! remediar como….

mak, iv. be constipated, become less ill, stop (bleeding). (1) mejorar en la…, (2) restañar, restriñir.

mak ‘ik’, nphr(n of n)5. vagabond. pica a viento o baldio, cf. pico.

mak ‘osil, vphr:tv & n5. shade. sombra hacer como….

mak ‘us, nphr(n4d of n5). mosquito net. pabellon o red para mosquitos 252.

mak ba, rv. shut oneself up. encerrarse.

mak ba ta tojol dios, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). trust in God. RML—The verb is given as gnau ghba. encomendarse a Dios.

mak be k’abil, s:iv & nphr(n4f of -n3d). have difficulty evacuating urine. estangurria tener 134.

mak-bol, aj(iv & ajcpd). befuddled, stupid. (1) rebotado asi, (2) ruda, cosa de ingenio.

mak-bol vinik, nphr:aj(iv & ajcpd) & n5. befuddled or stupid person. rebotado asi.

mak-bolib, iv(iv & ivcpd). become befuddled. rebotarse en el entendimiento.

mak-bolil, n(iv & ncpd)4f. befuddlement, stupidity. (1) rebotadura asi o…, (2) rudesa asi.

mak-bolil, aj(iv & ajcpd). befuddled, stupid. rebotado asi.

mak-bolil vinik, nphr:aj(iv & ajcpd) & n5. befuddled or stupid person. rebotado asi.

mak jom, vphr:tv & n5. freight a ship. fletar navio.

mak k’ak’al, nphr(n of n)5. vagabond. pica a….

mak na, nphr(n of n)5. wooden door. puerta de madera.

mak-nai ba, rv:tv(tv & tvcpd) & rn. hide in one’s house, seclude oneself, shut oneself up. (1) encerrarse, (2) esconderse, encerrandose en casa, (3) retrahimiento o encerramiento de casa.

mak-nai ta na, vphr: tv(tv & tvcpd)- & qphr(prep & n4d[O]). jail, use house as a jail. encarcelar, dar la casa por carcel.

mak-nai ta na te‘, vphr:tv(tv & tvcpd)- & qphr(prep & nphr<n4e of n5>). jail. encarcelar a otro.

mak-naiabil, n(tv & ncpd)4f. dungeon. masmorra 214.

mak-naibil, pp(tv & tvcpd). secluded in one’s house. encerrado asi.

mak-naibil ta chukvanab na, vphr:pp(tv & tvcpd)/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<n type n>5). jailed. encarcelado.

mak-naibil ta na, vphr:pp(tv & tvcpd)/pred/ & qphr(prep & -n4d). jailed in someone’s house. encarcelado asi.

mak-naiej bail, vn(tv & n & rncpd)5. seclusion. (1) encerrado asi, (2) encerramiento asi.

mak-naiel, vn(tv & tvcpd)5. seclusion. (1) encerrado asi, (2) encerramiento asi.

mak-naiel bail, vn(tv & n & rncpd)5. seclusion. RML—This is given as smacnayel zbayel. retrahimiento….

mak-naivanab, n(tv & ncpd)5. dungeon. masmorra 214.

mak nuk’, vphr:tv & -n4d. make person hoarse. enronquecer a otro.

mak nuk’, s:iv & -n4d. become hoarse. (1) enroquecerse, (2) ronco.

mak-pati, tv(tv & tvcpd). defend, protect or shield (with body or shield), save by shielding. (1) abrigar poniendose en medio…, (2) amparar poniendose en medio, (3) defender, (4) escudar a otro, (5) favorecer escudando o…, (6) librar poniendose en medio.

mak-patiej, vn(tv & tvcpd)4d. article or person one is shielding. amparar poniendose….

mak xenen, nphr(n4d of n5). mosquito net. pabellon…252.

mak te‘, nphr(n of n)5. wooden grate. reja 299.

mak ti‘, s:iv & -n4d. lose one’s voice. perder la habla al enfermo.

makal, aj. closed, covered. (1) rigado lugar, (2) cerrado 71.

makal ‘a.‘i, vphr:aj & tv-. be solicitous, make provision. (1) cuidado tener, (2) recaudo poner en las cosas.

makal ‘aloj, vphr:aj & tv/ap/-. make provision. recaudo poner en…

makal ‘osil, nphr(aj & n)5. cloudy. anublarse el tiempo.

makal nuk’, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be hoarse. ronco.

makben, n4d. object that has been closed. cerrado por mi 71.

makbey me‘anal, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. provide for person in want. remediar al pobre o necesitado.

makbey nuk’ vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. make person hoarse. enronquecer a otro.

makbil, pp. closed. cerrado 71.

maktzaj, iv. be detained as by rain or a full river. detenerse como….

maktzajes, tv. detain, stop. detener asi.

maktzan, tv. detain, stop. *Also when robbers or constables (who are the same) block the road on Sundays to prevent travel. detener asi.

makeb, n4. tourniquet. restriñidora cosa.

makel, vn4f. remedy. remedio.

mo xu‘ smakel. There is no remedy.

makel be k’abil, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4f of n5). difficulty in evacuating urine. estangurria 134.

makel nuk’il, nphr(vn4f of n3d). hoarseness. (1) enronquecimiento, (2) ronquera.

maki ya, vphr:tv & n5. shield (taking the blows directed at another), suffer (allowing others to be saved as when the Innocents died instead of the Christians). escudar tomando en si los golpes….

ejmakibey aya (or) ejmaki ya avu‘un. I shielded you (or) I suffered for you.

makibey, dv. shield, suffer for another. escudar tomando….

makob ch’en, nphr(n of n)5. trap (covered hole). hoyo cerrado por encima para hacer caer 175.

makob na, nphr(n4f of n5). house lock, padlock. candado.

makob te‘, nphr(n of n)5. stockade. palanquear, cf. palanquera.

makobil, n4f. door latch, lock. pestillo o cerradura.

makobil caja, nphr(n4f of n5). padlock (for chest). candado.

makobil mak na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. crossbar. tranca de puerta.

makobil na, nphr(n4f of n5). padlock, wooden door. (1) candado, (2) puerta de madera.

makobil puerta, nphr(n4f of n5). crossbar. tranca de puerta.

makoj, n4d. object covered as pitcher or pot. cobijar o cubrir….

makol, n4f. fence. (1) cerco o sew 71, (2) seto.

jmak muktal k’op, agn(tv & aj & ncpd). confidant. secretario.

jmakiej-ya, agn(vn & ncpd). person who shields or suffers for another. escudar tomando….

jmakvanej, agn. highwayman. salteador.

mok, n5. fence. (1) cerco o seto 71, (2) seto.

makum

makum, n5. blackberry. RML—Modern Tzotzil: makom. mora de zarza.

makum saya-Hun, nphr:n4e of n(x & ncpd)5. mulberry. mora de este arbol.

castillan makum, cf. castillan. (1) abrigar dando de comer y vestir, (2) criar niños, caballos, (3) mantener otro, (4) procurar para otro….

te‘el makum, cf. te‘.

mak’

mak’lin, tv. provide clothes, food and lodging, raise (children, horses), support. (1) abrigar dando de comer y vestir, (2) criar niños, caballos, (3) mantener a otro, (4) procurar para otro….

mak’lin ba, rv. support oneself. (1) mantenerse, (2) procurar, coma comida o hacienda.

mak’linej, n4d. industriousness. estudio asi.

mak’linej ba, rv. support oneself. mantenerse.

mak’linel, vn4d. solicitude. cuidado de tal cosa.

toj mak’linej, vphr:adv & -n4d/pred/. studiously. estudioso asi.

mal (1)

mal, tv. spill. derramar.

mal, iv. overflow, spill. (1) derramar, (2) derramado, (3) rebosar lo lleno.

mal k’ak’al, s:iv & n5. have the sun set ponerse el sol.

malatay, tv. water. RML—Modern Tzotzil: ma‘lta. regar.

malataybil, pp. watered. regada cosa.

malben, n4d. material that has been spilt. derramar.

malbil, pp. spilt. derramado.

maleb k’ak’al, nphr(nlf of n5). west. occidente.

malemal, n4f. overflow. rebosadura.

maloj, n4d. material being spilt. derramar.

mal (2)

malay, tv. wait for person. RML—This root is listed as malal in modern Tzotzil (Laughlin, 1975:228); perhaps these entries fit under mool. esperar a alguno.

malaybil, pp. awaited. esperado.

malayej, vn4d. event that one expects to happen. esperar confiando….

malayej, vn5. hope. esperanza.

malayvan, iv. wait for person. esperar a alguno.

malayvanan bat lajukon ta jna! Wait here while I go home! mientras.

malayvanej, vn5. hope. esperanza.

mo malay k’in, vphr:neg & tv & -n4e. be importunate. ymportuno sin tiempo 185.

mo malayej ‘a‘i, vphr:nphr(neg & -vn4f) & tv. be importunate. ymportuno sin tiempo 185.

mal (3)

mal. old. cf. mool.

malal

malalil, n3d. husband. marido.

malin, tv. marry (woman). casarse la muger.

malin, iv. marry (woman). casarse la muger.

malinel, vn5. marriage of a woman. casamiento 52.

man

man, tv. barter, buy. (1) comprar, (2) mercar, (3) mercar dando una cosa por otra….

man-‘ixim, vn(tv & ncpd)5. corn purchase. yr a comprar maiz 190.

xibat ta man-‘ixim. I am going to buy corn.

man ba, rv. confide in. confiarse.

manbil mu‘nat, nphr(pp & n)5. bought captive. cautivo comprado.

manel patan dios, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n4d of n5). simony. simonia.

manob, n5. money. moneda.

manoj, iv. barter, buy. (1) comprar, (2) mercar, (3) mercar dando….

manojeb, n5. money. moneda.

manojel, vn5. purchase. compra.

jmanojel, agn. barterer, buyer. (1) comprador, (2) mercar dando….

mana

mana ‘ok, nphr(x type n4f). small truffle, yellow mushroom RML—In modern Tzotzil this refers to Lactarius volemus and several other species. (1) hongo amarillo, (2) turma de tierra.

manchuk

manchuk, pt. no, without. RML—The term for “no” is given as manchu. (1) no, mandando, (2) sin, preposicion.

mo k’usi xHu‘ avu‘unik (or) mo k’u xHu‘ avu‘unik te muchukone. You can’t do anything without me.

manchukot pisil jpas te k’ine. I will hold the fiesta without you.

Ha‘uk manchuk, cf. Ha‘ (1).

manga (Sp.)

manga de cruz, nphr(n5 & prep & n5). arm of the cross. manga de crus.

manteca (Sp.)

manteca, nle. lard. (1) enjundia 121, (2) manteca.

manteca vacas, nphr(n4e of n5). beef fat. manteca de vacas.

manteles (Sp.)

manteles, n5. table cloth. manteles.

marco (Sp.)

marco de plata, nphr(n5 & prep & n5). mark (silver weight of eight ounces). marco de plata.

marques (Sp.)

marques, n5. marquess. marques.

martes (Sp.)

martes, n5. Tuesday. martes.

marzo (Sp.)

marzo, n5. March. marcal, cosa de este mes.

Ha‘ te ta marzo x‘ech’e (or) Ha‘ te ta marzo space. During last March.

marzoil, n5. referring to March. marcal….

martillo (Sp.)

martillo, n5. hammer. martillo.

tij ta martillo, cf. tij.

mas

mas, tv. purify by cooking as sugar. apurar.

masob tak’in, nphr(n4f of n5). silver or gold mine. *Where the gold or silver is cleaned or gathered. minero de plata.

max

max, n5. long-tailed monkey, monkey. (1) gato paux, (2) mona, cf. mono.

maxil, n5. amusement, leisure, recreation, solace, word game. (1) holganza o pasatiempo, (2) juego de palabras, (3) pasatiempo, (4) recreacion, (5) solaz, pasatiempo.

tanaon ta maxil. I am amusing myself. recrearse.

maxil-‘ilin, tv(n & tvcpd). pretend to scold. fingir.

maxil-baj, tv(n & tvcpd). hit lightly. herir livianamente.

maxil-bat, iv(n & ivcpd). pretend to go. fingir.

maxil k’op, nphr(n type n)5. amusement. pasatiempo.

maxil-lok’tay, tv(n & tvcpd). make a grimace. visaje hacer.

maxil-maj, tv(n & tvcpd). hit lightly. herir livianamente.

maxil-mil, tv(n & tvcpd). attack in jest, pretend to kill. acometer de burla.

maxil-pas, tv(n & tvcpd). do something negligently. tibiamente hacer algo.

maxil-p’is, tv(n & tvcpd). make a grimace. visaje hacer.

maxil satil, nphr(n4f of n3d). pupil of the eye. niña del ojo.

maxil-vay, iv(n & ivcpd). pretend to sleep. fingir que duerme.

maxil ve‘, iv(n & ivcpd). pretend to eat. fingir.

maxilaj, iv. be merry, divert oneself, mock. (1) holgar, burlar, (2) recrearse.

maxilajel, vn5. pastime, solace. solaz.

maxilan, tv. flatter. halagar.

maxilmaxil, nld. lazily, negligently. (1) negligentemente, (2) perezosamente.

maxilmaxil pas, vphr:aj & tv-. do negligently. (1) negligore, (2) tibiamente hacer algo.

maxiltay, tv. divert, do negligently, trick. (1) engañar a otro, (2) recrear, (3) tibiamente hacer algo.

maxiltaybil, pp. done as if it were a joke. tibiamente hacer algo.

maxiltaybil avu‘un. You did it as if it were joke.

maxmonet, ay. jest, play. burlar, jugar.

jmaxil-vayel, agn(n & ncpd). person feigning sleep. fingido.

jmaxmonel, agn. jester. RML—This is given as ghmaghmonel. burlon.

*maxa

*maxa, pt. without. sin, preposicion.

*maxa ‘oyukot pisil xpasey te k’ine. The fiesta will be celebrated without you.

*maxa ‘o k’ex me‘on icham. He died without issue.

matan

matan. gift. cf. moton.

may

mayayet vinik, s:av & n5. be sad. RML—This is given as xmacyet. In colonial Tzeltal, mayayet ta vinquilel is “mustia persona” (Guzmán, 1620:138). mustia persona.

mayayetel, vn5. honesty. RML—This is given as manyetel. Perhaps yetel should be read as a separate word meaning “its sign,” but in colonial Tzeltal, zmayaietel is “onestidad”(Guzmán, 1620:145). honestidad 240.

maymonet, av. be angry or annoyed. mohino, enojado.

jmayayetel-vinik, agn(vn & ncpd). honest person. honesta cosa 240.

me (1)

me, pt. please (inserted between the negative particle and the verb). ea, vedando….

mo me apas! Please don’t do it!

mo me xalom! Don’t fall!

me (2)

me, pt. by chance? RML—Interrogative. Modern Tzotzil: me or mi. por ventura, preguntando.

me‘

me‘ ‘ok, nphr(n4f of n4d). big toe. pulgar el pie.

me‘ ‘olol, nphr(n4f of n5). afterbirth, placenta. (1) pares de muger, (2) red donde nace el niño.

me‘ tzo‘il, nphr(n4f of n3d). belly. panza de vientre 245.

me‘ chu‘uy, nphr(n4f of n5). large sack. saca o saco grande.

me‘ kotz, nphr(n of n)5. hawk. gavilan.

me‘ k’inabal, nphr(n4f of n5). rainbow. arco del cielo.

me‘ k’ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). thumb. pulgar de la mano.

me‘ k’obil, nphr(n4f of n3d). thumb. (1) pulgar de la mano, (2) dedo pulgar 351.

me‘ mul, nphr(n4f of n5). grave sin. pecado grande.

me‘ pak’-k’op, nphr:n4f of vn(tv & ncpd)5. big lie. mentira grande.

me’ pulom Ho‘, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)4d. belly. panza de vientre 245.

me‘ ta ‘a‘al dios, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d ofn5>). batismal godmother. madrina de bautismo.

me‘ tenob tak’in, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)4d. anvil. yunque de hierro 191.

me‘el, n5. old woman. (1) anciano, (2) vieja.

me‘elal, n5. old age (of a woman). envejecimiento asi o vejez.

me‘elub, iv. grow old (woman). RML—This is given as xemelum and perhaps should be read, me‘ lub. envejecerse la mujer.

me‘elubel, vn5. aging (of a woman). RML—See above. envejecimiento asi o vejez.

me‘il, n3d. mother. madre.

me‘il ta bautismo, nphr:n3d & qphr(prep & n5). baptismal godmother. madrina de bautismo.

me‘il ta nupunel, nphr:n3d & qphr(prep & vn5). wedding godmother. madrina de bodas.

me‘in nukulil, s:iv & -n4d. grow calloused. (1) encallecerse con callos, (2) encallecido.

me‘an

me‘an. annoy, anxiety, distress, impoverish, melancholy, nuisance, pilgrim, sad, sorrowful, tyranny. cf. me‘on.

me‘on

me‘on, n5. orphan. huerfano.

me‘on, aj. miserable, poor. (1) miserable, pobre, (2) pobre.

me‘anaj, iv. be sad or sorrowful, become poor, grow sad. (1) empobrecerse, (2) empobrecido asi, (3) entristecerse, (4) pena tener, (5) penar, recibir pena, (6) triste.

me‘anaj ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be penitent. penitente.

me‘anaj ‘olonton ‘u‘un, s:iv & -n4d + -n4f. be sorrow-provoking. penal, cosa que da pena.

me‘anaj ‘olonton ‘u‘un mul, s:iv & -n4d + nphr(n4f of n4d[=P of ‘olonton]). repent one’s sins. pesarle de sus pecados.

me‘anaj ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(iv & n5) & tv. be anxious, distressed or sad. fatiga tener.

‘ip xme‘anaj ‘osil xka‘i yu‘un. He distresses me greatly. fatiga o afficcion interior….

te eme‘anaj ‘osil xka‘i. I have grown sad. triste.

me‘anajel, vn5. impoverishment, melancholy, misery, sorrow.(1) doloros cosa, (2) empobrecimiento, (3) entristecimiento o tristeza, (4) melancolia 207, (5) miseria, (6) miseria de pobreza, (7) pena generalmente.

nesta me‘anajel. I have become sad. triste.

me‘anajel ‘olonton, nphr(vn4f of n5). penitence. penitencia, dolor de corazon.

me‘anajel ‘olontonil, nphr(vn4f of n5). penitence. penitencia, dolor de corazon.

me‘anajel ‘osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). anxiety, distress. fatiga o….

me‘anajel ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:nphr(vn type n) & tv. be anxious or distressed. triste.

me‘anajel k’eyoj, nphr(vn type n)5. doleful motet. (1) dolorosa cosa, (2) motete lastimero.

me‘anajel k’op, nphr(vn type n)5. doleful motet. (1) dolorosa cosa, (2) motete lastimero.

me‘anajes, tv. annoy, bother, impoverish, sadden. (1) empobrecer a otro, (2) entristecer a otro, (3) molestar, (4) penar, dar pena.

me‘anajes ‘osil, vphr:tv & n5. tyrannize. tiranizar.

me‘arrajesabil, n4f. cause for sorrow. penal, cosa que da pena.

me‘anajesel ‘osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). tyranny. tirania.

me‘anal, nld. impoverishment, melancholy, misery, poverty, sorrow. (1) empobrecimiento, (2) melancolia 207, (3) miseria, (4) miseria de pobreza, (5) pobreza, (6) triste.

jme‘anajel, agn. pilgrim who requests contributions for God (the Church), sorrowful person. (1) entristecido o triste, (2) romero que pide por Dios, (3) romero que va en romeria.

jme‘anajesej-‘olontonil, agn(vn & ncpd). person who causes sadness. entristecedor

jme‘anajesej-‘osil, agn(vn & ncpd). tyrant. tirano.

jme‘anajesvanej, agn. malefactor, nuisance, person who annoys or causes sadness. (1) entristecedor, (2) mal, echor, (3) molesto o molestador….

jme‘antasvanej, agn. importunate person, person who pesters. ymportuno sin tiempo 185.

metz

metzan, tv. make person lie down. echar a otro asi.

metzel, aj. lying down. echado asi.

metzey, iv. lie down (as in bed). echarse como en coma.

metz’

metz’, n5. excuse, wordy explanation. razonamiento asi prolijo o excusa.

metz’aj, iv. explain or talk at length. razonar.

metz’ajel, vn5. excuse, wordy explanation. razonamiento asi.

jmetz’ajel, agn. person who explains at length. razonador asi.

medio (Sp.)

medio, n4e. half. RML—The inanimate possession is smedioil. (1) media cosa, (2) media.

medio libra, nphr(n4e of n5). half pound. media libra.

mek

cha‘-mekel, num(num & nccpd)4f. second time. vez segunda.

j-mek, num(num & nccpd)5. time. una vez.

j-mek, num(num & nccpd)5. first time. vez primera.

j-mek xa, nphr:num(num & nccpd) & pt. again, another time. otra vez.

j-mekuk xa, qphr:num(num & nccpd)/subj/ & pt. again, another time. otra vez.

ta j-mekeluk xa, qphr:prep & num(num & nccpd)/subj/ & pt. again, another time. *(As) “if you do this another time you will be punished.” otra vez.

mek’

mek’an, aj. lame. RML—mecan is given for colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:47). In modern Tojolabal, mek’an means kneeling (Lenkersdorf, 1979:248). cojo asi.

mek’aub, iv. limp or walk with trembling legs. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, xmecman (Guzmán, 1620:46). cojear o andar temblandole las piernas.

mel

mel, tv. line up, propose a discussion, set in a row. (1) concertar asi algo, (2) poner por orden, (3) proponer platica.

mel, iv. line up. ordenarse asi.

mel ba, rv. line up. (1) concertarse por ringlera, (2) ordenarse asi.

mel k’in, vphr:tv & n5. prophesy. ahorar.

mel k’op, vphr:tv & n5. report. relator que relata….

mel te‘om, vplintv & -n4e. warp cloth. urdir tela.

mel vinik, vphr:tv & n5. assemble or line up people as in a procession. regir o concertar la gente…292.

melbil chikin te‘, nphr:pp & nphr(n of n)5. wooden grate. reja 299.

melbil chik’bil xamitl, nphr:pp & nphr(pp & n)5. brick floor. ladrillado suelo.

melbil ta Hun, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). inventoried. ynventariada cosa asi 189.

melbil te‘, nphr(pp & n)5. wooden grate. reja 299.

melbil te‘om, nphr(pp & n4e). warped (cloth). urdida tela.

meltzaj, iv. be able to fix, match, prepare self. (1) consertarse lo mal puesto o hecho, (2) emparejado, (3) enderesarse.

meltzajel, vn5. equality (true weight), justice. (1) justicia por el acto de hacer justicia, (2) ygualdad 184.

meltzajel ‘olontonil, nphr(vn of n)5. reform. enmienda 99.

meltzajes, tv. fix, footnote, level, make even, restore to former shape or beauty, set right. (1) concertar asi algo, (2) enderezar algo, (3) ygualar cosas llanas 184, (4) nivelar, (5) notar asi, (6) reducir a su forma o hermosura.

meltzajes ‘olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. make one’s confession. enderesador.

meltzajes ba, rv. settle disputes. enderesador.

meltzajes k’op, vphr:tv & n5. report. relator que….

meltzajes xanbal, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. regulate one’s life. regla de vivir.

meltzajesabil lok’ob, nphr(n4f of n5). register. registro.

meltzajesabil xanbal, nphr(n4d of n4d). precept for living. regla de vivir.

meltzajesbey k’op, vphr:-dv & n5. inform. ynformar a otro 188.

meltzajesbey tojol, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. inform. ynformar a otro 188.

meltzan, tv. harmonize (discordant song), mediate. (1) entonar canto desacordado, (2) terciar asi.

meltzan k’op, vphr:tv & n5. report. relator que….

meltzan vinik, vphr:tv & n5. assemble or line up people as in a procession. regir o concertar…292.

meltzanbey xanbal, vphr:-dv & n5. make a law. ley dar 194.

meltzanbil, pp. paired. parada cosa.

meltzanel k’op, nphr(vn4f of n5). report. relacion.

melel, aj. right, straight. (1) derecho estar o…, (2) ordenadamente asi.

melel ‘osil, nphr(aj & n)5. good administration or government. regimiento.

mo smeleluk mo stojoluk ’osil yu‘un. He does not govern well.

melel bat ‘u‘un, vphr:aj & iv + -n4d. shoot straight. tirar certero.

melel bel na ta Hun, nphr:nphr(aj & nphr<n of n>4f) & qphr(prep & n5). inventory of possessions. ynventario 189.

melel k’op, nphr(aj & n)4f. report. relacion.

melel k’opoj, vphr:aj & iv. speak the truth. verdadero en lo que dice.

melel nich’nab, nphr(aj & n)4d. legitimized bastard child. legitimar al hijo bastardo.

melel p’is, nphr(aj & n)5. true measure or weight. ygual peso o medida 184.

melel vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. loyal, peaceable or virtuous person. (1) leal, (2) llano en conversacion, (3) virtuoso.

melelmelel, aj. lined up. RML—This is given with a plural suffix. ordenademente asi.

meleluk, aj. right, straight. derecho estar.

mellej, n5. lined up. *When several are standing lined up to argue, they usually say: “k’ usi xapasik ta mellej ta chollej?” “What are you doing lined up in a row?” ordenarse asi.

meloj ba ‘ak’, vphr:s(rv/ap/-) & tv. set in a row. poner por orden.

meloj ba lok’ob ba, s:rv/perf/ & -rn4f. solid row of shields. pabesada de pabesas 252.

melol, n4f. equal. pareja cosa.

melol na‘, vphr:n5 & tv. be skillful diestra persona.

meloloj ba lok’ob ba, s:rv/perf/ & -rn4f. solid row of shields. pabesada de pabesas 252.

jmel-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). narrator who reports what he has seen or heard. relator que….

jmel-vinik, agn(tv & ncpd). director (who lines people up). regidor que asi rige 292.

jmel-vokol, agn(tv & ncpd). historian. ystoriador 190.

jmeltzajel, agn. person who settles disputes. enderesador.

jmeltzajesej-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). person who settles disputes. enderesador.

jmeltzajesvanej, agn. director (who lines up people), judge, person who settles disputes. (1) enderesador, (2)justicia, el que la hace, (3) regidor que…292.

jmeltzanej-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). narrator who reports what he has seen or heard. relator que….

j-mel xa, nphr(num<num & nccpd>5 & pt). row. orden continuada o ringlera.

mo meleluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. sinister, unjust. (1) ynjusta cosa 188, (2) siniestra cosa.

mo meleluk ‘ayan, vphr:ajphr(neg & aj) & iv. be perverse. siniestramente hacerse algo.

mu meltzajes, vphr:neg & tv-. deny. negar.

toj melel, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. even. ygual asi 184.

toj jmeltzajesvanej, vphr:adv & agn/pred/. fair, just. justiciero.

melcocha (Sp.)

melcocha, n5. taffy. melcocha.

melcochero, n5. taffy seller. melcochero.

melon (Sp.)

melon, n5. melon. melon.

membrillo (Sp.)

membrillo, n5. quince. membrillo.

te‘el membrillo, cf. te‘.

pamal membrillos, cf. pom (1).

mes

mes, tv. sweep. barrer.

mesav, iv. sweep. escoba.

mesmonet k’u‘, s:av & -n4d. with sweeping skirts. haldas que arrastran.

mesmonet pok’, s:av & -n4d. with sweeping skirts. haldas que….

mesob na, nphr(n of n)5. broom. escoba.

mesoj, iv. sweep. barrer.

mesojeb, n5. broom. escoba.

mesojebal, n5. broom. escoba.

mesvanab, n5. broom. escoba.

mesa (Sp.)

mesa, n5. table. mesa donde comemos.

mey

mey, tv. embrace. abarcar con los brazos.

meyben, n4d. object or person that was embraced. abarcadura asi.

meylej, n4d. embrace. abarcadura asi.

meylej, nc. bundle of plants or torch faggots. hace o haz de tea o yerba.

meyoj, n4d. object or person being embraced. abarcadura asi.

meyoj k’ob, vphr:tv/ap/ & n4d[A]. with one’s arms crossed (in idleness). meter la mano…

*mi

*mi-bail, vn(tv & rncpd)5. glory. RML—In colonial Tzeltal this term is given for “presuncion” and “soberbia” (Guzmán, 1620:166, 199). In colonial Chol, mi is given for “padre” (Morán, 1935:51). gloria.

*jmi, agn. mocker. (1) burlador de esta manera, (2) escarnecedor.

mich’

mich’, tv. hold upright a handful in one’s fist (beans, corn, untied object). (1) abarcar con el puño, (2) empuñar, tomar algo en el puño.

mich’ben, n4d. object held in one’s hand. abarcar con el puño.

mich’el ‘olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). repentance. pesadumbre asi.

mich’oj, n4d. object being held in one’s hand. abarcar con el puño.

j-mich’, num(num & nccpd)5. fistful, handful. (1) manojo de cosa que no se ata, (2) puño o puñada….

j-mich’ tzotzil, nphr(num<num & nccpd> & n)5. forelock. guedeja o vedeja de cabellos.

j-mich’lej, num(num & nccpd)5. handful of long objects as straws. (1) abarcar con el puño, (2) manojo de…, (3) puño o puñada….

j-mich’mich’, num(num & nccpd)5. single handful. abarcar con el puño.

mik’

mik’mon sat, s:av & -n4d. blink, wink. (1) parpadear, (2) pestañear.

mik’ulan sat, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. blink. parpadear.

mil

mil, tv. hang, sacrifice birds, strangle. (1) ahogar a otro…, (2) ahorcar, (3) matar asi ayes, (4) sacrificar y matar….

milben, n4d. strangled animal or person. ahogar a otro….

milbil, pp. strangled. (1) ahogar a otro…, (2) ahogar ahogado.

milob, n4f. gallows. horca para ahorcar.

milob vinik, nphr(nlf of n5). gallows. ahogadero como horca.

milobil, n4f. gallows. (1) ahogadero, (2) ahogar ahogado, (3) horca para ahorcar.

miloj, n4d. animal or person being strangled. ahogar a otro.

milvanab, n5. gallows, pillory. *Now they call it picota. (1) ahogadero como horca, (2) rollo donde ahorcan.

misa (Sp.)

misa, n5. Mass. misa.

misal (Sp.)

misal, n5. missal. misal.

misto (Sp.)

misto, n5. cat. gato.

mix

mix, tv. scratch with one finger as when they hunt lice. RML—In colonial Tzeltal this verb is given with an identical meaning (Guzmáan, 1620:176). rascar con….

mixulan, tv. scratch with one finger as when they hunt for lice. rascar con….

mixik’

mixik’il, n3d. belly button, navel, umbilical cord. ombligo.

mitra (Sp.)

mitra, n5. mitre. mitra.

mo

mo, neg. no, not, *with accompanying noun or adverb. mo, con nombre o….

mo ‘oyuk, vphr:neg & n5/pred/. be lacking (bread). falta o mengua.

mo ‘oyuk bak’ni, vphr:neg & n5/pred/ & pt. never (in the past). en ningun tiempo de preterito.

mo ‘oyuk k’usi, vphr:neg & n5/pred/ & s(n5---). no one. ningun hombre.

mo ‘oyuk k’usi, vphr:neg & n5/pred/ & s(n5---). nothing. (1) nada, (2) ninguna cosa.

mo ‘oyuk buy nup, s:neg & n5/pred/ & s(n5 & -n4d). be a sovereign lord. señor soberano.

mo ‘oyuk k’usi, vphr:neg & n5/pred/ & s(n5---). no one. nadie, ninguno.

mo ‘oyuk nup, s:neg & n5/pred/ & n5. uneven number. nones.

mo buch’uy vinik, nphr:neg & nphr(n5 & n5). no one. ningun hombre.

mo k’usi, nphr:neg & n5. nothing. (1) nada, (2) ninguna cosa.

mo li‘uk na, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. stranger. forastero.

mo much’uy, nphr:neg & n5. no one. nadie.

mo no ‘ox bak’in, qphr(neg & pt & pt & pt). never (in the future). (1) en ningun tiempo de futuro, (2) nunca, en ningun tiempo.

mo no ‘ox bak’ni qphr (neg & pt & pt & pt). never (in the past). nunca, en….

mo no ‘ox buch’uy junuk, s:qphr(neg & pt & pt)/pred/ & nphr(n5 & num5). neither one nor the other (people). ni uno ni otro.

mo no ‘ox buy j-jechuk, s:qphr(neg & pt & pt)/pred/ & nphr(n5 & n<num & nccpd>5). neither here nor there. ni una parte ni a otra.

mo no ‘ox buy junuk, s:qphr(neg & pt & pt)/pred/ & nphr(n5 & num5). neither here nor there. ni en un lugar ni en otro.

mo no ‘ox buyuk, vphr:neg & pt & pt & n5/pred/. neither here nor there. ni en….

mo no ‘ox j-tekuk, vphr:neg & pt & pt & n(num & nccpd5)/pred/. neither one nor the other (things). ni uno ni otro.

mo no ‘oxeuk bak’in, ptphr(neg & pt & pt & pt). never (in the future). en ningun tiempo de futuro.

mo to, qphr(neg & pt). before, not yet. antes que.

mo to echam. before he died.

mo to jna‘ sk’op dios. I did not yet know the doctrine.

mok bak’ni, vphr:n(contr of no & oyuk)/pred/ & pt. never (in the past). RML—There is no way to determine whether the “k” of mok is glottalized as in the modern Tzotzil contraction muk’. en ningun tiempo de preterite.

mok buy, vphr:n(contr of mo & oyuk)/pred/ & s(n5). nowhere. en ninguna manera.

mok much’uy, vphr:n(contr of mo & ouyk)/pred/ & s(n5). no one. nadie, ninguno.

moyuk, n(contr of mo & ‘oyuk). not. RML—There is no way of determining if this should be read mo‘yuk as in modern Tzotzil mu’yuk. linda cosa.

toj mo, negphr:adv & neg. in no way, under no circumstances. en ninguna manera.

toj mo jpas. I will not do it under any circumstances.

toj mo xibat. Under no circumstances will I go.

mu, neg. no, not. cf. mo.

mo‘och

mo‘och, n5. macaw. RML—In modern Tzotzil this is the scarlet macaw, Ara macao. papagayo, ave conocida.

mo‘oj

mo‘oj, neg. no. no.

moch (1)

moch, n5. basket, ladder, two-handled basket. (1) canasta, (2) escalera, (3) espuerta.

mochil, n3d. molar. muela de la boca.

yol moch, nphr(aj & n)5. small basket. espuerta.

machul, n4f. ladder. escalera.

machuy, tv. scale with ladders. escalar para entrar en alguna parte.

moch (2)

moch, tv. knot, make knots in string. (1) anudar, (2) nudos hacer en cuerda.

tzotzuk mocho! Knot it tightly! apretar.

mochilan, tv. make knots in string. nudos hacer….

mochilanbil k’op, nphr(pp & n)5. enigmatic talk. responder a argumentos enigmas.

mochilanbiltik, pp. knotted in many places. anudarse algo.

mochli, iv. become knotted as when a thread or ribbon moves back and forth. anudarse como….

mochobil, n4f. knot. (1) anudarse como…, (2) nudo.

mochochtik, aj. knotted in many places. (1) anudarse algo, (2) nudosa cosa.

mochoj, n4d. article being knotted. anudarse algo.

mochoj ba, rv/ap/. become knotted. anudarse algo.

j-moch, num(num & nccpd)5. knot. anudarse como….

mok (1)

mok. fence. cf. mak.

*mok (2)

*mokolil, n3d. ankle. RML—In colonial Yucatec, mob kab is given for “chueca o coiuntura donde juegan los huessos del brazo o de la mano” and u mochbacil in kab yetel voc, “las coiunturas de mis manos o de mis pies” (Martinez Hernandez, 1929:630). In modern Chol, mok is to “step, walk on” (Bricker, personal communication). tovillo.

mokan

mokan, n5. palm sack in which they carry or sell salt. (1) costal de estos de Palma, (2) talega de palmas….

mom

mom, n4d. man’s grandchild. RML—Presumably there was an absolute form, momil. nieto del varon.

monasterio (Sp.)

monasterio, n5. monastery. monasterio 228.

monocordio (Sp.)

monocordio, n5. monochord. manucordio, cf. monocordio.

mool

mool, n5. old man. *Frequently they use the plural for the singular; mool, maletik, moolon, maletikon. RML—Perhaps this should be read mo‘ol. (1) anciano, (2) rico, (3) viejo hombre.

jun ta mool, cf. jun.

malelal, n5. old age. RML—This is given as mahelal. envejecimiento asi.

malub, iv. grow old (man). envejecerse el varon.

malubel, vn5. old age (man). envejecimiento asi o vejez,

mostaza (Sp.)

mostaza, n5. mustard. salsa para manjar.

juch’bil mostaza, cf. juch’.

moton

motonil, n3d. present that is given, sacrifice. (1) presente que recibe, (2) sacrificio.

matanal ‘elk’anel, s:n5/pred/ & -vn4f. easy to steal. hurtible cosa.

matanijes, tv. favor with a gift. presentar, hacer que reciben presente.

jmatanijes Pedro. I am favoring Peter with a gift.

jmatanijes Pedro ta jcapa. I am favoring Peter with my cape.

matantay, tv. receive a gift. presente que recibe.

jmatantay jk’u‘. I will receive my clothes as a gift.

moy

‘ik’al moy, nphr(aj & n)5. blind with pale eyes. RML—In colonial Yucatec, Pio Pérez gives ekmay for “ciego” (Pérez, 1877:100). ciego asi 70.

‘ik’al moy tuluk’, nphr:nphr(aj & n) type n5. blind chicken. gallina ciega.

mu (1)

mu, aj. delicious, fragrant, merrily, pleasing. (1) alegremente, (2) olorosa cosa que huela, (3) olor bueno, (4) saber el manjar, (5) sabrosa cosa, (6) suave cosa.

mu ‘a‘i, vphr:aj & tv-. taste delicious. saborearse en el manjar.

mu ‘a‘iel s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. sound beautiful. suave al olfato.

mu ‘ayan, vphr:aj & iv. become flavorsome. saborear o tomar sabor el manjar.

mu ‘ik’ s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. smell good. (1) oler, echar de siolor, (2) olor bueno, (3) suave cosa.

mu ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. be delighted or pleased. placer recibir o deleitarse.

mu ‘osil chi ‘u‘un, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & iv + -n4d. delight, please. placer hacer o dar a otro.

mu ‘utz’iel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. smell wonderful, suave al olfato.

mu ti‘el, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. taste delicious. saber el manjar.

muib, iv. be given a rest, be honored, delight in, rejoice, savor. (1) alegrarse, (2) deleitarse, (3) gloriarse, (4) holgar burlar, (5) placer recibir…, (6) saborear….

muib ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(iv & n5) & tv. be merry, delight in, mock, rejoice. (1) holgar, burlar, (2) placer recibir….

muib-ch’atay, tv(iv & tvcpd). cense. sahumar.

muib-ch’atayabil, n(iv & ncpd)4f. censer with which they cense. sahumador en que sahuman.

muib ta tojol, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4f). delight in eating. saborearse en el manjar.

muibeb, n5. Heaven. gloria, lugar de la gloria.

muibebal, n5. Heaven. gloria, lugar….

muibel, vn5. delight, ease, glory, joy, pleasure, repose. (1) alegria, (2) deleite, (3) gloria, (4) holganza o pasatiempo, (5) placer o deleite.

muibel ‘osil, nphr(vn type n)5. Paradise. paraiso.

muibes, tv. bring delight to, gladden, glorify, please. (1) alegrar a otro, (2) deleite dar o causar, (3) glorificar.

muibtas, tv. bring delight to, glorify, please. (1) complacer, (2) deleite dar o causar, (3) glorificar, (4) hacer placer 165, (5) placer hacer o dar a otro.

muibtas ta ch’ail, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). perfume (with incense). perfumar.

muibtasbey ‘olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. please. hacer placer 165.

muibtasbil, pp. glorified. glorificado.

muibtasel, vn4d. glorification. glorificacion.

muibtasvanej, vn5. glorification. glorificacion.

muibtay ta ch’ail, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). cense. sahumar.

muibtayab, n5. perfume. perfumes.

muibtayabil, n4f. perfume. perfumes.

muil, n4b. delicacy, delight, perfume, pleasure, scent (of animal). (1) deleite, (2) olores como perfumes, (3) placer o deleite, (4) rastro, por olor, (5) suavidad.

muil ‘ik’, nphr(n4f of n4b). flavor. sabor de manjar.

muil bek’tal, nphr(n4f of n5). carnal pleasure. placer carnal.

muil ch’ail, nphr(n4f of n5). perfume of incense. sahumerio.

muil lo‘el, nphr(n4f of vn5). delicious taste. saber el manjar,

muil lo‘lo k’op, nphr:aj & nphr(n type n)5. witty saying. donaire.

muil lo‘lo k’opoj, iv(aj & n & ivcpd). speak wittily. donaire decir.

muil vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. merrymaker. alegar.

mumutik, aj. fragrant. olorosa cosa que huele.

jmuibtasvanej, agn. glorifier. glorificador.

jmuil lo‘lo k’op, agn:aj & nphr(n type n)cpd. witty person. donoso asi.

batz’i muibel, cf. batz’i.

bek’tal-muib, cf. bek’et.

ma‘-ba muibel, cf. ma‘.

mo muib ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(neg & iv & n5) & tv. be melancholy. melancolico 207.

mo ‘oyuk muil ‘uch’el, s:neg & n5/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -vn4f). tasteless. desabrida cosa.

mo ‘oyuk muil lo‘el, s:neg & n5/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -vn4f). tasteless. desabrida cosa.

mo ‘oyuk muil ve’el, s:neg & n5/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -vn4f). tasteless. desabrida cosa.

mu tojol muibeluk, vphr:neg & nphr(aj & vn5)/pred/. vainglory. gloria vana.

naka ‘altik muibel, cf. naka.

toj mu, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. joyful. placentera cosa o deleitable.

tojol muibel, cf. toj (3).

mu (2)

mu. no, not. cf. mo.

mu‘nat

mu‘nat, n4d. bought captive, slave. RML—This perhaps should be read as jmu‘nat, an agentive noun. cautivo comprado.

mu‘natij, iv. eat in secret comer a escondidas.

mu‘natil, nld. captivity, gluttony. (1) cautiverio, (2) glotoneria.

mu‘natil, aj. base, low. servil cosa.

mu‘natil k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. base talk. servil cosa.

mu‘natil patan, nphr(n type n)5. servitude. servidumbre.

mu‘natil ve‘el, nphr(aj & n)5. base meal. servil cosa.

mu‘natil vinik, nphr(n type n)5. glutton. gloton.

mu‘natinel, vn5. captivity. cautiverio.

manbil mu‘nat, cf. man.

*mu‘nil, n5. tribute. RML—This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:154, 211). pecho o tributo.

mutz

mutz ba, rv. have nerves tauten, shrink as some kinds of caterpillars or grubs do when they are touched. (1) encojerse como, (2) encojerse los….

mutzeptik jol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. curly-haired. RML—In colonial Tzeltal motzeptic is “crespo” (Guzmán, 1620:47). In modern Tzeltal of Tenejapa the adjective is mujtzemtik. (1) crespo, (2) encresparse, hacerse respo.,

mutzepay, iv. become curly. cresparse.

mutzey jol, s:iv & -n4d. curly-haired. RML—The verb is in the past tense. encrespado.

mutzib, iv. become curly, curl. encresparse, hacerse crespo.

mutzutztik jol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. curly-haired. (1) crespo, (2) encresparse, hacerse crespo.

mutz’

mutz’ sat, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. close one’s eyes. cerrar los ojos 71.

mutz’-sati, tv(tv & tvcpd). wink at. ojear.

mutz’ sati ‘ik’, tv(tv & n & tvcpd). call by winking. llamar haciendo señas con el ojo.

mutz’-sativan, iv(tv & ivcpd). wink at. (1) guiñar del ojo, (2) ojear.

mutz’-sativanej, vn(tv & ivcpd)5. wink. guiñamiento si.

mutz’bil, pp. closed (eyes). cerrar los ojos 71.

mutz’ilan sat, vphr:tv & -n4d[A]. blink. parpadear.

mutz’monet sat, s:av & -n4d. blink. parpadear.

mutz’oj, n4d. eyes being closed. cerrar los ojos 71.

mutz’ul, aj. closed (eyes). cerrar los ojos 71.

mutz’uy sat, s:iv & -n4d. get nervous blink. enfermar de las pestañas.

mutz’uyel, vn5. nervous blink. enfermedad de esta manera.

mutz’uyel ‘a‘i., vphr:vn5 & tv. get nervous blink. enfermar de las pestañas.

much’

much’monet, av. twitch one’s ears (when they are so large they flap like leaves or when dogs shake their ears). orejudo.

much’uy

much’uy. who, whoever, whose. cf. buch’uy.

muk (1)

mukil, n3d. woman’s brother’s child, woman’s maternal uncle’s son, woman’s paternal aunt, woman’s paternal uncle’s son, (when each is younger than the woman), woman’s younger brother, woman’s younger sister. (1) hermano menor de la muger 161, (2) hermana menor respecto a la muger 161, (3) primp, hijo de hermano…, (4) sobrino, hijo de hermano…, (5) tia, hermana de padre….

muk (2)

muk, tv. bury, conceal, conceal one’s anger or grief, deny, hide, put underground. (1) encubrir, tener secreto, (2) encubrir el enojo o pena, (3) esconderse, (4) esconder algo, (5) meter debajo de la tierra, (6) negar.

muk ba, rv. hide oneself. encubrirse.

muk ba ta te‘tik, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & n5). lie in ambush. emboscarse.

muk jchamel, vphr:tv & agn. bury dead person. enterrar.

muk jol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. swim underwater. nadador que nada debajo del aqua.

muk ta lum, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). put underground. poner de tierra.

muk ta lumtik, vphr:tv- & ciphr(prep & n5). put underground. (1) meter debajo de la tierra, (2) soterrar.

muk-tanibil membrillo, nphr:pp(tv & ncpd) & n. quinces baked under the ashes. pan cocido debajo la ceniza.

muk-tanibil vaj, vphr:pp(tv & ncpd) & n. bread baked under the ashes. pan cocido debajo la ceniza.

mukbil, pp. hidden. escondida cosa.

mukbil ta lumtik, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). put underground. metido asi.

mukeb t’ul, nphr(n4d of n5). rabbit burrow. madriguera de conejo.

mukebal, n3d. hiding place. escondidijo o escondedero.

mukenal, nld. grave. RML—This is given as muquinal. (1) sepulcro, (2) uesa para enterrar.

mukleb, n4d. (rabbit) burrow. madriguera de conejo.

mukobil ni‘, nphr(n4f of n5). flap of a montero cap that covers the face and neck. papahigo.

muktal, aj. hidden, secret. (1) escondida cosa, (2) secreta cosa.

muktal-‘a‘i, tv(aj & tvcpd). listen in secret. escuchar de secreto.

muktal-‘a‘ivan, iv(aj & ivcpd). listen in secret. escuchar de secreto.

muktal-‘ik’van, iv(aj & ivcpd). pander. alcahuetear.

muktal-‘och, iv(aj & ivcpd). enter secretly. entrar escondidamente.

muktal-tzames, tv(aj & tvcpd). kill treacherously. matar a traicion.

muktal-jak’, tv(aj & tvcpd). investigate. pesquisar.

muktal k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. secret. (1) secreta cosa, (2) secreto.

muktal-net’bey, dv(aj & tvcpd). deny one’s guilt. negar en juicio.

muktal pasnej, nphr(aj & n)5. secret act. secreta cosa.

muktal-sa‘, tv(aj & tvcpd). investigate. pesquisar.

muktal sa‘vanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. investigation. pesquisa.

muktal-ve‘, iv(aj & ivcpd). eat in secret. escondidamente comer.

mukul-‘ik’van, iv(aj & ivcpd). pander. alcahuetear.

mukul-‘oltay, tv(aj & tvcpd). neglect. negligore.

mukul ‘olontonil, nphr(aj & n)5. negligence. negligencia.

mukul be, nphr(aj & n)5. path, shortcut. (1) atajo, (2) senda o sendero.

mukul k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. secret. secreta cosa.

mukul pasnej, nphr(aj & n)5. secret act. secreta cosa.

mukul ta lumtik, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). put underground. metido asi.

mukul ta te‘tik, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). lying in ambush. emboscado.

mukula‘aj, iv. swim underwater. nadar debajo del agua.

mukulmukul tzamesvanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. secret killing. secreta cosa.

mukvanej, vn5. concealment. encubrimiento.

jmuk-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). denier. negador.

jmuktal-jak’vanej, agn(aj & vncpd). investigator. pesquisidor.

jmuktal-sa‘vanej, agn(aj & vncpd). investigator. pesquisidor.

jmuktal-tzamesvanej, agn(aj & vncpd). treacherous murderer. metador asi.

jmukul-‘ik’vanej, agn(aj & vncpd). pimp. alcahuete.

jmukul-‘olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). negligent person. negligente.

jmukul-‘olontonil, agn(aj & ncpd). negligent person. negligente.

muk’

muk’, aj. big, fat, greater. (1) gorda cosa, (2) grande cosa, (3) mayor 205.

muk’ ‘a‘i, vphr:aj & tv-. respect person. tener en mucho a alguna persona.

muk’ ‘a‘ibil, vphr:aj & pp/pred/. arrogance. ensoberbeserse.

muk’ ‘ojov, nphr(aj & n)5. king. rey 292.

muk’ ‘olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. big-hearted, magnanimous. (1) grande de corazon, (2) magnanimo.

muk’ bek’tal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. robust. membrudo.

muk’ cha‘ley ba, vphr:aj & rv. become haughty, presume. presumir.

muk’ cha‘ley-bail nphr:aj & vn(tv & rncpd)5. arrogance, haughtiness, presumption. (1) engrandecinziento asi, (2) presuncion, (3) soberbia.

muk’ cha‘leybil, vphr:aj & pp/pred/. become haughty or proud. ensoberbeserse.

muk’ cha‘leyel ba, s:aj/pred/ & -rn. haughtiness. engrandecimiento.

muk’ k’op, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be subtle. grande en palabras.

muk’ naul, cf. no.

muk’ pach’lej, cf. path’.

muk’ pak’tayej k’op, nphr:aj & nphr(vn type n)5. big lie. mentira grande.

muk’ pascua, nphr(aj & n)5. Easter. pascua de resurreccion.

muk’ popol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. wide. ancho.

muk’ ta k’op, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). subtle. grande en palabras.

muk’on ta jk’op. I am subtle.

muk’ vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. giant. gigante.

muk’muk’ bek’tal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. robust. (1) fornido hombre, (2) membrudo.

muk’muk’ takupal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. robust. fornido hombre.

muk’ta ‘ibel tz’usub, nphr:nphr(aj & n)4f of n5. main trunk of the grapevine. sarmiento grande o….

muk’ta-‘ich’, tv(aj & tvcpd). be careful. cuidado tener.

muk’ta ‘ich’el, nphr(aj & vn)4d. care. cuidado de tal cosa.

muk’ta-‘ich’van, iv(aj & ivcpd). make provision. recaudo poner en las cosas.

muk’ta ‘olonton, nphr(aj & n)5. big-heartedness, magnaminity. (1) grande de corazon, (2) magnanimo.

muk’ta bek’tal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. robust. membrudo.

muk’ta j-tek lum, nphr:aj & nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n)5. city. ciudad 72.

muk’ta kelem, nphr(aj & n)5. grown boy. mancebo crecido.

muk’ta k’anal, nphr(aj & n)5. morning star. lucero, estrella de la mañana 202.

muk’ta k’ok’, cf. k’ak’.

muk’ta k’ulej, nphr(aj & n)5. city. pueblo.

muk’ta lum, nphr(aj & n)5. city. ciudad 72.

muk’ta me‘, nphr(aj & n)4d. grandmother. RML—Presumably there was an absolute form, muk’ta me‘il. abuela.

muk’ta mut, cf. mut.

muk’ta na, cf. na (1).

muk’ta nen, cf. nen.

muk’ta te‘el nphr(aj & n)4f. tree trunk (with its branches). tronco de arbol….

muk’ta tot, nphr(aj & n)4d. grandfather. RML—Presumably there was an absolute form, muk’ta totil. abuela.

muk’ta tuk’, nphr(aj & n)5. lombard gun. lombarda.

muk’ta-ye, tv(aj & tvcpd) make provision. recaudo poner en las cosas.

muk’ta-yebey k’op, vphr:-dv(aj & tvcpd) & n4d[B]. believe in or trust person. fiarse de alguno….

muk’tikil, n4f. magnificence. solemnidad.

muk’ub, iv. assume air of importance, be elevated in rank, expand, grow big or fat. (1) encumbrarse en honra, (2) engordar, (3) engrandecerse como quiera, (4) enzancharse 115, (5) grande hacerce.

muk’ub ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. become brave. animar, tomar esfuerzo.

muk’ubeb, n4f. gusset. giron que le pone a la vestidura.

muk’ubel, vn4f. enlargement. ensanchadura o ensanchamiento 115.

muk’ubes, tv. enlarge, expand, fatten. (1) engordar, (2) engrandecer a otro, alabarle, (3) enzancharse 115, (4) grande hacerse.

muk’ubes ‘olonton, vphr:tv & -n4d. embolden. animar asi a otro.

muk’ubtas, tv. enlarge, expand, fatten, glorify, perpetuate. (1) engordar, (2) enzancharse 115, (3) glorificar, (4) grande hacerse, (5) perpetuar, continuar.

muk’ubtasbey ‘olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. embolden. (1) arreciar o esforzar a otro 30, (2) esforzar o animar a otro, (3) seguridad.

muk’ul, n4b. enlargement, fatness, magnificence. (1) ensanchadura o…115, (2) gordura, (3) magestad, (4) solemnidad.

muk’ul, aj. big. grande cosa.

muk’ul ‘olontonil, nphr(nlf of n3d). courage. esfuerzo.

muk’ul nen, cf. nen.

jmuk’ cha‘ley bail, agn:aj & vn(tv & rn)cpd. presumptuous person. presuntuoso.

jmuk’ul-‘olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). big-hearted, brave, or magnanimous person. (1) animoso, (2) esforzado, (3) grande de corazon, (4) magnanimo.

jmuk’ul-‘olontonil, agn(aj & ncpd). brave person. esforzado.

‘ip muk’ul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. important. gravedad asi.

toj muk’, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. bigger, magnificent. solemne cosa.

toj muk’ Pedro bik’it te Juane. Peter is bigger, John is little. mayor 205.

toj muk’ te Pedro. Peter is bigger. mayor 205.

mul (1)

mul, nld. fault, guilt, sin. (1).falta, culpa, (2) pecado.

mul na, nphr(n type n)5. brothel. *They don’t know what it is, but you can say mul na, etc. mancbia, cf. mancebia.

mulal k’op, nphr(natt & n)5. lustful talk. carnal cosa.

mulal k’upinvanej, nphr(natt & vn)5. lustful desire. carnal cosa.

mulal nich’nal, nphr(natt & n)5. man’s bastard child. bastardo hijo o hija.

mulal nich’on, nphr(natt & n)4d. man’s bastard child. bastardo hijo o hija.

mulal-xanav, iv(n & ivcpd). lust, pimp. (1) luguriar, (2) rofianzar, cf. rufianear.

mulal xanbal, nphr(n type n)5. incontinence. yncontinencia 186.

mulal ve‘el, nphr(natt & vn)5. gluttony. gula.

mulaltas, tv. make person sin, offend. (1) hacer pecar, (2) ofender.

mulaltasbil, pp. offended. ofendido.

mulaltasel, vn4d. offense that one receives. ofensa que se recibe.

mulaltasvanej, vn5. offense that one causes. ofensa que se recibe.

mulav, iv. sin, whore. (1) faltar asi, (2) pecar, (3) putanear.

mulav caballo, s:iv & n5. stallion. garañon.

mulav ta ‘ajnilal, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). commit adultery. adulterar.

mulaveb na, nphr(n type n)5. brothel. (1) mancbia, (2) puteria.

mulavej ‘ajnilal, nphr(vn type n)5. adulterer. adultero.

mulavej ta ‘ajnilal, nphr:vn & qphr(prep & n5). adultery (man’s). adulterio.

mulavej ta malalil, nphr:vn & qphr(prep & n5). adultery (woman’ s). adulterio.

mulavil, n5. person who has an affair, sinner. (1) amancebado, (2) faltador asi o defectuoso, (3) pecador.

mulavil ‘ajnilal, nphr(n type n)5. adulteress. adultera.

mulavil ‘antz, nphr(n type n)5. whore. puta, ramera.

mulavil ch’iom kelem, nphr:n type nphr(aj & n). rake. garzon en mala parte 151.

mulavil j‘antzil-ti‘, nphr:n type agn(natt & ncpd). warrior. guerreador.

mulavil kelem, nphr(n type n)5. pimp. rofian.

mulavil na, nphr(n type n)5. whorehouse. puteria.

mulavil xinch’ok, nphr(n type n)5. whoremaster. putanero.

mulil, n5. fault, guilt, sin. (1) falta, culpa, (2) ecado.

mulmultik ba, raj. dissolute. disoluta muger.

jmulaltasvanej, agn. offender. ofendedor.

mo ‘oyuk mul, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. innocent. ynocente 188.

toj mulavil, vphr:adv & n/pred/. lustful. lujurioso.

‘ajmul, n4d. concubine, girlfriend, mistress. (1) amigo o manceba con quien peca 20, (2) manceba con quien pecan.

‘ajmulin, tv. have a concubine. amancebarse haciendo pecado.

‘oy ‘ajmul, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. have a concubine. amancebado.

mul (2)

mul, tv. put underwater, sink. (1) meter debajo del agua, (2) metido asi, (3) sumir debajo.

mul, iv. sink. (1) hundirse, (2) metido asi, (3) sumirse.

mul ch’ay, vphr:tv- & tv[A, 0 = A, 0]. sink to the bottom, submerge (ship, canoe). hundir.

mul jol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. swim underwater. nadador que nada debajo del agua.

mul ta ‘ach’el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). mire. (1) atoyar, (2) encenagar.

mul ta ‘ach’el, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). wallow. encenagarse.

mul ta Ho‘, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). put underwater. (1) meter debajo del agua, (2) poner debajo del agua.

mul ta Ho‘, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). sink. remosar.

mul ta Ho‘tik, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). sink. arrugarse 23, cf. anegarse.

mulbil, pp. put underwater, sunk. (1) metido asi, (2) sumido.

mulel, vnld. wallowing. encenagamiento.

mules, tv. sink to the bottom, submerge. hundir.

mulul, aj. put underwater, sunk. (1) metido asi, (2) sumido.

mula (Sp.)

mula, n5. mule. mula.

mut

mut, n5. bird. (1) ave, (2) pajaro, generalmente 252.

bik’tal mut, nphr(aj & n)5. little bird. ave grande.

muk’ta mut, nphr(aj & n)5. big bird. ave grande.

muum

muum, n5. wasp with terrestrial nest. RML—Perhaps this should be read mu‘um. In modern Tzotzil, mum is a yellow jacket grub. abispa otra especie….

muy

muy, iv. ascend, climb, rise. subir.

muy ta pat chij, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). mount on horseback. cabalgar 53.

muy tojol, s:iv & -n4d. cost more, have the price rise. *For when we say it costs double these (Indians) have no special words for it, rather they put first how much it rose. If before it cost one real and now it cost one and a half they say: “emuy smedioil.” “It rose a half.” If before it cost ten and now fifteen or twenty they put that and then “it rose”: “Ho‘ob emuy.” “It rose five.” “lajuneb emuy.” “It rose ten.” doblar el precio.

muyebal, n5. stair, step (for ascending). grada para subir.

muyel, vnlf. ascent, rise. subida.

muyel batel, nphr(vn type n)5. uphill and away. cuesta arriba.

muyel batelbatel ta ‘uk’um, nphr:nphr(vn type vn)5 & qphr(prep & n5). upstream. rio arriba.

muyel talel, nphr(vn type vn)5. uphill and towards. cuesta arriba.

muyes, tv. raise. subir.

muyes tojol, vphr:tv & -n4b. raise the price. encarecer algo, subir su precio.

muyesbil, pp. raised. subida cosa.

muyesbil tojol, s:pp/pred/ & -n4b. more costly. encarecido.

N

na (1)

na, nle. burrow, house, native country. *When we say this house has a good view because you can see a large expanse of field from it: “‘utz jnatik ‘utz svinajeb ‘osil yo‘ ‘oy.” “Our house is good, it has a good view.” To ask, “Where do you live?” they commonly say, “Buy ana ta Sotz’ Leb?” “Where is your house in Zinacantán?” (1) bivar, (2) casa, (3) tierra patria, (4) vecino de tal o tal pueblo 348, (5) vista de casa o de ventana.

na ‘amay, nphr(n4f of n5). flute box. caja de flautas 53.

na ‘ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). granary. troje de pan 342.

na ‘ojov, nphr(n4f of n5). royal palace. real cosa o casa real.

na ‘olontonil, nphr(n4f of n5). breast, waist. (1) pecho, parte del cuerpo, (2) regaso.

na ‘om, nphr(n4d of n5). cobweb. telaraña.

na ‘uch’, nphr(n4d of n5). lice ridden. piojoso, piojento.

na tzo‘, nphr(n4f of n5). dump, privy. privada.

na tzo‘, nphr(n4e of n5). latrine, privy. (1) establo no de bestias…, (2) latrina, privada, (3) necesaria o privada.

na tzo‘ ‘uch’, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). nit-ridden. lendroso, llano de liendres.

na caballo, nphr(n4d of n5). stable. establo.

na campana, nphr(n4e of n5). belfry. campanario.

na candela, nphr(n4f of n5). lantern. linterna 193.

na chitom, nphr(n4d of n5). pigpen. pocilga 265.

na dios, nphr(n4d of n5). church. (1) yglesia 184, (2) templo.

na lomajebal sacramento, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n). ciborium. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, lomagh is “bajarse” (Gates, 1934b:97). sagrario.

na me‘on, nphr(n4d of n5). poorhouse. espital.

na mut, nphr(n of n)5. bird nest. nidad o nido, cf. nidal.

na padre, nphr(n4d of n5). monastery. monasterio 228.

na pom, nphr(n4f of n5). beehive. colmena.

na sibak, nphr(n4f of 5). inkwell. tintero.

na xamitl, nphr(n4e of n5). tile factory. tejar donde hacen teja.

na xch’ach’ak, nphr(n4d of n5). dovecote. palomar donde crian.

na xinich, nphr(n4d of n5). ant nest. hormiguero.

na tak’in, nphr(n4e of n5). belfry. (1) campanario, (2) caseria 51.

na tak’in, nphr(n4e of n4e). surgeon’s case. estuche de cirujano.

na te‘, nphr(n4e of n5). jail. carcel.

na te‘el nphr(n4e of n5). entablature. entablamiento.

na tekpan, nphr(n4d of n5). royal palace. real cosa o casa real.

na tuluk’, nphr(n of n)5. chicken pen. gallinero.

na tux-nok’ chij, nphr:n4d of nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. sheep pen. estancia de vacas 130.

na t’ul, nphr(n of n)5. rabbit nest. nidad o nido, cf. nidal.

na t’ul, nphr(n4d of n5). rabbit burrow. (1) bivar, (2) madriguera de conejo.

na vacas, nphr(n4d of n5). cow barn. estancia de vacas 130.

na ve‘el, nphr(n4e of vn5). dining hall. caseria 51.

na Hun, nphr(n4c of n5). library. libreria, lugar de libros.

nail, n4d. outbuilding. caseria 51.

nail, nld. family. familia.

‘epon ta jnail. I have a big family.

‘utz anail. You have a good family.

nail ‘abnal, nphr(natt & n)5. arbor (in the form of a hut or a house). ramada, sombra de ramas.

nail pok’, nphr(natt & n)5. bed hangings, mosquito net. (1) cobertura de cama, cortinas 54, (2) paramentos de cama, (3) pabellon o red para mosquitos 252.

nail pop, nphr(natt & n)5. bridal chamber. *They used to call it nail pop because they made them copulate there, now they do not call it that, but rather svayeb jnupunel (or) stzalav na jnupunel. talamo de novios.

nain, tv. inhabit, reside, use as a house. (1) abitar, morar, (2) usar.

naiv, iv. build a house, inhabit, live in, make a nest, reside. (1) anidar, (2) fabricar o hacer casa, (3) nido hacer, (4) poblar.

naivej, vn5. construction, settlement. (1) fabricacion asi, (2) poblacion.

‘ayon ‘ekuk ta naivej. I went to or helped in the settlement of such and such a town. poblacion.

teyon ‘ekuk ta naivej. I am in or am helping in the settlement of such and such a town. poblacion.

naivil, n5. builder, settler (who builds houses). (1) fabricador o el que fabrics, (2) poblador, i.e., que hacen casas.

jnaivej, agn. builder. fabricador o….

‘utz nail, vphr:aj/pred/ & n4d. have a good family. familia.

‘utz‘utz naklej, cf. nak.

bik’tal na, nphr(aj & n)5. small house. chica casa.

bik’tal na, nphr(n4f of n5). room. recamara.

muk’ta na, nphr(aj & n)5. hall, parish house. perrochia.

xna ‘om, nphr(n of n)5. spider that spins in the forests and whose webs seem like yellow silk. araña.

na (2)

na. cloth, spin, thread, wick. cf. no.

na‘

na‘, tv. guess right, know, recall, remember, resolve. (1) acordarse, (2) acertar, diciendo algo 6, (3) remembrarse, (4) saber.

