SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series:

Smithsonian Annals of Flight

Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology

Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics

Smithsonian Contributions to Botany

Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology

Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology

In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. These publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, and other interested institutions and specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained from the Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available.

S. DILLON RIPLEY

Secretary

Smithsonian Institution

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

NUMBER 19

The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán

Robert M. Laughlin

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS

CITY OF WASHINGTON

1975

FRONTISPIECE: Hillside home overlooking Zinacantan Center on a misty morning, 1960.

ABSTRACT

Laughlin, Robert M. The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, number 19, 598 pages, 5 figures, 5 foldout maps, 6 tables, 1975.— This dictionary of Tzotzil (Mayan) vocabulary from the town of Zinacantán, Chiapas, Mexico, was compiled by the author over a period of fourteen years. In addition to unsystematic data gathering in Zinacantán, formal interviews were conducted in San Cristóbal. Two Zinacantec men accompanied the author to the United States on two occasions for further interviewing. All hypothetically possible CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant) roots were tested to discover their existence and to determine their productivity. In addition to verbal suggestions, props were helpful: objects in everyday use, dolls, sound-effect records, play-acting. Special attention was directed to ethnobotanical lexicon and data; over 3000 specimens were collected and identified both by their Tzotzil name and by their scientific name. With the aid of aerial photographs and ground surveys the township and adjoining areas were mapped. Over one thousand place names were located. A system was developed to present considerable ethnographic context for the vocabulary within each root as succinctly as possible. Wherever possible, the etymology of loan words is indicated. Each entry is furnished with grammatical analysis. The approximately 30,000 Tzotzil entries and 15,000 English entries (including scientific names) were placed on magnetic tape to permit offset printing and further scholarly investigation. The body of the text is preceded by an introduction that records the eliciting techniques, organization of material, assessment and justification of the author’s ethnographic approach, together with a sample of Tzotzil oral literature. Explanatory notes provide a more technical description of the contents and organizations of the dictionary as well as observations on Tzotzil grammar.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 4987.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Laughlin, Robert M.
The great Tzotzil dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán.
(Smithsonian contributions to anthropology, no. 19)
Includes bibliographical references.
Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.33:19

1. Tzotzil language—Dictionaries—English. 2. English language—Dictionaries—Tzotzil. I. Title. II. Series.

GN1.S54 no.19 [PM4466.Z5] 301.2’08s [497’.4] 74-32060

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402—Price $14.40
Stock Number 4701-0115

Acknowledgments

liʔabteh ta inakánta ta spreserentealik mol Yermo Nuh sčiʔuk Čep Telakrus sčiʔuk Čep Šantis sčiʔuk Petul Peres, kol iyalik ti lisp’isik ta yamikoike.

hʔAluš Mentes Ton, lavi preserente ta Tenehapa, buč’u lek snaʔ t šloʔilah ta ba¢’i k’op, kol iyal ti lisčanubtasotikótik smek¢nel ti ¢’iʔleletike.

Maryan Peres Moči-lum, kol iyal iʔabteh hayib ʔu hčiʔuk. lek iʔabteh.

ʔa li hkumpare Maryan Martinis sčiʔuk mol Maryan Čiku1ʔ sčiʔuk Čep ʔA¢’am, kol iyalik iʔabteh ta s¢obel ta smel¢anel li ¢’ʔleletike. nat išanavik ta teʔtik ta č’entik ta hobeltik ta ʔolon ta ʔak’ol ta korišmatik ta voʔtik. pero mu k’usi išiʔik ʔo yaʔil, mi haʔuk čon, mi haʔuk maš, mi haʔuk hʔak’-čamel ti k’al ti iyaʔiik te šʔlʔon ta vi¢etik. ¢eʔeh loʔil noš yaʔel li ʔabtele.

lek iʔabtehik i yan hsaʔ-¢’iʔleletike. ʔa li sbiike ta šlok’ ta spat, kol iyalik.

ta 1963 lik ʔabtehuk hčiʔuk hkumpare ʔAnselmo Peres ʔune. ta primero ʔa čiʔinon k’al nom, k’al Santa-Pe. te is¢’ik ti h-p’eh noš man¢ana ta veʔlil ʔune. pero muk’ ta ʔalel yuʔun yaʔel li viʔnale, yuʔun ʔa sčiʔinon ʔotro hun bwelta ta nom, ta Wašinton, ta 1965. ta 1966 ilok’ ta saʔ-¢’iʔlel noštok, hutuk mu shunuluk habil. pero toh lek iʔabteh ikil, lek mi ta šanbal ʔi lek mi ta čotleh noštoke. kol iyal ti ispas ti svokol ʔuk ʔune.

ta slikeb ta yayaneb ti diksyonaryoe isvaʔanoh sba istek’anoh sba li hkumpare Romin Teratole. ta lahčeb habil ta lahčeb k’ak’al koʔol lišanavotikotike, koʔol libeinotikotike. ta ¢eʔeh ta loʔil liʔabtehotikotike. ti mi lek ik’opoh ti mi lek ihoyp’ih ti yo hk’ope ti yo hrasone ti yo kee ti yo htiʔe haʔ lisčanubtas haʔ lisp’ihubtas. kol iyal ti ispas ti svokol ʔuk ʔune

ʔa li hkumpare Romin sčiʔuk li hkumale Matal liyotesotikótik ta skušobil yoʔon ta svik’obil ssat, ti mi t šiviʔnah ti mi štakih htiʔ t šiyak’be hveʔel t šiyak’be kuč’ voʔ. kol iyalik ihč’amunbe ti sme’tanal nae ti smeʔanal k’ulebe, ti hkumpare ti hkumale.

____________

Durante mi peregrinación por San Cristóbal de las Casas siempre conté con los valiosos consejos y aún con el socorro providencial del personal del Institute Nacional Indigenista. En particular quiero agradecer al Prof. Alfonso Villa Rojas, y a los Drs. Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán y Armando Aguirre. Mi primer trabajo de campo data del año 1957. Acompañé entonces a éste último antropólogo a la mazateca. Ingenuo respecto a las teorias de las sciencias humanas, en esa ocasión D. Armando me inició en los misterios de la endogamia y de los patrones socio-culturales dirigiendome así rumbo a la antropología humanista.

También por su amable ayuda, mi agradecimiento a D. Manuel Castellanos Cancino, entonces Director del Departamento de Asuntos Indígenas; al desaparecido D. Belisario Lievano, Secretario Municipal de Zinacantán; y al párroco D. Juan Bermudez.

Cuando los problemas legales o administrativos me embrollaban o cuando ignoré detalles claves de las costumbres y tradiciones coletas, recurrí a D. Leopoldo Velasco Robles y al Lie. Ángel Robles. Ellos en un ambiente hospitalario y amistoso me ofrecieron consejos sensatos mientras procuraban distraer mis preocupaciones con relatos picarescos de la provincia.

De igual manera, no puedo menos que agradecer al Prof. José Weber por sus eruditas explicaciones sobre la geografía y otros aspectos de la región; al Dr. Ovidio Rodriguez quien con su sensibilidad y tratamientos, barría con los temores y los dolores del trabajo de campo; a Doña Uvenza Hernández por su devoción hecha sabor en la riqueza de sus comidas. A estas personas y a otros inumerables nativos de la bella Ciudad Real, mi mas sincero agradecimiento.

En los estudios etnobotánicos conté con la ayuda de Juan Manuel Cárdenas, alumno de la Universidad Veracruzana quien, durante 1966, condujó a los recolectores por brechas escabrosas y vados fangosos siempre con buen humor; me asistió en la preparación de las muestras, sacó y anotó los datos etnobotánicos; con cierta facilidad aprendió el vocabulario tzotzil apropriado, enriqueciendo así con su labor, esta rama del diccionario.

Le agradezco tambien al Ing. Efraím Hernández Xolocotzi por su identificacián de una gran variedad de frijoles.

A mi paso por Chiapas siempre encontré posada y hospitalidad en la casa de Doña Concepción Bermejillo de Cuevas (q.e.p.d.), mujer de fácil plática, cuya experiencia, que trataba de transmitirme con vivacidad y a través de cuentos preñados de enseñanzas, no siempre me pareció el que debía seguir.

Estoy en deuda con la Señorita Evangelina Ramirez M. por su fé, que como un manojo de recuerdos me ha acompañado a la manera de “ocote” en las horas de oscuridad.

____________

In San Cristóbal, the late Frans Blom and his widow, Gertrude “Trudi” Duby, have provided weary travelers with a mythical haven where gourmets become gourmands and where tales of exploration and human endeavor are spun out before a blazing hearth. Their hospitality, extended by Patricia Area and Laura Hastings, has handed us a folio of memories. In Trudi’s garden, stalked by tiger lilies, swirling with hummingbirds, under the gaze of a blue-bellied lizard these words of thanks are written. Vivid hours were spent with Marcey Jacobson and Janet Marren, whose encouragement and keen understanding of Chiapas realities contributed surreptitiously to this dictionary.

In the midst of our society, where the quest for knowledge is so often confused by the demands for careers, Professor Evon Z. Vogt has created, together with his wife, Catherine (Nan) Vogt, a human community of Tzotzil scholars that seems many times to be riding on a magic carpet above all the divisions of race, age, sex, nationality, economics, even temperament. As a now almost prehistoric member of this curious community, I have been a witness and partaker of its perpetual vitality and growth. It seems crass to speak of the financial benefits that Vogtie’s generosity has extended to the support of this dictionary under the National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH–02100, but these benefits have been of critical importance. Vogtie’s open hand with every resource of the Chiapas Project, from aerial photos to jeeps, to publications, to student assistance, to an open door that always welcomes renewed acquaintance provides a security and a sense of permanence very rare in academia. But most important of all, the excitement of discovery and the irrepressible fellowship that inspires this community, quickening the search for knowledge so that it is not a drag, but a Salty Dog Rag—for that I am uncommonly lucky and thankful.

Through the years, Nicholas and Lore Colby, Frank and Francesca Cancian, George and Jane Collier, Francesco and Philippa Pellizzi, John and Leslie Haviland, Carter Wilson, and Victoria Bricker have contributed so to my understanding and appreciation of Tzotzil language and culture that this dictionary is in great part theirs.

Out of the host of Chiapas Project companions, I will list those whom I know have influenced my thinking or advanced the completion of my task. Such a cold inventory, doubtless incomplete, of friends cannot hint at their contribution: Nicholas Acheson, Nicholas Bunnin, John Early, Susan Tax Freeman, Gary and Eleanor Gossen, Carol Greenhouse, Priscilla Rachin Linn, Richard and Sally Price, Eric Prokosch, Renato and Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo, Richard Schweder, James Warfield. Eric and Susan Vogt aided me in transforming illegible manuscript into readable typescript for further polishing.

My thanks to Frances Mendez and Vera Breedlove who devoted many hours of typing during the initial stages of my ethnobotanic lexigraph.

In searching for first causes of my exploration in word and meaning, in language and culture, the trail leads straight back to Paul Friedrich’s first graduate course at Harvard. With infectious enthusiasm and meticulous scholarship, he assaulted my ears with undreamt of sounds and concepts. He encouraged me to immerse myself in language at the Summer Institute of Linguistics at Ann Arbor, and in later years, whenever self-doubt and weariness urged me to abandon my adventure, he knew how to stiffen my resolve. Past curses are now willed into today’s praises.

In 1959, when Tzotzil was just gibberish to me, Lore Colby pioneered valiantly in carving out a reliable lexicon and in revealing the grammatic framework. Without such a generous and accomplished predecessor, I doubt if I would have dared venture further into Tzotzil lexicography.

Since the inception of this dictionary, I have leaned as heavily as I could on Terrence Kaufman for linguistic direction. Together we devised and applied a system for root classification and for the grammatic analysis of entries. His unequaled knowledge of the full spectrum of Mayan languages provided a perspective and degree of authority that lifted me from the paralysis of indecision. For hours he scrutinized my Tzotzil monosyllables, sustained only by spoonsful of Bulgarian yogurt. My stubborn refusal to follow his advice on repeated occasions released him from all responsibility for errors, but, I hope, will not diminish the credit to which he is due.

Brent Berlin, Nicholas Hopkins, and Harvey Sarles gave freely of their own materials and, over the years, when my spirits lagged, urged me forcefully to keep my hand on the plow. To this company of advisors and advocates also belong Robert Adams, the late Chalao Chaiyaratana, Harold Conklin, Munro Edmonson, John Hotchkiss, Floyd Lounsbury, Norman McQuown, Duane Metzger, John Murra, and Sol Tax.

Without the expertise and concerted cooperation of Peter Raven and Dennis Breedlove my efforts to identify Tzotzil plant names would have been an attempt at getting figs from thistles. Only a fanatic could have ignored the passing of years, poring over another’s material so unstintingly as has Dennis Breedlove. I can only hope that the trips these hours of tedium have inspired have been good ones!

The following scholars gave generously of their time to provide determinations of the more than 3,000 botanical specimens: W. R. Anderson, R. Barneby, D. Bates, D. E. Breedlove, L. Constance, A. Denham, C. Epling, F. Ehrendorfer, P. D. Fryxell, H. S. Gentry, F. W. Gould, S. Graham, P. C. Hutchinson, H. Iltis, H. S. Irwin, C. Jeffrey, T. Koyama, C. L. Lundell, P. C. Mangelsdorf, E. McClintock, R. McVaugh, F. Meyer, H. N. Moldenke, H. E. Moore, the late C. V. Morton, H. Piers (fungi), P. H. Raven, H. Robinson, R. Rollins, V. Rudd, J. Rzedowski, J. Sauer, B. Schubert, L. Shinners, L. B. Smith, J. A. Steyermark, D. Wasshausen, U. T. Waterfall, G. Webster, L. O. Williams, and J. J. Wurdack. Dr. Velva Rudd was a ready target for my unending leguminous queries. Her knowledge and enthusiasm contributed significantly to this dictionary.

I was exceedingly fortunate to lure Alexander F. Skutch from his Costa Rican finca for several weeks to aid me in the identification of Tzotzil bird names. He could provide a measure of certitude, which would otherwise have been but a forlorn hope.

Dr. Ronald H. Pine aided me in the identification of various mammals, especially rodents, and Dr. J. F. Copp gave brave guesses on the basis of my collaborators’ descriptions of snakes.

During the years when I was sifting and sorting my heaps of knowledge, I was aided by a selfless team of sanitary engineers who held their noses and plunged their hands deep into the rich hoard. Sometimes despairing and sometimes rejoicing, sometimes chuckling, we sorted and sifted, sifted and sorted as if oblivious of the rise and fall of civilizations. To these fellow toilers who turned the foul to fair, perfuming the official air, my heartfelt thanks—Sophia Lotowycz Stoller, Eleanor (Randy) Thompson Russin, Karin Abbey, Wendy Frosh, Susan Bliss, also Shiela Berman, Rosalind Bresnehan, Martha Burgess, Barbara Kane, and Marsha Sprintz.

Capitulating to John Haviland’s persuasiveness, I transferred my material from paper slips to computer tape. My worst misgivings were confirmed and compounded, but without computerization this dictionary would never have emerged from file boxes to appear on a printed page. The discovery of important omissions also was made possible by John Haviland’s infernal machine.

Stanwyn Shetler, at no little inconvenience to himself, kindly arranged that I share the use of a computer terminal and the special skills of the terminal operator, Mary Jane Petrini. Miss Petrini, despite her misgivings, soon prepared clean copy with unusual speed and dedication.

With a keen eye and firm hand, Eric Vogt charted the course of this vessel through many storms. That it should nearly break up after his departure for the Gulf of Tonkin was no fault of his own. Having programmed and produced, together with John Haviland and Victoria Bricker, a computerized field dictionary of Tzotzil abstracted from my material, he never shared my doubts of the mission’s ultimate success. No glory won, but I hope satisfaction that he did in fact know best.

For several years Arthur Fink put Eric Vogt’s program into action, refining it and perfecting it, forcing it to comprehend the stubborn idiosyncracies of my language. He devised a method to speed the editing or correcting process, and he marshaled the keypunchers for the accomplishment of this thankless task. But eventually even this dictionary became a victim of the Viet Nam war as Arthur’s priorities shifted to a campaign to stop the criminal destruction of life.

He initiated his replacement, David Grabel, into the mysteries of the “true word”—mysteries that David quickly absorbed and mastered only to find that light was followed by dark, that questions followed answers, that logical solutions produced seemingly illogical results, that no decision was final. But from this vortex of confusion he emerged with the dictionary intact and, I trust, with new knowledge and strength.

When engaged in mortal combat with the pitiless computer I took refuge in the demesnes of Timothy Rush, Carter Wilson, and Francesco and Philippa Pellizzi. They dressed my wounds and freshened my body and soul so that I could reenter the fray undaunted. To them should go the trophies.

The roster of keypunchers (many unknown to me), who have struggled over and cursed the exotic words of this dictionary includes Claire Bachelder, Connie Dionne, Arthur Fink, Marcia Fishman, Eric Kauffman, Gigi MacMillan, Cheryl McFadden, Sarah Markel, Keith Ohmart, Mona Opatow, Carolyn Pope, Douglas Seay, Ann Shum, Jane Szurek, Eric and Susan Vogt. I would like to make special mention of Eric Kauffman who, assailed by the devils of this century, still gave of himself phenomenally, so that the Tzotzil floral could be included here.

To Neil Rudenstine I owe my introduction to Dr. Samuel Johnson, whose spiritual fellowship has ever been a great solace and encouragement. Robert Greene knows why he too belongs here.

The late Howard Cline, director of the Hispanic Foundation, United States Library of Congress, offered invaluable advice when we were planning the preparation of the dictionary for offset printing.

Since even before the tragic demise of the Bureau of American Ethnology, William Sturtevant has been for me a bulwark of faith and an arsenal of ideas. His insistence that this seemingly endless compilation of words in an obscure language was a worthwhile endeavor is largely responsible for its absurd dimensions. As a fellow comrade in arms, he never begrudged my repeated interruptions when I would burst in with the demand, “Give me a word!” —a label for an outlandish grimace, for the sound of a marimba, for the basal scar of a bean. Seldom was he at a loss for words.

When grappling desperately with linguistic problems that slipped, like piglets, out of my grasp, I could always count on Paul Voorhis to restore my equanimity with firm, well-reasoned solutions. He, as well as Henry Collins, Gordon Gibson, Sam Stanley, William Trousdale, Irving Zaretsky, Ives Goddard, and Peter Stone kept the faith and supplied the word.

Over the years the Smithsonian has provided me the secretarial assistance of Jessie Standish Shaw, Anne Mason Lewis, and Rosemary Macchiavelli De Rosa. Only a bureaucracy would try to reduce these individuals to “clerk-typists.” Rising above the mindless hassles, refusing to accept a former museum director’s assessment of this dictionary as a mere “catalog,” they energetically and resourcefully advanced the progress of my work. The term “midwifery” is far too archaic and unromantic to describe their occupation, but without their attentions surely I would have witnessed a stillbirth. Eleanor Haley and Susan Brown kept the lines of communication open between me and my distant programmers.

The abstraction of the nonbotanical material which forms the base of the English to Tzotzil index, and its preparation for computer processing, was a task that fell upon Sandra Wilcox, my research assistant, and Penelope Packard of the Smithsonian Information Systems Division. What was promised to be a relatively simple, speedy, automatic process, was contrariwise. When hopefulness seemed but insanity, they persevered unabashed, not only devising solutions, but carefully laying the groundwork for offset printing. My indebtedness to them is self-evident, but gives no hint of the good feelings and good times that they not only salvaged, but celebrated in my company.

I am thankful to Reginald A. Creighton, Jr., Manager of Information Storage and Indexing of the Information Systems Division, for accepting the challenge of this dictionary and giving so generously of Penny Packard’s time.

Edward G. Schumacher and Marcia P. Bakry, scientific illustrators of the Department of Anthropology, shared the laborious task of inking the figures and maps.

Albert L. Ruffin, Jr., managing editor of the series publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press, has been most sympathetic to the curious tribulations of this lexicographer and has sped this dictionary toward its completion. Charles L. Shaffer and Stephen J. Kraft of the Smithsonian Institution Press provided valuable advice in preparation for offset printing.

The continued interest and support of Dr. Sydney R. Galler, former assistant secretary for science of the Smithsonian Institution, was a source of great encouragement.

This dictionary was largely funded by Smithsonian Fluid Research Fund grant 26-A, and Smithsonian Research Foundation grants 3311, 3364, and 3619.

Had it not been for the providential involvement of Secretary S. Dillon Ripley, who, listening to my pleas and refusing to share the indifference of certain administrators and scholars to my endeavors, directed that an emergency grant (1B00) be provided to ensure completion of my project. Except that it must seem self-seeking, I would be pleased to dedicate this dictionary to the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in the spirit of my fellow lexicographer, G. C. Praharaj, who inscribed his monumental work to the Maharaja of Mayurbanjh!

My parents, Ledlie I. Laughlin and Roberta H. Laughlin, as well as my parents-in-law, Reese Wolfe and Dorothee S. Wolfe, have borne much of the brunt and very little of the pleasure of this long drawn out affair. I look forward to the day when I see their love and mine reflected in a glass of champagne.

What words can I offer to my wife, Miriam W. Laughlin, who thought she had wed a poet and woke to find a lexicographer? This dictionary I can never forgive for the sacrifices it demanded of her. That Mimi could keep us all sane and healthy, well-fed and well-loved, raising our hearts and minds above a decade’s temptations of despair is a tour de force of the first magnitude. Without her, never.