Ho‘on jna‘. I will resolve it. disponer de algo.

na‘ ‘aboltayvanej, vphr:tv & -vn4d. thank. (1) agradecer 12, (2) gracias dar.

na‘o yaboltayvanej ta atojol! Thank him! gracias dar.

na‘‘aboltayvanej, vphr:tv & vn5. be thankful. (1) agradecido 13, (2) gracias dar.

na‘ ‘aboltayel, vphr:tv & vn4d[A]. be grateful, thank. (1) agradecer 12, (2) reconocer el beneficio.

na‘o avaboltayel ku‘un! Thank me! gracias dar.

na‘ *‘akan-‘oltay, vphr:tv- & tv(x & tvcpd)-. make a deal move. bullir.

na‘ ba‘yi, vphr:tv- & adv. invent. ynventar.

na‘-tzai, tv(tv & ncpd). dream up, guess, imagine, speculate, think. (1) conjeturar, (2) especular, (3) fabricar en el entendimiento o…, (4) ymaginar, pensar 184.

na‘-tzaiabil, n(tv & ncpd)4f. indication or premise (for making a guess). señal o premisa para conjeturar algo.

na‘-tzaibey, dv(tv & ncpd). impute. achacar a alguno algo.

na‘-tzaij, iv(tv & ncpd). dream up, guess, speculate, think. (1) conjeturar (2) especular, (3) fabricar en el entendimiento…, (4) pensar.

na‘-tzaijel, vn(tv & ncpd). invention, speculation. (1) especulacion, (2)fabricacion tal.

na‘ chij, vphr:tv & n5. know how to ride horseback. cabalgar 53.

na‘ k’exel, vphr:tv & -vn4f. barter well. trueco.

mu xana‘ xk’exel. You don’t barter well.

na‘ k’op, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. carry out one’s word. cumplir la palabra 58.

na‘ ta ‘olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). consider, store in one’s mind (to do or say at a later date). (1) conciderar 63, (2) pensar para decir o hacer algo despues.

na‘ ta jambeyel ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un dios, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn4f[A]) & qphr(prep & n4d[A]) + nphr(n4d of n5). have a revelation. RML—The verb is given in the past tense. revelacion.

na‘ ta tambeyel ta ‘olonton ‘u‘un dios, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn4f[A]) & qphr(prep & n4d[A]) + nphr(n4d of n5). have a revelation. RML—The verb is given in the past tense. revelacion.

na‘ ta tojol, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). be one’s business. pertenecerme a mi de oficio.

na‘al, n5. mockery. escarnecimiento asi.

na‘al k’op, nphr(n type n)5. witty saying. pulla.

na‘ben tza, nphr(n type n)5. free will. libre albedrio.

na‘bey, dv. remind. acordar a otro.

na‘bey ‘aboltayel ‘u‘un, vphr: -dv & vn4d[A] + n4d[B]. thank. gracias dar.

na‘bey ‘aboltayvanej, vphr:-dv & vn4d[B]. thank. gracias dar.

na‘bey muk’ul, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. respect. respeto tener.

na‘bey tojol, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. acquaint oneself with. ynformarse 188.

na‘bil, pp. famous. esclarecido.

na‘el, vn4b. knowledge, fame, longing, respect. (1) acatar, hacer reverencia, (2) adolescer deseando o antojandosele algo, (3) arte de ciencia.

‘ip jna‘el. I am very famous. esclarecimiento.

‘utz sna‘el dios. Knowledge of God is good. arte de ciencia.

‘utz sna‘el k’eyoj. It is good to know how to sing. arte de ciencia.

‘utz sna‘el sk’op dios. It is good to know the word of God. arte de ciencia.

na‘el ‘aboltayvanej, nphr(vn4f of vn5). gratitude. reconocimiento.

‘ep sna‘el kaboltayvanej avu‘un. You are very grateful to me. agradecimiento.

na‘el ‘u‘un, nphr:-vn4d + -n4d. be grateful to. agradecimiento.

‘ep jna‘el avu‘un. You are very grateful to me.

mo ‘oyuk jna‘el avu‘un. You are not grateful to me.

na‘ley, tv. mock, ridicule. RML—In Venustiano Carranza, na’ li is “to make fun of, ridicule,” (Sarles, n.d.:85). (1) burlar, mofar, (2) escarnecer, (3) motejar.

na‘leyvan, iv. mock. escarnecer.

na‘leyvanej, vn5. mockery. escarnecimiento.

na‘non, tv. guess. RML—This was given as ghnaon. conjeturar.

na‘non, n4d. guess. conjeturar.

na‘nonet, av. guess, jest, play. RML—The term for jest and play is given as xemavonet. (1) burlar, jugar, (2) conjeturar.

na‘ob ‘osil, nphr(n of n)5. watch. reloj.

na‘obil, n4f. commemoration, indication or premise (for making a guess), memory. (1) remembranza, (2) señal o premisa….

sna‘obil slabanel San Juan (or) sna‘obil smuk’ul San Juan. The grand commemoration of St. John. solemnidad.

na‘obil k’ak’al, nphr(n4f of n5). martyrology. RML—This was incorrectly placed at the end of the preceding entry. martillo.

na‘obil k’in, nphr(n4f of n5). martyrology. martirologio.

na‘obil k’usitikuk, nphr(n4f of n5). memorial, lit. “memorial for anything.” memorial.

na‘oj, n4d. remembered object. acordar.

na‘ot, tv/pass/. be known or public. (1) conocidos, (2) publica cosa.

na‘u, tv. be sure to remember to have someone do something good or bad. *It is the same as saying he will remember it or will recommend it. RML—The same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:167). procurar acordarse….

na‘uej, n4d. person to be remembered for doing something. procurar acordarse….

na‘vanab, n4d. memory, mind. (1) memoria, (2) mente.

na‘vanej, vnld. genius, industriousness, knowledge, memory, mind, science. (1) arte de ciencia, (2) yndustria 187, (3) yngenio, habilidad 188, (4) memoria, (5) mente.

jna‘-tzaijel, agn(tv & vncpd). speculator. especulativo.

jna‘-k’eyoj, agn(tv & ncpd). musician. musico eseñado.

jna‘-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). person who speaks a language fluently. ladino.

jna‘ k’op, nphr(agn & n4d/lp). person who speaks Tzotzil fluently. ladino.

jna‘al, agn. mocker. (1) burlador, de esta manera, (2) escarnecedor.

jna‘vanej, agn. craftsman, expert, industrious, judicious, learned or wise person. (1) avisado, (2) yndustrioso 186, (3) letrado, (4) maestro de algun arte, (5) sabio o sabedor, (6) sesudo de buen seso.

jna‘vanej-poxil, agn(vn & ncpd). experienced doctor. medico experimentado.

‘ip na‘ vphr:adv & tv-. miss. privar con alguno.

‘ip xesna‘. He misses me.

‘ip na‘ey, vphr:adv & tv/pass/. become famous. esclarecerse.

‘ip na‘el, vphr:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. be famous. esclarecimiento.

melol na‘, cf. mel.

mo k’u na‘, vphr:nphr(neg & n5) & tv. be out of danger, safe or secure. seguro de peligro.

mo k’u xana‘ yo‘ ‘oy. You are safe there. segura cosa.

mo k’usi na‘, vphr:nphr(neg & n5) & tv. be stupid. necio.

mo na‘ k’in, vphr:neg & tv & -n4e. be importunate. ymportuno sin tiempo 185.

mu na‘ ‘aboltayel, vphr:neg & tv & vn5. be ungrateful. desagradecer.

mu na‘ot, vphr:neg & tv/pass/. be forgotten. olvidada cosa.

mu to jaka na‘ot, vphr:neg & pt & adv & tv/pass/. be doubtful. dudosa cosa.

ta na‘-tza k’op k’opoj, vphr:qphr(prep & nphr<vn(tv & ncpd) type n>5) & iv. speak figuratively. figurativamente hablar.

toj na‘, vphr:adv & tv-. be skillful. diestra persona.

Ha‘ na‘ ‘oy, s:n5/pred/ & s(tv- & pt). assume. poner por caso.

Ha‘ jna‘ ‘oy te ‘ok’obuk chamane. I assume you will die tomorrow. prueva, experiencia.

Ha‘ jna‘ ‘oy te ‘oy Hech x‘ayan. I assume he will be born like that.

nab (1)

nab, n5. deep river, high sea, lake, ocean. (1) lago de agua, (2) laguna si es grande, (3) mar general, (4) pielago de rio o mar.

nab, n4e. backwater. remanso de rio.

nab, aj. deep (water). honda, cosa profunda si es agua.

nab ‘ik’, nphr(n type n)5. sea breeze. marca, viento de mar, cf. marea.

nab Ho‘, nphr(n4e of n5). deep river, high sea. pielago de rio o mar.

bik’tal nab, nphr(aj & n)5. pond, strait. (1) laguna si…, (2) mar estrecho.

ta ‘o‘lol nab, qphr:prep & nphr(n of n)5. gulf. golfo de mar.

ta ‘ut nab, qphr:prep & nphr(n4f of n5). gulf. golfo de mar.

ta nab ‘ayan, vphr:qphr(prep & n5) & iv. marine. RML—The verb is in the past tense. marina, cosa del mar.

ta nab pas, vphr:qphr(prep & n5) & tv-. marine. marina, cosa del mar.

toj nab, vphr:adv & n/pred/. deep (water). honda, cosa….

nab (2)

naban, iv. paint or bedaub oneself with dye or red ochre. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, -nabel is “afeite,” and -nabanon, -nabantez are “almagrar” (Guzmán, 1620:12, 17). In colonial Cholti, Morán gives nabi for “tisnar” (Morán, 1962). In colonial Yucatec nabal and naabal are given by Pio Pérez for “untarse, embarrarse, embadurnarse” (Pérez, 1877:233). (1) aseitarse con colores, (2) almagrarse, (3) tenirse o embrijarse, (4) tenirse o enbaijarse.

nabantas, tv. paint oneself with red ochre. almagrarse.

nabeb, n4f. dyer’s vat. RML—This is given as znaben. tina de tintorero.

nabnel, n5. colored ointment. aseite asi de unguentos o colores.

nobo, nld. birdlime, colored ointment. RML—In colonial Tzeltal birdlime is naba (Guzmán, 1620:119). (1) aseite asi, (2) liga.

*nab (3)

*nabenabe ba, rv. restrain oneself. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term is -nabentay -ba (Guzmán, 1620:180). refrenarse.

*nabenabe aba k’opojan (or) *nabenabe aba k’op! Hold your tongue!

*nabenabe ba ve‘, vphr:ry & iv. restrain one’s appetite. refrenarse en la comida.

nabo (Sp.)

nabo, n5. turnip. RML—In modern Tzotzil, napux is the field mustard, Brassica campestris. nabo.

juljul nabo, cf. jul (1).

volvol nabo, cf. vol.

natz’

natz’, n5. bracelet. manilla.

natz’il k’anal tak’in, nphr:natt & nphr(aj & n). gold bracelet. manilla de oro.

nach’

nach’, iv. be barely visible, begin to appear. asomado 33. buy snach’ k’ak’al? When does the sun rise?

nach’ ‘u, s:iv & n5. have new moon appear. RML—The verb is in the past tense. luna nueva.

nach’al, aj. barely visible. asomado asi 33.

nach’eb k’ak’al, nphr(n4f of n5). sunrise. salida del sol.

nach’itay, tv. pry into others’ affairs watching where they go, spy on. (1) acechar mirar donde va o…, (2) asomado asi 33, (3) espiar.

nach’itayvan, iv. pry into others’ affairs, spy on. acechar mirar….

nach’nonet, av. keep peeking. mirar asomandose muchas veces.

*naitz

*naitzil, n3d. hard bread (biscuit, hardtack), provisions. RML—This term occurs also in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:30). In colonial Cholti it is given as naiz for “vianda para el camino” (Morán, 1935:68). (1) bastimento como matalotaje, (2) pan duro como bizcocho o…, (3) vituallas de comer.

nak

nak, tv. battle, compete against, conquer, contend, fight in a contest, make an enemy of, oppose, repel, resist, wage war against. (1) batallar o conquistar algo, (2) conquistar, (3) contender como quiera, (4) enemistar o pelear…, (5) guerra hacer a otro, (6) lidiar asi, (7) oponerse en contra, (8) resistir, como a las tentaciones.

nak bel no dios, vph:tv & nphr(n4f of nplu<n4d of n5>). commit a sacrilege. RML—Perhaps the verb should be read nak’. sacrilegio.

nak ta k’op, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). speak against. hablar contra otro.

xasnak ta k’op. He is speaking against you. contra.

nakal, aj. residing, seated, sitting. (1) asentado, (2) recidir, (3) sentado.

nakalon. I am sitting down. (1) estar sentado, (2) sentarse.

nakal ‘olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be calm, or relaxed, feel secure. (1) reposar, quietarse el inquieto, (2) reposado asi, quieto, (3) sosegarse, (4) sosegado.

nakal avolonton yo‘ ‘oy. You will feel secure there. segura cosa.

nakal tza, nphr(aj & n)5. time-consuming. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, nacal abtel is given as an example for “espacioso” and nacal atza for “sosegado” (Guzmán, 1620:83, 202). espacioso.

nakal tza xxanav batel. He walks for a long time.

nakal tza spas ‘abtel. He works for a long time.

nakalnakal, aj. idle, lazy. baldio, estar ocioso.

nakan, tv. appoint, choose, detain (as when the alcalde does not let them go somewhere or a friend detains them), seat. (1) asentar 33, (2) detener como…, (3) elegir o escoger, (4) sentar a otro o asentarlo.

nakan ‘olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. be calm. sosegarse.

nakan jch’ilom, vphr:tv & agn4d[A]. establish camp (as the captain ordered them to establish camp). real sentar..

nakanab jom, nphr(n of n)5. ballast. lastre de nave.

nakanbey ‘olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. appease, calm, make a person feel secure. (1) seguridad, (2) sosegar a otro.

nakanbil, pp. detained, seated. (1) asentado 33, (2) detenido asi.

nakanej, n4d. person detained or seated. (1) asentado 33, (2) detener como….

nakanel ‘olonton, nphr(vn4f of n5). calmness, tranquility. sosiego.

nakav, iv. battle, contend, fight in a contest, make an enemy of, oppose, repel, reside, resist. (1) batallar o pelear, (2) contender coma quiera, (3) enemistarse, (4) forcejar defiendose… 145, (5) lidiar asi, (6) oponerse en contra, (7) resistir.

nakavel, vn5. opposition, persecution, pursuit. perseguimiento o persecution….

nakbal, n5. opposition, persecution, pursuit. perseguimiento o….

nakbal, n4d. ache, contender, dizziness, enemy, opponent, pursuer. (1) contendedor, (2) contrario, (3) enemigo, (4) fatiga del cuerpo…, (5) perseguidor mio o contrario.

naktzaj, iv. be dammed up, stop moving (inanimate object). (1) estancar, (2) pararse lo que anda….

naktzaj ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. feel safe. segura cosa.

xnaktzaj avolonton yo‘‘oy. You will feel safe there.

naktzajeb ‘olontonil, nphr(n4f of n5). security. seguridad.

naktzajeb jom, nphr(n4f of n5). ballast. lastre de nave.

naktzajes jom, vphr:tv & n5. ballast. lastrar el navio.

naktzajesbey ‘olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. make person feel secure. seguridad.

nakel, vn4d. against, opposition, persecution, pursuit. (1) contra, (2) perseguimiento o persecucion….

anakel ta xk’opoj. He is talking against you. contra.

nakel vinik, nphr(vn4d of n5). dispute. cuestion como…283.

nakey, iv. be seated, inhabit, reside, sit down. (1) abitar, (2) asentar 33, (3) estar sentado, (4) morar, (5) sentarse.

nakleb ‘antz, nphr(n4d of n5). drawing room (where ladies are received). estrado de mugeres.

nakleb ‘ojov, nphr(n4d of n5). lit. “lord’s room,” gameroom (where they play). estrado donde juegan.

nakleb chikin te‘, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. pedestal, column. basa de columna, cf. base.

nakleb yo‘ ‘oy pas ch’akel, nphr:n4f(3s) & pt & pt & s(tv/3s/& vn5). court of justice. tribunal donde juzgan.

nakleb Hun, nphr(n4f of n5). mailbag. porta cartas.

naklebal, n3d. bench, buttocks, chair, residence, seat. (1) asiento 33, (2) escaño, (3) lugar donde alguno se asienta o…, (4) morada, (5) nalgas, (6) poyo o sentadero o silla, banco, (7) posadero para sentarse, (8) salvanos, (9) banco 345.

naklebal ta pat caballo, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). saddle. silla de caballo o mula.

naklebal te‘, nphr(n type n). bench. escaño.

naklebin, tv. inhabit, reside. abitar.

naklej, n5. family, position, residence, seat. (1) morada, (2) postura, (3) sentamiento o asiento.

nakmal, n4d. conqueror, enemy, opponent, pursuer, warrior. (1) enemigo, (2) perseguidor mio o contrario, (3) real de gente armada.

naknak ba ta k’op, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & n5). dispute. disputar.

nakoj, n4d. subject of dispute. perseguir con pleitos o contradiccion.

nakvan ta k’op, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). talk against. hablar contra otro.

nakvanej, vn5. opposition, persecution, pursuit. (1) lid, (2) perseguimiento o persecucion….

jnaklej, agn. inhabitant, resident. morador.

jnakvanej, agn. nuisance, tormentor. molesto o molestador.

mo nakluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. absent. ausente.

‘utz‘utz naklej, vphr:aj/pred/ & n4d. You have a good family. familia.

naka

naka ‘atz’am, vphr:adv & n5/pred/. oversalty. salada cosa, muy salada.

naka ‘ak’il, vphr:adv & n4f[S]/pred/. worn (old cloth). rasa de paño… 283.

naka ‘ak’il ‘ayan, s: adv & -n4f & iv. fret (cloth, silk). raerce el paño o seda.

naka ‘ak’il no ‘ox, vphr:adv & n4f[S]/pred/ & pt & pt. fretted. raida cosa.

naka ‘al ba, vphr:adv & rv. pretend. fingir.

naka xal sba ta batel. He is pretending he is going.

naka ‘altik, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. in vain, unjustified, unreasonable. (1) por demos, (2) sana sin porque o sin razon.

naka ‘altik xch’ay jun k’ak’al ku’un. I am spending a whole day in vain. pasar el dia o el tiempo sin provecho.

naka ‘altik muibel, s:adv & aj/pred/ & vn5. vainglory. gloria vana.

naka ‘altik naklej, s:adv & aj/pred/ & n5. idleness, laziness. (1) haragania, (2) ocio.

naka ‘altik nichimajel, s:adv & aj/pred/ & vn5. vainglory. gloria vana.

naka ‘altik pas, s:adv & aj/pred/ & s(tv-). spend the day or time in vain. (1) hacer en vano 165, (2) ynconcideradamente hacer algo 186.

naka ‘ech’ ‘osil ‘euk, s:adv & iv & n5 & pt. spend the day or time in vain. pasar el dia….

naka ‘ech’ ‘osil ‘u‘un, s:adv & iv & n5 + -n4d. be lazy. haragan.

naka ‘il, vphr:adj & n/pred/. irritation, unjustified or unreasonable anger. (1) saña pequeña, (2) saña sin porque….

naka ‘osil, vphr:adj & n/pred/. free time, holiday. dia de fiesta.

naka ‘osiltik, vphr:adj & n/pred/. free time, holiday. dia de fiesta.

naka bak, vphr:adj & n/pred/. emaciated, skinny. (1) enflaquecido, (2) flaca cosa mayra.

naka ch’uxuv, vphr:adj & n/pred/. skinny. flaca cosa mayra.

naka jobeltik, vphr:adj & n/pred/. treeless wasteland. yermo sin arboles 183.

naka jom, vphr:adj & n/pred/. hollow, spongy. fosa, cosa hueca, cf. fofa.

naka k’an-‘ixmal, vphr:adv & n(aj & ncpd)/pred/. covered with lard. sebo, lleno de sebo.

naka k’op, vphr:adj & n/pred/. dull, stupid. modorro.

naka k’op no ‘ox, vphr:adv & n/pred/ & pt & pt. common, ordinary. vulgar.

naka mal k’ak’al ‘u‘tui, s:adv & iv & n5 + -n4d. spend the day or time in vain. pasar el dia….

naka naklej, vphr:adj & n/pred/. idleness. ocio.

naka no ‘ox, advphr:adv & pt & pt. frequently. a menudo.

naka no ‘ox ‘ich’ juramentu, vphr:adv & pt & pt & tv & n5. make person swear an oath, as creditor does to debtor who refuses to pay. juramentar, hacerle….

naka no ‘ox pas, vphr:adv & pt & pt & tv-. do over and over. menudear, hacer….

naka no ‘ox xanav, vphr:adv & pt & pt & iv. be lazy, be unmarried. (1) haragan, (2) soltero o soltera.

naka pas, vphr:adv & tv-. be lazy, do in vain. haragania.

naka pukuk, vphr:adv & n/pred/. dusty. polvoso.

naka-xanav, iv(aj & ivcpd). live unprofitably. bivir desaprovechadamente.

naka tal k’opuk, s:adv & iv & -n4d. pretend. fingir.

naka tok ‘ayan, s:adv & n/pred/ & s(iv/3s/). cloud over. anublarse algo.

naka vinik, vphr:adv & n/pred/. coarse, stupid or useless person, vagabond. (1) baldio, hombre que…, (2) material persona, (3) mostrenco.

naka vuyul bakel, s:adv & aj/pred/ & -n4d. skinny. flaca cosa mayra.

naka yi‘, vphr:adv & n/pred/. sandy. arenosa cosa.

naka yi‘tik, vphr:adv & n/pred/. sandy. arenosa cosa.

naka Ha‘ no ‘ox, vphr:adv & n/pred/ & pt & pt. common, each or every time, many times, ordinary. (1) cada paso, (2) muchas veces, (3) vulgar cosa, comun.

naka Ha‘ no ‘ox pas, s:adv & n/pred/ & pt & pt & s(tv-). continue doing. continuar.

naka Ho‘ ch’ich’, s:adv & n/pred/ & n5. uterine flux. sangre lluvia.

nakanaka, aj. idle, in vain. (1) baldio, estar ocioso, (2) en vano.

nakatik, aj. enough, in vain. (1) basta cosa, (2) en vano.

nakatik ‘abtelanel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. rough work. material obra.

nakatik pasel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. rough work, material cosa grosera.

jnaka ‘altik naklej, agn(aj & aj & ncpd). idle person. ocioso.

jnaka-naklej, agn(aj & ncpd). idle person. ocioso.

nak’

nak’, tv. shut up (bread, wine), store. (1) encerrar pan, vino, (2) forzar o encerrar 145.

*‘eno k’usi yepal duraznos ta snak’! See how many peaches he is storing! forzar o encerrar 145.

nak’abiltik, n5. shady place. sombrajo o lugar que hay sombra.

nak’bey bel na, vphr:-dv & nphr(n4f of n4d[B]). impound one’s possessions. secrestar en otro.

nak’beyel bel nail, nphr:vn4f of nphr(n of n)5. impoundment. secrestacion.

nak’bil ta chukvanab na, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<n type n>5). jailed. encarcelado.

nak’bil tak’in, nphr(pp & n)5. hidden treasure. tesoro escondido.

nak’nak’eb, n5. closet, cupboard. armario, alacena 18.

nak’nak’ebal vaj, nphr(n of n)5. bread basket. panera para pan cocido.

nak’ob k’op, nphr(n of n)5. court of justice. tribunal donde juzgan.

nak’ob vaj, nphr(n of n)5. bread basket. panera para….

nak’obil, n4f. closet, cupboard, place where something is kept. (1) armario, alacena 18, (2) lugar donde algo se guarda.

nak’obil bel na dios, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of nphr<n4d of n5>). sacristy. sachristia.

nak’obil ch’uul komenal santo, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of nphr<n4d of n5>). reliquary. relicario.

nak’obil sacramento, nphr(n4f of n5). ciborium. sagrario.

nak’obil vaj, nphr(n4f of n5). bread basket. panera para….

‘oy nak’abil, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f. shade (tree). sombra hacer el arbol.

nam

nam. affront, alcalde, backbite, constable, haughty, humiliate, important, judge, sound from afar. cf. nom.

nap

nap, n5. palm with round fruits. RML—In modern Tzotzil this is the coyol, Acrocomia mexicana. palma de unas….

nap ch’o, nphr(n type n)5. field mouse. *A round small species. RML—In modern Tzotzil this refers to a mouse that lives in the coyol palm trees. In colonial Tzeltal the term for mouse is given as map cho (Guzmán, 1620:202). (1) raton, (2) sorce, raton pequeño.

nap’

nap’, tv. stick on. pagar.

nap’ sakil tak’in, vphr:tv & nphr(aj & n)5. silver-plate. platear.

nap’al, aj. closely related, neighboring (town). *They seldom if ever used this with the meaning of fellow Christian, but they understand it well. The most correct is nap’al nochole, which means both relative and any nearby thing. RML—This adjective is followed frequently if not invariably by nochol. (1) acerca o cerca, (2) proximo.

nap’al, n4d. neighbor, relative. RML—This perhaps is an agentive noun and may be followed by nachol or jnochol. (1) acerca a cerca, (2) junta cosa asi…, (3) pariente asi, (4) proximo.

nap’an, tv. blame, solder, stick on. (1) echar la culpa a otro, (2) pegar, (3) soldar pagando.

nap’an ta chukel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). clasp. abarcando, cf. abarcar.

nap’anbey k’op, vphr:-dv & n5. testify falsely against. mentir a otro.

nap’anbil, pp. stuck on. pegado.

nap’anbil ta chukel, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & vn5). clasped. abarcado asi.

nap’ anej ta chukel, nphr:-n4d & qphr(prep & n5). object being clasped. abarcando, cf. abarcar.

nap’ap’, aj. sticky (birdlime, honey). pegajoso como miel, liga.

nap’bil, pp. stuck on. pegado.

nap’tzaj, iv. be soldered, stick to. (1) pegarse alga, (2) soldar pegando.

nap’ey, aj. barren, sterile. (1) esteril hombre o mujer, (2) machorra, (3) mujer machorra.

nap’eil, n4d. sterility. esterilidad.

nap’ey, tv/pass/. become sterile. esteril hacerse.

nap’eyel, vn5. sterility. esterilidad.

nap’lajan, iv. stick to. pegarse algo.

nap’lajet, av. stick to. pegarse algo.

jnap’ k’anal tak’in, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n)cpd. gilder. dorador.

‘ip nap’ap’ul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. sticky. pegajoso como….

nop’-chuk, tv(tv & tvcpd). clasp. abarcando, cf. abarcar.

nop’-chukbil, pp(tv & ajcpd). object being clasped. abarcado asi.

nop’-chukoj, n(tv & ncpd)4d. object being clasped. abarcando, cf. abarcar.

naranjas (Sp.)

naranjas, n5. orange. naranjo, arbol.

te’el naranjas, cf. te‘.

naranjo, n5. orange tree. naranjo, arbol.

pat naranja, cf. pat.

nax

nax ‘ox ‘ak’abal, s:aj/pred/ & pt & n5. late at night. noche ya tarde….

nax lajel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. that which now passes or had just passed. de en antes.

nax lajel to, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f & pt. that which now passes or had just passed. de en antes.

nax to ‘ik’ti‘, s:aj/pred/ & pt & n5. contemporary history. ystoria de este dia 190.

nax to vokol, s:aj/pred/ & pt & n5. contemporary history. ystoria de este dia 190.

nat

nat, aj. deep (ravine, valley), durable, lengthy, long, long-lasting, prolix. (1) estable cosa, (2) honda cosa coma…, (3) largo, luengo, (4) prolijo, cosa larga.

naton. I am long-lasting. durar.

nat ‘akan, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. tall (creatures). alto.

nat ‘il vphr:aj & tv-. succeed in. RML—The verb is in the past tense. lograr alga.

nat ‘il ‘osil, vphr:aj & tv & n5. be long-lived. RML—The verb is in the past tense. vida.

nat ‘osil, s:aj/pred/ & n5. long time. espacio de tiempo.

nat bat, vphr:aj & iv. be long-winded, last, live a long time. durar, (2) permanecer, (3) prolijo, cosa larga.

nat natij, vphr:aj & iv. live a long time. durar un dia.

nat natil, s:aj/pred/ & -n4b. high, tall. alto.

nat-nuk’i, tv(aj & tvcpd). peer over (stretching one’s neck). mirar por encima….

nat xanav, vphr:aj & iv. be long-lived. RML—The verb is given in the past tense. vida.

nat xanav ta balumil, vphr:aj & iv & qphr(prep & n5). be long-lived. RML—See above. vida.

nat xanbal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be long-lived. vida.

nat tal, vphr:aj & iv. be long-lived. RML—See above. grande en edad.

nat Ho‘, s:aj/pred/ & n5. deep river, high sea. pielago de rio o mar.

natij, iv. be long-winded or prolonged, last. (1) alargarse, (2) durar, (3) permanecer, (4) prolijo ser.

natij lek, vphr:iv & aj. succeed in. lograr alga.

natijeb, n4f. added length (rope). (1) alargadura, (2) añadidura para henchir 24.

natijel, vn5. delay, duration, perpetuity. (1) dilatar, cf. dilacion, (2) durar, (3) perpetuidad asi.

natijes, tv. lengthen. alargar algo.

natik, aj. lengthy. prolijamente.

natil, nlb. depth, height, length. (1) hondura, (2) largura asi, (3)longura.

natil, aj. long, time-consuming. (1) espaciosa cosa, (2) largo, luengo.

natil ‘abtel, nphr(aj & n)5. time-consuming work. espaciosa cosa.

natil ch’en, nphr(aj & n)5. deep ravine. honda cosa como….

natil ch’ilomal na, nphr:aj & nphr(n type n). defense tower. torre para defenderse.

natil k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. lengthy talk. (1) especiosa cosa, (2) prolijo, cosa larga.

natil-k’opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). boast, brag. baladrear o fanfarronar.

natil nab, nphr(aj & n)5. deep ocean. mar alta.

natil xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. long walk. prolijo, cosa larga.

natil te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. long pole. (1) palo, varal, (2) varal.

natil te‘ pajal ta ‘ol jom, nphr:nphr(aj & n)5 & s(aj/pred/ & qphr<prep & nphr(n4f of n5)>). mast. mastil de navio.

natil Ho‘, nphr(n4f of n5). deep river or ocean. pielago de rio o mar.

jnatil-k’op, agn(aj & ncpd). braggart. baladron asi.

‘ip natil, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. deep. hondura.

mo natuk ‘ilvan, vphr:ajphr(neg & aj) & iv. be short-sighted. vista, tengo….

mo natuk ‘osil, s:neg & aj/pred/ & n5. short time. espacio de tiempo.

mu natuk, vphr:ajphr(neg & aj)/pred/. short time. poco tiempo, como….

mu natuk ‘il ‘osil, vphr:ajphr(neg & aj) & tv & n5. be short-sighted. vista, tengo….

mu natuk bat sat, s:ajphr(neg & aj) & iv & -n4d. be short-sighted. vista, tengo….

mu natuk k’ot sat, s:ajphr(neg & aj) & iv & -n4d. be short-sighted. vista, tengo….

toj nat, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. deep. honda, cosa profunda si es agua.

navaja (Sp.)

navaja, n5. razor. navaja de barbero.

navidad (Sp.)

navidad, n5. Christmas. navidad.

ne

ne jom, nphr(n4f of n5). stern. popa de navio.

neal, n5. tail (of an animal). cola de animal.

neil, n3d. tail (of an animal). (1) cola de animal, (2) rabo de animal.

ne‘

ne‘ulan ne, vphr:tv & n4d(A.]. wag one’s tail. RML—Perhaps this should be read neulan. rabear.

nech

nechnon, av. stagger, sway. bambanear.

nechulan, tv. shake. bambanear otra cosa.

nekeb

nekebil, n3d. shoulder, hombro de hombre 240.

nel

nelel, vn4f. gradual descent. ladera de cuesta.

nelel batel, nphr(vn5 & dr). gradual descent (path). (1) cuesta por la ladera, (2) ladera de cuesta.

nellej vitz, nphr(n4f of n5). gradual descent, lower slopes. (1) cuesta por la ladera, (2) haldas de sierra de media para abajo, (3) ladera de cuesta.

nelnel, aj. crooked. tuerta cosa asi.

nelp’uj, iv. go crooked (line, path), twist back up (path). (1) cuesta por la ladera, (2) entortecer la linea…, (3) torcer de la linea que llevaba.

nen

nen, n5. mirror. espejo.

bik’tal nen, nphr(aj & n)5. small mirror. espejo.

muk’ta nen, nphr(aj & n)5. large mirror. espejo.

muk’ul nen, nphr(aj & n)5. large mirror. espejo.

net’

net’, tv. push (as when they push the door open or closed), stuff in (with the hand), trample (shoving with the body). (1) embutir con la mano, (2) empujar como…, (3) trompellar.

net’ k’op, vphr:tv & n5. deny one’s guilt. negar en juicio.

net’ ta ‘alel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). deny one’s guilt. negar en juicio.

net’ ta nojesel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). stuff in (with the hand). RML—Perhaps this and the following two entries should be placed under the root bet’. hinchar algo recalcando.

net’bil nojel, s:pp/pred/ & -vn4f. be stuffed in. henchido, lleno asi.

net’bil nojes, vphr:pp & tv-. stuff in (with the hand). hinchar algo recalcando.

net’ob, n5. clamp, screw-pin of a wine press. (1) husillo de lagar asi, (2) prensa para apretar.

net’ob tz’usub, nphr(n of n)5. beam of wine press, wine press. (1) lagar de vega, (2) viga de lagar.

net’ob pok’, nphr(n of n)5. clothes iron. torno para prensar.

net’obil, n4f. beam or screw pin of a wine press, clamp, clothes iron. (1) husillo de lagar asi, (2) prensa para apretar, (3) torno para prensar, (4) viga de lagar.

net’obil tz’usub, nphr(n4f of n5). wine press. lagar de vega.

ni (1)

nio, n5. skein. madeja.

niovil, n3d. woof. RML—Perhaps this should be read niobil. tela para tejar.

ni (2)

ni. salt well, spring. cf. ni‘ (1).

ni‘ (1)

ni‘, n4f. end, point, short, sprout. (1) cabo o punta, (2) punta, (3) tallo de yerba.

ni‘ ‘olontonil, nphr(n4f of n3d). chest, lap, pit of the stomach. (1) estomago, (2) pecho, parte del cuerpo, (3) regaso.

ni‘ ch’ub, nphr(n4f of n5). corner of a wall. esquina de pared.

ni‘ jom, nphr(n4f of n5). bow (ship, canoe). proa de navio o canoa.

ni‘ mut, nphr(n4d of n5). beak, bill. pico de ave.

ni‘ ton, nphr(n4f of n5). pointed end of a rock, canto, lo agudo de la piedra.

ni‘il, n3d. nose. nariz del hombre.

ni‘in, iv. sprout. (1) tallescer cuando…, (2) talluda cosa asi.

‘unen ni‘, nphr(aj & n)5. shoot grafted onto a tree. pua para injertar.

ni-nab ‘atz’am, nphr:n(n & ncpd) of n. salt well. RML—In this and the following entries I have given the modern contracted forms though the orthography neither proves nor disproves that they were contracted once. salina do sale la sal.

ni-nab Ho‘, nphr:n(n & ncpd) of n5. spring. fuente, manantial.

ni-o‘, n(n & ncpd)5. spring. (1) fontanal, lugar de muchas fuentes, (2) fuente, manantial.

ni-o‘tik, n(n & ncpd)5. place abounding in springs. fontanal, lugar….

xni-nab, n(n & ncpd)5. spring. manadero o manantial.

ni‘ (2)

ni‘, n4d. man’s father-in-law or mother-in-law. RML—Presumably there was an absolute form ni‘il. suegro o sue gra.

ni‘atzel, n5. man’s wedding. RML—This is also given as niatzil. (1) bodas o casamiento, (2) casamiento 52.

ni‘atzij, iv. marry (man). casarse el varon.

ni‘atzijel, vn5. man’s wedding. bodas o casamiento.

ni‘il, n3d. man’s son-in-law. yerno 183.

‘ach’ ni‘atz, cf. ‘ach’ (1).

nib

nib, tv. rub up and down. fregar la mano….

nibvan, iv. rub up and down. fregar la mano….

nich

nich, n4d. child (metaphoric). hijo permetaphoram.

nich, n4f. flower.flor. de granada, de membrillo.

xnich granada. pomegranate flower.

xnich membrillo. quince flower.

nich k’ok’, nphr(n of n)5. spark. *The same for a child whose father died before he was born. centella 70.

nich rosa, nphr(n4f of n)5. rose. rosa, flor.

nichil vinik, nphr(natt & n)5. merrymaker. alegar, cf. alegrador.

nichim, n5. flower (generally), jasmine. (1) flor, generalmente, (2) jazmin.

nichimaj, iv. be given a rest, be honored, be merry, take delight in. (1) alegrarse, (2) gloriarse, recibir gloria o descanso.

nichimaj ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(iv & n5) & tv. be given a rest, be honored, take delight in. gloriarse, recibir….

nichimajeb, n5. Heaven. gloria, lugar de la gloria.

nichimajebal, n5. Heaven. gloria, lugar….

nichimajebal ‘osil, nphr(n type n)5. Paradise. paraiso.

nichimajel, vn5. glory. gloria.

nichimajes, tv. glorify. glorificar.

nichimajesbil, pp. glorified. glorificado.

nichimtik, n5. flower garden, flowery field. (1) floresta, (2) jardin, (3) vergel, (4) huerto como vergel 344.

nichin, iv. flower. florecer.

‘oy nichim, s:n5/pred/ & -n4e. flowery. florida cosa.

mu tojol nichimajeluk, vphr:neg & nphr(aj & vn5)/pred/. vainglory. gloria vana.

nich’

nich’naj, iv. engender (man). ahijar el varon, engendrar.

nich’naj caballo, s:iv & n5. stallion. garañon caballo.

nich’najon, n5. engenderer. engendrador.

nich’nal, n5. man’s child. hijo respecto del varon.

nich’nal j-tek lum, nphr:n of nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n)5. hamlet. aldea.

nich’nal vinik, nphr(n type n)5. hamlet dweller. aldeano.

nich’nan, tv. adopt, engender or legitimize (man). (1) ahijar el varon, (2) engendrar, (3) legirimar a alguno, (4) prohijar.

nich’nanbil, pp. adopted. ahijado.

nich’on ‘ojov, nphr(n4d of n5). prince. principe.

nich’onil, n3d. man’s child. hijo respecto del varon.

nij

nijan, tv. make person bow. ynclinar a otro 186.

nijan ba, rv. bend over, bow (head, body). (1) encorbarse, (2) ynclinarse con el cuerpo o cabeza 186.

nijanbil, pp. bowed over (by someone else). ynclinado por otro 186.

nijanel, vn4b. bowing. ynclinacion 186.

nijey, iv. bend over, bow. (1) encorbarse, (2) ynclinarse con…186.

nijil, aj. bent over, bowed. ynclinado asi 186.

nijlej, n5. bowing. ynclinacion 186.

nijp’uj, iv. stray off the line or path. desviar o torcer….

nik

nik, iv. be movable, become stirred up (water by wind or storm), stagger, sway, wriggle. (1) bambanear, (2) menearse algo, (3) movable cosa, (4) turbarse la agua….

nik ‘o ‘osil ‘u‘un, s:iv & pt & n5 & -n4d. call to arms. rebato hacer.

nik ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be disturbed. alterarse.

nikav, iv. doze. dormitar.

nikes, tv. shake, wriggle. (1) bambanear otra cosa, (2) menearse algo.

nikes ‘osil, vphr:tv & n5. excite disturbances. alborotar.

nikes j-tek lum, vphr:tv & nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n)5. call to arms. rebato hacer.

nikulan, tv. brandish, shake (lance). RML—In colonial Tzeltal, -niculay is “blandear sacudir como lanca espada” (Guzmán, 1620:31). (1) bambanear otra cosa, (2) blandear, sacudir como lanza.

nikulan ne, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. wag one’s tail. RML—The verb given is znoulan. In colonial Tzeltal, niculay zne is “menear la cola” (Gates, 1934b:126). rabear.

jnikavel, agn. sleepy person. soñoliento.

jnikesej-‘osil, agn(vn & ncpd). manager. meneador.

jnikesej-vinajel, agn(vn & ncpd). manager. meneador.

jnikesvanej, agn. manager. meneador.

nin

nin, n5. kind of seed. ayuda echar 14.

nintay, tv. help. RML—This is given also in colonial Tzeltal with the same meaning (Guzmán, 1620:15). ayuda echar 14.

nip

nip, aj. grow worse, have a relapse. cf. ‘ip (1).

nit

nit, tv. massage. fregar asi apretando.

nit-ba k’uk’um, nphr:n(tv & ncpd) of n. feather crown. guirnalda de flores.

nit-ba nichim, nphr:n(tv & ncpd) of n. flower crown. guirnalda de flores.

nit-baij, iv(tv & ncpd). put on a crown or garland. guirnalda poner en la cabeza.

nit-baijes, tv(tv & ncpd). crown. guirnalda poner a otro en a cabeza.

enit-baijesat kajvaltik ta nit-ba ch’ix. Our Lord was crowned with a crown of thorns.

nit-bail, n(tv & ncpd)3d. crown (with which they dance), garland, pasteboard hood of infamy. (1) corosa, (2) guirnalda.

nit-bain, tv. crown, make a turban. (1) guirnalda poner en…, (2) regazar 290.

nivel (Sp.)

nivel, n5. level. nivel.

no

no, n5. thread. hilo.

najel, vn5. spinning. hilar, el mismo ejercicio.

nauj, iv. spin. hilar.

naujel, vn5. spinning. hilar, el….

naul, n4b. lamp wick, thread. (1) hilo, (2) mecha de candil.

naul candela, nphr(n4f of n5). candle wick. pabilo de candela 252.

naultas, tv. thread a needle. enhilar aguja.

nauy, tv. spin. hilar.

jnajel, agn. spinner. hilador.

jnaujel, agn. spinner. hilador.

bik’it naul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. thin cloth. manta delgada.

muk’ naul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. heavy cloth. manta gruesa.

pim naul, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. heavy cloth. manta gruesa.

nob (1)

nob, n5. span between thumb and forefinger. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, nab is “pulgada” (Gates, 1934b:124). In modern Tzotzil of Zinacantán, nob was given to me with uncertainty as the archaic meaning for the distance between thumb and forefinger, but in Venustiano Carranza as handspan. palmo o jeme.

nob ta ‘ol jk’obtik, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d & n4d/lp/>). inch. pulgada medida.

nobil, n3d. span between thumb and forefinger. palmo.

nob (2)

nob. birdlime, colored ointment. cf. nab (2).

noch

noch, aj. near. acerca o cerca.

nochan, tv. stick on. pegar.

nochanbil, pp. stuck on. pegado.

nochlajet, av. stick to. pegarse algo.

nochnoch, aj. near. junta cosa asi o cercana.

nochoj, iv. approach. (1) acercarse, (2) juntar, allegar o acercar.

nochojes, tv. bring near. acercar algo.

nochol, aj. near, neighboring. (1) acerca o cerca, (2) comarca, (3) proximo.

nochol, n4d. neighbor, relative. RML—See nap’ al. (1) acerca o cerca, (2) comarca, comarcano, (3) junta cosa…, (4) pariente asi.

noj (1)

noj, aj. enough, full. (1) harto, (2) lleno, cosa llena.

noj, iv. be full or surfeited, fill up, swell. (1) ahitarse, (2) empalagarse, (3) hurtarse 163, (4) henchirse, (5) hincharse de mucho corner, (6) hinchar, (7) lleno cosa…, (8) ocupado lugar o cosa con algo.

noj, iv. be full (moon), be occupied. RML—The verb is in the past tense. luna llena.

noj ‘uk’ um, s:iv & n5. have river overflow. avenir el rio.

nojel, n4f. abundance, satiety. anadidura para henchir 24.

nojel, vn4f. brimful. arrasado asi.

nojel ‘uk’um, nphr(vn4f of n5). sudden overflow of river. avenida asi.

nojes, tv. fill up, make swell. (1) henchirse, (2) hinchar.

nojes ta Hupanel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). inflate. hinchar soplando.

nojesbil, pp. stuffed. (1) lleno cosa…, (2) rellena cosa.

noj (2)

noj k’ob, nphr(aj & n)4d. right hand. RML—The adjective in colonial Cholti is given as no (Morán, 1935:43). In modern Chol it is noj (Aulie and Aulie, 1978:86). mano derecha.

nok

nokoxib, iv. get dirty. RML—This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal, nocoxib (Gates, 1934b:127), and persists in modern Tzotzil. sucio hacerse o ensuciarse.

nokoxil, n4f. dirt. suciedad.

‘ip xnokoxil. It is very dirty. sucia cosa 327.

nokoxtik, aj. dirty. sucia cosa 327.

nokoxtik ba, raj. be dirty. sucia cosa 327.

nok’

nok’, n5. cloth. RML—This term in colonial Yucatec (Pérez, : 246) and modern Chontal of Tabasco means clothing. lienzo.

castillan nok’, cf. castillan.

jayal nok’, cf. jay (1).

pimil nok’, cf. pim.

nom

nom, aj. distant, far away, foreign. (1) de lejos, (2) distante, (3) lejos 196.

nom ‘i1 ba, vphr:aj & rv. be widely separated. ralos, cosas….

nom na, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. foreign. extraño o extrangero 134.

nom ta ‘abil, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). a long time from now. de aqui a mucho tiempo.

nom ta ‘osil, vphr:aj/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). a long time from now. de aqui a….

nom talel, ajphr:aj & dr. foreign, from far away, on a pilgrimage. (1) de fuera del pueblo y extranjero, (2) extrano o…134, (3) peregriña, cosa fuera de su tierra.

nomnomtik, aj. distant. distante.

nomtik, aj. distant, far apart. (1) apartados algo como…, (2) distante.

nomtiknomtik, aj. far apart, widely separated. (1) apartados algo como…, (2) ralos, cosas….

nomtuk, aj. far apart. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Chalchichuitán occurs the term nomtok. apartados algo como….

mo nomuk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. not long from now (as, “It is not long from now until Easter.”), soon. espacio de tiempo.

nam, iv. sound from afar. son o sonido, sonar, sonido hacer.

nam tal ‘ut, tv(aj & iv & tvcpd). backbite. (1) maldecir de otro en ausencia, (2) murmurar.

nam tal ‘utvan, iv(aj & iv & ivcpd). backbite. (1) maldecir de…, (2) murmurar.

nam tal ‘utvanej, vn(aj & iv & vncpd). backbiting. murmuracion.

nam-tal xanbal, nphr(aj<aj & ivcpd> & n)4d. pilgrimage. peregrinacion.

nam-tal vinik, nphr(aj<aj & ivcpd> & n)5. foreigner, pilgrim. (1) extraño o…134, (2) forastero, (3) peregrina, cosa….

nam-te‘il, n(aj & ncpd)3d. pilgrim’s staff, staff. (1) bordon, (2) vara.

namaj, iv. be ashamed or humiliated, keep one’s distance. (1) afrentarse, (2) alongarse, (3) verguenza a verbo.

namajel, vn5. humiliation, infamy, shame. (1) afrenta, (2) verguenza.

namajes, tv. affront, humiliate, remove to a greater distance, shame. (1) afrentar a otro, (2) alongar, alejar otra cosa, (3) verguenza poner o avergonzar.

namajes ba, rv. keep one’s distance. retraerse alejandose algo.

namajesbil, pp. affronted, humiliated. afrentado.

namal, nld. affront, humiliation, shame. (1) afrenta, (2) verguenza.

namal, n4f. distance. distancia.

k’usi snamal xil Jobel likel ta Sotz’ Leb? How far is Zacatlán from Zinacantán?

k’usi yepal snamal? How far is it? de lejos.

Hech snamal. as far. de lejos.

Hech snamal xil ‘o Chamo‘ xalik ta Jobel chak ta Sotz’ Lebe. Chamula is as far from Zacatlán as is Zinacantán. …distancia.

namal ba, raj. be haughty or important (person of authority). grave, persona de autoridad.

namal k’op, nphr(n type n)5. humiliating talk. vergonzosa cosa.

namal pasnej, nphr(n type n)5. humiliating act. vergonzosa cosa.

namet, av. sound from afar. son o sonido….

xnamet xk’opoj. He can be heard talking in the distance.

namnon, av. be affronted or humiliated. afrentarse.

jnam-te‘, agn(aj & ncpd). alcalde, constable, judge, official who carries a staff of office. (1) alcalde, (2) alguacil, (3) bordon, (4) juez, (5) vara.

‘ak’ ta namal, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

nop

nop, tv. compare, compose (couplets, song, words), devise, figure out (as when we figure out a price or how a thing is made), fit into or together (door and doorjamb), give an example, imagine, liken, mediate, postpone, set in order, suspect. (1) aplasar tiempo o dia, (2) comparar, (3) componer cosa…, (4) encajar una cosa en otra 106, (5) ejemplificar, poner ejemplo o comparacion 136, (6) figurar, (7) juntar como cuando…, (8) ordenar, (9) semejar o comparar uno a otro, (10) terciar asi, (11) trazar en el entendimiento 338.

jnop Pedro ta stzamesel jvinik. I suspect Peter of killing my man. sospechar.

jnop Pedro ta mulavej. I suspect Peter of sinning. sospechar.

nop, iv. be in harmony or together (voices), fit in. encajado 106.

nop ‘a‘i, vphr:iv/3s/ & tv-. be tamed (animal). amansar o reposar animal.

nop ‘a‘i, vphr:iv/3s/ & tv-. be pleased. RML—The intransitive verb is in the past tense. agradar 12.

nop ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(iv & n5) & tv. feel at home. hallarse bien.

nop ba, rv. fit together. juntarse asi.

nop bek’tal chi‘uk, s:iv & -n4d + -n4f. have sexual relations. *(Expression used) when they talk to us. RML—The verb is in the past tense. hacer, tener parte el hombre 66.

nop k’op, vphr:tv & n5. respond to riddle or signs. responder a argumentos enigmas.

nopbeon ‘a li nopbil k’ope! Give me an answer to the riddle!

nop k’op, s:iv & n5. be set in order. (1) concordar en sentencia o negocio alguno, (2) ordenar.

nop k’op, s:iv & -n4d. agree on (price, deal). (1) concertarse en precio…, (2) ygualarse en el precio 184.

nop-k’op, vn(tv & ncpd)5. comparison, resemblance. (1) comparacion o parabola, (2) semejanza asi o comparacion.

nop ta, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & ---). appraise, price, value. estimar, tasar o apreciar.

jnop ta chib peso. I price it at two pesos.

jnop ta j-tob peso. I price it at twenty pesos.

nop ta ‘olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). devise, dream up, doubt, guess, imagine, suspect. (1) barruntar, (2) echar juicio, (3) fabricar en el entendimiento…, (4) ymaginar, pensar 184, (5) sospechar.

jnop smul ta kolonton. I suspect him of sinning. juzgar como….

nop te‘el, vphr:tv & -n4f. build, lay beams. fabricar o asentarpiedra….

nop tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f. agree on a price, appraise, figure out a price, price, value. (1) apreciar, señalar precio, (2) estimar, tasar…, (3) juzgar como…, (4) juzgado el precio, (5) ygualarse en el precio 184.

nop vayichil, vphr:tv & n5. figure out a dream. soltar sueños.

nopben, n4d. edict, plan, order. (1) orden u ordenacion, (2) traza asi 338.

nopbey, dv. authorize, impute, respond to riddles or signs. (1) achacar a alguno algo, (2) otorgar.

nopbey tojol, vphr:-dv & n4f[131. appraise, price, value. estimar, tasar….

nopbil, pp. clear, fitted in or together, gently, imagined, ordered. (1) distinto, (2) encajado, (3) figurada cosa, (3) orden u ordenacion, (4) paso o quedo.

nopbil k’op, nphr(pp & n)5. resemblance, riddle. semejanza asi o comparacion.

nopbil k’opoj, vphr:pp & iv. explain. distinguir razones.

nopbilnopbil, pp. gradually, orderly. (1) ordenadamente, (2) poco a poco.

nopbil tijbil, vphr:pp/pred/ & pp/pred/. orderly. ordenadamente.

nopbil to pas, vphr:ajphr(pp & pt) & tv-. do so-so. medianamente hacer algo.

nopbiluk no ‘ox, vphr:pp/pred/ & pt & pt. gradually. poco a poco.

nopbilnopbil pas, vphr:aj & tv-. be prosperous. RML—The adjective is given as cupbilcupbil. prosperamente hacer algo.

noptzaj, iv. approach, come near. acercarse.

nopeb k’op, nphr(n4f of nld). agreement, contract, league of friendship. (1) liga en amistades, (2) partido o concierto.

Hechtik Hechtik snopeb jk’optik. Our agreement is like thus and so. partido o concierto.

nopel, vn4d. comparison. comparacion a que me comparan.

jnopel. comparison made of me.

nopel k’op, nphr(n4f of n5). mediation. terceria asi.

nopen, n4e. act of fitting one thing into another. encajadura 106.

nopes, tv. harmonize (discordant song). entonar canto desacordado.

nopey, tv/pass/. be suspect. sospechoso de quien se sospecha.

nopoj, iv. approach, come near. acercarse.

nopoj ba ‘u‘ un, vphr:rv + -n4d. fit in. encajar una cosa en otra 106.

nopol, aj. near, neighboring. (1) acerca o cerca, (2) comarca, comarcano.

nopol, n4d. territory. comarca, comarcano.

jnop-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). mediator, person who is suspicious. (1) sospechoso que sospecha, (2) tercero que tercia en algun negocio.

jnop tojol, nphr(agn of n4f). middleman. medianero en compra.

jnop-tojolil, agn(tv & ncpd). appraiser, estimator. estimador o tasador.

jnopvanej, agn. appraiser, estimator, person who is suspicious. (1) estimador o tasador, (2) sospechoso que sospecha.

‘al nopobil, cf. ‘al (1).

‘ep nopel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. be very suspect. sospechoso de quien se sospecha.

mu nop ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(neg & iv & n5) & tv. feel out of place. hallarse mal.

ta nop k’opoj, vphr:qphr(prep & n5) & iv. speak figuratively. figurativamente hablar.

ta nopbil k’op, qphr:prep & nphr(pp & n5). speaking figuratively. figurativamente hablar.

toj nopbil, vphr:aj & pp/pred/. prosperous. prospera cosa.

toj nopel ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:nphr(adv & nphr<vn & n>5) & tv. feel right at home. hallarse bien luego.

nop’ (1)

nop’, tv. burn. arder.

nop’ k’ok’, vphr:tv & n5. light a fire. encender fuego.

nop’eb k’ok’, nphr(n of n)5. hearth. hogar.

nop’eb k’ok’, nphr(n4f of n5). sulphur. piedra azufre.

nop’ (2)

nop’. clasp. cf. nap’.

noy

noy, tv. grind very fine (cacao). (1) hacer cacao y molerlo. (2) moler muy molido.

noyilan, tv. grind very fine. moler muy molido.

noyilan bon, vphr:tv & n5. grind dyes. molar colores.

noyob bon, nphr(n of n)5. stone for grinding dyes. moledor con que se muelen.

noyobil bon, nphr(n4f of n5). stone for grinding dyes. (1) moledor con…, (2) piedra para moler colores.

nutz

nutz, tv. banish, chase, follow or pursue enemies. (1) correr algo, (2) desterrar, (3) perseguir enemigos, (4) seguir al que huye.

nutzbil, pp. pursued. perseguido.

nutzel, vn4d. pursuit. perseguimiento.

nutzoj, n4d. object of pursuit. correr algo.

nutzvanej, vn5. pursuit. perseguimiento.

jnutzvanej, agn. pursuer. perseguidor asi.

nuez (Sp.)

nuez, n5. walnut. nues.

p’uyum nueces, cf. p’uy.

nuj

nuj-maki, tv(tv & tvcpd). cover, shelter (birds, etc.), under something. (1) abrigar las ayes…, (2) trastornando asi….

nujan, tv. set or turn face down (bowls, tiles, baskets). (1) poner boca abajo, (2) trastornar boca abajo.

nujanbil, pp. set or turned face down. (1) bulto asi 43, cf. vuelto, (2) poner boca…, (3) trastornado asi.

nujet, av. bend double. (1) encorvarse, (2) encorvado.

nujey, iv. be set or turned face down. (1) poner boca…, (2) trastornar boca….

nujul, aj. set or turned face down. (1) bulto asi 43, cf. vuelto, (2) poner boca…, (3) trastornado asi.

nukul

nukul, n5. wineskin. odre para vino.

nukul chij, nphr(n4d of n5). animal skin. pelleja o cuero de animal.

nukul chu‘uy, nphr(n type n)5. wineskin. odre para vino.

nukul freno, nphr(n4f of n5). reins. rienda de freno.

nukul pat, nphr(n type n)5. cypress. RML—In modern Tzotzil this refers to the cypress Cupressus lusitanicus. cipres 72.

nukulal, n3b. hide, pelt, skin (human, snake). (1) cuero, (2) hollego de culebra, (3) piel o pellejo.

jnukulil. my skin.

nukulal chu‘uy, nphr(natt & n)5. wineskin. odre para vino.

nukulib, iv. become wrinkled. arrugarse.

nukulil tz’omol, nphr(natt & n)5. leather chair. silla para sentarse.

nukulil xonobil, nphr(natt & n)5. sandals. sandalias.

nukulil vob, nphr(natt & n)5. skin drum, tambourine, timbrel. (1) adufe o atabal, (2) pandero para teñer.

nukulil Hun, nphr(natt & n)5. parchment. pergamino 248.

nukultik sat mool, nphr:nphr(aj & n)type n. wrinkled old man. viejo hombre.

‘oy nukulil, s:n5/pred/ & n5. covered with leather. encorado.

josbil nukul, cf. jos.

pimil nukul, cf. pim.

nuk’

nuk’ camisa, nphr(n of n)4d. neck of shirt. cabezon, camisa.

nuk’ k’obil, nphr(n4f of n5). wrist. muñeca de mano o brazo.

nuk’il, n3d. nape, neck, throat. (1) garganta, (2) pescuezo o cerviz.

nul

nulilan, tv. gnaw (as dogs with a bone), kiss repeatedly (as mother to her child). (1) besar, dar muchos…, (2) beso, (3) roer como roen….

nulilanel, vn4d. repeated kissing. beso.

nup

nup, tv. fit in or together (beams), harmonize, kiss, meet, meet unexpectedly, receive or welcome visitor. RML—See synonomous entries under nop, which perhaps are the result of copyists’ errors. (1) besar, (2) encontrar a otro, (3) recibir al que viene 289, toparse encontrando con otro.

xbat jnup. I am going to welcome him. recibimento 289.

nup, n4b. companion, one of a couple or pair, spouse (man or woman). (1) compañero, (2) marido o muger indiferente, (3) par de dos cosas, (4) pareja cosa.

nup ‘oy, vphr:tv- & pt. fitting, proper. (1) propio oficio ser de alguno, (2) cuadrar o venirle bien algo 278.

nup ba, rv. be exact, fit tightly, meet. (1) encontrarse, (2) justa cosa.

nupij tok, s:iv & n5. cloud over. nubes parecer o hacerse.

nupin, tv. accompany. acompañara, cf. acompañar.

nupnup ba, rv. be in pairs. agares 26, cf. a pares.

nupol, nld. reception, welcome. recibimiento 289.

xebat ta nupol. I am going to the reception.

nuptan, tv. find what one was searching for or what suits the purpose (as when they seek out medicines for illnesses and find ones that cure (or) a man who seeks a woman and finds the proper one), meet unexpectedly at work or at war. (1) encontrarse trabajando…, (2) topar con los….

nuptan ‘utzil, vphr:tv & -n4f. be lucky, have good luck. RML—The verb is in the past tense. ventura buena haber o venturo ser.

nuptan yaijel, vphr:tv & vn5. be wounded (mentally) or tormented by passion. pasion del cuerpo.

nuptanbey ‘utzil, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. be lucky, have good luck. RML—The verb is in the past tense. ventura buena haber….

nuptanel ‘utz, nphr(vn4f of n5). good luck. ventura buena….

nupul-bein, tv(n & tvcpd). meet unexpectedly at work or at war. encontrarse trabajando.

nupulnupul, n4f. pair. par de dos cosas.

nupulnupul ba, rn. be in pairs. agares 26, cf. a pares.

nupulnupul lok’, vphr:n4b[S] & iv. leave in pairs. par de….

nupultas, tv. join, marry, pair. (1) casar a otro 52, (2) parear o hermanar algo.

nupultasbil, pp. paired. parada cosa, cf. pareada.

nupun, iv. marry in the church. (1) casarse en…, (2) casado 52.

nupunebal, n5. matrimonial. matrimonial cosa.

nupunel, vn5. marriage, wedding. (1) casamiento, (2) matrimonio.

jnupol, agn. receiver, welcomer. recibidor que sale a recibir 289.

jnupultasvanej, agn. matchmaker. casamentero, el que…52.

‘oy nup, s:n5/pred/ & -n4b. be in pairs. par de….

‘oy nup lok’, s:s(n5/pred/ & n4b[S]) & iv. leave in pairs, par de….

mo ‘oyuk nup, s:neg & n/pred/ & -n4b. unique. singular cosa….

mo nupuk, vphr:neg & -n4d/pred/. different. (1) diferente, (2) diferente de mi.

mo jnupuk. different from me. diferente de mi.

toj ‘utz nupey, vphr:ajphr(adv & aj) & tv/pass/. be received or welcomed with great pomp. RML—The verb is in the past tense. solemnidad.

yo‘ ‘oy nup ba be, qphr:pt & pt & s(ry & n5). crossroads. encrucijada de caminos.

nux

nux, iv. swim. nadar.

nuxobil, n4f. swimming place. nadadero.

nuxom, n5. swimmer. nadador que nada.

nuti‘

nuti‘, n5. net for carrying corn, red donde traen maiz.

O

obispo (Sp.)

obispo, n5. bishop. obispo.

octubre (Sp.)

octubre, n5. October. octubre.

‘u octubre, cf. ‘u (1).

onza (Sp.)

onza, n5. jaguar. onca, animal.

P

pa‘

pa‘-muk’uy, tv(x & xcpd). waylay. acechar.

pa‘-muk’uyab, n(x & xcpd)4d. place where people are waylaid. acechador.

pa‘-muk’uybol, n(x & xcpd)4d. person to be waylaid. acechador.

pa‘-muk’uyoj, n(x & xcpd)4d. person waylaid. acechador.

pa‘i, tv. invite, peer at, spy on. RML—Perhaps the terms for guest and invite should be read pay. (1) asomar a ver algo 33, (2) atalayar, (3) convidar 56, (4) espiar.

pa‘i, n5. spying. espiamiento.

‘ayon ta pa‘i. I went spying.

mu ejna‘ pa‘i. I don’t spy.

pa‘i, nld. guest. convidado 56.

pa‘i ‘osil, vphr:tv & n5. travel (seeing the sights). pasarse por calles, huertas.

pa‘i ch’ivit, vphr:tv & n5. see the sights in the market. pasarse por…

pa‘iab, n5. observation point. atalasa, cf. atalaya.

pa‘ibil, pp. invited. convidado 56.

pa‘ivan, iv. travel through streets or gardens. pasarse por….

pa‘ivanab, n5. watchtower. miradero, lugar.

pa‘ivanab ‘osil, nphr(n type n)5. watchtower. miradero, lugar.

pa‘-muk’uyvan, iv(x & xcpd). waylay. acechar. acechador.

jpa‘-muk’, agn(x & tvcpd). waylayer. acechador.

jpa‘-muk’uyvanej, agn(x & vncpd). waylayer. acechador.

jpa‘i, agn. spy. espia de algo.

jpa‘i-be, agn(tv & ncpd). spy who watches the road. espia de algo.

*paax

*paax. bewitchment. cf. *pax.

patz’

patz’, tv. straighten a crooked staff or stick. enderesar algo.

pach’

pach’ ti‘ vphr:tv & n4d[A]. ruminate, suck one’s lips after drinking. (1) chupar como cuando…, (2) rumiar.

pach’al, aj. setting a (wide object) upside down with the wide part on the bottom. (1) poner cosas anchas…, (2) trastornado opuesto asi.

pach’an, tv. set down a wide object, turn object upside down with the wide part on the bottom. (1) poner cosas anchas…, (2) trastornar cualquiera cosa….

pach’an ton, vphr:tv & n5. pave. enlozar.

pach’anbil, pp. turned upside down with the wide part on the bottom. trastornado opuesto si.

pach’anbil ton, nphr(pp & n)5. paving. enlozado.

pach’tzaj, iv. become level (cleared field). RML—The verb is in the past tense. rosar antes…301.

pach’ey, iv. be turned upside down with the wide part on the bottom. trastornar cualquiera….

pach’omal k’obil, nphr(n4f of n5). palm of the hand. palma de la mano.

muk’ pach’lej, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. wide. ancho.

*poch’om, n5. platform or walkway beneath the roof, around their houses. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, pacham is given for “portada de casa” (Guzmán, 1620:164). andamio a andadero….

*poch’omal na, nphr(n4 of n5). platform or walkway beneath the roof, around their houses. andamio….

padre (Sp.)

padre, n5. friar, monk, priest. (1) fraile, Padre, (2) monje.

paj (1)

paj, tv. plant (post in the ground with one’s hands). hincar con las manor….

paj k’ob te‘, vphr:tv & qphr(n4f of n5). decorate with planted branches. enramar hincando ramos.

pajal vitz, nphr(aj & n)5. mountain pass. puerto de monte.

pajchuch, n5. wedge. cuna para hender madera.

pajchuchuy, tv. drive in with rock or sledgehammer, split with wedges. (1) header con cunas, (2) hincar recio….

paj (2)

paj, tv. find fault with, postpone, rebuff, refuse, reject, reproach, scorn, set day or limit. (1) aplasar tiempo o dia, (2) emplazar, aplacar…, (3) menospreciar, (4) rechazar, (5) rehusar, (6) reprochar o reprovar, (7) tachar.

paj, iv. be constipated, stop (bleeding), turn back without reaching destination. (1) restañar, restriñir, (2) tornar del camino….

paj tza, s:iv & -n4d. be obstructed in some matter. hallarse atajado en algun negocio.

paj ch’iel tzeb, s:iv & nphr(vn4d of n5). be a full-grown girl. RML—The verb is in the past tense. mosa crecida 225.

paj ch’iel kelem, s:iv & nphr(vn4d & n5). be a full-grown boy. RML—The verb is in the past tense, moso crecido 225.

paj ta be, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). waylay on the trail. atajar poniendose en el camino.

paj ta ch’uunel dios, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & nphr<vn4d of n5>). forsake God. renegar de Dios.

pajbenal, n4f. defect, dregs, fault. (1) heve, (2) tacha en cualquiera cosa.

pajbenal vino, nphr(n4f of n5). dregs. heve.

pajbey k’op, vphr:-dv & n4d[B). resist as temptations. resistir, como a las tentaciones.

pajbil, pp. scorned. menospreciada.

pajeb, n4f. restrainer. restriñidora cosa.

pajes, tv. prevent person from doing something good or bad. detener a alguno….

pajes takiej, vphr:tv & -vn4d. abolish a law. ley quitar 194.

jpajel ta ch’uunel dios, agn:vn & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>cpd). apostate. renegador o renegado.

mo pajes, vphr:neg & tv-. permit. RML—The verb is in the past tense. permitir.

paj (3)

paj. leaven, sour, yeast. cf. poj (1)

pak

pak, tv. double over (corn stalk, sugarcane), fold (clothing, cloth), praise, repay in kind, requite. *When one gives a reward one doubles over or returns the good deed to the person who did it, that is why they use this word jpak to say reward a good deed received or also avenge an evil deed. (1) doblar ropa, (2) engrandecer a otro, alabarle, (3) galardonar la buena obra, (4) plegar, (5) quebrar como caña…

pak, iv. bend over (willow, slender stick). torcer de la linea….

pak ‘aboltayel, vphr:tv & vn4d[A]. recompense, reward. recompensar.

pak ‘aboltayvanej, vphr:tv & -n4d. tip. gratificar.

pak ‘utel, vphr:tv & vn4d[A]. avenge an insult. (1) gratificacion, (2) recompensacion.

pak majel, vphr:tv & vn4d[A]. avenge a beating. recompensacion.

pak moton, vphr:tv & vn4d[A]. send present in return. enviar algo de retorno.

pak patan, vphr:tv & n5. pay tribute or tax. echar tributo o derrama.

pakaktik, aj. double over. quebradura asi.

*pakal, n5. bench, chair, seat. RML—This occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:164). posadero o sentadero.

pakal, aj. doubled over. quebrado asi.

pakalul, n4f. doubled section. quebradura asi.

*pakax, iv. return. tornar de do fuiste.

pakbenal, n4f. fold, doubled section. (1) plegadura, (2) quebradura asi.

pakbey ‘aboltayel ‘u‘un, vphr:-dv & vn4d[B] + n4d[A]. recompense, reward. galardonar la….

xajpakbey kaboltayel avu‘un. I reward you for your help.

pakbey ‘utzil, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. recompense, reward. galardonar la….

xajpakbey avutzil. I reward you for your goodness.

pakbenal, n4f. fold, double section. (1) plegadura, (2) quebradura asi.

pakbil, pp. doubled over, folded. (1) plegada cosa, (2) quebradao asi.

pakbil ‘utz, s:pp/pred/ & aj. rewarded. galardonado.

pakbil ‘utzil ‘u‘un, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d + -n4d. rewarded. galardonado.

paktzajes, tv. reconcile. reconciliar a otros.

paktzan, tv. reconcile. reconciliar a otros.

pakojbey, dv/ap/. pay a debt with money received from another’s debt. pagar una deuda con otra.

jpakojbey ta Pedro. I will return it with Peter’s money.

jpakojbey to yo‘ ‘oy ta k’exel jtak’ine. I will return it from where I can get my money back. pagar una….

pakol, n4f. recompense, return of gift or insult, reward. (1) recompensacion, (2) retorno de presente o injuria.

pakol ‘aboltayel, nphr(n4f of vn4d). tip. (1) gratificacion, (2) recompensacion.

pakol ‘aboltayvanej, nphr(n4f of vnld). recompense, reward, tip. gratificacion.

pakol ‘utzil, nphr(n4f of n4d). reward. galardon asi.

pakol ‘utel, nphr(n4f of n4d). reciprocal insult. recompensacion.

pakol k’eel, nphr(n4f of n4d). reciprocal gift. enviar algo de retorno.

pakol majel, nphr(n4f of vn4d). reciprocal beating. recompensacion.

pakol moton, nphr(n4f of n4d). reciprocal gift. enviar algo….

pakpak ba ta k’op, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & n5). argue, dispute. (1) arguir, (2) disputar.

pakpakbey ba k’op, vphr:rdv & n5. dispute. disputar.

pakpakel ta k’op, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & n5). dispute. disputa.

*pakxin, tv. return, return a loan. (1) restituir, (2) tornar lo prestado.

*pakxin k’exol Hun, vphr:tv & nphr(n of n)5. answer a letter. responder a carta.

*pakxinel, vn4f. restitution. restitucion.

pakulan, tv. double over. quebradura asi.

pakulanbil, pp. doubled over. quebradura asi.

jpak-‘utz, agn(tv & ncpd). rewarder. galardonador asi.

jpak ‘aboltayel, nphr(agn & vn4d). rewarder. galardonador asi.

‘ak’ pakobil misa, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

’ak’ pakol ‘aboltayel, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

pokol puj, nphr(n of n)5. reed shield they hang in the church. escudillo de espadaña…

pokolil, n3d. shield. (1) adarga, (2) escudo.

pokolin, tv. take or use as a shield. adarga.

pak’

pak’, tv. plaster. embarrar.

pak’ chak ‘abnal, nphr:nphr(n of n) type n. mallow. RML—This was given as pecchac amnal. In modern Tzotzil, pak’ chak is Malva nicaeensis, M. parviflora, and Sida rhombifolia. malba yerba 207.

pak’-k’op, nphr(aj & ncpd)1d. lie. mentira.

pak’ ta majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). slap. palmada o bofetada dar.

pak’ ta tek’el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). cram in (with one’s feet), trample underfoot. (1) recalcar, (2) rehollar.

pak’-Hun, nphr(aj & ncpd)4d. false document. falseada cosa asi.

pak’ak’tik, n5. wall with many turrets. almena.

pak’al, n4f. cloth, cloth lamp wick. (1) manta generalmente, (2) mecha de candil.

pak’al-baij, iv(aj & ncpd). frown fiercely. encapotarse de enojo.

pak’al-baijel, vn(aj & ncpd)5. fierce frown. encapotamiento.

pak’al satil, nphr(n4f of n5). eyelid. parpado del ojo.

pak’al ti‘il, nphr(n4f of n3d). lip. rostro o abio.

pak’alin ba, rv. frown fiercely. encapotarse de enojo.

pak’an, tv. mend, solder. (1) adobar, (2) remendar, (3) soldar pegando.

jpak’an k’anal tak’in ta trompeta (or) jpak’an trompeta ta k’anal tak’in. I am soldering the trumpet with brass.

pak’anej, n4d. mended object. adobar.

pak’av, iv. plaster. embarrar.

pak’bal na, nphr(n of n)5. wall of stakes, mud or mortar. pared de horcones o….

pak’tzaj, iv. mend by sticking on. soldar pegando.

pak’tzaj juteb, vphr:iv & num. improve slightly (sick person). mejorar en la dolencia.

pak’el ta majel chak, nphr:nphr(vn4f & qphr<prep & vn5>) of -n4d. spanking. nalgada o herida alli si es la mono.

pak’el ta majel naldeb, nphr:nphr(vn4f & qphr<prep & vn5>) of -n4d. spanking. nalgada o….

pak’om, n5. doubled over. embarrador.

pak’ponet, av. clap hands as when rejoicing or dancing. palmadas dar….

pak’tani, tv. knead. amasar.

pak’tanibil vaj, nphr(pp & n)5. pie. torta.

pak’tanij, iv. knead. amasar.

pak’tay, tv. break one’s word or promise, falsify, forge, lie, pretend. (1) falsear o contra hacer, (2) fingir, (3) mentir, (4) quebrar o quebrantar palabra, creditos, promesa, (5) simular lo que no es.

pak’tay ba ta ‘utz vinik, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). be hypocritical. ypocrita 189.

tzoj x‘ilot yu‘un dios te spak’tay sba ta ‘utz vinik. God hates a hypocrite.

pak’tay ba ta chamel, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & vn5). feign illness. simular enfermedad.

pak’tay ba ta jchamel, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & agn). feign death. mortecino fingido.

pak’tay ba ta me‘on, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & vn5). feign poverty. simular pobreza.

pak’tay ta kokov, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). forge cacao. falsear o contra hacer.

pak’tay ta tak’in, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). forge money. falsear o….

pak’taybey k’op, vphr:-dv & n5. lie to. mentir a otro….

pak’taybil, pp. forged. falseada cosa asi.

pak’taybil ba, rpp. dissembled. simulado.

pak’taybil ta kokov, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). forged cacao. falseada cosa asi.

pak’taybil ta Hun ‘ojov, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). forged official document. falseada cosa asi.

pak’tayej, vn5. falsehood, lie, simulation. (1) falsedad asi, (2) mentira, (3)fingimiento o ficcion.

pak’tayej ba, rvn. hypocrisy. ypocresia 189.

pak’tayej ba ta ‘utz vinik, nphr:rn & ciphr(prep & nplir<aj & n5>). be hypocritical. ypocrita 189.

pak’tayej ch’u, nphr(vn type n)5. false god. dios de burla.

pak’tayej ch’uul xanbal, nphr:vn5 type nphr(aj & n5). false religion. religion falsa.

pak’tayej k’op, nphr(vn type n)5. lie. mentira.

pak’tayej tak’in, nphr(vn5 type n4d). counterfeit money. moneda falsa.

pa‘ic’ tayejtik, aj. falsely. falsamente.

pak’tayel, vn4f. forgery. falsedad asi.

pak’tayel ba, rvn. hypocrisy. ypocresia 189.

pak’tayel ta Hun ‘ojov, nphr:vn4f & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). forgery of official document. falsedad asi.

pak’tayvan, iv. lie. mentir.

pak’ulan, tv. clap hands as when rejoicing or dancing. palmadas dar….

jpak’-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). liar. (1)falseada cosa asi, (2)falso decidor, (3) mentiroso.

jpak’-vob, agn(tv & ncpd). tambourine or timbrel player. panderetero que lo tañe.

jpak’al-baijel, agn(aj & vncpd). person who is frowning fiercely. encapotado asi.

jpak’anvanej, agn. mender. (1) adobar, remendon, (2) remendon.

jpak’tayej, agn. cheat, falsifier, pretender. (1) falsa cosa que engafia, (2)falseador, (3)fingidor.

jpak’tayej-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). liar. (1) falso decidor, (2) mentiroso.

jpak’tayej-profeta, agn(vn & ncpd). false prophet. falso profeta.

jpak’tayej ta kokov, agn:vn & qphr(prep & ncpd). cocoa bean forger. falseador.

jpak’tayvanej, agn. counterfeiter, forger, liar. (1) falseador, (2) falso decidor, (3) mentiroso.

jpak’tayvanej ta tz’ib, agn:vn & qphr(prep & ncpd). counterfeiter, forger. falseador.

ta pak’-k’op, qphr:prep & vn(tv & ncpd)5. lying. mentirosamente.

Ha‘ te pak’tay ba ta chamel, s:n/pred/ & s(pt & ry & qphr<prep & vn5>). person who feigns illness. mortecino fingido.

Ha‘ te pak’tay ba ta tup’el ‘ik’, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & ry & qphr<prep & nphr(vn4f of n4d[A of rv])>). person who feigns death. mortecino fingido.

pok’, n5. cloth (general term). manta generalmente.

*pok’om, n5. partition, wall of stakes, mud or mortar. RML—Perhaps this should be read pok’ ob. (1) pared de horcones o…, (2) tabique, pared.

*pok’omtik, n5. partition, wall of stakes, mud or mortar. (1) pared de horcones o…, (2) tabique, pared.

‘ik’al pok’, cf. ‘ik’ (2).

bik’tal pok’, nphr(aj & n)5. small cloth. pañicuelo.

tzajal pok’, cf. tzoj.

pam

pam, explanation. nougat, pancake, pulque. cf. pom (1).

pan

pan, tv. cook. coser.

pan ta mul, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). offend. ofender.

panbil, pp. cooked. *But note that panbil does not mean well-cooked. cojido 67, cf. cocido.

panbil ch’ich’, nphr(pp & n)5. blood pudding. morcilla.

panbil higo, nphr(pp & n)5. dried fig. higo adobado.

panbil pom, nphr(pp & n)5. taffy. melcocha.

panbil ta mul, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). offended. ofendido.

paneb, n4d. food that one has cooked. RML—This reading is suspect. cosida cosa….

panel ta mul, nphr:-vn4d & qphr(prep & n5). offense that one receives. ofensa que se recibe.

panob vaj, nphr(n of n)5. oven. horno de toter.

panvanej ta mul, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & n5). offense that one causes. ofensa que se hace.

jpan-vaj, agn. baker (man or woman). hornero u hornera.

pana

ta pana, qphr:prep & n5. outside. de fuera de casa.

paño (Sp.)

paño, n1d. woman’s headcloth. toca….

pañolin, tv. cover one’s head with a cloth. tocarse algo.

pap

pap. basket, mat. cf. pop.

papa (Sp.)

papa, n5. pope. papa.

paraiso (Sp.)

paraiso, n5. Paradise. paraiso.

pas

pas, tv. adorn, create (as God made the world), do, dress, make, mediate, pacify, prepare, repair, resolve, shape, waylay. (1) adericar, (2) adornar, (3) aparejar, (4) ataviar algo, (5) criar o hacer…, (6) formar, reducir cierta forma, (7) hacer como quiera 164, (8) pacificar, hacer paz, (9) reparar, (10) saltear, (11) sanear la cosa, (12) terciar.

apas ‘o xital! Do it before I come! mientras.

Ho‘on jpas. I will resolve it. disponer de algo.

pas, iv. become. (1) amigo hacerse, (2) hacerse 164.

pas altar, vphr:tv & n5. charge for the Mass. recaudo poner para decir misa.

pas ayuno, vphr:tv & n5. fast. ayunar 14.

pas ‘aboltayel, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. tip. gratificar.

pas ‘e, vphr:tv & -n4f. sharpen. afilar.

pas ‘olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. deliberate. deliberar.

pas ba, rv. be reconciled, become, behave with modesty and prudence, get dressed, get ready, grow, prepare oneself, regain one’s strength. (1) amigo hacerse, (2) ataviarse, (3) disponerse o aparejarse, (4) hacerse, (5) mesurarse, (6) reconciliarse el amigo, (7) reconciliar a otros, (8) rehacer, fortalecerse.

pas ba chnik, vphr:ry + -n4d. become friends with. amigo hacerse.

pas aba xchi‘uk. Become friends with him.

pas ba ta ‘olon, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & -n4d). submit to. someter.

jpas jba ta avolon. I submit to you.

pas ba ta ‘utz vinik, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). be a hypocrite. ypocrita 189.

pas ba ta j‘ilojel, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & agn). testify as a witness. testiguar.

pas ba ta padre, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). be ordained, take holy orders. (1) graduarse de orden sacerdotal, (2) ordenarse asi, (3) religioso.

pas ba ta testigo, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). testify as a witness. testiguar.

pas ba Ho‘ ta taiv, s:rv & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). form icicles. RML—The verb is given in the past tense. yelo caranbano 183.

pas tza, vphr:tv & n5. cast lots. lance echar.

pas confesion, vphr:tv & n5. take confession. confesar.

pas chi’uk, vphr:iv + -n4d. become friends with. amigo hacerse.

pasan xchi‘uk. Become friends with him.

pas ch’akel, vphr:tv & n5. sentence. sentenciar.

pas ch’en, vphr:tv & n1e. dig a hole. hoyo hacer 175.

pas firma, vphr:tv & n5. sign. firmar escritura.

pas juramento, vphr:tv & n5. swear. jurar.

pas k’exol Hun, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n5). answer a letter. responder a carta.

pas k’in, vphr:tv & n1e. hold a fiesta. fiesta hacer o festejar.

pas k’op, s:iv & -n4d. agree on (price, deal). RML—The verb is in the past tense. concertarse en precio o….

pas-k’op, vn(tv & ncpd)5. flattery. lisonja.

pas k’oplal, vphr:tv & -n4f. discuss. tratar algun negocio.

pas-k’opoj, iv(tv & ivcpd). flatter. lisongear.

pas lok’ob, vphr:tv & -n4b. represent. representar.

pas misa, vphr:tv & n5. celebrate Mass. misa.

pas paño, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. put on one’s hood. tocarse.

pas patan, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. be a servant of, govern. (1) regimiento…, (2) servidor y servir.

mo ‘utzuk spas spatan. He does not govern well. regimiento….

jpas jpatan ta stz’el Juan. I am John’s servant. servidor y servir.

pas pech’ech’, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. build a nest. RML—pech’ech’, meaning nest, occurs in modern Tenejapan Tzeltal. nido hacer.

pas pox jamobil nuk’il, vphr:tv & nphr(n5 type nphr<vn4f of n5>). make gargle. gargarismo hacer.

pas pox pokobil ‘eal, vphr:tv & nphr(n5 type nphr<vn4f of n5>). gargle. gargarismo hacer.

pas ta padre, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). ordain. graduar asi.

pas ta padre, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). be ordained. graduarse de orden sacerdotal.

pas ta sacerdote, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). ordain. graduar asi.

pas ta tan, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). plaster (putting on quantities of plaster as with a trowel). encalar poniendo….

pas te k’op, vphr:tv & nphr(art & n5). carry out one’s word or promise. cumplir la palabra 58.

pas testamento, vphr:tv & n5. make a will. testar.

pas ve’el, vphr:tv & vn5. cook. guisar manjares.

pas vinik, vphr:tv & n5. assemble or line up people as in a procession. regir o concertar…292.

pas yabut, vphr:tv & n5. conquer. conquistar.

pasal juteb, vphr:aj/pred/ & num. slightly improved (in health). mejorar en la dolencia.

pasal p’isel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. measured. medido.

pasben, n4d. work. obra, la cosa hecha.

pasbey ‘e, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. sharpen, whet. (1) azucar como quiera, cf. aguzar, (2) amolar.

pasbey ‘isim vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. clip one’s hair. RML—Perhaps the verb of this and the following entry should be read p’ asbey. trasquilar a tijera.

pasbey jol, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. clip one’s hair. trasquilar a tijera.

pasbey kolo’, vphr:-dv & n5. do evil. hacer mal 165.

pasbey k’in, vphr:-dv & n5. hold a fiesta. fiesta hacer.

pasbil, pp. done, made, ready. (1) dispuesto aparejado, (2) hecho participio, (3) presto, aparejado.

pasel, vn4b. ability, capacity, condition, custom, form, friendship, manner, natural quality, way, workmanship. (1) amistad (2) condicion, (3) costumbre, (4) disposition, (5) forma o manera, (6) hechura del que es hecho, (7) natural cosa.

‘utz jpasel. I am well-mannered. forma o manera.

Hech jpasel. I am like this. forma o manera.

pasel ‘olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). deliberation. deliberacion.

pasel ba, rvn. ability, capacity. disposicion.

pasel ch’akel, nphr(vn4f of vn5). government. regimiento, coma….

mu sna‘ spasel ch’akel. He does not know how to govern.

pasel k’op, nphr(vn4f of n5). mediation. terceria asi.

pasel k’u‘ul, nphr(vn4f of n5). uniform. traje de vestido.

pasey ta padre, vphr:tv/pass/ & qphr(prep & n5). be ordained. RML—The verb is in the past tense. ordenado asi.

pasnej, n1d. deed, exercise, work done. (1) ejercicio 136, (2) hecho, (3) hechura del que hace obra, (4) obra, la cosa hecha.

pasnej to mo ch’uunvan vinike, nphr:n4d of s(pt neg & iv & n5). heathen custom. gentil, cosa de gentiles….

pasob k’op, nphr(n of n)5. meeting place. acuerdo o junta.

pasob vaj, nphr(n of n)5. bakery. panaderia do se vende pan 246.

pasobil, n4f. instrument. ynstrumento de cualquiera cosa 188.

pasobil tuk’al lum, nphr:n4f of nphr(natt & n)5. mold for crossbow pellets. turquesa para hacer bodoques.

pasojel, vn5. deed (as when we say “a good deed”), exercise. (1) ejercicio 136, (2) hecho, (3) obra come….

jpas-‘itaj, agn(tv & ncpd). gardener. hortelano 242.

jpas ‘u tak’in, agn:tv & nphr(n4e of n5)cpd. jeweler. joielero, el que las hace.

jpas-ch’ojon, agn(tv & ncpd). halter maker. cabestrero.

jpas-jolol, agn(tv & ncpd). barber. trasquilador.

jpas-jubon, agn(tv & ncpd). doublet maker. jubitero.

jpas-kolo‘, agn(tv & ncpd). malefactor, offender. (1) agraviador 13, (2) mal echor.

jpas-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). flatterer, mediator, middleman. (1) lisongero, (2) medianero en amistad, (3) medianero en compra o venta, (4) tercero que tercia en algun negocio.

jpas-*puk, agn(tv & ncpd). glazier. vidriero.

jpas silla caballo, agn:tv & nphr(n4d of n5)cpd. saddlemaker. silla de caballo o mula.

jpas-tak’in, agn(tv & ncpd). money-maker. monedero.

jpas-tomin, agn(tv & ncpd). money-maker. monedero.

jpas-trompeta, agn(tv & ncpd). trumpeter. trompeta, el que las tañe.

‘oy pas, s:n5/pred/ & s(tv-). be experienced. RML—The verb is in the past tense. prueva, experiencia.

mo tojoluk pasbey, vphr:nphr(neg & -n4f) & -dv. wrong. (1) agraviar 13, (2) agravio hecho 13.

mo stojoluk apasbey. You wronged him. agravio hecho 13.

mo stojoluk nepasbeat. I was wronged by him. agravio 13.

mo tojoluk jpasvanej, nphr:nphr(neg & -n4f) & agn. offender. agraviador 13.

toj pasey, vphr:adv & tv/pass/. be done with pomp. RML—The verb is in the past tense. solemnidad.

pascua (Sp.)

pascua, n5. Christmas, Easter. (1) pascua de navidad, (2) pascua de resurreccion.

pascuail, natt. paschal. pascual cosa.

muk’ pascua, cf. muk’.

ta pascuatik ‘ayan, vphr:qphr(prep & n5) & iv. paschal. pascual cosa.

ta pascuatik lok’, vphr:qphr(prep & n5) & iv. paschal. pascual cosa.

*pax

*paxi, tv. bewitch, give ominous prediction. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term for the latter is given as paaxti and paaxtii (Guzmán, 1620:165, 198). (1) aojar 24, (2) pronostica mal, (3) significar mal venidero.

*paax, n5. bewitchment. aojar 24.

paxak’

jolom paxak’, nphr(n type n)5. pineapple. piña, fruta de la tierra.

pat

pat, tv. make pots or tiles. consolar.

pat ‘olontonil, vphr:tv & -n3d. console. consolar.

pat ba, rv. coagulate, curdle, freeze. RML—The verb is in the past tense. (1) elada cosa o cuajada con hielo, (2) cuajarse algo 279.

pat chikinil, nphr(n4f of n3d). fleshy back of the neck. pestoreja, cf. pestorejo.

pat jol ch’aj, s:nphr(n of n) & aj/pred/. lazy. perezoso.

pat jolol, nphr(n of n)5. back of the head. coyote 54.

pat kokov, nphr(n4f of n5). cacao pod. mazorca de cacao 204.

pat-k’ak’ay, tv(n & tvcpd). burn around. quemar en derredor.

pat naranja, nphr(n4f of n5). orange peel or rind. cascara,

pat ton tuluk’, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). egg shell. cascara.

pat Hun, nphr(n4f of n5). back of a book. lomo de libro.

pata-vinik, n(aj & ncpd)5. rustic (not noble), taxpayer, tributary. (1) pechoso, (2) villano no hidalgo.

patal, aj. lying face down, setting (bird). (1) echada asi, (2) estar echado boca arriba.

patan, tv. have homosexual relations with another woman. hacer la muger a otra esto 166.

patan, n1d. business, high position, income, job, office, state of being busy, tax, tribute, work. (1) dignidad, (2) negocio, ocupacion, (3) obra como, (4) obra como…, (5) ocupacion asi, (6) oficio, (7) pecho o tributo, (8) tributo.

‘ep patan x’och ta sna. His house or inheritance brings a lot of income. renta.

Ho‘on jpas jpatan ‘a li Hukub k’ak’ale. I work this week (as weekly official or choir singer). semanero.

patan ‘ojov, nphr(n of n)4d. be one’s business or possession. pertenecerme a mi de oficio.

patan ba, rv. prostrate self. reverencia hacer.

patan ba chi‘uk ‘antz, vphr:rv + nphr(n4d of n5). have homosexual relations with another woman. hacer la muger…166.

patbey ‘olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. console, comfort. consolar.

patbil lum, nphr(pp & n)5. adobe, pottery. (1) adobe, (2) loza, vaso de barro 199.

patbil Ho‘ ‘u’un taiv, nphr:pp & n5 + nphr(n4f of n5). icicle. yelo, caranbano 183.

patel ‘olonton, nphr:vn4f of -n4d. consolation. consolador.

patet, av. be bent over. (1) encorvarse, (2) encorvado.

patey, iv. be lying face down, prostrate self, sit on eggs. (1) echarse las aves…, (2) estar echado boca…, (3) reverencia hacer.

patil, n3b. back, bark, behind, buttocks, peel, rind, scab, shell, skin (onion, snake). *The same for the green cacao pod. (1) cascara, (2) corteza, (3) costra, (4) espalda, (5) hollejo de culebra, (6) reves o…, (7) salvanos, (8) tela de cebolla u…, (9) trasera parte.

patilal vinik, nphr(natt & n)5. backward people (who live in the towns behind Zinacantan as Chamula). atras.

patlebin ‘antz, vphr:tv & n5. have homosexual relations with another woman. hacer la muger…166.

patlebinbil, pp. hatched. empollado asi.

patnej, iv. pay tribute. tributar.

patnejes, tv. give work to. ocupar.

patnen, tv. trade. tratar el tratante.

Ha’ no ‘ox jpatnen *‘echan te xchonel caballo. I am just making a trade today in the sale of a horse.

Ha’ no ‘ox jpatnen *‘echan te stz’itasel tux-nok’ chije. I am just making a trade today for the raising of a sheep.

patel ‘olonton, nphr(n of n)5. good. particular en bien o….

patob ‘utz skotole jelel stuk te N. They are all good, but N is specially good.

patob ‘utz ‘a‘i pas, vphr:s(nphr<n of n> & tv) & tv-. do with everyone’s consent. consentimiento.

patob xamitl, nphr(n of n)5. tileworks. tejar donde hacen teja.

patobil chik’bil xamitl, nphr:n4f of nphr(pp & n)5. brickworks. ladrilleria donde se hacen.

patobil xamit, nphr(n4f of n5). mold for tiles, bricks, etc. molde par teja, ladrillo…

patol dios, nphr(n type n)5. false god, shaper god. RML—I originally thought this term was derived from Nahuatl patolli, the game of chance, but Nuñez de la Vega convinces me that the name refers to creative abilities. cf. ‘alajom. dios de burla.

patvanab chik’bil xamitl, nphr:n5 of nphr(pp & n)5. brickworks. ladrilleria donde….

jpat-‘olontonil, agn(tv & ncpd). consoler. consolador.

jpat-vaj, agn(tv & ncpd). baker. panadero.

jpat-xamitl, agn(tv & ncpd). brick or tile maker. tejero que hace teja o ladrillo.

jpatan, agn. official, worker. (1) obrero, (2) oficial.

jpatan-vaj, agn(tv & ncpd). kneader. amasador que amasa.

jpatan ta j-tek lum, nphr:agn & qphr(prep & nphr<num(num & nc) of n>). town official. oficial en el pueblo.

jpatnejel, agn. taxpayer, tributary. (1) pechoso, (2) tributario.

‘ep patan, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be very busy, have a lot of work. RML—Perhaps the adjective should be read ‘ip. (1) ocupado en negocios, (2) trabajo tener o tener que hacer.

‘oy patan, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be busy, be in office, be obstructed, have work. (1) ympedimento tener 185, (2) ocupado en negocios, (3) oficio tener, (4) trabajo tener….

jun k’ak’al patan, cf. jun.

k’an patlej, cf. k’an (1).

ta patil, qphr:prep & -n3b. behind, in reverse, on the other side, to the back. (1) al reves, (2) atras, (3) de la otra parte, (4) detras, (5) hacia tras 166, (6) tras.

ta tojol patil, qphr:prep & nphr(n4f of n5). to the back. hacia tras 166.

yo‘ oy tojol patil, qphrpt & pt & nphr(n4f of n5). to the back. hacia tras 166.

patax

patax, n5. dough. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, patax vagh is “pan coçido con çeniça” (Guzmán, 1620:150). masa.

pataxin, tv. bleach cloth with lye. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the same meaning is given for pataxin ta tan (Guzmán, 1620:40). colar paños.

patena (Sp.)

patena, n5. paten. patena de caliz.

pativil

pativil, n5. thin cloth. manta delgada.

pativil pok’, nphr(n type n)5. thin cloth. RML—This is given as patiul. manta delgada.

patox (Sp.)

patox, n5. duck. pato, ganso.

patriarca (Sp.)

patriarca, n5. patriarch. patriarca.

pauch

pauchil, n3d. amber. ambar.

pay(1)

payal lok’el, ajphr:aj & dr. beam that projects like a corbel. viga que vuela como can.

pay (2)

pay. pitchfork. cf. poy.

pay (3)

paych’ujeb vitz, nphr(n4f of n5). mountain slope. recuesto de monte.

paych’ujeb Ho‘, nphr(n4f of n5). torrent. raudal.

paych’ujel, vn5. mountain slope. RML—This term persists in modern Tzotzil, meaning “downhill slope.” recuesto de monte.

petz’

petz’, n5. deadfall for birds or mice, hunting with a deadfall. (1) losa para tomar ayes, (2) ratonera.

xibat to petz’. I am going hunting with a deadfall. ratonera.

petz’aj, iv. hunt with a deadfall. RML—This is given as xepetzogh. losa para….

petz’avil, n5. deadfall hunter. losa para….

petz’ay, tv. trap mice or birds that are taken or killed with a deadfall. RML—In the second instance the verb is given as ghpetzugh, perhaps it should be read jpetz’ of. (1) losa para…, (2) ratones ir a tomar….

petz’ayej, vn5. hunting with a deadfall. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, to petzuyegh cho is “qdo se toman con losilla ratones” (Gates, 1934b:153). It is given here as petzuegh. ratonera.

jpetz’, agn. deadfall hunter. losa para….

pech’

pech’, n5. flyswatter. moscador.

pech’ ‘e, nphr(aj & n)5. snout (as of a pig). hocico como de puerco.

pech’ ti‘, nphr(aj & n)5. snout (as of a pig). hocico como….

pech’ veluyab, nphr(aj & n)5. fan. moscador para hacer aire.

pech’e-‘ok nichim, nphr:n(aj & ncpd) type n. lily. lirio.

pech’e-‘ok castillan nichim, nphr:n(aj & ncpd) type nphr(aj & n). lily. lirio.

pech’e-ni‘, n(aj & ncpd)5. flat nose. nariz roma.

pech’e-ti‘, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-lipped person. (1) hocico como…, (2) hombre bezudo de gran bezo 239.

pech’ech’il, n3d. carrying cloth, head cloth. rodilla para cargar….

pech’el ni‘s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be flat-nosed. nariz roma.

pech’el ti‘, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be thick-lipped, have a snout. (1) hocico como…, (2) hombre bezudo…239.

pech’pech’ te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. shovel. pala para traspalar.

pek’

pek’, n1d. tumpline. (1) cincho el…72, (2) mecapal.

pek’pek’ vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. dwarf. (1) enano, (2) hombre enano 239.

pek’ul, n4f. tumpline. cincho el…72.

spek’ul ton. tumpline for carrying rocks. mecapal.

pek’a

pek’a, aj. calamitous, crippled. RML—Today this term in Larraínzar, and pec’ a’ in Ixtapa, refer to physical impairment (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:98). I have chosen the former quite arbitrarily. (1) desventurado, (2) tullido 336.

pek’a vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. dull-witted, incompetent or stupid person. (1) bolo o torpe, no habil, (2) ynhabil cosa 188, (3) mostrenco, (4) necio.

pek’ail, n4d. calamity, incompetence, stupefaction. (1) desventurado, (2) entorpecimiento, (3) ynhabilidad.

pek’ail k’op, nphr(n type n)4d. stupidity. necedad.

pek’aub, iv. be benumbed or stupefied, become crippled or paralyzed. (1) entorpecido, (2) entorpecerse, (3) tullirse 336.

pek’aubes, tv. cripple, paralyze. tullir 336.

pek’aubtas, tv. benumb, cripple, paralyze, stupefy. (1) entorpecer, (2) entorpecer a otro, (3) tullir 336.

*pen

*pen, n1d. shinbone. RML—This root is given both as pen and pin, and the marking of possession seems confused. espinilla de la pierna.

*penil, n5. shinbone. espinilla de la pierna.

penitencia (Sp.)

penitencia, n5. penance. cf. lok’. partiese el sermon, cf. partirse.

pepen

pepen, n5. butterfly (general term). mariposa generalmente.

tz’unun pepen, cf. tz’unun.

xjojoch’ pepen, cf. jojoch’.

pera (Sp.)

peras, n5. pear, pear tree. peral, arbol.

te‘el peras, cf. te‘.

perejil (Sp.)

perejil, n5. parsley. perejil.

peso (Sp.)

peso, n5. peso. cf. nop. estimar, lasar o apreciar.

pet (1)

pet, tv. carry in one’s arms as children, transplant. (1) llevar en los brazos…, (2) traer en los brazos, (3) trasponer plantar.

petoj, n4d. object carried in one’s arms. llevar atravesado….

pet (2)

petel, vn5. blister, boil, bruise, lump. (1) ampolla asi, grano…, (2) hinchazon asi, (3) roncha, (4) torondron.

petel, aj. blistered, bruised, with boils. hinchado de esta manera.

petelon. I am blistered. ampollar o hacersela ampollas pequeñas.

petetik, aj. blistered, bruised, with boils. (1) ampollado, lleno…, (2) hinchado de esta manera, (3) torondron.

petetik ssat. His face has boils. roncha.

petey, iv. get a boil. roncharse o hacersele ronchas.

petlej, n5. with boils. (1) roncharse, (2) torondron.

petpet, aj. bruised, with lumps. (1) hinchado de…, (2) torondron.

ta petlej, qphrprep & n5. blistered, bruised, with boils, with a mosquito bite. (1) ampolla asi, grano…, (2) hinchado de….

ta petlej e‘ayan (or) ta petlej ekom. He has boils. roncha.

ta petlej jk’ob. My hands are blistered. hincharse a tolondrones.

ta petlej jtakupal. My body is bruised. hincharse a….

petet

petet, n5. spindle. huso.

petet, n4e. spindleful of thread. husado o masorca, cf. husada.

j-petetal, num(num & nccpd)5. spindleful of thread. husado o….

pev

peve-ti‘, n(aj & ncpd)5. blubber-lipped. besudo 39.

pevel ti‘, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. blubber-lipped (said as an insult). besudo 39.

pi

piet, av. toot (small flute). sonar la flauta…

pitz

pitz ‘osil, vphr:tv & n5. plow, spade. rosa cabando o arando 301.

pitzel ‘osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). plowing, spading. rosa cabando…301.

pitz’ (1)

pitz’, tv. milk using the forefinger, press, squeeze. (1) apretar o tomar…, (2) esprimir o sacar zumo, (3) ordenar cuando…, (4) prensar asi o esprimir.

tzotz jpitz’. I am squeezing it hard. apretar de aquella manera.

pitz’ ‘a‘lel, vphr:tv & -n4f. get juice from roots or plants by squeezing or pressing them. sacar agua de raices o….

pitz’ lok’el pojov, vphr:tv & dr & -n4e. squeeze out pus. sacar podre o materia.

pitz’bey ‘a‘lel vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. RML—See pitz’ ‘a‘lel.sacar agua de….

pitz’eb chu‘ chij, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). milk jug or pail (for milking). orca, vaso de barro.

pitz’ob, n5. screwpin of wine press, squeezer. (1) esprimidero, (2) husillo de lagar asi.

pitz’ob tz‘usub, nphr(n of n)5. beam of wine press. viga de lugar.

pitz’ob chu‘ chij, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). milk jug or pail. orca.

pitz’ob te‘, nphr(n of n)5. vise. torno para rensar.

pitz’ob vale‘, nphr(n of n)5. sugarcane press. (1) esprimidero, (2) torno para prensar.

pitz’obil, n4f. beam or screw of wine press, press, vise. (1) husillo de…, (2) prensa para esprimir, (3) torno para prensar, (4) viga de….

pitz’obil chu‘ chij, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). milk jug. tarro en que ordenan.

pitz’ (2)

pitz’, n5. ball, ball game played with the buttocks. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, pitz is also given for ball and for stems referring to playing ball with the buttocks (Guzmán, 1620:110, 155). The term survives in modern Chol. (1) juego de pelota con las nalgas, (2) pelota como quiera.

pitz’in, iv. play ball with the buttocks. jugar a la pelota con las nalgas.

pitz’nom, n5. person who plays ball with the buttocks. jugar a….

picota (Sp.)

picota, n5. gallows, pillory. (1) picota, (2) rollo donde ahorcan.

pich’ (1)

pich’, tv. knead small object, as wax between the fingers or with just the hands. sobar cosas pequeñas 324.

pich’ (2)

pich’, n5. pepper plant. RML—In modern Tzotzil this is Lepidium virginicum var. pubescens. maztuerzo, yerba 213.

pik

pik, tv. touch. (1) atentar con la man o tocar 35, (2) tocar con la man algo.

pik bek’tal vphr:tv & n4d[A]. masturbate. tocarse las partes vergonzosas.

pikbey ‘ok, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. mimic person’s manner of walking. arrendar en el andar.

pik’

pik’-jol vinik, nphr:n(aj & ncpd) type n. bald person. *They say this in Totolapa. RML—Perhaps this and all other entries referring to baldness should be placed under pis. encalvecido.

pik’-vinik, n(aj & ncpd)5. beardless person. lampino.

pik’il vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. beardless person. lampino.

pik’ix, aj. spotted, stained. mancha o ancilla.

pik’ixtay, tv. spot, stain. (1) manchar o mancillar, (2) manchado o mancillado.

pik’ixil, n4f. dirtiness. suciedad 327.

‘ip xpik’ixil. It is very dirty. sucia cosa 327.

pik’ixtik, aj. dirty, spotted, stained. (1) manchado o…, (2) sucia cosa 237.

pik’ixtik ba, raj. be dirty. sucia cosa 327.

pik’ixtik sat, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be blear-eyed. cegajoso 70.

pik’ixub, iv. get dirty. RML—This is given as xepiquixim. sucio hacerse o ensuciarse 327.

pik’pik’, aj. flat and treeless. raso, cosa sin arboles….

pik’pik’ ‘osil, nphr(aj & n)5. flat and treeless land. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Zinacantán and modern Tzeltal of Tenejapa, pik’pik’ balamil is a field, but in Venustiano Carranza the term is pispis ‘osil. raso, cosa sin….

pik’pik’ tenlej, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f.. flat field. raso, cosa llana.

pik’ub tzotzil jol, s:tv & nphr(n4f of -n4d). grow bald. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, picub is “pelarse el pelo” (Gates 1934b:154). pelarse alguno….

jpik’pik’, agn. toothless person. desdentado.

pim

pim, aj. abundant, many. (1) abundancia, (2) muchos en numero o cantidad.

pim ‘anal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. leafy. hojosa cosa.

pim ‘ik’uyal, cf. ‘ik’ (2).

pim ‘it’it’ul, cf. ‘it’.

pim ch’uj, cf. ch’uj.

pim-letan, aj(aj & P2cpd). calloused (foot, hand). callo.

pim naul, cf. no.

pim tux-nok’ chij, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. sackcloth. chij, sayal 307.

pimij, iv. become abundant, increase, multiply. (1) abundancia, (2) acrecentarse, (3) multiplicarse.

pimijes, tv. make abundant, multiply. (1) abundancia, (2) multiplicar otra cosa.

pimil-baij, iv(aj & ivcpd). lose one’s shame, speak or act insolently. (1) desvergonzarse, (2) perder la verguenza.

pimil nok’, nphr(aj & n)5. heavy cloth. manta gruesa.

pimil nukul, nphr(n4f of n4b). callous. callo.

pimil pok’, nphr(aj & n)5. goat’s hair cloth, sackcloth or any other heavy cloth such as they use for bedding. picote o mayal u….

pimil tux-nok’ chij, nphr:aj & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n). sackcloth. sayal 307.

pimil Hun, nphr(aj & n)5. parchment. pergamino 248.

*pimpoktay ‘e, s:iv & -n4f. become dull (knife or sword). RML—Perhaps poc should be read pok’ referring to spongy. (1) embotarse cuchillo o espada, (2) embotado asi.

*pimpoktaybey ‘e, s:iv & -n4f. make dull. embotar otra cosa.

pimub ‘e, s:iv & -n4f. become dull (knife or sword). (1) embotarse cuchillo o espada, (2) embotado asi, (3) rebotar lo agudo.

pimub ba, s:iv & -rn4d. speak or act insolently. desvergonzarse.

pimub nukulil, s:iv & -n4d. become calloused. (1) callescer, (2) encallecido.

pimubtas, tv. thicken (very thin knife blade that is fortified by adding metal to it). redoblar.

pimubtasbey ‘e, vphr:-dv & n4f[13]. make dull. embotar otra cosa.

jpimil-ba, agn(aj & rncpd). insolent or shameless person. (1) desvergonzado, (2) perdida la verguenza o….

jpimil-bail, agn(aj & rncpd). insolent or shameless person. desvergonzado.

toj pim, ajphr:adv & aj. a great deal, very many. muy mucho.

pis

pis, tv. make into a ball. devanar en cosa…

pis, n5. ball, ball of yarn, round object. peya, cosa redonda 254.

pistzaj, iv. become round. redondo hacerse asi.

pistzan, tv. make round. redondear.

pisil, n4f. all, every, whole. todo.

pisil, aj. even if not, grouped together, round. *Always mo ma precedes the verb which is followed by pisil. RML—My reading of “grouped together” is suspect as it was given as picul. (1) aunque no…, (2) redondo, espherico….

mo ma xaHul pisil. Even if you do not come. aunque no….

mo ma xak’an pisil. Even if you do not want it. aunque no….

mo ma Hechuk pisil. Even if it is not like this. aunque no….

pisil ba chi‘uk ba‘yi-tajel, vphr:raj + nphr(n4f of vn<aj & tvcpd>5). first, foremost. primero y principal.

pisil k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. talk. RML—See note for pisil. ayuntada cosa por mi 14.

pisil vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. crowd. RML—See note for pisil. ayuntada…14.

pisilul, n4f. roundness. redondes asi.

pisis, n5. neck tumor, pill. (1) landres del cuello, (2) pildora.

pisis chamel, nphr(n type vn)5. neck tumor. landres del cuello.

pisis pox, nphr(n type n)5. pill. pildora.

pispis, aj. bald (parrot, person), round (spherical or columnar), whole. (1) entera cosa, (2) pelada cosa. (3) peya, cosa redonda 254, (4) redondo, espherico…, (5) rolliso, cosa redonda….

pispis tz’am te‘, nphr:aj & nphr(n type n). unhewn beam. viga por labrar.

pispis no, nphr(aj & n)5. ball or yarn. (1) mazorca de hilo, (2) ovillo de hilo.

pispis tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. mace (of beadle or gateman). maza o …203.

pispis te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. bowling ball. bola.

pisub, iv. become round. redondo hacerse asi.

pisubes, tv. make round. redondear.

j-pis, num(num & nccpd)5. In reference to round objects. peya, cosa…254.

j-pis no, num(num & nccpd)5 of n. ball of yarn. ovillo de hilo.

pix

pix, tv. cover one’s nakedness, cover with clothing. (1) atapar o cubrir las carnes, (2) cobijar con ropa.

pix ba, rv. clothe oneself, dress. arroparse, cubrirse.

pix chame-vinik, vphr:tv & n(aj & ncpd)5. shroud. mortajar el cuerpo del muerto.

pix jol tak’in, nphr:nphr(n4f of n4d) of n5. helmet. casco.

pix jolol, nphr(n of n)3d. hat. sombrero.

pixanil, n3d. augury, soul. RML—This term also occurs in Yucatec. (1) aguero, (2) alma, (3) anima.

pixixul, n4f. turret. almena.

pixixultik, n4f. turreted wall. almena.

pixobil chame-vinik, nphr:n4f of n(aj & ncpd)5. shroud. mortaja.

pixobil ch’ulel sat, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n4d). cataract. nube de ojo.

pixobil sat, nphr(n4f of n4d). flap of a montero cap that covers the face and neck. papahigo.

pixoj, n4d. object being covered with clothing. cobijar o cubrir….

jpix chame vinik, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n)cpd. shrouder. mortajador.

‘ak’ pix jol Hun, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

‘ak’bey pix jol Hun, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

pitavul

pitavul tontik, nphr(n type n)5. gravelly place. caxcajar.

plata (Sp.)

plata, n5. silver. marco de plata.

marco de plata, cf. marco.

platel (Sp.)

platel, n5. platter. platel.

plato (Sp.)

plato, n5. dish. fregadero de platos.

suk’ob plato, cf. suk’.

po‘on

po‘on, n5. plum, plum tree. RML—In modern Tzotzil this is the hog plum, Spondias mombin and S. purpurea. ciruelo 72.

po‘ot

po‘ot ‘u, nphr(n type n)5. half moon. media luna.

po‘otaj, iv. reach halfway. (1) mediar, hinchar…, (2) mediado asi.

potz

potzet tzotzil, s:av & -n4d. have one’s hair stand on end. espelucarse.

potzil, aj. woolly. lanudo.

potz’

potz’, aj. dented, depressed, sunken. hundida cosa asi o abollado….

potz’aj, iv. be dented, sink. (1) hundirse, abajarse la tierra…, (2) hundirse abollarse cosa dura.

potz’et, ay. sink (ground when stepped on or trunk or basket or other soft object when sat upon). hundirse, abajarse….

potz’otz’tik, aj. sunken in many places. hundida cosa asi en muchas partes.

potz’ol, aj. dented, depressed, sunken. hundida cosa asi o….

potz’olpotz’ol, aj. slightly dented, depressed or sunken. hundida cosa asi o….

potz’om, aj. hollow (peach pit or almond whose nut has shrunken). vano coma….

potz’omtik, aj. with hollow pits or seeds. vano como….

potz’potz’, aj. slightly dented, depressed or sunken. hundida cosa asi o….

laal potz’omal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. with hollow pits or seeds. vano coma….

*poch

*pochan, tv. propose a discussion. RML—The same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:167, 181). proponer, platica.

*pochan k’op, vphr:tv & n5. report. relatar.

poch’ (1)

poch’i, tv. rape, struggle, wrestle. luchar.

xexpoch’i. I was raped. forzar mujer 145.

poch’i ba, rv. struggle, wrestle. luchar.

poch’ibil cha‘ley, vphr:pp & tv-. rape. forzar mujer 145.

poch’ibil cha‘leyat, vphr:pp & tv/pass/. be raped. forzado asi 145.

poch’iel, vn4d. struggle. lucha.

poch’ivanej, vn5. struggle. lucha.

poch’ (2)

poch’, n5. bedbug. RML—Term still used in Chenalhό (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:100). chinche.

poch’ (3)

poch’. platform. cf. pach’.

poj (1)

poj, aj. sour. agra cosa 12.

pajal, aj. sour. agra cosa 12.

pajal, n4f. sourness. agra 12.

pajal ‘uch’omo‘, nphr(aj & n)5. sour corn gruel. agra 12.

pajal vaj, nphr(aj & n)5. sour bread. agra 12.

pajal vino, nphr(aj & n)5. vinegar. vinagre, vino corrompido.

pajub, iv. leaven. (1) leudarse el pan, (2) leudado.

pajubesabil vaj, nphr(n4f of n5). yeast. levadura.

poj (2)

poj, tv. assault, carry off, rape, rob, snatch. (1) arrebatar, (2) rebatar, (3) robar salteando o por fuerza, (4) saltear.

xespoj. I was raped. forzar mujer 145.

pojben, n4d. robbery. robo asi.

pojbey, dv. confiscate. quitar por….

pojbey ba, rdv. scatter. rebatiña.

‘ak’o spojbey sba ‘unetik. Make the children scatter.

pojbil, pp. carried off, snatched. rebatada cosa.

pojbil chaley, vphr:pp & tv-. rape. forzar mujer 145.

pojbil cha‘leyat, vphr:pp & tv/pass/. be raped. RML—The verb is in the past tense. forzado asi 145.

pojel, vn5. quick sale, snatching. (1) arrebatar, (2) rebatiña.

pojel mo stzak sba. It is not bought up quickly. caro.

pojel bat, vphr:vn5 & iv. be sold quickly. (1) arrebatar, (2) rebatiña.

pojel maney, vphr:vn5 & tv/pass/. be bought quickly. arrebatar.

pojel na to yabutil, nphr:nphr(vn4f of n5) & qphr(prep & n5). pillage, sacking. saco mano.

pojpojbey ba, rdv. scatter. *When boys snatch something in a

crowd they say: “jpojpojbey jbatik!” “Let’s scatter!” rebatiña.

pojvan, iv. carry off, snatch. (1) arrebatar, (2) rebatar.

jpojvanej, agn. highwayman, robber. (1) ladron publico o salteador, (2) robador asi, (3) salteador.

toj pojel, vphr:aj & vn5/pred/. be scarce (bread). falta o mengua como….

poj (3)

pojilan, tv. pat. golpear o herir.

pojlajetel, vn5. sound of smashing earthenware. ruido de cosas quebradas de barro.

pojov

pojov, n1e. pus. RML—The inanimate possession is spojovil. (1) apostema materia, (2) materia, podre, (3) podre.

pojoval, n5. pus. materia.

pojovin, iv. become pussy, fester. (1) apostemarse con materia, (2) materia hacerse.

pok (1)

pok, tv. clean, cleanse, purge, purify. (1) alimpiar, (2) limpiar, (3) purgar o limpiar.

pok ‘e, vphr:tv & -n4d. pick one’s teeth. mondar dientes.

pok ba, rv. apologize, excuse oneself even though truthfully, rid oneself of guilt. (1) disculparse 78, (2) escusarse aunque sea con verdad, (3) purgarse, excusandose de algo.

pok-baij, iv(tv & ncpd). become beautiful. hermosearse, hacerse hermoso 169.

pok-baijel, vn(tv & ncpd)5. beauty. hermosura 169.

pok bail, vn5. apology. escusacion o escusa.

pokbenal, n4f. rubbish. limpiaduras.

pokbil, pp. clean, clear and without sediment. (1) claro sin hez, (2) limpia cosa, (3) limpieza.

pokbil xanav ‘anti, s:pp & iv & n5. chaste woman. muger casta.

pokbil xanbal, nphr(pp & n)5. chastity. castidad.

pokel, vn4d. cleanliness. limpieza.

pokilan ‘e, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. brush a person’s teeth. fregar dientes.

pokob k’ob, nphr(n5 & n4d/lp/). towel. tovajas.

pokobil, n4f. cleaner, purge. (1) alimpiadera, (2) limpiadero, (3) purgatisa, cosa que purifica.

pokobil chikinil, nphr(n4f of n3d). earspoon. monda orejas.

pokobil k’obil, nphr(n4f of n3d). basin, towel. (1) fuente para lavar manos, (2) limpiadero, (3) tovajas.

pokobil sat, nphr(n4f of n4d). basin, towel. limpiadero.

pokomaj, iv. clean. limpiar.

pokpokbil, pp. absolutely clean (God). mezcla para…222.

Ha’ te mo pokbiluk xanave, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & advphr<neg & pp> & iv). incontinent. yncontinente 186.

pok (2)

pok. shield. cf. pak.

poket

poket, n5. earthenware jar. tinaja de barro.

bik’tal poket, nphr(aj & n)5. earthenware pot. puchero de barro.

poko‘

poko‘, aj. ancient, old, stale. (1) antiguo, (2) añejo, (3) vieja cosa.

poko‘ na. old house. vieja cosa.

poko’ ‘ik’ti‘, nphr(aj & n)5. ancient history. ystoria antigua 190.

poko‘ bel nail, nphr:aj & nphr(n of n)5. inheritance. patrimonio.

poko‘ vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. long-lived or old person. (1) anciano, (2) grande en edad.

poko‘ vinikon. I am very old. edad tener mucha.

poko‘ vokol, nphr(aj & n)5. ancient history. ystoria antigua 190.

pokok

pokok, n5. toad. sapo.

pok’ (1)

pok’ ta majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). slap. (1) bofetear, abofetear, (2) herir con la mano abierta, (3) palmada o bofetada dar.

j-yalel espok’ ta majel jsat. He slapped me once in the face. bofeteada.

pok’-chikin, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-eared. orejudo.

pok’-ton, n(aj & ncpd)5. sponge. esponja.

pok’ben, n4d. slap that one gives. herida que da el que hiere asi.

pok’benal, n4d. slap that one receives. herida que se recibe asi.

pok’el ta majel te‘ nuk’, nphrnphr(vn4f & qphr<prep & vn5>) of nphr (n of n)4d. slap on the neck. pescozada.

pok’o-chikin, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-eared. orejudo.

pok’ob k’obil, nphr(n of n)5. rod with which boys at school are beaten on the hand. palmatoria.

pok’ob k’obol, nphr(n of n)5. RML—See pok’ob k’obil. palmatoria.

pok’obil, n4f. RML—See pok’ ob k’obil. palmatoria.

pok’ol, aj. spongy. (1) esponjosa cosa, (2) fosa cosa 144, cf. fofa.

pok’ol membrillo, nphr(aj & n)5. spongy quince. fosa cosa 144, cf. fofa.

pok’ol te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. spongy wood. fosa cosa 144, cf. fofa.

pok’ponet, ay. slapping. palmadas dar….

pok’ (2)

pok’. cloth, partition, wall. cf. pak’.

pol

pol, tv. mark. rayar, hacer raya 284.

pol Hun, vphr:tv & n5. line music sheets. reglar papel para canto.

polbey Wel Hun, vphr:dv & nphr(n4f of n5[=B]). line music sheets. reglar papel para canto.

polol, n5. mark. raya para señalar 284.

pom (1)

porn, n5. honey, wordy excuse or explanation. (1) miel, (2) razonamiento asi.

‘epal porn, nphr(aj & n)5. swarm of bees. enjambre de abejas 121.

tzobol ‘aja-pom, cf. tzob.

pamal chi, nphr(natt & n)5. pulque. miel de maguey.

pamal durasnos, nphr(natt & n)5. peach preserve. mid rosada.

pamal lo’bol, nphr(natt & n)5. pancake. fruta de sarten.

pamal membrillos, nphr(natt & n)5. quince preserve. miel rosada.

pamal nichim, nphr(natt & n)5. honey. miel rosada.

pamal rosa, nphr(natt & n)5. rose honey. miel rosada.

pamal sakil, nphr(natt & n)5. nougat. turron.

pamal vaj, nphr(natt & n)5. pancake. (1) boñuelo 44, (2) fruta de sarten.

paman, iv. make honey (bees). miel, hacer las abejas.

pamij, iv. explain at length. razonar.

pamijel, vn5. wordy excuse or explanation. razonamiento asi….

jpamijel, agn. person who explains at length. razonamiento asi.

*pom (2)

*pometel, vn5. haughtiness. entonado andar.

*pomol vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. useless or vile person. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the adjective is pompom (Gates, 1934b: 159). astroso.

*jpometel, agn. haughty person. entonada persona.

pooy

pooy, n5. skunk. RML—This term, given as pohoy, perhaps should be read poHoy or po‘oy. In modem Tzotzil of Larraínzar it is poy (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:102), and in Zinacantán it is poyoy. cf. poyoy. raposo.

pop

pop, n5. mat. estera.

popol ‘aj, nphr(n of n)5. reed mat. estera de cañas.

popol ton, nphr(n of n)5. gravestone. piedra para sepultura….

mo muk’uk popol, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -n4f. narrow plot of land. estrecha tierra.

muk’ popol, cf. muk’.

xanil pop, cf. xan (1).

papal, n4f. mat. estera.

papal jobel, nphr(n of n)5. large grass basket. sera de esparto.

poslom

poslom, n5. kind of devil. diablos, nombres de algunos.

pox

pox, n1e. balsam, medicine, ointment, pill, plaster, purge. RML—The inanimate possession is xpoxil. (1) balsamo, (2) curar, (3) emplasto, (4) medicinal cosa, (5) pildora, (6) purga, (7) unguento.

pox jamobil nuk’, nphr:n5 & nphr(n4f of n5). gargle. gargarismo.

pox pokobil ‘eal, nphr:n type nphr(n4f of n5). gargle. gargarismo.

poxlal, n4d. patient, pill. (1) curar, (2) pildora.

poxtaj, iv. administer medicines, bewitch with medicinal potions, cure. RML—This is given as poxlagh. (1) curar, (2) hechizar dando bebedizos, (3) medicina poner o curar.

poxtay, tv. apply plasters, bewitch with medicinal potions. (1) emplastar, (2) hechizar dando bebedizos, (3) hechijero, cf. hechicero.

poxtay ta k’op, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). bewitch. ensalmar.

poxtay ta k’oplayvanej, vphrtv- & qphr(prep & vn5). bewitch. ensalmar.

poxtayab tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. doctor’s or surgeon’s instrument. hierro de cirujano o medico.

poxtayabil, n4f. medical aid, medicine. (1) ayuda que se echa…14, (2) medicinal cosa, (3) triste ayuda.

poxtaybil, pp. plastered, poisoned. (1) emplastado, (2) emponzoñado.

poxtaybil higo, nphr(pp & n)5. dried fig. higo dobado.

jpoxil, agn. curer, doctor, witch. (1) curar, (2) medico.

jpoxtayej, agn. curer, witch. curar.

jpoxtayej-chikinil, agn(vn & ncpd). ear doctor. medico de orejas.

jpoxtayej-satil, agn(vn & ncpd). eye doctor. medico de ojos.

jpoxta(y)vanej, agn. doctor. medico.

‘utzil pox, cf. ‘utz.

pot

potol, n1e. small packsaddle on which the Indians take their burdens. RML—The inanimately possessed form is spotolil. albardilla donde….

potov (M-Z.)

castillan potov, nphr(aj & n)5. apple. RML—In modem Tzotzil, potov is the guava, Psidium guajava and P guineense. matiana 208, cf. mañzana.

castillan potovtik, nphr(aj & n)5. apple orchard. mancanal.

poy

poyan, tv. set down crosswise. (1) atravesar algo, (2) poner atravesado.

poyey, iv. cross. atravesar.

poyol, aj. crosswise. (1) atravesado, (2) poner atravesado.

payal te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. pitchfork for turning wheat. horca para revolver el trigo.

paylej te‘, nphr(n type n)5. pitchfork for turning wheat. horca para….

poyoy

poyoy, n5. skunk. *Fox—there are none here so they have no name, but there are others that stink much and when pursued they cause the dogs to return sneezing, cf. pooy. raposo.

procesion (Sp.)

procesion, n5. procession. procesion.

profeta (Sp.)

profeta, n5. prophet. falso profeta.

jpak’tayej-profeta, cf. pak’.

provisor (Sp.)

provisor, n5. vicar general. provisor de Obispo.

putz

putzet vaj, s:av & n5. French roll. mollete, pan.

putzpon pat, s:av & -n4d. be bare-assed. echar las carnes de fuera.

putz’

putz’et, ay. sink (ground when stepped on or trunk or basket or other soft object when sat upon). hundirse, abajarse ….

puch’

puch’ilan ti‘, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. move one’s lips. menear los labios.

puch’pon ti‘, s:av & -n4d. move one’s lips. menear los labios.

puerro (Sp.)

puerro, n5. leek. puerro.

puerta (Sp.)

puerta, n5. door. tranca de puerta.

makobil puerta, cf. mak.

puj

puj, n1e. reed (with which they make petates). RML—In modern Tzotzil this refers to the California bullrush, Scirpus californicus, and the cattail, Typha domingensis and T latifolia. (1) espadaña, (2) junco de la hoja ancha, (3) junco de que hacen petates.

pujel chu‘, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. big-breasted. tetuda.

pujel ch’ut, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. big-bellied. panzudo 245.

puju-ch’ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-bellied. panzudo 245.

jpujel-chu‘ul, agn(aj & ncpd). big-breasted woman. tetuda.

puk (1)

puk, tv. distribute, divide up, divulge, publish, slander. (1) disfamar, (2) dividir o repartir algo, (3) divulgar publicar algo, (4) partir o repartir, (5) repartir.

puk ‘a‘yej, vphr:tv & vn5. spread news. echar fama.

puk ‘a‘yejlal, vphr:tv & -nld. defame, divulge, publish. (1) ynfamar 187, (2) publicar o divulgar nuevas.

puk-‘a‘yejlal, vn(tv & ncpd)5. slander. disfamia.

puk ba, rv. scatter. esparcirse o dividirse de en uno.

puk k’op, vphr:tv & n5. publish. predicar, divulgar.

puk-k’op, vn(tv & ncpd)5. slander. disfamia.

pukbeat ‘a‘yejlal, vphr:dv/pass/ & n4d[S]. be defamed. ynfamado ser 187.

pukben, n4d. object one has divided up. dividido por mi.

pukbey, dv. distribute to, slander. partirles asi a otro algo.

pukbey ‘a‘yejlal, vphr:-dv & nd4[B]. defame. (1) disfamar, (2) ynfamar 187.

pukbey ba, rdv. divide up. partir o repartir entre nosotros.

pukbil, pp. divided up. divisa cosa asi.

pukbil ‘a‘yejlal, s:pp/pred/ & -n4d. defamed, slandered. (1) disfamado, (2) ynfamado 187.

pukel, vn4f. division. division.

puket ch’ail, s:av & -n4e. with smoke puffing up in the distance. humear cuando parece de lejos.

pukin tzotzilal tz’i‘, s:iv & nphr(n4d of n5). have dog’s hair grow back. renovarse el pelo al perro.

pukobil ‘a‘yejlal Hun, nphr:nphr(n4f of n5). libel. libelo difamatorio.

pukuk, n5. dust. polvo.

pukukib, iv. become dusty. polvorear.

jpuk-‘a‘yejlal, agn(tv & ncpd). defamer, slanderer. disfamador.

jpuk-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). defamer, slanderer. disfamador.

‘ip pukuk, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. dusty. polvoso.

laal pukuk, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. dusty. polvoso.

*puk (2)

*puk, n5. glass. RML—The same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:218). vidrio.

pukuj

pukuj, n5. devil, mortality (archaic term now replaced by charnel). (1) diablo, (2) mortandad.

pukuj k’op, nphr(n type n)5. black magic. nigromancia.

pukujil, natt. devilish. diabolica cosa.

pukujil k’op, nphr(natt & n)5. devilish talk. diabolica cosa.

pukujil pasnej, nphr(natt & n)5. devilish deed. diabolica cosa.

‘albey jpukuj, cf. ‘al (1).

p’is ta pukuj, cf. p’is.

puk’

puk’ kokov, vphr:tv & n5. dilute cocoa. hacer cacao y molerlo 165.

puk’um ‘e, s:iv & -n4d. lose or remove one’s teeth. RML—The reading of this and the following entry are suspect. desdentarse o quitarsele los dientes.

jpuk’um, agn. toothless person. desdentado.

pul

pul, tv. fill by sinking as when they fill the waterjug by sinking it in the water. hinchar sumiendose la cosa.

pul, iv. fill as above, sink, stuff oneself. *To say at the time of the flood the world sank below the water, they say: “epul skotol ‘osil ta Ho‘.” (1) henchirse, (2) hinchar sumiendose…, (3) hundir, echar a fondo….

pul ch’ay, vphr:tv- & tv-. sink, submerge (ship, canoe). hundir, echar….

pulel, vn5. filling. henchimiento.

pules, tv. stuff oneself. henchirse.

pullej, n4f. valley sunken in the middle. quebrada llana pero….

pulom Ho‘, nphr(n of n)5. chamberpot. servidor, bacin.

pulpul, aj. deep, sunken (ground, valleys, house floor where there are depressions). (1) hinchar sumiendose… (2) quebrada llana…, (3) sumida cosa u….

pulultik, aj. sunken (ground). hinchar sumiendose….

pum

pumel chu‘, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. big-breasted. tetuda.

pumel ch’ut, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. big-bellied. panzudo 245.

pumlajet, av. be rough (water), become stirred up (water by wind or storm). (1) olas hacer asi, (2) turbarse la agua….

pumlajetel, vn4f. rough sea. olas grandes.

pumu-‘ok, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-footed. RML—This is given as porno. In colonial Tzeltal it appears as pomo oc (Guzmán, 1620:145). But the current use of pumu-‘ok together with the colonial use of pumu in noun compounds argues for the above reading. hombre de grandes pies.

pumu-ch’ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-bellied. panzudo 245.

pumumet, av. fat. *They say this when children’s bellies are filled with posol or a meal, and the same for fat men. preñada.

jpumel chu‘ul, agn(aj & ncpd). big-breasted woman. tetuda.