And what words to my children? This tome, soon to collect dust on library shelves, can scarcely stand in meaningful tribute to the memory of my son, Robert M. Laughlin, Jr., a casual victim of its creation, but I know he, too, if granted new life, would be amused to see that what once uplifted his bottom at the breakfast table now is food for scholars. To Liana De Wolf Laughlin and Reese Turnor Laughlin who learned to read their father’s face, who heard him rage and snap and seldom laugh, I can only say, “Thank God, it’s over, let’s run out and play!” And maybe tomorrow The Great Tzotzil Dictionary will help them and a few others trade outrageous jokes in the lively language of the “people of the bat”!

17 July 1973

Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

EPIGRAPH

INTRODUCTION

History of the Language and the Literature

Author’s Qualifications

Collaborators

First Stage—Compilation

Second Stage—Organization and Assessment

Third Stage—Presentation

Justification

The Genius of the Language

Conclusion

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Introductory

Phonemics and Phonetics

Root Classification

Etymology

Transcription

Nouns

Numeral Classifiers

Particles

Affixes

Compounds

Order of Entries

Nonphonemic Symbols

Capitalization

Variants

Noun Phrases

Speech Categories

Taxonomic Entries

Color Terms

Architectural Terms

Sound Effects

Place Names

Cross-References

Ethnographic Notes

Declensions and Conjugations

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

TZOTZIL-ENGLISH

ENGLISH-TZOTZIL

SCIENTIFIC NAMES

ATLAS

MAPS

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

EPILOGUE

Publication in Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology

TABLES

1. “A Maze”

2. “Bug Test,” based on Teach Me About Insects Flash Cards (“One of a series that trains young minds to think!”)

3. “Kandy-kolored Tangerine-flake Streamline Baby Test,” based on color photographs selected from dealers’ brochures of current 1967 models

4. “Flapdoodle (food for fools) Test”

5. “Semantic Differential Test”

6. Inventory of root assignments

FIGURES

FRONTISPIECE: Hillside home overlooking Zinacantán Center on a misty morning, 1960

1. Mushroom or toadstool?

2. Edible fungi chart illustrating overlap of Tzotzil generic names

3. Root classes

4. ?Anselmo Peres and Romin Teratol in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1963

MAPS

(foldouts following page 581)

1. Zinacantán (central sector, including Muk’ta Hok’)

2. Zinacantán (northern sector, Salinas and trail to Ixtapa)

3. Zinacantán (southeastern sector including northern edge of Vi¢tik)

4. Zinacantán (southeastern sector, Vi¢tik)

5. Grijalva River basin

The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán

EPIGRAPH

It is the fate of those, who toil at the lower employments of life, to be rather driven by the fear of evil, than attracted by the prospect of good; to be exposed to censure, without hope of praise; to be disgraced by miscarriage, or punished for neglect, where success would have been without applause, and diligence without reward.

Among these unhappy mortals is the writer of dictionaries; whom mankind have considered, not as the pupil but the slave of science, the pioneer of literature, doomed only to remove rubbish and clear obstructions from the paths, through which Learning and Genius press forward to conquest and glory, without bestowing a smile on the humble drudge that facilitates their progress. Every other author may aspire to praise; the lexicographer can only hope to escape reproach, and even this negative recompense has been yet granted to very few.

Samuel Johnson

we have made the dictionary a list of irregularities, the refuse of grammatical description

Harold Gleason

Ragpicker: “Countess, there was a time when garbage was a pleasure. A garbage can was not what it is now. If it smelled a little strange, it was because it was a little confused —there was everything there—sardines, cologne, iodine, roses. An amateur might jump to a wrong conclusion. But to a professional—it was the smell of God’s plenty.”

Jean Giraudoux

The block containing the needed data was missing from the dump; a possible cause is that the routine that produced the dump encountered an I/O error while attempting to write the block.

IBM

.. an occasional fish head
and liberty is all i ask
freedom and the garbage can
romance archy romance is the word

don marquis

I showed to Dr. Johnson verses in a Magazine, on his Dictionary, composed of uncommon words taken from it;

Little of Anthropopathy has he, etc

He read a few of them, and said, “I am not answerable for all the words in my Dictionary.”

James Boswell

“You may call it ‘nonsense’ if you like,” said [the Red Queen], “but I’ve heard nonsense, compared with which that would be as sensible as a dictionary!”

Lewis Carroll

I wouldn’t want to have to swear on a dictionary!

Martha Mitchell

There is no solution, because there is no problem.

Marcel Du Champs

Introduction

____________

Robert M. Laughlin, Associate Curator, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560

The words of this dictionary, as opposed to others, are more diligently collected, more accurately spelled, more faithfully explained, and more authentically ascertained. Of an abstract it is not necessary to say more; and I hope it will not be found that truth requires me to say less (Johnson, 1797:4).

By so boldly imprinting the stamp of Dr. Johnson on The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán, I risk the fate of one Jonathon Fairbanks of Sherborn:

convicted of notorious cousinage by cheating in casting off pewter pieces with a stamp or impression upon them for good silver. Sentanse, to stand one hour in the pillory immediately after the next lecture in Boston, with a paper of his crime fastened to the pillory (quoted in L. Laughlin, 1971, 3:33).

No piece of Jonathon Fairbank’s handiwork is known today. If he is indeed my example, my future rests assured.

A certain rash assurance must be the hallmark of a lexicographer—I have just discovered a letter to my secretary, reporting my progress:

An extensive dictionary of the Mayan language, Tzotzil, spoken today by 78,000 Indians of the state of Chiapas… has not been compiled since the eighteenth century. In 1960 a vocabulary of 2200 items of the dialect of Zinacantán was collected by Lore M. Colby. I have expanded this vocabulary to 4000 items. It is hoped that this material will be ready for publication in a year’s time.

My letter was dated “July 2, 1963.”

In the passage of a decade the Tzotzil population has grown with fearful exuberance, as has the compilation of their words.

The Tzotzil or “people of the bat” now number upwards of 120,000 corn-farming peasants living in 24 communities in the heart of Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico. These hardy mountaineers, so jealous of their ancient traditions yet so quick to incorporate modern technology, have become the target of intensive government and anthropological programs.

At the time of the Spanish Conquest the Tzotzil (known variously as Quelen, Queren, Sotsil, Sotslem, Sotzil, Ts’ots’il, Tzotzlem, Zotzil, Zozil) controlled the Chiapas highlands. The principal town, Zinacantán, was in perpetual warfare with the lowland Chiapanecs who threatened to disrupt the Zinacantecs’ monopoly of the salt trade. A network of trade relations was maintained by the Zinacantecs between Guatemala, Tabasco, and the Aztecs to the north. Reports that the Aztecs maintained a garrison in Zinacantán in the fifteenth century are suspect, conflicting with Sahagún’s account of Aztec merchants who were so eager for amber and precious feathers that they penetrated the highlands at the risk of their lives and only after mastering Tzotzil and traveling disguised in Zinacantec clothing.

In 1523 the army of Bernal Díaz del Castillo gained easy access to the highlands after conquering the Chiapanecs. Aided by Zinacantec warriors, Díaz stormed the fortifications of Chamula and Huistán. Spanish rule was entrusted to a handful of soldiers who, when they soon met opposition from the natives, fled to Comitán. Their entreaties were answered in 1528 by the expeditionary force of Diego de Mazariegos, who established the town of San Cristóbal de las Casas (then known as Ciudad Real), which ever since has been the political and commercial center of Ladino (non-Indian) supremacy in the highlands.

In 1545 Dominican friars built their first monastery in the Chiapas highlands in Zinacantán. It was both a center of missionary activity and a refuge from the vituperative and scornful attacks of the conquistadors. The friars’ courageous criticism of Spanish abuses were forcefully carried to the king by Bishop Las Casas. The chiefs of Zinacantán, too, sent pleas directly to King Philip II, who was moved by their eloquence to lower the tributes throughout Mexico and Central America. But from the Conquest to the Revolution and even decades beyond, “history” was for the Tzotzil what they defined in a sixteenth century dictionary as “the book of suffering, the book of hardship” — famines and epidemics, tributes and taxes, servitude and destitution (Diccionario en lengua sotzil, p. 190). Twice, in 1712 and again in 1869-70, segments of the native population of Chiapas rebelled in dramatic religious violence against Ladino exploitation and acculturation. Today, despite the most enlightened efforts of government authorities to provide a viable base for the natives of the highlands, and despite the Tzotzils’ new confidence and ability to adapt political and anthropoligical interest to their own advantage, the explosive population growth presents a specter of dread that gives credence to Tzotzil beliefs of cosmic destruction in the year 2000. This dictionary has been a minute piece in the mammoth puzzle of Tzotzil hopes and fears through the past decade.

HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE AND THE LITERATURE

Recent linguistic analysis and comparison of the 30 Mayan languages spoken today, traces the roots of the Tzotzil tentatively to the heartland of northwestern Guatemala where proto-Mayan began to diversify around 2200 B.C., when Europe was barely entering the Bronze Age, and while the pharoahs of the Old Kingdom were building the last of the great pyramids. Roughly 500 years later, the bearers of the language that became Huastec moved north up the eastern coast of Mexico. A second Mayan exodus from Guatemala followed three centuries later as the Yucatecs spread into the peninsula of Yucatan while another group, now represented by Quichean and Mamean speakers, moved into eastern and central Guatemala. From 1000 to 500 B.C., perhaps even while Homer was telling of the fall of Troy, some of the Western Mayans, i.e., Cholans and perhaps the Tzotzilans, penetrated the jungles of Chiapas. Around 100 B.C., during Julius Caesar’s lifetime, the Tzotzilans split off from the Chols and pushed into the pine and oak forested mountains of Chiapas. Around 700 A.D., at the height of Classic Mayan florescence, while the Arabs were conquering Spain, and Pepin was preparing the throne for Charlemagne, the Chiapas highlanders were splitting into two language groups, the Tzotzils and Tzeltals, who to this day share their mountainous terrain. Because of archaic features in Tzotzil verb inflexion, it appears that this westernmost penetration of Mayan speakers became a relic area with few innovations from the east (Kaufman, 1969). When the linguistic evidence can be associated more closely with archeological discoveries, this sketch will surely have confirmed G.B. Shaw’s definition of history as “the tricks we play on dead men,” but until that time it will have to suffice.

Among the Mayan languages, Tzotzil, with over 120,000 speakers, ranks sixth in importance. Of the native languages of Mexico, Tzotzil has the seventh highest number of speakers, and of Mayan languages in Mexico is second only to Yucatec.

Tzotzil is spoken in 19 townships, which can be mapped into five dialect areas distinguished by phonological and lexical differences. The northwestern area includes Huituipán, Simojovel, Chalchihuitán and Pantelhó. The northeastern area includes Larraínzar, Soyaló, Bochil, Jitotol, El Bosque, and Pueblo Nuevo. The eastern area is restricted to Ixtapa. Zinacantán shares the central area with Chamula, Chenalhó, and Mitontic. The southern area includes Huistán, Teopisca, El Zapotal, Totolapa, and Venustiano Carranza. This dictionary records the dialect spoken by over 10,000 Zinacantecs, and most especially by the men who live in the ceremonial center of Htek-lum. Despite concerted efforts to educate Zinacantecs in the Mexican school system, perhaps half of the men and an overwhelming majority of the women are essentially monolingual.

No pre-Columbian document in Tzotzil has been discovered, nor is there any evidence that Tzotzil was a written language before the Conquest. Antonio de Remesal, who journeyed from Guatemala City to Zinacantán in 1616 in search of a copy of a letter sent by the Zinacantecs to King Philip II, convened a meeting of the townspeople. He gained no clues, but as the meeting broke up, an old man appeared with an ancient book written in Tzotzil that described the Conquest and the cruelties the Zinacantecs had suffered under Spanish rule. Perhaps this history met the strange fate of many of the indigenous documents collected by Bishop Orozco y Jiménez in San Cristóbal. In 1915 Carranza’s troops stabled their horses in the bishop’s library, and those ravenous creatures were seen munching the parchments. The bishop’s inventory of his library did not include a Tzotzil history, but if it still exists its whereabouts are a mystery.

Not until I had put an end to my own compilation of Tzotzil words did I discover the earliest Tzotzil dictionary, Diccionario en lengua sotzil, sometimes known as the Diccionario grande. This work was copied under the direction of Bishop Orozco y Jiménez and the copy fortunately dispatched from San Cristóbal shortly before the arrival of revolutionary cavalry. Eventually and ironically, it reached my hometown, where it is carefully preserved in the rare book room of the Princeton University Library. This sixteenth century dictionary by an anonymous lexicographer is truly a “great dictionary” of over 350 pages of Spanish-Tzotzil. One entry hints that it was compiled in Zinacantán, but the phonetics point to a more northerly dialect. Had my patience not been exhausted, this dictionary would have greatly expanded my knowledge. Even by a cursory examination, I discovered that an archaic word now used only in formal speech to indicate “pauper” was once the word for “slave.” Hopefully, this colonial midden will be sifted by future scholars.

Also from the sixteenth century was Francisco de Zepeda’s Artes de los idiomas chiapaneco, zoque, tzendaly chinanteco [sic], but this study has disappeared. A second major work still extant is the Arte de la lengua tzotzlem o tzinacanteca compiled by Juan de Rodaz in 1688. It consists of a thorough grammar and a description of the calendar. In 1732 Dionycio Pereyra added to this material a list of kin terms, body parts, and conversational examples.

In the eighteenth century, Manuel Hidalgo wrote a grammar, a Spanish-Tzotzil vocabulary, a collection of sermons, prayers, and catechisms whose original disappeared. Nevertheless, the subsequent publications of two anonymous authors (Gramática del tzotzil, 1818, and Libro en que se trata de la lengua tzotzil, 1832), and of Count Hyacinthe de Charencey (1866, 1885, 1899, 1912) apparently are based on Hidalgo’s work. This material seems to derive from the town of Chamula.

Perhaps the most remarkable Tzotzil document, whose very existence is owed to the faithful copyists of Bishop Orozco y Jiménez, is the Proclama del duque infantado presidente. In eloquent couplets, the Tzotzil are exhorted to remain faithful to the King of Spain and to spurn the advances of the “whirlwind,” the “horned serpent,” the “jaguar,” Napoleon! A small number of grammatical lapses suggest that the author was not a native speaker of Tzotzil, but rather a Spanish churchman. To this proclamation is appended explanatory notes of great sensitivity, as relevant to modern Tzotzil as to its colonial ancestor.

Entirely different is the tone of the proclamation of 1869 addressed to the rebellious Tzotzil towns. Also composed by a churchman in oratorical style, its harshness is unrelieved by any eloquence (Lazos and Solórsano, 1869).

Tzotzil publications of the twentieth century reflect current pressures from the outside—primers of the Institute Nacional Indigenista; vocabularies, grammatical studies, and translations of the New Testament by members of the Summer Institute of Linguistics; anthropological and linguistic studies primarily by members of North American, European, and Mexican academia.

AUTHOR’S QUALIFICATIONS

Before tracing the life history of the dictionary, it may offer some perspective to present what the Indian lexicographer Rai Bahadur G. C. Praharaj chose to title in the preface to his monumental Oriya lexicon: “Humble claim of the present compiler to undertake the work” (Praharaj, 1937:8). At the age of 18, after a summer’s study at the Smithsonian Institution’s Canal Zone Biological Area on Barro Colorado Island, my literary career was confirmed with “A Nesting of the Double-toothed Kite in Panama,” (R. Laughlin, 1952). My interests in ornithology and English literature were happily combined in my undergraduate thesis, To Chase With Fire: A Study of W. H. Hudson which enabled me to receive a Bachelor of Arts degree cum laude from Princeton University in 1956. Hudson’s dramatic depiction of the conflicts between “civilized” and “primitive” man had guided me to Homo ludens on the periphery of anthropology, a discipline which was itself considered peripheral to a sound Princeton education. Following graduation, I enrolled in the University of Mexico summer school where I took an introductory course in Mexican folklore, and Nahuatl. Despite the frustrations of a semester at the Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, my commitment to anthropology was assured by the inspiration of Miguel Covarrubias. A two-month field session among the Mazatecs of the Papaloapan basin, who were shortly to be evicted from their ancestral lands, introduced me to the tragic confrontations that seemed then so far from home. After aborting a draft call, I entered Harvard University in the fall of 1957 where I received my Masters of Arts degree in 1959. A course in language and culture was supplemented by a summer at the University of Michigan where I studied morphology and syntax, tone languages, and linguistic field methods. Because of my previous experience in Mexico, it was perhaps inevitable that I should be chosen by Evon Vogt to become a member of his Chiapas Project in the third year of its existence. A preliminary glimpse of Zinacantán in 1958 was followed by a year of fieldwork in 1959-60. “Dumb as any stone,” my eyes weeping from the smoke, I sat in Zinacantec huts recalling in misery Clyde Kluckhohn’s injunction to commit to memory 75 words a day, as streams of unintelligible and unpronounceable sounds swirled around my feet. After seven months of exposure to “the boundless chaos of a living speech” (Johnson, 1797:8), and with frequent recourse to Lore Colby’s dictionary, I felt sufficient confidence to begin recording the folktales and myths that I hoped would reveal the wisdom of Zinacantec life. Though my expectations were not so easily satisfied, I returned to Harvard with reels of tape that could be unwound to produce Through the Looking Glass: Reflections on Zinacantan Courtship and Marriage, in partial fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy that was awarded to me in 1963.

No sooner had I completed my dissertation and been employed as an assistant curator in the Smithsonian Institution’s Bureau of American Ethnology than I returned to Zinacantán, where I spent a year collecting dreams. Weighed down by my inadequacy to interpret those dreams, I hoisted a new burden on my shoulders. It was clear at that moment that my proficiency in Tzotzil was not matched by any of my colleagues. Who but I should bear the responsibility of compiling an extensive dictionary for the project’s use? Anyway, I had assembled already a vocabulary of 4,000 words which, in the course of conversations and narrations, had been subjected to translation. And so what had begun as a lighthearted search for myths and dreams, for fanciful creations, was suddenly transformed into a no-nonsense pursuit of words and meanings. With a butterfly net, I stooped to chase after caterpillars.

COLLABORATORS

I asked Romin Teratol to be one of my two major collaborators. Romin, then 29 years old, had been the second Zinacantec I had come to know on my first glimpse of Zinacantán five years before. He had braved the uncertainties of public ostracism by taking me into his mother’s house when anthropologists still seemed like pale apparitions from the underworld. Though the necessities of life forced us into an employer-employee relationship with all its latent anxieties, we became the closest of friends. Our families remained in touch during births and deaths as we witnessed the early years of each other’s married lives.

Romin, an only child, whose mother had been divorced soon after marriage, had three years of schooling. He became a sacristan, accumulating a great store of ritual knowledge. Unsuccessful years of corn farming were followed by roadwork and finally a position as agent of the Instituto Nacional Indigenista where he gained a perspective on the regional differences of the highland towns. Stimulated by his view of the outside world, he agreed to work for my predecessors in the Chiapas Project, Nick and Lore Colby. With the greatest sensitivity and tact he guided us all through thickets of linguistic and cultural perplexity, sharing our excitement in the solution of intellectual problems, and sharing our pleasure in the partial mastery of formal Zinacantec behavior. I could think of no one better equipped to protect me from poisonous caterpillars.

Wishing to have a third party to sharpen our wits, after consulting with Romin, we chose ʔAnselmo Peres. ʔAnselmo, a strikingly handsome bachelor of 21 years, had made a lasting impression on me after I had witnessed him hauled into court on what might be termed “morals” charges. His self-defense before the magistrate and justices of the peace was so eloquent, and his self-assurance so manifest that he seemed a natural choice to join the word hunt. ʔAnselmo’s father had died years ago, so he, too, lived with his mother, together with his younger brothers. His three years of schooling were followed by the usual corn farming and roadwork. His mental alertness was dramatically proven when, after little over a week of training by Romin, he learned to write Tzotzil almost flawlessly. Unbeknownst to us both, ʔAnselmo had also just initiated his career as a shaman.

For a month we worked together in San Cristóbal transcribing and translating dream texts while I watched to see if my intuitions had been worthy of trust. Then, in September 1963, I sprang my plot: “Would you be willing to travel with me to Santa Fe, New Mexico, to work for three months compiling a Tzotzil dictionary?” I had chosen Santa Fe for two reasons: To avail myself of the advice of Lore Colby, who was finishing her dissertation on Tzotzil grammar there; and because Santa Fe seemed the closest that the United States could come to replicating San Cristóbal, providing a Spanish-speaking environment that would not be too threatening to my collaborators. Their affirmative responses projected us into weeks of tense activities as we strove to secure blessings from relatives and documents from bureaucrats.

FIRST STAGE—COMPILATION

This is not the place to describe my collaborators’ reactions to Mexico City, the anthropology meetings in San Francisco, the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy and Lee Harvey Oswald, the Zuni Shalako, snow, and supermarkets, though these were intrusive facts of life or exciting diversions as we plodded from ʔa to k’.