‘ipal pumlajetel nab, nphr:aj & nphr(n4f of n5). sea storm. tormenta de mar.

pumal

pumalay, tv. spray with the mouth. RML—This is given as ghpumaley. In colonial Tzeltal the term is given variously as -pubatay and -pubhatay (Guzmán, 1620:187). In modern Chol, -pumal is to spray. rociar con la boca.

*pun

*pun-te‘, n(x & ncpd)5. box, chest, trunk (of theirs). RML—In colonial Tzeltal this is given as pute (Guzmán, 1620:23, 38). In modern Chol, pun-te‘ is a stump. (1) arca, caja, petaca, (2) caja o arca o petaca 53.

*pun-te‘ ton chame-vinik, nphr:n(x & ncpd)4c of n(iv & ncpd)5. tomb. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term is given as zputeal chamen vinic (Guzmán, 1620:212). (1) sepulcro, (2) tumba.

*pun te‘ ton chame-vinik, nphr:n(x & n & ncpd)4e of n(iv & ncpd)5. stone tomb. RML—The inanimate possession suffix is -al, but in colonial Tzeltal it is -il (Guzmán, 1620:196). sepulcro de piedra.

punto (Sp.)

punto, n5. dot (over a letter). punto encima de letra.

puñal (Sp.)

puñal, n5. dagger. puñal, arma.

purgatorio (Sp.)

purgatorio, n5. Purgatory. purgatorio, lugar do….

pus

pus, n5. oven, stove, sweatbath. (1) baño, aquel lugar…, (2) estufa a baño seco o horno, (3) vano, cf. baño.

pusin, iv. take a sweatbath. (1) banarse en los baños…, (2) bañarse en baño 345.

pusivil, n5. person who takes a sweatbath. bañador de los que se bañan asi 345.

pux

pux, tv. double (border, cornstalk, hem, sugarcane), fold (cloth, clothing). (1) doblar ropa, (2) doblar cosa…, (3) plegar, (4) quebrar, como caño….

pux, n5. wrinkle in clothing. ruga de ropa.

puxbenal, n4f. fold. plegadura.

puxbil, pp. doubled, folded. (1) plegada cosa, (2) quebrado asi.

puxil, n4f. undulating trim of clothing. trepa de vestidura.

puxul, aj. doubled. quebrado asi.

puxulil, n4f. doubling. quebradura asi.

puxuxtik, aj. wrinkled. (1) arrugado asi, (2) quebradura asi, (3) ruga de ropa, (4) rugosa.

puxuxtik k’u‘, s:aj/predi & n4d. undulating trim of clothing. trepa de vestidura.

puy

puy, n5. snail. RML—In modern Tzotzil this is the river snail, Pachychilus indiorum. caracol.

puyuch’

puyuch’, n5. parrot (smaller than a macaw, larger than a parakeet). RML—As in modern Tzotzil of Larraínzar (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:103). papagayo, ave conocida.

P’

p’aj

p’aj bot, s:iv & n5. hail. granizar.

p’aj Ho‘, s:iv & n5. rain with big drops. (1) gotear como cuando comienza a llover, (2) llover gotas grandes.

p’ajajtik, aj. drop by drop. gota a gota.

mo ‘ipuk eyal Ho‘ p’ajajtik no ‘ox. It did not rain hard, just a few drops.

p’ajbenal, n4f. after fruit. redrojo de fruta.

p’ajlajet, av. crash (falling rocks). ruido hacer como….

p’ajlajet Ho‘, s:av & n5. rain with big drops. gotear coma….

p’ajp’aj, n5. raindrop. gota cuando llueve.

p’as

p’as, tv. chop, cross (ocean, river), saw. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Larraínzar, p’ asta means to cross a road or a river (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:278). (1) cortar como con sierra, (2) cortar dando golpes algun palo, (3) pasadero, lugar por do pasan, (4) pasar mar, rio que se atraviesa.

p’as ta be k’op, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & n5) & n5. hinder by digressing from the subject. estorba al que habla….

p’as ta nuxel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). swim across. nadar pasando de un cabo a otro.

p’as takiej, vphr.tv & vn5. violate a law. traspasar mandamiento de alguno.

p’asalul te‘, nphr(n4f of n5). chips or chunks of wood. ripia de pedazos….

p’asben te‘, nphr(n4f of n5). chips or chunks of wood. ripia de pedazos….

p’asob ‘uk’um, nphr(n of n)5. ford. pasadero, lugar….

p’asob si‘ ‘ek’el, nphr:nphr(n of n) type n. billhook for firewood. hacino pars leña 175, cf. hocino.

p’asoj, n4d. object being sawed. RML—This was given as ghcapogh. cortar como con sierra.

p’asoj ‘u’un, vphr:iv + -n4d. transfer (debt, command, office). traspasar deuda, señorio, cargo.

ep’asoj kajvalel ku‘un ta stojol Pedro. I transferred my command to Peter.

p’asojel, vn4f. ford. pasadera, lugar….

p’asojel ta jom, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & n5). navigation, passage. (1) navegacion, (2) navegante.

p’asojes, tv. transfer (debt, command, office). traspasar deuda….

jp’asojes kajvalel ta stojol Pedro (or) jp’asojesbey Pedro te kajvalele. I am transferring my command to Peter.

*p’asp’onet, av. make kicking sound. RML—In colonial Tzeltal this is given as -pachponet (Guzmán, 1620:188). ruido hacer pateando.

jp’asojel, agn. passenger. pasajero de nave.

jp’asojel ta jom, agn:vn & qphr(prep & ncpd). ship passenger. pasajero de nave.

j-p’as tocino, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n. slice of bacon. lonja de tocino.

jp’asol, agn. robber. robador asi.

jp’asvanej, agn. highwayman, tanner. (1) pellejero que las cura, (2) salteador.

jp’asvanej, agn4d. author, tanner. (1) autor, (2) pellejero que las cura.

p’os, tv. play handball. jugar a la pelota con las manos.

p’os, n5. handball. juego de pelota con las manos.

p’osi ‘ok, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. stumble over, trip. (1) estropesar, (2) tropezar.

jp’osi kok ta te‘. I will trip over a stick. estropesar en palo.

jp’osi kok ta ton. I will trip over a stone. estropesar en palo.

p’osiabil ‘okil, nphr(n4f of n3d). object one stumbles over. trompezadero, cf. tropezadero.

p’osiel ‘ok, nphr(vn4f of n4d). stumbling, trip. (1) estropiezo o tropezon, (2) tropezadura o estropiezo.

p’osin, iv. play handball. RML—In colonial Tzeltal -pocibon is “jugar a la pelota dandole con los pies” (Guzmán, 1620:110). jugar a la pelota con las manos.

p’osinom, agn. handball player. jugador asi.

p’osp’os vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. little person. hombre pequeño.

p’ej

j-p’ej t’elel, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & n. with blisters, bumps or bruises. roncha.

p’ev

p’ev, iv. be absent from work. faltar el….

p’ev ba, rv. step aside. despartir.

p’ev abaik! Move aside! (said to people on a bridge, or so that they will get their horses off the trail).

p’ev tzotzil, vphr.tv & n4d[A]. part one’s hair. despartir.

p’ev jol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. part one’s hair. despartir.

p’evel, aj. absent from work. faltar el….

p’evoj, n4d. object being moved aside. despartir.

jp’evel, agn. person absent from work. faltar el….

p’ich

p’ichuy e, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. pick one’s teeth. mondar dientes.

p’ij

p’ij, aj. cautious, clever, cunning, ingenious. (1) abil, (2) avisado, (3) yngenioso 188, (4) mañoso 210.

p’ij ‘olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be judicious or wise. sesudo de buen seso.

p’ijil, n1d. cleverness, discretion. (1) abilitarse, (2) discrecion, (3) maña 209.

p’ijil ti‘, nphr(aj & n)5. talkative. palabrero.

p’ijil vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. cautious person. avisado.

p’ijub, iv. become clever, study. (1) abilitarse o…, (2) estudiar.

p’ijubtas, tv. teach. abil, saber astro.

‘oy p’ijil, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be clever. maña 209.

mo ‘oyuk p’ijil, s:neg & n/pred/ & -n4d. incompetent, stupid. (1) ynhabil cosa 186, (2) ruda, cosa de ingenio.

p’il

p’il, iv. add, increase. (1) acrecentarse, (2) añadir 24.

p’il tojol, s:iv & -n4f. rise in price. mas valor.

p’ilel, vn4f. addition. añadidura 24.

p’ilem, n4f. addition. añadidura 24.

p’ilemal, n4f. excess, profit. (1) logro, (2) sobra que sobrepuja.

p’ilemal ta ‘utzil, nphr:-n4f & qphr(prep & n4f[P of p’ilemal]). improvement. mejoria absolute.

p’iles, tv. add, increase, lift up the poor or downcast, raise one’s rank. (1) acrecentar algo, (2) añadir, (3) levantar al pobre o abatido, (4) honrar poniendole en dignidad 240.

p’ilesbil, pp. increased. acrecentado.

p’ilil, aj. increased, more, special, specially——. (1) acrecentado, (2) especial cosa o señalada, (3) particular en bien.

p’ilil ‘utz stuk (or) p’ilil stuk ta yutzil. It is magnificent (or) especially good. (1) real cosa y muy buena, (2) singular asi en el….

p’ilil skola‘al stuk. He is specially bad. extraña cosa de buena 134.

p’ilil sna‘ te Juane juteb no ‘ox te Pedro. John knows more than Peter. mas, comparativo.

p’ilil stuk. specially good (or) without equal. (1) extraña cosa de buena 134, (2) singular cosa que no tiene par.

p’ililot atuk! You are special! particular cosa.

p’ilil ‘aboltay, vphr:aj & tv-. increase one’s wealth (as in wills, some are more improved than others). mejorar en hacienda….

p’ilil ‘ak’el, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. be of high standing. estado bajo.

p’ilil ‘ak’vanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. high standing. estado alto.

p’ilil ‘ayanel, s:aj/pred/ & -vnld. high standing. estado bajo.

p’ilil ba, raj. distinguished, special. especial cosa o señalada.

p’ilil tojol ‘ech’, vphr:nphr(aj & n4d[S]) & iv. be more valuable. mas valor.

p’ilp’on ch’ich’, s:av & n5. pulse. pulso.

‘oy p’ilemal ‘ich’, vphr:s(n5/pred/ & n4f[A]) & tv. be profitable. logrero.

toj p’ilil, ajphr:adv & aj. sovereign. soberana cosa.

p’ilix

p’ilix, n5. grasshopper (small locust). langosta pequeña.

p’in

p’in chu‘ chij, nphr:n4e of nphr(n4d of n5). milk jar (for milking). tarro en que ordeñan.

p’inal tak’in, nphr(natt & n)5. cauldron, kettle. caldera.

bik’tal p’in, nphr(aj & n)5. glazed earthen pot. puchero de barro.

p’is

p’is, tv. compare, draw, falsify, forge, give an example, mark, measure, picture, represent, sketch, weigh. (1) ejemplificar goner ejemplo o comparacion 136, (2) falsear o contra hacer, (3) figurar, (4) notar señalando, (5) representar, (6) semejar o comparar uno a otro, (7) señal con medidas o lineamiento, (8) trazar 338.

p’is, iv. make a sign (as when they make the sign of the cross with their fingers or signal to a mute). RML—This is given in the past tense. señal de medida o….

p’is, n5. compass, measure, plumb bob, pound, right angle, ruler, sign. (1) compas, (2) escuadra carta, (3) libra, peso, (4) medida, (5) plomo, (6) regla para cortar o señalar algo, (7) siño por señal 317.

p’is ba, rv. feign, pretend. disimular 88.

p’is ba ta chamel, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & vn5). feign illness. disimular enfermedad.

p’is cruz, vphr:tv & n5. swear while making sign of the cross. jurar haciendo cruz.

p’is chi‘, vphr:tv & n5. serve drinks. escanciar.

p’is lum, vphr:tv & n5. measure land. medir tierra.

p’is ta nivel ‘oy, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). level. nivelar.

p’is ta pukuj, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). call person a devil. diabolica cosa.

p’is ta tomin, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). forge money. falsear o contra hacer.

p’is ta Hun ‘ojov, vphr.tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). forge an official document. falsear o….

p’is Hun, vphr:tv & n5. illuminate a book, line sheet music. (1) yluminar libros, (2) regular papel para canto.

p’isbil, pp. drawn, measured, weighed. (1) figurada cosa, (2) medido, (3) pesada cosa asi.

p’isbil k’op, nphr(pp & n)5. comparison. semejanza asi a comparacion.

p’isbilp’isbil xanav, vphr:pp & iv. pace. pie ante pie o paso a paso.

p’isel, vn4f. forgery. falsedad asi.

p’isel ta kokov, nphr:vn5f & qphr(prep & n5). counterfeiting of cocoa beans. falsedad asi.

p’isel ta Hun ‘ojov, nphr:vn4f & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d ofn5>). counterfeiting of official document. falsedad asi.

p’isob te‘, nphr(n of n)5. ruler. regla para cortar o señalar algo.

p’isob ton, nphr(n of n)5. ruler. regla para….

p’isobil, n4f. image, measurement, picture, ruler. (1) medida, regla para…, (3) representacion.

p’isobil natil Ho‘, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). sounder for measuring depth of water. sonda para el sondo del agua.

p’isobil peso, nphr(n4f of n5). weight for scales. pezo para balanza.

p’isol, n4f. mark, sign. (1) señal de medida o…, (2) siño, por señal 317.

p’isol ‘oy, vphr:-n4f & n/pred/. be reasonable. razon tener.

p’isol k’op, nphr(n type n)5. reasonable. razonable cosa.

p’isol xonobil, nphr(n4f of n5). shoemaker’s last. horma de zapotero.

j-p’is, num(num & nccpd)5. yard. vara de medir.

jp’is, agn. person who gives true weight or measure. fiel de los pesos o medidas.

jp’is-bek’et, agn(tv & ncpd). weigher of meat. pesador.

jp’is-chi‘, agn(tv & ncpd). cupbearer. escanciano.

jp’is-choy, agn(tv & ncpd). weigher of fish. pesador.

jp’isojel, agn. person who gives true weight or measure. fiel de….

jp’isvanej, agn. person who gives true weight or measure. (1) fiel de…, (2) pesador.

j-p’is lum, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n5. lot. *j-p’ is according to what is being spoken of (i.e., measured). suerte de tierra,

j-p’is sakil tak’in, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of nphr(aj & n)5. mark (silver weight of eight ounces). marco de plata.

ta p’is, qphrprep & n5. figuratively. figurativamente.

p’it

p’it, iv. jump in the air as when dancing or when boys jump for joy. saltar hacia arriba….

p’itel, vn5. jump. salto.

p’itp’on, av. jump up in the air. saltar hacia….

p’itp’onet, av. jump up in the air. saltar hacia….

p’ituj, iv. jump up in the air. asaltar hacia….

p’ok

p’okan nuk’il, nphr(n4f of n5). adam’s apple. nuez del cuello.

p’ol

p’ol, iv. increase, multiply. (1) acrecentarse, (2) multiplicarse.

p’oleb, n4f. gusset. giron que le pone a la vestidura.

p’oles, tv. increase, widen, multiply. (1) acrescentar algo, (2) multiplicar otra cosa.

p’olesbil, pp. increased. acrecentado.

p’olmaj, iv. buy or sell on a large scale, trade. (1) mercar o vender…, (2) negociar el mercader, (3) tratar el tratante, (4) tratar de alhajas o mercaduria.

p’olmajeb, n5. fair, market. feria, mercado.

p’olmajebal, n5. fair, market. feria, mercado.

p’olmajel, vn5. trading. trato asi.

p’olmal, n5. property, wealth. (1) bienes, hacienda, (2) caudal.

p’olmalil, n3d. merchandise, property, wealth. (1) alhaja de mercader, (2) bienes, hacienda, (3) hacienda o riqueza 166, (4) mercaduria 220.

p’olman, tv. trade. (1) mercar o…, (2) negociar el mercader.

p’olmay, tv. trade. (1) mercar o…, (2) tratar de alhajas….

jp’olesej-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). multiplier. multiplicador.

jp’olesvanej, agn. multiplier. multiplicador.

jp’olmajel, agn. rag dealer, trader. (1) negociante asi, (2)trapero.

p’onko‘

p’onko‘ vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. haughty person. entonada.

p’onko’il, n4d. haughtiness. entonado andar.

p’onko‘tik no ‘ox, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt & pt. coarse (person). material persona.

p’os

p’os. little person, stumble, trip. cf. p’as.

p’up’

p’up’, n5. powder (of ground dried material). polvos de cosas secas molidas.

p’up’benal, n4f. powder of sawed material. polvos de palo….

p’up’un, tv. scatter, sow (wheat). (1) esparcir, (2) sembrar derramando como el trigo.

p’up’unbil, pp. sown. sembrada cosa asi.

p’us

p’us, n5. hunchback, hunchbacked dwarf. (1) corcobado, (2) enano de los que tienen giba.

p’usil, n3d. hump. corcoba.

p’usin, iv. become hunchbacked. corcobado hacerse.

to p’uslej pat, s:qphr(prep & n5)/pred/ & -n4d. hunchbacked. corcobado.

p’uy

p’uy, tv. crumble with the hands (lumps of sugar). (1) desmenusar con las mans, (2) quebrar, desmenuzando.

p’uyben, n4d. crumbled object desmenusar con….

p’uybil, pp. crumbled. quebrado asi.

p’uyilan, tv. crumble. quebrar desmenuzando como terrones.

p’uyoj, n4d. object being crumbled. desmenusar con….

p’uyul, aj. crumbled. quebrado asi.

p’uyulil, n4f. crumb. (1) desmenusar con…, (2) quebradura asi.

p’uyulil vaj, nphr(n4f of n5). crumb. mendrugo menudo.

p’uyum, n5. food pickled with sauce, or spiced. manjar cosa adobada….

p’uyum bek’et. seasoned meat. manjar asi de carne.

p’uyum choy. seasoned fish. manjar asi….

p’uyum ‘ich, nphr(n type n). chili sauce. manjar de aji.

p’uyum nueces, nphr(n type n). sauce made of pounded walnuts and spice. nogada.

Q

queso (Sp.)

queso, n5. cheese. quezo.

quintal (Sp.)

quintal, n5. one hundred weight. quintal.

R

rabanos

rabanos, n5. radish. cf. bek’. simiente de rabanos.

rayo (Sp.)

rayo, n5. spoke. rayo de rueda 284.

razo (Sp.)

raw, n5. satin. razo.

redoma (Sp.)

redoma, n5. phial. redoma.

regla (Sp.)

regla, n5. ruler. regla para cortar o señalar algo.

reja (Sp.)

reja, n1e. grate (term now used). reja 299.

reloj (Sp.)

reloj, n5. clock. reloj.

resma (Sp.)

resma, n5. ream. resma 300.

rey (Sp.)

rey, n5. king. rey.

rienda (Sp.)

rienda, n5. reins. rienda de freno.

rodezno (Sp.)

rodezno, n5. mill wheel. rodezno de molino.

romero (Sp.)

romero, n5. rosemary. romero, yerba.

rosa (Sp.)

rosa, n5. rose. rosa, flor.

rubi (Sp.)

rubi, n5. ruby. rubi.

ruda (Sp.)

ruda, n5. rue. ruda, yerva conocida.

ruibarbo (Sp.)

ruibarbo, n5. rhubarb. ruibarbo.

ruiseñor (Sp.)

ruiseñor, n5. nightingale. ruiseñor.

S

sa‘

sa‘, tv. search. (1) buscar, (2) escudriñar.

sa‘ ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. mistrust. (1) desconfiar 79, (2) desconfiado 79.

sa‘ ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be detained. RML—The verb is in the past tense. detenerse asi.

sa‘ ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. make a mistake in the doctrine. RML—The verb is in the past tense. confundirse en la platica o habla.

sa‘ choy, vphr:tv & n5. fish. pescar.

sa‘ k’op, vphr:tv & n5. be confused in one’s speech. confundirse en….

sa’al ‘olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be doubtful. dudar.

sa’al ‘olonton k’opoj, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n4d[S]) & iv. speak doubtfully. dudosamente hablar. (1) detener a alguno…, (2) hacer desmayar…165.

sa‘alsa‘al, aj. scarce (as when they look for cedars or walnuts among other trees, or look for something that is not easily found). ralas, como….

sa‘bey ‘olonton, vphr: -dv & n4d[B]. dismay, make person relent, prevent person from doing something good or bad. (1) detener a alguno…, (2) hacer desmayar…165.

sa‘el, vn5. confusion. confusion.

sa‘lej, n4d. be greatly detained in talking or walking. *To say to be detained by such and such a thing as when they sing or play music they have to use this word which properly means to be late. detenerse mucho.

sa‘sa‘-k’opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). speak haughtily or vainly. hablar asi vanamente.

jsa‘-choy, agn(tv & ncpd). fisherman. pescador de peces.

jsa‘sa‘-k’op, agn(aj & ncpd). haughty speaker. hablador de soberbias.

sab (1)

sab. ease, hurry, solicit. cf. sob (1).

sab (2)

sab. steam. cf. sob (2).

sabado (Sp.)

sabado, n5. Saturday. sabado.

saben

saben, n5. weasel. (1) comadreja, (2) huron.

‘ik’al saben, cf. ‘ik’ (2).

tzajal saben, cf. tzoj.

sacabuche (Sp.)

sacabuche, n5. sackbut (medieval trombone). saca buche.

sacerdote (Sp.)

sacerdote, n5. priest. sacerdote.

sacerdoteil, n5. holy orders. orden sacra.

sachristia (Sp.)

sachristia, n5. sacristy. sachristia.

sacramento (Sp.)

sacramento, n5. host, sacraments. (1) sagrario, (2) simonia.

chonel sacramento, cf. chon (1).

nak’obil sacramento, cf. nak’.

sak

sak-‘ichi, n(aj & ncpd)5. egret, stork. RML—In Chamula the egret is called sak-‘ichil mut. The term probably referred to the American egret. The terms yol sak-‘ichi, bik’ tal sak-‘ichi, and ch’ iom sak-‘ichi may have referred to the young of this species or to the snowy egret. The term for stork which is given as casichich probably referred to the wood stork and the jabiru stork. (1) cigueña, (2) garza 151.

sak-‘itaj, n(aj & ncpd)5. fungus that grows on trees. RML—In modern Tzotzil this refers to Panus sp. and Pleurotus sp. hongo que nace en los arboles.

sak-bajan ch’en, nphr:aj(aj & Pcpd) & n. cliff. risco de peña.

sak-tze‘i, tv(aj & tvcpd). mock, jeer. RML—In colonial Tzeltal -çactzeelay is given for ”burlar mofando” and çactzeegh for “burla asi” (Guzmán, 1620:33). In modern Tzotzil, sak-tze‘in and sak-tzel‘inta refer to the mockery delivered by a witch. burlar, mofar.

sak-tzotzil, n(aj & ncpd)5. white hair. canas.

sak-ch’ay ‘u’un, vphr:iv(aj & ivcpd) + -n4d. use up. gastar.

sak-ch’ix, n(aj & ncpd)5. thorn. RML—This term, given as cachis, may refer to the thistle or the sweet acacia, both of which are called sakil ch’ ix in modern Tzotzil. espina.

sak-*jachan vinik, nphr:aj(aj & ncpd) & n5. tawny person. loro, entre blanco y negro.

sak-jalan, iv(aj & Ucpd). appear white as a cliff or churches in the distance. blanquear como….

sak-jaman, aj(aj & T2cpd). bright. clara cosa.

salc-jaman ‘osil, s:iv(aj & T2cpd) & n5. dawn. albercar, cf. alborear.

sak-jaman ‘osil, s:iv(aj & T2cpd) & n5. dawn. modorra antes de el alba.

sak jol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be white-haired. cano.

sak-jos, n(aj & ncpd)5. suede. baldes.

sak-kepan, iv(aj & Pcpd). appear white as a cliff or churches in the distance. blanquear como….

sak-kepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). bright, dawning. (1) albercar, (2) clara cosa.

sak-likan ba, raj(aj & P, T or T2cpd). have one’s face blanched from fright. demudado asi.

sak-liktay, iv(aj & ivcpd). blanch from fright. demudarse de temor.

sak-liktay ba, s:iv(aj & ivcpd) & -n4d. blanch from fright. demudarse de temor.

sak-mesan, aj(aj & ivcpd). bright (moonlit night), clean (well-swept house). blanquear como….

sak-mestay ‘osil, s:iv(aj & tvcpd) & n5. become bright (moonlit night). blanquear como….

sak-pak’an ba, raj(aj & P, P2cpd). be white with fear. demudarse de temor.

sak-pak’tay, iv(aj & ivcpd). blanch from fright. demudarse de temor.

sak-pak’tay ba, rv(aj & tvcpd). blanch from fright. demudarse de temor.

sak-pulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). light (sky). negro asi.

sak-pulantik, aj(aj & Ucpd). light (sky). negro asi.

sak-tanan, aj(aj & Acpd). grey, mixture of black and white (cloth). pardo color de paño.

sak-te, n(aj & ncpd)5. roof rod. (1) palo, varal, (2) varas grandes.

sak-te‘el, n(aj & ncpd)4f. roof rod. varas grandes para cubrir sus casas.

sak-te‘i, tv(aj & tvcpd). lay roof rods. (1) embarrar 120, cf. envarar, (2) techar, no….

sak-te‘ibil, pp(aj & tvcpd). laid (roof rods). envarado.

sak-te‘ij, iv(aj & ivcpd). lay roof rods. techar, no….

sak-te‘ivanej, vn(aj & ivcpd). laying of roof rods. envaramiento.

tanaon to sak-teivanej. I am laying roof rods.

sak-*ti‘in, tv(aj & tvcpd). support. RML—This is given as ghcactin, but in colonial Tzeltal occur the verbs -sactiygh and -sactiin with the same meaning as above (Gates, 1934b: 126). procurar para otro….

sak-*ti‘in ba, rv. support oneself. procurar como….

sak-tik’an, iv(aj & P2cpd). appear white as cliff or churches in the distance. blanquear como….

sak-*toan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (eye with cataract). blanqueado asi el ojo.

sak-*toan satil, s:aj(aj & Ucpd)/pred/ & -n3d. be white (eye with cataract), grimace. RML—The adjective is given here as cactoyan, but above as cactoan and in colonial Tzeltal as çactoto (Guzmán, 1620:31). (1) blanquearse el ojo…, (2) visaje 350.

sak-*tosan satil, s:aj(aj & Ucpd)/pred/ & n5. grimace. visaje.

sak-velan sat, s:aj(aj & Ucpd)/pred/ & -n4d. be white (eye with cataract). blanquearse el ojo.

sakil, n4f. whiteness. blancura.

sakil ‘atz’am, nphr(aj & n)5. white salt. sal negra.

sakil tzotz, nphr(aj & n)5. white hair. canas.

sakil chi‘, nphr(aj & n)5. white wine. vino blanco.

sakil castillan nichim, nphr(aj & aj & n)5. lily. lirio blanco o azucena.

sakil lum, nphr(aj & n)5. fuller’s earth. greda para adobar paños.

sakil pok‘, nphr(aj & n)5. linen. lencero que vende lienzos.

sakil tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. lead, silver, tin. (1) plata, (2) plomo.

sakil ton tuluk’, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. egg white. clara de huevo.

sakil Hun, nphr(n4f of n5). book margin. margen de libro.

sakil Hun, nphr(aj & n)5. paper. papel.

saksak, aj. beautiful, bright, white. (1) blanco, (2) clara cosa, (3) hermoso 169.

saksak vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. excellent person. gentil hombre o muger.

sakub, iv. become bright or white. (1) blanquearse, hacerse blanco, (2) clarecer, (3) emblanquecerse algo.

sakub ‘isim, s:iv & -n4d. have one’s beard turn white. encanecerse la barba.

sakub ‘osil, s:iv & n5. clear (sky), dawn. (1) abonar aclarando el tiempo de las nubes, (2) albercar, cf. alborear.

sakub jol, s:iv & -n4d. have one’s hair turn white. (1) abonar aclarando el tiempo de las nubes, (2) albercar, cf.alborear.

Ha’ xsakub jai. My hair is turning white. canecer.

sakubeb ‘osil, nphr(n4f of n5). loophole. saetera o tronera.

sakubel, vn5. brightness, light. (1) claridad, (2) luz.

sakubes, tv. whiten. emblanquecer otra cosa.

sakubtas, tv. whiten. emblanquecer otra….

bik’tal sak-‘ichi, nphr:aj & n(aj & ncpd). baby or young egret. garceta.

mo saksakuk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. ugly. fea cosa.

sal

sal, aj. leprous. lepra.

sal tz’i‘, nphr(aj & n)5. leprous. leproso.

sal vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. leper. leproso.

salub, iv. become leprous. leproso acerse.

sam

samelsamel ‘osil, nphr(n type n)5. late afternoon. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Venustiano Carranza, samel means “late afternoon” (Sarles, n.d.:64), while in Zinacantán it means “last night.” tarde del dia.

sameltikil, aj. late. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Venustiano Carranza, sameltik means “2 p.m.” (Sarles, n.d.:64). tardia, cosa retarde.

samet ‘osil, s:av & n5. be stunned, grow dizzy. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, çamamet quinal xcabi is “aturdirse algo” (Guzmán, 1620:27). In modern Tzotzil of Venustiano Carranza, samal means “very weak, tired” (Sarles, n.d.:64). In modern Tzotzil of Zinacantán, samet ‘osil is to grow dark at dawn. (1) aturdido 35, (2) atordecerse 35, (3) desvanecerse.

san (Sp.)

San Juan, nphr(aj & n)5. San Juan Chamula. cf. tek(1). parroquiano ser….

San Pedro, nphr(aj & n)5. San Pedro Chenalho. cf. tek (1).

sancto (Sp.)

sancto, n5. saint. letania.

sancto padre, nphr(aj & n)5. pope. legado del Papa.

‘aptayabil kotol sanctoetik, cf. ‘av (3).

k’exol sancto padre, cf. k’ex.

santo(Sp.)

santo, n5. saint. renegar, blasfemar.

santo padre, nphr(aj & n)5. pope. legation asi.

‘ut santo, cf. ‘ut (1).

jk’ubul k’op santo padre, cf. k’ub.

sap(1)

sap, tv. wash off (ashes from corn, mud from one’s knees). alimpiar, como….

sapulan, tv. wash off (ashes from corn, mud from one’s knees). alimpiar como….

sapap, aj. acid (unripe fruit), astringent. (1) aspero al gusto…, (2) estimar en mucho otra cosa, (3) estitico, cosa estitica 351.

*sap (3)

*sapet ‘osil, s:iv & n5. grow dark, grow light. RML—The latter gloss seems suspect as the former meaning for this root occurs also in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:83). (1) anochecer, (2) en amaneciendo, (3) tarde hacerse.

tana ‘oy *xsapet ‘osil. It is growing dark now. anocheciendo.

*sapoj ‘osil, s:iv & n5. grow dark. anochecer.

*sap (4)

*sapav be Ho‘, nphr:n4f of nphr(n of n)5. drainage ditch. surco para que salgan las aguas.

ta *sap, qphr:prep & -n4f. between. RML—Perhaps this term is related to colonial Yucatec zap for “brazada” (Pérez, 1877:414) and modern Mopán saap with the same meaning (Ulrich and Ulrich, 1976:181). (1) entre tal y tal cosa, (2) entre fieras.

ta *ssap ‘uk’um. between rivers. entre fieras.

ta *ssapuk membrillos. between quinces. entre tal….

ta *sapan, qphr:prep & -n4f. between. entre tal….

ta *ssapan te membrillos tz’uno te durasnose. Plant the quinces between the peaches.

ta *sapav ‘a, vphr:qphr(prep & -n4f) & tv. insert. entremeter entre otras cosas.

ta *sapav ‘otes, vphr:qphr(prep & -n4f) & tv-. insert.entremeter entre….

sap’

sap’, iv. lose weight. mermar en peso.

sap’al, n4f. loss of weight. merma asi.

sat

sat, n1f. fruit (general term). fruto de cada cosa.

sat, n4d. child (metaphorically). hijo per metafora.

sat ‘atz’am, nphr(n4f of n5). grain of salt. grano, como de sal.

sat lino, nphr(n4f of n5). linseed. linaza.

sat saya-Hun, nphr:n4f of n(x & ncpd)5. mulberry. mora de esta arbol.

sat toj, nphr(n4f of n5). piñon nut. piñon.

sat yi‘, nphr(n4f of n5). grain of sand. grano como….

satibil bat ‘u ‘un, vphr:pp & iv + -n4d. aim well. tirar certero.

satibil nop, vphr:pp & tv-. respond to riddles or signs.responder a argumentos enigmas.

satibil tak’av, vphr:pp & iv. respond to riddles or signs.responder a argumentos….

satil, n3d. eye, face, presence. (1) presencia, (2) rostro o cara.

satinom, n5. marksman. acertador asi.

ta sat pas, vphr:qphr(prep & -n4d) & tv-. do in one’s presence. presencia.

saya

saya-Hun, n(x & ncpd)5. mulberry tree. moral, arbol.

sat saya-Hun, cf. sat.

sayo (Sp.)

sayo, n5. great wide coat without buttons. sayo de varon.

setz’

setz’, n5. bowl, saucer. (1) escudilla, (2) platel.

bik’tal setz’, nphr(aj & n)5. sauceboat. salsera.

seda (Sp.)

seda, n5. silk. seda.

‘ik’al seda, cf. ‘ik’ (2).

sekub

sekubil, n3d. entrails, innards, liver. (1) asadura, (2) entrañas, (3) higado.

sello (Sp.)

sello, n5. stamp. sello.

semana (Sp.)

semana, n5. week. semana.

sep

sepsep ‘ok, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. hoof (as of a horse). pata macisa como caballo.

sep’

sep’, tv. cut (with two things, as scissors or as they cut the thatch for houses with a hatchet and a stick). cortar con dos cosas como….

sep’oj, n4d. object being cut. cortar con….

ses

sesen, tv. crumble with the fingers or as parrots crumbling bread into large crumbs or small pieces. migajas muy menudas como molidas.

sesen-tzames, tv(aj & tvcpd). kill by cutting to pieces. matar despedasando.

sesenbil vaj, nphr(pp & n)5. tiny crumb. migajas muy….

sesentik ‘ok’, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. stutter. RML—The adjective in this and the following is given as cencen or cencentic in one instance. tartamudear.

sesentik k’opoj, vphr:adv & iv. lisp, stutter. (1) cecar 70, (2) tartamudear.

jsesen-‘ok’, agn(aj & ncpd). stutterer. (1) cecoso, tartamudo 70, (2) tartamudo.

jsesen-‘ok’il, agn(aj & ncpd). stutterer. tartamudo.

set

settzaj, iv. become round. redondearse asi.

setel, n4f. roundness. redondes asi.

setel, aj. round, not spherical, but thin as table, tortilla, wheel. redondo, no esferico….

setet, n5. wheel. rueda absolute.

setet tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. metal disk or wheel. (1) rueda absolute, (2) tejo.

setet te‘, nphr(n of n)5. oxcart, pulley, wooden disk or wheel. (1) andar al rededor como…, (2) carreta, (3) polea, (4) rueda absolute, (5) tejo.

setet te‘ carreta, nphr:nphr(n of n)4e of n5. cartwheel. rueda de carreta.

setet ton, nphr(n of n)5. stone wheel. andar al….

setset, aj. round, not spherical. arrodeado o cercado asi.

setset te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. cartwheel hub. maza de carreta 203.

setub, iv. become round. redondearse asi.

setubes, tv. make round. redondearse asi.

setiembre (Sp.)

setiembre, n5. September. setiembre, mes.

set’

set’el, vn5. pinch. pellisco.

set’vanej, vn5. pinch. pellisco.

si

sijel, n1e. fluffing, yarn bandage. (1) carmenar algo, (2) hilasas o hilachas para herida.

tanaon ta sijel. I am fluffing (wool) now. carmenar algo.

sivu, tv. fluff. carmenar algo.

sivu tux-nok’ chij, vphr:tv & nphr(n<x & ncpd> of n)5. card wool. peinar cardando la lana.

sivuabil pok’, nphr(ajpp & n)5. yarn bandage. hilasas o….

sivuj, iv. card, clean and pick cotton. (1) carmenar, (2) hilasas o….

si‘

si‘, n5. firewood. leña.

si‘bej, n5. gathering of firewood. yr por leña 189.

xebat ta si‘bej. I am going to gather firewood.

si‘bil, agn. woodcutter. leñador.

si‘ vilon

si‘vilon, n5. grass. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Larraínzar si’ vil-on is given for “zacabasto,” a grass used for thatching (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:265). In Zinacantán “zacabasto” is tzajal ch’ ix jobel, Muhlenbergiaspp. esparto.

sib

sibtas, tv. frighten, intimidate, threat. (1) amenazar, (2) asombrar 33, (3) espantar a otro o amedrantarlo.

sibtasabil, n4f. scarecrow. espantajo.

sibtasan vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. scarecrow. espantajo.

sibtasel, vn4d. fright. espanto.

sibtasvanej, vn1d. fright, threat. (1) amenaza, (2) espanto.

sibak

sibak, n5. ink. tinta para escribir.

sibak, n1e. gunpowder. polvora.

sitz’

sitz’et ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(av & n5) & tv. crave. adolescerdeseando o antojandosele algo.

sitz’ij, iv. crave food. hambre grande tener sin poder hartarse.

sitz’ijel, vn5. craving of food. hambre de esta manera.

sitz’il, n4d. gnawing hunger. (1) hambre de…, (2) hambriento asi.

sitz’il ‘a‘i, vphr:n5 & tv. crave food. hambre grande….

sik

sik, aj. cold, cool. (1) fresco por frio, (2) frio, (3) fria cosa, (4) hacer frio.

sik ‘a‘i, vphr:aj & tv-. be cold, feel cold. (1)frio haber, (2) tener frio.

sik-laman k’opoj, vphr:adv(aj & Ucpd) & iv. speak coldly. friamente hablar.

sik-potz ‘ik’, nphr:aj(aj & ajcpd) & n. paralysis. perlesia.

sik-potztay, iv(aj & ivcpd). be paralyzed, grow numb. perlatico hacerse.

xsik-potztay kok. My foot is growing numb. entumecerse el pie.

xsik-potztay jk’ob. My hand is growing numb. entumecerse la mano.

sik-potztayel, vn(aj & ivcpd)5. numbness. entumecimiento.

sik-t’ojan k’opoj, vphr:adv(aj & T2cpd) & iv. speak coldly. friamente hablar.

sik-t‘ojan ve‘, vphr:adv(aj & T2cpd) & iv. eat cold food. friamente comer.

sik-t’ojol ve‘el, vphr:adv(aj & T2cpd) & iv. base or cold food. fria comida, ruin comida.

sik-Ho‘, n(aj & ncpd)5. cool rain. fresco por frio.

sikil, aj. cold. fria cosa.

sikil vaj. cold tortilla.

sikil Ho‘. cold water.

siksik, aj. coldly. friamente.

sikub, iv. be refreshed, become chilled or cold. (1) enfriarse, (2) frio hacerse, enfriarse, (3) refrescar.

lo‘an li‘ xasikub yu‘un! Eat this, it will refresh you! refrescar.

sikub ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. become tame. (1) manso de cosa brava, (2) manso hacerse asi.

sikubenal k’op, nphr(n4f of n5). league of friendship. ligas en amistades.

sikubes, tv. chill, cool, make cold, refresh. (1) enfriar algo, (2) frio hacerse…, (3) refrescar, (4) resfriar otra cosa.

‘uch’an le Ha’ sikubesan! Drink this, it will refresh you! refrescar.

sikubtas, tv. chill, cool, make cold. (1) enfriar algo, (2) frio hacerse…, (3) resfriar otra cosa.

jsik potz ‘ik’, agn(aj & aj & ncpd). paralyzed person. perlatico.

jsikubtasej-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). mediator. medianero en mistad.

sik’

sik’av, iv. roof, thatch, (1) cubrir las cams de paja, (2) tejar asi.

sik’ay, tv. roof, thatch, RML—In modern Tzeltal of Oxchuc, sijk’ uy is “empajar” (Robles, 1960:63). cubrir….

sik’avej, vn5. thatching. cubrir….

silla (Sp.)

silla, n5. chair, saddle. (1) silla para sentarse, (2) silla de caballo o mula.

‘oy silla, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be saddled. encillada bestia 116.

sim

sim, n5. mucous. (1) flocadura, (2) mocos de narices.

sim ba, rn. continual urging inclination to go to the bathroom without producing anything. pujo de vientre 278.

sim-nak’al, n(aj & ajcpd)5. inclination to go the bathroom. RML—see above. pujo de vientre 278.

sim-nak’al ‘a‘i, vphr:n(aj & ajcpd)5 & tv. have dysentery, suffering from painful urge to go to the bathroom without result. camaras como de pujo.

simal, n5. cholera. colera.

simil, n5. mucous. mocos de narices.

simtay ni‘, vphr.tv & n4d[A]. blow or clean one’s nose. (1) limpiarse las narices, (2) soñar los mocos.

simtayabil ni‘il, nphr(n4f of n5). handkerchief. sonadero de mocos, paño.

simonia (Sp.)

simonia, n5. simony. simonia.

sip

sip, n5. tick. (1) garrapata, (2) rezno.

sirgo (Sp.)

sirgo, n5. silk. sirgo o seda.

sit

sit, iv. be full or stuffed with food, swell. (1) ahitarse, (2) hurtarse, cf. hartarse 163, (3) hincharse de mucho corner.

esit ta ve’el. He is stuffed with food. hinchado asi.

xsit jk’ob. My hand is swelling. hincharse algo de enfermedad.

xsit jnuk’. My neck is swelling. hincharse algo de….

sit, n4e. swelling. hinchazon asi.

sit, aj. dropsical, swollen. (1) hinchado asi, (2) ydropico.

sit nuk’, nphr(n4e of n5). goiter (in animals). papera en los animales.

sit pojov, nphr(n4e of n5). pus-filled swelling. hinchazon de podre.

sitel, vnld. be full, blister, satiety, swelling. (1) ampolla grande, (2) hartura, (3) hinchazon asi.

sitelon. I am full. ahito.

situb, iv. blister, swell. (1) ampollarse, (2) hincharse algo de….

situbel, vn1d. swelling. (1) hinchamiento asi, (2) hinchado asi.

situbel ‘a‘i, vphr: vn5 & tv. be swollen. hinchamiento asi.

jsitel, agn. person stuffed with food. (1) harto, (2) hinchado asi.

jsitubel, agn. dropsical person. ydropico.

sob (1)

sob, aj. early, easily, in a hurry, light, quickly. (1) liviana cosa, (2) presto, adverbio, (3) temprano.

sob ‘ayon. I went quickly. prisa 271.

sob ejpastik sna dios Ha’ yak’ to sababilotik yu‘un padre.

We built the church quickly because the priest make us hurry. …prisa dar a otros272.

sob jpas. I do it in a hurry. prisa darse 271.

sob neHul. I arrived quickly. prisa 271.

sob nesut. I returned quickly. prisa 271.

sob spas. He does it easily. facilmente hacerse.

sob xna‘ot. It is easily learned. facilmente saberse.

sob xpasey. It is done easily. facilmente hacerse.

sobon. I am in a hurry. prisa 271.

sob yanij ‘olonton, s:adv & iv & -n4d. be fickle. mudable asi en el parecer.

soblaj lok’, vphr:iv & iv). leave quickly as from the church or school. RML—This and the following entry are suspect. They were given as xecumlagh and cunlaghel. salir aprisa….

soblajel lok’el, nphr(vn type n)5. quick exit salida aprisa.

sobsob, aj. light. liviana cosa.

sobsobuk, aj. quickly. ayna, presto 14.

sobtikil tijel, nphr(aj & vn)5. bell ringing. repiques asi.

sobtiksobtik ‘ok’, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. nimble-tongued. ligeras manos, ligera lengua.

sobtiksobtik k’ob, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. nimble-handed.ligeras manos….

sobtiksobtik tij campana, vphr:adv & tv & n5. ring a bell.repicar campana.

sobuk, aj/subj/. quickly. aprisa como imperativo.

mo sobuk laj, vphr:advphr(neg & aj) & iv. be long-lasting.estable cosa.

sababil vinik, nphr(pp & n)5. person who is made to hurry.prisa dar…272.

sabaj, iv. be eased, hurry, rise in order to take out from under, solicit. (1) aliviarse, (2) prisa271, (3) prisa darse 271, (4) solicitar, (5) soliviar lo pesado.

nesabaj batel. I hurried off. prisa 271.

nesabaj talel. I came quickly. prisa 271.

sabajel, vn5. act of rising a little, hurry. (1) prisa 271, (2) solivio o soliviadura.

sabajes, tv. hurry, raise in order to take out from under. (1) prisa dar…272, (2) soliviar lo….

sabajesbil, pp. hurried. prisa dar…272.

sabal, n1d. hurry. (1) prisa 271, (2) quejura, apresura.

sabal-pas, tv(n & tvcpd). do in a hurry. prisa darse 271.

sabaltas, tv. hurry, hurry a person, solicit. (1) presto adverbio, (2) prisa dar…272, (3) quejura, apresura, (4) solicitar. sabaltasbil, pp. hurried. prisa dar…272.

sob ejpastik sna dios Ha’ yak’ sabaltasbilotik yu’un padre.

We built the church quickly because the priest made us hurry.

sabantas, tv. hurry. (1) dar prisa, (2) prisa dar…272.

sabub, iv. be eased. aliviarse. alivio.

esabub xka ‘i. I feel eased. alivio.

sabubel, vn5. ease. alivio.

sabubel x. ka‘i. I feel eased.

sabubes, tv. ease. aliviar algo.

sabubtas, tv. ease. aliviar algo.

jsabajel, agn. solicitous person. solicito, diligente.

jsabal-vinik, agn(n & ncpd). person who hurries others. quejuroso asi.

jsabaltasvanej, agn. person who hurries others. quejuroso asi.

sob (2)

sob, n1d. steam. vaporosa cosa.

sobet, ay. steam. vaporosa asi.

sabtay, tv. steam. (1) bahear otra cosa, (2) vaporear o se halle el vapor a otro.

sotz’

sotz’, n5. bat. morcielago.

Sotz’ Leb, nphr(n type n)5. Zinacantán. RML—Lit. ”bat net.” cf. k’ul (1), na (1). (1) desde, (2) vecino de tal o tal pueblo.

soj

sojet k’opoj, vphr:av & iv[S=S of av]. speak hoarsely. ronco.

sojom k’opoj, vphrav & iv[S=S of av]. speak hoarsely. ronco.

sok

sok, tv. destroy, disturb, throw into disorder. (1) confundir, (2) desbaratar, (3) desconcertar, (4) turbar.

sok, iv. be uneasy, destroy, disturb. (1) confundir, (2) desbaratar, (3) desconcertar, (4) turbarse.

sok, n5. mistake (in speech). yerro en palabras….

sok ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be disturbed or uneasy. (1) alterarse, (2) turbarse.

sok ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. be confused or make a mistake in conversation, speech, or the doctrine. RML—The verb is given in the past tense. (1) confundirse en la platica o habla, (2) errar en lo que hate o dice.

sok k’op, vphr:tv & n5. be confused in conversation or speech. confundirse en….

sokel, vn5. confusion. confusion.

sokes, tv. destroy, disturb, entangle, throw into disorder. (1) confundir, (2) desbaratar, (3) desconcertar, (4) enredar haciendo…, (5) turbar.

sokes ‘osil, vphr:tv & n5. excite disturbances. alborotar.

sokes ba, rv. become entangled. enredarse asi.

soket k’opoj, vphr:av & iv[S=S of av]. speak confusedly.confusamente habla.

sokilan, tv. shake mattress or straw bed. mecer el colchon o jergon.

sokilan vayebal, vphr:tv & n5. fluff the bed. mollir la cama.

sokilanbil, pp. fluffed (bed). mollida cama.

sokoktik, aj. thoroughly disturbed (person, speech, house). RML—Perhaps this should be read sokoltik. turbarse.

sokol ‘olonton, nphr(aj & n)5. be disturbed. turbarse.

sokol ti‘ k’opoj, vphr:nphr(aj & n)4d[S] & iv. speak confusedly. confusamente habla.

sokoltik, aj. confused. confundida cosa.

jsok-‘osil, agn(tv & ncpd). disturber. alborotador.

jsok-lum, agn(tv & ncpd). disturber. alborotador.

jsokvanej, agn. disturber. turbador asi.

soktom

Soktom, n5. Chiapa. RML—This is given as coston and socton. cf. ‘ech’, k’ul (1). (1) invernar, tener invierno, (2) vecino de tal o tal pueblo.

sol

sol, tv. husk (beans, broad beans), peel (cooked or roasted fruit). (1) mondar algo coma habas, (2) mondar quitando la corteza….

sol, n5. mange, scab. roña sarna.

sol, n1d. fish scale, ringworm. (1) empeine, (2) escama de pescado.

sol, n4f. bran. salvado.

sol castillan ‘ixim, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. bran. salvado.

solbenal, n4f. husk, peeling. mondadura asi.

solin, iv. become leprous or scaly, change one’s skin (snake), get ringworm, grow new skin (person, horse). (1) empeine tener, (2) escama criarsele, (3) renovarse el pellejo la culebra, (4) renovarse o remudarse….

solsoltik, aj. scabby, leprous. roñazo.

sombrero (Sp.)

sombrero, n5. hat. sombrero.

sot’

sot’ot’il, n3d. anus, innards, lungs. (1) bofes, (2) entrañas, (3) livianos o bofes, (4) pulmones o livianos, (5) sieso.

suj

suj k’ok’, vphr:tv & n5. set fire to. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, çugh cahc is “pegar fuego metiendo lo dentro de lo que quiere”(Guzmán, 1620:154). In modern Tzotzil this expression refers to stirring up the coals so that the fire will burn more strongly. pegar fuego.

sujbey k’ok’, vphr:-dv & n5. set fire to. pegar fuego.

jsuj-k’ok’, agn(tv & ncpd). person who sets fire to something.

pegador de esta manera.

suk’

suk’, tv. wash dishes. fregar loza.

suk’è, vphr:tv & n4[A]. clean one’s teeth. mondar dientes.

suk’ilan, tv. wash dishes. fregar loza.

suk’ob k’ob, nphr(n of n)4d. hand towel. hasalejas, pano de manos 164.

suk’ob k’ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). hand towel. hasalejas… 164.

suk’ob plato, nphr(n of n)5. dishcloth. fregadero de platos.

suk’obil escudilla, nphr(n of n)5. dishcloth. fregadero de platos.

suk’obil k’obil, nphr(n4f of n5). hand towel. hasalejas…164.

suk’obil plato, nphr(n of n)5. dishcloth. fregadero de platos.

sul

sul ta chab, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). wax. RML—The verb is given as cul, but in colonial Tzeltal, -zul is “echar algo en remojo,” and -çul ta Ha is “meter debajo de agua.”(Guzmán, 1620:63, 132). encerar.

sut

sut, iv. return. tornar de do fuiste.

sut ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be converted, change one’s mind, reform. (1) convertirse de pecador, hacer bueno, (2) corregirse, enmendarse, (3) enmendar la vida 99.

esut yolonton. He is a convert. tornadezo.

mo to ta xsut kolonton. I am still persevering. conversion coma… 65.

sut ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. read to the end. RML—The verb is given in the past tense. leyendo, pasar… 194.

sut ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. translate. traducir.

sut k’opoj, vphr:iv & iv. explain. distinguir razones.

sut ta tojol tuk, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4d + n4d[P of n4d]). retaliate. penar por el talion.

suttzaj, iv. be converted or transformed. convertir una cosa en otra.

suteb, n4b. comment, explanation, translation. (1) declaracion, (2) glosa de algo, (3) traduccion.

sutej-xanav, iv(n & ivcpd). take a walk. pasearse.

sutej xanavebal, nphr(n type n)3d. mall, walk. paseadero, lugar.

sutej xanbal, nphr(n type n)5. walk (of person who is taking a walk). paso de el que se pasea.

sutejeb, n4b. comment, explanation, meaning, translation. (1) declaracion, (2) glosa de algo, (3) significacion, (4) traduccion.

sutejeb biil, nphr(n4f of n5). surname. RML—This would be the newly adopted Spanish surname. (1) renombre, (2) sobrenombre.

sutejeb jom, nphr(n4f of n5). rudder. timon de gobernar.

sutejel, vn4f. translation. traduccion.

sutejes, tv. comment, explain, footnote, translate, transform, turn upside down. RML—For transform, the verb is given as ghcateagh. (1) declarar, (2) glosar, (3) nota, sobre sentencia, (4) notar asi, (5) significar, (6) traducir de una lengua en otra, (7) trastornar coma quiera.

sutejes k’op, vphr:tv & n5. reply. responder.

sutejes xanbal, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. reform. enmendar la vida 99.

sutejes ta castillan k’op, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). translate into Spanish. romancear.

sutejes ta ti‘, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). pronounce. pronunciar.

sutejes ta tojol tuk, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & -n4d + n4d[P of n4d]). retaliate. penar por el talion.

sutejesbey ta tojol tuk, vphr:-dv- & qphr(prep & -n4d + n4d[P of n4d]). retaliate. penar por….

sutejesbil, pp. interpreted, translated. (1) ynterpretada cosa 189, (2) traducida cosa.

sutejesel k’op, nphr(vn & n)5. interpretation. ynterpretacion 189.

sutejesvanej ta ti‘il, nphr:vn & qphr(prep & n5). pronunciation. pronunciacion.

sutel, vn4f. translation. traduccion.

sutel ‘olontonil, nphr(vn of n)3d. conversion (as of St Paul), reform. (1) conversion como…65, (2) enmienda.

sutelsutel ‘olontonil, nphr(vn of n)3d. inconstancy. (1) ynconstante 186, (2) ynconstancia 186.

sutes, tv. comment, explain, oblige one to pay his debts, return a loan, translate, turn upside down. (1) declarar, (2) ejecutar126, (3) glosar, (4) tornar lo prestado, (5) traducir en…, (6) trastornar como quiera.

sutes ta castillan k’op, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). translate into Spanish. romancear.

sutesabil, n4f. comment. glosa de algo.

sutesbil, pp. clear, translated. (1) distinto, (2) ynterpretada cosa189, (3) traducida cosa.

sutesbil xanbal, nphr(pp & n)5. reformed. enmendada vida 99.

sutet, av. whirl around. remolinarse como quiera.

sutet ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(av & n5) & tv. be stunned, grow dizzy.

(1) aturdido 35, (2) atordecerse algo, (3) desvanecerse.

sutilan jol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. toss one’s head. cabesear.

sutp’ij, iv. be converted or transformed, turn around. (1) boltear, (2) convertir una cosa en otra.

sutp’ijeb, n4b. comment, explanation. (1) declaracion, (2) glosa de algo.

sutp’in, tv. comment, explain. (1) declarar, (2) glosar.

sutp’inabil, n4f. comment. glosa de algo.

sutum ‘ik’, nphr(aj & n)5. whirlwind. remolino de viento.

sututijeb Ho‘, nphr(n4f of n5). whirlpool. remolino de agua.

jsut-ti‘, agn(tv & ncpd). interpreter. ynterprete 189.

ta sut, qphrprep & n5. common, everywhere, general. en todas partes.

‘oy ta sut (or) ta sut ‘oy (or) ta sut no ‘ox ‘oy. It is common.

manual que se halla donde quiera.

suy

suy, n5. flint. pedernal.

suy ton, nphr(n type n)5. flint. pedernal.

suy tontik, nphr(n type n)5. sharp flinty place. fragosa, cosa de piedras como pedernal.

X

xa

xa, pt. already, more. (1) mas, (2) mas quieres.

‘ak’o xa! Put more on! mas.

‘oy xa avu‘un (or) ‘oy xa achabiej. You have more.

jk’an xa. I want more. mas.

lok’o xa! Take out more! mas quieres.

xa‘ab

xa‘ab, n1e. deep pit in the hills. honda cosa, como hoyos….

‘ip xxa‘abil (or) toj xa‘ab. It is very deep. (1) hondura, (2) honda cosa.

xach’

xach’, tv. lengthen one’s stride, stretch (limbs or metal by striking it). (1) alargar el paso o hierro a golpes, (2) estender el pie o mano.

jxach’ jk’ob. I stretch my arm. estender el….

jxach’ kok. I stretch my leg. estender el….

xach’omaj, iv. stretch out. estenderme en largo.

xak

xak-toj, n(n of ncpd)5. pine needle. (1) hoja de arbol, (2) juncia.

xalma (Sp.)

xalma, n5. pack saddle. enalbardada cosa.

‘ak’ xalma, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

xamit (N.)

xamital ch’ub, nphr(natt & n)5. adobe wall. RML—The Nahuatl term for adobe is xamitl. (1) pared de piedra, (2) pared de adobes.

xamital jol na, nphr:natt & nphr(n of n). tile roof. tejado asi de teja.

xamital *pok’omtik, nphr(natt & n)5. partition. tabique, pared.

patobil xamit, cf. pat.

xamitl, n5. adobe. adobe.

bik’tal ch’ubil xamitl, nphr:aj & nphr(natt & n). brick. ladrillo.

tzajal xamitl, cf. tzoj.

chik’bil xamitl, cf. chik’ (1).

xan (1)

xan, n5. palm, palmetto. RML—In modern Tzotzil this refers to the brahea palm, Brahea dulcis and B. prominens. (1) Palma, (2) palmito 244.

xanil pop, nphr(natt & n)5. palm mat. estera de palmas.

xantik, n5. palm grove. palmar.

xan (2)

xan, tv. travel, walk to or from a certain place. (1) andar, (2) caminar o andar a o de tal parte.

xanantas, tv. make walk, roll (wheel, cart). (1) andar, (2) andar al rededor.

xanav, iv. walk. (1) andar, (2) caminar.

xanav ta ‘ok, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). go on foot. (1) yr a pie 190, (2) peon que anda a pie.

xanaves, tv. make walk, roll (wheel, cart). (1) andar, (2) caminar, (3) caminar camino y….

xanbal, n1d. life, walk. (1) andar, (2) vida.

ebat ta xanbal. He went to trade. andar.

mu natuk jxanbaltik li‘ ta balumile. Our life is not long here on this world. vida.

xanbal ta jom, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & n5). navigation.navegacion.

xanel nab, nphr(vn4f of n5). navigation. navegacion.

xanvil, agn. person whose job it is to travel, trader, traveler, walker. (1) andar, (2) caminante, (3) mercader 220, (4) viandante.

xanvil ta ‘ilel ch’uul mukenal, nphr:agn & qphr(prep & nphr<vn of nphr(aj & n)>). pilgrim. romero que va en romeria.

‘ak’ xanavuk, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

‘utzil xanbal, cf. ‘utz.

bat ta xanbal, cf. bat.

bik’tal-xanav, iv(aj & ivcpd). take a walk. pasearse.

bik’tal xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. walk. paso de el que se pasea.

nat xanav, cf. nat.

nat xanav ta balumil, cf. nat.

nat xanbal, cf. nat.

sutej xanavebal, cf. sut.

ta ‘ok xanav, vphr:qphr(prep & n4d[S]) & iv. go on foot. peon que anda a pie.

ta pat caballo xanav, vphr:qphr(prep & nphr >n4d of n5>) & iv. ride horseback. yr cabalgando 190.

xonob chij, nphr(n4d of n5). horseshoe. herradura.

xonob jobel, nphr(n of n)5. rope-soled sandal. esparteñas.

xonobil, n3d. sandal, shoe. (1) alpargata o zapato, (2) sandalias.

‘oy xonob, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. shoed (horse). herrada bestia.

*xap

*xap, tv. have sexual relations with. RML—This is given as ghxapon. hacer, tomar parte el hombre…166.

*xap ‘ajnilal, vphr:tv & n5. commit adultery. adulterar.

*jxap-‘ajnilal, agn(tv & ncpd). adulterer. adultero.

*jxap-xinch’ok, agn(tv & ncpd). active homosexual. puto que hace.

xax

xax, tv. chew. mascar 214.

xaxbil, pp. chewed. mascada cosa 214.

xaxulan, tv. chew a lot. mascar 214.

x‘avob

x‘avob. pollywog. cf. ‘avob.

xch’el

xch’el. parakeet. cf. ch’el.

*xch’iv

*xch’iv. monkey. cf. ch’iv.

xe

xen, iv. vomit. revesar.

xexon ‘olonton, s:av & -n4d. be squeamish. acedia tener 37.

xetay, tv. vomit on. revesar.

xen

xen, tv. perforate, insert or ram in with a rammer or long object as a lance or stick, stab, wound (with a lance). (1) embutir o recalcar con palo, (2) estocadas dar, (3) herir como lanzeando, (4) pisar con pison o…, (5) punsar.

xen ‘e, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. pick one’s teeth. mondar dientes.

xen ba ta pat caballo ta tajimol, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>) & qphr(prep & n5). joust. justar.

xen-bail ta pat caballo, nphr:vn(tv & rncpd)5 & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). joust. justo asi.

xen ta majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). stab with a lance.herir como lanzeando.

xenben, n4d. lance wound that one gives. herida que da el que asi hiere.

xenbenal, n1d. lance wound that one suffers. *In this way are formed all the wounds, those that are given and those received. And note that there is not one word for Our Lord’s wounds, but three: smajbenal, the whip wounds, sbajbenal, those of the hands and feet, xxenbenal, the wound in the flank, but you can say Hotol, sHotolil, i.e. holes. (1) herida asi, (2) herida que…, (2) lanzada 192.

xenob chikin, nphr(n4f of n5). earspoon. escarba dientes.

xenob tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. dagger, lance, rammer. (1) lanza192, (2) pison asi, (3) puñal, arma.

xenob te‘, nphr(n of n)5. rammer. pison asi.

xenobil, n4f. rammer. pison asi.

xenobil chikinil, nphr(n of n)5. earspoon. monda orejas.

xenen

xenen, n5. mosquito. mosquito zancudo.

xep

xep, n1d. honest lady, matron, queen. *To say “our queen” they do not say (x‘ojov), but xep which is lady, jxep. RML—This term persists in Venustiano Carranza in reference to the Virgin Mary and female saints. (1) matrona, muger honrada, (2) reyna 292.

xi‘

xi‘, tv. be afraid of, fear, honor, respect, revere, worship. *jxi‘ jk’ ex, I fear him, I respect him, and both verbs must be placed together to avoid the error of simply meaning to be frightened, though many times they just say jxi‘ (1) honrar, (2) miedo haber, (3) honro como cuando… 240, cf. honra, (4) honrar 240, (5) reverencia acatar, (6) temer, (7) tener en mucho.

xi‘, iv. be afraid, startled or terrified, fear. (1) asombrarse 33, (2) espantarse o temer, (3) miedo haber, (4) temer.

xi‘benaj ba, raj. be deformed, fearsome (animal’s or human’s horrifying face or appearance), frightful, horrifying, terrible or ugly (person, animal). (1) disforme, feo, (2) espantable cosa, (3) fea cosa, espantable, (4) temorosa cosa, (5) terrible cosa.

xi‘benal, aj. fierce. fiera cosa.

xi‘benal ba, raj. be horrifying. fea cosa, espantable.

xi‘bil, pp. honored. honrado.

xi‘bil vinik, nphr(pp & n)5. important authority, grave, persona de autoridad.

xi‘ebal ‘uk’um, nphr(n type n)5. dangerous river. peligrosa cosa.

xi‘ebal charnel, nphr(n type vn)5. dangerous illness. peligrosa cosa.

xi‘el, nld, fear, honor, respect. (1) acatar, hacer reverencia, (2) honra 240, (3) honra con que es honrado 240, (4) temor.

mo ‘oyuk xi‘el avu’un. You have no respect. acatar hacer….

xi‘es, tv. frighten, intimidate. espantar a otro o amedrantarlo.

xi‘van, iv. honor. honrar 40.

jxi‘-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). agitator. RML—Perhaps this should be read jxij-k’ op or jxik’ -k’ op. revolvedor que mete mal entre algunos 287.

jxi‘el, agn. coward, fearful or timid person. (1) cobarde, (2) espantadisa cosa, (3) temoroso.

jxi‘ vanej-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). agitator. revolvedor que… 287.

’ep xi‘ey, vphr:adv & tv/pass/. be honored. honro como cuando… 240, cf. honra.

‘ip xi’, vphr:adv & tv. be fearful or frightened. temoroso.

‘ip xaxi‘ yu’un. You are frightened by him. temorosa cosa.

mo k’u xi’, vphr:nphr(neg & n5) & tv. be safe or secure.segura cosa.

mo k’u xaxi‘ yo‘ ‘oy. You are safe there.

mo k’usi xi‘, vphr:nphr(neg & n5) & tv. be daring. osado.

xibnel

xibnelil, n3d. woman’s elder brother, woman’s brother’s child if older than she, woman’s father’s or mother’s brother’s son if older than she. (1) hermano mayor de la muger 161, (2) primo hijo de…, (3) sobrino….

xiin

xiin. stink. cf. xin.

xij

xij, tv. drag, push or throw (not out the front door), push as when they push or lift a beam. (1) arrastrar tira…, (2) empujar como….

xijbil, pp. dragged, pushed, thrown. arrastrado o tirado asi.

xiji-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. cross-eyed. entuertecido asi 118.

xijoj, n4d. object that is dragged, pushed or thrown. aquello que estoy asi arrastrando empujando 29.

xik

xik, n5. falcon, gyrfalcon, kite. RML—In modern Tzotzil this is the general term for hawk. (1) girifalte, (2) halcon, (3) milano.

Hov xik, nphr(aj & n)5. falcon, gyrfalcon, kite. (1) girifalte, (2) halcon (3) milano.

xikit

xikit-‘avan, iv(aj & ivcpd). scream. *xxikit-‘avan ye ta ‘ ok’ el, is said about children who cry a lot; xxikit-‘avan ye ta ‘ok’ el is said about children who cry a lot loudly. gritar llorando.

xikitin, n5. cicada. (1) cigarra 71, (2) grillo, especie de cigarra.

xikitxikit ‘avan, vphr:adv & iv. shout loudly. RML—This adjective is given the same meaning in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:99). gritar recio.

xik’ (1)

xik’, n1d. bird’s wing stripped of feathers, wing. (1) ala, (2) alon.

xik’ (2)

xik’an, tv. lean against (lay object against wall), make progress, proceed. (1) arrimar otra cosa, (2) proceder, ir….

xik’anbil, pp. leaned. arrimado.

xik’anej, n4d. object that is leaned against something. arrimado.

xik’ey, iv. lean against, make progress, proceed. (1) arrimarse, (2) proceder, ir….

xik’il, aj. leaning. arrimado.

xin

xiin, aj. stinking as some meats or human sweat. RML—This is given as xihan, but xinal is given as such. (1) heder…, (2) hedionda, cosa… 171.

‘ip xin. stinking badly. hedionda, cosa… 171.

xinal, n4b. stink. (1) heder…, (2) hedionda cosa… 171.

‘ip xxinal. stinking badly. hedionda, cosa… 171.

xinub, iv. begin to stink. hediondo, volverse asi 171.

xinch’ok

xinch’ok, n5. male, man. (1) macho, (2) ombre, varon, (3) varon.

xinch’ok ‘ol, nphr(n type n)4d. woman’s son. hijo, respecto de la muger.

xinch’ok ‘olonton ‘antz, nphr:nphr(n type n) type n. manly woman. muger varonil.

xinch’ok nich’on, nphr(n type n)5. man’s son. hijo respecto del varon.

xinch’ok tuluk’, nphr(n type n)5. rooster. gallo.

xinch’ok vacas, nphr(n type n)5. bull. toro.

xinch’okil, n1d. husband. marido.

xinch’okil ‘antz, nphr(n type n)5. barren woman, hermaphrodite. (1) muger machorra, (2) hombre y muger 239.

xinch’okil ‘ol, nphr(n type n)4d. woman’s son. hijo respecto de la muger.

xinch’okil bek’tal, nphr(n type n)4d. penis. miembro del hombre.

xinch’okil nich’nal, nphr(n type n)5. man’s son. hijo respecto del varon.

xinch’okil nich’on, nphr(n type n)4d. man’s son. hijo respecto del varon.

xinch’okil vakax, nphr(n type n)5. bull. toro.

xinch’oklel, n1d. manliness, penis (polite term). (1) fortaleza, (2) miembro del hombre, (3) pixa.

xinich

xinich, n5. ant. RML—It can not be determined whether this should be read xinich or xinich,’ as both occur in modern Tzotzil. hormiga.

bak xinich, cf. bak.

xixib

xixib ton, nphr(n type n)5. pebble. cascajo.

xixib tontik, nphr(n type n)5. pebbly place, rough pebbly place.

(1) caxcajar, (2) pedregal de piedras menudas o chinas.

‘ip xixib ton, s:aj/pred/ & -nphr(n type n)4e. pebbly. pedregoso asi.

xjaval

xjaval. swallow. cf. jay.

xjojoch’

xjojoch’. butterfly. cf. jojoch’.

xkoch

xkoch. fly. cf. koch.

xk’abis

xk’abis. truffle. cf. k’abis.

xna

xna. spider. cf. na (1).

xni‘

xni‘. spring. cf. ni‘ (1).

xoch’

xoch’, n5. owl (smaller than a great-horned owl). RML—In

modern Tzotzil this is the common potoo, Nyctibius griseus. lechusa.

xoj

xoj, tv. interweave or mend mat or cloth. (1) adobar petates…,

(2) tejer uno… 333.

xoj ‘ok, nphr(n4f of n4d). buskin, stocking. (1) borrequi, cf.

borcegui, (2) calca o borcegui 47.

xoj k’ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). glove. guante.

xoj-k’optay, tv(tv & tvcpd). interfere so as to obstruct a negotiation. tejer uno…333.

xoj-k’optaybiluk, pp(tv & tvcpd). obstructed (no longer desired). tejer uno…333.

xoj pokol ta k’ob, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). clasp a shield. embrazar rodela o cosa asi.

xoj ta vok’el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). plow a furrow. surcar.

xoj te‘ ta tuk’, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & n5). stick ramrod in harquebus. tejer uno…333.

xoj tuk’, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. stick ramrod in harquebus. tejer uno…333.

xoj vok’el, vphr:tv & vn5. plow a furrow. surcar.

xojav, iv. make a path. vereda hacerse.

xojben, n4d. mended object. adobar petates….

xojbenal, n4f. plowed furrow. surco arando.

xojbenal ta vok’el, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & vn5). plowed furrow. surco arando.

xojlej, n4f. path. vereda o senda.

xojob, n5. sunbeam. rayo del sol 284.

xojob ‘ut ‘ok, nphr:n5 of nphr(n4f of n4d). stocking foot. peal.

xojob ch’en, nphr(n of n)5. cave, mine. mina subterranea, cueva.

xojob k’ak’al, nphr(n of n)5. fiery comet. cometa de los que echan rayos.

xojob yan, vphr:n5/pred/ & adv. be transparent, gleam, shine, sparkle. (1) rayar el sol, echar rayos 284, (2) relumbrar, resplandecer echando rayos, (4) traslucirse coma vidrio, (5) trasluciente.

xojobil, nlf. large wide coat without buttons, shirt, stocking. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Venustiano Carranza, xojil is the term for shirt. (1) calca o…47, (2) camisa de varon307, (3) sayo, (4) tejer, uno…333.

xojobil ‘ok, nphr(n4f of n4d). buskin, stocking. (1) calca o…47, (2) tejer uno…333.

xojobil ‘ut loldl, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). stocking foot. peal.

xojobil k’ak’al, nphr(n4f of n5). sunbeam. rayo del sol 284.

xojobil k’obil, nphr(n4f of n3d). glove. guante.

xojxoj ch’en, nphr(aj & n)5. cave, mine. mina subterranea, cueva.

‘ip xojobil, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. luminous. lumbrosa, cosa que echa rayos.

‘och xojob yo”oy, cf. ‘och.

‘och xojobil yo”oy, cf. ‘och.

toj xojob yan, vphr:adv & nphr(n5/pred/ & aj). luminous.

lumbrosa, cosa….

xok (1)

xokol ‘osil, nphr(aj & n)5. free time, uninhabited wasteland.

(1) dia de fiesta, (2) yermo sin casas 183.

xokol ‘osiltik, nphr(aj & n)5. free time. dia de fiesta.

xok (2)

xok ‘e, nphr(n4f of n4d). tatar. tova de dientes.

xokil leal, nphr(n of n)5. tatar. tova de dientes.

xok (3)

xokbaj, iv. snare (deer, lions). enlazar leones o venados.

xokbal, n4d. snare. enlazamiento o lazo asi.

xxokbal bolom. tiger snare. laso de venados 194.

xxokbal chij. deer snare. laso de venados 194.

xokbay, tv. snare. enlazar leones….

xokbay ba, rv. fall into a snare (person). enlazarse asi.

xokob, n1d. snare, hunting with snares. (1) enlazador asi, (2)enlazamiento o lazo asi, (3) laso para venados o tigres.

tanaon ta xokob. I am hunting with snares now. enlazarleones….

xokobil, n5. snare. (1) enlazador asi, (2) enlazamiento o….

xokobil chij. deer snare. enlazamiento o….

xokom, n5. hunter who uses snares. montero o cazador….

xokob

xokob. side. cf. xokon.

xokom

xokom, n5. alabaster, plaster. RML—Though this is given as “alabado,” it occurs in colonial Tzeltal, xocom,” alabastro” (Guzmán, 1620:15) and persists in modern Tzotzil as the name of plaster and an unidentified white rock. yeso 184.

xokon

xokon, nlf. side, stitch in the side. dolor la hijado, cf. doter.

xokon ‘a ‘i, vphr:n5 & tv. have a stitch in the side. dolor lahijada, cf. doler.

xokon ch’ub, nphr(n of n)5. buttress. poste para sostener.

xokon na, nphr(n4f of n5). corner of house. esquina de casa.

xokon-sati, tv(n & tvcpd). look askance. mirar at traves.

mo axokon-sation! Do not look askance at me! (said to angry person).

xokon-sativan, iv(n & ivcpd). look askance. mirar al waves.

xokonil, n3d. flank, side. yjada 184.

xokonil charnel, nphr(n type vn)5. sickness or stitch in the side.

(1) dolor de hijada, (2) yjada, enfermedad 184.

ta xokon, qphr:prep & -nlb. across. detraves.

xokobil, n3d. side. costado.

xok’

xok’, n4f. grapevine prop. rodrigon para vid.

xok’ ch’ub, nphr(n4f of n5). buttress, supporting post. poste para sostener.

xok’i, tv. prop up (grapevines, etc.), support building with posts or buttresses. RML—This perhaps should be read xok’ in. (1) reparar, (2) rodrigar vides u otra cosa.

xok’il, n5. grapevine prop. rodrigon para vid.

*xol

*xol, aj. a lot of, abundant, many. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, xoghol cop, “exceso en palabras,” may possibly be related (Gates, 1934b:141). (1) abundancia, (2) muchos en numero o cantidad.

xon (1)

xon jolol, nphr(n of n)3d. pillow. (1) almohada, (2) cabecera.

xoney, tv. prop up by putting stick or stone underneath. almohada.

xoneyabil te‘, nphr(n type n)5. wooden prop. almohada.

xon (2)

xon. horseshoe, sandal, shoe. cf. xan (2).

xot

xot, tv. build an arch. edificar de boveda.

xot ba, rv. coil up (snake). encogerse como….

xotan, tv. make arched or round. (1) arquearse o redondearse28, (2) redondearse asi.

xotav, n4f. arch, doorway. arco de puerta u otra cosa asi.

xotbil, pp. coiled. enroscado asi.

xotbil vaj, nphr(pp & n)5. ring-shaped bread. rosca de pan.

xottzaj, iv. become arched or round. redondearse asi.

xottzajes, tv. make arched or round. redondearse

xotzan, tv. make arched or round. RML—This is given as ghxotzatzan. redondearse asi.

xotey, iv. become arched or round, coil. (1) arquearse o…28, (2) enroscarse la culebra u otra cosa asi.

xotij, iv. become arched or round. RML—This reading is suspect. redondearse asi.

xotoj ba, rv/ap/. coiled. enroscado asi.

xotol, n5. arch, doorway. arco de….

xotol, aj. arched, coiled, round (bread, hoop). (1) enroscado asi, (2) redondo como roscas….

xotol vaj, nphr(aj & n)5. ring-shaped bread. rosca de pan.

xotot tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. iron collar or pillory. RML—Perhaps this adjective should be read xotxot. collar de hierro o argolla.

xototik, n5. arch, vault. boveda.

xototik ch’ubay, vphr:n5 & tv. build arches or vaults. edificar de boveda.

xotxot, aj. arched, round (hollow in the middle). redondo coma….

xotxot tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. crozier, iron collar or ring, metal hoop for playing, pillory, pruning-knife, sickle. (1) argolla de hierro coma quiera, (2) cayado 46, (3) hoz podadera.

xotxot te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. crozier, wooden ring. RML—The adjective of this and the preceding entry for crozier is given as xochot. (1) argolla de palo, (2) cayado 46.

xotxot vaj, nphr(aj & n)5. ring-shaped bread. rosca de pan.

jxot-ch’ubayej, agn(tv & vncpd). arch builder. edificador asi.

jxotvanej, agn. arch builder. edificador si.

bik’tal xotxot vaj, nphr:aj & nphr(aj & n)5. small ring-shaped bread. rosquilla de esta manera.

*xu

*xu, n5. buboes. RML—This same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:33). bubas45.

xuch’

xuch’, n1e. gum, resin, pitch. (1) goma de arbol, (2) pez, (3) recina 296.

xxuch’al chix-te‘. cherry resin. goma de….

xxuch’al durasno. peach resin. goma de….

xuch’, n4e. ink paste. grasa para escribir.

xuch’ chenek’ te‘, nphr:n4e of nphr(n type n)5. ink paste. goma para tinta.

xuch’ toj, nphr(n4e of n5). pine resin, turpentine. (1) goma de…, (2) recina, (3) trementina.

xuch’al toj, nphr(natt & n)5. pine torch. tea, pino.

xuch’ay, tv. mend with pitch (leather, wine jug). empegar cuero o jarro para vino.

xuch’aybil, pp. mended with pitch. empegado asi.

xuch’tik, aj. gummy. gomosa cosa.

laal xuch’, s:aj/prep/ & -n4e. gummy. gomosa cosa.

*xuko

*xuko, n5. red ochre, vermilion. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term is xuca (Guzmán, 1620:17, 30). It is “lo que se suelen poner el rostro las indias”(Gates, 1934b:142). Possibly the colonial Yucatec verb xuc, “abrir la lumbre,” is related (Michelon, 1976:404). (1) almagre, (2) bermello.

xuk’ (1)

xuk’av, n4f. corner. rincon.

xxuk’av cocina. kitchen corner.

xxuk’av na. house corner.

xuk’av ton, nphr(n of n)5. corner of a stone. RML—This appears to be given as xocon ton, but xokon means side. canton de piedra.

xuk’lej, n4f. corner. rincon.

xuk’ubil, n3d. elbow. codo.

xuk’ultik, aj. corner. rincon.

jak’obil ta xuk’ul k’op, cf. jak’.

xuk’ (2)

xuk’ayvan, iv. hiccup. hipar.

xuk’ayvan ch’ut, s:iv & -n4d. hiccup. hipar.

xuk’ayvanel, vn5. hiccup. hipo.

xuk’xonel, vn5. hiccup. hipo.

xuk’xonet, av. hiccup. hipar.

xuk’xonet ch’ut, s:av & -n4d. hiccup. hipar.

xul

xul, n1e. small poles for house construction. varas peque ñas….

xulav, iv. lay small roof poles. techar.

xulay, tv. lay small roof poles, make framework with smallpoles. (1) envarar con varas pequeñas, (2) techar.

xulbay ba, rv. butt (rams, cows). topar con la cabeza.

xulub chon, nphr(n type n)5. worm used to cure hernia.quebrado petroso.

xulub tonil, nphr(n type n)5. hernia (one testicle). quebrado potroso.

xup

xupet k’ok’, nphr(n of n)5. firebrand. tizon.

xux

xux, n5. brown wasp that nests in trees. RML—In modern Tzotzil, vub-xux is a eumenid wasp. abispa bermeja….

xuxub

xuxub, n5. whistle. RML—This is given as xuxon, but occurs in colonial Tzeltal as xuxub (Guzmán, 1620:138) and persists in this form in modern Tzotzil. silvo.

xuxubaj, iv. whistle. silvar.

xuxubajel, vn5. whistle. silvo.

xuxuban, iv. whistle. silvar.

xuxubanel, vn5. whistle. silvo.

xuxubil, n5. whistle. silvo.

xuxubtay, tv. whistle at. silvar a otro.

xut

xut, tv. begin to eat (break bread), break with one’s fingers, crumble (bread). (1) encetar, (2) quebrar con los dedos….

xut, n5. crumb. mendrugo.

xutbil, pp. crumbled. quebradura asi.

xutul, aj. crumbled, last. (1) postrero, (2) quebrado asi, (3) trasera cosa.

xutul ‘ ayan ‘u’un, vphr:aj & iv + -n4d. postpone, put last. RML—The verb is in the past tense. posponer 268.

xutul vaj, nphr(aj & n)5. bread crumbs. migajas muy menudas como molidas.

xutulil, n4f. broken piece. quebradura o pedazo asi.

xutulil vaj, nphr(n4f of n5). broken piece of bread given to beggars. mendrugo.

xutultas, tv. postpone, put last. posponer 268.

j-xut, num(num & nccpd)5. broken piece of bread, broken piece of bread given to beggars, slice (bread, melon). (1) parte del todo, (2) quebradura asi.

j-xut vaj, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n5. a quarter of bread, etc. cuarteron de pan, cosa asi 279.

xut’

xut’, tv. pinch with the finger or fingers. pelliscar con el dedo o dedos.

xut’el, vn5. pinch. pellisco.

xut’vanej, vn5. pinch. pellisco.

xuvit

xuvit, n1e. caterpillar, maggot or worm infesting meat, cheese, etc. (1) guzano de carne… 160, (2) oruga, gusano.

xuvit koch, nphr(nle of n5). horsefly maggot, oruga, gusano.

xuvitan, iv. swell from maggots. oruga, gusano.

xyax

xyax-‘ich. bee. cf. yox (1).

T

ta (1)

ta, prep. from (the city, the garden), with. (1) con instrumento, (2) de, de la ciudad…, (3) desdeta 78.

ta te‘. with a stick. con instrumento.

ta sk’ob. with his hand. con instrumento.

ta (2)

ta, tv. find what one was searching for, get, reach. (1) alcanzar, (2) hallar lo que buscaba.

ta ‘ajvalel, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. become a lord. enseñorear, hacerse Señor.

ta’elk’anel, vphr:tv & vn4f[A]. be easy to steal. hurtible osa.

ta ‘o‘lol, vphr:tv & n5. reach halfway or the middle. (1) medlar, hinchar hasta la mitad, (2) mediado asi.

ta ‘okel tzeb, s:tv & n4d[A] & n5. become a full-grown girl. RML—The verb is in the past tense. mosa crecida 225.

ta ‘okel kelmal, s:tv & n4d[P of A] & -n4d. become a full-grown boy. RML—The verb is in the past tense. moso crecido 225.

ta ‘olonton, vphr:tv & -n4d. be grievous. entrañable cosa.

ta tzebal, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. reach maidenhood. edad tener de doncella.

ta k’inal, vphr:tv & -n4d[A]. be of age. edad tener.

ta k’inal na, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n4d[A]). reach bachelorhood. edad tener de mancebo.

ta k’inal nupunel, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of vn4d[A]). reach marriageable age. edad tener para casarse.

ta sat, vphr:tv & -n4d. be able to see, see. ver o veer como cuando.

ta jk’ele mu sta jsat. I am looking, but I don’t see it.

ta ta ‘olonton, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). take counsel seriously. consejo tomar asi.

ta ta‘ajel, vphr:tv & vn5. become ripe. madurarse.

ta tojol ‘u’un, vphr:tv & n4f[A] + -n4d. reform. reformar.

tabeybil, pp. revealed. revelada cosa.

tabentay k’op, vphr:tv & n5. intrude. RML—In modern Tzotzil, tabenta is to have illicit sexual relations. entremeterse sin que lo Ilamen.

tabentay tajimol, vphr:tv & n5. intrude in a game. entremeterse en el juego.

tabentay ve‘el, vphr:tv & n5. intrude in a meal. entremeterse en la comida.

taobil, n4f. instrument for reaching object. alcanzar.

taoj, n4d. object that is being reached. alcanzar.

taoj ‘olonton, vphr:tv & -n4d. be grievous, become very sick. (1) enfermar gravemente, (2) entrañable cosa.

taot ta ‘ik’al moy, vphr:tv/pass/ + qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5).

go blind with pale eyes. cegar teniendo los claros 70.

taot ta ‘ma% vphr:tv/pass/ & qphr(prep & n5). grow mute. (1) enmudecer 99, (2) enmudecido 99, (3) mudescer.

taot ta charnel, vphr:tv/pass/ & qphr(prep & vn5). get sick.enfermar.

taot ta sal, vphr:tv/pass/ & qphr(prep & vn5). become leprous. leproso hacerse.

taot ta tok, vphr:tv/pass/ & qphr(prep & vn5). cloud over. anublarse algo.

tavan ‘a‘i, vphr:s(iv/3s/) & tv-. be disgusted with. hastio tener.

tavan ‘a ‘iel ‘a‘i, vphr:s(iv & vn4[O]) & tv. be disgusted with the sound of. hastio tener.

tavan ‘ilel ‘a‘i, vphr:s(iv & vn4[O]) & tv. be disgusted by the sight of, dislike, hate. (1) abominar, (2) hastio tener, (3) malquerer.

tavan ‘osil‘a‘i, vphr:s(iv & n5) & tv. be disgusted with or vexed. (1) enhadarse, (2) hastio tener.

tavan ba ‘a‘i, vphr:s(iv & -n4f) & tv-. be bored by. hastio.

mu ta, vphr:neg & tv-. less, smaller. menor.

mu jta Pedro. I am smaller than Pedro.

mu jta Pedro juteb jna‘ jtuk. I am not as smart as Peter.

mu tabat, vphr:neg & tv/pass/. be ignored or overlooked. pasarse por alto sin sentir o entender.

mu tabey ‘ipal, vphr:neg & -dv & n4d[B]. not be strong enough. no poder.

toj tavan ‘a ‘iel, s:adv & iv & -vn4f. be importunate. ymportunosin tiempo… 185.

toj tavan ‘ilel, s:adv & iv & -vn4f. be importunate. ymportuno sin tiempo… 185.

ta (3)

ta, pt<incompletive aspect>. shall, will. RML—This term is not given in a Spanish listing but occurs throughout the text.

ta‘ (1)

ta‘al, aj. lying down as in bed, lying (wide objects). (1) acostado, (2) echado asi, (3) estar echado, (4) yacer, estar echado 183, (5) poner cosas anchas.

ta‘an, tv. lay down, make a person lie down, set down (wide objects). (1) acostar a otro, (2) echar a otro asi, (3) poner cosas anchas.

ta‘i, iv. lie down. (1) acostarse, (2) estar echado, (3) yacer… 183.

ta‘ (2)

ta‘aj, iv. be well-cooked, ripen. (1) madura cosa, (2) madurarse.

mo eta’aj. It is not well-cooked (or) it is not ripe. cojido 67, cf. cosido.

ta‘ajeb vaj, nphr(n of n)5. oven. horno.

ta‘al, aj. medium-sized. entre grande y chico.

ta‘al ‘oy, ajphr:aj & pt. medium-sized, opportune. (1) mediano, entre…, (2) oportuna cosa, (3) tiempo oportuno.

ta‘al ‘oy eHul. He arrived at a good time. oportuna cosa.

ta‘al ‘oy ek’opoj. He spoke at the right time. oportuna cosa.

ta‘al ‘oy jk’inal niHul. I arrived at the right time. tiempo oportuno.

ta‘al ‘oy ‘a‘i, vphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & tv-. be content or satisfied. (1) contentarse, parecesele bastante, (2) contento.

ta‘al ‘oy ‘a‘i ‘u‘un, vphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & tv- + -n4d. content, satisfy. contentar asi a otro.

ta‘al ‘oy ‘uch’ Ho‘. vphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & tv & n5. drink moderately. templado en beber.

ta‘al ‘oy k’opoj, vphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & iv. speak with restraint. refrenarse.

ta‘al ‘oy ve‘, vphr:ajphr(aj & pt) & iv. eat moderately. (1) templado en comer, (2) templado ser en comer.

ta‘alta‘al ‘oy, ajphr:aj & pt. quite a lot. muchos algun tanto.

ta‘an, tv. propose a discussion. proponer platica.

ta‘an k’op, vphr:tv & n5. report. relatar.

ta‘anel k’op, nphr(vn4f of n5). report. relacion.

ta‘luke, aj. Enough! baste ya, cf. basta.

jta‘ajesej, agn. baker. hornero u hornera.

jta‘anej-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). reporter who reports what he has heard or seen. relator que relata….

‘ak’ ta‘aluk ‘a‘i, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

‘ak’ ta‘aluk ‘oy ‘a‘i, cf. ‘ak’ (2).

joyol ta ta‘lej, cf. joy (1).

taiv

taiv, n5. frost, ice, icicle. (1) carambola, cf. carambano, (2) elada o hielo, (3) yelo o helada 183.

taj (1)

taj ta jech, qphr:pt & qphr(prep & n5). that (when far off), over there. (1) aculla cuando es lejos, (2) alla.

taj toe, ptphr(pt & pt). that (when far off), over there. (1) aculla cuando…, (2) alla.

taj (2)

taj. candle, light, radiant, shine, sparkle, torch. cf. toj (2).

tajim

tajim, tv. make merry, mock. (1) burlar o retosar, (2) retocar.

tajim, iv. act childish, be merry, mock, play. RML—Perhaps this should be read -tajin as in modern Tzotzil. (1) burlar, jugar, (2) holgar, bulgar, (3) niñear los niños.

tajimol, n5. game, jest, mockery. (1) burla, (2) holganza o pasatiempo, (3) juego de pasatiempo.

tajimol ch’ilom, nphr(n type n)5. mock warfare. juego a manera de guerra.

tajimol ch’u, nphr(n type n)5. false god. dios de mentira.

jtajimol, agn. jester, player. (1) burlon, (2) espaciarse por via de recreacion.

tak (1)

tak, tv. banish, expedite what has been impeded, send, take charge of. (1) desterrar, (2) enviar como quiera 97, (3) encargarse de algo, (4) espedir lo impedido.

takbeat, dv/pass/. be granted a request. ympetrar 185.

takben, n4d. banished person. desterrar.

takbey, dv. authorize, permit, take charge of. (1) encargarse de algo, (2) otorgar, (3) permitir.

takel ta Ich’el tza, s:nphr(vn4f[S] & qphr<prep & vn5>)/pred/& -n4d. permission. permision.

taki, tv. administer a law, bequeath, command, excuse, exempt, give permission, notify, order, warn. RML—Perhaps this should be read tak’ i. (1) dispensar, (2) ley dar194, (3) licencia que…, (4) licencia, licencia dar, (5) mandas asi, cf. mandar, (6) mandar el superior, (7) requerir como amonestando.

ejtaki Pedro ta xch’ayel sk’op dios. I excused Peter from prayers. dispensado.

ejtaki te ta tzakiel bek’et. I permitted him to take meat.dispensar.

takibil, pp. excused, exempt. dispensado.

takibil ta xch’ayel ch’uivej. excused from prayers.

takibil ta xch’ayel yabtel. excused from work.

takibil vinik, nphr(pp & n)5. person who has been granted a privilege. privilegiado 271.

takiej, vnld. command, legacy, order, permission one gives, precept for living, town law. (1) ley 194, (2) licencia que se me da, (3) manda de testamento, (4) mandamiento asi del que manda, (5) regla de vivir.

takiej ‘ojov, nphr(vn4d of n5). privilege, law. privilegio o ley para alguno 271.

‘oy stakiej ‘ojov. He is granted a privilege.

takiel, vn4d. order or permission one receives. (1) licencia que…, (2) mandamiento que se recibe.

nesk’anbey stakiel. He asked for permission.

takivan, iv. administer a law, command, order. (1) ley dar 194, (2) mandar el superior.

takivanej, vn5. permission. licencia.

takoj, n4d. person being banished. desterrar.

takultay, tv. push, shove. RML—In modern Tzotzil the verb is takolta. (1) empujar, dar, (2) rempujar.

takultayvanej, vn5. shove. *But note that when we say he gave me a shove they say he shoved me once, he shoved me twice, j-yalel nestakultay, chacyalel nestakultay. empujon.

jtak-Hun, agn(vtv & ncpd). messenger. porta cartas, mensajero.

‘ep takiej, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. imperious person. RML—Lit. “he orders a lot.” mandon que mucho manda.

tak (2)

takes vaj, nphr(x & ncpd). biscuit (bread cooked twice), stale bread. RML—Perhaps this should be read taki-vaj. (1) endurecido asi, (2) vizcocho, pan dos veces cocido.

taki-‘uk’um, n(aj & ncpd)5. dry canal or streambed. (1) acequia, cuando no lleva aqua, (2) rio seco.

taki-batel, vn(aj & vncpd)5. emaciation, thinness. enflquecimiento.

taki-jobel, n(aj & ncpd)5. dry grass. seca cosa.

taki-na, n(aj & ncpd)5. dry house. secura.

talci-te‘, n(aj & ncpd)5. dead tree. seca cosa.

tald-ti‘il, n(aj & ncpd)5. dryness of throat, thirst. (1) secura de el que ha sed (2) sed gana de beber.

taki-tontik, n(aj & ncpd)5. dry streambed. rio seco.

takij, iv. be drained, dry off or out, grow hard or stale (bread), wither. (1) agotarse12, (2) endurecerse el pan, (3) enjugarse121, (4) enjugado121, (5) marchitarse, (6) marchita cosa, (7) secarse.

takijel, vn5. dryness, drought. (1) secura, (2) sequedad.

takijel ‘osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). drought. sequedad.

takijes, tv. dry, dry before the fire. (1) enjugarse 121, (2) secarse, (3) secar al fuego.

takijesbil, pp. dried. enjugado.

takijesbil higo, nphr(pp & n)5. dried fig. higo adobado.

takin, aj. dry. (1) enjugado 121, (2) seca cosa, (3) secura.

takin ‘osil, nphr(aj & n)5. dry season. abona tiempo.

takin-bat, iv(aj & ivcpd). grow thin. enflaquecer.

taldn tz’usub, nphr(aj & n)5. raisin. paso, fruta.

takin ti‘, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be thirsty, thirst. (1) sed, (2) tener sed.

takin vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. lean person. enjuto hombre 121.

takinal ti‘, nphr(n4f of n4d). dryness of throat, thirst. secura de el que ha sed.

takupal

takupalil, n3d. body. cuerpo.

tak’

tak’, tv. reply, want. *Commonly it is used in the negative. (1) querer, (2) responder.

mu la stak’. They say he doesn‘t want to. querer.

mu stak’ batel. He doesn‘t want to go. querer.

tak’ ‘ech’el to jom, vphr:tv & nphr(vn5 & qphr <prep & n5>). be navigable. navegable cosa.

tak’ ‘elk’anel, vphr:tv & vn5. be easy to steal. hurtible cosa.

tak’ ‘ilel, vphr:tv & vn5. be legible or visible. (1) leible cosa, (2) visible 350.

tak’ ‘umel, vphr:tv & vn5. be easy to swallow. sorbible cosa.

tak‘ likesel, vphr:tv & vn5. be movable. movible cosa.

tak‘ nikesel, vphr:tv & vn5. be movable. movible cosa.

tak’ p’asojel, vphr:tv & vn5. be navigable. navegable cosa.

tak’av, iv. reply, serve as a responder in the Mass. (1) administrar respondiendo como en la misa, (2) replicar, (3) responder.

jtak’avel, agn. responder in the Mass. administrador asi.

jtak’beyej-misa, agn(vn & ncpd). acolyte. monacillo.

mo tak’, vphr:neg & tv-. not wish, refuse. (1) no querer, (2) rehusar.

mu tak’bey, vphr:neg & -dv-. deny or refuse a request. negar lo pedido.

tak’in

tak’in, n5. bell, cauldron, copper fetters, gold coin, kettle, iron, money, wire. *Because their metal is copper they distinguish it from that of Spain saying “black metal,” “white metal,” “yellow metal.” (1) alambre, (2) caldera, (3) campana, (4) dinero, (5) hierro absolute, (6) moneda, (7) pieza o moneda de oro.

tak’in, n4e. metal ring, mill wheel, syringe. (1) armella, (2) rodezno de molino, (3) triste ayuda, cf. clistel.

tak’in, n1e. steel for striking fire with a flint. eslabon.

tak’in chak nam-te‘il, nphr:n4e of nphr(n4f of n<aj & ncpd>5).

metal tip of walking stick. regaton de baculo 288.

tak’in chak xenob tak’in, nphr:nphr(n4e of n4f) of nphr(n typen)5. metal socket of a lance. regaton de lanza.

tak’in chukobil ’okil, nphr:n type nphr(n4f of n5). fetters.grillous

tak’in jach’ub, nphr(n type n)5. carding brush. peine de ardador.

tak’in jotz’obil voy caballo, nphr4d:nphr(n5 type n4f) of nphr(n4d of n5). hoof parer. pujavante.

tak’in peso, nphr(n4e of n5). weight for scales. pezo para balanza.

tak’in xojob k‘ob, nphr.n5 type nphr(n4f of n4d). gauntlet.

manopla, armadura.

tak’in xojobil k’obil, nphr:n5 type nphr(n4f of n5). gauntlet.

manopla, armadura.

‘ik’al tak’in, cf. ‘ik’(2). dorada cosa.

‘utzil sakil tak’in, cf. ‘utz.

k’anal tak’in, cf. k’on.

k’anal tak’in tomin, cf. k’on.

p’inal tak’in, cf. p‘in.

sakil tak’in, cf. sak.

‘oy tak’in, s:n5/pred/ & -n4e. gilded. dorada cosa.

tal

tal, iv. come, come to the aid of. acudir.

tal vayel ta sat, s:iv & vn5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). be sleepy. soñoliento.

talel, dr. towards, up till now, yet. hasta aqui o hasta ahora….

mo jna‘ talel. I don’t know it yet.

talel, vn4d. blood relationship, condition, custom, instinct, style, surname. (1) apellido, (2) condition, (3) costumbre, (4) estilo o costumbre, (5) ynstinto natural 188, (6) parentesco por sangre.

‘utz stalel. He is well-mannered. costumbre.

junjun jtalel jchi‘uk Pedro. Peter and I are of the same blood. parentesco por….

k‘usi cha‘leybil atalel achi‘uk Pedro? How are you related to Peter? parentesco por….

Hech jtalel. I am like this. forma o manera.

talel, vn4f. natural law, nature. (1) ley natural 194, (2) natural cosa.

talel ‘osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). nature. natura o naturaleza cosa.

talel tza, nphr(vn type n)4d. common sense. razon natural.

talel p’ijil, nphr(vn type n)4d[lp]. common sense. razon natural.

talel ta ‘olonton, nphr:vn5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). knowingly, will. (1) corazon 64, (2) a sabiendas.

talel ta ‘olonton ‘a ‘i, vphr:nphr(vn5 & qphr<prep & n4d[A]>)& tv-. hear approvingly or with pleasure. oir consintiendo o….

talel takiel, nphr(vn4f of vn5). natural law. ley natural 194.

taltal, iv. approach. allegarse.

taltales, tv. make approach. allegarse.

jtalel-batel, agn(dr & drcpd). restless person. ynquieta cosa 188.

tam

tam, tv. find (lost object as money, feathers), pick out or up (as when they pick up grains on the ground). (1) coger alzando… 54, (2) escoger como…, (3) hallar cosa perdida….

tam ta ‘ olonton, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4d). remember, remember frequently. (1) acordarse, (2) remembrarse.

tam ta chikin, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & -n4d). report news to.noticia dar a alguno….

tam tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f. cost. costar.

tambeat ‘u‘ un dios, vphr.-dv/pass/ + qphr(n4d of n5). have divine revelation. RML—The verb is in the past tense. revelacion.

tambey ta ‘olonton, vphr:-dv & qphr(prep & n4d[B]). reveal. revelar.

tambeybil, pp. revealed. revelada.

tamol, n1d. choice, object picked up from the ground, recovered object. (1) cojer alzando…54, (2) recogimiento asi, (3) hallada cosa perdida.

tamolaj, iv. find (lost object as money, feathers), pick up from the ground. (1) cojer alzando…54, (2) escojer como…, (3) hallar cosa….

tamolajel, vn5. choice, object picked up from the ground, recovered object. escogimiento asi.

tamtamuk dios ta ‘olonton, s:iv/subj/ & n5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). remember God frequently. acordarse.

tamtetamte-k’opoj, iv(av & ivcpd). make a muddle of reasoning or words. enzalada hacer de razones o palabras 115.

tamvanej dios, nphr(vn4d of n5). divine revelation. revelacion divina.

jtam-‘unen, agn(tv & ncpd). midwife. partera que ayuda a parir.

jtamanej, agn. person who chooses or picks up object from the ground, revealer. escogedor asi.

jtambevanej, agn. revealer. revelador.

jtamvanej, agn. person who chooses or picks up object from the ground, revealer. (1) escogedor asi, (2) revelador.

likeb tambil k’op, cf. lik.

tan (1)

tan, n5. ash, lime. (1) cal, (2) ceniza, cal 70.

tan. n4e. mortar. argamasa.

‘utz stanil. It is good mortar. mezcla para asentar piedra o adobes 222.

taniab, n5. mask (once used during the sacrifices and worn by those who once kept the idols). RML—This is given as ham cam and tam cam, but in colonial Tzeltal as ghtaniab (Guzmán, 1620:128). Perhaps these were plaster masks. (1) caratula otra manera…, (2) mascara de…14.

tanibey, dv. scatter. rebatiña.

tanibeoy ‘unetik! Scatter the children!

tanibil *pok’om, nphr(pp & n)5. whitewashed wall. pared encalada.

tanibil *pok’omtilc, nphr(pp & n)5. whitewashed wall. pared encalada.

tanil na, nphr(natt & n)5. parish house. perrochia.

taniv, iv. whitewash. encalar absolute.

tanivej, vn5. whitewash. encalamiento asi.

tanivil, n5. whitewasher. encalador asi.

utz tan, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. good mortar. mezcla para asentar….

*tan (2)

*tanay k’op, vphr:tv & n5. intrude. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, -tanay na is to “entrar en casa de otro”(without being invited) (Guzmán, 1620:79). entremeterse sin que lo llamen.

*tanay tajimol, vphr:iv & n5. intrude in a game. entremeterse en el juego.

*jtana-tajimol, agn(tv & ncpd). intruder in a game. entremetido asi.

*jtana-ve‘el, agn(tv & ncpd). intruder at a meal. entremetido asi.

tana

tana, n5. now, while. ahora.

tana ‘oy xive‘ xatal xabat! While I am eating come and go! mientras.

tanaon ta xanbal xapas! Do it while I am on the trip! mientras.

tanaon ta ve‘el xabat! Go while I am eating! mientras.

tana to, nphr:n5 & pt. now, still. (1) ahora, (2) aun ahora 22.

tana to ‘ayan, vphr:nphr(n5 & pt) & iv. be current. presente cosa.

tas

tas, tv. drag, filch, take a pledge of security for a debt. (1) arrastrar, (2) prendar por Pena, (3) sosacar, (4) traer por fuerza.

tas, nlf. benchcloth or any cloth that object is placed on. (1) poyo para sentarse, (2) repostero o patio que se tiende.

tas ‘ik’, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. breathe in smoke or perfume, inhale.soplar para dentro como….

tas-‘ik’i, tv(tv & ncpd). scent, sniff. oler como….

tas ‘olonton, vphr:tv & -n4d. be near death. RML—Occurs asstasoj kolonton. malo estar casi a la muerte 206.

tas ba, rv. keep one‘s distance. retraerse alejandose algo.

tas ve‘el, vphr:tv & -n4d[A]. filch food. sosacar.

tasal, n4d. ally, blood relationship, friend, genealogy, lineage, parish or tribe of origin, surname. (1) allegados amigos, (2) apellido, (3) casta, (4) linaje, (5) parentesco por sangre, (6) perrochia.

junjun jtasaltik. We are of the same lineage. parentesco por….

tasal biil, nphr(n4f of n5). lineage name. renombre de linaje.tasal k‘op, nphr(n type n)5. faction. bando 345.

tasaltasal, n4f. herd by herd, lined up, orderly. (1) concertado asi por ringlera, (2) manada a manada, (5) ordenadamente.

tasaltasal vinkilel, nphr(n4f of n4d). limb by limb. miembro a miembro.

tasay, tv. line up. concertar asi algo.

tasay ba, rv. line up. concertarse por ringlera.

tasbey, dv. filch, take a pledge of security for a debt. (1) prendar por…, (2) sosacar.

tasbey ve‘el, vphr:-dv & n5. filch food. sosacar.

tasey, tv/pass/. pledge security for a debt. prendar por….tasi, tv. cover with a cloth. poyo para sentarse.

tasley-k’ optay, tv(tv & tvcpd). deceive with fair-seeming words or manners. engaliar con palabras….

tasob ch‘ojon, nphr(n of n)5. rope for pulling beams. soga para arrastrar vigas.

tasob clavos, nphr(n of n)5. pliers. tenazas.

tasobil clavos, nphr(n4f of n5). pliers. tenazas.

tastas na, nphr(aj & n)5. hall. sala.

tastonet k‘u’, s:av & -n4d. trailing skirts. haldas que arrastran.

tastonet pok’, s:av & n5. trailing skirts. haldas que….

tasvan ta p’olmal, vphr:iv &qphr(prep & n5). resell. regatear 288.

jtas-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). wheedler. sosacador asi.

jtas-tak‘in, agn(tv & ncpd). pilferer of money. sosacador asi.

jtasal-k’op, agn(n & ncpd). head of a faction. bandero, hombre de bando 345.

jtasol, agn. pilferer. sosacador asi.

jtasol-man, agn(n & tvcpd). huckster. regaton, el que revende 288.

jtasol-manvanej, agn(n & vncpd). huckster. (1) regaton, el…228, (2) regaton.

jtasol-ve‘el, agn(n & vncpd). pilferer of food. sosacador asi.

jtasvanej, agn. pilferer. sosacador asi.

jtasvanej ta p‘olmal, agn:vn & qphr(prep & ncpd). huckster.regaton, e/…288, (2) regaton.

j-tasal, num(num & nccpd)4f. flock of birds. nubada de ayes.

tos, n4d. lineage. linaje.

j-tos, num(num & nccpd)5. flock, herd, kind, nation, parish or tribe of origin. (1) casta, (2) especie, (3) majada o hato de ganado, (4) manada de ganado, (5) nacion de gentes o manada, (6) nubada de ayes, (7) perrochia o tribu de donde proceden.

j-tos ‘antzil caballo. a herd of mares. yeguada de yeguas 183.

j-tos tux-nok‘ chij. a herd of sheep. (1) hato vacas u ovejas, (2) majada o….

j-tos vacas. a herd of cattle. (1) hato de…, (2) majada o….

j-tos ch’ilom, nphr:num(num & nccpd) of n5. squadron. escuadron, batalla.

j-tos j‘antzil ti‘, nphr:num(num & nccpd) of agn(natt & ncpd). garrison. guarnicion de gente.

j-tos jyabutil, nphr:num(num & nccpd) of agn. division or file of soldiers, garrison, squadron. (1) escuadron, batalla, (2) guarnicion de gente, (3) haz, batalla ordenada, (4) hueste de gente 344.

j-tos ta ‘antzil ti‘, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & qphr(prep & nphr<natt & n>5). army in campaign. hueste de genie de guerra.

j-tos ta jyabutil, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & qphr(prep & agn). army in campaign. hueste de gente de guerra.

j-tos ta vinik, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & qphr(prep & n5). genealogy, province. (1) genealogia, (2) provincia.

j-tos yabutil, nphr:num(num & nccpd) of n5. army. RML—Perhaps yabutil should be read jyabutil. hueste de gente 344.

tat

tat. coagulate, curdle, muddy, murky, rain cloud, rennet, thick. cf. tot (1).

taza (Sp.)

taza, n5. cup. *They only used gourds before. (1) taza 327, (2) vidriada cosa.

ch’ulul taza, cf. ch’ul.

te (1)

te, n5. then, there. RML—This term is given always in the manuscript as tey and perhaps should have remained so. (1) entonces, (2) helo alli.

te ta‘al. lying there. helo alli.

te va‘al fume. standing over there. helo alli.

te no ‘ox, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). where once. donde antes.

te yo‘ oy ba‘yie, nphr:n5 & s(pt & pt & aj/pred/ ---). where once. donde antes.

te (2)

te, pt. the, that, to. RML—In modern Tzotzil this is ti. que, dijele que mirase.

ekalbey te ‘utzuk sk‘ele. I told him to look.

te (3)

te, art. the. RML—This term is not given a Spanish entry, but can be found scattered throughout the text. It corresponds to the Modern Tzotzil li and ti.

te‘

te‘, n5. lever, pole, tree, wood. (1) arbol, (2) madera, (3) palanca, (4) palo.

te‘ yo‘ majey vinik, nphr.n5 & s(pt & tv/pass/ & n5). pillory.picota.

te‘ nuk’, nphr(n4f of nld). nape, neck. pescueso o cerviz.

te‘-*xochtay, iv. stiffen (corpse). (1) yerto pararse el muerto 183, (2) yerto asi.

te‘el, n4f. house framework, mill wheel, plant stem (when sturdy). (1) maderamiento, (2) rodezno de molino, (3)tallo de yerba.

ste‘el coles. cabbage stock. tronco de bersa o cardo.

te‘el, n4d. hobble (for horses, etc.) tranco de bestia.

te‘el, nc. hundred weight (seed). sementera o sembradura….

te‘el aceite, nphr(n4f of n5). olive tree. olivo.

teel ‘on, nphr(n4f of n5). avocado tree. madroño, la fruta….

te‘el bul, nphr(natt & n)5. chess. juego de ajedrez.

te‘el tz‘usub, nphr(n4f of n5). grapevine stock. vid, parra o cepa.

*te‘el chol, nphr(n type n)5. widower. RML—This same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:31). In modern Tzotzil one can say cholol ta ‘o‘lol be ikom, lit., He was left lined up in the middle of the road, i.e., He was left an orphan, homeless and penniless. viudo.

*teel-cholay, iv(n & ivcpd). become a widower. (1) enviudar el hombre 98, (2) enviudada 98.

teel ch’uj, nphr(n4f of n5). cochineal cactus. grana.

te‘el jolob, nphr(n4f of n4f). loom. telar.

te‘el k’o, nphr(n type n)5. wooden bridge. puente de maderas.

te‘el limas, nphr(n4f of n5). sweet lime tree. lima, arbol.

te‘el limones, nphr(n4 of n5). lime tree. Limon.

te‘el lo‘bol, nphr(n4 of n5). fruit tree. fruta, arbol.

te‘el makum, nphr(n4f of n5). mulberry tree. moral, arbol.

te‘el membrillo, nphr(n4f of n5). quince tree. membrillo.

te‘el naranjas, nphr(n4f of n5). orange tree. naranjo, arbol.

te‘el patil, nphr(n4f of n3d). loin. lomo.

te‘el peras, nphr(n4f of n5). pear tree. peral, arbol.

te‘el pom, nphr(n4f of n5). beehive. colmena.

te‘el pomtik, nphr(n of n)5. apiary. colmenar.

te‘el ta te, nphr:n5 & qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). half a peck (half a celemin). medio celemin.

te‘el ta mina te, nphr:n5 &qphr(prep & nphr<aj & n>5). half a hundred weight (half a fanega). media fanega.

te‘el vinik, nphr(n type n)5. freedman. libre.

te‘om, nla. warp. (1) rasa o veta… 283, (2) trama de Lela, (3) urdiembre.

te‘te‘ vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. cruel person. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, tete vinic is “apitonado” (Guzmán, 1620:22). In modern Tzotzil of Venustiano Carranza this phrase means a liar. cruel.

te‘tell, nld. bullying, cruelty. RML—In colonial Tzeltal teteil is ”inumanidad”(Guzmán, 1620:114). (1) bravear, (2) crueldad.

te‘tell vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. cruel person. cruel.

te‘te‘ub, iv. become cruel or furious. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, -teteubon, is “encruelecerse”(Gates, 1934b:171). (1) airarse, (2) encruelecerse.

te‘tik, n5. forest, grove, uninhabited wilderness, woods. (1) arboleda, (2) bosque, (3) yermo sin casas183, (4) monte.te‘tildl, n5. savage, wild. (1) montaries, cosas ilustres, (2) salvaje.

te‘tik chitom, nphr(natt & n)5. peccary. puerco de monte, jabali.

te‘tik lo‘bol, nphr(natt & n)5. wild fruit. montanes, cosas….

te‘tik vinik, nphr(natt & n)5. forest dweller. montaries, cosas….

teub, iv. stiffen (corpse). yerto pararse el muerto 183.

‘ip te‘tell, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. fierce, impatient, merciless. (1) brava cosa, (2) ympaciente no sufrido 185, (3) ynhumanidad 188.

‘unen te, cf. ‘unen.

bik‘it te, nphr(aj & n)5. small pole. palo pequerio.

bik‘tal te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. brushwood for an oven, small pole. (1) hornija, cf. horniga, (2) palo pequetio.

j-te‘el, n(num & nccpd)5. half a hundred weight (fanega), measure of seed to be planted. medida.

laal te‘tell, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. furious. airado.

toj tete‘, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. furious. airado.

tek (1)

tekel, n4d. lineage. linaje.

tekel lum takiej, nphr:nphr(n of n) type vn. town law. ley de pueblo194.

tekeltekel, n4f. herd by herd. manada a manada.

teklej, n4d. parish. perrochia.

ta San Pedro jteklej. My parish is San Pedro. parroquiano ser….

jteklej, agn. parishioner. parroquiano ser….

jteklejon ta San Juan. I am a parishioner of San Juan.

‘ox-tekel, num(num & nccpd)4e. a third. tercera parte.

j-tek, num(num & nccpd)5. different, herd, kind, lineage, nation, other, thing, type (clothing, friar). (1) de otra natura, (2) especie de cosas, (3) genero de cual quiera cosa, (4) linaje, (5) manada de ganado, (6) manera como…, (7) nation de genres o manada, (8) otras cosas, (9) una cosa.

j-tek j-tek no ‘ox te kolo‘ espase. He only did one thing wrong. una cosa.

kalbeyoxuk j-tek k’op. I am going to tell you one thing. una cosa.

j-tek tzobbilej vacas, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of nphr(n4d of n5). herd of cattle. rebano de ganado.

j-tek k‘ulej, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n5. town. pueblo.

j-tek lum, nphrnum(num & nccpd)5 of n5. town. pueblo.

j-tek ta ‘osil, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & qphr(prep & n5). province. provincia.

j-tek ta lum talel, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & qphr(prep & n5) & dr. foreign. de fuera de el pueblo y extrangero.j-tek ta lumal, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & qphr(prep & n5). province. provincia.

j-tek ta vinik, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 &qphr(prep & n5). province. provincia.

j-tektek ba, m(num & nccpd). resemble. semejarse.

j-tektek pasel, s:num(num & nccpd)/pred/ & -vn4f. resemble. semejarse.

j-tekuk, num(num & nccpd)5. different. de otra natura.muk‘ta j-tek lum, cf. muk’.

*tek (2)

*tekan, tv. pile. RML—Perhaps these entries belong to the preceding root. amontonar.

*tekel, aj. piled. amontonado.

*tekel tal, vphr:n4f[S] & iv. crowd towards, crowd in. amontonados venir entrar.

*tekey, iv. pile up. RML—This is given as -tequiy. amonto narse.

tekpan (N.)

tekpan, aj. generous. RML—tekpan is a loan from Nahuatl meaning palace. franco, liberal.

tekpan k’op, nphr(aj & n)ld. elegant speech. habla asi.

tekpan-k’opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). speak elegantly. hablar elegantemente.

tekpan vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. generous person, gentleman. dadivoso.

tekpanijel, vn5. generosity. franquesa.

tekpanil, nld. gift, generosity, nobility. (1) dadiva, (2) franquesa, (3) nobleza.

tekpanil-k’opoj, iv(n & ivcpd). speak eloquently. RML—This is given as xetupanelcopogh. elocuentemente hablar.tekpanil vinik, nphr(n type n)5. generous person. franco, liberal.

tek’

tek’, tv. grind more, kick, pursue closely, step on, stuff, summon, trample underfoot. (1) acosar o pisar mucho, (2) apercibir, (3) cosear 54, (4) hollar, (5) moler algo mas, (6) patear, hollar, pisar, (7) pisada con los pies, cf. pisar, (8) recalcar, (9) trompellar.

j-yalel nestik‘. He kicked me once. cose 54.

tek’ ‘ixim, vphr:tv & n5. thresh corn. trillar.

tek’ ba, rv. mate (birds). (1) saltar el animal macho…, (2) tomarse las ayes.

tek’ xokob, vphr:tv & nld. fall into snare. enlazarse asi.

tek’ ta nojesel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). stuff in by stepping on. hinchar algo recalcando.

tek’ben, n4d. trampling. holladura.

tek’ben ‘ok, nphr(n4f of n4d). footprint. rastro por.

tek‘bil, pp. kicked, summoned. (1) apercibidos, (2) pateada cosa o pisada.

tek’bil nojel, s:pp/pred/ & -vn4f. be made to swell by stepping on and stuffing in. henchido, lleno asi174.

tek’bil nojes, vphr:pp & tv-. make swell by stepping on and stuffing in. hinchar algo recalcando.

tek’ek’tik lok’es, vphr:aj & tv-. thin out (lettuce, trees). entresacar como lechugas….

tek’ek’tik lok’esbil, ajphr:aj & pp. thinned. entresacado asi.

tek’eltek’el lok’, vphr:n4f[S] & iv. be thinned out. RML—The verb is in the past tense. entresacado asi.

tek’eltek’el lok’es, vphr:n4f[0] & tv-. thin out. entresacar como….

tek’eltek’el lok’esbil, vphr:n4f[S] & pp/pred/. thinned. entresacado asi.

tek’ey ‘ixim, s:iv & n5. be threshed (corn). trillar.

tek’leb ‘ok, nphr(n4f of n4d). footprint. patada o huella.

tek‘lej, nc. foot (measure). pie, medida.

tek’ob tz’usub, nphr(n of n)5. winepress where grapes are trod. lugar do pisan uvas 192, cf. lagar.

tek’ob tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. stirrup. estribo de silla.

tek’obal, n5. stair. grada para subir.

tek’obil nphr(n4f of n5). threshing floor. era dondetrillan.

tek’obil xonobil, nphr(n4f of n5). sole. suela de zapato.

tek’tek’-‘ak’, tv(tv & tvcpd). force on. forzar 144.

tek’tonet ‘ok, s:av & -n4d. stamp loudly. patear, hacer estruendo.

tek’ulan, tv. stamp loudly. patear, hacer….

tek’van, iv. kick, pursue closely, step, step on, trample underfoot. (1) acosar o pisar mucho, (2) cosear54, (3) hollar, (4) patear, hollar, pisar, (5) pisada con los pies, cf. pisar.

tek’vanab tz’usub, nphr(n4f of n5). winepress where grapes are trod. lugardo…192, cf. lagar.

tek’ tz’unubil, nphr:n(num & nccpd) of n. transplanted seedling. postura de plantas.

tel

tel toj, nphr(x type n)5. pine. *It has a needle like romero and I think it is a sabino. pino, otra, especie.

telton-ta sik, vphr:av & qphr(prep & n5). shiver with cold.aterido temblar.

tem

tem, n5. bed. cama.

tem, nle. barbecue, platform. tablado como quien quiera o barbacoa.

tenal Wel tern, cf. ten.

voob temal tak’in, cf. vo (1).

ten

ten, tv. conceal anger or grief, hurl, pound, stone, throw (stone).apedrear, (2) arrojar como piedra, (3) encubrir el enojo o pena, (4) majar, (5) tirar piedra.

ten, n5. granary. *Commonly a hut. silo para guardar trigo.

ten‘ixim, nphr(n4e of n5). granary. (1) silo para…, (2) troje de pan342.

ten ba ta pat caballo, vphr:ry & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). tilt. juego de cañas.

ten bola, vphr:tv & n5. bowl. bolear.

ten ch’ay, vphr:tv- & tv-. despise, disesteem, throw down. (1) abatir algo o echarlo a mal, (2) echar a mal o como quiera arrojando.

ten tak’in, vphr:tv & n5. hammer as on the anvil. martillar como martillan en la fragua.

ten-te‘, vn(tv & ncpd)5. bowling. juego de bolas.

ten te‘, vphr:tv & n5. bowl. jugar a los bolos.

ten toj, nphr(x type n)5. pine. *It has a needle like romero and I think it is sabino. pino, otra especie….

tenal te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. board. tabla.

tenal reel bul, nphr:nphr(aj & n)4f of n5. gameboard. tablero.

tenal Wel tern, nphr:nphr(aj & n)4f of n5. bottom of a bedstead. tablado.

tenal-tel, tv(aj & tvcpd). plank. entablar algo.

tenal te‘ibil, pp(aj & ajcpd). planked. entablado.

tenal vob, nphr(aj & n)5. monochord. manucordio 227, cf. monocordio.

tenav, n4f. plain. llanura.

tenay, tv. level, store in a granary. (1) allanar, (2) encerrar en troje.

tenbil, pp. hammered, thrown down. (1) abatir algo…, (2) apredreado, (3) martillado asi.

tenbil ta pat caballo, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). thrown in a tilt. juego de carias.

tentzaj, iv. become level. allanar.

tentzajes, tv. level. allanar.

tenel, aj. flat. (1) allanar, (2) liana cosa.

tenel te, nphr(vn4f & n5). bowling. juego de bolas.

tenlej, n4f. flat land, large valley, plain. (1) raso, cosa liana, valle grande.

tenlej ‘osil, nphr(n4f of n5). flat land. liana.

tenlej jobel, nphr(n4f of n5). field, meadow. (1) campo, (2) prado.

tenlejil, n4f. plain. llanura.

tenob, n5. hammer. majadero con que majan.

tenob tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. blacksmith‘s hammer. (1) majadero con…, (2) martillo para aquello.

tenob te‘, nphr(n of n)5. hammer or rammer (with which to ram

or wound). pison o martillo….

tenobaj, iv. stone, throw stones. (1) apedrear, (2) arrojar comopiedra, (3) tirar piedra.

tenobil, n4f. blacksmith‘s hammer, hammer or rammer (with which to ram or wound), mortar. (1) majadero con…, (2) martillo para…, (3) mortero, (4) pison o….

tenobil tak’in, nphr(n4f of n5). blacksmith‘s hammer. majadero con….

tenobil te‘, nphr(n4f of n5). disk. tejo.

tenoj, n4d. object being thrown. abatir algo.

tenten, aj. flat. liana.

tenulan, tv. pound. majar.

tenvan, iv. stone. apedrear.

jten-‘ek’el, agn(tv & ncpd). blacksmith. herrero.

jten k’anal tak’in, agn:tv & nphr(aj & n)cpd. goldsmith. platero que labra oro.

jten p‘inal tak‘in, agn:tv & nphr(natt & n)cpd. tinker. calderero.

jten sakil tak’in, agn:tv & nphr(natt & n)cpd. silversmith. platero.

jten-tak’in, agn(tv & ncpd). blacksmith, person who strikes or wounds another with a hammer or rammer, tinker. (1) calderero, (2) herrero, (3) majadero con…, (4) pison o…

jten-te‘, agn(tv & ncpd). bowler. jugar a los bolos.

jten-tomin, agn(tv & ncpd). coin maker. monedero.

jtenvanej, agn. person who strikes or wounds another with a hammer or rammer. pison o….

bik’tal tenel te, nphr:aj & nphr(aj & n)5. tablet. tablilla.

j-ten, num(num & nccpd)5. throw a stone. pedrada.

j-ten ‘oy (or) teno j-tenuk (or) j-tenuk teno! Throw a stone at him!

ta‘ut lum ten, s:qphr(prep & nphr<n4f of n5>)/pred/ & n5. underground granary for wheat. silo para….

tenam (N.)

tenam te, nphr(n of n)5. stockade. RML—The Nahuatl word tenamitlmeans city wall. albarrada.

tenam ton, nphr(n of n)5. town wall. (1) albarrada, (2) muro del pueblo.

tenam-tonibil j-tek turn, nphr:pp(n & tvcpd) & nphr(n<num & nccpd> of n)5. walled town. villa o pueblo cercado.

tenkex

tenkex, aj. calamitous, vile. RML—This reading is suspect. The term was given variously as tenquex, tenquix, and henquex, but in colonial Tzeltal, tenquex vinic is “grosero,”and tenquex cop is “necedad”(Gates, 1934b:171). In modern Tzotzil, tinkix vinikis a man tattered clothing. (1) astroso, (2) desventurado.

tenkex pasnej, nphr(aj & n)4d. impudence. necedad.

tenkex xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. vice. vicio.

tenkex vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. coarse person. material persona.

tenkexil, n4f. calamity, vice. (1) desventurado, (2) vicio.

tenkextik, aj. vile. astroso.

tenkextik panel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. rough work. material cosa.

terciopelo (Sp.)

terciopelo, n5. velvet. terciopelo.

testamento (Sp.)

testamento, n5. will. testamentario.

tz’akubtasel testamento, cf. tz’ak.

testigo (Sp.)

testigo, n5. witness. testigo.

ti

titij, iv. fall (leaves, fruit), fall out (hair). sacudir.

titin, tv. shake. sacudir.

ti‘

ti‘ tv. eat meat, fish, mushrooms or beans, peck, sting (wasp), taste. (1) comer carne, pescado, seta, frijoles, (2) gustar, (3) picar, (4) picar como avispa con aguijon.

ti‘an! Taste it! gustar.

ti‘, n4d. big-lipped mouth, blubber lips. (1) beso 39, (2) hocico como boca.

ti‘, nld. offer, proposal. manda.

‘ep ti‘e mu sta ta sti‘. He makes many offers, but he does not carry them out.

ti‘ ba, rv. be restless (horse). rifar caballos.

ti‘ ba *pen, nphrnphr(n of n)4f of nld. shinbone. (1) canilla del pie, (2) espinilla de la pierna.

ti‘ ba *penil, nphr:nphr(n of n)4f of n5. shinbone. canilla del pie.

ti‘ bail, nphr(n of n)3d. forehead. frente de la cabeza.

ti‘ k’u‘ul, nphr(nlf of n3d). edge of clothing, hem. orilla de vestidura.

ti‘ likeb, nphr(n of n)5. door. puerta por do entramos o salimos.

ti‘ lok’ ebal, nphr(n4f of n5). door. puerta por….

ti‘ muk’ta nab, nphr:nlf of nphr(aj & n)5. beach, seacoast. orilla de mar.

ti‘ mut, nphr(n4d of n5). beak, bill. pico de ave.

ti‘ na, nphr(n of n)lb. door, facade, porch. (1) portada de casa, (2) puerta por….

Li‘ nab, nphr(n of n)lf. beach, seacoast. orilla de mar.

Li‘ nanatik, nphr(n of n)lf. outskirts, town gate. (1) puerta del…, (2) salidas de pueblo.

*utz lok’el ta ti‘ nanatik yo‘ ‘oy (or) ‘utz sti‘ nanatik. It has good outskirts. salidas de….

Li‘ nanatikil na, nphr:n5 of nphr(natt & n)5. suburb. arrabal.

Li‘ nanatikil teak, nphr:n5 & nphr(natt & n)5. shady grove.solo.

ti‘ pat na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of n5). back door. postigo, puerta tras casa.

ti‘ pok’, nphr(n of n)5. braid, sash. trena o trenza.

ti‘ pok’, nphr(n of n)lf. edge of scarf. orilla de paño.

ti‘ sik, nphr(n of n)5. small roof jutting out from the wall to shelter people from the rain. cobertico de las casas….

ti‘ trompeta, nphr(n4f of n5). end of a trumpet. trompa de trompeta.

ti‘ Ho‘, nphr(n of n)lf. bank or edge of any body of water. ribera de cual quiera agua.

ti‘bentik, aj. badly stung. picada, cosa de muchas picaduras asi.

ti‘baj, iv. eat meat, fish, mushrooms or beans. corner.ti‘bol, n5. broth, food (meat, fish, mushrooms, beans). (1) caldo, (2) comida de esta manera.

ti‘il n3b. edge, end (board, table), lip. (1) borde de cual quieracosa, (2) cabo o fin…, (3) estremidad, (4) labio.

ti‘ll Hun, nphr(n4f of n5). book margin. margen de libro. teinej ba tak’av, vphr:ry & iv. reply repeatedly or shamelessly.responder desvergonzadamente o mucho.

ti‘ol, nld. despair, detestation, scorn. (1) desesperacion, (2) menosprecio asi.

ti‘ol k’op, nphr(n type n)ld. curse, detestation, scorn. (1) maldicion, (2) menosprecio asi.

ti‘olaj, iv. be anxious. afligirse interiormente.

ti‘oltas ‘osil, vphr:tv & n5. despair. desesperar.

ti‘oltas ba, rv. despair. desesperar.

ti‘oltay, tv. blaspheme, curse, detest, scorn. (1) maldecir alguno, (2) menospreciar como destestando y abominando, (3) renegar, blasfemar.

teoltay dios, vphr:tv & n5. forsake God. renegar de Dios.ti‘oltaybil, pp. cursed, detested, scorned. (1) maldito, (2) menospreciada.

ti‘oltayvanej, vn5. curse. maldicion.

jti‘iej k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). prophet. profeta, varon o muger.

jti‘ol-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). blasphemer. maldecidor asi.

jti‘oltayvanej, agn. blasphemer. maldecidor asi.

‘ip ti‘‘ok’, vphr:adv & tv & n4d[A]. be quarrelsome. rencilloso 295.

ta ti‘, qphr:prep & -n4d. honor. decoro.

ta jti‘. on my honor.

*titz

*titzaajel nojel, nphr(n4f of n4f). brimful. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the verb -titz-tzaaghmeans ”allanarse”(Gates, 1934b: 101). arrasado asi.