Six days a week, from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., we sat in the Museum of New Mexico inventing words. Capitalizing on the monosyllabic nature of most Mayan roots, we followed a method Norman McQuown’s students had applied successfully. That is, I would suggest a hypothetical root, 9a? to which I would add what I believed to be an appropriate affix to create what I hoped would be a Tzotzil word. Systematically, I would substitute one affix after another, attaching them to the root. After I had exhausted all possibilities that I could think of, I would move to the next hypothetical root ʔab and carry out the identical procedure. The advantages and disadvantages of such a mechanical approach to language are readily apparent. By testing every possible combination of letters an extraordinarily broad coverage of the vocabulary can be obtained, a coverage that gives the lexicographer’s whims no play. At the same time, the tedium takes an almost unbearable toll on the lexicographers’ minds as they are battered for hours by sheer nonsense. “Is ’ab’ a word?” “Abbing?” “Aborator?” “Abes?” “Aber?” And then miraculously, “Ably?” Even more taxing is the partial nonsense: “All mimsy were the borogoves and the mome raths outgrabe” (Carroll, 1962: 182). Torrents of words that collapse one’s sanity, and yet sometimes provoke hilarity. So trying is this total immersion in words that defense mechanisms build up, permitting one to deny an authentic word and insist upon a fraud. More frequent is the urge to provide outrageous examples, to throw up preposterous obscenities that will bring to an uproarious halt the dehumanizing advance of the word processor.

In an attempt to convey as much context as possible, as compactly as I could, I asked for hypothetical referents for adjectives, and hypothetical subjects and objects for verbs. For example, “long (boy’s hair)”; to “bristle /hair/ (dog).” While I could indulge my fancy by producing “mimsy” words, my collaborators could give full play to their whimsy by making “borogoves” their subjects, objects, and referents.

When we reached the end of k’ it was 1964. We had compiled 6000 entries, and nothing could have persuaded us to proceed a letter further.

After giving our minds a healthy respite, I returned to Chiapas to tackle the second half of the alphabet. Almost daily a new suffix would come to light, increasing the harvest of the second three-month stretch to 10,000 entries. Fortified with a far more comprehensive knowledge of Tzotzil than I had possessed before, but dogged by the suspicion that boredom had had too fertile an impact on the word production of this dictionary, I resolved after a year’s interlude to repeat the whole process. Intensive rechecking boosted the tally to roughly 25,000 entries. This mushrooming seemed quite endless, for during the last week of interviewing, after seven years of labor, I discovered three suffixes which I had never heard before and which had to be tested against every transitive verb root! As for the validity, during the course of rechecking, my collaborators claimed that some 300 of the entries did not, in fact, exist. They, who had supplied me these words, complete with examples, categorically denied their existence and insisted that the examples were not even conceivable. Three months later I reintroduced all 300 non-words without explanation to my fellow lexicographers. Now they vowed that nearly a third were genuine words, and in case I doubted their judgment they provided me with examples, frequently the very ones I had, at their insistence, stricken out. They mocked me for my ignorance.

Prominent among the words finally discarded were color terms that are formed by adding qualitative suffixes to the basic color term. George Collier had had a computer printout the color terms with all possible combinations of the consonant-vowel-consonant suffix. A poor Zinacantec had gone through this list of thousands of hypothetical words, reducing it to 900. His mind had obviously been numbed by the experience, for my collaborators reduced the tally by still another hundred.

Now that the Tzotzil base of the dictionary was fairly well established, I tried to refine my translations. I extracted an English-Tzotzil index and grouped apparently synonymous Tzotzil roots together. With, for example, a stack of ten Tzotzil roots that seemed to mean “split” I tried to tease out the distinctive range of each root. I checked my own translations of numeral classifiers against Brent Berlin’s rigorous translations of their Tzeltal cognates. In addition to verbal suggestions, props were helpful; objects in everyday use, dolls, sound-effect records, play acting. The sound-effect recording provided surprises—what the Voice of America presented as a simulation of rainfall was identified as sizzling corn gruel. Many voices talking was interpreted as a clattering wheel. The gobbling of turkeys and frantic women’s screams bursting through the door of my office in San Cristóbal brought alarmed neighbors into the midst of our sober linguistic investigations.

Dissatisfied with my own knowledge of Chiapas bird life, I was able to secure the aid of a foremost ornithologist, Alexander Skutch, who accompanied us into the woods and fields. We were able to make sight identifications of a significant portion of the bird population of the highlands. Some of the more elusive birds, such as owls, were identified tentatively, by voice recordings, but even here there were problems, for the hoot of an owl was solemnly identified as the voice of a turtle!

In February 1966, the dictionary-making entered a new stage. Dennis Breedlove, the authority on Chiapas flora, offered his plant-drying equipment and his knowledge if I would make a collection of Zinacantec plants. Once again what began as a modest venture grew with tropical exuberance.

As a first step to arouse the interest of my colleagues in botanical collecting and to give me some idea of the scope of the Tzotzil botanical lexicon, I asked my fellow lexicographers and two others, also from Zinacantán Center, to write separate lists of all the plant names they could recall. Combining the results of their one day’s endeavor produced a master list of over 650 names! The multiplicity was surprising, for Zinacantecs are far less dependent on uncultivated plants than the neighboring Tenejapanecs or even Chamulas.

In an effort to assure some control over the naming procedure, the original team of from two to four collectors was comprised of residents of the ceremonial center only. Whenever possible, they collected an original and three copies of all plants in fruit and flower from each of the three major habitats. The specimens were named separately by the collectors, numbered, and dried. A file of plant lore was developed with the aid of the following questionnaire, which I asked my collectors to apply to every plant soon after a copy of it was secured.

1. What is it called? If it has another name, where do they use that name?

k’usi sbi? mi ʔoy yan sbi buy šalbeik yeč?

2. Have you heard stories about why it was named that?

mi avaʔyoh loʔil ti k’u yuʔun yeč sbiinoh ti voʔne?

3. If you don’t know its name, what is it like?

mi mu šanaʔ li sbie k’usi t škoʔolah sčiʔuk?

4. Is it a tree, a plant, a vine, a grass, or not any of these?

mi teʔ mi ¡’iʔlel mi ʔak’ mi hobel mi mu haʔuk?

5. Is there a form -tik or -allik? (expanse or large expanse of)

mi. .tik mi. .altik?

6. Where does it grow; in the highlands, temperate zone, or lowlands?

buy š č’t? mi la sikil ʔosil mi la vk¡ik mi ta ʔoion?

7. Where does it grow; in the yard, in the woods, in fields, etc.?

buy š č’i? mi ta yut mok, mi ta teʔtik, mi ta stentehtik

8. Is it cultivated? When? How? Who does it?

mi ¡’unbil? k’u ʔorn? k’u "sʔelan la ¡’unel? buč’u s¡’un?

9. What part of it is used?

k’usi štun ʔo?

10. Who uses it?

buč’u štun yuʔun?

11. What is it used for?

k’usi štun ʔo?

12. Is it “cold” or “hot”?

mi sik mi k’išin?

13. What effect does it have?

k’u t spas ʔo?

14. How is it gathered? Who brings it? When? Is it bought or gathered?

k’u šʔelan ta saʔel? buč’u t saʔ tal? k’u ʔora? mi manbil mi saʔbil ta teʔtik?

15. How many are used?

hayib štun?

16. How is it prepared?

k’u šʔelan ta mekanel?

17. Is it used alone or is there another ingredient. If so, what is it?

mi stuk mi ʔoy skap? k’usi h skape?

18. How is it taken?

k’u šʔelan la ʔič’el?

19. How much is drunk? After meals or not?

k’u yepal I šuč’? mi veʔem ša ʔoš ʔo mi muʔyuk to ʔoš?

20. When is it used? If it is medicine, how often is it taken?

k’u ʔora ti t štune? ti mi poše hay-ʔeč’el sk’an ta ʔič’ele?

21. Is it the preferred kind? If not, what is?

mi haʔ mas lek štune? mi moʔohe k’usi ti mas lek štun ʔune

22. If it is poisonous, what remedy is there?

mi pukuh k’usi spošil?

At the end of five months, overweening pride goaded me to try to determine whether my team’s essential agreement on plant names and uses was shared by members of the outlying hamlets. Together, we chose individuals whom we thought would be knowledgeable. Several were shamans. Obvious ignoramuses were speedily replaced. Before collecting, each initiate was asked to name all of the plants that he could. His knowledge was tested against the master list from Zinacantán Center to fill out his own list and to spot variant pronunciations. On a rotating basis the additional collectors, ideally one from each of the major hamlets, accompanied by one or two from the original team, collected through January 1967. They, too, were asked to identify the plants and to respond to the items in the questionnaire. Over 3000 numbered specimens were obtained, of which several were species new to science. Excluded from the dictionary were Tzotzil names that seemed suspect or that had the qualifier, “yit’iš,” i.e., “false…”; or “bastard…,” e.g., “bastard evening primrose,” and also had no known use. Even so, 1170 species are represented, as well as another 100 identifications at the generic level. Examples for nearly every one of the plant names on the master list were secured, so that the collection was comprehensive both from the botanical and lexical point of view. This dry account gives no hint of the pleasures of plant collecting; the mornings spent in crisp pine forests and along torrid lowland stream beds, the nights beneath giant fig trees, the dizzying verbal duels as we sorted and prepared the plants for drying. Nor does it hint at the problems; the collectors sunk deep in hangovers, the collectors who, rather than wrinkling their pants, would rely on me to bother climbing a tree to wrench down a spectacular orchid. Imagine a collecting party; myself, three veteran teammates from the Center, and three hamlet beginners. Everyone has been instructed that I only want genuine names, and that unfamiliarity with the plant should cause no concern. First, the beginners would be asked to name each plant. If they answered, “I don’t know,” four or five times, the veterans would begin exchanging superior winks. After the first 15 minutes of collecting, no plant was ever left unnamed. An enormous lexicon of several thousand names was created with extreme variations from one individual to the next. Some control was provided by having the members of the original team all from Zinacantán Center and by collecting in the same localities many times throughout the year. The variations seldom could be explained by noting the origins of the collectors, nor was it a simple question of the ignorance or widsom of the collector, though this was a critical, but elusive factor. The impact of group dynamics upon the choice of plant names was terrible to behold. Of paramount importance was the social criteria of the collector within the team such as his age or bonds of friendship. Social position and temperament often determined who would align with whom in assigning which names. Efforts to prevent collectors from influencing their colleagues’ decisions frequently were unsuccessful. Even so, there was substantial agreement on culturally significant plants.

Having completed a year of collecting in January 1967, I returned to the States. In my absence my two fellow lexicographers began what proved to be an extraordinarily frustrating chapter in our lives—the identification of place names. After walking the major trails of the township and visiting every hamlet—a venture sure to arouse the suspicions of their countrymen—Romin and ʔAnselmo would return to San Cristobal to attempt to pinpoint on aerial photographs the places they had visited. Anyone familiar with the problems of distortion, shadows, blurs in aerial photographs of rugged mountainous terrain with elevations varying 5000 feet, in an area of over 50 square miles, will appreciate the enormity of the task.

In the fall of 1967, Romin and ʔAnselmo once again braved the northern climes so that we could transfer their work from one series of unacceptable photos to another that was slightly less distorted. My own jigsaw-puzzle approach in trying to piece together the series of photographs proved far less accurate than their mental retracing of their steps along mountain trails.

In preparation for their arrival, I had conceived of two additional labors. Although the thrust of this dictionary is primarily from Tzotzil to English, lest I inadvertently ignore important English concepts, I examined semantic frequency lists which contained the 1000 concepts most frequently expressed in English, German, French, and Spanish (Eaton, 1940). I was able to match these cognates with Tzotzil equivalents in all but 210 instances. For these latter we derived Spanish sentences containing the key word, and asked Romin and ʔAnselmo to translate them into Tzotzil. Their difficulties were a boost to my ego, validating my own intuitions. Nevertheless, after gnawing away at these recalcitrant concepts we reduced their number to 50. Among the concepts for which we could conjure up no equivalent were “question,” “plan,” “family,” “peace,” “liberty,” and “faith,” though verbal forms of several of these were readily at hand.

The second labor was the result of my inability to comprehend the meanings of some 300 abstract expressions that with surprising frequency appeared in the context of disputes or court cases, and so appeared to be critical to an understanding of the culture. I asked my fellow lexicographers to illustrate the range of their meaning by providing me with several sentences apiece for each troublesome word. The consensus was encouraging. The most illuminating of these exemplary sentences have found their way into the dictionary.

The presence of my collaborators in our home in Alexandria, Virginia, added zest to our undertaking. It also added Tzotzil definitions for such foreign elements as chaise longues which were promptly dubbed in Tzotzil “foot-watchers.” Identifications of elusive insects and larger animals were made after visits to museums and zoos. With the aid of a pointer, stars could be easily tracked in the Hayden Planetarium. And lest my colleagues become too bored, in our free time we made our pilgrimage to Mount Vernon, watched a Princeton-Cornell football game, collected conchs at Assateague, and marched on the Pentagon. Except for continued fussing with the maps, the addition by Romin of considerable animal folklore, and the culling of my field notes for ethnographic flavor, this ended the first collection stage of the making of this dictionary—four years, from November 1963 to November 1967, of relentless pursuit after what seemed now to be unquestionably noxious caterpillars.

SECOND STAGE—ORGANIZATION AND ASSESSMENT

It would be merciful to the reader who has followed me this far to characterize the second stage as the light at the end of the tunnel. It was not. Twenty-five thousand handwritten entries were typed up by a commercial secretarial firm. The typographical errors must have approximated the number of entries. The botanical information, written in three languages, by various collaborators, formed a small mountain of lined paper pads, graph sheets, typed lists that had to be thoroughly threshed, sifted, and weighed. I had to decide which plant names were genuine and which spurious. As the botanical identifications came trickling in, the Latin names and the common English names had to be matched with all their Tzotzil equivalents. An endless shuffling of cards filled every day from dawn to dark. My invaluable assistants through these three years all fell victim to the card game. One walked around clutching a copy of Sartre’s No Exit, referring insidiously to the dictionary as “mother.” Another dreamt that she was the k’oš ’ʔahateʔes card and that she was wandering through the plant file being incorrectly filed and ultimately lost. When she related her dream to me, I asked her if she knew what plant k’oš ʔahateʔes was. She didn’t know and wasn’t interested, but I pursued the matter into a card file she had never seen. When I informed her that her alter ego was wild blueberry she turned livid, exclaiming helplessly, “Blueberry, that’s my nickname!” Our uneasiness was not stilled as we proceeded the rest of that afternoon to make a series of grammatical corrections only to find that every one had mysteriously been anticipated, including the final entry, “God”!

As we slowly began to impose some order on the botanical material, I became obsessed with doubts about the value of my collection. I was well aware that a project which had brought together 3000 specimens, 22 informants not always sober, and countless thousands of names would demonstrate inconsistencies. So, for reassurance, I turned to the results of our mushroom picking—a mere 200 specimens, four informants, and 100 names. I paired the Tzotzil generic names with their Latin generic determinations to produce the simplified chart (Figures 1).

One wishes, of course, to have not merely generic but specific Latin identifications, but the mycologist protested that this was impossible as I had not provided him with a thorough comparative description of the specimens’ flavors. I had, in fact, asked my wife, who loves raw mushrooms, to taste the specimens and record their flavors. I learned the limits of her loyalty.

Figure 2 shows how even the mushroom specimens considered edible by the Zinacantecs are linked by their Linnaean identifications in a complex way. For instance, eahal čikin is a mushroom of the genus Lactarius. Mana yok belongs to Lactarius, but also to Cantharellus, Clitocybe, and Collybia. It also belongs to Cortinarius, Mycena, and Tricholorna, but not to Lactarius, Cantharellus or Clitocybe! At least, after having implicitly trusted my informants and feasted on many a leftover mushroom I was relieved to learn that not a single deadly specimen had found its way into this category.

Mushrooms are of minor importance in the diet, but no plant is more central to Zinacantec culture than corn. Everyone grows corn, everyone talks about corn, everyone depends upon corn for his survival. My collaborators from Zinacantán Center collected twenty ears of corn (ʔišim) which they claimed were different from each other and which they called by different names. When I was still in Chiapas I strung the ears up across the room and brought in five men, each from a different hamlet. I asked them to name the corn. They could handle the ears, chip off kernels, and so forth. If each informant had assigned a different name to each ear there would be 100 names. Here are the results.

TABLE 1.—“A Maze”

FIGURE 1.—Mushroom or toadstool?

FIGURE 2.—Edible fungi chart illustrating overlap of Tzotzil generic names.

For these 20 ears that Di. Paul Mangelsdorf assigns to 16 races there are 47 different Tzotzil names. Forty-one descriptive terms of such things as shape, color, habitat, season, and size are used to produce a majority of the distinctive names. Despite this extraordinary diversity, which might lead one to believe that these men were thoroughly confused by the array of corn—and they confessed bewilderment at the time—not a single one mistook an ear of highland corn for an ear of lowland corn, while the mistakes in identifying temperate corn that grows in the foothills only confirmed its intermediate quality.

Escaping from my unlettered Tzotzil informants, I sought reassurance from a group of undergraduates and Smithsonian colleagues sharing a literate, bookish culture. I gave them a simple test. The instructions were to look at each of 15 flash cards and write down what they called the thing.

TABLE 2.—“Bug Test,” based on Teach Me About Insects Flash Cards (“one of a series that trains young minds to think!”)

Notice the spelling mistakes (italicized)—no problem in Tzotzil. Look at the “fairy” (No. IE). The most knowledgeable informant correctly identified half of the insects. Following their judgment, I would confidently name No. 8 “grasshopper.” But even Dr. Seuss would be hard put to invent a creature sharing the attributes of aphid, termite, and mosquito (No. 12). Everyone knows the song about the boll weevil, “I’m looking for a home.” Well, he’d find no home in this people’s dictionary!

Agreed that college students don’t know their entomology. How about cars?

TABLE 3.—“Kandy-kolored Tangerine-flake Streamline Baby Test,” based on color photographs selected from dealers’ brochures of current 1967 models

The best informant correctly identified eight out of ten, the rest, despite Madison Avenue, only two or three. Look at those names and think of them as potential dictionary entries. Three out of five know that Ford is a Chevy (No. 1) and one knows that Chevy is a Cadillac (No. 6D). Look at the personal distinctions: “2-door hardtop” vs. “4-door hardtop” (informant E), “plum” vs. “brick red” (informant B). Look at the syntax: “White Chevy Station Wagon” (No. 1B); “White station wagon, Rambler” (No. 1D); “A station wagon” (No. 9C). Rubbish! Remember we are searching for truthful identifications, that is, not deceptive ones. Consider the results above in the light of truth, truth as “conformity with fact, agreement with reality, agreement with the thing represented, the actual state of the case” (C. T. Onions [ed.], 1955:2258).

Disappointed in the blatant ignorance of American youth represented above, my research assistant and I puzzled over what domain of knowledge was as rich in vocabulary and as important to American culture as corn to Zinacantec culture. We chose breakfast foods.

TABLE 4.— “Flapdoodle (food for fools) Test” (x = correct answer; = no answer)

Dishes of cereal were offered for inspection and tasting first to white college students and then to black high school students. In the first test the subjects gained a total score of 36 percent correct, each informant correctly identifying from five out of the eight cereals to no cereals (unless one credits the informant who identified them all as “shit” as an appropriate response). In the second test die number of correct answers rose to 53 percent, ranging also from five out of the eight cereals correctly identified to two cereals out of eight. Comparing the two results it appears that white college students are most familiar with Sugar Pops and Rice Chex while black high school students score best on Cornflakes and Froot Loops, each group scoring very low on the other’s favorite breakfast food. One could deduce from the names ascribed that there is a negative corollary between knowledge and inventiveness. The more highly educated were more ignorant yet more inventive and facetious. Similarly there were many fewer students of the first category who left blanks on the answer sheet. One could deduce that the less educated are less compulsive, soberer, and more honest, or perhaps that blacks are less compulsive, soberer, and more honest than whites.

The plethora of names is reminiscent of the Zinacantecs’ labeling of corn. The eight kinds of actual cereal are dubbed with 53 names! As with the Zinacantecs, it is difficult to determine which names are authentic and which are merely descriptive. Regardless of race or level of education the number of informants who were duped into believing that Toucan Food was a kind of cereal is disturbing, though I must confess that I later learned that what the pet shop had represented to me as special bird food was in fact dog food! The errors of substance are astonishing—Rice Chex are identified eight times as wheat, five times as rice, and twice as corn. Not only is there a failure to identify the substance properly, but even the form is misconstrued. How could Grape Nuts possibly be described as “flakes” (R7)? The levels of discrimination, too, are thoroughly mixed; cereal, flakes, food, dirt, grain, germ, granules, protein, wheat. If majority is master than we can conclude safely that Cornflakes, Froot Loops, Sugar Pops and Frosty O’s are correctly identified. But unlike the Tzotzil names for corn there is one and only one genuine name for the product contained in the box labeled “Apple Jacks” and that name is not “Frosty O’s,” “Frosti O’s,” or “Frosted O’s” despite the claims of ten of the fourteen black informants. Majority rule does not assure the truth.

As a last resort, I gave a greatly simplified test to ten college professors (anthropologists and linguists)—ten vegetables were handed to them for identification. They scored 58 percent correct, the best informed individual identified nine out of ten, the dullard scored two and a half (with half points for partial identification).