*titzil nojel, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. brimful. RML—The same adjective occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:24). arrasado asi.

tienda (Sp.)

tienda, n5. store. tendero que vende en tienda.

jchabi-tienda, cf. chab (3).

tij

tij, tv. bump or knock into, compare, frighten, hammer, hit or wound lightly, intimidate, touch with stick, stone or anything other than hands, warp (cloth). (1) comparar, (2) espantar a otro o amedrantarlo, (3) golpear o herir, (4) herir una cosa con otra, (5) martillar, (6) tocar con Palo…, (7) tropezar, (8) urdir tela.

ejtij tak’in ta jjol. I bumped my head on the bell. golpe darse en….

ejtij ton ta jjol. I bumped my head on a rock. golpe darse en….

tij ‘olonton, vphr:tv & -n4d. be grievous. entraliable cosa.

tij ba, rv. bump into (door), knock against or touch each other (sticks, stones, etc.). (1) herirse unas cosas con otras, (2) junto con otra cosa tocandose, (3) tocar con palo…, (4) toparse en….

tij ch‘ajnul vob, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n5). play a guitar. taller vihuela.

tij campana, vphr:tv & n5. ring a bell. taper vihuela.

tij ni‘ ‘olonton, vphr:tv & nphr(n4f of n4d[A]). beat one‘s breast. tocar con palo….

tij ta *alel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). mention, name. (1) mencion hacer de alguno, (2) mentar, (3) nombrar.

tij ta ‘alel bi dios, vphr:tv & qphr(prep & vn5) & nphr(n4d of n5). swear. jurar, como….

tij ta majel ta k’ob, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5) & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). strike with one‘s fist. herir con el purio.

tij ta martillo, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). hammer. martillar.

tij tak’in, vphr:tv & n5. ring a bell. taller campana.

tij ti‘ na, vphr:tv & nphr(n of n)5. knock on the door. llamara la puerta.

tijbil, pp. hammered, warped (cloth). (1) martillado, (2) urdidatela.

tijtzaj, iv. approach. (1) acercarse, (2) juntar, allegar o acercar.

tijtzajes, tv. bring near. acercar algo.

tijel, vn4d. comparison of person. comparicion a que me comparan.

jtijel. comparison of me.

tijil, aj. near, next to. (1) acerca o cerca, (2) junta, cosa asi o cercana.

tijilon. I am near.

tijluyel, vn5. fright. RML—This is given as cighluyel. espanto.

tijob, n5. hammer. martillo.

tijobil, n4f. hammer. martillo.

tijub ‘e, s:iv & -n4f. become dull (knife). RML—This also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:178). rebotar lo agudo.

tijubtas, tv. thicken (very thin knife blade that is fortified by adding metal to it). RML—In colonial Tzeltal this is -tighubtes(Guzmán, 1620:180). redoblar.

tijulan, tv. hammer. martillar.

tijulan ‘ok, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. tramp loudly. patear, hacer estruendo.

tijulanbil, pp. hammered. martillado.

tijulanvanej, vn5. bell-ringing. repiques asi.

j-tij, num(num & nccpd)5. blow, fist blow, hour, o‘clock. (1) apuriear, (2) golpe, (3) hora del dia 241.

jtij-tak’in, agn(tv & ncpd). bell ringer. campanero, el que tape.

jtij-vob, agn(tv & ncpd). timbrel player. panderetero que lo tañe.

jtijvanej, agn. warper of cloth. urdidor.

ta tijel tijulan campana, vphr:qphr(prep & vn5) & tv & n5. ring a bell. repicar campana.

tijeras(Sp.)

tijeras, n5. scissors. tijeras.

tik

tiklaj lok’, vphr:iv & iv. leave quickly as from a church or school. RML—This term persists in modern Tzotzil, but refers more to a speedy departure following a quarrel. salir aprisa como….

tiklajel kok’el, nphr(vn5 & vn5). quick exit. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, ticlaghan loc is “salir aprisa como los ninos de la escuela”(Guzmán, 1620:191). salida aprisa.

tik’

tik’, tv. insert, push in with one‘s feet. (1) embutir, (2) embutir o recalcar con los pies.

tik’ jolob, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. throw the warp across the woof.trama de tela.

tik’bil, pp. kicked, stuffed, trampled. (1) pateada cosa o pisada, (2) rellena cosa.

tik’bil ch‘ich‘, nphr(pp & n)5. blood pudding. morcilla.

tik’bil nojel, s:pp/pred/ & -vn4f. be made to swell by stepping on and stuffing in. henchido, lleno asi174.

tik’bil nojes, vphr:pp & tv-. make swell by stepping on and stuffing in. hinchar algo recalcando.

tik’bil ta tek’el, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & vn5). trampled on. pateada cosa….

tik’il k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. brevity. brevedad.

tik’ton, ay. move about, swarm. hormiguear.

tik’obil chu‘uy, nphr(n4f type n5). pillowcase. funda como de almohada.

til(1)

til, iv. burn with flames, flame up, light. (1) alumbrar el fuego, (2) arder haciendo llama, (3) llamas echar.

tiles, tv. enrage, stir the fire (causing flames). atisar y….

filet, ay. burn with flames, flame up, shine, sparkle. (1) arder haciendo…, (2) lustre salir asi de la cosa, (3) llamasechar, (4) relumbrar, (5) resplandecer.

tiletel, vn4f. radiance. resplandor.

tililet, ay. flame up, shine. (1) lucir, resplandecer 202, (2) llamas echar.

tilluj, ay. shine. lucir, resplandecer 202.

tiltonet, ay. shine. lustre salir asi de la cosa.

‘ip tilet, vphr:aj & ay. be radiant. resplandeciente.

til(2)

tilch’uj, iv. slip, unravel. (1) delesnarse, (2) resbalar delesnar.

tilch’ujebal, n5. slippery place. resbaladero.

tilch’un, tv. unravel. delesnarse.

tilp’uj, iv. come undone. soltar lo pesado.

tilp’un, tv. undo. soltar lo….

tilde (Sp.)

tilde, n5. tilde. tilde en la escritura.

tim

timulan, tv. play a guitar. taller vihuela.

tin

tinet ‘ik’, s:av & n5. be stormy. tempestad hacer.

tinet Ho‘, s:av & n5. be stormy. tempestad hacer.

to

to, n5. black flint (with which they make razor blades). (1) navaja de barbero, (2) pedernal negro….

toca (Sp.)

toca, n5. woman‘s headdress or hood. toca de muger.

tocino (Sp.)

tocino, n5. bacon. tocino.

toj (1)

toj‘utz, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. magnificent. RMI—Perhaps this root should be merged with toj (3) and possibly (2) as well. real cosa y muy buena.

toj batz’i mule tuk, vphr:adv & adv & aj/pred/ + n4d[S] be much bigger. mayor mucho 205.

toj-jayaub, iv(aj & ivcpd). become emaciated. enflaquecer.

toj jelav, vphr:adv & iv. be much bigger. mayor muchos 205.

toj jun, nphr(adv & num5). entire, whole. entera cosa.

toj-laj, iv(aj & ivcpd). become emaciated. (1) enflaquecer, (2) enflaquecido.

toj-lajes, tv(aj & tvcpd). emaciate. enflaquecer a otro.

toj lek’-ti‘, cf. lek’.

toj-lub, iv(aj & ivcpd). become exhausted. (1) cansarse, (2) cansado.

toj-lub ‘u‘un, vphr:iv(aj & ivcpd) + -n4d. exhaust. cansar a otro.

toj-takij, iv(aj & ivcpd). become emaciated. enflaquecer.

toj te‘, ajplinadv & aj. barren, sterile. esteril hombre, hombre o muger.

toj te‘te‘, cf. te.‘

toj tuk, nphr:adv & -n4d. he himself. el mismo.

toj Ha‘, nphr:adv & n5. he himself. (1) el mismo, (2) eso mismo 130.

mu toj ‘a‘i, vphr:neg & adv & tv-. not understand well.entender no muy bien.

toj (2)

toj, n5. pine, torch. (1) hacha de tea para alumbrar, (2) pino.

tojtik, n5. pine forest. pinar, lugar de pinos.

tzajal toj, cf. tzoj.

tajley, tv. light up person with a torch or a candle. alumbrar alguno con tea o candela.

tajley yan, vphr:iv & adj. be transparent, light, shine, sparkle. (1) alumbrar la candela o sol, (2) relumbrar, (3) resplandecer, (4) traslucirse como vidrio, (5) trasluciente.

tajley yan toj, s:iv & aj & n5. torch. hacha de tea para alumbrar.

tajleyabil, n4f. candle. candela.

‘ip tajley yan, vphr:adv & iv & aj. be radiant. cf. toj (2).resplandeciente.

toj (3)

toj, tv. pay one‘s debt in full, reward, tip. (1) galardonar el servicio, (2) gratificar, (3) satisfacer por la deuda.

toj, nc. payment. paga, como….

toj ‘abtel, vphr:tv & -n4d. earn. ganar trabajando.

toj jom, vphr:tv & n5. charter a ship. fletar navio.

toj-ti‘i, tv(n & tvcpd). predict, prophesy. (1) adivinar, (2) ahorar a otro, (3) pronosticar.

toj-ti‘i ‘u‘un, vphr:iv(n & tvcpd) + -n4d. predict. pronosticar.

toj-ti‘ibil, pp(n & ajcpd). foretold, prophecied. adivinado.

toj-ti‘iel, vn(n & ncpd)4d. prophecy received. adivinanza conque ha adivinado.

toj-tilvan, iv(n & ivcpd). prophesy. adivinar.

toktilvanej, vn(n & ncpd)ld. prophecy given. adivinanza lo..

toj ve‘el, vphr:tv & n5. pay one‘s share for a feast. escotar.

tojel, vnld. corporal punishment, fine, merit, payment of debt, punishment, tip. (1) galardon asi, (2) merecimiento, (3) pena de dinero o castigo, (4) pena corporal.

tojey, tv/pass/. earn wages in war. sueldo ganar asi.

tojey ta ch‘ilomal, vphr:tv/pass/ & qphr(prep & n5). earn wages in war. sueldo ganar asi.

tojob, iv. be able to fix, behave with modesty and prudence, reform. (1) consertarse lo mal puesto o hecho, (2) enderesarse, (3) mesurarse.

tojob, iv. be married or reformed. RML—This is in the past tense. (1) concertar asi algo, (2) enmendada cosa asi 99.

tojob mull, nphr(n of n)5. purgatory (place where one‘s sins are paid for after this life). purgatorio, lugar do….

tojobel, vn5. equality (true weight). ygualdad184.

tojobes, tv. correct (person, writing), fix, prepare, reform, restore to former shape or beauty, set right. (1) concertar asi algo, (2) corregir reprendiendo, (3) enmendar escritura99, (4) enderezar algo, (5) reducir a su forma hermosura.

tojobes ‘olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. make one‘s confession. confesar.

tojobtas, tv. cleanse, correct (person, writing), dress (beam), fix, harmonize (discordant music), hear confession, level, make even, obstruct evil, polish, prepare, purge, reform, remedy, restore to former shape or beauty, shape, straighten with one‘s hands (beam), tune (musical instruments). (1) adericar, (2) adericar con la mono…, (3) aparejar, (4) concertar asi algo, (5) corregir reprendiendo, (6) enmendar escritura99, (7) entonar canto desacordado, (8) formar, reducir a cierta forma, (9) ygualar cosas Ilanas184, (10) nivelar, (11) ulir266, (12) purgar o limpiar, (13) reducir…, (14) remediar coma…, (15) templar ynstrumentos de musica.

tojobtas ‘a‘i ta muk’e, vphr:tv- & tv[A=A of tojobtas] &qphr(prep & aj). level. nivelar.

tojobtas ‘olonton, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. make one‘s confession. confesar.

tojobtas pasnej, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. regulate one‘s life. reglar asi.

tojobtas te‘el, vphr:tv & -n4f. build, lay beams (carpenter). fabricar o asentar madero el carpintaro.

tojobta. sabil, n4f. polisher. pulidero para pulir266.

tojobtasabil ‘olontonil, nphr(n4f of n5). confession. confesion.

tojobtasabil pasnej, nphr(n4f of n4d). precept for living. regla de vivir.

tojobtasbey ‘olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. hear confession. confesar, oir pecados.

tojobtasbil, pp. reformed. enmendada cosa asi99.

tojontasel ‘olontonil, nphr(vn of n)5. confession. concertar algo.

tojol, n4f. agreement or treaty, exactly, meaning, temper (metal). (1) justamente, (2) significacion, (3) temple asi.‘ak’o yich’ stojol avu‘un! Give it temper! temple asi.

mo stojoluk te xak’ane (or) mo stojoluk te xavale (or) mo stojoluk te xch‘akeb ak’ope. You do not offer me a good agreement or treaty. partido o concierto.

mu to eyich‘ stojol. It is not yet tempered. temple asi.

tojol, n4d. right, straight. derecho estar….

tojol, aj. ingenuous, modest, protected by the lord, straightforward. (1) modesta cosa, (2) privado de algun senor, (3) simple, cosa sin dobles.

tojol ‘aboltay, nphr:-n4f & s(iv/subj/). be worth crying over. RML—The verb is in the past tense. ser digno de llorar.tojol ‘abtel, nphr(n4f of n4d). wage. ganar trabajando.

tojol ‘ak’ el Hun, nphr:n4f of nphr(vn4f of n5). postage. porte de cartas.

tojol ‘ochel Hun, nphr:n4f of nphr(vn4f of n5). postage. porte de….

tojololonton, nphr(aj & n)5. prudence, virtuousness. (1) prudencia, (2) virtuoso.

tojol ‘osil, nphr(n4f of n5). good government. regimiento, como….

tojol ‘oy, vphr:-n4d/pred/ & pt. be honorable, proper, right or worthy, deserve, justly, worthily. (1) dignamente, (2) digno ser, (3) merecer, (4) propio oficio ser de algo, (5) razon tener.

tojol ‘oy ‘ok’etayulc, s:n4f/3s/pred// & pt & s(iv/subj/). be worth crying over. digno de ser creido.

tojol ‘oy ch’uuneyuk, s:n4f/3s/pred// & pt & s(iv/subj/). be worthy of belief. digno de….

tojol ‘oy k’exel, s:n4f/3s/pred// & pt & -vn4f. be worthy of respect. honrable, cosa digna de honra 240.

tojol ‘oy xi‘eyuk, s:n4f/3s/ & pt & s(tv/pass//subj/). be worthy of respect. honrable, cosa…240.

tojol tza, nphr(aj & n)5. prudence. prudencia.

tojol tzaijel, nphr(aj & vn)5. prudence. prudencia.

tojol ch‘ub, nphr(aj & n)5. straight wall. pareja pared.

tojol jom, nphr(n4f of n5). ship passage. pareja pared.

tojol k’anal tak’in, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. carat of gold. quilate de oro.

tojol k’op, nphr(aj & x)5. modesty, politeness, reasonableness, straightforwardness. (1) mesura, (2) modesta cosa, (3) razonable cosa, (4) simple, cosa sin dobles.

tojol k’opoj, vphr:-n4f & iv. speak truthfully. verdadero en lo que dice.

tojol-k’opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). explain. distinguir razones.tojol muibel, nphr(aj & vn)4f. true glory. gloria verdadera.tojol pasojel ta jom, nphr:n4f of nphr(vn5 & qphr<prep & n5>). ship passage. pasaje, precio.

tojol p’is, nphr(n4f of n5). true weight. ygual peso o medida 184.

tojol-xanav, iv(aj & ivcpd). live honestly. bivir honestamente.

tojol xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. politeness, straightforwardness. mesura, (2) simple cosa….

tojol xi‘el, nphr(n4f of vn4f). worthy of respect. honrable, cosa….

tojol ta yabutil, nphr:n4d &qphr(prep & n5). wage earned in war. sueldo en la guerra.

tojol ve‘el, nphr(n4f of nld). share in payment of feast. (1) escote en el comer, (2) escote mio.

tojol ve‘el, nphr(aj & n)5. abstinence, diet. dieta, templanza.

tojolvitz, nphr(aj & n)5. mountain pass. puerto de monte.

tojol vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. faithful, frank, honest, loyal, modest, polite, true, virtuous or worthy person. (1) digna persona, (2)el que esta puesto en alto estado131, (3) fiel cosa, (4) leal, (5) Ilano en conversacion, (6) mesurado, (7) modesta cosa, (8) honesta cosa240, (9) verdadero en lo que dice, (10) virtuoso.

tojol vokoltas, nphr:-n4f & s(tv/subj/)-. be worth crying over. RML—The verb is in the past tense. ser digno de llorar.

tojolil, n3b. honesty, merit, price, rent, reward, true weight or size, wage, wage earned in war, value. (1) estimar, lasar o apreciar, (2) ygualdad, (3) merecimiento, (4) honestidad240, (5) pension por alquiler, (6) premio, galardon de buena obra, (7) salario, (8) soldada, (9) sueldo en la guerra.

tojolil ta ‘abtel, nphr.n5 & qphr(prep & n5). wage. jornal, precio de trabajo.

tojolin ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. make a profit. ganar, ganar en la mercaduria.

tojoltasbil, pp. rewarded. premiado asi.

tojoltasey, tv/pass/. be rewarded. RML—The verb is in the past tense. premiado asi.

tojoltojol, n4f. distinctly. distintamente.

tojoltojol ve‘, vphr:-n4f & iv. restrain self at meals. refrenarse en la comida.

tojoluk, n4d. right, straight. derecho estar….

tojvanej, vn5. payment of debt. satisfaccion de la deuda.

jtoj tilej k’op, agn(n & vn & ncpd). diviner, prophet. pronostico.

jtoj-ti‘iel, agn(n & vncpd). prophet. pronostico.

jtoj-ti‘ivanej, agn(n & vncpd). diviner, prophet. (1) adivino, (2) profeta, varon o muger, (3) pronostico.

jtojobtasej-p‘is, agn(vn & ncpd). person who gives true weight or measure. fiel de los pesos o medidas.

jtojobtasvanej, agn. corrector (of unspecified subject). enmendador absolute sin decir de que99.

jtojobel, agn. person who settles disputes. enderesador.

jtojobesvanej, agn. person who settles disputes. enderesador.

jtojobtasej- ——, agn(vn & ncpd). corrector of ——. enmendador asi…99.

jtojobtasej-‘olontonil, agn(vn & ncpd). confessor (priest). confesor, Padre.

jtojol ‘uch‘ Ho’, agn(aj & tv & ncpd). moderate drink er. templado en beber.

jtojol-tza, agn(aj & ncpd). prudent person. prudente.

jtojol-tzainom, agn(aj & ncpd). discreet or prudent person. (1) prudente, (2) prudente o discreto ser.

jtojol-ve‘el, agn(aj & vncpd). moderate eater. templado en comer.

‘ich’ tojol letin, cf. ‘ich’.

‘oy tojol, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be more valuable. mas valer.

‘oy tojolil, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f. be justified or reasonable (anger). sarla con causa o razon.

mo ‘oyuk tojol, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4f. be cheap. barato.

mo ‘oyuk tojolil, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4f. be unjustified or unreasonable (anger). sana sin porque o sin razon.

mo tojol ve‘eluk, vphr:neg & nphr(aj & vn5)/pred/. gluttony.gula.

mo tojoluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. evil, false, inconvenient, troublesome. (1) ynconveniente cosa que no conviene186, (2) mala y falsemente.

mo tojoluk, vphr:neg & -n4f/pred/. sinister, unjust. (1) ynjusta cosa188, (2) siniestra cosa.

mu tojoluk bat, vphr:nphr(neg & -n4f) & iv. be squandered or wasted. disiparse89.

mo tojoluk xanbal, s:neg & n4f[3s]/pred/ & n5. looseness of manners and morals. disolucion.

mo tojoluk xanbaluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/ & n5. looseness of manners and morals. disolucion.

ta tojol, qphr:prep & -n4b. among, towards. (1) entre algunos, (2) hacia, preposicion 166, (3) hacia ti 166, (4) hacia aquel 166.

ta jtojol. towards me. hacia mi 166.

ta stojol Tzekil. towards Mexico City. hacia Mexico166.

ta stojol slok’eb k’ak’al. towards the east. hacia do sale el sol166.

ta stojol yut na (or) ta stojol yutil. towards the inside of the house. entre algunos.

ta stojol yutil. towards the inside. hacia dentro en casa 66.

ta stojol xinch‘oketik ‘oy ‘antzetik. Women are among the men. hacia dentro166.

ta tojol, qphrprep & -n4d. belong to, own. poseer.

ta tojol ‘alc‘ol, qphrprep & nphr(n4f of n5). upwards. hacia arriba166.

ta tojol ‘atey, vphr:qphr(prep & -n4d) & tv/pass/. be a partner of, belong to. (1) parcionero, (2) pertenecer, (3) poseer.

ta tojol bat ‘olonton, s:qphr(prep & -n4f) & iv & -n4d. be favorably disposed to. ynclinarse, aficionarse a alguno186.

ta tojol lok’, vphrqphr(prep & -n41) & iv. spring from. manar algo de otra cosa.

toj tojol, vphr:adv & -n4f/pred/. even. ygual asi184.

toj jtojobesvanej, vphr:adv & agn5/pred/. fair or just person. justiciero.

yo‘ oy tojol, qphr:pt & pt & -n4f. towards. hacia, preposicion.yo‘ oy tojol ‘olon, qphr:pt & pt & nphr(n4f of n5). downwards. hacia abajo166.

yo‘ oy tojol ‘olon, qphr:pt & pt & nphr(n4f of -n4f). downwards. hacia abajo166.

Hech‘ak’tojol, cf. Hech.

Hech ‘epal tojol, cf. Hech.

tok(1)

tok, n5. cloud, fog, mist. (1) anublarse el tiempo, (2) niebla absolute, (3) nube.

tok’a‘i, vphr: n5 & tv. be cloud-covered or filmy. RML—The verb is in the past tense. nublada cosa o dartada asi.

tokal te, nphr(aj & n)5. burning of underbrush. RML—In modern Tzotzil this term refers to the large trees left standing. quemar debajo.

tokal-tel, tv(aj & tvcpd). burn beneath the trees as when they burn thickets for corn fields, leaving the large trees standing. quemar debajo.

tokal-teivanej, vn(aj & vncpd)5. burning of underbrush.quemar debajo.

tokavej, vn5. burning of underbrush. RML—This term also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:174). quemar debajo.

toktik, n5. cloudy. anublarse el tiempo.

tok, s:aj/pred/ & n5. foggy. hacer niebla165.

naka tok ‘ayan, cf. naka.

tok(2)

tok, pt. also, too. (1) y, (2) tambien.

mo no ‘ox…tok, ptphr(pt & pt & pt & pt). neither, not either.tampoco.

mo no ‘ox jk’an tok. I do not want it either.

mu…tok, ptphr(pt…pt). neither, not either. tok.

mu jk’an tok. I do not want it either. tampoco.

tok’

tok’, iv. spurt. mearse de miedo.

xtok’ jk’ab ta xi‘el (or) xtok’ jk’ab yu‘un xi‘el. I am pissing with fear.

tok’on

tok’on, aj. ripe. madura cosa.

tok’oy

tok’oy, n5. willow. RML—In modern Tzotzil this refers to Salix bonplandia and S. chilensis. (1) sauce, (2) vimbre o mimbre.

tok’oytik, n5. willow grove. (1) sauudal, cf. saudal, (2)vimbreral, saucar.

tom

tom-sim, aj(aj & ncpd). mucous-covered. mocoso, lleno de mocos.

tomal, n4f. cabbage or thistle stock. tronco de bersa o cardo.

tomol sim, nphr(aj & n)5. mucous-covered. mocoso, lleno….

tomin(Sp.)

tomin, n5. coin. moneda.

ton(1)

ton, n5. rock, stone. piedra.

ton, nld. egg. huevo 344.

ston choy. fish egg.

ston mut. bird egg.

ston tuluk’. chicken egg.

ton ‘atz’am, nphr(n4e of n5). hard salt deposit on bottom of evaporation pots. sal negra.

ton ‘apon, nphr(n type n)5. small bubo. encordio pequeño.

ton bek’, nphr(n type n)5. walnut, walnut sauce. (1) nogada, (2) nuez.

ton ch‘ameb k’ok’, nphr:n of nphr(n of n). sulphur. *But this is not the proper name for sulphur, but for anything which makes the fire light quickly. piedra azufre.

ton-ch‘utuy, iv(n & ncpd). feel stuffed. ahitarse.

ton-ch‘utuyel, vn(n & ncpd)5. feeling stuffed. ahito.

ton-ch‘utuyelon. I feel stuffed.

ton-kok, agn(n & ajcpd). befuddled, stupid. (1) rebotado asi, (2) ruda, cosa de ingenio.

ton-kokib, iv(n & ivcpd). be befuddled. rebotarse en el entendimiento.

ton-kokil, n(n & ajcpd)lf. befuddlement, stupidity. (1) rebotadura asi o torpeza de entendimiento, (2) rudesa asi.

ton-kokil, aj(n & ajcpd). befuddled. rebotado asi. ton k’anal tak’in, nphr:n4e of nphr(aj & n)5. gold nugget.grano de oro.

ton-sati, iv(n & ivcpd). stay awake all night (unable to sleep). trasnochar, desvelarse….

ton tuluk’il vaj, nphr:nphr(n of natt) type n5. Easter cake. hornazo.

tonal ch‘ub, nphr(natt & n)5. stone wall. pared de piedra.

tonal na, nphr(natt & n)5. fortress. castillo.

tonal tak’in, nphr(natt & n)5. gold coin. pieza o moneda de oro 261.

tonib, iv. become obstinate, harden (bread, mud). (1) empedernerse o endurecerse el pan o lodo, (2) endurecerse, obstinarse.

tonib ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. become hard-hearted or persistent

in one‘s demands. (1) empedernecerse el corazon…, (2)empedernido asi.

tonil, n4f. rocky ravine. RML—This is given as ghtonil. quebrado potroso.

tonilil, n3d. testicle. (1) compañon, (2) turma de animal.

tonin, iv. lay an egg. (1) endurecerse, obstinarse, (2) ovar las ayes o pescado, (3) poner huevos las gallinas.

tonin tuluk’, s:iv & n5. laying hen. gallina ponedera.

toninab, n4f. nest egg. nidal, huevo del nido.

toninom, n5. animal that is laying eggs. ovar….

toninom choy. fish laying eggs.

toninom tuluk’. hen laying an egg.

tontik, n5. gravelly or rocky place. caxcajar 52.

tontik, aj. rough. fragosa cosa.

tontikil ‘osil, nphr(natt & n)5. rocky place. pedregal, lugar de piedras.

tonton, aj. solid. maciza cosa.

tonton-net‘, tv(aj & tvcpd). pack tight pressing with the hand. RML—Perhaps this should be read tonton-bet‘. tupir apretando con el puño….

tonton-tek’, tv(aj & tvcpd). pack tight pressing with the foot. tunir recalcando con el pie.

tonton-tik’, tv(aj & tvcpd). pack tight pressing with fist or stick.tupir apretando con el puño….

jtoninom, agn4d. animal that is laying eggs. ovar….

‘ik’al ton, cf. ‘ik’(2).

‘ip ton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4e. rocky, stony. pedregoso.

‘utzil tzajal ton, cf. ‘utz.

‘utzil ton, cf. ‘utz.

bik’tal ton, nphr(aj & n)5. gravel. (1) cascajo, (2) ripia de piedra.

tzajal ton, cf. tzoj.

mo ‘oyuk tonil, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. castrated. capar.

ton (2)

tonet, ay. have trumpets sound. RML—This is given as xtohet. sonar las trompetas.

tontonet, ay. trill (earthen jar, phial). gorgoritas hate la redoma o botija.

tontonetel, vn5. trill. gorgoritas asi.

torno (Sp.)

torn, n5. lathe. torn para tornear.

tos

j-tos. army, division, flock, garrison, genealogy, herd, kind, lineage, nation, province, squadron, tribe. cf. tas.

tot(1)

tot, aj. muddy, thick. (1) enturbiada cosa o turbia, (2) espeso.

tatal, nob. muddiness, thickness. (1) enturbiamiento, (2) espesura.

tatal tok, nphr(aj & n)5. rain cloud. nubada de lluvia.

tatub, iv. become muddy or thick. enturbiarse el agua o otra cosa.

tatub, iv. coagulate, curdle. RML—The verb is given in the past tense. (1) espesarse, (2) cuajarse algo 279.

tatub likel, vphr:iv & dr. grow murky (as when wine, etc. is rolled down several slopes). revotado vinoo…287.

tatubel, vn5. muddiness. enturbiamiento.

tatubes, tv. make thick, muddy. (1) enturbiarse…, (2) espesar, hacer espeso.

tatubtas, tv. make thick. espesar….

tatubtasabil chu‘ul, nphr(n4f of n5). rennet. cuajo 279.

tatubtasbil chu‘ chij, nphr:pp & nphr(n4d of n5). curd. cuajada 278.

tatubtasbil chu‘ul, nphr(pp & n5). curd. cuajada 278.

tot(2)

totil, n3d. father. RML—A page of entries including padreis missing, but it may be assumed from the existence of the derived form for grandfather that this term was in use.

toy

toy, tv. glorify, honor, lift, lighten, praise, raise. (1) alzar algo 16, (2) engrandecer a otro, (3) glorificar, (4) levantar alzando hacia arriba, (5) honrar poniendole en dignidad 240, (6) soliviar.

toy, iv. be elevated in rank, lighten. (1) encumbrarse en honra, (2) soliviar lo pesado.

toy ba, rv. become haughty or rebellious, presume. (1) engrandecerse como por soberbia, (2) presumir, (3) soberbecerse, ensoberbecerse.

toy-bail, vn(tv & rncpd)ld. haughtiness, presumption, rebelliousness. (1) engrandecimiento asi, (2) ensoberbeserse, (3) levantamiento como soberbia, (4) presuncion, (5) soberbia, (6) soberbia cosa.

toy bail k’opoj, iv(vn<tv & rn> & ivcpd). speak haughtily. hablar asi.

toy jol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. rise in fortune or status. RML—Lit. “to lift one‘s head.” levantarse asi.

toy k’in, vphr:tv & -n4e. postpone, take a long time. estender o dilatar tiempo.

toy tojol, vphr:tv & -n4f. outbid at auction or purchase. pujar en almoneda o compra.

toy tojol, s:iv & -n4f. rise in price. doblar el precio.

toybil, pp. lifted, raised. alzar algo16.

toybil vinik, nphr(pp & n)5. person raised to high rank. el que esta puesto en alto estado131.

toyel, vn5. raising. solivio o soliviadura.

toyel ‘a‘i, vphr:vn4d[A] & tv. feel honored (as when we say, “he feels honored to be visited”). honrosa como…240.

toyes, tv. honor, raise the poor or downbeaten. (1) levantar al…, (2) honrar poniendole en dignidad 240.

toyob-bail, n(n & rncpd)5. haughtiness, presumption. *But this is rare in Zinacantán. (1) presuncion, (2) soberbia cosa.

toyoj, n4d. object being lifted or raised. alzar algo16.

toyol, aj. lifted, raised. alzar algo16.

toyol ‘ak’el, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4d. high rank. estado bajo.

toyol ‘ak’vanej, nphr(aj & vn)5. high rank. estado alto.

toyol ‘ayanel, nphr(aj & vnld)5. high standing. estado alto.

toyol ‘osil, nphr(aj & n)5. tall forest. alzar algo16.

toyol tenlej, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. brow of a hill. teso.

toyol tojol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. expensive. caro.

toyol tuk ta ‘utzil, vphr:aj/pred/ + n4d[S] & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). be especially good. singular asi en….

toyol vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. person raised to high rank. el queesta…131.

jtoy-bail, agn(tv & rncpd). haughty or presumptuous person. (1) engrandecido asi, (2) presuntuoso.

jtoy bail k’op, agn(tv & rn & ncpd). haughty speaker. hablador de soberbias.

jtoy-p‘olmal, agn(tv & ncpd). outbidder. pujador asi.

mo toyoluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. shallow. somera cosa.

toj toyol, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. sovereign. soberana cosa.

trebol

trebol, n5. clover. trebol.

trompa (Sp.)

trompa, n5. playing top. trompa para jugar los muchachos.

trompeta(Sp.)

trompeta, n5. trumpet. trompeta.

trompo (Sp.)

trompo, n5. whip top. trompo.

tu (1)

tu, aj. smelly. hedor.

tu ni‘, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. bad odor of one‘s nose. hedor de narices.

tu ti‘, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. bad breath. hedor de boca.

tuib, iv. spoil, stink (coat, shirt). heder, corromperse.

tuil, nlb. odor (good or bad), stink. olor malo o bueno.

tuil jik’et, s:-n4f & av. have stench spread. esparcirse el olor.

tuil lotz’opil, nphr(n4f of n5). bad underarm odor. sobaquina, hedor.

tuil ni‘, nphr(n4f of n4d). bad odor of one‘s nose. hedor de narices.

tuil ti‘, nphr(n4f of n4d). bad breath. hedor de boca.

tuix, n5. leek. puerro.

‘oy tuil, s:n5/pred/ & -n4b. stink. hedor.

laal tuil, s:aj/pred/ & n4b. stink. (1) hedor, (2) heder, corromperse.

toj ‘ep tuil, s:adv & aj/pred/ & -n4b. stink. heder, corromperse.

tu (2)

tuul, n4d. be needed. menesterse.

tuun, tv. need. menester haber.

tuun, iv. be necessary or needed. menester es.

xatuun ku‘un. I need you.

xatuunon (or) xetuun avu‘un. You need me.

tuun ‘a‘iba, vphr:iv/3s/ & rv. have high opinion of oneself.estimarse en mucho.

tuun ‘oy, vphr:iv & pt. be opportune. oportuna cosa.

xtuun ‘oy eHul. He arrived at a good time.

xtuun ‘oy ek’opoj. He spoke at the right time.

tuun‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. need. necesidad,

tuun no ‘ox tuk, vphniv & pt & pt + n4d[S]. be handy. manual cosa.

tuun tuk, vphr:iv + n4d[S]. be handy. manual cosa.

‘ep ta mek tuuney, vphr:ajphr(aj & qphr<prep & nc>) & iv. be handy. manual cosa.

‘ep tuun ‘u‘un k’usitik, s:aj & iv + -n4d & n5. be necessary. menesteroso.

‘oy tu, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. be needed. menesterse.

‘oy jtu. I am needed.

‘oy tu ‘u‘un, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d + -n4d. need. menester es.

‘oy jtu avu‘un. You need me.

‘oy tuul ‘u‘un, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d + -n4d. need. menester es.

‘oy atuul ku‘un. I need you.

batz’i tuun, cf. batz‘i.

buytikuk ‘ep ta mek tuun, cf. buy.

mo ‘oyuk k’usi tu, s:neg & n5/pred/ & s(n5/pred/ & -n4b). useless person, vagabond. baldio, hombre que no es para nada.

mo ‘oyuk tu, s:neg & n5/pred/ & -n4d. be unnecessary.escusada cosa, no necesaria.

mo k’u tuun, vphr:neg & n5 & iv. be superfluous. superflua.

mo tuul ‘a‘i, vphr:s(neg & n4d[O]) & tv-. hold low opinion of. preciar poco o menospreciar.

mo tuuluk’a‘i, vphr:s(neg & n4d[O]) & tv-. hold low opinion of. tener en poco.

mo tuun, vphr:neg & iv. be superfluous. superflua.

mo tuun ‘a‘i, vphr:s(neg & iv) & tv[O=S of iv]. have low opinion of. (1) estimar en poco, (2) preciar poco….

toj ‘oy tu, s:adv & n5/pred/ & -n4f. be necessary. necesaria cosa.

toj ‘oy tuul, s:adv & n5/pred/ & -n4f. be necessary. necesaria cosa.

toj tuun, vphr:adv & iv. be necessary. (1) forzados 144, (2) necesaria cosa.

toj xtuun ch’abajel to cuaresmatik. Abstinence is necessary in Lent. forsosa cosa 144.

toj xtuun patan. The tribute is necessary. forsosa cosa 144.

toj tuun ‘a‘i, vphr:s(adv & iv) & tv. have high opinion of, value highly. estimar en mucho otra cosa.

Ha‘ te tuun ta nae, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & iv & qphr<prep & n5>). house supplies. (1) proveimiento o provision, (2) provision de casa.

‘oy te xtuun ta jnae (or) tz’akal ku‘un te xtuun to jnae. I have my house supplies. proveimiento o….

Ha‘ te tuune, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & iv). necessary object. proveimiento o….

Ha‘ te tuuneye, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & tv/pass/). necessary object. menester es.

tub

tubil, n3d. saliva, spit. (1) escupitina, saliva 125, (2) saliva de la boca.

tubin, iv. spit. escupir 124.

tutz

tutzilan ne, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. wag one‘s tail. rabear.

tuch’

tuch’, tv. break (cord, fiber, thread), break or cut roots or vines with which they bind the wood of their houses, pick (flowers, fruit), rip, tear. (1) cojer cortando como flares o fruta, (2) cortarse la hebra, (3) descoser 79, (4) quebrar o partir…, (5) quebrarse el hilo o soga, (6) rasgar.

tuch’, iv. break (cord, fiber, thread), burst, come apart, rip. (1) cortarse la hebra, (2) descoser, (3) quebrarse el…, (4) reventar 287.

tuch’bil, pp. broken, ripped. (1) descocido 79, (2) quebradura asi, (3) quebrado asi.

tuch’uch’tik, aj. chafed (by cloth). frisada cosa asi.

tuch’uch’tik pas, vphr:aj & tv-. chafe. frisar como paño.

tuch’uch’tik pasel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. chafed. frisada cosa….

tuch’ul, aj. broken, picked, torn. (1) cojer cortando…, (2)descocido 79, (3) quebradura si, (4) quebrado asi, (5) rasgado.

tuch’ulil, n4f. broken piece. quebradura asi.

tuch’ultik, aj. ripped, torn. rasgado.

j-tuch’, num(num & nccpd)5. broken piece. quebradura asi.

tuk (1)

tuk tuk, nphr(n4b of n4b). alone, single. cola cosa.

tuktuk, n4b. all alone, solitary (bird). (1) solitaria ave, (2) tan solamente yo.

tuktuk naklej, nphr(n4d type n5). solitude. soledad.

tuktuk xanbal, nphr(n4d type n5). solitude. soledad.

tuktuk ta naklej, nphr:n4d & qphr(prep & n5). solitary. solitario.

‘ip ‘oy tuk, vphr:adv & n5/pred/ + n4d[S]. all alone. tan solamente….

‘ip ‘oy jtuk (or) ‘ip ‘oyon jtuk. I am all alone.

toj ‘utz tuk, vphr:ajphr(adv & aj)/pred/ + n4b[S]. be especially good. particular cosa.

tuk (2)

tuk, iv. blossom, demolish or pull down (house, building), split open (cotton, ripe pomegranate), sprout, undo. (1) abrirse como algodon…, (2) derribar como casa o edificio, (3) desatar, (4) reventar planta 287, (5) reventar la simiente 287.

tukes, tv. demolish or pull down (house, building), shake (mattress or straw bed), start a battle. (1) derribar comb…, (2) mecer el colchon o jergon, (3) romper batalla.

tukesbey, dv. hoe, weed corn field. sachar o escardar la tierra 306.

tukesbey lum, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. weed corn field. escardar, cabar….

tukesej-lum, vn(vn & ncpd)5. weeding. sachacampo…306.

tuketel, vn5. grumbling. riña asi 295.

tuki lum, vphr:tv & n5. hoe, weed corn field. sachar o…306.

tuki lum, vphr:tv & -n4e. hoe, weed corn field. sachar o…306.

tukiab lum, nphr(n of n)5. hoe, weed-hook. sachudo o escardillo…306.

tukibey lum, vphr:-dv & n4e[B]. weed corn field. escardar, cabar….

tukibil, pp. weeded. escardado asi.

tukiej-lum, vn(vn & ncpd)5. weeding. sachacampo…306.

tuku-man, n(aj & tvcpd)5. purchase of small objects in small amounts. (1) comprar a poquitos las cosas, (2) mercar a poquitos o por menudo.

tukuk, iv. grumble (as women do with maids or daughters). reñir grurieñdo como….

tukuket, av. grumble (as women do with maids or daughters). reñir gruñendo como….

tukuketel, vn5. grumbling. riña asi 295.

tukul man, vphr:-n4d & tv. buy small objects in small amounts. mercar a….

tukul-man, tv(n & tvcpd). buy small objects in small amounts. comprar a….

tukultukul man, vphr:-n4d & tv. buy small objects in small amounts. comprar a….

jtukesej-lum, agn(vn & ncpd). corn field weeder. escardador asi.

jtukiej-chobtik, agn(vn & ncpd). corn field weeder. sachador o escardador 306.

jtukiej-lum, agn(vn & ncpd). corn field weeder. sachador o…306.

tuk’

tuk’, n5. blunderbuss, harquebus, lombard gun, shot. (1) arcabus u otro tiro cual quiera, (2) lombarda, (3) tiro de arcabus…, (4) trabuco.

tuk’ajom, n5. harquebus shooter. arcabucero o tiradero asi.

tuk’av, iv. shoot lombard gun, harquebus, etc. (1) lombardear y tirar…, (2) soltar tiro.

tuk’avej, vn5. firing of lombard gun, etc. lombardeamiento….

tuk’avil, n5. blowgunner, shooter of harquebus or lombard gun. (1) arcabucero o…, (2) lombardero, arcabucero y cerbatanero.

tuk’avil k’op, nphr(n type n)5. ingenuous or straightforward talk (when one speaks plainly like a child). simple, cosa sin dobles.

tuk’avil k’opoj, vphrn5 & iv. speak ingenuously or straightforwardly. simple, cosa….

tuk’ay, tv. combat, fight, shoot (harquebus, lombard gun, etc.). (1) arcabus u…, (2) combatir, (3) lombardear y…, (4) soltar tiro.

tuk’ayvan, iv. shoot. soltar tiro.

tuk’tuk’, aj. straight. derecha cosa.

jtuk’ayvanej, agn. harquebus shooter. arcabucero o….

ch’ulobil tuk’al lum, cf. ch’ul.

muk’ta tuk’, cf. muk’.

tul

tul, tv. pick (beans, chills, cotton, flowers, fruit), pull out (hair, feathers). (1) cojer cortando como flores o frutas, (2) pelar, sacar los pelos, (3) sacar como pelando pelos…, (4) segar las mieses.

tul jol, vphr:tv & -n4d. crop hair (of those who have committed some crime). trasquilar como….

tulbey jol, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. clip or crop hair (of those who have committed some crime). (1) trasquilar a tijera, (2) trasquilar como….

tulbil, pp. picked. cojer cortando….

tuli-‘atij, iv(x & ncpd). jest, play the buffoon. truanear ajuste.

tuli-‘atil, n(x & ncpd)5. buffoonery, jesting. truaneria.

tuli-‘atil vinik, nphr:n(x & ncpd) type n. buffoon, jester. truan.

tulob motzob, nphr(n of n)5. tweezers. tenazas.

tulobil motzobil, nphr(n4f of n5). tweezers. tenazas.

tulan

tulan, n5. evergreen oak, oak. RML—In modern Tzotzil this term refers to a variety of oaks, Quercus peduncularis, Q. polymorpha, Q. rugosa, Q. segoviensis. (1) carasco 51, (2) roble, arbol.

tulantik, n5. oak forest. robledal de arboles.

boch jay tulan, cf. boch.

boch *ji tulan, cf. boch.

tzo‘ tulan, cf. tzo‘.

tuluk’

tuluk’, n5. hen. gallina.

tuluk’il vaj, nphr(natt & n)5. chicken tamale. empanada de gallina.

tuluk’il ve‘el, nphr(natt & n)5. gluttony. glotoneria.

mo k’ot sat tuluk’, s:neg & iv & nphr(n4d of n5). blind chicken. gallina ciega.

*tulul

*tulul, n5. frog, toad. (1) ramal, (2) sapo.

tumba (Sp.)

tumba, n5. tomb. tumba.

tumuch (Y.)

tumuch ‘ak’abal, nphr(n type n)5. midnight. RML—In colonial Yucatec Pio Pérez gives chumuckin for ”medio dia” (Pérez, 1877:81). In modern Mopán, chumuc is “centro medio” and chunq’ uin is “medio dia” (Ulrich and Ulrich, 1976:76). (1) media noche, (2) noche, a la media noche.

tumuch ‘ak’abal ch’uivej, nphr:nphr(n type n) type vn. matins. matinez.

tumuch k’ak’al, nphr(n type n)5. noon. *But now they do not use this for noon. (1) medio dia, (2) siesta en el medio dia.

ta tumuchultik, qphrprep & n5. by day, in the daytime. (1) de dia, (2) entre dia.

Ha‘ te ‘oy tumuch, s:n5/pred/ & s(pt & n5/pred/ & n5). current. presente cosa.

tup’

tup’, tv. behead, defame, diminish, humble. (1) achicarse caendo de su estado, (2) achicar a otro asi, (3) amenguar a otro afrentandolo, (4) degollar, (5) menguar asi.

tup’, iv. be extinguished, decrease, humble oneself. (1) apagarse, (2) descrecer, (3) humillarse.

tup’ ‘ik’, s:iv & -n4d. become asthmatic, faint. (1) amortecerse, (2) asmarse, (3) desmayar.

tup’ ‘ik’, s:iv & -n4d. with spasms. RMI—The verb is given in the past tense. pasmado.

tup’ ba, rv. lessen self (by wicked deed). apocarse haciendo vileza.

tup’ k’op, vphr. tv & -n4d. contradict, say the opposite of. contra.

tup’ sat, s:iv & -n4d. be dazed, go blind, go blind in one eye. (1) cegar 70, (2) encandilarse, (3) entortecerse perdiendo el ojo de todo.

tup’bey ‘etel, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. remove seal. sello quitar.

tup’bey ba k’op, vphr:rdv & n5. argue, contend. (1) arguir, (2) contender o arguir.

tup’bey sat, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. daze (birds), put person’s eye out. (1) encandilar como encandilan aves, (2) entuertecer o quebrar el ojo a otro 118.

tup’ebal, n3d. moment when or place where one humiliates self or repents. achicadura.

tup’el ‘ik’, nphr(vn4f of n5). asthma. asma.

tup’es, tv. extinguish, make person faint. (1) amenguar a otro…, (2) apagarse.

tup’es ‘ik’, vphr:tv & -n4d. make person faint. amortecerse.

tup’es ba, rv. humiliate oneself. humillarse.

tup’oj, n4d. person who is made to faint. amortecerse.

tup’olaj, iv. admire, pity, sympathize. (1) admirar, (2) compadecerse o tener compasion, (3) maravillado.

tup’olajel, vn5. heroic feat, marvel, miracle. (1) hazaña, (2) maravilla, (3) milagro.

tup’olan, tv. pity, sympathize. compadecerse o….

tup’olanat, iv. be miraculous. (1) hazañoso, (2) milagroso.

tup’olanel, vn4d. heroic feat, marvel. (1) hazaña, (2) maravilla.

tup’ul, aj. decreased. menguado asi.

jtup’-‘ik’, agn(tv & ncpd). fainting person. amortecerse.

jtup’-bail, agn(tv & rncpd). humble person. humilde.

jtup’beyej sat mut, agn:vn & nphr(n4d of n5)cpd. person who dazes birds. encandilador asi.

jtup’beyej sat t’ul, agn:vn & nphr(n4d of n5)cpd. person who dazes rabbits. encandilador asi.

tus

tus, tv. comb. peinar alguna cosa.

tus tux-nok’ chij, vphr:tv & nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. card. peinar cardando la lana.

tusan, tv. set down (long objects). poner cosas largas.

tusbil, pp. combed. peinado.

tusul, aj. lying (long objects). poner cosas largas.

tux

tux-nok’, n(x & ncpd)5. cotton. algodon.

tux-nok’ chij, nphr(n<x & ncpd> type n)5. sheep (general term comparable to cattle), wool. (1) lana de ovejas, (2)ovejuno, cosa de oveja.

tux-nok’ chij pok’, nphr:nphr(n<x & ncpd> type n) type n. goat’s hair cloth, sackcloth or any other heavy cloth, such as they use for bedding. picote o sayal….

tux-nok’ chijil ‘alnom, nphr:n(x & ncpd) type nphr(n type n). ewe that has given birth. ovejuno, cosa….

T’

t’ ab

t’ab, tv. anoint, burnish, polish. (1) acicalar, (2) lisar mas perfectamente comp acicalar, (3) ungir.

t’ab, iv. be persuaded, begin. (1) comenzar, (2) moverse.

t’ab ‘isim, s:iv & -n4d. begin to grow a beard. mozo que comienza a barbar 326.

t’ab ‘obok, vphr:tv & n5. smudge. tiznar.

t’ab chi, qphrtv/root/ & pt. at a point of time, in a moment.(1) momenta de tiempo, (2) punto de tiempo.

t’ab xchi xmuy jch’ulel ta vinajel. In a moment our souls rise to Heaven. momento de….

t’ab sibak ta k’ob, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). smudge person’s hands. tiznar.

t’ab sibak ta sat, vphr:tv & n5 & qphr(prep & -n4d). smudge person’s face. tiznar.

t’ab tuk, vphr:iv + n4d[S]. take the opportunity. ocasion tomar.

t’abal ‘itaj, nphr(n4f of n5). vegetable patch. era de verdura.

t’abbey ‘obok, vphr:-dv & n5. smudge. tiznar.

t’abbey pox ta bek’tal, vphr:-dv & n5 & qphr(prep & n4d[A]). anoint. ungir.

t’abbil, pp. burnished, polished. alisado o liso.

t’abbil tan ta lumtik, nphr:nphr(pp & n)5 & qphr(prep & n5). cement floor. suelo de cal.

t’abeb, n4f. original. original cosa.

t’abeb k’op, nphr(n4f of n5). introduction, motive. (1) yntroduccion de platica, (2) motivo.

t’abel, vn4d. extreme unction. uncion.

t’abel, n5. point of time. punto de tiempo.

t’abel no ‘ox, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). in a little while, short while. poco tiempo como….

t’abel xa, qphr.n5 & pt. in a little while. de aqui a poco.

t’abeltik, n5. brevity. brevedad.

t’abeltikil k’op, nphr(natt & n)5. brief words. brevedad.

t’abelt’abel, nlf. moment, point of time. (1) moment de tiempo, (2) punto de tiempo.

t’abelt’abel no ‘ox, qphr:n5 & pt & pt. in a little while. poco tiempo como….

t’abeluk, n5. quickly. ayna, resto 14.

t’abes, tv. begin, persuade, provide the opportunity. (1) comenzar algo, (2) mover asi, (3) ocasion dar.

t’abes ta ‘il, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). provoke to anger. provocar a ira.

t’abesbil ta ‘il, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). be provoked to anger. provocado si.

t’abob, n1d. burnisher, polisher. alisadera o instrumento para alisar.

t’abob tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. polisher. alisadera o….

t’abob te‘, nphr(n of n)5. plane. acicaladera.

t’abob ton, nphr(n of n)5. burnisher. (1) acicaladera, (2) alisadera o….

t’abobil, n4f. polisher. alisadera o….

t’abobil tak’in, nphr(n4f of n5). polisher. acicaladera.

t’abobil te‘, nphr(n4f of n5). polisher. acicaladera.

t’abtikt’abtik tza, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be fickle. mudable asi en el parecer.

t’abt’onet, av. be slippery. resbaladero.

jt’ab-na, agn(tv & ncpd). mason.albañil.

j-t’abal, num(num & nccpd)5. seed bed, vegetable patch. sementera.

jt’abesej-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). persuader. movedor asi.

jt’abesvanej ta ‘i1, agn:vn & qphr(prep & ncpd). provoker of anger. provocador tal.

j-t’abel, num(num & nccpd)5. in a hurry (1 only). prisa.

j-t’abelon. I am in a hurry.

j-t’abel ‘ayon. I left in a hurry.

likeb t’abbil k’op, cf. lik.

j-t’ob, num(num & nccpd)5. seed bed, vegetable patch. (1) era de verdura, (2) sementera.

j-t’ob lum, nphr:num(num & ncpd) of n5. plot (of land). RML—This is given in colonial Tzeltal as tahb lum (Guzmán, 1620:203). suerte de tierra.

t’aj

t’aj, iv. crack, split (as earth, fresh tile or wood splits in the sun). (1) henderse como la tierra…, (2) hendido asi, (3) resquebrajado.

t’ajajtik, aj. badly cracked or split. hendido asi con muchas hendiduras.

t’ajal, aj. cracked, split. (1) abierto como hendido 3, (2) hendido asi, (3) resquebrajado.

t’ajalil, n4f. crack, split. abertura como hendidura 3.

t’ajaltik, aj. cracked (heels). friera de pies.

t’ajel, n1f. crack, split. (1) abertura como…3, (2) grieta.

t’ax

t’ax to majel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). slap. herir con la mano abierta.

t’axben, n4d. slap given. herida que da el que hiere asi.

t’axbenal, n4d. slap received. herida que se recibe asi.

t’el

t’elel, vn5. pustule. roncha.

t’eley, iv. become blemished with pustules. roncharse o hacersele ronchas.

lik t’elluk, cf. lik.

t’en

t’enet, av. be big-bellied (pregnant woman). preñada.

t’ij (1)

t’ijlajet, av. clink (falling metal or money). retenir el metal….

t’ij (2)

t’ijt’ij, aj. dishorned. mocha, cosa que no tiene cuernos.

t’in (1)

t’inel, n5. giant. gigante.

t’in (2)

t’in, n5. bow. (1) arco para tirar, (2) flecha, el arco 147.

t’in tak’in, nphr(n type n)5. crossbow. ballesta.

t’inal tak’in, nphr(natt & n)5. crossbow. vallesta.

t’inet, av. roar (heavy rain, river, voices of many people, wind). (1) estruendo, (2) ruido hacer el rio o aire grande, (3) ruido hacer la agua….

t’ininet ‘osil, s:av & n5. thunder. tronar.

t’ininetel ‘osil, nphr(vn4f of n5). thunder. tronido.

t’inlebey ‘olonton, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. afflict. afligir.

t’int’onet, av. clomp. estruendo hacer con pisadas.

t’is

t’is jol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. butt. topar con la cabeza.

t’is-joli ba, rv(tv & tvcpd & rn4d). butt heads together (boys). RML—In colonial Tzeltal, -tiz gholi is “topar con la cabeza” (Guzmán, 1620:209), but in modern Tzotzil the verb is t’ ix-joli. topar con la cabeza.

t’is-joli ton, vphr:tv(tv & tvcpd) & n5. knock one‘s head on a rock. topar con la cabeza.

t’isluy, tv. fillip. papirote dar.

t’isluyvanej, vn5. fillip. papirote.

t’iv

t’iv, n5. eagle. RML—In colonial Tzeltal this is given as thiuh (Gates, 1934b:172). In modern Tzotzil of Chalchihuitán, t’iv is a very large supernatural bird, the ch’ ulel of the j‘ik’al. In modern Mopán the eagle is t’iiw. (Ulrich and Ulrich, 1976:213). aguila.

t’ob

t’ob. plot, seed bed, vegetable patch. cf. t’ab.

t’och

t’ochan, tv. tip (hat). hombre bezudo de gran bezo 239.

t’ochel ti‘, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be puffed-lipped (insult). hombre bezudo de…239.

t’ocho-ti‘, n(aj & ncpd)5. puffed-lipped. hombre bezudo de…239.

t’ocht’och, aj. sitting crookedly. hombre bezudo de gran bezo.

t’ocht’och apix jol. Your hat is crooked.

t’oj (1)

t’oj, tv. pour from bowl to bowl (as when they pour a gourd of cocoa into another to make foam), spout. (1) chorrear, (2) echar como….

t’oj kokov, vphr:tv & n5. pour cocoa from bowl to bowl. hacer cacao y molerlo 165.

t’oj Ho‘, vphr:tv & n5. pour water from bowl to bowl. echar como….

t’ojel, vn5. spout (of liquid). RML—This also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:50). chorro.

t’ojet, av. sound of rainspouts, of cocoa being poured from one bowl to another, or of horses urinating. ruido hacer las goteras….

t’ojilan, tv. pour from bowl to bowl. echar como….

*t’oj (2)

*t’ojey, tv. peck. RML—In colonial Tzeltal the term is -toghli (Guzmán, 1620:159) In colonial Yucatec, thoh is “picarcon pico” (Pérez, 1877:352). picar.

*t’ojeyvanej, vn5. peck. picada.

*t’ojoltik, aj. pecked. picada cosa.

t’ok

t’okt’onet, av. cluck. cloquear.

t’ol

t’ol, tv.cut into pieces, scarify, slice. (1) jasar, sangrar, (2) piezas hacer o pedazos 261, (3) rebanar 299.

t’olbil, pp. sliced. revanada.

j-t’ol, num(num & nccpd)5. cut or slice of beef, veal, fish. (1) pieza de vaca…261, (2) revanda.

j-t’ol choy. slice of fish. rueda de pescado.

j-t’olt’ol, num(num & nccpd)5. single slice (1 only). revanada.

t’om

t’omt’onet, av. be very painful. RML—This is given as lomlonet. doler reciamente.

t’ox

t’ox, tv. split (firewood, wood). (1) hender partiendo como leña o madera, (2) rajar.

t’oxbenal, n4f. split. raja.

t’oxbil, pp. deliberately split. hendido que lo hendio otro.

t’oxli, iv. split. (1) henderse asi algo, (2) hendido por si.

t’oxob si‘, nphr(n of n)5. ax. hacha para cortar leña.

t’oxobil si‘, nphr(n4f of n5). ax. hacha para….

cha‘-t’ox ‘ayan ‘u‘un, cf. cha‘.

cha‘-t’ox t’ox, cf. cha‘.

t’ub

t’ub to Ho‘, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). sink. remosar.

t’uj

t’uj, tv. appoint, choose, choose the best, select for office, winnow (wheat, rice). (1) elegir o escoger, (2) escojerle mejor, (3) mondar como trigo, arroz, (4) señalar personas….

t’uj ju-jun tal, vphr:tv- & nphr(num<num & numcpd>5 & dr). winnow (wheat, rice). mondar como….

t’ujel, vn4f. appointment. eleccion.

t’ ujoj, n4d. jurisdiction. jurisdiccion.

t’ujum, aj. beautiful, clear and without sediment, elegant, genteel, graceful, handsome, perfect, politely, pretty. (1)claro sin hos, (2) dispuesto, gentil hombre, (3) elegante, (4) entera cosa, (5) galan, (6) gentilmente, (7) hermoso 169, (8) linda cosa.

t’ujum ‘al, vphr:aj & tv-. speak graciously. graciosamente hablar o decir.

t’ujum ‘ilel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. pretty. linda cosa.

t’ujum chi ‘u‘un, vphr:aj & iv + -n4d. please. agradar a otro 12.

t’ujum xachi ku‘un. You please me.

t’ujum k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. elegant talk. elegante platica.

t’ujum k’opoj, vphr:aj & iv. speak elegantly. graciosamente hablar….

t’ujum pas, vphr:aj & tv-. act graciously. graciosamente hablar….

t’ujum-xanav, iv(aj & ivcpd). live virtuously. bivir honesta mente.

t’ujum xanav ‘antz, s:aj & iv & n5. chaste woman. muger casta.

t’ujum xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. chastity. castidad.

t’ujum vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. excellent person. gentil, hombre o muger.

t’ujumaj, iv. become beautiful, rejoice. (1) alegrarse, (2) hermosearse, hacerse hermoso 169.

t’ujumajel, vn5. merriment. alegria.

t’ujumajes, tv. gladden. alegrar a otro.

t’ujumal, n4d. beauty, gallantry, gracefulness, prettiness. (1) gala o galania, (2) gentileza asi, (3) hermosura 169, (4) lindesa o galania.

t’ujumtas, tv. beautify. hermosearse hacerse…169.

jt’ujom, agn. chooser, elector. (1) elector, (2) escojedor.

jt’ujvanej, agn. chooser. escojedor.

mo t’ujumuk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. ugly. fea cosa, espantable.

mo t’ujumuk ‘elov, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -n4d. be ugly. fea cosa….

mu t’ujumuk xanbal, s:neg & aj/pred/ & -n4d. be incontinent. yncontinencia 186.

toj t’ujum, ajphr:adv & aj. pure. mescla para…222.

t’uk

t’uket, av. be big-bellied (pregnant woman). preñada.

t’ul

t’ul, n5. rabbit. conejo. bik’tal t’ul, nphr(aj & n)5. young rabbit. gazapo 149.

t’us

t’us, tv. break, smash (eggs, avocados), squash (figs). (1) machucar, como higos…, (2) quebrar o quebrantar, como huevos….

t’us, iv. break, burst, smash (eggs, avocados), squash (figs). (1) machucar como…, (2) quebrar o quebrantar…, (3) reventar 287.

t’usul, aj. broken, smashed. RML—This is given variously as tzetzul and ztzutzul, but the following entry is given correctly. (1) machucada cosa asi, (2) quebrado asi.

t’usulil, n4f. break, broken piece. quebradura asi o….

t’ux

t’uxubtas, tv. water. regar.

t’ut’

t’ut’, aj. greedy. avariento.

t’ut’ ‘ak’, nphr(aj & n)5. round vine. RML—In modern Tzotzil this is the catbriar, Smilax jalapensis and S. mollis. cordel de los redondos.

t’ut’ib, iv. be greedy. avaricia tener.

t’ut’ibel, vn5. greed. avaricia.

t’ut’il, n4d. greed. avaricia.

t’ut’il, aj. greedy, niggardly. escaso.

t’ut’il vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. greedy or niggardly person. (1) avariento, (2) escaso.

t’uy

t’uy, n4d. proud flesh of wound. beso 39.

U

-uk

-uk, suffix. neither, nor. ni , ni tu….

‘utzulc kolo‘uk (or) ‘utzuk kolo‘uk pisil. neither good nor bad.

Ho‘otuk atotuk. neither you nor your father.

V

va‘

va‘al, aj. advised, standing (human), straight (upright poles), upright. (1) apercibidos, (2) derecho estar o…, (3) levantado como en pie, (4) parado asi, (5) poner en hiesto.

va‘alon. I am standing. estar en pie.

va‘al ch’en, nphr(aj & n)5. cliff, craggy area. pefia o enriscada.

va‘al no ‘ox, ajphr:aj & pt & pt. in a little while, in a short while. poco tiempo, como….

va‘al vinkilaj, vphr:aj & iv. have a breech birth. nacer de pies.

va‘aluk, aj. straight (upright poles). derecho estar….

va‘alva‘al k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. brevity. brevedad.

va‘alva‘al no ‘ox, ajphr:aj & pt & pt. every few minutes, in a little while, in a short while. poco tiempo, como….

va‘alva‘al no ‘ox sk’an ve‘el. He wants to eat every few minutes. momento de tiempo.

va‘alva‘aluk, aj. soon. ayna, presto.

va‘an, tv. advise, appoint, escort, follow in the company of, raise, select person for office, serve, sit upright, stand up (poles, person). (1) acompañar, (2) apercibir, (3) elegir o escocer, (4) empinar o enhestar, (5) levantar otra cosa…, (6) poner en hiesto, (7) seguir acompañado, (8) señalar personas para…, (9) servidor y servir.

va‘an ba, rv. stop in one’s tracks. quedarse asi.

va‘an ba ta testigo, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & n5). testify. testiguar.

va‘an ba ta tojol, vphr:rv & qphr(prep & -n4d). stand as guarantor. fiador salir por alguno.

Ho‘on jva‘an jba ta stojol. I am standing as his guarantor.

va‘an j‘antzil-ti‘, vphr:tv & agn(natt & ncpd). arm. guarnecer gente.

va‘an jyabutil, vphr:tv & agn. arm. guarnecer gente.

va‘an k’exol, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. entrust one’s office or rank to another. encomendar a otro su oficio….

va‘an ta ‘a‘yej, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & -vn4d). report news to. noticia dar a alguno o….

jva‘an ta ava‘yej. I am reporting the news to you.

va‘anbil, pp. set upright (poles). derecho estar….

va‘anej, n4d. person being advised. apercibidos.

va‘anel, vn4d. appointment. eleccion.

va‘et, av. amuse oneself with recreation. espaciarse por via de recreacion.

va‘i, iv. rise up, stand, stand on tiptoes, stand up. (1) empinarse o enhestarse, (2) estar en pie, (3) levantarse, (4) parar el hombre.

va‘i, k’ak’al, s:iv & n5. have a drought. RML—The verb is in the past tense. sequedad.

Hal eval ‘i k’ak’al (or) ‘ip sva‘lel eHal k’ak’al. It was a long drought.

va ‘i k’exol, s:iv & -n4d. entrust one’s office or rank to another. RML—The verb was given as xcas. encomendar a….

va‘leb, n4d. standing place. lugar donde alguno….

va‘leb ‘ok mak na, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4f of nphr<n of n>)5. door pivot hole. quicio o quicial.

va‘lej, n5. standing position. levantamiento asi.

va‘luk no ‘ox, vphr:aj/pred//subj/ & pt & pt. quickly. ayna, presto 14.

va‘von, av. stagger, sway. bambanear.

va‘vonetel, vn5. laziness. haragania.

jva‘anej-chij, agn(vn & ncpd). drover, shepherd. ganadero o pastor.

jva‘anej-jom, agn(vn & ncpd). sailor. marina.

jva‘anej-vacas, agn(vn & ncpd). oxcart driver. (1) carretero, (2) regidor de carreta 292.

jva‘antasej-vacas chi‘uk setet te‘, nphr:agn(vn & ncpd) & (n4d & nphr<n type n>). oxcart driver. *But usually they call an oxcart driver jva‘anej-vacas or jchabi-vacas. regidor de carreta 262.

jva‘anvanej, agn. elector, escort. (1) acompañar, (2) elector.

jva‘etel, agn. person playing. espaciarse por….

jva‘vonetel, agn. lazy person. haragan.

‘ox-va‘al, cf. ‘ox (1).

ba jva‘lej, cf. ba (2).

toj va‘aluk, vphr:adv & aj/pred//subj/. raised. derecho estar o….

vatz (1)

vatzal, aj. messy (hair). redropelo.

*vatz (2)

*vatz, tv. bore. RML—The initial consonant is given variously as b and v. In colonial Tzeltal it is given as b, and the meaning of the verb is extended to “batir el chocolate” (Guzmán, 1620:30). In modern Tzeltal, wahtsem is given for “hendido” (Slocum and Gerdel, 1965:198). (1) barrenar, (2) taladrar.