Demoralized by the apparent inability of most Americans to master the most mundane domains of common knowledge, I retreated and restaged one of my techniques that had proved most successful in the field for narrowing the range of meanings. I tossed a doll on the table and asked those present to describe it in one word. They replied, “lying,” “crying,” “flopped,” “sprawled,” “raggedy,” “prone,” “sleeping,” “supine,” and “dead.” I wondered at the success of my efforts in Chiapas. I worried over experiences that were as common to English speakers as to Tzotzil speakers, but which stubbornly evaded labels. I tested the ingenuity of my colleagues by having a boy come in, put his finger in his cheek and pop it. O_: “What was that?” A: “Somebody just stepped in and made a popping noise.” Q: “What do you call it?” A: “There’s no word for it.”

Quite opposite is the problem presented by those in the know. Take for instance hunters’ names for ducks. The ruddy duck has nearly one hundred colloquial names including such diverse titles as blatherskite, booby, bumblebee-buzzer, chunk duck, dopper, dummy duck, fool duck, god-damn, greasey, Johnny Bull, paddywack, sleepy brother, soldier duck, spoon-billed butterball, tough-head, and wiretail (Kortright, 1953:364).

Samuel Johnson has said: “The rigour of interpretative lexicography requires that the explanation, and the word explained should always be reciprocal” (Johnson, 1797:9). I gave a final matching test to five of my literate informants with glosses from Webster’s Third New International Dictionary.

TABLE 5.—“Semantic Differential Test”

Only one word was correctly matched by all informants— “blue.” One informant correctly paired six out of eight. The remaining scores were too shameful to reveal. I was tempted to conclude reluctantly with Dr. Johnson that “most men think indistinctly, and therefore cannot speak with exactness” (Johnson, 1797:12), but it seems more likely that the fault lies not in my informants’ lack of native ability, but rather in their lack of instruction and their unfamiliarity with literary aspects of the English language.

In the absence of a dictionary, in the absence of recognized authorities, who is your authority? Is it the majority? Is it the people? The above array of popular wisdom is disconcerting.

Frank Cancian was able to derive further clarification of the structure of the Zinancantec religious hierarchy by utilizing his informants’ errors, but he was sufficiently canny to choose a domain where error could be readily determined and measured (Frank Cancian, 1963a). Either a man was “grand alcalde” in 1956 or he was not. My own attempts to sort out the rubbish were not marked with such success.

A task allied to the problem of meaning was the proper sorting out of roots and their classification by types. I had replied on Terrence Kaufman’s advice from the very start in establishing grammatical classes. His comparative knowledge of Mayan languages would be especially useful. So we spent a Christmas season poring over the vocabulary trying to delineate homonymous roots, and trying to generate a syntactic system that would take into account the various assemblages of words under one root. Even after days of persistent sifting through the mass of material, we had only reached halfway through the alphabet. What at first had seemed would be a realistic and simple linguistic ordering soon became cluttered with innumerable anomalies. The flu and the mindless variety of linguistic facts drove us to despair. It was left to me to continue to the end, supported by long distance calls to my mentor for help. I don’t believe it is false to report that his own confidence was severely tried as he witnessed even the most basic rules of Tzotzil sound-change violated not 20 percent of the time, not 40 percent, but 60 percent!

On this note of disorder ended my second stage of lexicography. The caterpillars continued to wriggle on their pins in the most alarming way. Even so I looked forward to the final presentation of my collection, secure that despite its inconsistencies it was a considerable achievement.

THIRD STAGE—PRESENTATION

The final stage was inaugurated by a game of jotto which I was induced to play on a computer terminal to prove to me that even I could face the new world bravely. It was the first step into the heart of darkness. A team of keypunchers transferred the information from the 25,000 typed vocabulary slips to a computer tape. I rented time on a computer terminal and hired an operator to make corrections. When the representative from the VIP Company stopped by to look at her work, he exclaimed, “That’s all garbage!” In retrospect his reaction was not surprising, for in addition to the bizarre combination of letters was the insertion of percentage signs, commercial ats, knot signs, pound signs, a host of code letters that would eventually indicate such things as capitalization, italics, and boldface.

The decision to computerize the dictionary was based on the following grounds: (1) it would permit offset printing at a much lower cost than type-setting; (2) it would eliminate proofreading at the galley-proof stage and avoid the introduction of new errors by typesetters; (3) it would permit the creation of the English-Tzotzil section by automatic means; and, finally (4), it would store the data in a form that would be susceptible to manipulation by future scholars who could pull out whole classes of data for investigation. On the face of it, the grounds are logical and eminently sensible.

But it must be remembered that computers tolerate no errors. The “input” must be perfect. My terminal operator did her best. It was not good enough. Every space in the 80-character line had to be properly filled. If a correction involved a change in spacing, then not only that line, but every succeeding line of that entry had to be changed by a complicated procedure that was itself subject to human error. Endless proofreading always revealed new errors that had been overlooked. Once this material was transferred to tape at considerable expense, we were left with the botanical data that was still awaiting final determinations. A quick glance at the plant entries hardly suggests their complexity now that they have been stripped of all the code characters—characters which demanded that the keypuncher shift constantly from upper to lower case and back again. Tzotzil, English, Latin, abbreviations of botanical authors, specimen numbers, informant numbers—so much gibberish. By mispunching the line number, the line would be inserted at the wrong end of the dictionary. One 80-character line of input with its number tells the story eloquently as shown in the box below. Neither professional keypunchers, Harvard amateurs, nor I were sufficient to the task. My most experienced keypuncher, forced to seek confirmation of his insanity to escape the draft, worked with phenomenal speed and accuracy while thoroughly stoned. But even he could take only so many months of gibberish. Each successive keypuncher compounded the errors as she made corrections. One finally rebelled, calling it “shitwork,” berated my programmer for involving her in such “immoral, antihuman” activity. I learned then how right she was. Zeno’s principle of infinite progression seemed truer and truer as I proofread on planes, boats, beds, in buses, cars, subways, doctors’ offices, computer centers, at home, and in the field with never an end in sight.

MATAS, MATAS, N1E., RAILWAY$BEGGARTICKS$(@BIDENS PILOSA)*@L.*, #104(1, 2, 4, 5), 91001011

I can speak with no authority on the difficulties of programming this dictionary. I only saw the results of errors and did my best to guide my programmers to the solution of these errors. I have the greatest respect for their competence, but it has been a humbling experience for us all. The program rules that governed the Tzotzil field numbered only four, but those that governed the English field ran to many, many pages of extraordinary complexity. For example:

My Great Tzotzil Dictionary was run on SNOBOL (pronounced snowball) and SPITBOL (pronounced spit ball). My mind was twisted by algorithms and concatenations. The simplest of manipulations proved the most difficult to program. The “automatic” conversion of Tzotzil-English to English-Tzotzil required a nearly endless series of intermediate steps to render the material amenable to the rules which we hoped would produce the desired result. Often we were forced back to the keypunch stage to sidestep otherwise insoluble problems, to eliminate ambiguities.

While I was fully aware of the necessity to present my data in a consistent format, and tried with excruciating care to do so, I never dreamed that there could be so many minor irregularities. It began to seem that just as numerical order was the basis of computer technology, so literal rebelliousness was the nature of a dictionary, that what we were attempting was impossible. A single error in the program could produce such devastating results; the inability to handle a single instance of a class of phenomena meant obviously that it could handle no instance of that class of phenomena. The dependence of the program on perfect data produced bizarre results when a comma was excluded or a semicolon substituted for a colon. English words would be printed in Tzotzil characters, half of a line would be dropped and another line repeated, lines would begin halfway across the page. Because they began with a capital letter enclosed by a parenthesis, “God cursing,” the “Voice of America braying,” and “God damning” were listed in Latin in the scientific index.

A sense of doom descended upon me as printouts were lost not once, but three times in the mail. Each printout became shorter and shorter while the letter “y” mysteriously contracted as if the dictionary were an autodigestive mushroom or a serpent with its tail in its mouth. For seven months the computer work was described as within two weeks of conclusion. For as many months I pestered my programmers with long distance phone calls as we tried to define and redefine the constantly shifting requirements. I confess that unbeknownst to my programmers, their names, with slight alterations became the despairing epithet for the enterprise of this period—“Fink, Garble, and Vote.” Finally in March 1973, we produced the first perfect sample of Tzotzil-English and English-Tzotzil. Because the charges for the Columbia University computer were nine times more economical than those for the Harvard computer, we had the first complete copy of the dictionary produced in New York. When I went to pick it up I discovered that the Tzotzil-English section was very much as I had desired. But the English to Tzotzil section of The Great Tzotzil Dictionary had been reduced to the lowest common denominator; page after page of one letter per line arranged in a single column. This was followed by all the Latin names neatly decapitated and arranged alphabetically according to the second letter. The final section consisted of English plant names, one name to a page. More stunned than suicidal, I trundled my rubbish back to Washington. My dictionary became known around the museum as The Great Tzotzil Disaster. Then followed three weeks of grim encounter with the computer. I spoke of Mayan curses, but was politely corrected—not superstition, but Murphy’s Law that declares that all significant computer programs will have bugs, and conversely, that any computer program lacking bugs is trivial. Every misadventure of the past three years seemed to be recapitulated in these three weeks. We seemed to be harrowing hell, for the deeper we dug, the more pestilence we uncovered, and simultaneously the computer system crashed, the interpreter misinterpreted, the duplicator made false comparisons, the lister listed numbers instead of letters and when I cried out in despair I was comforted by a computer jock who reassured me, saying, “It’s perfectly all right, you can still read the numbers!” Our semifinal run of the dictionary was halted by a card whose presence in the deck was totally inexplicable, and by a malfunctioning tape drive whose chances of disrupting our work in this way were authoritatively assessed at one in ten million. One day before April Fool’s, as if by magic, the computer mechanically discharged The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán. When I proudly showed it to a technician in the Government Printing Office where I had anticipated it would be published, he observed dryly, “Our linotron can’t handle that junk.” At this writing I can only await the future dispassionately, remembering the fate of the great Indian lexicographer, Praharaj, who lived to witness his mammoth quadrilingual dictionary, the fruit of twenty-five years of labor, carted off in wheelbarrows to be sold by the pound as scrap paper.

JUSTIFICATION

What belongs in a bilingual dictionary?

Ideally speaking, the bilingual dictionary would anticipate every conceivable need of the prospective user. (1) It would provide for each word or expression in the source language (SL) just the right translation in the target language (TL) including, most importantly, the one needed for the passage in hand. (2) It would contain all the words, locutions, circumlocutions, and idioms that any user might ever want to look up. (3) It would contain all the inflectional, derivational, syntactic and semantic information that any user might ever need. (4) It would contain certain information on all levels of usage, including special warnings about words not to be used in the presence of ladies, in the presence of children, or to or in the presence of one’s superiors. (5) It would contain all personal names, names of personages past and present, place names, names of famous books and plays, names of characters therein, and any other names that any user might want to look up. (6) It would contain all specialized vocabulary items of all the sciences, professions, manufacturing industries, and trades, each carefully and appropriately labelled as to its field. (7) It would contain all necessary information about correct spellings, as well as information on alternate or commonly-encountered incorrect spellings. (8) It would include all the information needed to instruct the user in the proper way to pronounce each word so as to be indetectable from the pronunciation of a native speaker. … (9) It ought to be equally oriented to speakers of both languages…. [10 not included] (11) Above all, it should be compact … (Haas 1962:45).

The dictionary which would serve for an adequate semantic theory is not, however, merely some typical exhaustive dictionary, such as is commonly published today. What is required is a listing of all the meanings (linguistic, referential, and emotive) structured in such a way as to reveal the patterns of structured contrasts which form the framework of meaning (Nida, 1964:102).

The pioneering aims of Samuel Johnson, whom I will call on frequently for enlightenment, are scarcely outmoded by modern demands.

I resolved to show likewise my attention to things. To pierce deep into every science, to inquire the nature of every substance of which I inserted the name, to limit every idea by a definition strictly logical and exhibit every production of art or nature in an accurate description, that my book might be in place of all other dictionaries whether appellative or technical. But these were the dreams of a poet, doomed at last to wake a lexicographer (Johnson 1797:12).

After such a preface, how do I speak of “the romance of words”? My work, now in a form which computer specialists are pleased to call a “storage dump,” must seem either comic or tragic, but surely not romantic! Am I compelled to review my efforts to compile these 30,000 entries as “procedures for obtaining and interpreting dumps”? (IBM System/360 Operating System: Programmer’s Guide to Debugging, 1972: title page.) How can I justify the expenditure of $67,000 in grants and private contributions as well as ten salaried years of labor, largely devoted to this enterprise? Is there no metaphor that can rightly convey the adventure and will lead to a more positive evaluation? I believe there is. A contemporary linguist speaks of translating from the “jungle language” into English (Quine, 1964). The literal exuberance of spoken forms cannot but inspire admiration for the varieties of human experience. The heaviness of this tome makes a mockery of the conventional wisdom that “primitives” speak “primitive” languages. “Of all adults in our world today, four out of ten can neither read nor write. Words are a mystery to them, and they live by signs” (Miami Herald, sometime during spring 1959). Once again, Dr. Johnson provides a healthy perspective:

When I took the first survey of my undertaking, I found our speech copious without order, and energetick without rules; wherever I turned my view, there was perplexity to be made out of boundless variety, without any established principle of selection; adulterations were to be detected, without a settled test of purity; and modes of expression to be rejected or received, without the suffrages of any writers of classical reputation or acknowledged authority (Johnson, 1797:5).

But my own approach has been diametrically opposed to Dr. Johnson’s, who wrote:

I could not visit caverns to learn the miners’ language, nor take a voyage to perfect my skill in the dialect of navigation, nor visit the warehouses of merchants, and shops of artificers, to gain the names of wares, tools, and operations, of which no mention is made in books; what favourable accident, or easy inquiry, brought within my reach, had not b’een neglected: but it had been a hopeless labour to glean up words, by courting living information, and contesting with the sullenness of one, and the roughness of another (Johnson 1797:12).

Living information is the content of this dictionary. It was collected on the premise that “the most fruitful approach to the semantic problem of any language is the ethnological one” (Nida, 1945:97), that “in effect one does not translate languages one translates cultures” (Casagrande, 1954:338), and that with no context there is no sense. I cannot claim that simply by immersing myself in the culture of Zinacantan I was able always to distinguish primary from secondary meanings nor that I was freed from making quite arbitrary distinctions “between different shades of the same meaning and different meanings of the same word” (Ullman, 1962:69).

To interpret a language by itself is very difficult; many words cannot be explained by synonyms, because the idea signified by them has not more than one appellation; nor by paraphrase, because simple ideas cannot be described. When the nature of things is unknown, or the notion unsettled and indefinite, and various in various minds, the words by which such notions are conveyed, or such things denoted, will be ambiguous and perplexed. And such is the fate of hapless lexicography, that not only darkness, but light, impedes and distresses it; things may be not only too little, but too much known, to be happily illustrated. To explain, requires the use of terms less abstruse than that which is to be explained, and such terms cannot always be found; for as nothing can be proved but by supposing something intuitively known, and evident without proof, so nothing can be defined but by the use of words too plain to admit a definition (Johnson, 1797:9).

“When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said, in a rather scornful tone, “it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less.”

“The question is,” said Alice, “whether you can make words mean so many different things.”

“The question is,” said Humpty Dumpty, ’“which is to be master— that’s all” (Carroll, 1962:247).

Nevertheless, because of my aging in Zinacantán, I can claim a perspective and knowledge of Tzotzil that would have been impossible to acquire in any bookish way.

It is natural that the recent interest in ethnoscience, which by its insistence on the definition of cultural domains in native terms, has generated a new respect for lexical items, would not extend that respectful attitude to a list of words in meaningless, endless alphabetical order. The logical meeting ground not only of sister sciences, but of poet and scientist, has been left largely to missionaries for the spreading of the Word. General dictionaries of obscure languages are not fashionable, but if the understanding of human cultural behavior is the goal of anthropology, and if language is, in a sense, a “mirror for man,” the pragmatic and semantic investigation of man’s socially patterned linguistic habits is surely relevant (Morris, 1938). While a lexicon should not be equated with language, it offers valuable clues to the question: “To what extent and in what ways is a language an index of its associated culture?” (Hymes, 1962:167). In more dynamic terms: What is the impact of language upon thought?

Even a general dictionary, whose structure tells so little about a language, may carry the contents for the study of semantic universals: semantic regularities not manifested in form, recurrent types of associated or discriminated concepts, transparent and opaque words, metaphoric patterns, synaesthesia, and onomatopoeia (Casagrande, 1963; Ullman, 1963). This same raw material, presenting the fields or emphases of lexical concern specific to a particular language, the “structure” of its vocabulary, should provide insight into the structure of native concepts (Newman, 1954), and aid later scholars in making more narrowly defined comprehensive studies.

An ethnographic dictionary can aid the linguist in the realignment of grammatic categories. Even though the Tzotzil noun classes and root classes that we conjured up from the material have proved not to be the master, even though after a decade of their use I have failed to commit them to memory, and discovered their unwieldiness too late to subject them to improvement, they do not mask the complexities of the language nor do they conceal the evidence.

It seems likely that cutting across many spheres, there exists a Pan-Mayan system of metaphoric associations which persists despite the lexical and grammatical fragmentation of proto-Mayan into many languages. But the limited nature of most Mayan dictionaries until recently has discouraged comparative studies (Kaufman, 1964, 1969; McQuown, 1964). The establishment of such a Pan-Mayan system of associations should aid in the decipherment of ancient Mayan inscriptions.

To the historian a general dictionary lays bare a stratum of cultural artifacts, words, which define important segments of a culture and illustrate the impingement of foreign influence (Voegelin, 1959). For instance, Nahuatl loan words that were never hispanicized and must therefore have been introduced directly into Tzotzil number less than ten, casting considerable doubt on Herrera’s claim that Zinancantán was once under Aztec domination.

As an ethnologist, I have benefited and suffered from the intellectual currents of my time. This dictionary is not free from those influences. I maintained that a broad and unbiased coverage of the vocabulary was assured by journeying from root to root. But as Romin, ’Anselmo, and I proceeded on our quixotic pilgrimage I could see my fellow anthropologists engaged in a far more serious endeavor, tedious beyond words, but at least true science, inspiring severe determination, awesome in its resolve. In these hard times.

“Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and root out everything else. You can only form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts: nothing else will ever be of any service to them. Stick to the Facts, sir!”

“ …Bitzer,” said Thomas Gradgrind. “Your definition of a horse.”

“Quadruped. Graminivorous. Forty teeth, namely twenty-four grinders, four eye-teeth, and twelve incisive. Sheds coat in the spring; in marshy countries, sheds hoofs too. Hoofs hard, but requiring to be shod with iron. Age known by marks in mouth.” Thus (and much more) Bitzer.

“Now girl number twenty,” said Mr. Gradgrind, “You know what a horse is.”

“. You must discard the word Fancy altogether…. You must use … for all these purposes, combinations and modifications (in primary colors) of mathematical figures which are susceptible of proof and demonstration. This is the new discovery. This is fact. This is taste” (Dickens, 1854:1-4).

I confess that componential analysis had no influence on this dictionary. Not so with “contrast level” studies which map native words in hierarchies of different levels of generality. When collecting plants it seemed incumbent upon me not only to collect the names of plants, but to capture in part the native taxonomy—to indicate where the name fit in the Tzotzil taxonomy, whether it belonged to such things as the “life form” of teʔ (tree), ʔak’(vine), ¢’iʔlel(plant), hobel (grass), and whether it was a generic name such as toh (pine), or a specific name such as k’anal toh (yellow pine), or a varietal name such as vi¢tikal k’anal toh (temperate yellow pine) (Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven, 1973a).

Theoretically, a primary virtue of ethnoscientific method is that it excludes the ethnographer’s bias because the emphasis is on the native culture’s view of the world. This is, of course, pure fiction. It can hardly be said that the ethnographer’s bias has been excluded after he has spent a year collecting and recording the names and uses of plants, paying informants daily for such activity. No matter how important natives believe plants to be, they cannot but think that the ethnographer’s interest is obsessive and totally irrational. No sooner had I discovered the clearly delineated domain of ethnobotany than my dictionary and I became its victims. The careful balance was lost, the clean impartiality was sullied as botanical entries threatened to engulf the whole dictionary.

There was a horrifying fascination in watching the development of a complex Tzotzil botanical taxonomy. I do not mean to say that this taxonomy is false or adulterated, but it is newly created. My fellow collectors, confronted with hundreds of weeds that they had never paid the least attention to, became expert taxonomists, adept at distinguishing fine-grained differences in form and habitat, and applying names accordingly. The Tzotzil “life forms” and generics were unaffected, but the specific and varietal names are a tribute to the perceptivity and inventiveness of a team of Tzotzil botanists.

I introduced my remarks on ethnoscience by presenting Bitzer’s graminivorous horse, because I believe it is relevant to the ethnoscientific field methods whereby native informants are led to discriminate one creature from another. Bulmer and Tyler when studying the Karam people’s taxonomy of Philippine frogs, discovered the unreality of Bitzer’s horse:

In so far as Karam informants are prepared to construct artificial keys at the behest of the anthropologist, or even, possibly, instructing their children (we have no evidence on this point), the characters which they consciously draw attention to may, in fact, only constitute a very small part of the total configuration which is the basis for the informant’s actual recognition of examples of particular specimens. As Simpson puts it, such “non-technical recognition—identification—is normally not by…separate characters but by a mental image of the whole animal” (Bulmer and Tyler, 1968:353).