*vatzob te‘, nphr(n of n)5. borer. taladro.

vacas (Sp.)

vacas, n5. cow, cattle. majada o halo de ganado.

bik’tal vacas, nphr(aj & n)5. heifer. ternero, hijo de….

vaj (1)

vaj, tv. sow (wheat). sembrar derramando como trigo.

vajbil, pp. sown. sembrada cosa asi.

vaj (2)

vaj, n5. bread. RML—Presumably this also means tortilla. pan.

vaj tz‘ajbil ta chi‘, nphr:n5 & qphr(pp & qphr<prep & n5>). bread soaked in wine. sopa de vino.

vajil ‘ul, nphr(natt & n)5. baby food. papas para niños.

vajiv, iv. make bread. pan hacer.

vajivej, vn5. bread-making. panaderia, arse de ello. tanaon ta vajivej. I am making bread. panhacer.

vajton, n5. wheat tassel. RML—Perhaps this should be read vojton. espiga de trigo.

vajton castillan ‘ixim, nphr:n4e of nphr(aj & n)5. wheat tassel. espiga de trigo.

vaj (3)

vajajtik ‘ak’, vphr:aj & tv-. insert. entremeter entre otras cosas.

vajajtik lok’es, vphr:aj & tv-. pull out. entresacar.

vajal, aj. sparse (white hairs, poxes on the body). ralas estar coma….

vajey, iv. form a pustule. roncharse o hacersele ronchas.

ta vajlej ‘ayan, vphr:qphr(prep & n5) & iv. form a pustule. RML—The verb is in the past tense. roncha.

vak

vak, num5. six. seis.

vak-bok’ol, num(num & nccpd)4f. a sixth. sesmo o sexta parte.

vak-vinkil, num(num & nccpd)4f. a sixth. *But the commonest manner of speech is by making particular mention as if we said, “the sixth part of the people is dead” and if there were 600 people: “Ho‘-vinik echam.” “The sixth part of wheat or corn is mine:” “Ho‘ -te‘el xavich’ Ho‘ot, j-te‘el xkich’ jtuk” and they speak the same way to say 3rd or 4th. sesmo o….

vakib, num5. six. seis, numero.

jvak-‘ok, agn(num & ncpd). six-toed person. hombre de seis dedos en los pies 240.

jvak-k’ob, agn(num & ncpd). six-fingered person. hombre de seis dedos…240.

vak’ (1)

vak’ak’et tzotzil tux-nok’ chij, s:av & nphr(n4d of nphr<n<n & ncpd> type n>5). fat sheep. RML—My reading of the affective verb is suspect. oveja grosera.

vak’ (2)

vak’vonet, av. make kicking sound. ruido hacer pateando.

val (1)

valak-pat, n(x & ncpd)5. backwards, sinister. RML—This is sometimes given as valapat. (1) redropelo, al reves, (2) reves o enves…, (3) siniestra cosa.

valak-pat slap sk’u‘. He is putting his shirt on backwards. reves o….

valak-pat ‘ayan, vphr:n(x & ncpd)5 & iv. be perverse. RML—The verb is in the past tense. siniestramente hacerse algo.

valak pat ch’ay, tv:n(x & ncpd) & tvcpd. toss behind. echar hacia tras.

valak pat k’opoj, iv:n(x & ncpd) & ivcpd. recant. desdecirse.

valak-patij, iv(x & ivcpd). go backwards. al reves hacerse algo.

valak-patij, iv(x & ivcpd). be perverse. RML—The verb is in the past tense. siniestramente hacerse….

valak-patij k’op, s:iv(x & ivcpd) & -n4d. recant. retratar.

valak-patij ti‘, s:iv(x & ivcpd) & -n4d. recant. retratar.

valak-patijes, tv(x & tvcpd). do backwards. al reves hacer algo.

valak-patin, tv(x & tvcpd). do backwards. al reves hacer….

valak-patin ch’ay, vphr:tv(x & tvcpd)- & tv-. toss behind. echar hacia tras.

valak-patin k’op, vphr:tv(x & tvcpd) & n1d. contradict, recant. (1) contra, (2) desdecirse, (3) retratar.

valak-patin ti‘, vphr:tv(x & tvcpd) & -n4d. recant. retratar.

valak-patinel k’op, nphr:vn(x & vncpd)4f of n5. recantation. retractacion.

valak-patinelti‘il, nphr:vn(x & vncpd)4f of n5. recantation. retractacion.

valk’uj, iv. overturn (bowl), turn over. (1) boltear, (2) trastornar escudilla.

valk’ujeb, n4f. comment (in book). glosa de algo.

valk’un, tv. comment, overturn (bowl), push out of one’s place.(1) glosar, (2) rempujar, (3) trastornar escudilla.

valk’unabil, n4f. comment. glosa de alga.

valk’unabil lum, nphr(n4f of n5). hoe. RML—This is given as zvalghobil lum. acadon.

jvalak pat k’op, agn(x & n & ncpd). recanter. desdecirse,

ta valak-pat, qphr:prep & n(x & ncpd)5. backwards, on the contrary, reluctantly. (1) al reves, (2) por el contrario, (3) pospelo 268, (4) reves o enves….

ta valak-pat pas, vphr:qphr(prep & n<x & ncpd>5) & tv-. do backwards. reves o….

val (2)

val. genealogy, husband, lover, wife. cf. vol.

vale‘

vale‘, n1e. corn stalk, sugarcane. caña de maiz y caña dulce.

vale‘tik, n5. canefield. cañaveral.

vallesta (Sp.)

vallesta, n5. crossbow. vallesta.

van (1)

van, iv. be angry or annoyed. RML—Perhaps this should be read xevanet. mohino, enojado.

vanvonet, av. be angry or annoyed. RML—This also occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:135). In modern Tzotzil, vanal is to be sitting in silent anger. mohino.

van (2)

van, pt. perhaps. por ventura.

vara (Sp.)

vara, n5. yard. vara de medir.

varvux

varvuxtik, aj. badly cracked (heels). RML—Perhaps this should be read varvaxtik. friera de pies.

vax

vax-t’ajel, vn(aj & vncpd)5. cracking of heels. friera de pies.

vaxulan, tv. shake. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, -vaxulay (Guzmán, 1620:29). bambanear otra cosa.

vaxak

vaxak, num5. eight. ocho.

vaxak-xuk’, num(num & nccpd)5. eight-sided. ochavada cosa 237.

vaxak-xuk’bel, num(num & nccpd)4f. eight-sided. ochavo 237.

vaxakib, num5. eight. ocho.

vaxakib k’ak’al, nphr(num4e of n4e). octave (eight day fiesta). ochavas u ochavada.

vat

vatal ‘akan, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. giant. gigante.

vay

vay, iv. sleep, take lodgings. (1) dormir, (2) hospedarse 242.

ta sna Julio xivay. I board at Julio‘s. posar en posada….

vayajel, n4d. witchcraft. brujeria.

vayajelal k’op, nphr(natt & n)5. black magic. (1) nigromancia, (2) nigromantica cosa….

vayajelal pasnej, nphr(natt & n)5. deed of black magic. nigromantica cosa….

vayajom, n5. sorcerer of black magic, itch. (1) brujo o bruja, (2) nigromantico.

vayajom k’op, nphr(n type n)5. interpreter, trusted messenger. faraute o interprete.

kajvayajom k’op. my interpreter.

vayal na, nphr(x & n)4d. lodging. hospedaje 242.

vayantas, tv. lodge. aposentar.

vayeb, n4d. cattle pen. majada donde se recoge….

vayeb chitom, nphr(n4d of n5). pigpen. pocilga 265.

vayeb caballo, nphr(n4d of n5). stable. establo.

vayeb jnupunel, nphr(n4d of agn). bridal chamber. talamo de novios….

vayeb k’u‘, nphr(n type n)4d. bedspread. manta de cama.

vayeb nich’on, nphr(n4d of n5). poorhouse. espital.

vayebal, n3d. bed, dormitory, hostel, inn, overnight stay, sleeping place or article for sleeping (bed, mattress, etc.). (1) aposento o posada, (2) cama mia o colchon mio, (3) colchon, (4) dormitorio, (5) dormitorio o cama mia, (6) lugar donde alguno se asienta o…, (7) manida de jornada, (8) hospederia 242, (9) posada donde nos albergamos.

vayebal k’u‘ul, nphr(n type n)5. bedspread. manta de cama.

vayebal na, nphr(n type n)5. inn. meson.

vayebal pok’, nphr(n type n)5. bedspread. (1) manta de cama, (2) sabana, manta 310.

vayebal tux-nok’, nphr(n<n & ncpd> type n)5. mattress. colchon.

vayel, vn5. sleep, sleepiness. sueño.

vayet, av. be drowsy or sleepy, doze. adormecerse.

vayichil, n3d. dream. sueño que soñamos durmiendo.

vayichin, tv. dream. soñar.

vayichin, iv. dream. soñar.

jvayantasvanej, agn. publican. mesonero.

jvayel, agn. sleeping person, sleepyhead. (1) dormido, (2) dormilon.

jvayijesvanej, agn. publican. mesonero.

‘ip vay, vphr:adv & iv. sleep a lot. dormir mucho.

ve‘

ve‘, iv. eat. (1) comer, (2) merendar.

ve‘, tv. eat. comer.

ve‘bol, n4d. food that must be eaten. comedor.

ve‘ebal, n5. dining table. mesa donde comemos.

ve‘ebal mesa, nphr(n type n)5. dining table. mesa donde….

ve‘el, vn5. feast, food, meal. (1) bastimento, (2) convite 56, (3) comida, (4) manjar generalmente, (5) vianda.

ve‘eltas, tv. feed, serve at table, serve food. (1) administrar, servir a la mesa, (2) dar de comer 57, (3) mantener a otro, (4) servidor y servir….

ve‘eltas ba, rv. support oneself. mantenerse.

jve‘el, agn. eater. comedor.

jve‘eltasvanej, agn. page who serves food, drink, or towels. paje de plato….

‘ipal chamelal ve‘el, nphr:nphr(aj & natt) type vn. pestilential food. pestilencia.

vetz’

vetz’, tv. decrease. (1) desmedrar, (2) menguar asi.

vetz’, iv. decline (in number, population, property or rank), decrease. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, vetz is “descrecer” (Guzmán, 1620:53). (1) acabarse asi no del todo, (2) descrecer, (3) desmedrar, (4) gastarse no del todo….

vetz’, iv/1p/. be depopulated by famine or sickness. despoblarse por hambre….

vetz’ ba talel, vphr:rv & dr. crowd forward. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, “y qdo ay mucha gente q estan apretados dicen vetzaabahic” (Gates, 1934b:44). desmedrar.

vetz’ chobtik, vphr:tv & n5. move in boundary markers on another’s corn field. meterse en heredad….

vetz’ lum, vphr:tv & n5. move in boundary markers on another’s property. meterse en….

vetz’bey chob, vphr.-dv & n4d[B]. move in boundary markers on another’s corn field. meterse en….

vetz’bey lum, vphr:-dv & n4d[B]. move in boundary markers on another’s property. meterse en….

vetz’el, aj. decreased. menguado asi.

vetz’es, tv. decrease. desmedrar.

*vek

*vekel ch’en, nphr(aj & n)5. cliff. RML—In modern Chol, wekel ch’en is an encircling cliff. In colonial Tzeltal both Ara and Guzmán give the initial consonant of the adjective as b (Ara, n.d.:170; Guzmán, 1620:186). roca.

*vekel ch’en to nab nphr:nphr(aj & n)5 & qphr(prep & n5). rock in the ocean. roca en el mar.

vel

vele-chikin, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-eared. orejudo.

veluyab pech’, nphr(n type n)5. fan, flyswatter. aventador o mosqueador.

velulan, tv. brandish or shake (lance). blandear, sacudir como lanza.

veluy, tv. fan, winnow. aventar,

veluy, iv. fan, winnow. aventar.

veluyej, n4d. object being fanned. aventar.

verja (Sp.)

verja, n1e. grate (term now used). reja 299.

ves

ves, tv. be powerful. poder, verbo.

vesan, iv. carry out, do, guide. RML—This reading is suspect. poder, verbo.

dios xvesan. God will do it (or) God will guide it.

vesulan, tv. brandish or shake (lance). blandear, sacudir….

vesvanej, vn5. possibility. posibilidad.

jvesej, agn. powerful person. poderoso de tal o tal cosa.

jvesej kotol, nphr(agn & n4f). all-powerful person. (1) poderoso de…, (2) todopoderoso.

jvesvanej, agn. powerful person. (1) poderoso, (2) potente o poderoso.

vex

vexil, n3a. britches, wide and short plaited britches. bragas a caraquellas.

vet

vet, n5. fox. *It is a very evil animal. RML—In modern Tzotzil this is the gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus. (1) liebre, (2) raposo.

*vi

*vivon, av. toot (small flute). RML—The term is the same in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:201). sonar la flauta sola….

vi‘n

vi‘naj, iv. be hungry. (1) hombre haber 163, cf. hambre, (2) tener hambre.

vi‘najel, vn5. hunger. hambre.

vi‘nal, n5. hunger. (1) hambre, (2) hambriento.

vi‘nal ‘a‘i, vphr:n5 & tv. be hungry. (1) hombre haber 163, cf. hambre, (2) tener hambre.

vitz

vitz, n5. hill, mountain, mountain chain, mountain pass. (1) cuesta, (2) puerto de monte, (3) sierra o monte alto.

vitz’

vitaz’, iv. sprinkle. ysopo para rociar 190.

vitz’ k’inabal, s:iv & n5. drizzle. ysopo para…190.

vitz’ Ho‘, s:iv & n5. sprinkle. llover menudo como rocio.

vitz’es, tv. sprinkle (with the hand or hyssop). rociar algo con la mano o….

vitz’esab Ho‘, nphr(n of n)5. hyssop. ysopo para…190.

vitz’esabil Ho‘, nphr(n4f of n5). hyssop. ysopo para…190.

vitz’ub Ho‘, s:iv & n5. drizzle. ysopo para…190.

viernes (Sp.)

viernes, n5. Friday. viernes.

vij

vijet, av. drip. chorrear.

vik’

vik’ sat, vphrtv & n4d[A]. rise in fortune or status. RML—Lit. to open one’s eyes. levantarse asi.

vik’il sat vinik, nphr:nphr(aj & n) type n. cautious person. recatado.

vik’ulan sat, vphr.tv & n4d[A]. blink. parpadear.

vil

vil, tv. fly, leap. saltar hacia arriba….

vil, iv. fly, leap. saltar hacia arriba….

vilol, n5. toy whistle, whistle. silvete o juguete para silvar.

vin

vinaj, iv. appear in the distance, be clearly visible or exposed, begin to appear, discover, sound. (1) asomar o aparecerse de lejos 33, (2) claro que se ye bien, (3) descubrir, (4) manifestarse, (5) son o sonido….

tey xvinaj jve‘el te ta xchonel caballoe. With the sale of horses I will see my way to a meal. tratar el tratante.

vinaj, iv. be manifest or public. RML—This is in the past tense. (1) manifiesta cosa, (2) publica cosa.

vinaj ‘a‘yejlal, s:iv & -n4d. have a reputation (particularly a bad one). ynfamado ser 187.

vinaj ‘osil yo‘ ‘oy, s:iv & n5 & s(pt & pt ---). have a view (from the house or the window). vista de casa o de ventana….

vinaj ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. make a profit. ganar trabajando.

vinaj ‘utzil ‘a‘yejlal, s:iv & -nphr(aj & n)4d. have a good reputation. tener buena fama.

vinaj bek’tal, s:iv & -n4d. expose oneself. echar las carnes de fuera.

vinaj kola‘al, s:iv & -n4d. have a bad reputation. tener mala fama.

vinaj kola‘al ‘a‘yejlal, s:iv & -nphr(n type n)4d. have a bad reputation. tener mala….

vinaj ta ba ta sat, s:iv & qphr(prep & -n4d) & qphr(prep &n4d[P of ba]). show in one’s face. semblante de cara.

vinajeb, n4f. interpretation, mark. (1) nota asi, (2) signification.

vinajeb ‘osil, nphr(n4f of n5). view (from the house or the window). vista de….

‘utz svinajeb ‘osil yo”oy. It has a good view. *M when we say, “This house has a good view because you can see many fields from it.”

vinajeb bi, nphr(n type n)4d. surname. nombre comun o sobrenombre.

vinajeb biil, nphr(n type n)4d. surname. nombre comun….

vinajeb k’u‘, nphr(n type n)4d. uniform. librea.

vinajeb ta sat, nphr:-n4d & qphr(prep & n4d[=P of vinajeb]). facial expression. semblante de cara.

kolo‘ svinajeb ta ssat. He has an evil expression.

vinajeb ton, nphr(n of n)4f. quarry. pedrera.

vinajeb Hun, nphr(n of n)4f. book title. titulo de libro.

vinajebal, n3d. emblem, insignia, sign. (1) divisa 89, (2)ynsignias 188, (3) serial como…, (4) siño por señal 317.

vinajebal k’u‘ul, nphr(n type n)5. uniform. librea.

vinajes, tv. admit, confess, discover, provide, publish, reveal, show. (1) confesar, decir o manifestar algo, (2) descubrir, (3) divulgar o publicar…, (4) divulgar, publicar algo, (5) proveer, (6) publicar algo.

vinajes ‘ik’, vphrtv & n4d[A]. declare oneself. manifestarse algo.

vinajesabil, n4b. mark of identification. setias para conocer.

vinajesabil ve‘el, nphr(n of n)4f. commercial deal. tratar el tratante.

vinajesbeybil, pp. revealed. (1) revelar, (2) significar.

vinajesbey, dv. interpret, reveal. revelada cosa.

jvinajeseya‘yejlal, agn(vn & ncpd). defamer. ynfamado 187.

‘utz vinaj, cf. ‘utz.

mu to jaka vinaj, vphr:ajphr(neg & pt & aj) & iv. be doubtful. dudosa cosa.

mu vinaj bat, s:neg & iv & s(iv-). be squandered or wasted. disiparse 89.

mu vinajes, vphr:neg & tv-. deny. negar.

toj vinaj, vphr:adv & iv. be obvious. manifiesta cosa.

vinagre (Sp.)

vinagre, n5. vinegar. vinagre, vino corrompido.

vinik

vinik, n5. addled egg, human, person. (1) guero vevo, (2) ombre o muger, (3) persona.

vinik choy, nphr(n type n)5. large fish. pez grande 252.

vinik te‘, nphr(n type n)5. idol (of wood). ydolo 183.

vinik ton, nphr(n type n)5. idol (of stone). ydolo 183.

‘ik’al vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. dark-skinned person. prieto.

‘oy vinik, s:n5/pred/ & n5. hatch. empollarse el huevo.

mo vinikuk, vphr:neg & n5/pred/. be inhuman. ynhumano 188.

toj mo vinikuk, vphr:adv & neg & n5/pred/. be evil. malvado.

vinkilaj, iv. give birth. parir la hembra.

vinkilay, iv. be born. nacer.

vinkilayel, vn5. birth, Christmas. (1) nacimiento de cosas animadas, (2) navidad, (3) parto.

vinkilayel pascua, nphr(vn type n)5. Christmas. pascua de Navidad.

vinkilel, n1d. family, home, land distribution (as the Spaniards of this land have repartimientos), limb, territory. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Chakhihuitan, jvinkilal means “fellow countryman.” (1) casa, familia, (2) miembro, parte del cuerpo, (3) repartimiento comp…, (4) territorio.

vinkilelbil kotol ‘osil ‘u‘un, s:pp/pred/ & nphr(n4f of n5) + -n4d. be prince of the whole world. principe de todo el mundo.

vinkiltas, tv. engender. engendrar.

jvinkiltasvanej, agn. engenderer. engendrador.

‘oy vinkilel, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f. be hatched. empollado asi.

yo‘ ‘ oy vinkilay, qphr:pt & pt & s(iv---). native country. RML—The verb is in the past tense. tierra patria.

vink

vink. birth, Christmas, engender, family, home, limb. cf. vinik.

vino (Sp.)

vino, n5. wine. vino puro.

tzeel vino, cf. tze (1).

virrey (Sp.)

virrey, n5. viceroy. virrey.

vix (1)

vix ‘ixlel tot, nphr:n4d of nphr(n4d of -n4d). woman’s father’s sister. *To distinguish sister from aunt tu hermana de padre…334, cf. tia.

vixil, n3d. father’s sister, grandfather’s sister, man’s father’s or mother’s brother’s daughter when older than he, man’s or woman’s older sister. (1) hermana mayor…161, (2) hermano de mi padre 161, cf. hermana, (3) hermana de…161, (4) prima, hija de hermano, (5) tu hermana de padre…, cf. tia 334, (6) tia, hermana de padre…, (7) tia hermana de abuelo….

vix (2)

vixvon, av. pray aloud (as when we pray from the book of devotion or read). rezar de manera….

vixvonet, av. pray aloud (as when we pray from the book of devotion or read). rezar de….

vo (1)

vo, tv. dry before the fire, roast, toast. (1) asar, (2) secar alfuego, (3) tostar.

vobil, pp. toasted. (1) cojido 67, cf. cojido, (2) tostada cosa.

voob, n5. spit. asador.

voob temal tak’in, nphr:n type nphr(natt & n). barbecue grill. parrillas para asar.

voobil, n4f. spit. asador.

voobil temal tak’in, nphr:n4f type nphr(natt & n)5. barbecue grill. parrillas para….

vo (2)

voet, av. bark, bray, make a din, roar. (1) bramar, (2) estruendo, (3) ladrar los perros u, (4) rebusnar.

voetel, vn5. roar. bramido.

vovonet, av. bark, make a din. (1) estruendo, (2) ladrarlos….

vo‘

vo‘ey, iv. have large swellings. hincharse asi a tolon drones….

vo‘o-cho, n(aj & ncpd)5. plump-cheeked. hombre carrilludo 240.

vo‘o-jol, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-headed. hombre de gran cabeza.

vo‘o-ni‘, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-nosed, flat-nosed. hombre de gran cabeza 239. (1) nariz roma, (2) hombre de gran nariz 239.

vo‘oel jol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be big-headed (insult). hombre de gran cabeza 239.

vo‘oel ni‘, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be big-nosed (insult). hombre de gran nariz 239.

vo‘ol, aj. with a large swelling. hinchado asi.

vo‘ol ni‘, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. be flat-nosed. nariz roma.

vo‘otik, aj. with large swellings. hinchado asi.

vo‘vo‘, aj. with a large swelling. hinchado asi.

vo‘ney

vo‘ney, n5. long ago, once. (1) antiguo, (2) en otro tiempo de preterito, (3) tiempo antiguo.

vo‘ney, aj. old. vieja cosa.

mu vo‘neyuk, vphr:neg & n5/pred/. recently. poco tiempo como….

vob

vob, n5. wooden drum (all wood). atabal de madera todo.

votz’

votz’, tv. knead (dough, clay for pots, thick objects kneaded with the whole hand). sobar masa, barro para ollas 324.

votz’ilan, tv. knead. sobar masa…324.

voch

voch, tv. bruise. magullar.

voch, iv. bruise. magullar.

vochochtik, aj. badly bruised. magullada cosa en muchas partes.

vochol, aj. bruised. magullada cosa.

voch’

voch’, tv. be broken open, chip (glass), grind for the first time, pound to pieces, smash. (1) cascarse, (2) descaxcar, (3) machucar o frangollar…, (4) mellarse vaso, (5) moleral principio o….

voch’, iv. be pounded to pieces, chip, smash. (1) cascarse, (2)machucar o…, (3) mellarse vaso, (4) mellada cosa asi.

voch’ ta tek‘el, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). kick or trample underfoot. RML—Perhaps the verb should be read voch. acosar o pesar mucho.

voch’bil, pp. broken, chipped. (1) cascado, (2) mellada cosa asi.

voch’laj, av. crash (support or beam when breaking). ruido hacer asi.

voch’lajel, vn5. crashing sound (as above). ruido de cosas quebradas….

voch’latel, vn5. crashing sound (as above). ruido de….

voch’ol, aj. chipped, smashed. (1) machucar o…, (2) mellada cosa asi.

voch’olil, n4f. chip. ruido de cosas quebradas….

voch’oltik, aj. badly chipped. mellada cosa en….

voch’voch’tik, aj. badly chipped. mellada cosa en….

voch’vonet, av. bustle about. bullirse.

voj

vojvonet, av. bark. ladrar los perros u….

vojton

vojton, n5. dry ear of corn. mazorca cuando esta seta 204.

vojtontik, n5. harvest time. mieses.

vok

vok, n4f. foam. espuma como quiera.

vok ch’upak’, nphr(n4f of n5). soapsuds. lavamiento, el acto de lavar.

vok k’ak’al Ho‘, nphr:n4f of nphr(aj & n)5. foam of boiling water. hollin de agua caliente.

vok tak’in, nphr(n4f of n5). rust. herrumbre.

vokan, iv. boil, foam, have water stirred up by wind or storm. (1) espumar hacer espuma, (2) hervir, (3) turbarse laagua….

vokan ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be enraged. (1) brava cosa, (2) encenderse de ira, (3) herviente cosa.

vokan ‘olonton ta ‘it, s:iv & -n4d & qphr(prep & n5). burst with anger. reventar de enojo 287.

vokanel ‘olonton, nphr(vn4f of n4d). rage. encendimiento asi.

jvokanel, agn. foamy material (cocoa). RML—This reading is suspect. espumosa cosa, como cacao.

vokol

vokol, n5. history, improvement, mercy, pity, torture. (1)atormentador, (2) ystoria 190, (3) mejoria o medra asi, (4) merced o misericordia, (5) cuestion de tormento 283.

mu xivay yu‘un yipal vokol. I can not sleep I am so fatigued by the torture. cuestion de tormento 281.

vokol, n4d. fable, legend. (1) conseja, (2) leyenda 195.

vokol Sal, vphr:n5 & tv. take pity on. merced hacer asi.

vokol ‘al ‘a‘i, vphr:s(n5 & tv) & tv. pity. merced haber asi.

vokol aval xka‘i. I pity you.

vokol ‘albey, vphr:n5 & -dv. take pity on. merced haber asi.

vokol avalbeyon! Take pity on me!

vokolij, iv. become rich, improve one’s wealth or luck, tell fables, historical accounts or stories. (1) enriquecer, (2) enriquecido, (3) ejemplos o historias…, (4) hablan consejas, cf. hablar, (5) medrar por mejorar…, (6) relator historias.

vokolijel, vn5. enrichment. enriquecimiento.

vokolijes, tv. enrich. enriquecer a otro.

vokolil, n5. history, improvement. (1) ystoria 190, (2) mejoria. vokolil, n3d. biography, novel. (1) ejemplo, vida…136, (2) novela o cosa para contar.

vokolil, natt. historic. ystorial cosa 190.

vokolil k’op, nphr(natt & n)5. historic words, fable. (1) hablador asi de consejas, cf. habla, (2) ystorial cosa 190.

vokolil pasnej, nphr(natt & n)5. historic deeds. ystorial cosa 190.

vokolin, tv. exhaust person, relate person’s history, tell fables or stories. (1) ejemplos o …136, (2) hablan consejas, cf. hablar, (3) relator historias, (4) tratar de alguno….

vokoltas, tv. do good or merciful acts, take pity on. (1) hacer bien…165, (2) merced hacer asi.

vokoltasel, vn4d. mercy one receives. misericordia que recibo.

vokoltasel ‘a‘i, vphr:n4d[A] & tv. be grateful. merced haber asi.

muk’ jvokoltasel xka‘i. I am very grateful.

vokoltasvan, iv. do good or merciful acts. hacer bien…165.

jvokolinom, agn. historian. ystoriador 190.

jvokoltasvanej, agn. merciful person. (1) hacer bien…165, (2) misericordioso.

vok’

vok’, tv. break or smash (eggs, avocados, head, pot, boards, tiles), dig with blows as with a hoe, distribute, divide up, furrow, shatter with blows. (1) cabar a golpes…, (2) desmenusar dando golpes, (3) dividir o repartir algo, (4) quebrar, quebrantar, (5) quebrar o quebrantar…, (6) repartir, (7) surcar.

vok’, iv. break or smash (eggs, avocados, head, pot, boards, tiles), break open (pomegranates, cotton), break up (ship), be divided up. (1) abrirse asi casi del todo, (2) divisa cosa asi, (3) quebrar, quebrantar…, (4) quebrar o quebrantar…, (5) quebrarse la cosa abriendose.

vok’ ch’en, vphr:tv & n5. dig a hole. ahoyar.

vok’ lum, vphr:tv & n5. measure land. medir tierra.

vok’ nuk’ul kelem, s:iv & nphr(n5 of n5). boy with changing voice. mozo que muda la voz.

vok’ben, n4d. objects one has divided up. dividido por mi.

vok’benal, n4f. break, crack. quebradura, la serial o hendidura.

vok’bil, pp. broken, cracked, divided up, smashed. (1) abierto como…3, (2) divisa cosa asi, (3) quebrado asi.

vok’el, vn4f. division. division.

vok’es ‘alab, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. hatch chicks. sacar pollos las aves.

vok’ilan, tv. distribute, divide up. repartir.

vok’ilan-Hux, tv(tv & tvcpd). roughen grinding stone. picar muela….

vok’ob si‘, nphr(n of n)5. ax. hacha para cortar leña.

vok’obil lum, nphr(n4f of n5). boundary marker. mojen, cf. mojon.

vok’obil si‘, nphr(n4f of n5). ax. hacha para….

vok’ol, aj. broken, broken open, cracked, divided up, smashed. (1) abierto como…3, (2) cascado, (3) divisa cosa asi, (4) quebrado asi, (5) quebrado asi.

vok’ol ‘e, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d-. have a chipped tooth. mellado en los dientes.

vok’olil, n4f. break, broken piece, crack. (1) quebradura, la señal…, (2) quebradura, el pedazo…, (3) quebradura asi.

vok’olil xamitl, nphr(n4f of n5). piece of tile. tejuela, pedazo de teja.

jvok’-lum, agn(tv & ncpd). surveyor. medidor asi.

mo vok’oluk, vphr:neg & aj/pred/. do good or merciful acts. hacer bien…165.

vol

vol, tv. grapple, knead (dough, clay for pots), wrap. (1)envolver 98, (2) engarrafar o asir, (3) sobar masa, barro para ollas 324.

vol ba, rv. wrinkle (clothing). arrugarse la ropa.

vol ch’ay, vphr:tv- & tv-. grapple. engarrafar o asir.

vol ta pok’, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). shroud. mortajar el cuerpo del muerto.

volbil, pp. bundled, grappled. (1) envoltorio 98, (2) engarrafar o asir.

volbil vaj, nphr(pp & n)5. roll. bolbo, cf. bolbo.

voltzaj, iv. become round. redondo hacerse asi.

voltzan, tv. make round. redondear.

volilan, tv. knead (dough, clay for pots). sobar masa…324.

volilanbil, pp. wrinkled. arrugado asi.

voljey, n5. yesterday. ayer 14.

volo-jol, n(aj & n)5. big-headed. hombre de gran nariz 239.

volo-ni‘, n(aj & n)5. big-nosed. hombre de gran…239.

volobil, n4f. pillowcase, wrap. funda o….

volobil chame-vinik, nphr:n4f of n(aj & ncpd)5. shroud. mortaja.

volobil jolol, nphr(n4f of n5). headcloth. paño de la cabeza.

voloj k’obil, nphr(n4f of n3d). fist. puno de mano cerrado.

voloj k’ob maj, vphr:s(tv/ap/ & n4d[A]) & tv-[A=A of volt punch. puñada, herida.

svoloj sk’ob nesmaj. He punched me.

cha‘-yalel nesmaj svoloj sk’ob. He punched me twice.

volvol, aj. round, roundish. (1) peya rolliza no bien redonda 254, (2) redondo, espherico como.

volvol jol te, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n4f of n5). cudgel. porra para aporrear.

volvol lum, nphr(aj & n)5. clod. terron.

volvol nabo, nphr(aj & n)5. round turnip. nabo redondo.

volvol no, nphr(aj & n)5. ball of yarn. mazorca de hilo.

volvol tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. roundish piece of metal. peya rolliza 254.

volvol tak’in ta ba, s:aj/pred/ & n5 & qphr(prep & -n4f). mace (of beadle or gateman). maza o…203.

volvol ton, nphr(aj & n)5. round rock. peya rolliza, no…254.

volvolil, n4f. roundness. redondes asi.

jvol, agn. escort, follower. RML—The term for follower is given as ghvohol, but the reader is directed to see the other entries. (1) acompañara, cf. acompanar, (2) el que asi acompaña 5, (3) seguidor asi.

j-vol ta vinik, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & qphr(prep & n5). genealogy. genealogia.

val-te‘, n(x & ncpd)4d. husband, lover (male or female), wife. (1) amigo enamorado…, (2) esposa.

val-te‘ij, iv(x & ivcpd). fall in love (having a residence that one has not yet moved to), take a husband or wife (before celebrating the wedding). (1) amancebarse como…, (2) esposa o esposa tomar.

val-te‘in, tv(x & tvcpd). fall in love, take a husband or wife. (1) amancebarse como…, (2) esposa o esposa tomar.

valal, n4d. genealogy. RML—This is given as -balal as it is in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:96), but the preceding entry here and the meaning of the root reinforce this reading. (1) genealogia, (2) parentesco por sangre.

*vot

*votol-‘ik’, tv(aj & tvcpd). call frequently or importunately. llamar a menudo.

*votol-tzitz, tv(aj &tvcpd). bribe. sobornar.

*votol-lok’, iv(aj & ivcpd). leave quickly as from the church or school. salir aprisa.

*votol lok’el, nphr(aj & vn)5. quick exit. salida aprisa como….

*votol Ho‘, nphr(aj & n)5. constant rain for many days. RML—The adjective is given as votal. llover sin cesar muchos dias.

*votolan lok’el, vphr:tv- & dr. leave quickly as from the church or school. salir aprisa como….

vov

vovet, av. groan, grumble (as women do with maids or daughters), mutter, (1) bramar, (2) hablar entre dientes, (3) reñir gruñendo como….

vovetel, vn5. groan. bramido.

voy

voy, n1e. cloven-foot (1) pati hendido en dos parses, (2) pie con que anda el animal.

‘oy voy, s:n5/pred/ & -n4d. cloven-footed. pie con….

voymol

voymol, n1e. weed. RML—Modern Tzotzil of Chamula is vomol. verva 183.

voymoltik, n5. pasture, thicket. (1) erracal, (2) matorral, cosade matas 213.

voymoltikil, natt. wild. salvaje.

voymoltikil chitom, nphr(natt & n)5. peccary. puerco de monte, jabali.

voymoltikil lo‘bol, nphr(natt & n)5. wild fruit. montañes, cosas ilustres.

voymoltikil vinik, nphr(natt & n)5. fieldhand, lowborn, savage.(1) labrador rustico, (2) montañes, cosas…, (3) salvaje, (4) villano en la crianza.

vutz’

j-vutz’, num(num & ncpd). stack. hacina, ayuntamiento de hacer.

j-vutz’ si‘, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 of n. stack of firewood. hacina de leña.

*vuch

*vuch, aj. dented, depressed, sunken. (1) hundida cosa…, (2) hundida cosa….

*vuchul, aj. dented, depressed, sunken. (1) hundida cosa…, (2) hundida cosa….

*vuchulvuchul, aj. slightly dented, depressed or sunken. hundida cosa….

*vuchvuch, aj. slightly dented, depressed or sunken. hundida cosa….

vuch’

vuch’i, tv. blow on (food to cool it, head wound or tumor to cure it), blow off (dust), winnow. (1) achar 13, (2) hechizar con soplos…, (3) soplar como soplamos….

vuch’iabil ‘lxim, nphr(n4f of n5). winnowing floor. era donde trillan.

vuk

vukvukil, n4f. adam‘s apple. nuez del cuello.

vul

vulul, iv. grumble (as women do with maids or daughters). reñir gruñendo como….

vululel, vn5. grumbling. riña asi 295.

vululet, av. grumble (as women do with maids or daughters). reñir gruñendo como…

vululetel, vn5. grumbling. riña asi 295.

vulvon, agn. grumble (as women do with maids or daughters). reñir gruñendo como….

vulvonet, av. grumble (as women do with maids or daughters). reñir gruñendo como….

vulvonet k’op, s:av & n5. boast angrily. baladrear enojando.

vuy

vuyul, aj. feeble. flaca cosa, magra.

naka vuyul bakel, cf. naka.

Y

ya

ya, n1d. adversity, anguish, cause, suffering. (1) causa, el porque, (2) fatiga asi o adversidad, (3) pasion absolute o trabajo. *To console a person in suffering they say: ‘ak’ o ‘ech’ uk ya, “ak’ o ‘ech’ uk kisin‘! May the suffering pass, may the adversity pass! fatiga asi….

k’usi aya, k’usi akisin? What is your suffering, what is your adversity? fatiga asi….

ya ‘a‘i, vphr.n5 & tv. take pity on. compadecer.

ya ch’iel, nphr(n type vn)5. importunity. ymportunidad 185.

ya ti‘, nphr:-n4d & n4d[P of ya]. apologize, deny, excuse oneself. (1) achaque poner, (2) disculparse 78, (3) escusarse, (4) negar.

ya ti‘il, nphr(n1d of n5). apology, excuse. (1) desculpa, (2) escusacion o escusa.

yaij, iv. be anguished by sickness or loss. fatiga venir, como….

yaijel, vn5. suffering of torments. pasion del cuerpo.

yaijes, tv. molest, punish, slander, torment, torture, vex. (1) acosar persiguiendo o molestando, (2) disfamar, (3) fatigar asi, a otro, (4) justiciar, (5) punir, castigando.

Ho‘ottik ejyaijestik kajvaltik. It was we who tormented Our Lord. fatigar asi….

yaijesbil, pp. punished. punido.

yaijesel ‘u‘un dios, nphr:vn5 + nphr(n4d of n5). martyrdom. martirio.

yail, n4d. pity one receives. compasion.

yain, tv. aid the poor or miserable in their needs, suffer for another’s sins, support, take pity on. (1) causa, el…, (2)compadecer, (3) lastar, pagar pecados, (4) procurar para otro…, (5) socorrer al pobre….

Ha‘ jyain te chamele (or) te k’el-‘abtele. I am suffering from the death (of my child or from) supervising the work. fatiga asi….

yainel, vn4d. pity one receives. compasion que se tiene de mi.

yaob ti‘il, nphr(nld of n5). excuse. achaque.

yatik ‘osil ‘al, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. be fatigued. quebrantamientos sentir.

yatikil ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:n5 & tv. be fatigued. quebrantamientos sentir.

yatikil “osil ‘al, vphr:s(n5/pred/ & n5) & tv. be fatigued. quebrantamientos sentir.

yatikyatik, aj. fatigued. quebrantado asi.

yank ‘oy, vphr:n5/pred//subj/ & pt. be one who excuses himself. achaque.

yaukon ‘oy. I excuse myself.

yaya, n5. importunity, vexation. (1) enhadamiento, (2) ymportunidad 185.

yaya, aj. grave, lazy, serious, slow. (1) grave cosa que da pesadumbre, (2) lerdo, Pérezoso.

yaya ‘a‘i, vphr:aj & tv. be annoyed by, be disgusted by, loathe. (1) abominar como…, (2) hastio tener, (3) molestado.

yaya ekal ‘i jk’anbeyel ekak’bey. It annoyed me to give it to him. molestado.

yaya xka‘i batel. I hate to go. hastio tener.

yaya ‘antz, nphr(aj & n)5. pregnant woman. preñada.

yaya ‘ilel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. be loathesome. abominable.

yaya ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr: s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. be vexed. enhadarse.

yaya bill, nphr(aj & n)5. surname. nombre comun o sobrenombre.

yaya vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. skinny person. RML—This conflicts with yaya ‘antz. flaca cosa mayra.

yayail, n4d. feebleness, negligence, vexation. (1) enhadamiento, (2) flojedad del cuerpo 144, (3) tibieza asi.

yayail, aj. lazy, negligent. tibia, cosa Perezosa.

yayail-pas, tv(aj & tvcpd). do negligently. tibiamente hacer algo.

yayail vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. feeble, lazy or slow person. (1) flojo asi 144, (2) lerdo, Perezoso.

yayatik ‘osil ‘a‘i, vphr:s(aj/pred/ & n5) & tv. feel feeble (from sickness or age). dificultosamente.

yayaub, iv. be vexed. enhadarse.

yayaubel, vn5. vexation. enhadamiento.

yayaubes, tv. annoy, bother, vex. (1) enhodar, (2) molestar.

yayaubtas, tv. torture. justiciar.

jya-ti‘il agn(tv & ncpd). apologizer, person who excuses himself. escusador asi.

jyaijesvanej, agn. executioner, molester, punisher. (1) acosador asi, (2) punidor, (3) sayon, verdugo 307.

jyail, agn. denier. negador.

jyayaubesvanej, agn. nuisance, tormentor. bambanear.

jyayaubtasvanej, agn. importunate or vexatious person. (1) enhadador, (2) ymportuno sin tiempo 185.

toj ya, ajphr:adv & aj. annoying, bothersome. molesta cosa.

yabut

yabutij, iv. battle, become enemies, conquer, fight in a contest, skirmish, wage war. (1) batallar o polear, (2) conquistar, (3) enemistarse, (4) escaramusar, (5) guerra nacer, (6) lidiar asi.

yabutijel, vn5. skirmish. escaramusa.

yabutil, n5. army, battle, conquest, war. (1) batalla, (2) conquista, (3) guerra, (4) hueste de gente 344.

yabutil, n3d. enemy. enemigo.

‘oy ‘ep jyabuttik etzamesat yu‘un angel (or) ‘oy pimjyabuttik icham yu‘un angele. Many of our enemies were killed by the angel. matanza, el….

yabutin, tv. battle, become enemies, conquer, fight in a contest, skirmish. (1) batallar o conquistar algo, (2) conquistar, (3) enemistar o pelear…, (4) guerra hace a otro, (5) lidiar asi.

yabutinab castillan jom, nphr:n type nphr(aj & n). galley. galera.

yabutinab na, nphr(n type n)5. fortress. fortaleza.

yabutinajeb jom, nphr(n type n)5. galley. galera.

yabutinvanej, vn5. skirmish. lid, entrada de armas.

jyabutijel, agn. conqueror, skirmisher, warrior. (1) escaramuseador, (2) guerrero.

jyabutil, agn. warrior. (1) guerreador, (2) real de gente armada.

jol yabutijebal na, cf. jol (1).

yak

yakal, aj. snared. enlazardo.

yakbil, pp. snared. enlazardo.

yakil, n4d. amazement, drunkenness, love enchantment. (1) embebecido, (2) encantamiento asi.

yakil chi‘, nphr(n of n)5. drunkenness. emborrachamiento o beodez.

yakil-vay, iv(aj & ivcpd). sleep a long time. dormir mucho.

yakobil, n5. snare. enlazador.

yakoj, iv. snare. enlazardo.

yakojel, vn5. snaring. enlazamiento o lazo.

yakojob, n5. snare. enlazador.

yakojob chij. deer snare.

yakojob mut. bird snare.

yalcub, iv. become gravely ill, get drunk. (1) embaucado asi, (2) enborracharse, (3) enfermar gravemente.

xeyakub ta chi‘. I am drunk with wine. emborrar a otro, cf. emborrachar.

yakub ta jalal ‘ilel, s:iv & qphr(prep & -nphr<aj & vn>4f). fall in love. enamorarse.

yakubel, vn5. drunkenness, love enchantment. (1) emborrachamiento o…, (2) encantamiento asi.

yakubes, tv. deceive with plots, dupe, enchant or bewitch so as to fall in love, entangle, make drunk, make fall in love, tire out (in pursuit). *Note that to intoxicate in this language does not only mean to be intoxicated with wine or another liquor, but also to be amazed or out of one’s senses in love with someone, or from sleepiness or anger. acosa cansando algo, (2) embaucar, (3) emborrar a otro, cf. emborrachar, (4) enamorar a otro, (5) encantar o hechizar…, (6) enredar algo….

yakubesbil, pp. duped. embaucado.

yakyak, aj. drunk, duped, in love, struck with amazement. (1) embaucado, (2) embebecerse, (3) emborracharse, (4) enamorado.

yakyakon ta sjalal ‘ilel, I am in love. enamorarse.

yakyakon ta vayel. I was sound asleep. dormir recio con sueño recio.

yakyak vay, vphr:adv & iv. sleep a lot. dormir mucho.

yakyaktik, aj. duped. embaucado.

jyakil-chi‘, agn(aj & ncpd). drunkard. (1) emborracharse, (2) emborrar a otro, cf. emborrachar.

jyakil-vayel, agn(aj & vncpd). sleeping person. adormecido.

jyakubel, agn. drunkard, person in love. (1) emborracharse, enamorado.

yok, n5. snaring. enlazamiento o lazo.

tanaon ta yok. I am snaring (animals). enlazardo.

yokil, n3d. ensnared animal, snare. enlazamiento o….

yak’

yak’ pat, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. shrink (as when being whipped on the back). encojerse como….

yak’al pat, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. shrunken up. encojerse como….

yal

yal, tv. hurl or shoot (long objects, darts, staves, arrows). tirar cosas largas….

yal, iv. descend, digest, fall from a height, go down, humble oneself. (1) bajar 39, (2) caer de alto, (3) digerirse, (4) digerido, (5) humillarse.

yal ‘ak’ol Ho‘, s:iv & nphr(n type n)5. drizzle in a nor‘easter. llovisnar con norte.

yal Ho‘, s:tv & n5. snow. nevar.

yal ‘ u ‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. abort. abortar.

yal bot, s:iv & n5. hail. granizar.

yal k’inabal, s:iv & n5. drizzle in a nor‘easter. Ilovisnar con….

yal ta ‘al, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). fall to temptation, sin. (1) pecar, (2) tentacion asi.

eyal avu‘un ta ‘al. You tempted him and won him over. tentacion asi.

yal ta ch’en, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). fall off a cliff. despeñar.

yal ta jotz’, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). fall into temptation. tentacion asi.

yal ta k’exol, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4d). succeed. sucedera otro que procede.

yal ta mulil, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). fall into temptation. tentacion asi.

yal ta xokob, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). fall into a snare. enlazarse asi.

yal tojol, s:iv & -n4f. fall in price. vilescerse en el precio.

yal tok, s:iv & n5. become foggy. niebla hacer.

yal Ho‘, s:iv & n5. rain. llover.

yalal, aj. enough. hasta cosa.

yalbaj, iv. goad, shoot (arrow), spear. (1) arrojar vara u…, (2) flechar 147.

yalbay, tv. goad, shoot (arrow, crossbow), shoot at, spear. * These (people) prefer to shoot with arrows and not with crossbows. (1) arrojar vara u…, (2) asaetear 33, (3) ballestear, (4) flechar, (5) tirar para dar…, (6) vallestear.

yalbayab, n1d. fish spear, spear, etc. (1) azagaya 37, (2) arpon.

yalbayabil, n5. goad stick. (1) bautismo, (2) pila de bautisar.

yalbaybil, pp. pierced by an arrow. asaeteado.

yalbayej, n4d. target of one’s arrow shot. saeta 33.

yaleb Ho‘ ta jolol, nphr:nphr(n of n)5 & qphr(prep & n5). baptism, baptismal font. (1) bautisemo, (2) pila de bautisar.

yalebal batel, nphr(n5 & dr). downhill slope. cuesta abajo.

yalel, nc. blow, punch, shot (harquebus), slap, stab, time. (1) apuiñear, (2) bofeteada, (3) pedrada, (4) tiro de arcabuz o asi, (5) una vez, (6) vez primera.

jay-yalel axen? How many times did you stab him? puñalada de herida.

j-yalel no ‘ox. Just once. puñalada de….

j-yalel majel ta volvol sjol te‘. One cudgel blow. porrada, herida de porra.

j-yalel nesmaj ta chin-te‘. He gave me one cudgel blow. porrada, herida….

j-yaleluk teno (or) teno j-yaleluk! Throw one! herida….

xcha‘-yalelal. The second time. vez segunda.

j-yalelyalel no ‘ox jten ‘oy. I just threw one. pedrada, herida….

yalel batel, nphr(vn5 & dr). departing downhill. cuesta abajo.

yalel nab, nphr(vn of n)5. low tide. menguante de mar.

yalel talel, nphr(vn5 of dr). approaching downhill. cuesto abajo.

yalel tojol, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. cheap. barato.

yales, tv. abort, find fault with, get down, lower, overmatch. *(Aside from jpaj, jkDmojes) they have many other ways of saying to find fault with as when they look at someone’s works or words. If they see that some fault has been found it is very common to say, “k’ usi skoj xayales jpasnej?” “What fault do you find with my work?” (1) abajar, descender, (2) abortar, (3) bajar 39, (4) tachar.

yales ba, rv. humble self, lessen self (by wicked deed). (1) apocarse haciendo vileza, (2) humillarse.

yales k’op, vphr:tv & n4d[A]. cut short one’s conversation. abreviar platica.

yales ve‘el, vphr:tv & n5. digest. digerir.

yalom, n5. bowman, crossbowman, hunter with bow and arrows. (1) asaeteador 33, (2) ballestero, (3) flechero que frecha 147, (4) montero o cazador…, (5) vallestero.

yalp’un ba, rv. hurl oneself off a cliff. despeñarse de proposito, arrojarse.

yalp’un ta ch’en, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). hurl person off a cliff. despeñar a otro.

yalul, aj. smaller. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, yalol utz utz is “un poco mejor,” and yalol chican quinal xquil is “ver poco” (Gates, 1934b:34). menor.

yalutot atuk or yuteb yalulot atuk. You are smaller.

yalul ‘utz’, ajphr(aj & aj). moderately good. razonable, no may bueno.

yalul kuxul, ajphr(aj & aj). half-alive. medio vivo.

yalul xa, vphraj/pred/ & pt. in a little while, a little later. (1) ahora de aqui a un poco, (2) despues como de aqui a un poco, (3) luego de aqui a poco, (4) rato de tiempo.

yalul to tzajal, s:aj/pred/ & pt & -n4f. rose-colored. rosado de color de rosa.

yaluluk xa, vphr.aj/pred/ & pt. a little later. despues como….

yalulyalul, aj. less. mas, comparativo.

jyalbajel, agn. bowman. flechero que frecha 147.

jyalbayvanej, agn. crossbowman. (1) ballestero, (2) vallestero.

jyalesej-bail, agn(vn & mcpd). humble person. humilde.

jyalvanej, agn. bowman, crossbowman. (1) asaeteador 33, (2) flechero que flecha 147.

juteb yalul tuk, cf. jut (1)

mu to yal ch’ut, s:neg & pt & iv & -n4d. be indigestible. yndigesto, no digerido 186.

Ha‘ no ‘ox yalal, cf. Ha‘ (1).

Ha‘ yal ta pop ta tz’omol tot, s:n5/pred/ & s(iv & qphr<prep & n4d[P = tot] > & qphr<prep & nphr (n4d of -n4d)>). primogeniture. *Lit. He must inherit or possess his father’s mat and seat. mayorazgo 205.

yolob tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. crossbow. ballesta.

yolob te‘, nphr(n5 of nld). dowry. dote.

yolob vitz, nphr(n of n)5. meteor, meteorite. cometa.

yolobil, n3d. arrow, bow, crossbow bolt, goad stick. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Chenalhó and Chalchichuitán, yolob k’ ok’, is a sky rocket. (1) arco para tirar, (2) saeta 33, (3) frecha, (4) garrocha, (5) pasador tiro de balleta, (6) saeta.

yam

yamaj, iv. ease (sickness), recuperate, relax, slacken. (1) aflojar la enfermedad, (2) aliviarse, (3) entibiarse.

yamaj ‘a’i, vphr:s(iv-) & tv. be eased (sickness). RML—The intransitive verb is in the past tense. alivio.

yamaj ‘abtel ‘u‘un, s:iv & n5 + -n4d. ease work. aflojar en el trabajo.

yamajel, vn5. alleviation, slackness. (1) alivio, (2) entibiamiento o tibieza.

yamajes, tv. ease. aliviar.

yamal, aj. slackened. entibiamiento….

yamal pasal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. improved (in health). mejoria en la dolencia.

yamalyamal, aj. eased, improved. aflojado asi.

yamalyamal juteb. slightly improved (health). mejorar en….

yaman, aj. tender. tierna cosa.

*yamal

*yamal, n5. large lightning bug. RML—In colonial Tzeltal it is yamaz (Guzmán, 1620:121). In modern Tzotzil of Chalchihuitán it is yamatz. luciernaga.

yan

yan, aj. different, differently, other, special. (1) diferir o diferenciarse 85, (2) diferente, (3) en otra manera, (4) otras cosas.

yanon. I am different. diferir o …85.

yanot sbatel ‘osil. You are unique. particular cosa.

yan ‘al, vphraj & tv-. contradict. contra.

yan ‘ich’, vphr:aj & tv-. mistake, by mistake. RML—The verb is given in the past tense. tener una cosa por otra.

yan ‘ik’, vphr:aj & tv-. take by mistake. RML—The verb is given in the past tense. tener una….

yan ‘ilel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. be different. manera, desta….

yan ‘oy, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt. another. otro, uno de muchos.

yan k’opoj, vphr:aj & iv. contradict, speak differently. (1) contra, (2) en otra manera.

yan tuk, vphraj/pred/ + n4d[S]. be different or special. (1) diferir o …85, (2) otro, uno….

jol xkil skotole yanot atuk. I love everyone, but you especially. particular cosa.

yan xk’opoj stuk. He has a special way of thinking. particular cosa.

yan xve‘ stuk. He has a special diet. particular cosa.

yanij, iv. disguise oneself, withdraw. (1) disfrazarse, (2) dividirse, apartarse de uno.

eyanij ta k’op. with disguised speech. disfrazarse.

eyanij ta sk’u‘. with disguised clothes. disfrazarse.

yanij ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. regret, repent. (1) arrepentirse, (2) pesarle, arrepentirse, (3) repentimiento.

yanijel, vn5. disguise. disfrase.

yanijel ‘olontonil, nphr(vn & n)5. repentance. arrepentimiento.

yanijes ba, rv. disguise oneself. disfrazarse.

yanijesbil ba, rpp. disguised. disfrazarse.

yanijesbil ta k’op, vphr:pp/pred/ & qphr(prep & n5). disguised in speech. disfrazarse.

yantik, aj. differently, other. (1) diferentemente, (2) otras cosas.

yantikyantik ‘olonton, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. fickle, inconstant. (1) ynconstante 186, (2) mudable asi.

yantikyantik tza, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. inconstant. ynconstante 186.

yantikyantik vinkilel, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. limb by limb. miembro a miembro.

yanyanuk, aj. elsewhere, somewhere else. *As “Do not put it there, put it somewhere else.” on otra parte.

xojob yan, cf. xoj.

toj yantik, ajphr:adv & aj. strange. extraña cosa 134.

yax (1)

yax. blue, cholera, emerald, falcon, free, fresh, green, liberty, screech owl, scrofula, thin, weed, vagina. cf. yox (1).

*yax (2)

*yax *naan, qphr:pt & aj. a little. RML—In modern Tzotzil, yaxnan means “nearly.” (1) poco, adjetivo, (2) poquito.

*yax *naan xa, qphr:pt & aj & pt. a little more. (1) poco mas, (2) un poco mas.

*yax *naan xa mu ta, vphr:qphr(pt & aj & pt) & neg & tv-. a little less. un poco menos.

*yax noch, qphr:pt & aj. a little. RML—The same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:161). poco, adjetivo.

*yax noch xa, qphr:pt & aj & pt. a little more. poco mas.

yavaj

avaj, n5. avarice, poverty. laseria.

yavaj, aj. avaricious, poor, scarce. RML—This occurs in colonial Tzeltal meaning “escaso” and “laserado” (Guzmán, 1620:81, 117). In modern Tzotzil, yavajo means angry, stingy. (1) avariento, (2) escaso, (3) laserado 194.

yavajib, iv. become greedy. avaricia tener.

yavajij, iv. become scarce. escasear.

yavajijel, vn5. avarice, scarcity. (1) avaricia, (2) escasea.

yavajil, n1d. avarice, poverty, scarcity. (1) avaricia, (2) escasea, (3) laseria 194.

yavajil vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. avaricious or niggardly person. (1) avariento, (2) escaso.

yavajilal, n4d. scarcity. escasea.

yavajin, tv. make scarce. escasear.

ye

ye, tv. reveal, show, proclaim wedding banns (as when they display those who are getting married). (1) divulgar, publicar algo, (2) publicar como….

ye ta chonel, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & vn5). auction. poner en almoneda pregonando.

yi

yi, n5. ear of young com (milky, with undeveloped kernels). mazorca de maiz antes… 203.

yi batel, nphr(n5 & dr). ear of corn (when kernels are beginning to develop). mazorca de maiz… 203.

yi‘

ye‘ ton, nphr(n type n)5. sandstone. piedra arenisca.

yi ‘al k’ anal tak’in, nphr:natt & nphr(aj & n)5. gold dust. oro en polvo.

yi‘al ton, nphr(natt & n)5. sandstone. piedra arenisca.

ye‘tik, n5. sandy place. arenal.

yi‘tik, aj. sandy. arenosa cosa.

yij

yij, aj. sturdy. reciente cosa 299.

yijil, n4f. strength. (1) firmesa 11, (2) fortaleza de varon, (2) reciura 299.

yijil, aj. sprouted. entallecidas yerbas asi.

yijil ‘itaj. cabbage head.

yijil lechuga. lettuce head.

yijil ‘olonton, nphr(n4f of n4d). bravery. esfuerzo.

yijil caballo, nphr(aj & n)5. strong horse. fuerte animal.

yijil kelem, nphr(aj & n)5. grown boy. mancebo crecido.

yijil k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. persistence. porfia.

yijil-k’opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). persist. porfiar.

yijil te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. hard wood. reciente cosa 299.

yijil vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. old or strong person. (1) anciano, (2) fuerte aminal.

yijub, iv. grow hard, become strong, harden, sprout. (1) afirmarse, fortalecerse, (2) duro hacerse, (3) endurecerse, (4) entallecerse las yerbas…, (5) entallecidas yerbas asi, (6) tallescer…, (7) talluda cosa asi.

yijub, iv. be full (moon). RML—The verb is in the past tense. luna Ilena.

yijub ta kola‘al vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). sin willfully. RML—The verb is in the past tense. obstinarse en el mal 243.

yijubel, vn5. strength. firmesa 11.

yijubes, tv. fortify, strengthen. afirmar o fortalecer asi algo.

yijubesbil, pp. fortified. afirmado o fortalecido….

jyijil ‘olonton, agn(aj & ncpd). brave person. animoso.

yo

yo, tv. shoo (birds, cattle, dogs). (1) eje, lo …136, (2) ojear aves 243.

yo, n5. shooing. ojeo 243.

‘ay ta yo-mo‘och. He went to shoo the macaws (from the corn fields).

yo ‘us, vphr:tv & n5. shoo flies. mosquear solamente.

yo Ho, vphr:tv & n5. shoo flies. mosquear solamente.

yobil, pp. shooed. ojeados asi 243.

jyo-tuluk’, agn(tv & ncpd). chicken tender. gallinero que las cuide.

yo‘

yo‘ ‘oy, ptphr:pt & pt. meanwhile, until. (1) en tanto que, (2) entretanto.

mo batan to yo‘ ‘oy neHule. Do not go until I have returned. en tanto que.

yo‘ ‘oy k’usi, nphrpt & pt & n5. whatever. RML—This was given as cohoy cuci. por ventura alguna cosa.

yo‘ ‘oy much’uy, nphrpt & pt & n5. whoever. RML—This was given as cuhoy muchuy. por ventura alguno.

yo‘ ‘oy Hu‘ tzitzo‘, qphrpt & pt & s(iv & n5). pulpit. predicatorio o pulpito.

yoch

yoch, tv. loosen. aflojar algo.

yochol, aj. loose. floja cosa 144.

yok

yok. snare. cf. yak.

yokin

yokin, tv. hurl, scatter. RML—In modern Tzotzil, yokinta means to scold harshly. Perhaps this shold be read yok’ in, for in modern Tzotzil of Venustiano Carranza, yok’ilan is to “agitate” or “annoy,” and in modern Tzeltal of Tenejapa, yok’ is to “shake out liquid.” (1) arrojar, (2) rebatiña.

yokin ba, rv. hurl oneself off a cliff. despeñarse de proposito, arrojarse.

yokin ch’ay, vphr tv- & tv/subj/-. discard, toss out. *jyokin jch’ ay, xayokin ach’ ay, syokin xch’ av. All these verbs are conjugated this way. The first by mood and tense. The verb acts as an adjective in all tenses. I say the first verb because in all these cases there are two. echar a mal o….

yokin ta ch’en, vphr:tv- & qphr(prep & n5). hurl person off a cliff. despeñar a otro.

yokinbil, pp. discarded. abatir algo o echarlo a mal.

yokinej, n4d. object being discarded. abatir….

yol

yol. arrow, bow, comet, crossbow, dowry, goad stick. cf. yal.

yom

yom, tv. hold in the fist. abarcar con el puño.

yomben, n4d. handful (candles). abarcar con….

yomlej, nc. handful. (1) abarcar con…, (2) manojo de…, (3) puñ o….

yomoj, n4d. object held in hand. abarcar con….

j-yom, num(num & nccpd)5. handful (of long untied objects like straws). (1) manojo de cosa que no se ata, (2) puño o puñado….

j-yom tzotzil, nphr:num(num & nccpd) of n5. horse’s forelock. guedeja o vedeja de cabellos.

j-yom toj, nphr.num(num & nccpd) of n5. torch bundle. hacha de tea para alumbrar.

j-yomyom no ‘ox, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & pt & pt. single handful. abarcar con….

yox (1)

yox, aj. fresh (fish, cheese), green. (1) fresco, pescado o queso, (2) verde cosa en color.

yox-o‘, n(aj & ncpd)5. clear water. RML—This perhaps should be read yox Ho‘. clara agua.

yox to, vphr:aj/pred/ & pt. green (corn, etc. that is not dry or well-cured). tierno maiz u….

yoxyox, aj. blue, green. RML—-Blue is given as yoxox, which seems suspect. (1) azul, (2) verde cosa….

yax-‘otz’ an, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue. azul.

yax-‘otz’ an pas, vphr:aj(aj & Pcpd) & tv-. make blue. azul hacer.

yax-bajan, aj(aj & Pcpd). light, bright green. verdegueada, cosa ya verdeguea.

yax-bajtay, iv(aj & ivcpd). grow green. verdeguear.

yax-balan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green again (grain field, grass). reverdescer.

yax-tz’anan, aj(aj & Pcpd). light bright green. verdegueada, cosa….

yax-tz’antay, iv(aj & ivcpd). grow green. verdeguear.

yax-chelul, n(aj & ncpd)5. post-partum cold or cold sickness that women frequently suffer. enfriamiento o enferme dad….

yax-chelulon. I am suffering post-partum cold. estar enfermo de aquella frialdad 111.

yax-chivan, aj(aj & Pcpd). thin (liquid). rala, cosa no espesa.

yax-cho, n(aj & ncpd). purple. RML—The term cho means cheek, so I am hypothesizing here that this is a black-and-blue eye. In colonial Tzeltal the listing for “morado” is yaxakho, yaxalna (Guzmán, 1620:137). morado, color obscuro.

yax-joman, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark green (backwater). remanso de rio.

yax-kolan satil, nplir.aj(a & Pcpd) & n. blue-eyed. garzos ojos.

yax-k’a‘, iv(aj & ivcpd). get scrofula. enfermedad de lamparones, cf. enfermar.

yax-k’a‘el, vn(aj & vncpd)5. scrofula, scrofular person. (1) enfermedad de esta manera, (2) enfermo de esta manera, (3) lamparones.

yax-k’utan, aj(aj & Tcpd). green again (grain field, grass). (1) reverdescer o verdear…, (2) verdegueada, cosa….

yax-k‘uttay, iv(aj & ivcpd). grow green. verdeguear.

yax-k’uyan, aj(aj & P or P2cpd). choleric. colera.

yax-liklik, n(aj & ncpd)5. falcon, screech owl. (1) alcotan, (2) mochuelo ave.

yax-lum, n(aj & ncpd)5. green land, verdigris. cardenillo o cual quier tierra verda.

yax-maj, tv(aj & tvcpd). weed too early while the plants are still young. rosar antes de tiempo …301.

yaxa-Ho‘, aj(aj & ncpd) thin (liquid). rala, cosa….

yaxal, aj. fresh, recent. reciente cosa o fresca 299.

yaxal bek’tal, nphr(aj & n)4d. vagina. miembro de muger,

yaxal choy, nphr(aj & n)5. fresh fish. fresco, pescado o queso.

yaxal jobel, nphr(aj & n)5. artichoke. alcaus.

yaxal lo‘bol chij, nphr:aj & nphr(n4d of n5). artichoke. alcaus.

yaxal lum, nphr(aj & n)5. green land. verde cosa en color.

yaxal pok’, nphr(aj & n)5. green cloth. verde cosa….

yaxal queso, nphr(aj & n)5. fresh cheese. (1) fresco, pescado…, (2) queso fresco.

yaxal si‘, nphr(aj & n)5. green wood. fresco, pescado….

yaxal te‘, nphr(aj & n)5. green wood. fresco, pescado….

yaxal ton, nphr(aj & n)5. emerald. esmeralda.

yaxal vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. freedman. horror, cf. horron.

yaxaub, iv. become thin (liquid). ralearse, hacer ralo 299.

yaxib ton, nphr(aj & n)5. emerald. esmeralda.

yaxub, iv. become fresh, grow green. (1) resnatar, hacerse reciente, (2) verdecerse.

yaxubel, vn5. liberty. libertad.

yaxubes, tv. free. libertar.

yaxubtas, tv. make blue or fresh. (1) azul hacer, (2) resnatar, hacerse…299.

jyax kolan sat, agn(aj & P & ncpd). blue-eyed person. garzo de ojos.

jyax-k’a‘el, agn(aj & vncpd). scrofular person. *But they take it as an insult if you call them jyax-k’ a‘el and not yax-k’a‘elot. enfermo de esta manera.

xyax-‘ich, n(aj & ncpd)5. beautiful metallic green bee. RML—This is identified as a “mosca o mosquito” and in colonial Tzeltal as a “mosquito de los que estan en los monies” (Gates, 1934b:139), but in modern Tzotzil of Tenejapa it is a halictine bee (Hunn, 1977:274) and in modern Tzotzil of Zinacantán, yax-‘ich chon is a halictine bee. mosca o mosquito verde….

yox (2)

yox, n5. crab. cangrejo.

yub

yub, tv. narrow. angostar 24.

yub, iv. narrow. (1) enhangostarse 115, (2) enhangostado 115, (3) estrecharse.

yubeb, n4f. piece of cloth removed to narrow suit. giron que se quita.

yubel, vn5. narrowness. (1) angostura 24, (2) enhangostadura 115, (3) estrechura.

yubes, tv. narrow. (1) angostar 24, (2) enhangostarse 115, (3) estrechar.

yubesbil, pp. narrowed. enhangostado 115.

yuboj, n4d. narrowed article. angostado 24.

yubtas, tv. narrow. enhangostarse 115.

yubtasbil, pp. narrowed. enhangastado 115.

yubul, aj. narrow (board, table). (1) estrechura, (2) estrecha cosa.

yubul ‘osil, nphr(aj & n)5. narrow plot of land, strait times (with hunger). (1) angosto tiempo hay hambre 24, (2) estrecha tierra.

yubyub, aj. narrow. verde cosa en color. estrecha cosa.

yugo (Sp.)

yugo, n5. yoke (for oxen). yugo 190.

yuk’

yuk’et, av. make small waves. olas hacer asi.

yuk’etel Ho‘, nphr(vn4f of n5). small waves. ola u honda de agua….

yuk’yonet, av. make small waves. olas hacer asi.

yuk’yonetel, vn4f. small waves. ola u….

yuy

yuy, n5. mushroom, truffle. RML—In modern Tzotzil this term includes Amanita caesaria and A. vaginata. (1) hongo, (2) turma de tierra.

yuy chauk, nphr(n4f of n5). poisonous mushroom. RML—In modern Tzotzil this is the fly agaric, Amanita muscaria. (1) hongo ponzoñoso, (2) turma de tierra.