Charles Dickens clearly anticipated the current rebellion against the imposition of artificial constraints on our perception of reality.

Dr. Johnson eschewed “the courting of living information” lest he provoke “the sullenness of one and the roughness of another” (Johnson, 1797:12). I am more concerned with ignorance and prevarication. Herbert Passin speaks of the kinds of lies which the anthropologist should beware of: (1) lies to match facts with values; (2) lies to match facts with outside values; (3) prestige lies; (4) lies to match facts with factional interests; and (5) lies which are individual habits of the informant (Passin, 1942). The identification of error and deception in an ethnobotanic study such as forms part of this dictionary poses truly formidable problems. An informant’s consistency can only be tested by multiple collections. The five botanists from Zinacantán Center collected an average of 1400 plants. Ten of the hamlet botanists collected an average of 380 plants, but even with this high number, multiple collections of a single plant cluster around the commonest plants. Not only must many collections be made, but there must be many collectors.

This is of utmost consequence in ethnoscientific studies. Nearly three years passed before 80 percent of my specimens were identified and this was achieved under inconceivably favorable circumstances. Unless the investigator combines a comprehensive knowledge of plants in general, with a specific knowledge of the flora of the particular area, he must wait for the specimens to be identified by a host of specialists in various herbaria. Few botanists wield such control, and certainly no anthropologists. Without the Latin referent, it is difficult to know which questions to ask. Knowing now that Zinacantecs use five different names for one species of mallow I could ask more pointed questions, but even then I would have to collect new specimens as vouchers, because my original dried specimens would be too greatly altered in form to be recognized by informants. And then I would have to wait for the new specimens to be identified to be sure that we had collected the same species. Only because of the uniquely comprehensive study by Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven of ethnobotany in the closely allied language, Tzeltal, is my data susceptible to some verification (Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven, 1973b).

A second method of investigation that has achieved its best results here in the highlands of Chiapas is “programmed specification” where native phrases and statements are carefully manipulated in a question and answer form “to elicit further statements about a given topic in a way that preserves as much of the native thought pattern as possible” (Colby, 1966a: 17). While I appreciated the sophistication and precision of this technique which often illuminated the structure of segments of native thought, I was constrained by temperament from subduing either myself or my fellow lexicographers to such inexorable rigors. Even the very simple questionnaire that we used to derive plant lore soon proved frustrating. Some of the questions (2, 7, 10, 13, 21) evoked automatic answers or no answer at all. Others (15, 19) demanded a specificity that I don’t believe was real. For most herbal cures, there is no traditionally accepted formula for the prescriptions nor for the quantity nor schedule of application.

As a last remonstrance, I would like to add the observations of two students of Navajo linguistic behavior. They point out that any domain can be classified in a multiplicity of ways, that a “people’s perception of their culture is not always best shown by taxonomy.” They “suggest that ethnoscience should focus its attention on the total system of lexical-semantic relationships in the cultural universe—not merely on the taxonomic one” (Perchonock and Werner, 1969:237). How that should be done is not suggested by them nor will it be by me!

I have been asked how I secured the information in this dictionary. And aside from the techniques described for the botanical section, I have no answer. I know that sober and drunk we laughed and groaned and chatted in “the true language” for ten days and ten years, in museums, and on mountain trails, shivering in icy San Cristobal rooms, and basking beneath a Zinacantec sun. I like to think we have painted in bold strokes a bright impression of San Lorenzo Zinacantán; that our poisonous caterpillars will wriggle free and be transformed into a cloud of golden butterflies.

THE GENIUS OF THE LANGUAGE

It was once the fashion to speak of the “genius” of a language. A dictionary can only scratch the skin. It does not touch the heart. For the Tzotzil, as for the Quiché, “Words matter, and formal discourse matters even more” (Edmonson, 1971:xii). The first words one hears and learns are greetings. They are spoken from a distance, tentative yet soothing. From the fiercest faces can come the softest phrases repeated and repeated hesitantly, questioningly, drawn out in a high-pitched cadence so familiar, setting a tone designed to wrap the speakers in a protective blanket of trust, yet never really succeeding, for life is not to be taken on trust.

MARYAN: Are you there, young lady?

MATAL: I’m here, sir.

MARYAN: IS your husband there?

MATAL: He’s here, sir.

MARYAN: Are you there, Romin?

ROMIN: I’m here, sir.

MARYAN: Are you still at home?

ROMIN: I still seem to be at home for awhile, sir.

MARYAN: Ah, God, I’ve come here, son. I wonder if I can visit you for a minute?

ROMIN: Ah, what do you want, sir?

MARYAN: I don’t want anything, son. I just [want] to visit you for a minute. Can I come in?

ROMIN: Come on in, sir. What do you want?

MARYAN: All right son. I’m paying you a visit for a minute, then, son.

ROMIN: Fine sir. Come on in, sir. Sir! (bowing)

MARYAN: Come here, at ease!

MATAL: Sir!

MARYAN: Come here, at ease!

ROMIN: Sit down, sir! There’s a little chair.

MARYAN: All right son. Are you still at home, son?

ROMIN: I’m still at home, sir. I’m still at home. We haven’t been able to go very often, it seems. It seems I’m still here for a day or so.

If the talk and perhaps the cane liquor flows, formal discourse subsides and is replaced by a rapid exchange of pleasantries interspersed with verbal pyrotechnics, duels and taunts lightly testing who is master, and then the sober insistence of ritual phrases demanding that individual differences be forgotten so that the proper way, the traditional way continue unabated.

MARYAN: I am paying you a visit here. Grant a little pardon for our tiny bit of cold water, since you suffered the pain and the hardship. You sustained the lowly soul, the lowly spirit of God’s humble angel.

ROMIN: God, are your lordly heads still anxious, your lordly hearts, My Father, My Lord? That should have been all, I wish nothing, My Father, I wish nothing, My Lord. I wish nothing, my holy companion, my holy compadre. Thank you so much. May God repay you a little. It isn’t that I have said a thing, it seems.

MARYAN: This way it has always been from the beginning, from the start, grant a very little pardon. God, comadre, grant the holy pardon, a little, a bit. I have brought, I come holding in my possession, the sunbeams, the shade of Our Lord. Thanks for suffering the lordly pains, enduring the lordly hardship, you sustained the lowly soul, the lowly spirit of God’s humble angel, the way you, too, are measured as a lordly man, as a lordly person.

ROMIN: God, thanks, then, thanks. They say there is still a little, a bit.

Well, see here, compadre, it seems that now you offered me the little, the bit, it seems. I partook of the lordly liquor of your table. Let’s share the little, the bit, it seems of what you offered me, too. It’s not as if I am fine, by myself, proper by myself. It won’t happen that I will go by myself to drink next to the house, of course.

MARYAN: Think it over, if you [want to] go out now that we have finished drinking, too.

ROMIN: Lord, no! Let’s share a little, let’s share a bit, otherwise, then you’d certainly mock me!

MARYAN: Why would I mock you if you know how to toss down a whole liter?

ROMIN: Why a whole liter, it isn’t as if Fungus from the Upper Ranch were a brother of mine!

MARYAN: Ah, maybe you are starting little by little to turn into him.

ROMIN: Lord, that couldn’t be so!

MARYAN: Ah, then, think it over, what you want [to do], if just the two of you will get together there now.

ROMIN: Maybe three! Lord, you dish it out, then, compadre!

MARYAN: Maybe a little. You know that’s what we came to do.

ROMIN: Fucker! Lord, you’re so wrong-headed!

MARYAN: Ah, maybe [it feels] bad because you know those two liters are almost finished.

ROMIN: Three, Lord, but that’s the way it is, you’re right. We reciprocate equally.

MARYAN: Ah, you think it’s funny that we reciprocate!

ROMIN: Oh, what the hell, forget it, compadre. Thank you for visiting us, for sharing like this. Thank you for offering it to me, too.

MARYAN: Ah, it’s worth a little.

ROMIN: Your behind!

MARYAN: You’ll surely fall on your behind if you get drunk now! It’s really very little. God, compadre, compadre, that’s all there is. We have finished folding the lordly tortillas.

ROMIN: Ah, all right, compadre. [Grant] a little, a bit of pardon for the sunbeams and the shade of Our Lord, compadre. Or might I have in drunkenness, said something [rash] or could I have said something [like] “He gives me nothing. He offers me nothing.” My lowly head did not say that, my humble heart did not say that, compadre. See here, Father Maryan, I have not said a thing either. God, My Lord, you measure me as a man. You measure me as a person, Father Maryan.

MARYAN: No, indeed! This is the way it has always been from the beginning, from the start. It is not that we begin it in a moment. It started with our fathers, with our mothers the way we speak together. It was set aside, it was reserved by our first fathers and mothers. Grant pardon, a little, a bit.

ROMIN: God, thanks then, My Father, thanks then, My Lord. You measure me as a man, you measure me as a person. There is still a little. There is still a bit. I receive your lordly hardship, I receive your lordly suffering, your lordly weariness, your lordly sickness, your lordly sweat, your lordly moisture, compadre, My Father, compadre, My Lord, may God repay you. Thanks, then, Father Maryan, thanks a little.

MARYAN: Ah, thank you all. May God repay you for measuring me as a man, as a person, too. I took the sunbeams and the shade of Our Lord, too.

ROMIN: God, with just that we talk and converse together too, compadre.

MARYAN: Ah, yes, thank you. May God repay you.

ROMIN: God, it was just a little, a bit of the humble sunbeams and shade of Our Lord, compadre.

But this is only one face of the spoken word. There is another offered “beneath the feet, beneath the hands” of the cods. Through flickering candles and clouds of incense, smoothed by liquid spirits, the appeals are sent on high. In heartrending voices, the chants for long life and prosperity are repeated over and over at such breathless speed and with such interminable insistence that the gods could hardly seem to refuse.

May there not arise.

May there not pass.

The seeming good.

The evil.

He of the fiery heart.

He of the crimson heart.

Thou it is who standest erect.

Thou it is who standest firm.

Take heed, My Father.

Take heed, My Lord!

In unison, circle.

In unison, shine.

In unison, take counsel.

In unison, move Thy lips.

Thou who art the four holy fathers.

Thou who art the four holy mothers.

With reverend St. Lawrence.

With reverend St. Dominic.

Here I borrow.

Here I partake.

Of as many holy days.

As many holy hours.

For as long as Thou hast granted me.

For as long as Thou hast offered me.

Here beside Thee.

Here before Thee.

Take heed, My Father.

Take heed, My Lord!

May they still be borne.

May they still be swallowed.

However many my crimes.

However much my evil.

However great my doggishness.

However great my piggishness.

At dusk.

At dawn.

May there not yet arise.

May there not yet pass.

The seeming good.

The evil.

So I beg holy pardon.

So I beg divine forgiveness.

May there be pardon.

May there be forgiveness.

Reject not my lowly back.

Reject not my lowly side.

When at times I have remembered Thee.

And at times forgotten Thee.

If they be just stuffed in my mouth.

Just crammed between my lips.

Thy lordly sunbeams.

Thy lordly shade.

But take heed, My Father.

But take heed, My Lord!

Grant pardon to my lowly back.

Grant pardon to my humble side.

To me, who am Thy lowly dog.

To me, who am Thy humble pig.

To me, Thy dunce.

To me, Thy fool.

My Father.

My Lord.

For this I come, kneeling.

For this I come bent low.

To Thy thresholds.

To Thy altars.

My beauteous Father.

My beauteous Lord.

There is still another face to Tzotzil, the other cheek. Brave words screamed at the stars by a drunken man, stamping his feet in outrage at the injustices of his life, the devilish people who would thwart his destiny: “You have no shame you whorish old woman!” And in broad daylight in the courthouse, the righteous shouts of offended wives and mothers calling up with angry tears the long history of abuses borne til now in silence: “Is your nose still pink, are you still a baby, you red-whiskered, white-thighed old man?”

Turn the words again as a handsome bachelor (perhaps) and a fair maid (perhaps) meet in the meadow (for the third time) to make or break a promise.

MAN: Well, how is it? Have you finished watching your sheep?

WOMAN: Not yet. You’ve come?

MAN: I’ve come, then. How could I not see your face when I love you so much that it seems you are already mine? That’s why I came, thinking of you.

WOMAN: Haha, I have to laugh! You came because you missed me.

MAN: Oh, laugh! Who won’t let you laugh, since you have a mouth! I say what [I mean], because I’ll surely marry you. How could I just molest you, since you see I talk like a man, with my pants fastened? How could we be made the same?

WOMAN: Ah, fine, if you talk like a man. Then I’ll see if you’re telling the truth—if you aren’t just deceiving me like some men do.

MAN: Well, tell me how many men have deceived you and who the men are who deceived you like that.

WOMAN: Ah, me, I’m certainly not saying that I’ve been deceived by men! I’ve just heard that some women have that happen to them. They are deceived and abandoned. They are just assaulted and abandoned.

MAN: Ah, but if you just listen in the distance to gossip, don’t believe it, because you haven’t seen it yourself. And, besides, all men aren’t like that. They aren’t all the same. So you can’t believe what others say. If it’s heard that that is the way I’m talking to you, don’t believe their meddling talk. There’s probably lots of meddlesome talk, of course, because they don’t want you to get a husband. It’s the ones who have no husbands who are envious. That’s why they meddle. But you know it’s good to have a husband. You lack nothing. You are happy. There’s no one to gossip about you. And there isn’t any man who would accost you on the path—not any more, because it will be known that you have a husband now. And that’s the way it will be when we get married. Happily now we will grow rich. Our corn and our beans will grow. And you will be freed from the hardship of looking for spinning jobs, fluffing jobs, weaving jobs. If you want to weave, it will just be our clothes [and] our cloths that you will make. And we will dress elegantly wherever we go and we will be happy, indeed! But don’t believe the interfering words of other people.

WOMAN: Ah, okay, just so long as you’re telling the truth, that you aren’t deceiving me. I don’t want you to deceive me.

MAN: I’m not deceiving you, no! Because I will marry you for sure. But see here, gal, see here, Maruč, but what little thing will you give me as security so the deal will be final, so that our deal won’t be forgotten?

WOMAN: Me, I can’t give anything. It’s you who should give something as security if you are telling the truth that you will marry me for sure.

MAN: Well, as for me, I’ll give you a necklace and a ribbon, but you, what will you give me?

WOMAN: Well, if you will surely marry me, then we’ll leave it at that. I can’t give you anything, I don’t have anything.

MAN: Well, if you won’t give me anything, then, but still you know I’ll marry you for sure. But today give me a little taste. It’s time for us to get to know each other.

WOMAN: I certainly can’t do that! Ah, son of God don’t come telling me this right off. You are lucky I answered your words, but what you’re saying—no! When we get married then you will surely be happy.

MAN: Well, but if you won’t give it to me, then it’s because you really don’t want us to be married. It’s because you are just lying, of course! But it’s only right if we could still enjoy each other at least once. Because now you are mine, now you are my wife for sure, as we say. But what more do you want? Even if somebody sees us it doesn’t matter anymore, since now you will be my wife. Now we won’t be gossipped about. And even if your mother and father hear we have nothing to fear. If your father and mother beat you, flee right away and go then to my house.

WOMAN: Well, but only if you aren’t just deceiving me. Don’t you just molest me, otherwise God will surely punish you. And I’ll only look at your face from the distance if you don’t talk like a man.

MAN: Well, now, because what we said is for sure. If you give me a sample then both of us will be happy, of course! It won’t be for nothing, because now you are mine for sure. And then I’ll bring you your necklace and your ribbon next Sunday.

Head bound in a crimson turban, a brightly beribboned rosary suspended over his heart, wearing a cloak of midnight blue, green velveteen breeches, pink knee socks, high-backed ceremonial sandals, an ensign-bearer kneels in the churchyard on a satin cloth, entrusting to his successor, with reverence, the sacred staff, its scarlet pendant snapping in the mountain breeze, symbol of authority.

Ah, beloved ancient father.

Has your earth arrived.

Has your mud arrived.

Beneath the feet.

Beneath the hands.

What else should we do?

What else could we do?

The day has arrived.

The hour has struck.

Here you receive.

Here you possess.

The Lord.

The blessed holy oath.

Beneath the feet.

Beneath the hands.

Of Lord Esquipulas.

Ah, beloved ancient father.

You shall receive your lowly name.

You shall receive your humble title.

For twelve months.

For twelve days.

Will you serve.

Will you lead.

Will you drop your lowly sins.

Will you drop your lowly evil.

Beneath the feet.

Beneath die hands.

Of Lord Esquipulas.

Of the Lord of the Most Holy Trinity?

Beloved ancient father.

Will you be a worthy servant.

Will you be a worthy leader.

Have you seen.

Have you watched.

As I have seen.

As I have watched?

To another father.

To another mother.

May you not give the burden.

May you not give the onus.

Beloved ancient father.

So it enters your hands.

So it enters your feet.

The blessed holy oath.

Beneath the feet.

Beneath the hands.

Of Lord Esquipulas.

Beloved ancient father.

For this we take counsel.

For this we converse.

Will you recall your lowly chunk of incense.

Will you recall your humble cloud of smoke.

Beneath his feet.

Beneath his hands.

A splinter of your lowly torch.

A shaving of your humble candle.

Beneath the feet.

Beneath the hands.

Of Lord Esquipulas?

Beloved ancient father.

With the holy martyr.

And the holy creditor.

Beloved ancient father.

We [speak] one [word].

We [speak] two [words].

You are my father.

You are my mother.

Spin out the words again, call up the gossip or the ancient words; the myths and legends, even the tales of Uncle Rabbit. Spin out the knowledge that entertains and instructs, that warns of perils and points to solutions.

Well, do you want to hear about when the king appeared, the Indian king? Me, I heard about it. My father told me. My grandmother told me about when the Indian king appeared here at Our Holy Mother, Mušul Vi¢. A bo—y[*] would bar the way there. He was always ly—ing there on his stomach, every day, every single day. He would stop the people going to and from San Cristóbal, on the path. “Give me one of your torti—lias!” he said. “Give me one of your o—ranges!” he said.

“See here, what do you do, loafer? Work! You have hands, too! I buy fruit to eat because I work, because I’m a man,” said the travelers to San Cristóbal. Whoever were his friends, then, “Well, do you want a tortilla?” said the people, those people [who were his friends].

“Well, give me some, then,” said the boy.

“Do you want an orange?”

“Well, thank you,” he said. He was playing there. He was scratching about there under a rock, under a rock at Our Holy Mother, Mušul Vi¢. Yes sir, it was there!

Ooh, who knows how long he had asked for alms, begged for tortillas, begged for fruit. He was given things there by the poor people, whoever was kind. Whoever was stupid gave him a bawling out.

You see, when he was scratching about under the rock, the boy discovered a lucky piece, a green ring for his hand. It was bright gree—n. Ha, the boy left. He left. He had a house.

The boy’s parents, then, had a chest. But it was a worm-eaten old chest, sir, but it was a big old chest. When the holy dawn came, then, the next morning, [the chest] was filled to the top. The following night there were some pots, too. The next morning they were brimful. It was a ring, a green ring. In one night, by the next morning, the poor boy’s parents’ old chest was filled with money, ju—st money. There were pots there, sitting face down. He turned them up. They were filled to the brim the next morning. He went to the houses of those who were his friends. Their chests came. He borrowed them. “Either I will buy them,” he said, “or I will borrow them,” he said.

“No, just borrow them,” said the ones who were his friends.

Then they heard about it here in San Cristóbal. They went [to see]. “But where did that lazy Indian come from? No, he won’t win. That money is ours,” they said. But you can’t imagine how many chests, how many pots, how many houses [full] there were. He had it by the houseful now.

Then the lords here [in San Cristóbal] went to look.

[*] Dash indicates prolongation of vowel by the speaker

But you see they went to match the boy’s money, then. God, (their money) didn’t reach even half of his. It was counted up and left. The gentlemen, the lords, came walking back empty-handed.

Then reports about it went as far as Mexico City, reports went everywhere, to the governor in Tuxtla. Soldiers came. [The boy] became a king. The money, then, ooh God, since there didn’t used to be trucks, who knows how the money went. He became a king, but an Indian king, but a real man when he arrived in Mexico City. Then the king looked after the Mexicans there. So they made him a legitimate Zinacantec Indian king.

Now, if the king hadn’t upped and left, if they hadn’t come and taken him away long ago, then Zinacantán, here, would be sitting on top today and the ladinos would be face up. The ladinos got on top because the king left. He went to Mexico City. That’s how the place, here, lost.

And do not forget the dreams; the voice of past, present, and future. This is our soul speaking.

I’ll tell about that cow, too, that I dreamt about, that I was telling you about earlier. It was about to gore me. My mother had a shawl. I cli—mbed up a tree.

“The cow is going to gore us,” she said. It was a cow, a big cow.

It was going to gore us. I climbed up. It was on the trail to San Cristóbal. It was on the trail to San Cristóbal—in the place where a spring comes up, there where it’s swampy. The cow was standing there in the middle of the trail. It had a baby. Its baby was nursing and nursing. Bu—t its head was [going up and down] like this. [The cow] was simply trying to gore me now.

My mother tossed her shawl to me. I kept holding it up so it wouldn’t gore me. Yes!

I cli—mbed up on a little house. Yes!

I was ri—ding on top of the house. I was dancing about with the cow. The cow was wa—tching to see if it couldn’t gore me, [to see] how it could gore me, too. In the very sa—me way, I was learning how the cow danced. I was doing the sa—me thing now.

You see the house was ro—eking now. I was riding on top of the house. Yes!

“Your shawl, Mother! Where did your shawl go?” I asked my mother.

“Ah, take it along with you! It fell down there by the foot of the little house. You should dance on top of the litde house!” my mother told me.

I pi—eked up the shawl. I da—ngled it. I held the little shawl like this. Then I kept co—vering the cow’s face with it. I was dancing on top of that little house. The cow wasn’t able to gore me, because I bio—eked it with the little shawl. I was perched on the little house. The little house was made of palm. It was a little palm [-thatched house]. The palm that comes from the lowlands. It was the large brahea palm. Yes!

It’s the same as the kind called “ramoš.” Yes!

That’s what it seemed to be. Yes!

It didn’t gore me, and the cow was left behind standing there. Me, I went inside a fence. I fled. I climbed down from the house. I got i—n under the fence. [The cow] went off into Ravoltik [Ranch]. Yes!

That’s how it ended.

Did you dream it long ago?

No, not very long ago. I think it could have been. I think it was probably two or three days ago. Yes!

What could it mean?

What could that mean? They say it’s a witch. The people say that. Who knows if it is so. That person was a witch. We probably have an enemy. “She turned herself into a cow,” we said to ourselves. Yes!

That person is a witch. “Who could have seen you yesterday? Who could have seen you yesterday at the mill?” asked my mother.

“Ah, there was only the spinster, Mother Kavilan, Loša Kokoʔon. She was the only one who saw me. She was pulling along her little girl,” I said. Yes!

“Ah, that’s who it could have been if she got angry and ridiculed you at the mill,” said my mother. Yes!

“Ah, so that’s why it had a baby—the calf, then! The little girl was probably the calf. The cow was her mother,” we said. Ah, that’s her, of course. I met her in the middle of the trail. Yes!

I met her in the middle of the trail. In the very same way, it seemed, she went and blocked me on the trail to San Cristóbal. She was a big cow. It had teats. Its teats were ha—nging down. The little calf was sti—eking to them, su—eking them. I was good and smart. I cli—mbed up on the house. I rode on the house. And [the cow] didn’t get me. I kept co—vering its face with the shawl so it wouldn’t gore me. I was supposed to be playing the toreador, it seems.

This is spoken Tzotzil, this is the root of genius.

CONCLUSION

In retrospect, I wish that I had chosen a standard alphabet that would have been more convenient both for the printer and the reader, but the cost of such a change was prohibitive.

My main regret is that this dictionary bears heavy witness to the school of imperialistic anthropology—lacking Spanish definitions, it could have but one use for the Zinacantecs, the same alluded to discretely by Don Juan, “You know what we do with paper in Mexico” (Castaneda, 1972:19). I can only hope that some day a literate Zinacantec will shoulder my burden and relieve my conscience.

My confession is over. With “frigid tranquillity” I accept the failings of this lexical extravaganza that I have dared to call The Great Tzotzil Dictionary. Dr. Johnson’s eloquence, I can hardly match.

That [my book] will immediately become popular I have not promised to myself: a few wild blunders, and risible absurdities, from which no work of such multiplicity was ever free, may for a time furnish folly with laughter, and harden ignorance in contempt; but useful diligence will at last prevail, and there never can be wanting some who distinguish desert; who will consider that no dictionary of a living tongue ever can be perfect, since, while it is hastening to publication, some words are budding, and some falling away; that a whole life cannot be spent upon syntax and etymology, and that even a whole life would not be sufficient; that he, whose design includes whatever language can express, must often speak of what he does not understand; that a writer will sometimes be hurried by eagerness to the end, and sometimes faint with weariness under a task, which Scaliger compares to the labours of the anvil and the mine; that what is obvious is not always known, and what is known is not always present; that sudden fits of inadvertency will surprise vigilance, slight avocations will seduce attention, and casual eclipses of the mind will darken learning; and that the writer shall often in vain trace his memory, at the moment of need, for that which yesterday he knew with intuitive readiness, and which will come uncalled into his thoughts tomorrow (Johnson, 1797:14).

But if this dictionary could speak Tzotzil to even one person, if you could hear the butterflies, then I, too, would sprout wings of exultance. My romance with Tzotzil words has come to an end. To any who doubt that history rolls not forward, but around, I toss the words of a fellow “harmless drudge,” Ernest Weekley, who on the conclusion of his dictionary more than half a century ago wrote:

If some of the more austere are scandalized by an occasional tone of levity, most unbecoming in such a work, I would remind them that its production has coincided with the sombre tragedy of the War and the sordid tragedy of the Peace, and that even a lexicographer may sometimes say, with Figaro, “Je me presse de rire de tout, de peur d’etre oblige d’en pleurer” (Weekley, 1921:xiii).

Explanatory Notes

INTRODUCTORY

I have attempted at the outset of these notes to provide very briefly the technical information required to describe accurately the contents and organization of this directory. In a somewhat lighter vein, I have added observations which I hope may contribute to the reader’s understanding of Tzotzil.

A rule of thumb for locating unfamiliar Tzotzil words in this dictionary is to try sloughing off possible prefixes and searching under the consonant-vowel-consonant root; for example, sk’ob is found under k’ob, yav under ʔav, šičam under čam.

PHONEMICS AND PHONETICS

The Tzotzil phonemes are arranged in the following alphabetical order, with the commonest variant symbols of other authors indicated.

* Holland writes m to represent b when it is followed by a consonant and when it is in final position. Delgaty uses c and c’ for my k and k’ when they are followed by a, o or u, and qu and q’u for the same phonemes when they are followed by e or i.

The phonetic value of Tzotzil phonemes is:

In initial position b is weakly glottalized. b is frequently implosive, especially in initial position; e.g., bue’0, and when intervocalic, e.g., k’abin. Between vowels b is preceded by a strong glottal stop, e.g., kobel. When b is followed by a consonant, the preceding vowel is nasalized and glottalized and b is a voiced m preceded by a glottal stop, e.g., ʔabtel.

In final position the preceding vowel is nasalized and glottalized and b is a voiceless m preceded by a glottal stop, e.g., nab.

Glottalization is simultaneous with the oral articulation of a glottalized consonant in pre-vowel position, e.g., k’abil. It begins slightly prior to the oral articulation of a glottalized consonant in final position, e.g., pik’. It is simultaneous with the vowel preceding a glottalized consonant in pre-consonant position, e.g., ʔak’bon.

The recognition of glottalized consonants in medial position when followed by a consonant and in final position, probably the most difficult phonetic aspects of Tzotzil for the beginner, is made easier by noting the apparent lengthening and tenseness of the vowel that precedes a glottalized consonant.

Primary stress occurs on the final syllable of single words in isolation except in affective verbs with -luh, first person plural exclusive suffixes, and reduplicated stems of two syllables. In the latter instances, the stress is indicated by an acute accent. In normal speech, however, primary stress falls upon the root vowels (on the first, if there are two) and at the end of a phrase.

ROOT CLASSIFICATION

CLASSES

Tzotzil vocabulary has been grouped under 2715 putative roots which are printed in boldface and ordered alphabetically. The roots are stems with no derivational suffixes. They have been classified according to the following scheme.

The determination of root boundaries and the separation of homophonous roots from each other was made by following a combination of semantic and grammatical criteria.

If a segment of the vocabulary shared a common stem, a common range of meaning, and the suffixes typical of a particular root class, it could be assigned confidently to a single root, identified in one of the above categories. Unfortunately, this ideal was not encountered with overwhelming frequency. Often certain diagnostic suffixes were not present in the material. This necessitated an either/or determination, or a probable determination.

Occasionally words that I grouped together under a single root because of their obvious semantic similarities produced a baffling combination of what I had thought to be mutually exclusive forms. Typical of this situation are roots that combine all the characteristic forms of both transitive and intransitive verb roots. Unusual noun and adjective forms are frequently included under positional roots because of their clear semantic kinship with a full array of positional forms. (See Figure 3, p. 31.)

TABLE 6.—Inventory of root assignments

SEMANTIC CRITERIA

Using semantic criteria for establishing the relationship of diverse forms is a treacherous proceeding. It requires the ability to provide faultless definitions of Tzotzil words and a consummate knowledge of Tzotzil patterns of association. As I boast neither power, my solutions in grouping words with identical stems under roots must be considered tentative. For instance, I would not have realized a semantic link existed between the concept of covering and that of easing pain had these two concepts not been linked in two separate roots, lam and mak. The stream of associations encountered may be come nearly surrealistic as in the root bal(1) which comprises entries that mean:

Round off/log/; braid/rope/; twine/thread/; roll up/blanket/; make (rocket); lose control of self (drunk); flog; flower (corn field); fall a great distance; die; become dry (mouth); rolling; tossing; bubbling; and boiling.

Many roots seem to display a few entries whose semantic relationship to the other entries is not at all evident. If, when separated out, these represented a grouping of suffixes that was characteristic of a particular root class, they were assigned to a distinct root, but if they made no grammatical “sense” as a unit they were retained in one root with the others.

ETYMOLOGY

Wherever possible, I have indicated the etymology of loan roots. For Spanish loan words that are derived from Nahuatl, I have relied on Santamaría’s etymological analysis (Santamaría, 1959) particularly of plant names. I have frankly guessed at the possible Chiapanec origin of names of a number of lowland trees, such as hutuhu and mukumu. Zoque loans I have identified as proto Mixe-Zoque, because I have no evidence to date their incorporation into Tzotzil. The two roots derived from English, pikot from pickup, šilete from Gillette, have been introduced via Spanish. Although a large number of roots are of Spanish origin these roots are productive to only a very minor degree compared to native Tzotzil roots whose productivity provides that only a relatively small percentage of the total vocabulary is composed of Spanish loans though admittedly some of the Spanish loans such as pero, dyos, and bweno are used with great frequency. The abbreviations employed for language names and the tally of foreign roots are as follows.

TRANSCRIPTION

Vocabulary entries have been written in a transcription which resolves all automatic morphophonemic rules within words and indicates all syntactic word boundaries by space. Generally, inflexional suffixes have not been written out, but an exception was made for -V1 (vowel + l) absolutive noun suffixes, and for -ik plural suffixes to reflexive pronouns, adjectives and affective verbs with the suffix -et.

NOUNS

The classification of nouns in this dictionary requires special mention. It was initiated with the intention of signaling to the reader, in a kind of shorthand, what nouns may be possessed and what their shape is when they are unpossessed, possessed animately, or possessed inanimately:

Animate and inanimate possession occur:

Words that are always, possessed (n4) will present problems initially for the user of this dictionary; if the initial consonant of the root is a glottal stop, the possessed form loses the glottal stop and takes the possession markers k-, av-, or y-; e.g., yav “its place” is the possessed form of ʔav under which it will be found. If the root begins with any other consonant, the possession marker will be h-, a-, or s-; e.g., sk’ob “his hand” will be found under k’ob. If the noun is inanimately possessed and occurs with a vowel + l suffix it will be found under the stem; e.g., yoyal “its post” under ʔoy; yičd “its chili” under ʔič; svunal “its paper” under vun; sternal, “its bed” under tent; and spatil, “its back” under pat.

The classificatory system reflects properties of nouns which, in turn reflect the shape of the world. For instance, while it was theoretically possible in 1959 for a Zinacantec to own a bus, no one did. Nor did Zinacantecs know personally anyone who did. And while it was within the resources of their language to say “my bus” or “his bus,” my informants steadfastly refused to do so. I dutifully assigned “bus” to the category “n5,” unpossessed nouns. Times have changed. Still no Zinacantec owns a bus, but they know a man from San Cristóbal who frequently transports them in his bus. There is no longer any hesitation in saying “his bus,” and so the category of that word has changed to “nla.” I do not pretend to claim that all Zinacantecs would agree to my assignment of labels, but there was a fair degree of consensus throughout the years of investigation.

Not only may the nature of a noun change in time, but its assignment to a particular class is determined also by the context in which it is used. For example, the phrase ʔak’ krasia means to bless. A ritual tutor may give a blessing, may say grace, but only God can give his blessing. Consequently, in the first situation krasia is labeled “n5,” a noun that is never, in this context, possessed. But in the second situation it is labeled “n4f,” a noun that is always, in this context, possessed by an inanimate subject, God. Or the word ʔeal, “mouth,” is labeled “n3b,” indicating that it may be possessed by both animate and inanimate beings and that when it is possessed it drops the -al suffix. In the entry kačet ʔe “with mouth agape,” the word for mouth is always animately possessed and so is marked here “n4d.”

The usefulness of category “n2” became increasingly questionable to me. It seemed to be a cover for my own bewilderment over the multiplicity of homophonous suffixes whose nature was not and still is not clear to me. In almost all instances, I have eliminated “n2” nouns by listing them as two separate stems. I have done the same with categories “c” and “g.” Unfortunately, the task of revising the entire numbering system accordingly was too arduous to be undertaken at this late date.

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Inanimate possession is a noteworthy feature of Tzotzil. It is applied not only in ways familiar to English speakers, as in “the table’s legs,” but also to indicate the linkage of two objects, or of an object and an action, either by location or by design. For example:

“the bowl’s dirt”—the dirt in the bowl

“my leg’s mosquito”—the mosquito on my leg

“the corn field’s raccoons”—the raccoons in the corn field

“the beans’ chili”—the chili in the beans, or, the chili for the beans

“the com field’s weeding”—the weeding of the corn field

Inanimate possession markers may be combined with animate possession markers to provide a purposive rather than a possessive link between person and object. For instance, čapal amačitail means “the machete to kill you with is ready [and waiting].”

NUMERAL CLASSIFIERS

A wide variety of things and actions may not be counted by the standard numbering system, but require the use of an alternate system of numbers that are compounded to numeral classifiers. These numeral classifiers are used to describe the nature of the object being counted. Rather than counting simply “two oranges,” one must count “two spherical oranges,” or instead of “three men,” “three erect men.” These classifiers have been given a special notation. When a numeral classifier is reduplicated, it indicates a “single” object; e.g., h-p’ehp’eh na, “a single house.” After the definition, I have placed /1 only/ to denote that only the numeral prefix h- may be appended. There is no way, using a reduplicated classifier, to say “two single” objects. Following the definition of other numeral classifiers, I have placed /2-3/ or /1-4/ etc., to indicate how many of these items or actions are usually counted. For example, the numeral classifier sap, for “rinse,” is followed by /1-3/ since more than three rinses are very improbable.

PARTICLES

I have considered as particles words with a rather wide variety of functions. They include the definite articles, li and ti; the demonstrative, ši; the locational preposition, to; and sentence fillers and hesitants such as ʔa, ʔun, čʔe. They also include words that act as conjunctions, binding clauses together, such as ʔo, yoʔ. Aspect—completion, duration, or relative time—is expressed by particles, e.g., ʔoš, ša, ta, to, yolel. Status particles express the degree of certainty or extent, such as la, kik, k’ahom, nan, no or express a desiderative, beseeching -kquality, e.g., me. Affirmation and denial are represented by the particles ʔiʔi, haʔ, hʔ, and moʔoh. And, finally, there are modal particles that are interrogative: e.g., k’u; k’usi; mi; or negative, e.g., mu.

AFFIXES

The following affixes were included for consideration only when they provided unexpected meanings.

PREFIXES

SUFFIXES

SEMANTICS

It would be too tedious and beyond my power to try to point out the semantic qualities of each of the affixes that are included. There are, though, a number of miscellaneous observations that can be made in regard to a few of them, which may be helpful.

Positional roots, that is, roots which are concerned primarily with shapes or states, normally have two transitive verb forms and an intransitive verb form. The CVC- tv form usually implies moving an object in the state specified by the root. The CVC-an tv form usually implies that the object is arriving at or presently in the state specified by the root.

Affective verbs, occurring most frequently with positional and onomatopoeic roots, but also with transitive verb roots, are declined like intransitive verbs, but only in the continuative aspect. Two forms, -luh and -lah, lack infinitives. Affective verbs are used characteristically in narrative description with a certain gusto, a desire to convey a vivid impression. They have dash. Their specific semantic value, however, is not easy to ascertain. CVC-et and CVC-Con frequently appear to have the same meaning. CVC-et emphasizes permanence, a single location, and a state of neglect or abandonment. CVC-Con intensifies the particular state of the root. It may stress the slowness or ponderousness of its motion, the ineffectiveness or repetition of an action, the loudness of a noise. The plural of the former suffix is -ik. But the form CVC-lahet seems at times to be the plural of CVC-et and at other times the plural of CVC-Con. The subject of this verb form may be plural or it may be singular yet with a plural quality, as a horse thrashing its four legs, or a man gesticulating, or a pain that spreads through the body. In addition, there is the semantically similar plural form CVC-lahetik which, however, appears to require a human or at least an animate subject. The affective verb CVC-lah occurs always in the sequence av + ša + directional verb. It implies the rapid motion of an object or animal towards or away from either the narrator or the protagonist. The affective verb CV́C-luh A indicates a single sudden sound or movement.

And, finally, the form CV́C-te-CV́C-te denotes a sequence of subjects, locations, or actions; for example, walking one after another, walking along, walking here and there, or walking time and again.

Three adjectival forms frequently pertain to positional roots. They are a reduplicated CVC, a CVC-V1, and a CVC-el. The first two are semantically similar. The former seems to have greater immediacy, being used to describe an object before one’s eyes or, like affective verbs, to convey an emotional reaction. The form CVC-V1 has two plurals, CVC-Vlik and CVC-ahtik, whose semantic distinctions have eluded me. CVC-el is used invariably in derogatory remarks tossed at another person, e.g. banel ahol “You are bald!”

In intransitive and transitive verb roots the suffix -ilan/ulan indicates that the action is repetitive, constant, or slow and ineffective.

Transitive verb roots and some positional roots have a suffix -an which expresses the plurality of the object or sometimes of the subject. It may imply hurried action. This suffix may be reduplicated, the CVC-an may be reduplicated, or die CVC-an may be reduplicated with the -an reduplicated again to produce a form like ismáhanmáhanan “he hit one after another.” The reduplication of CVC-an seems to imply sequential action, but I was unable to elicit any semantic distinction between CVC-an and CVC-anan or between CV́C-anCV́C-an and CV́C-anCV́C-anan. The second member of the above pairs is used, though, with much less frequency.

Transitive verb stems may take an intransitivizing suffix -van. In nearly all instances, it denotes that the action is directed towards, on behalf of, or in relation to people (people in general).

Noun stems with -ebal generally indicate a moment in time or a locus in space. This same association of spatio-temporal realms applies to the -antik suffix of numeral classifiers and adjectives. It denotes a wide separation in space or time.

Finally, transitive verb stems may take the nominalizing suffix -ob or -obil. Both of these forms indicate instrumentality; either the place where an action is accomplished or the implement required to carry out that action. The -obil suffix seems to imply a greater permanence. It implies, for example, a tool that is designed for a particular purpose, not simply a tool that may be used temporarily for that same purpose.

PHONETICS

When affixation produces consonant clusters ʔʔ, hh, nn, ss, or šš., the phonetic value of only one consonant is retained. All other clustered consonants produced by affixation are separated by syllable division. An s prefixed to a stem with an initial č, č’ or š changes to š by assimilation. It may also assimilate if the final consonant is š. The š prefixed to a stem with an initial or final ¢ or s changes to s. In earlier studies (Colby 1970) the continuative aspect particle, ta was combined with š- by eliding the vowel and written č-. Here, it is represented as t š-, although it is pronounced č.

I am not entirely happy with the decisions I have made in assigning to one morpheme the status of a word and to another the status of an affix. The very first entry of the dictionary is a case in point: aʔa, meaning “surely, indeed, certainly.” If it is a word, it violates the canon that all Tzotzil utterances begin with a consonant. If it is a suffix, and that is how my informants write it, it may be attached to verbs, nouns, adjectives, and perhaps even to particles. Particles which I have dignified with the status of words are more often written by my informants as affixes. There is little consistency, however, in their decision of what a particle should be attached to, whether to the word preceding or the word following. In the face of such inconsistency, it seemed safer to set the particles free.

COMPOUNDS

There are surely many words which under more careful analysis will prove to be compound forms. Compounding has been indicated by hyphenation. For aesthetic reasons I have omitted the hyphens in most compounds that are made up of more than two words, such as hlik ʔav ʔak’al, “censer bearer.” Compound verbs may be recognized as those words which may be enclosed between aspect and person marker prefixes and the appropriate plural suffixes. For instance, mukul-ʔelk’anik, “they snitched it.”

Noun and adjective compounds are frequently recognized by the absence of a -V1 suffix on the first word. I made a single conscious exception to this rule in expressions that juxtaposed a body-part term with another noun; e.g., when holol, “head” and vi¢, “mountain” are combined as hol vie to mean “mountaintop” or when satil, “eye” and voʔ, “water” are combined as sat voʔ to mean “spring.” Noun compounds whose first unit is a verb may be recognized by the absence of aspect, person, or plural markers on the verb.

[See “Special Note,” p. 33.—Ed.]

ORDER OF ENTRIES

1. All stems with the same phonemic sequence as the root are listed alphabetically. Compounds are listed in the same alphabetical sequence as phrases.