H

Ha‘(1)

Ha‘, pn. he, it, she, the one. RML—This has no Spanish entry but is scattered throughout.

Ha‘, excl. yes, that, that’s it. RML—Modern Tzotzil: ja‘. (1) ese, esa, 130, (2) el adverbio.

Ha‘ sk’an kolonton (or) Ha‘ xal kolonton! That’s what I like! aficionarse a alguno 186.

Ha‘ te icham yu‘un diose. Lit., He is the one who died for God, i.e., He is a martyr. martir.

Ha‘ te k’in xch’uun dios etzamesbeat. This is the fiesta for the believer who was killed. martir.

Ha‘ te k’in xch’ uunel dios. This is the fiesta for the believers. martir.

Ha‘ te ta stojol ‘ojov xa le‘e. Lit., he is the one who is in the Lord’s command, i.e., He is the king’s (or) the Lord’s attomey. fisco del Rey o Señor.

Ha‘ te yu‘un jtzatzal ch’uunel dios echame. (The martyr) died because he was a firm believer in God. martir.

Ha‘ ‘oy, qphr:n5 & pt. then. cuando, afirmando 279.

Ha‘ ‘u‘un, s:n5/pred/ & -n4f. because, that’s why. (1) por ende, (2) por para dar causa.

Ha‘ yu‘un mu ne‘ay. That’s why I didn’t go.

Ha‘ tz’el, cf. tz’el.

Ha‘ no ‘ox, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt & pt. continually, enough, just, pure, the one. (1) basta cosa, (2) continua cosa, (3) muchas veces, (4) pura cosa sin mezcla.

Ha‘ no ‘ox Ha‘ no ‘ox jpas (or) Ha‘ no ‘ox jpas Ha‘ no ‘ox. I do it over and over (or) I practice. (1) continuar, (2) ejercitarse en algo 136, (3) menudear, hacer una cosa muchas veces o a menudo.

Ha‘ no ‘ox tza. whichever (or) whatever. (1) cualquiera 279, (2) cualquiera, quien quiera 279, (3) cuando quiera 279.

Ha‘ no ‘ox jpas. I practice. ejercitarse en algo 136.

Ha‘ no ‘ox spas ku‘un. I drill him. ejercitar a otro 136.

Ha‘ no ‘ox stuk. The very one. eso mismo 130.

Ha‘ no ‘ox xabtelan ku‘un. He just works for me. ejercitar a otro 136.

Ha‘ no ‘ox yanilal. The very one. eso mismo 130.

Ha‘ no ‘ox xkal! That’s what I say! afirmar tornar a decirlo dicho una vez.

mu jk’an li‘ Ha‘ no ‘ox jk’an te june. I don’t want this one, I just want the other one. sino conjuncion.

Ha‘ koj, cf. kaj (1).

Ha‘ no ‘ox yalal, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt & pt & pt. by accident or chance, in vain. por demas.

Ha‘ no ‘ox yalal nebat. I went by chance. acaecer.

Ha‘ no ‘ox yalal ejtzames. I killed him by accident. acaecer.

Ha‘ xa, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt. also, too. ytem 190.

Ha‘ xa tok, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt & pt. also, too. ytem 190.

Ha‘ te ‘oy tumuch, cf. tumuch.

Ha‘ te tana ‘ech’, cf. ‘ech’.

Ha‘ to, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt. just. poco ha que fue o vino como aun ahora.

Ha‘ to li‘vphr:n5/pred/ & pt & n5. even now. aun ahora 22.

Ha‘ to li‘ tanae, vphr:n5/pred/ & pt & n5 & n5. even now. aun ahora 22.

Ha‘ to vokol, s:n5/pred/ & pt & n5. current history. ystoria de este dia 190.

Ha‘ Hech, s:n5/pred/ & aj. like that, such as. tal cosa.

Ha‘u, n5. RML—See Ha‘uk.

Ha‘uk, n5. as if. manera, de esta manera.

chakuk Ha‘uk juez. as if he were a judge.

Ha‘uk manchuk, nphr(n5 & n5). except. sino, conjuncion.

Ha‘uk manchukote. if it weren’t for you.

Ha‘uk xa te, s:n5/pred//subj/ & pt & s(pt ---). the more. mas para continuar.

Ha‘uk te, s:n5/pred//subj/ & s(pt ---). if, the more. (1) mas para continuar, (2) si, conjuncion.

Ha‘uk te ‘avile Ha‘u xa te anupe. The more you saw the more that happened to you. mas para continuar.

Ha‘uk te xabate xebat ‘ekuk tok (or) Ha‘uk te nabatuke xebat ‘ekuk tok. If you go, I will go too. si, conjuncion.

Ho‘on, pn. I. RML—Modern Tzotzil of Zinacantán: vo‘on. yo 189.

Ho‘on ‘u’un, s:n5/pred/ + n4d[S]. mine. mio, cosa mia.

Ho‘on lekoj, s:n5/pred/ + n4d[S]. mine. mio, cosa mia.

Ho‘ot ‘u‘un, s:n5/pred/ + n4d[S]. yours. vuestra cosa.

Ho‘ot lekoj, s:n5/pred/ + n4d[S]. yours. vuestra cosa.

Ho‘ot ta tojol, s:n5/prep/ & qphr(prep & n4d[S]). yours. vuestra cosa.

Ha‘ (2)

Ha‘. broth, fontanel, ink, juice, molasses, water, whey. cf. Ho’ (1).

Ha‘ (3)

Ha‘. lasting. cf. Hal.

Hab

Hab. exhale. cf. Hob.

Hatz

Hatzil, n3d. debt, deferred payment, trappings. RML—Modern Tzotzil: jatz. (1) aderezo o aperejo 10, (2) deuda asi.

Hatzin, tv. pledge (give something as security), take on credit. *There is no verb to owe. deber 84.

Hatzinbey, dv. owe. deber 84. ejHatzinbey Pedro. I owe Peter.

Hatzinbil, pp. bought on credit. aderezo o aparejo 10.

Hatzinej, n4d. that taken on credit. deber 84.

jHatzinvanej, agn. debtor. adeudador que se adeuda.

Hal

Hal, aj. lasting. RML—Modern Tzotzil: jal. Halon. I will last. permanecer. mo Haluk. brief. poco tiempo como poco….

Halej, iv. be greatly detained in talking or walking, delay, last, be long-winded, stay, succeed. *To say to be detained by such and such a thing as when they sing or play music they have to use this word which properly means to be late. (1) diferir o dilatar algo, (2) durar, (3) lograr algo, (4) ocuparse, (5) permanecer, (6) prolijo ser, (7) retardar, (8) tardarse, (9) torar por durar.

eHalej lek. He succeeded. lograr lago.

jun ‘abil xHalej. It lasts one year. durar un dia.

jun k’ak’al xHalej. It lasts one day. durar un dia.

lajel xeHalej. I will last to the end. durar un dia.

mo sobuk naHul naHalej. You did not come early, you delayed. tarde, tarde veniste, tarde acudiste.

mu xeHalejotik ta balamil, mu xenatijotik ta belumil, mu xejok’tazajotik ta balumil, ta vinajel no ‘ox xejok’tzajotik xenatijotik. We do not last on earth, we do not endure on earth, we do not remain on earth, only in heaven do we remain, do we endure. perpetuar, continuar.

xeHalej k’alal ta jtzutzeb. I will last to the end. durar un dia.

Halejel, vn5. delay, duration, perpetuity. (1) dilatar, cf. dilation, (2) perpetuidad asi, (3) tardanza.

Halejes, tv. continue, delay perpetuate, postpone, take a long time. RML—This is given once as both ghaleghes and xcaleghes. (1) diferir o dilatar algo, (2) perpetuar, continuar, (3) retardar, tardar a otro.

jHalejes sk’inal. I postponed it (or) I took a long time. estender o dilatar tiempo.

Haliktik, aj. seldom. RML—The same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:176). raras veces 284.

Halil, aj. time-consuming. espaciosa cosa.

Halil ‘abtel. time-consuming work.

Halil k’op. time-consuming talk.

jHalejel, agn. delayer, tardy person. (1) diferidor o dilatador, (2) tardador, (3) tardon.

Ha‘al, aj. lasting. (1) durar, (2) durar un dia.

Ha‘alon. I will last. durar.

Ha‘al xeHalej. I will last a long time. durar un dia.

Ha‘al ‘ech’, vphr:aj & iv. continue. continuacion.

Ha‘al bat, vphr:aj & iv. last long. turar por durar.

Ha‘al laj, vphr:aj & iv. last long. turar por durar.

jHa‘al, agn. delayer, tardy person. tardon.

Hap

Hap ti‘, nphr(vn & n)ld. promise, public confession. RML—Although there seems to be an overlap of meaning between this verb and ‘aptay, it is consistently given as if it were consonant initial. The two verbs are differentiated more strongly in colonial Tzeltal where the former is consonant initial -ap and the latter, vowel initial -auhtay (Guzmán, 1620:167, 18). (1) profesion, (2) promesa asi.

Hap-ti‘bil, pp. promised. prometido.

Hap ti‘il, vphr:tv & n3d[A]. make public confession, make supplication, swear to God, vote. (1) profesion hacer, (2) prometer a Dios o hacer voto, (3) votar, hacer voto, (4) voto de esta manera.

Hap ti‘il, nphr(vn of n)5. oath, pact, promise, public confession, vote. (1) pleito, omenage, (2) profesion, (3) promesa, (4) voto de esta manera.

Hap ti‘il ta xchabiel yabutijebal na. oath made by the governor of a castle to defend it from attack. homenaje que hace el alcaide 240.

Hapbey k’op, vphr:-dv & n5. promise. prometer.

Hapbil ti‘, nphr(pp & n4d). publicly confessed, supplicated. (1) profeso, (2) prometido.

Hat’is

Hat’isan, iv. sneeze. estornadur.

Hat’isanel, vn5. sneeze. estornudo.

Hay

Hayubaj, iv. yawn. bostesar 42.

Hayubajel, vn5. yawn. RML—This is given as ayubanel. bosisco 42.

Hech

Hech, aj. like that, like this, such. RML—Modern Tzotzil: yech. (1) asi 33, (2) tal cosa.

Hech smuk’ul. The same size (or) this big. tamaño.

mo ‘oyuk bak’ni Hech ekiltik. Lit. We’ve never seen anything like it, i.e., It is strange (or) unfamiliar. extraña cosa 134.

mo ‘oyuk buy Hech. Lit. There is nothing like it anywhere, i.e., It is strange. extraña cosa 34.

Ha‘ te Heche! Like this! tal de esta manera.

Hech ‘ak’ tojol, vphr:aj & tv & -n4f. cost so much. RML—The verb is given in the past tense. costar.

Hech epal, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. as much again, so many, so much, this many, this much. (1) algun tanto, (2) otro tanto, (3) tanto.

Hech yepal ekak’ chak te avak’ atuktuke. I paid as much for it as you did. en tanto en cuanto.

Hech yepal xbat (or) Hech yepal xchone. It costs this much. en tanto se vende.

Hech yepal xchi‘ uk k’alal ta ‘o‘olol xa te xjelav. half as much again. tanto y medio.

Hech yepal xk’uxul. so much love. en tanto grado de amor. Hech yepal ta mek (or) Hech yepal ta yalel. so many times. tantas veces.

Hech yepal yutzil. so good (or) this good. en tanto grado de bien.

Hech ‘epal tojol, s:aj/pred/ & nphr(n4f of -n4f). cost so much. costar.

Hech ‘ilel s:aj/pred/ & -vn4f. in this way, like this. manera.

Hech chak, ajphr(aj & pt). as, like. como.

Hech chak jtot xka‘i. He is like my father. hacer cuenta que es.

Hech chak k’in xk‘i. It is like a fiesta. hacer cuenta que es…165.

Hech chak li‘ to (or) Hech chake. Like this. manerarespondiendo, de esta manera.

Hech chak lume. like that. manera respondiendo….

Hech ejchon chak to achon atuktuke. I sold it for the same as you did. en tanto en cuanto.

Hech snatil chak te. as long as that (or) the same length. tamaño.

Hech ch’ulel, s:aj/pred/ & -n4d. fate, luck. suerte, vea….

Hech no ‘ox, ajphr(aj & pt & pt). just like, similar. semejantemente.

Hech no ‘ox ijman chak te aman atuktuke. I bought it for just the same price as you paid. en tanto en cuanto.

Hech no ‘ox jpas taleltalel. I am just used to doing it this way. soler.

Hech no ‘ox sba chak te. He has the same face. semejarse o parecerse una cosa a otra.

Hech no ‘ox spasel chak te. He acts the same way. semejarse o…

Hech no ‘ox xka‘i chak te k’ine. It is just like a fiesta. hacer cuenta que es …165.

Hech no ‘ox xka‘i chak te jtote. He is just like my father. hacer cuenta…165.

Hech no ‘ox xanbal, s:aj/pred/ & pt & pt & n5. bachelorhood. solteria de aquestos.

Hech no ‘ox tok, ajphr(aj & pt & pt & pt). in the same way too, like this too, similar. (1) asi tambien o asi de la misma manera 33, (2) semejantamente.

Hech no ‘ox tokuk, ajphr(aj & pt & pt & pt). similar. semejantemente.

Hech pasel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4b. style, way. manera, de esta manera es….

Hech spasel jk’u‘. My clothing is this style.

Hech spasel jna. My house is this style.

Hech talel, s:aj/pred/ & -vn4b. custom, style, way of life. (1) natural cosa, (2) soler, acostumbrar.

Hech xa ‘epal, s:aj/pred/ & pt & -n4f. as much again. otro tanto.

Hechtik, aj. in agreement. partido o concierto.

Hechuk, aj. like this, enough. asi sea 33.

Ha‘ te Hechuke! Like this! el de esta manera.

Hechuk ‘ox pisil, ajphr(aj & pt & aj). even though. aunque asi sea.

Hechuk chak, ptphr:aj & pt. as, like. como.

Hechuk pisil, ajphr(aj & aj). even though. aunque asi sea.

toj Hech, vphr:adv & aj/pred/. certain. cierto 71.

*Hel

*Hel ba, rv. masturbate. RML—The same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:208). tocarse las panes vergonzosas.

*Hi‘ it

*Hi‘t, n1e. rush (with which they make petates). RML—This same term occurs in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:110). junco de que hacen petates.

Hit

Hitil, aj. loose, untied. suelto, cosa no atada.

Hituj, iv. come undone. RML—Modern Tzotzil: jit. (1) soltar lo atado, (2) suelto cosa.

Hitun, tv. free. (1) soltar (2) soltar de prision.

Ho

Ho, n5. fly, scarab. RML—In modern Tzotzil vo is the housefly.

Ho‘ (1)

Ho‘, n5. canal, pond, rain, water. RML—Modern Tzotzil of Zinacantán: vo‘. (1) agua 13, (2) estancada agua, cañal.

Ho‘ ti‘, nphr(n type n)5. drivelling. baboso.

Ho‘tik, n5. winter. *The rainy season would be better named summer which contrasts more with the cold than the rain and then there is no cold. Winter proper is with the sun because winter contrasts more with heat than rain and when they call it the sunny season here it is cold though it does not rain and therefore in my opinion it is winter. ynvierno 189.

Ho‘tikil, natt. rainy. lluviosa.

Ho‘tikil ‘ixim, nphr(natt & n)5. rainy season corn. ynvernal, cosa de invierno o aguas 189.

Ho‘tikil ‘osil, nphr(natt & n)5. rainy season. lluviosa cosa.

Ho‘tikil lurn, nphr(natt & n)5. rainy season. lluviosa cosa.

bik’tal Ho‘, nphr(aj & n)5. brook, stream. riatillo o rio pequeno.

toj ‘ip Ho‘, s:adv & aj/pred/ & n5. constant rain. llover mucho.

‘a‘al, n4d. water. RML—This is given as cal, but in colonial Tzeltal it is caal (Guzmán, 1620:12). agua 13.

‘a‘al dios, nphr(n4d of n5). holy water. RML—The first term is given as yal. agua bendita 3.

‘a‘alil, n3d. fontanel. mollera.

‘a‘lel, n4f. broth, juice, sap. (1) agua 13, (2) caldo, (3) zumo 72. ‘oy ya‘lel. It is watery (wine). vino aguado.

‘a‘lel ‘ixim, nphr(n4f of n5). corn whiskey. *They do not have any here, but if they did it would be called ya‘ lel ‘ixim. And all other wines are named the same way according to their manufacture. vino de maiz.

‘a‘lel ‘itaj, nphr(n4f of n5). cabbage broth. caldo.

‘a‘lel chi, nphr(n4f of n5). pulque. miel de maguey.

‘a‘lel chu‘ chij, nphr:n4f of nphr(n4d of n5). whey. suero de leche.

‘a‘lel po‘on, nphr(n4f of n5). plum wine. vino de ciruelas.

‘a‘lel satil, nphr(n4f of n3d). tear. lagrima.

‘a‘lel sibak, nphr(n4f of n5). ink. tinta para escribir.

‘a‘lel tuluk’, nphr(n4f of n5). chicken broth. caldo.

‘a‘lel vale‘, nphr(n4f of n5). molasses. miel de cañas.

Ha‘al ch’en, nphr(aj & n)5. rock in the ocean. RML—The adjective is given as ahal, but in colonial Tzeltal it is given as Haal (Gates, 1934b:63) and in modern Tzotzil it is ja‘ al. roca en el mar.

Ha‘al mut, nphr(aj & n)5. wading bird (generic term). roca en el mar.

Ha‘bej, n5. drawing of water. yr por agua 189. xebat to Ha‘bej. I am going to draw water.

Ha‘bil, agn. water carrier. acacan. kajHa‘bil. my water carrier.

Ha‘bilin, iv. serve as a water-carrier. RML—Perhaps this is a transitive verb. It is given as xcaghabilin and xaghalibilin. In colonial Tzeltal, xcagh hauilin is “servirse de tal (aguador)” (Gates, 1934b:63). acacan.

Ho‘ (2)

Ho‘-pik’ num(num & nccpd)5. million. RML—The modern Tzotzil root is vo‘. millon.

Ho‘-vinik, num(num & nccpd)5. hundred. ciento 71.

Ho‘-vinik ‘ox-vinik, nphr:num(num & nccpd)5 & num(num & nccpd)4f. nine hundred. RML—I am unable to understand this term. novecientos.

Ho ‘ob, num5. five. cinco 72.

‘o’ob, n4e. fifth. quinto.

Ho‘ (3)

Ho‘. I, you. cf. Ha‘ (1).

Hob (1)

Hob, n5. snow. *Referring to snow…although I don’t believe there is any here. RML—Given as om and ohm. (1) dada o hielo, (2) nieva.

Hob (2)

Hobil, n3d. breath, spirit. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Chenalhó and Chalchihuitán, job is steam (Sarles, n.d.:73). (1) baho, (2) espiritu o huelgo.

Haban, iv. exhale. espirar, echar huelgo.

Habtay, tv. exhale on. (1) bahear, (2) espirar, echar huelgo a alguno.

Hom (1)

Hom, n4d. mother’s brother. RML—Presumably there was an absolute form Homil. In modern Tzotzil of Chalchihuitán, jom is mother’s brother, mother’s brother’s son and mother’s brother’s son’s son. hermano de mi Madre 161.

*Hom (2)

*Homol *vukul, ajphr(aj & aj). bad (administration or government). RML—This expression occurs also in colonial Tzeltal where it extends as well to faulty knowledge of the doctrine (Guzmán, 1620:181, 189). I can not understand the metaphor, but yomol in modern Tzotzil means “in a small pile” and vukul is “inflated.” regimiento, como….

*Homol *vukul ‘osil yu‘un (or) *Homol *vukul svinkilel. bad government.

mu *Homol *vukuluk ‘osil. good government.

*Hona

*Hona vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. buffoon, stupid person. RML—In colonial Tzeltal, hontol vinic is given for “loco,” “necio,” and “torpe” (Guzmán, 1620:120, 140, 209). (1) modorro, (2) mostrenco.

Honon

Honon, n5. large bee or fly, scarab. RML—In modern Tzotzil, vonon is the bumblebee, Bombus formosus, and the carpenter bee, Xylocopa sp. (1) abispa, una especie como moscardon, (2) escarabajo, (3) mosca grande o moscardon.

*Hop

*Hopan, iv. become a valley. valle hacerse.

*Hoplej, n4f. large valley, plain between two hills. RML—This term occurs also in colonial Tzeltal (Guzmán, 1620:173, 213). (1) allanarse, (2) quebrada de, cuestas…, (3) valle grande.

*Hopol, aj. with valleys or gorges. RML—In colonial Tzeltal this is given as hopol (Guzmán, 1620:213). valles muchos….

*HopHoptik, aj. with many valleys or ravines. (1) quebradas, muchas…, (2) valles muchos….

laal *Hopolil, s:aj/pred/ & -n4f. with many ravines. quebradas muchas….

Hot

Hot, tv. bore through, pierce, wound. RML—In modern Tzeltal of Bachajón, hotel is “ahoyar, cavar” (Slocum and Gerdel, 1965:140). (1) agujerar algo, (2) horadar.

Hot, iv. be wounded, bore through. (1) agujerarse, (2) horadar.

Hot ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. wound. descalabrar.

Hotben, n4d. pierced object. agujerado.

Hotbil, pp. pierced, wounded. (1) agujerado, (2) descalabrado.

Hotbol, n4d. object to be pierced. agujerado.

Hotes, tv. bore, pierce, wound. agujerear, descalabrar.

Hotnej, n4d. pierced object. agujerado.

Hotob, n4a. chisel, drill. agujerado.

Hotob, n4e. hole. agujerado.

Hotob te‘, nphr(n of n)5. chisel, drill. agujerado.

Hotob ton, nphr(n of n)5. chisel. agujerado.

Hotol, n1e. hole, wound. (1) agujero, (2) herida que de el que asi hiere.

Hotol, aj. pierced, with a hole, wound. (1) agujerado, (2) descalabrado.

Hotoltik, aj. with many holes. agujerado.

Hotottik, aj. with many holes. agujerado.

Hov

Hov, aj. crazy. RML—Modern Tzotzil: vov. loco.

Hov, n5. falcon. halcon.

HovHovtik, aj. foolish. desatinado.

HovHovtik ba, raj. stupid. tonto.

HovHovtik k’opoj, vphr:aj & iv. talk foolishly. desatinar.

HovHovtik xanav, vphr:aj & iv. be dissolute. disoluta muger.

Hovi, iv. act or talk foolishly, be duped, deceive oneself, go mad, lose one’s way. (1) bobear 44, (2) desatinar, (3) embaucado asi, (4) engañarse, (5) enloquecerse, (6) enloquecido, (7) perderse en camino, (8) perdido asi.

Hovi ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. make person deceitful. hacer bellaco 165.

Hovi-xanav, iv(iv & ivcpd). pimp. rofianiar.

Hovi ta be, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & n5). lose one’s way. errar el camino.

Hoviel, vnld. craziness, foolish talk, foolishness, mistake, restlessness. (1) boberia 44, (2) desatino, (3) enloquecimiento, (4) yerro 183, (5) ynquietud 188.

Hovil, n1d. craziness, malice, mischief, prank, rascality, wickedness. (1) enloquecimiento, (2) maldad, (3) malicia, (4) travesura, (5) truaneria.

Hovil ‘antz, nphr(aj & n)5. dissolute woman. disoluta muger.

Hovil kelem, nphr(aj & n)5. pimp. rofian.

Hovil k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. foolish talk. desatino.

Hovil-k’opoj, iv(aj & ivcpd). talk foolishly. desatinar.

Hovil xanbal, nphr(aj & n)5. ruffianism. rofianeria.

Hovil xinch’ok, nphr(aj & n)5. dissolute man. disoluto.

Hovil vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. fool, jester, madman, rascal. (1) loco, (2) truan.

Hovintas, tv. deceive with plots, dupe, make person go mad, trick, trouble. (1) embaucar, (2) engañar a otro, (3) enloquecer a otro, (4) enredar algo, engañar urdiendo tramas, (5) hacer bellaco 165, (6) ynquietar 188.

Hovintasbil, pp. duped. embaucar.

jHoviel, agn. person who has lost his way. errado.

jHovil-vinik, agn(aj & ncpd). madman, mischief maker. (1) bobos 44, (2) enloquecido, (3) travieso.

Hu‘

Hu‘, iv. be able, can, take place. *Note that the verb is xeHu‘ xaHu‘, xHu‘, but commonly the neuter is only used in the third person. RML—In modern Tzotzil this verb is included under the root yu‘ poder, verbo.

me xHu‘ ‘amay? Are the flutes being played?

me xHu‘ ‘ovol? Is the planting taking place?

tana xHu‘ ‘ovol. The planting is taking place now.

tana xHu‘ ve‘el. The meal is taking place now.

Hu‘ ‘ilel, s:iv & -vn4f. be visible. visible 350.

Hu‘ ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -vn4d. be able or powerful, be granted a request, can, have power over. (1) ympetrar 185, (2) mando, (3) poder, verbo.

skotol xHu‘ yu‘un (or) xHu‘ yu‘un skotol k’usiuk. He can do everything (or) He is all-powerful. …poderoso de tal o tal cosa.

tz’akal xHu‘ yu‘un (or) kipel xHu‘ yu‘un (or) k’otbaj-xHu‘ yu‘un. He is all-powerful. …poderoso de tal o tal cosa.

Hu‘ ‘u‘un, vphr:iv + -n4d. conclude, negotiate (as when we act as an attorney or ask if it has been negotiated or concluded). RML—The verb is in the past tense. negociar como cuando….

Hu‘ k’op ‘u‘un ta tz’elel juez, s:iv & n5 + -n4d & qphr(prep & nphr<n4d of n5>). litigate. pleitear.

Hu‘ na‘el, s:iv & -vn4f. be provable. probable, cosa que se prueba 274.

Hu‘ pasel, s:iv & -vn4f. be possible. posible, cosa que se puede hacer.

Hu‘ Hechuk pasuk, s:iv & s(aj & tv/subj/-). be possible. posible, cosa que se puede hacer.

Hu‘el, vn5. possibility, power. poder, nombre.

jHu‘el, agn. powerful person. poderoso.

mo Hu‘, vphr:neg & iv. be illicit or impossible. (1) ylicita cosa 184, (2) ymposible, lo que no se puede hacer 185.

mo xHu‘ sti‘el bek’et ta viernes. Meat must not be eaten on Friday. ylicita cosa 184.

mo Hu‘ ‘u‘un, vphr:neg & iv + -n4d. be impotent or unable to do. (1) ympotente 185, (2) no poder.

ejk’ane mo xHu‘ ku‘un. I wanted to, but I could not do it. poder, verbo.

jlikese mo xHu‘ ku‘un. I started to, but I could not do it. poder, verbo.

mu Hu‘ ‘a‘i, s:s(neg & iv-) & tv. be too busy (to do something, because of disturbances). tiempo no tener….

toj Hu‘ ‘u‘un, vphr:adv & iv + -n4d. be powerful. poderoso de tal o tal cosa.

toj xHu‘ yabutil yu‘un. He is powerful in warfare.

Hub

Hub, tv. blow (bellows). RML—In modern Tzotzil, jub. sollar como fuelles.

Hub, nc. blow (on fire). sople asi.

Hub k’ok’, vphr:tv & n5. blow on fire. soplar el fuego.

Hubil, n3d. windpipe. garguero.

Hubob k’ok’, nphr(n of n)5. bellows. fuelles para soplar.

Hubobil, n4f. bellows. fuelles para soplar.

Hubvan, iv. blow (bellows). sollar como fuelles.

Huk

Huk-‘abi, num(num & nccpd)4f. seven years old. RML—The modern Tzotzil root is vuk. sietenal.

Huk-‘abi, num(num & nccpd)5. seven years. siete años.

Huk-k’in ‘abtel, nphr(num<num & nccpd>4f of n5). a week’s labor. semanera cosa….

Huk-k’in belel, nphr(num<num & nccpd>5 of n4f). a week’s journey. semanera cosa….

Huk-k’in jun domingo, nphr(num<num & nccpd>4f & nphr<num & n>5). week. semana.

Huk-mekel Hech ‘epal tojol, nphr(num<num & nccpd>4f of nphr<aj & n4f> of n4d). seventh part of a determined amount (fine for robbery). setenas, pena de hurto.

Huk-vinik ta pik’, nphr(num<num & nccpd>4f & qphr<prep & nc>). million. RML—In modern Tzotzil of Chalchihuitán, j-pik’ is 8000 (ears of corn), so this sum would be 140 times 8000 or 1,120,000. millon.

Huk-vo‘, num(num & nccpd)5. seven people. siete.

Hukub, num5. seven. siete.

Hukub ‘abil, nphr(num & n)5. seven years. siete años.

Hukuk-k’in, num(num & nccpd)4f. every week, week by week. semana a semana.

Hul

Hul, iv. come. RML—Modern Tzotzil of Zinacantán: yul; of Chamula: vul. acudir.

Hul ‘olonton, s:iv & -n4d. be converted (from sinful ways), come back to one’s senses (crazy person, drunk). (1) convertirse de pecador, hacer bueno, (2) tornar en su seso el loco.

mo to ta xHul kolonton. I am still sticking to it (job that person has begun). conversion como…65.

Hul ‘olonton ta tojol, s:iv & -n4d & qphr(prep & -n4d). be reconciled. reconciliarse el amigo.

Hul ta ‘olonton, vphr:iv & qphr(prep & -n4d). remember. acordarse.

Hulel ‘oy, vphr:vn4d[S] & pt. have just come. (1) luego que, (2) punto de partida.

Hulel to, vphr.vn4d[S] & pt. have just come. RML—Both entries for this and the preceding expression are given as if the verb were consonant initial. In colonial Tzeltal they are always vowel initial (Guzmán, 1620:19, 121, 170). (1) aun ahora 22, (2) poco ha.

Hun

Hun, n1d. book, criminal process, letter, paper. RML—Modern Tzotzil: vun.

(1) carta, libro o papel, (2) proceso en el pleito.

Hun ‘ik’ti‘, nphr(n4e of n5). history in writing. ystoria, libro…190.

Hun ‘ojov, nphr(n4d of n5). privilege. privilegio o ley para alguno 271.

‘oy sHun ‘ojov *kuchikoy ta caballo. He has the royal privilege to ride horseback.

Hun k’eyoj, nphr(n4e of n5). hymnal. libro.

Hun misa, nphr(n4e of n5). missal. misal.

Hun nupunel, nphr(n4e of vn5). marriage book. libro.

Hun patan, nphr(n4e of n5). tribute notice. tasa, el papel.

Hun vokol, nphr(n4e of n5). history in writing. ystoria, libro…190.

Hunal bul, nphr(natt & n)5. card game, playing cards. naipes, juego.

Hunbil, n5. messenger. *When they scold the messenger, to apologize he says, “Hunbilon, ‘ abaton.” “I am a messenger. I am an errand boy.” mensaje.

Hunbil k’op, nphr(n type n)5. message. mensaje.

sakil Hun, cf. sak.

Hupan

Hupan, tv. blow through (reed, blowgun), inflate, play (flute, trumpet). RML—In modern Tzotzil of Larrainzár the verb is jupan (Delgaty and Sanchez, 1978:72). (1) hinchar soplando, (2) soplar como por caña, cerbatana, flauta, trompeta.

Hupan, nc. blow. soplo asi.

jHupanej-trompeta, agn(tv & ncpd). trumpeter. trompeta, el que las tañe.

Hux

Hux, tv. sharpen, whet. RML—Modern Tzotzil is jux. (1) azucar en azucadera 13, cf. aguzar, (2) amolar.

Hux, n5. whetstone. (1) afiladera, (2) azucadera, cf. aguza dera.

Hux ‘e, vphr: tv & -n4f. sharpen blade. afilar.

HuxHux ton, nphr(n type n)5. whetstone. muela para moler.

Huxben, n4d. sharpened blade. afilado.

Huxbey ‘e, vphr:-dv & n4f[B]. sharpen blade. afilar.

Huxbil, pp. sharpened. (1) afilado, (2) azucado 13, cf. aguzado.

Huxbol, n4d. object to be sharpened. afilado.

Huxob, n4d. whetstone. (1) afiladera, (2) azucadera 13, cf. aguzadera.

Huxob ‘ek’el, nphr(n of n)5. whetstone. afiladera.

Huxob ton, nphr(n type n)5. whetstone. muela para moler.

Huxobil, n4f. whetstone. RML—This is given as xuxobil. azucadera 13, cf. aguzadera.

Appendix

Undetermined Words

(Glottal stops and glottalization are indicated, when known. In many of the words, the “c” must have been written with a cedilla in the original manuscript.)

Tzotzil

Spanish

achghilan

lebrel (por los hombres delgados)

xcalubey xch’am

pegar enfermedad contagiosa

xcalubey xch’amtan

pegar enfermedad contagiosa

xanali

echar las plantas

auc

sirguerito

xbanitzagh

arrasar

ghbes

nota, sobre sentencia

bulina

ajedrez

caghaghtic

grada, agrada

cantzogh

entreverado

catal

gigante

catyox

repelo o padrastro de la uva

cavelton

esmeralda piedra preciosa

celobil

azador

celom

azador

cenetel

baladrear enojando

chich xecol

verdolaga, yerva

chibequel vaj

pastel de carne

ghchicnegh

allegados amigos

xchighebon

duro hacerse

xchilpen

suelta de mula o caballo

ghchivi jk’opon

reconciliarse el amigo

xechocogh

manifestarse

xchuchaley

humear sin querer arder

chul k’op

notoria cosa, sabida o conocida

chul pasnej

notoria cosa, sabida o conocida

xechuquet

preñada

chux te‘

alcornoque

chux te‘

flor de unas coloradas que parecen borlas y son arboles

cibil

golondrina

cochol

sumida

cohoghil

furioso

colcol k’op

manifiesta cosa

col pasnej

manifiesta cosa

col xek’opoj

manifiestamente hablar

conanta

manta de las que dan en tributo y hacen camizas noche por noche

xecotzlic

asombrado correr o menearse (colonial Tzeltal: xohtzlegh) (Guzmán, 1620:26)

cuntzac

entreverado

aveonabil

respiradero

queonabil

respiradero

ghalulan

lustre dar

ghatzetz

publicar algo (colonial Tzeltal: zgha-taghtes) (Guzmán, 1620:168)

ghghatzecegh k’op

predicar, divulgar

ghghuta bon

embarnizar

ghghuta sbon

embarnizar

ghogh ye

agudo, que corta bien

gholcan mut

maiz que se hace en sesenta dias

ghop

quebrada (colonial Tzeltal: ghop)(Guzmán, 1620:173)

pahoh

diablos (nombres de algunos)

xkak’ apanabal

fatigar

xepanenay

apostemarse, enconarse (colonial Tzel-tal: xpaynagh) (Guzmán, 1620:22)

pen

verdadero

ghpoco totol

siervo nacido en casa

ghquelem

tuerto de un ojo

ghquelem sat

entuertecido asi

ghquex

tuerto de un ojo

xequin

bañarse en baño

xtaltun sba

tonto (colonial Tzeltal: xtulton zba)(Guzmán, 1620:208)

j-tos ta tamul

hueste de gente de guerra

ghtanupu

encontrarse (es encontrarse acaso sin saberlo o pensarlo)

tata

hijo como llaman las viejas a los mosos, a las muchachas o mosas

ghtilulan campana

repicar campana

tulayatil vinik

juglar

ztulon ycim kolon-ton

estomago

tzaghebil vinik

astuto

tzalus

cuervo otra especie (colonial Tzeltal: tzaal hoz) (Guzmán, 1620:47)

ta xetzequinagh

hermosearse, hacerse hermoso

ghtzetubel

gafo (colonial Tzeltal: ghcitubel)(Guzmán, 1620:94)

ghtsolday ghmul

arrepentirse (de los pecados)

ucabel tak’in

anillo

xquich

pasar a otro asi

xumunet

doler reciamente

uxutic

rapas, muchachos o vil

ghuldacegh k’op

predicar, divulgar

ghulighbey yolonton

ynducir por razones

ghutem

yesca de fuego que ellos sacan con palos

hom te‘

flor de unas grandes que andan en sus vainas

hopip xe‘avan

gritar recio

ghhotz

rebaño de ganado

hovitique chitom

javali, puerco silvestre

ichiconon

yerba de la vibora que en mexicano llaman xuchipinti

inchagh

porque no preguntando

xjuchtay

ayuda echar (colonial Tzeltal: xquichtai)(Guzmán, 1620:15)

ghman k’op

hablador de cosas vanas

zmastaniquil

entorpecimiento

mayuy

espiritu

mayuy

espiritual

nabel pom

abeja (otra especie)

nandil

harpon

xenim

manar sin borbollones

nipal

empeorado asi

xeochigh

mesar (meter)

ghpachuta jti‘

chupar (como cuando se chupan despues de bebido)

ghaghogh jpas

emparejar (colonial Tzeltal: zpagh zba)(Guzmán, 1620:66)

junjun zpaghol sba jpas

emparejar

pahau

diablos (nombres de algunos)

vaam pom

abeja (otra especie)

velay

o

ghvogh ti‘

ponzoñar o morder cosa ponzoñosa

xehuamaley

apostemarsele (por entrar en agua)

xaghnam

espigar hacerle la espiga

xalen

ralesa de cosas ralas

ghxetas situbel tonil

sanar potras

xucum

gigante

xuyutic

besudo (por boquituerto que decimos en romance)

xxabon setet te‘

eje de carreta

yaxep ‘osil

sombria cosa

yaxmoghom

rosar antes de tiempo que aun las matas estan tiernas (aquel acto)

yyabal

acarrear lo que acarrean (acarrea-miento) (colonial Tzeltal: quihabal) (Guzmán, 1620:8)

zcunal na

recamara

zisbenal

sobra que queda

References

1. Anonymous Manuscripts

Breve aplicación de la lengua tzotzil para los pueblos de la provincia de Chiapas. [Copied 1877.] Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale. [Mexicain 413.]

Confesionario y sermones en la misma lengua tzotzil. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale. [Mexicain 412.]

Diccionario en lengua sotzil. 352 pages. New Jersey: Firestone Library, Princeton University. [Photocopy, Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.]

Doctrina christiana abreviada en lengua zotzlem (ou tzotzil) zinacanteca. 21 pages. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale. [Mexicain 71.] [Photocopy, Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. New Orleans: Latin American Library, Tulane University. Chicago: Newberry Library.]

Rudimentos gramaticales u oserbaciones en ydioma tzotzil de Cinacantlan. [19th century.] 26 pages. Philadelphia: Van Pelt Library, University of Pennsylvania.

To Robert Garrett. [Dated 1950.] Baltimore: Evergreen House.

2. Newspapers

Baltimore Evening Sun. 25 April 1961. Baltimore: Evergreen House.

El Demócrata Mexicano (Mexico City). 14 July 1911, 17 July 1911, 19 July 1911, 28 July 1911, 22 August 1911. Mexico City: Biblioteca Nacional.

El Diario (Mexico City). 24 August 1911, 19 September 1911, 20 September 1911. Mexico City: Biblioteca Nacional.

El Imparcial (Mexico City). 8 July 1911, 9 July 1911, 10 July 1911. Mexico City: Biblioteca Nacional.

El Tiempo (Mexico City). 11 July 1911. Mexico City: Biblioteca del Museo Nacional de Antropologia.

El Tiempo Ilustrado (Mexico City). 1902(2):77, 87; 1904(4):197, 200. Mexico City: Biblioteca Nacional.

Kansas City Kansan. 15 August 1934. Kansas City, Kansas, Public Library.

La Libertad del Sufragio (San Cristóbal). 29 February 1912. Archivo Histórico Diocesano de San Cristóbal.

La Patria (Mexico City). 8 July 1911, 12 July 1911, 19 July 1911, 16 August 1911, 20 September 1911. Mexico City: Biblioteca Nacional.

Los Angeles Times. 18 March 1922. Los Angeles Public Library.

New York Herald Tribune. 26 April 1961. Baltimore: Evergreen House.

Pajarito (Tuxtla Gutierrez). 19 October 1911. Casa de Cultura: Tuxtla Gutierrez.

3. Correspondence

Albores, J. de Cármen

1907. Letter to Francisco Orozco y Jiménez, 5 December 1907. Archivo Histórico Diocesano de San Cristóbal.

Altamira, Inocencio [Orozco y Jiménez]

1918. Telegram to Francis C. Kelley, 19 July 1918. Archives of the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City.

Aydelotte, Frank

1942. Letter to Robert Garrett, 27 April 1942. Princeton, New Jersey: Institute for Advanced Studies Archives.

Baird, Spencer

1884. Letter to John Wesley Powell, 1 November 1884. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Archives.

Ballinas, J. Antero

1911. Telegram to Francisco Orozco y Jiménez, 5 October 1911. Archivo Histórico Diocesano de San Cristóbal.

Brand, Donald

1945. Letter to Julian H. Steward, 29 March 1945. Washington, D.C.: National Anthropological Archives.

Cañaveral, J.M.

1909. Letter to San Cristóbal Chapter, 4 January 1909. Archivo Histórico Diocesano de San Cristóbal.

García, Genaro

1907. Letter to Orozco y Jiménez, 4 December 1907. Archivo Histórico Diocesano de San Cristóbal.

Garrett, Robert

1944. Letter to Frank Aydelotte, 5 February 1944. Princeton, New Jersey: Institute for Advanced Studies Archives.

Gates, William E.

1911a. Letter to Paul Wilkinson, 20 April 1911. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–1–9A.

1911b. Letter to Nicolás León, 20 May 1911. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–1.

1912a. Letter to Paul Wilkinson, 15 April 1912. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–1A.

1912b. Letter to Paul Wilkinson, 9 June 1912. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–2.

1912c. Letter to Nicolás León, 24 September 1912. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–2A.

1912d. Letter to Nicolás León, 23 December 1912. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–4.

1913a. Letter to Nicolás León, 7 January 1913. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–5.

1913b. Letter to Nicolás León, 15 April 1913. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–6.

1913c. Letter to Antonio Batres Jauregui, 22 November 1913. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–9.

1914. Letter to Nicolás León, 10 March 1914. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–2.

1915a. Letter to George Parker Winship, 27 April 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–7.

1915b. Letter to Alfred M. Tozzer, 30 April 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–7.

1915c. Letter to Charles Pickering Bowditch, 8 May 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–8.

1915d. Letter to Charles Pickering Bowditch, 10 May 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–8.

1915e. Letter to Charles Pickering Bowditch, 13 May 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–8.

1915f. Letter to Charles Pickering Bowditch, 14 May 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–8.

1915g. Letter to Paul Wilkinson, 24 May 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–8.

1915h. Letter to Miss Breton, 28 May 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–8.

1915i. Letter to Alfred M. Tozzer, 30 May 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–8.

1915j. Letter to Frederick J. Smith, 5 June 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–8.

1935. Letter to John P. Harrington, 17 September 1935. Washington, D.C.: National Anthropological Archives.

1936. Letter to Mr. Dorflinger, 7 September 1936. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–8–6.

1937. Letter to John P. Harrington, 3 October 1937. Washington, D.C.: National Anthropological Archives.

Harrington, John P.

1941. Letter to Edith McComas, 4 May 1941. Princeton University: Institute for Advanced Studies Archives.

Kelley, Francis C.

1918. Telegram to Joseph Tumulty, 14 July 1918. Archives of the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City.

Laughlin, Robert M.

1977a. Letter to W.S. Merwin, 31 July 1977. Personal file.

1977b. Letter to Walter “Chip” Morris, 7 October 1977. Personal file.

1978. Letter to Walter “Chip” Morris, 4 May 1978. Personal file.

León, Nicolás

1884a. Letter to Spencer Baird, 18 October 1884. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Archives.

1884b. Letter to Spencer Baird, 16 November 1884. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Archives.

1892. Letter to Spencer Baird, 18 September 1892. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Archives.

1903. Letter to Franz Boas, 9 January 1903. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Library.

1911a. Letter to William E. Gates, 5 June 1911. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–10.

1911b. Letter to William E. Gates, 16 July 1911. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–10A.

1911c. Letter to William E. Gates, 19 August 1911. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–11A.

1914a. Letter to William E. Gates, 23 February 1914. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–2.

1914b. Letter to William E. Gates, 23 March 1914. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–2.

1914c. Letter to William E. Gates, 7 November 1914. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–8–5.

1926a. Letter to Ales Hrdlicka, 18 March 1926. Washington, D.C.: National Anthropological Archives.

1926b. Letter to Ales Hrdlicka, 16 April 1926. Washington, D.C.: National Anthropological Archives.

McComas, Edith

1940. Letter to Robert Garrett, 4 October 1940. Princeton, New Jersey: Institute for Advanced Studies.

Orozco y Jiménez, Francisco

1909. Letter to Nicolás León, 28 March 1909. Chicago: Newberry Library.

1911a. Telegram to President León de la Barra, 16 September 1911. Archivo Histórico Diocesano de San Cristóbal.

1911b. Telegram to President León de la Barra, 2? September, 1911. Archivo Histórico Diocesano de San Cristóbal.

1911c. Telegram to President León de la Barra, 1 October 1911. Archivo Histórico Diocesano de San Cristóbal.

1911d. Telegram to J. Antero Ballinas, 5 October 1911. Archivo Histórico Diocesano de San Cristóbal.

1924. Open Letter to President Obregón, 28 February 1924. Archives of the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City.

Protesta de la Asociación de Damas Católicas Mexicanas de San Cristóbal

1912. Archivo Histórico Diocesano de San Cristóbal. [17 October 1912.]

Protesta de San Andrés

1912. Archivo Histórico Diocesano de San Cristóbal. [29 October 1912.]

Proxmire, William

1978. Letter to Robert M. Laughlin, 23 February 1978. Personal file.

Sachs, Judith E.

1949. Letter to J. Robert Oppenheimer, 23 May 1949. Princeton, New Jersey: Institute for Advanced Studies.

Smith, Frederick J.

1915a. Letter to William E. Gates, 12 February 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–6.

1915b. Letter to William E. Gates, 22 March 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–6.

1915c. Letter to William E. Gates, 20 April 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–7.

1915d. Letter to William E. Gates, 25 June 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–8A.

Tozzer, Alfred M.

1915. Letter to William E. Gates, 14 July 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–4–1.

1921. Statement, 22 March 1921. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.

White, William Allen

1932. Letter to Hugh W. Wilkinson, 12 September 1932. Kansas: Kansas City. [Personal files of Elizabeth W. Vaughan.]

Wilkinson, Hugh

1932. Letter to William Allen White, 11 September 1932. Kansas City: Kansas. [Personal files of Elizabeth W. Vaughan.]

Wilkinson, Paul

1911. Letter to William E. Gates, 9 August 1911. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–1–11.

1912a. Letter to William E. Gates, 19 June 1912. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–2.

1912b. Letter to William E. Gates, 11 December 1912. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–4.

1913a. Letter to William E. Gates, 2 April 1913. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–6.

1913b. Letter to William E. Gates, 20 May 1913. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–6.

1913c. Letter to William E. Gates, 20 August 1913. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–2–7.

1913d. Letter to William E. Gates, 8 December 1913. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–1.

1914. Letter to Nicolás León, 27 January 1914. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–2.

1915. Letter to William E. Gates, 24 January 1915. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–3–6.

Willard, T.A.

1911. Letter to William E. Gates, 6 May 1911. Provo, Utah: Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 279–1–10.

4. Published Works

(including dated manuscripts)

Acuña, René

1978. Farsas y representaciones escénicas de los mayas antiguos. Centro de Estudios Mayas, volume 15. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Alcalá, Pedro de

1971. Petri hispani de lingua arabica libri duo, Pauli de Lagarde studio et sumptibus repetiti.Osnabruck: 0. Zeller.

Alvarado, Francisco de

1962. Vocabulario en lengua mixteca.Mexico City: Institute Nacional Indigenista.

Anales del Institute Nacional de Antropología e Historia

1959. [Dedication.] Volume 1, page i. Mexico City.

Andrade, Vicente de P.

1902. El Ilmo. Sr. Dr. D. José Francisco Orozco y Jiménez Obispo 32° de Chiapas. Tiempo Ilustrado, 2(77):406–407.

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Notes

[1] Flores Ruíz, 1978:25, citing Tomás de la Torre. All translations are mine.

[2] Diccionario en lengua Sotzil, n.d., p. 27. In the text this dictionary will be referred to by its alternate name, Diccionario grande.

[3] Trens, 1957:163.

[4] Gage, 1969:140.

[5] Ibid., 141.

[6] Ibid., 142.

[7] Flores Ruíz, 1973:141.

[8] Ximénes, 1929:1, 366.

[9] Cuervo, 1914:2, 186.

[10] Ibid., 181.

[11] Ibid., 208.

[12] Archivo General de Indias, Audiencia de Guatemala, 10, 63–6–10, Document 2.

[13] Gerhard, 1979:25.

[14] Ibid., 150–152.

[15] Calnek, 1962:24–25.

[16] Ximénes, 1929:1, 359–360.

[17] Calnek, 1962:99–100.

[18] Remesal, 1932:2, 130.

[19] Cuervo, 1914:2, 189.

[20] Chamberlain, 1948:181.

[21] Remesal, 1932:2, 248.

[22] Núñez de la Vega, 1702:131.

[23] Ibid., 9.

[24] Diccionario en lengua Sotzil, n.d., p. 284.

[25] Ibid., 342.

[26] Remesal, 1932:2, 212.

[27] Cuervo, 1914:2, 189.

[28] Cuervo, 1915:3, 195.

[29] Cuervo, 1914:2, 178.

[30] Ximénes, 1929:1, 413.

[31] Ibid., 416.

[32] Cuervo, 1914:2, 255.

[33] Cuervo, 1914:2, 199.

[34] Ibid., 200.

[35] Cuervo, 1915:3, 202.

[36] Ibid.

[37] Ibid., 203.

[38] Cuervo, 1914:2, 175.

[39] Remesal, 1932:2, 128.

[40] Ximénes, 1929:1, 422–423.

[41] Boletín del AGG, 1945:9, 1.

[42] Cuervo, 1914:2, 209–210.

[43] Ximénes, 1929:2, 118–119.

[44] Cuervo, 1915:3, 195.

[45] Remesal, 1932:2, 492.

[46] Ximénes, 1929:1, 390.

[47] Remesal, 1932:2, 64–65.

[48] Ibid., 97.

[49] Ximénes, 1929:1, 398.

[50] Ibid., 361.

[51] Ibid., 365.

[52] Remesal, 1932:1, 422.

[53] Ximénes, 1929:1, 359.

[54] Remesal, 1932:2, 106.

[55] Ibid., 114.

[56] Ibid., 539.

[57] Ximénes, 1929:2, 64–65.

[58] Ibid., 122.

[59] Remesal, 1932:2, 609.

[60] Ximénes, 1929:1, 383.

[61] Remesal, 1932:2, 471.

[62] Ximénes, 1929:2, 64.

[63] Remesal, 1932:1, 427.

[64] Cuervo, 1915:3, 188.

[65] Hilton, 1976:110–112.

[66] Cuervo, 1914:2, 185.

[67] Remesal, 1932:2, 141–144.

[68] Remesal, 1932:1, 427.

[69] Ibid., 426.

[70] Remesal, 1932:2, 421.

[71] Remesal, 1932:1, 427.

[72] Cuervo, 1915:3, 299.

[73] Diccionario en lengua Sotzil, n.d., p. 5.

[74] Ibid., 35.

[75] Ibid., 89.

[76] Ibid., 78.

[77] Ibid., 348.

[78] Ibid., 271.

[79] Ibid., 104.

[80] Ibid., 227.

[81] Several important colonial dictionaries are not included in this review as they were unavailable to me, e.g., Vico’s Diccionario cakchiquel-quiché.

[82] I am indebted to Ulrich Köhler for informing me of the existence of this dictionary.

[83] Gage, 1969:146.

[84] Gates, 1934, ms, b:i.

[85] Diccionario en lengua Sotzil, n.d., p. 98.

[86] Coto, 1691:6.

[87] Diccionario en lengua Sotzil, n.d., p. 74.

[88] Ibid., 214.

[89] Ibid., 180.

[90] Ibid., 328.

[91] Ibid., 325.

[92] Ibid., 328.

[93] Ibid., 345.

[94] Ibid., 162.

[95] Ximénes, 1929:1, 400.

[96] Remesal, 1932:2, 73.

[97] The New Analytical Bible and Dictionary of the Bible, 1973:920.

[98] Diccionario en lengua Sotzil, n.d., p. 3.

[99] Remesal, 1932:2, 473.

[100] Ibid., 492. Anyone who has the least doubt about the difficulties of creating genealogical dictionary trees to discover the lexicographer should read Riese and Zimmer-man’s discussion of the riddle of the Solana/o Mayan dictionary, where they discover not only errors by Gates and J.E.S. Thompson, but deliberate doctoring of manuscripts to fool the unsuspecting bibliophile (Riese and Zimmerman, 1978).

[101] de la Barrera, 1788:2. Z’s manuscript does not appear to have been used by Fray Juan de Rodaz in 1688 for his arte of the Tzotzil of Huitiupán, nor by Nicolás de Morales y Astina in his vocabulary list submitted to the governor of Guatemala in 1789.

[102] Ibid., 101.

[103] Ibid., 82.

[104] Ibid., 95.

[105] Correa, 1804:82.

[106] Ibid., 1–2. It is not clear where this priest was working, but it was not in Zinacantán, as he gives mol totil for grandfather and chichil for grandmother. The former term is used in Larraínzar and Chalchihuitán. The latter is also spoken in Chalchihuitán, but refers not to grandmother, but rather to mother’s brother’s wife.

[107] Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:1, 109–110. This biography, despite its cloying adulation, provides an extraordinary number of intimate scenes in the life of Camberos’ hero. My account is drawn in great part from this source.

[108] Orozco y Jiménez, 1917:7.

[109] Orozco y Jiménez, 1911:i.

[110] Dávila Garibi, 1918:6.

[111] Ruíz Medrano, 1936:14.

[112] Orozco y Jiménez, 1907:12.

[113] Orozco y Jiménez, 1918b:23.

[114] Ibid., 7.

[115] Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:1, 187–189.

[116] Orozco y Jiménez, 1918b:24.

[117] Orozco y Jiménez, 1918a:53.

[118] Orozco y Jiménez, 1918b:23.

[119] Ruíz Medrano, 1936:181–182.

[120] Dávila Garibi, 1963:5, 243.

[121] Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:1, 187–189; Orozco y Jiménez, 1918:6.

[122] Orozco y Jiménez, 1918b:23.

[123] Espinosa, 1912:19.

[124] Ibid.

[125] Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:1, 506–507.

[126] Orozco y Jiménez, 1918b:8. Jan Rus, who assures me that the bishop was, indeed, intimately involved in the war, discovered an exchange of telegrams between the ladino military leader of the forces of San Cristóbal, J. Ballinas, and the prelate. Responding to the request that the priest of Chiapilla accompany the forces “on an expedition,” the bishop replied through a third party that “the priest knows and must carry out his respective duties.” In light of the bishop’s actions in the Cristero War, years later, I am confident that the priest was not authorized to bear arms and would have served as a chaplain, administering last rites, etc., on the field of battle.

[127] Ibid., 17.

[128] Boletín eclesiástico, 1911:1, 80.

[129] Orozco y Jiménez, 1918a:49–50.

[130] Orozco y Jiménez, 1911:28.

[131] Espinosa, 1912:52.

[132] Paz, 1912:29–30.

[133] Orozco y Jiménez, 1912:1, 11, 216.

[134] Orozco y Jiménez, 1912:1, 13, 244.

[135] Orozco y Jiménez, 1912:2, 2, 26.

[136] Flores Ruíz, 1978:121.

[137] Ruíz Medrano, 1966:235.

[138] Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:1, 217.

[139] Gaffey, 1980:2, 39.

[140] Kelley, 1916:16.

[141] Kelley, 1948:199–200.

[142] Orozco y Jiménez, 1918b:6.

[143] Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:1, 393.

[144] Gaffey, 1980:2, 41.

[145] Ibid., 60.

[146] Orozco y Jiménez, 1918b:39.

[147] Memorial, 1918:7.

[148] Ibid., 30.

[149] Kelley, 1948:200.

[150] Orozco y Jiménez, 1918b:33.

[151] Gaffey, 1980:2, 42.

[152] I have been unable to locate this.

[153] Orozco y Jiménez, 1920:9.

[154] Ibid., 9–10.

[155] Ibid., 10.

[156] Gaffey, 1980:2, 61.

[157] Ibid., 62.

[158] Ibid., 76.

[159] Meyer, 1976:41.

[160] Weber, 1968:14.

[161] Parsons, 1936:58.

[162] Williams, F., 1935:12–13.

[163] Ibid., 12.

[164] Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:2, 262.

[165] Kelley, 1948:199.

[166] Blanco Gil, 1947:181.

[167] Ibid., 270.

[168] Ibid., 271.

[169] Parsons, 1936:58.

[170] Ibid., 55.

[171] Bailey, 1974:44.

[172] Camberos Vizcaino, 1966:2, 317.

[173] Ibid., 321.

[174] Ibid., 381.

[175] Ibid., 388.

[176] Kelley, 1948:198.

[177] Bailey, 1974:298.

[178] Quigley, 1969:233.

[179] Orozco y Jiménez, 1934:3–4.

[180] Ibid., 9–10.

[181] Ibid., 13.

[182] Ruíz Medrano, 1966:221.

[183] Ibid., 236.

[184] Ibid., 239.

[185] Ibid., 62.

[186] Ibid., 67.

[187] Ibid., 68.

[188] Ibid., 71.

[189] Ibid., 73.

[190] Ibid., 78.

[191] Ibid., 80.

[192] Ibid., 81.

[193] Ibid., 82.

[194] León, 1980:146.

[195] León, 1888:1, 2.

[196] Arriaga, 1960:37.

[197] Gonzalez, 1961:i, xi.

[198] León, 1919:14.

[199] Arriaga, 1964:24.

[200] Ibid., 16.

[201] Ibid., 28.

[202] Ibid., 1.

[203] León, 1980:28.

[204] Iguíniz, 1953:226.

[205] Arriaga, 1960:35.

[206] In this same letter of 28 March 1908, the bishop thanks Dr. León for his notes on the “Cartilla Sotzil” published in Tiérnpo Ilustrado. I have searched through this periodical for the years 1902, 1904, the latter half of 1905, 1906–1907, and up to April of 1908 without success. This leaves only the issues of 1901, 1903, and the first half of 1905, which were unavailable, untested.

I had thought perhaps the bishop was mistaken in the source, as this weekly seemed most unlikely, being a record of high fashion; popes, archbishops, and bishops, kings and princes, battle scenes, and banquets, natural calamities, poetry, as “Standing before the Body of the Prince,” and the latest in fine apparel, but in two issues of 1904 are notes authored by N.L. and Dr. N. León (León, 1904b, d). Indeed the bishop himself is awarded two full page, front page photographs and accompanying notes (Tiémpo Ilustrado, 1902:2, 77, 87). No article on Tzotzil is listed in León’s bibliographies.

[207] Anonymous. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropologίa e Historia, 1959:12, i.

[208] White, 1946:142.

[209] Rich, 1941:v.

[210] Ibid., 43.

[211] Morgan, 1911:2, 585.

[212] Gerretson, 1957:4, 260.

[213] Philip, 1982:208.

[214] Kansas City Kansan, 15 August 1934.

[215] White, 1932, letter to Hugh Wilkinson, 12 September 1932

[216] Wilkinson, H., 1932, letter to White, 11 September 1932.

[217] Lowe, 1973:6.

[218] Ibid., 2.

[219] Gates, 1930:11.

[220] Lowe, 1973:8.

[221] Ibid., 9.

[222] Ibid., 12.

[223] Moscoso Pastrana, 1972:83. These Indians were, in fact, not Chamulas, but natives from Huistan.

[224] Lowe, 1973:9.

[225] Gates, 1935:6.

[226] Gates, 1937a:8.

[227] Senate, 1919:316.

[228] Ibid., 323.

[229] Gates, 1937a:5.

[230] Lowe, 1973:18.

[231] Gates, 1930:15.

[232] Gates, 1926:3.

[233] Tozzer, 1921:148.

[234] Lowe, 1973:34.

[235] Gates, 1936, letter to Dorflinger, 7 August 1936.

[236] Gates, 1929.

[237] Gates, 1930:1.

[238] Ibid., 16.

[239] Ibid., 8.

[240] Gates, 1931:1.

[241] Gates, 1937a:5.

[242] Gates, 1934a:22.

[243] Lowe, 1973:43.

[244] Gates, 1935:6–7.

[245] Ibid., 22.

[246] Gates, 1937:1.

[247] Thompson, 1950:32.

[248] Williams, H., 1965:42.

[249] Dujack, 1979:10.

[250] Garrett, R., 1950:3–4.

[251] Garrett R., 1914:40.

[252] Ibid., 17.

[253] Ibid., I confess to being unable to relocate this citation. It has been most trying.

[254] Ibid., 6.

[255] Ibid., 62.

[256] Ibid., 44.

[257] Ibid., 56.

[258] Ibid., 140.

[259] Ibid., 87.

[260] Anonymous, 1950:1.

[261] Ibid., 2.

[262] Garrett, R., 1950:1.

[263] Sloane, W. (personal communication).

[264] Garrett, H. (personal communication).

[265] Hitti and Faris, 1938:iii.

[266] Dodds, 1942:113.

[267] Ibid., 113–114.

[268] Garrett, R., 1944, letter to Frank Aydelotte, 5 February 1944.

[269] Garrett, R., 1949:115.

[270] Sachs, 1949, letter to J. Robert Oppenheimer, 23 May 1949.

[271] Laughlin, 1975:2.

[272] Ibid.

[273] Laughlin, 1977, letter to W.S. Merwin, 31 July 1977.

[274] Laughlin, 1978, letter to Walter “Chip” Morris, 4 May 1978.

[275] Though Terrence Kaufman cautions that one is much more inclined to be struck by change in one’s own language than in a foreign language.

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Legends for illustrations must be submitted at the end of the manuscript, with as many legends typed, double-spaced, to a page as convenient.

Illustrations must be submitted as original art (not copies) accompanying, but separate from, the manuscript. Guidelines for preparing art may be secured from Series Section, SI Press. All types of illustrations (photographs, line drawings, maps, etc.) may be intermixed throughout the printed text. They should be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively as they will appear in the monograph. If several illustrations are treated as components of a single composite figure, they should be designated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration; also, in the legend and in text references the italic letters (underlined in copy) should be used: “Figure 9b.” Illustrations that are intended to follow the printed text may be termed Plates, and any components should be similarly lettered and referenced: “Plate 9b.” Keys to any symbols within an illustration should appear on the art rather than in the legend.

Some points of style: Do not use periods after such abbreviations as “mm, ft, USNM, NNE.” Spell out numbers “one” through “nine” in expository text, but use digits in all other cases if possible. Use of the metric system of measurement is preferable; where use of the English system is unavoidable, supply metric equivalents in parentheses. Use the decimal system for precise measurements and relationships, common fractions for approximations. Use day/month/year sequence for dates: “9 April 1976.” For months in tabular listings or data sections, use three-letter abbreviations with no periods: “Jan, Mar, Jun,” etc. Omit space between initials of a personal name: “J.B. Jones.”

Arrange and paginate sequentially every sheet of manuscript in the following order: (1) title page, (2) abstract, (3) contents, (4) foreword and/or preface, (5) text, (6) appendixes, (7) notes section, (8) glossary, (9) bibliography, (10) legends, (11) tables. Index copy may be submitted at page proof stage, but plans for an index should be indicated when manuscript is submitted.