2. They are followed by stems with derivational prefixes,

3. then by expressions in which that stem is not the first member of the phrase. These phrases are also listed alphabetically.

4. If the stem does not have the same phonemic sequence as the root, it succeeds the above, followed by

5. such stems with prefixes and

6. such stems embedded in phrases.

For example:

pak’—mend, plaster, hang on wall

pak’al—lying (clothes), low-lying, flattened, bedridden

hpak’tan—person who pats tortillas

e’U pak’al—red striped turban

pok’—neckerchief, scarf

*hpok’

¢’il pok’—red-striped turban

The order of taxonomic entries does not conform to the above scheme (cf. “Taxonomic Entries”).

NONPHONEMIC SYMBOLS

In the grammatical analysis section of the entries there may be three orders of increasing complexity.

1. Parentheses, as in nphr(n of n)5.

2. Slashes, as in nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n)5.

3. Colon, as in nphr: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n)5.

In the English definition section, parentheses and slashes serve a different purpose. Parentheses enclose appropriate subjects for the verb or for the modifying adjective being defined. That is, the concepts enclosed by parentheses were suggested to me in response to my query: “What does that?” or “What is described by that word?” They are not intended as an exhaustive list, but merely as pointers to likely contexts. Slashes enclose appropriate objects of the verb, subjects modified by other nouns or brief incidental comments.

When an appropriate subject or object could not be reduced to a single word, an attempt has been made to have the first word of the phrase be the word which one would translate into Tzotzil if one wished to use the entry in that particular context; e.g., mash /beans and corn with hands to make bean tamales/.

CAPITALIZATION

Capitalization has been used in Tzotzil words only to indicate personal names or place-names that are embedded in the dictionary or that appear directly on the maps.

VARIANTS

Words which vary from the form spoken in the ceremonial center, Htek-lum, are labeled as variants, and the hamlets where they are spoken are indicated wherever possible. Words which vary from the form in most common use in Htek-lum are simply marked as variant.

NOUN PHRASES

Noun phrases comprised of two nouns have been classified into three categories. Where the second noun indicates the owner or origin of the first noun, as in ton ¢’unun, “egg of hummingbird” (i.e. “hummingbird egg”) or hol ʔakan, “head of knee” (i.e. “kneecap,”), the phrase is labeled “noun of noun.” Where the first noun describes the quality or content of the second, as in “leather bag,” “baby bird,” the phrase is labeled “noun type noun.” The third category is a variant of the second and is distinguished in Tzotzil by a -V1 attributive suffix. It is represented by phrases which, in translation, might be rendered as “land crab,” “tree fern,” and “house boat.” These phrases are labeled “noun attribute and noun.”

Noun phrases may be possessed. The numbering system used to describe noun possession is used to describe the possession of noun phrases.

SPEECH CATEGORIES

Lacking a knowledge of native categories of speech, I have essayed, nevertheless, to delimit with slightly greater precision the context of certain vocabulary entries by inventing a number of speech categories whose degree of reality varies considerably. Some entries have been marked as “archaic.” This means that they seem archaic to my younger informants who associate these words with the oldest living Zinacantecs. “Baby talk” is restricted to the speech of young children or to adults addressing young children. Other entries are labeled as pertaining to “male speech” or “female speech.” While I am not positive that such expressions are used exclusively by men or by women, I know that they are spoken predominantly by men or by women. Again, entries labeled “male joking speech” may perhaps be used appropriately by drunken women, but they are associated primarily with cantina talk or with male joking situations during ritual or at work. “Polite speech” and “scolding speech” have been used characteristically when one wishes to make a graceful remark or to upbraid another. They have no particular structure and are less real categories than the above. Quite the contrary is true of “ritual speech” and “denunciatory speech.” These terms distinguish what we would consider to be two different contexts for the same speech phenomenon, but which I would venture Zinacantecs consider as a single context. Entries labeled “ritual” or “denunciatory” speech invariably form a part of traditional couplets or blocks of speech which, according to the occasion, may be used during ritual activities at home, in church, or at a mountain shrine when addressing the gods or may be used in self-righteous declamations at home or at the courthouse.

TAXONOMIC ENTRIES

The Tzotzil names of flora and fauna have been arranged in an order that differs from the rest of the dictionary. Some effort has been made to recognize increasing degrees of specification, when that was possible within a single root. To take an English model as an example, “oak” would be listed first, followed by “large grove of oaks” and “grove of oaks” (this order was necessitated in Tzotzil because “large grove” precedes “grove” alphabetically). Then would follow such combinations as “black oak,” “live oak,” and “red oak,” listed alphabetically and indented one space. If, however, there was a “southern live oak” that would follow “live oak” directly and be indented two spaces. If, further, there was a “dwarf southern live oak” that would follow “southern live oak” and be indented one additional space so that you would have the following appearance:

oak

large grove of oaks

grove of oaks

black oak

live oak

southern live oak

dwarf southern live oak

red oak

This scheme was followed for all animals and plants.

In the press of collecting and preparing plant specimens, I neglected to inquire of my informants how a particular plant name was possessed. If the plant name had not been categorized grammatically by my informants in earlier years, this information was and still is lacking. The grammatical analysis of these forms is even more inadequate than that provided in the rest of the dictionary.

The definition of taxonomic forms adheres to the following ideal pattern: Literal translation of name (enclosed by apostrophes), common English name, scientific name (italicized).

Botanical entries have additional information succeeding the above: Collection number, informant number (enclosed by parentheses), ecological zone, and supergeneric class (enclosed by quotation marks).

For example: the botanical entry ʔič’ak mut and its grammatical analysis nphr (n4d of n5) are followed by ‘bird claw,’ lilac fuschia (Fuscia arborescens), #420(1, 2, 5). Highland “tree.”

In literal translations, if the Tzotzil generic name is untranslatable, but has a simple English equivalent, English has been substituted for Tzotzil as in bak ʔič, ‘skinny chili’; but if the English equivalent was “virgin’s bower,” I would not present the literal translation as ‘skinny Virgin’s bower’, but as ‘skinny ¢’usub’ Such common modifiers as ba¢’i, yit¢iš and terms for color and size have not been translated.

The collection number for a botanical name refers to a botanical specimen, marked with my name and the same number and deposited at the Stanford University Herbarium, with copies, when available, deposited also at the Smithsonian Institution. Collection numbers preceded by B refer to specimens collected by Dennis Breedlove that are also deposited in the Stanford University Herbarium.

The informant numbers refer to the following individuals:

Informants 3, 11, and 21 are shamans. The age of the informants ranged from around eighteen years (11, 12, and 22) to fifty (11) and sixty years (14). Most of the informants were men in their thirties or forties.

The ecological zone refers to the area in which the plant specimen was collected. If two or more zones are cited, it is because the collectors stated that the plant was native to those zones as well.

Included in the definition of each plant is the supergeneric class to which it was assigned by the informants. The major classes are:

“tree” - (teʔ)

“plant” - (¢’iʔlel)

“vine” - (ʔak’)

“mushroom” - (čanul teʔtik)

Occasionally informants assigned plants to three other categories:

“grass” - (hobel)

“moss” - (¢on-t¢ʔ)

“agave” - (met)

The first two are considered to be subdivisions of “plant” and the third is an anomalous category which falls between “tree” and “plant.” There is little confusion regarding “vines;” but if a species that would normally be classed as a “plant” grows with great vigor, it may be identified as a “tree.” Conversely, “trees” whose growth is stunted or which are collected in their early stages of growth may be identified as “plants.”

The additional ethnographic information concerning plants was pooled by informants 1 through 5. Information contributed by other collectors that conflicted with or elaborated on that material is identified by informant number.

The reliability of the identifications of flora and fauna varies rather considerably. Plants and birds were identified live and with relatively good control. Mammals not seen in the wild or at the zoo were identified often from pictures or from skins supplemented by notes as to their habits and habitat. Least reliance should be placed on the specific identifications of the various kinds of mice and rats. Amphibians were identified with better authority. Snake identifications were made with authority in a few instances, but for the most part they were educated guesses based on informants’ descriptions of their behavior. Insects were identified rarely as to species. The greatest insect differentiation in Tzotzil is accorded the bees and wasps. In addition to field identifications, informants examined museum specimens in an attempt to arrive at more precise identifications.

COLOR TERMS

No attempt has been made to give an adequate translation of the adjectival forms of color terms which are composed of CVC color terms compounded to CVC roots and an -an suffix. The translation should include not only the color, but the meaning of the CVC root; for instance, čak-¢’otan, “red and plaited”; čak-p’itan, “red and bulging.” But the meaning of the CVC root that qualifies the color term is unclear in nearly half of such words. To retain some consistency, I have simply translated the color term and left the rest of the word’s meaning to be deduced from the examples given. For economy’s sake, I have also restricted the translation of these color terms to a single appropriate color. Thus, yaš-balan is translated as “green” even though yaš- includes the colors “blue” and “gray.”

Reduplicated color terms and color terms with reflexive pronouns have not been listed. They indicate off-shades, such as greenish or yellowish.

ARCHITECTURAL TERMS

Names for the different structural elements of Zinacantec houses; e.g., pole plate, have been drawn from Wauchope (1938).

SOUND EFFECTS

A large number of Tzotzil expressions which describe particular sounds have been tested against the Elektra Sound Effects records EKL-252, 255, 258, 259, and Voice of America tapes 1–4. The latter will be deposited in the National Anthropological Archives.

PLACE NAMES

A very limited number of place names are embedded alphabetically in the dictionary. These are either names which may take a variety of affixes that could not have been included otherwise in the dictionary, or they are geographic terms which are not located on maps 1–5. The named locations on the maps are listed alphabetically at the end of the dictionary. They are listed by numerical sequence adjacent to the maps.

Names of rivers and trails, like the names of places with a limited geographical extent, are identified by a numbered dot that has been placed at a random point along their path. While less than satisfactory, this was necessitated both by the difficulty of including so many place-names and by the difficulty of tracing the trails and rivers on the aerial photographs.

CROSS-REFERENCES

When a vocabulary entry consists of a noun phrase comprised of an adjective and a noun, the main entry can be found generally under the noun, with a cross-reference under the adjective. Because so many plant names contain color and size modifiers, there is no cross-referencing under these adjectives. Entries consisting of noun-type noun phrases are listed generally under the latter noun with a cross-reference under the former, though this ideal was not met in every case.

Plant names which are always possessed and whose roots have an initial glottal stop are listed under their root even though this may cause some confusion to the beginner. For example, yama čauk is listed under ʔama as ʔama ʔauk, nphr(n4f of n5). Or yoyal vinahel is listed under ʔoy as ʔoy vinahel, nphr(n4e of vn5). The majority of plant names beginning With y fall into this category.

ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES

In addition to the ethnographic information enclosed within slashes or parentheses following the translation of a Tzotzil entry, more extensive notes may be included. Because an excellent ethnography of Zinacantán exists (Vogt, 1969b), much data of importance to the culture has not been included. I have included, however, scraps of miscellaneous information, such as omens that I have culled from my field notes, and from my folk tale and dream texts. A special effort was made to acquire beliefs and knowledge regarding the fauna. This was supplied largely by Romin Teratol. Entries containing such ethnographic information may be found by searching the English index where the English equivalents of these entries are marked by an asterisk. Since the definitions of all Tzotzil generic plant names are accompanied by ethnographic data, they are not so marked.

DECLENSIONS AND CONJUGATIONS

As an aid in reading the illustrative phrases and sentences scattered throughout the dictionary, principal declensions and verb conjugations are included here:

NOUNS

Without initial glottal stop

hsat - ray face

asat - your face

ssat - his, her, its face

hsattik - our faces

hsattikótik - our, but not your, faces

asatik - your faces

ssatik - their faces

satil - face

With initial glottal stop

ke - my mouth

ave - your mouth

ye - his, her, its mouth

ketik - our mouths

kelikkik - our, but not your, mouths

aveik - your mouths

yeik - their mouths

ʔeal - mouth

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

Stative

vinikon - I am a man

vinikot - you are a man

vinik - he is a man

vinikotik - we are men

vinikotikótik - we, unlike you, are men

vinikošuk - you all are men

vinikik - they are men

kušulon - I am sober

kušulot - you are sober

kušul - he, she is sober

kušutotik - we are sober

kušulotikbtik - we, unlike you, are sober

kušuldsuk - you all are sober

kuštlik - they are sober

INTRANSITIVE VERBS

Incompletive

(t or ta) šiʔoč - I (will) enter

(t or ta) šaʔoč - you (will) enter

(t or ta) šʔoč - he, she, it (will) enter

(t or ta) šiʔočotik - we (will) enter

(t or ta) šiʔoč(o)tikótik - we, but not you, (will) enter

(t or ta) šaʔočik - you all (will) enter

(t or ta) šʔočik - they (will) enter

Completive

(li)ʔoč - I entered

laʔoč - you entered

(i)ʔoč - he entered

(li)ʔočotik - we entered

(li)ʔoč(o)tikótik - we, but not you, entered

laʔočik - you all entered

(i)ʔčik - they entered

Stative

ʔočemon - I have entered

ʔočemot - you have entered

ʔočem - he, she, or it has entered

ʔočemotik - we have entered

ʔočemotikótik - we, unlike you, have entered

ʔočemošuk - you all have entered

ʔočemik - they have entered

TRANSITIVE VERBS—WITHOUT INITIAL GLOTTAL STOP

Incompletive

(t or ta) hnaʔ - I (will) know it

(t or ta) šanaʔ - you (will) know it

(t or ta) snaʔ - he (will) know it

(t or ta) hnaʔtik - we (will) know it

(t or ta) hnaʔtikótik - we, but not you, (will) know it

(t or ta) šanaʔik - you all (will) know it

(t or ta) snaʔik - they (will) know it

Completive

ihnaʔ - I knew it

anaʔ - you knew it

isnaʔ - he, she, or it knew it

ihnaʔtik - we knew it

ihnaʔtikólik - we, but not you, knew it

anaʔik - you all knew it

tsnaʔik - they knew it

Stative

hnaʔoh - I have known it

anaʔoh - you have known it

snaʔoh - he, she, or it has known it

hnaʔohtik - we have known it

hnaʔohtikótik - we, unlike you, have known it

anaʔohik - you all have known it

snaʔohik - they have known it

TRANSITIVE VERBS—WITH ROOT INITIAL GLOTTAL STOP

Incompletive

(t or la) škat - I (will) count it

(t or la) šavat - you (will) count it

(t or la) šat - he, she, or it (will) count it

(t or la) škattik - we (will) count it

(t or la) škattikótik - we, but not you, (will) count it

(t or la) šavatik - you all (will) count it

(t or la) šatik - they (will) count it

Completive

ikat - I counted it

aval - you counted it

lyat - he, she, or it counted it

ikattik - we counted it

ikattikótik - we, but not you, counted it

avatik - you all counted it

yalik - they counted it

Stative

katoh - I have counted it

avatoh - you have counted it

yaloh - he, she, it has counted it

kalohtik - we have counted it

kalohlikólik - we, unlike you, have counted it

avatohik - you all have counted it

yalohrk - they have counted it

FIGURE 3.—Root classes.

Key to Abbreviations and Symbols

A: adjective root

Acpd: adjective root compound

agn: agentive noun

agncpd: agentive noun compound

aj: adjective

ajcpd: adjective compound

ajphr: adjective phrase

an. poss.: animate possession

av: affective verb

avcpd: affective verb compound

cf.: compare

Ch: Chiapanec

contr: contraction

cpd: compound

dr: directional verb

E: English

E: expletive root

EKL: Elektra record, e.g., EKL 252: 2-1, side two, cut one

esp: especially

excl: exclamation

exclphr: exclamatory phrase

fig.: figuratively

I: intransitive verb root

I_2: intransitive verb root occurring with the derivational suffixes typical of P roots, except for -an, -i, and with the suffixes typical of T roots

Icpd: intransitive verb root compound

impv: imperative

inan. poss.: inanimate possession

infr: infrequent

irreg.: irregular

iv: intransitive verb

iv // tv: same person marker for intransitive and transitive verbs

ivcpd: intransitive verb compound

lit.: literally

M-Z: proto -Mixe-Zoque

N: Nahuatl

N: noun root

n: noun

nl: animate possession same as absolute form

n2: animate possession same as absolute plus -V1

n3: animate possession same as absolute minus - V1

n4: always possessed

n5: unpossessed

Animate and inanimate possession occur:

a: if inanimate has -VI, animate does not; if inanimate lacks -VJ, animate adds it

n of n: noun of noun phrase, e.g., “humming bird egg”

n type n: noun: type noun phrase, e.g., “tin can”

natt: noun attributive

nc: numeral classifier

nccpd: numeral classifier compound

ncpd: noun compound

Ncpd: noun root compound

nphr: noun phrase

nphrcpd: compound including a noun phrase

Num: numeral root

num: number

numatt: numeral attributive

O: onomatopoeic root

onom: onomatopoeic

onomcpd: onomatopoeic compound

P: positional root

P_2: positional root occurring with the derivational suffixes typical of P roots, except that -an does not occur, and -0 tv does

/2p/: second person plural subject

Pcpd: positional root compound

phr: phrase

plu: plural

pn: pronoun

pred: predicate

pref: preferred

prep: preposition

prepphr: prepositional phrase

prob: probably

Pt: particle root

Pt: particle

ptphr: particle phrase

rpn: reflexive pronoun

rpncpd: reflexive pronoun compound

rv: reflexive verb

/2s/: second person singular subject

sing: singular

Sp: Spanish

T: transitive verb

T^2: transitive verb root occurring with the derivational suffixes of P roots, except for -an, -i, and with the suffixes typical of T roots

Tcpd: transitive verb root compound

tv: transitive verb

tv // n: possession of n4d parallels person marker of verb

tv //tv: same person marker for both transitive verbs

tvcpd: transitive verb compound

Tze: Tzeltal

U: unique CVC occurring only in the environment A… -an

Ucpd: unique CVC compound

usu.: usually

V: Voice of America tape, e.g., VI: 10, tape one, cut ten

var.: variant

vn: verbal noun

vphr: verb phrase

X: undeterminable root

X: undeterminable form

Xcpd: undeterminable root compound

xcpd: undeterminable compound

xphr: undeterminable phrase

SPECIAL NOTE

Because of a technical restriction imposed by computerized type-setting, hyphens were introduced in Tzotzil terms for the end-of-line breaks within the “English-Tzotzil” and the “Scientific Names” sections. The grammatical analysis immediately following each Tzotzil expression indicates whether or not the word is in fact a compound. In the few cases where ambiguities occur, reference should be made to the “Tzotzil-English” section.

Tzotzil-English

Pictograph of Lorenzo (Codex Mexicanus).

FIGURE4. —ʔAnselmo Peres and Romin Teratol in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1963 (Helga Gilbert photograph).

Tzotzil-English

A

aʔa E.

aʔa, excl indeed! surely! certainly! of course!

t šbat aʔa. I’m certainly going.

hiʔ aʔa. Yes, indeed!

ʔ

ʔa(1) Pt.

ʔa, pt. phrase or sentence initial particle /always followed by la, li, or ti/.

te t škaʔi hba kaʔtik. Then I’ll see how it turns out /legal case, sickness/.

ʔa(2)

ʔa, went. cf. ʔay.

ʔa(3) E.

ʔa, excl. ah! /exclamation of assent or contemplation/.

ʔaʔ(1) E.

ʔaʔ, excl. baby talk; ugh! /called out by adults or siblings to prevent baby or crawling child from touching excrement or dirt/.

ʔaʔ(2) T.

ʔaʔ, tv. suppose, assume, think or believe mistakenly, try unsuccessfully /occurs always with subjunctive suffix, third person may be šaʔuk or yaʔuk/.

kaʔuk me Iaʔy. I thought you went.

Scolding speech; mu ša yaʔuk anaʔulan mi ʔoy ameʔ. Don’t bother

to remember you have a mother.

Used in conversation to express agreement with speaker; hiʔ avaʔuk.

Yes you are right.

yeč kaʔuktik. lit., just as we assume, i.e., That’s right!

ʔaʔel, n4f. it seems or feels.

mu šisp’is ta vinik yaʔel. It seems that he does not respect me.

ʔ.ʔ(3)

ʔaʔ, water, liquid, cf. voʔ(1).

ʔaʔ(4)

ʔaʔ, mumbling to self. cf. haʔ(2).

ʔaʔčam

ʔaʔčam, salt. cf. ʔar’am.

ʔaʔi T.

ʔaʔi, tv. feel, feel like, hear, hear of, heed, listen, think, understand, want.

ta htiʔ kaʔi bek’et. I want to eat meat.

mu šaʔi ʔalbel. He pays no attention.

ʔaʔyibil noš k’u šʔelan šuč’, lit., It is just heard how he drinks, i.e..

It is common knowledge how he drinks.

ʔaʔy avaʔi. Pay attention!

vaʔi šʔelan. lit., You hear then /expression used by narrator to permit him to collect his thoughts before proceeding/.

mu ta hpak’alin hba vaʔi mu šahk’anotikotike. I won’t offer myself since you don’t want us. var., ʔaʔy.

ʔaʔi ʔosil, vphr(tv & n5). awaken /in morning/.

muk’ bu kaʔi ʔosil toyol k’ak’al lik’ot. I arrived late, I didn’t wake up.

ʔaʔi ba, rv. feel, see how it turns out, act like, know one’s capabilities.

recognize the extent or limit of one’s strength.

te t škaʔi hba kaʔtik. Then I’ll see how it turns out /legal case, sickness/.

iyaʔi noš sba mu masuk iyakub. He knew his capacity; he didn’t get very drunk.

yaʔi sba ti ščam šae iyakʔbe ša komel mantal sč’amaltak. lit., He knows he can (so) he bought it, i.e., He knows he has enough money so he bought it.

hun yoʔon t šaʔi sba. He feels happy.

ʔaʔi ba ta ʔob, vphr(rv & prep & n5). have a cough.

ʔaʔi kuyel, vphr(tv & vn5). have smallpox.

ʔaʔi k’ob, vphr(tv & n4d). feel in both hands /restricted to testing weight of chickens/.

lek šaʔi hk’obtik. lit., It feels good in our hands, i.e., It is plump.

ʔaʔi k’op, vphrdv & n5). listen to dispute.

tol šk’ot yaʔi k’op ta kavilto k’al ʔoy hmeleaneh-baile. He always goes to listen to disputes in court when there are litigants.

ʔaʔ4;i Ioʔil, vphr(tv & n5). cf. ʔaʔi k’op.

ʔaʔi miša, vphr(tv & n5). lit., hear mass, i.e., attend mass.

ʔaʔi rason, vphr(tv & n5). listen to or heed advice or counsel, receive directions.

ʔa li krinsupale t škʔot yaʔi rason ta kavilto hu-hun rominko. The principal goes to borough hall every Sunday to receive directions.

ʔaʔi sie’il, vphr(tv / / n). crave food /after illness/.

ʔaʔi ta č’ič’, vphrltv & prep & n5). diagnose by reading the pulse.

ʔaʔibe ʔik’, vphr(tv & n4f). smell, sniff.

ʔaʔibe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). pay attention, heed.

bal ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv). be satisfied or glad.

čopol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv). think ill of, be offended, disapprove of.

čopol hol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d & tv). be angry.

č’ay ʔaʔi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv). forget.

ič’ay škaʔi. I forget.

hun ʔoʔon ʔaʔi, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d & tv). feel happy.

lek ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv). think well of, approve of.

mu ʔaʔibah, ajphr(pt & aj). not known, never known, impossible to know, there’s no telling.

mu ʔaʔibah mi štal. It is not known whether he is coming.

mu ʔaʔibah t šaʔi skotol k’ak’al. He never knows what he is doing.

ʔaʔyeh, vnld. story.

hʔaʔyeh-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). eavesdropper /person who eavesdrops on conversation intending to gossip about it later/.

hʔaʔyeh-lot, agn(vn & ncpd). eavesdropper /person who eavesdrops on conversation intending to gossip about it later/, three stars in Orion; theta, 1, d that are believed to be eavesdropping on delta, epsilon and xi.

hʔaʔyeh-mantal, agn(vn & ncpd). person who goes to town hall to hear public announcement.

hʔaʔyel, agn. guy /male or female/.

buč’u li hʔaʔyel Ieʔe. Who is that guyʔ

hʔaʔyel, excl. Gosh! /exclamation of surprise/.

vaʔi, tv(contr of avaʔi). You hear! You know!

ʔaʔy

ʔaʔy, hear, feel, understand, etc. cf. ʔaʔi.

ʔabin ʔ

abin, urine, cf. kʔab.

ʔabol A.

ʔabol ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn). be suffering.

ʔabol hba ta čamel. I am suffering from sickness.

ʔabol hba ta viʔnal. I am suffering from hunger.

ʔabol sba yuʔun stot. His father suffers on account of him.

Ritual speech, prayer; ʔabol hba ʔue’ue hba. I am suffering, I am in misery.

Denunciatory speech; ʔabol hba ʔuk ʔu¢’u¢’ hba ʔuk. I too am suffering, I too am in misery.

ʔabolah, iv. do a favor.

ʔabolah isk’el ʔabtel. He did the favor of looking at his work.

lek šʔabolah č’amunel. He is generous in lending money.

ʔabolta, tv. Female speech; scrounge up.

bu avabolta tal. Where did you scrounge it up from? /a small amount of firewood or greens/.

ʔaboltabil, aj. illegitimate (child).

ʔaboltasel, vn4d. Ritual speech; lit., travail, i.e., child.

hmoton kaboltasel. my present, my travail.

ʔaboltayel, vn4d. cf. ʔaboltasel.

č’ul-?abolah, iv(aj & ivcpd). Ritual and polite speech; lit., do the holy favor, i.e., do a great favor.

ʔabulah, iv. cf. ʔabolah.

č’ul-ʔabulah, iv(aj & ivcpd). cf. č’ul-ʔabolah.

ʔabt N.

ʔabteh, iv. work.

?abtehebal, n3a. tool.

k’al ʔoy yabtehebale šiʔabtehotik. When there are tools we work.

ʔabtel, vnla. work, religious office. Ritual speech; cf. patan.

tol yabtelal li balamil. The land needs so much work.

mu ʔabteluk ta mel¢anel. It’s not hard to do.

Denunciatory speech; k’usi aves avabtel. lit., What is your way of life, your work? i.e., What kind of person are you?

ʔabtelan, tv. do work.

t škabtelan kik. I guess I will do the work.

Scolding speech; k’usi t šavabtelan. What work can you do?

ʔabtelil, n5. work.

mu stak’ t špoh ʔabtelil. One should not steal /another’s/ work.

hʔabtel, agn. worker, laborer. Ritual speech; religious official, cf. hpatan.

li yah?abtele li yahpatane. His laborer, His contributor.

hpas-ʔabtel, agn(tv & ncpd). religious official /general term for any member of the religious hierarchy/.

pas ʔabtel, vphr(tv & vn5). hold religious post, be in office.

ʔabul

ʔabul, suffering, favor, etc. cf. ?abol.

ʔa¢’am N.

ʔa¢’am, n1d. salt. inan. poss.; ya¢’mel. If salt is spilt, water should be poured on it and it should be told “to return and join its companion”, i.e., to return to where it came from. To step on salt will bring punishment in the afterlife.

ʔa¢’am ʔat, nphr(n type n)5. sterile /male/. Sterility is thought to be characterized by watery semen that causes cold to enter woman’s belly and provoke stomachache.

ʔa¢’am teʔ, nphr(n type n). ‘salt tree’, Viburnum hartwegii, #2102(11). Temperate “tree”.

ʔav ʔa¢’am, nphr(n4f of n1d). saltcellar.

ʔaʔčam, n5. Baby talk; salt.

ʔa¢’mel, n4f. salt.

ʔa¢’meltas, tv. salt.

ʔa¢’m

ʔa¢’m, salt. cf. ʔa¢’am.

ʔač’(1) A.

ʔač’, aj. new, remade, virgin or recently virgin /male or female/.

ʔač’ habil, cf. habil.

ʔač’ to, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt). recently.

ʔač’ vah, nphr(aj & n)5. tortilla made of fresh corn.

?ač’ voʔ, cf. voʔ.

ʔač’ʔač’tik to, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt). rather recently, rather new.

ʔač’ub, iv. become like new, be rebuilt (roof, house), be renewed (debt, crime), grow in (new fingernail), refoliate.

yos ʔač’ub ti č’ul-habil ʔune. God, the holy new year has arrived.

ʔač’ub ša ti balamile. The world is not as it used to be.

ʔač’ubtas, tv. renew /debt/, apply new coat /paint/, replace /livestock/, remake, rebuild.

ʔač’(2) I.

ʔačiv. become damp /inside of house/.

ʔač’ lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). leak.

ʔač’ač’, av. have tears rush to /one’s eyes/.

ʔač’ač’et, av. seeping (spring, moisture in floor, pot), watering in great quantities (vagina, eyes from smoke or chili).

ʔač’ʔon, av. leaking, dripping (water in cave), seeping.

ʔač’el, vnla. mud.

ʔač’el, vn4d. spleen.

ʔač’el mut, nphr(vn type n)5. ‘mud bird’, spotted sandpiper Actitis macularia/Hok’ Č’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/. cf. meʔ ʔač’el.

ʔač’el pom, cf. pom.

ʔač’elal, vn4d. Ritual speech; mud.

mi tal alumal mi tal avač’elal. lit., Has your earth come, has your mud come? i.e., Have you come?

ʔač’eltik, vn5. swamp, muddy stretch, mudhole.

ʔač’et, av. leaking, seeping, watering (eye, vagina).

šʔač’et yaʔlel balamil. Moisture is seeping through the ground.

šʔač’et yaʔlel hsat. My eye is watering.

ʔáč’lahet, av. leaking, seeping, or dripping in many places.

ʔáč’luh, av. leaking or watering suddenly.

ʔáč’teʔáč’te, av. seeping here and there.

ʔat’es, tv. sprinkle /flowers, hair when combing it, on floor when sweeping / (women).

ʔat’esob, n1f. instrument for sprinkling /watering can/.

ʔat’esobil, n1f. cf. ʔat’esob.

ʔat’esvan, iv. sprinkle water on person.

ʔagosto N(Sp, agosto).

ʔagosto, n5. August. August and September are considered to be a time of divine punishment; rain, mud and cold.

ʔah(1) N.

ʔah, n1d. reed. (5)-The young tips are brewed alone or together with peperomia and Synardisia venosa tips. The water is used to bathe newborn infants. It is “cold”.

ʔahtik, n5. expanse of reeds.

ʔan¢il ʔah, nphr(natt & n). ‘female reed’, reed Phragmites communis, #582(1). Highland “tree”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their yards. The young plants are transplanted in the rainy season. These reeds are used for flutes. Sixteen dozen are used for wattle and for thatch roofs. (23)-Two dozen are provided by the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary on the Seventh Posada for the construction of the créche.

k’oš ʔah, nphr(aj & n). tibisee Lasiacis divaricata, #2553(21, 22). Temperate “tree”.

vinik ʔah, nphr(n type n). ‘man reed’, Phragmites communis, #581(1, 2). Highland “tree”

ʔah ʔama, nphr(n4e of n5). reed Phragmites communis, #1292(1, 3, 4, 5).

Lowland “tree”. Two or three sections are cut off with a machete to make into a flute.

ʔah kotom, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘coati reed’, tibisee Lasiacis divaricata, #1953(16). Temperate and highland “tree”. It is used for brush fences.

ʔah(2) O.

ʔah, excl. ugh! /exclamation of disgust, disapproval or refusal to obey/.

ʔahahet, av. gasping /from cold/, groaning /pain/.

ʔahʔah?ah, onom. ha-ha /laughing/, oh-oh /gasping/.

ʔahʔon, av. laughing /EKL 258: 2-13/, groaning or gasping (person V4: 10).

ʔahʔonah, iv. laugh.

ʔahlahet, av. laughing (plu).

ʔahlahetik, av. laughing (plu) /preferable to ʔahlahet/.

ʔáhteʔáhte, av. walking about groaning /enduring sickness/.

ʔah(3)

ʔah, white sapote. cf. ʔohov.

ʔaha

ʔaha, rattlesnake, honey, wintergreen. cf. ʔohov.

ʔahan N.

ʔahan, n1d. mature ear of corn /fresh, not dried/. Com on the cob is “cold”.

ʔoy ša ʔahan hu-huntik. A very few ears are mature /sixteenth developmental stage of corn/.

čap ša ta ʔahan. The mature ears are ready /seventeenth developmental stage of corn/.

č’abal ša ʔahan. The ears are no longer fresh /twentieth and final developmental stage of corn, also called k’an-počanik and k’onik ša/.

ʔahan čuč, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘squirrel’s ear of corn’, Conopholis americana, #459(1, 2, 3). Temperate “plant”

ʔahan čuč’tik, nphr(n4d of n5). expanse of Conopholis americana.

ʔik’al ʔahan čuč, nphr: aj & nphr(n4d of n5). mexican broom rape Helosis mexicana, #845(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”

ʔahan hoh, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘raven’s ear of corn’, Conopholis americana, #459(1, 2, 3). Temperate “plant”.

ʔahan hohtik, nphr(n4d of n5). expanse of Conopholis americana.

ʔahensya N(Sp, agencia).

ʔahensya, agn. hamlet deputy.

ʔahis N.

ʔlahis, n. tibisee Lasiacis divaricata, #2289(1ʔ). Temperate “plant”.

ʔahnil N.

ʔahnilal, n3d. wife.

ʔahnilin, tv. acquire a wife, marry (man).

hʔahnilahel, agn. Female speech; groom.

ʔahoʔ N.

ʔahoʔ teʔ, nphr(n type n). Saurauia scabrida, #1243(7). Lowland and temperate “tree” It is used for firewood. The berries are eaten occasionally. They are “medium”

ʔahoh, n. see below.

ʔit’iš ʔahoh, nphr(n4f of n5). Saurauia oreophila, #1511(11, 12). Lowland, temperate, and highland “tree”

ʔahoh teʔ, nphr(n type n). Rhamnus nelsonii, #1779(15). Highland “tree”

ʔahoh

ʔahoh, cf. ʔahoʔ.

ʔahval

ʔahval, lord, owner, etc. cf. ʔohov.

ʔak(1) N.

ʔak teʔ, nphr(n type n)1d. staff of Chamula constable.

ʔak(2) O.

ʔak, excl. Ow!

ʔaklakaket, av. moaning, groaning laboriously (truck).

ʔakanah, iv. moan, groan.

ʔakʔon, av. moaning, groaning.

ʔaket, av. moaning, groaning.

ʔaketik, av. cf. ʔaket (plu).

ʔaklahet, av. cf. aket (plu).

ʔaklahetik, av. moaning /people/.

ʔákteʔákte, av. walking about moaning or groaning.

hʔakanahel, agn. moaner, groaner.

ʔakan N.

ʔakan. n4f. internode /sugar cane, reed, bamboo/, part of flower stem still joined to flower when flower is picked and stem is broken in half.

ʔakan hobel, nphr(n type n)5. ‘leg grass’, slender beard grass Polypogon elongatus, #594(1). Highland “plant” It grows in yards and is used for horse fodder. Paspalum botterii, #1293(8). Lowland “plant”, beard grass Andropogon glomeratus, #1516(11, 12), #2258(19). Highland “plant”. Sporobolus poiretii, #2188(19). Highland “plant” Oplismenus burmanni, #2833(11). Lowland “plant”. Arundinella deppeana, #3024(1, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”.

ʔakan hobel, nphr(n4f of n5). ‘grass’ leg’, goose grass Eleusine indica, #1985(16, 17). Lowland “plant”.

ʔakan hobeltik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of ʔakan hobel.

ʔit’iš ʔakan hobel, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). windmill grass Chloris virgata, #1838(15, 16). Temperate “plant”. (16)-When other grass is scarce it is used for thatching.

ba¢’i ʔakan hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). witch grass Panicum hirticaule, #1113(1, 4). Lowland “plant”.

ʔakan holobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). shed roll or shed rod, leash /loom/.

ʔakan k’ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). phalanx /hand/.

ʔakanil, n3b. foreleg, leg /human/.

ʔakit N.

ʔakit, n5. Guazuma ulmifolia, #229(1, 2, 3, 5), #2847(3, 4, 5, 11, 12). Lowland “tree” (1, 2, 3, 5)-The trunk is used for hoe and sickle handles, for digging sticks, and for posts for barbed wire fences. As a remedy for diarrhea a handful of bark is brewed. The decoction is drunk before breakfast and supper for three or four days. It is “hot” Three or four fruits are peeled and chewed for cough medicine. They are “hot”. (12)-The trunk is used for firewood. Guazuma tomentosa, #847(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used as above. As a remedy for dysentery the bark is brewed and the tea is drunk two or three times. It is “medium”. Xylosma albidum, #2693(21). Lowland “tree”

ʔakitaltik, n5. large grove of ʔakit.

ʔakittik, n5. grove of ʔakit.

k’oš ʔakit, nphr(aj & n). Neopringlea viscosa, #1654(1, 4). Lowland “tree”.

ʔakoha N(Sp, aguja).

ʔakoha, n1a. stile.

ʔakov N(M-Z, ʔakov).

ʔakov, n1a. wasp nest Vespula sp. /including inhabitants/. Wasp nests are said to contain grubs when the moon is young, but only honey when the moon is full.

ʔičil ʔakov, nphr(natt & n)5. highland wasp Vespula sp.. cf. muyan meʔel. The grubs are edible. The nest need not be knocked far off if one says twice, “muyan meʔel havlan mol” (Climb on old woman, lie face up old man) for then the wasps are confounded and abandon the nest, enabling the comb to be cut off quickly. But anyone so foolhardy as to say to them “climb on, old man, lie face up old woman” will suffer immediate painful consequences.

ʔik’al ʔakov, nphr(aj & n)5. highland and lowland wasp. Its grubs are edible and the nest can be cut down readily, because of the wasps’ relative docility.

¢ahal ʔakov, nphr(aj & n)5. lowland wasp. Its grubs are edible, but difficult to get at because of the fierceness of the adults.

¢’ibal ʔakov, nphr(aj & n)5. lowland wasp. The grubs are edible. They are roasted.

čanul ʔakov, nphr(n of n)5. wasp.

ʔakta N(Sp, acta).

ʔakta, n1d. affidavit.

ʔaktail, n1d. affidavit.

ʔaktavus N(Sp, autobus).

ʔaktavus, n1d. bus.

ʔakuš N(Sp, Agustina).

ʔakuš, n1d. Augusta /formerly/. var., Tinik, Tin /when young/.

ʔakuša N(Sp, aguja).

ʔakuša, n1a. needle, injection.

ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). ‘needle plant’, stork bill Erodium moschatum, #61(2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”, stork bill Erodium cicutarium, #1754(4, 5). Highland “plant” wild geranium Geranium seemannii, #1414(3), #1732(3), #2051(3, 17, 18), #2739(20). Highland “plant”. Alchemilla pringlei, #989(7). Highland “plant”

hič’il ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). stork bill Erodium cicutarium, #1054(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”

k’oš ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild geranium Geranium seemannii, #2327(3, 4). Highland “plant”. stork bill Erodium cicutarium, #2359(3, 4). Highland “plant” sakil k’oš ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild geranium Geranium seemannii, #2501(4). Highland “plant”, muk’ta ʔakusa e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild geranium Geranium goldmanii, #741(1, 2, 4, 5), #962(1, 3), #1758(4, 5). Highland “plant”.

sakil ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild geranium Geranium seemannii, #2739(3, 4). Highland “plant”

ʔakuša čon, cf. čon

ʔakuša habnal, nphr(n type n). stork bill Erodium cicutarium, #1754(15). Highland “plant”

ʔak’ ʔakuša, vphr(tv & n5). inject.

ʔič’ ʔakuša, vphr(tv & n5). be injected.

ʔakuštin N(Sp, Agustín).

ʔakuštin, n1d. Augustus.

ʔakwerto N(Sp, acuerdo).

ʔakwerto, n5. likeminded.

ʔak’(1) N.

ʔak’, n1a. vine. inan. poss.; plant of _______, /cultivated vines; squash, gourd/.

ʔak’ ¢u, cf. ¢u.

ʔak’ čon, cf. čon.

ʔak’ č’o, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘rat’s vine’, paroquet bur Triumfetta semitriloba, #2111(14). Temperate “tree”.

ʔak’ č’um, cf. č’um.

ʔak’ moletik, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘elder’s vine’, Heteropteris beecheyana , #1642(7). Lowland and temperate “vine”. It is used to lash fences.

ʔak’ pulun voʔ, cf. pulun voʔ.

ʔak’ vob, nphr(n4e of n5). ‘fiddle string’, see below.

muk’ta ʔak’ vob, nphr(aj & nphr/n4e of n5/). Cologania broussonetii, #2144(1). Lowland and temperate “vine”

ʔak’ vob ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n4e of n5/ type n). Cologania broussonetii, #2544(1, 4). Temperate “vine”

ʔak’il, n1b. strap.

yak’il močebal. drawstring of shawl.

yak’il kaʔ. halter.

yak’il ¢’i’. leash.

yak’il vob. string of fiddle, guitar or harp.

ʔak’(2) T.

ʔak’, tv. give, put, produce /fruit, corn, beans, etc./, permit, let, suppose, believe mistakenly, charge, cause.

mu šak’ lok’ikon. He does not let me leave.

škak’ to lekuk škak’ to šuʔuk. I thought it was all right, I thought it could be done.

naʔtik k’u čaʔal avak’. Who knows how much you will charge.

t šak’ ta h-mek. He retorts cleverly (or) attacks furiously.

pero mi haʔuk h-č’iš ʔahan muk’ bu iyak’ ta yeik ti sčobike. lit., But not even an ear of corn was given to their mouths by their corn fields.

i.e., Their com fields produced no corn.

Ritual speech, prayer; mu šavak’on ta mahel mu šavak’on ta milel. Do not cause me to be beaten, do not cause me to be killed.

ʔak’o. let, have, (or) make.

ʔak’o batuk. Let, have, (or) make him go.

ʔak’o hč’ay ta h-moh. I had better throw it away.

šʔak’atuk. It was thought /mistakenly/ that….

ʔak’ _______, vphr(tv & n5). attack with _______ /rock, stick, machete, gun, knife, slingshot, etc./.

ʔak’ ʔakuša, vphr(tv & n5). inject.

ʔak’ ʔalal, vphr(tv // n). bear down on, tamp /with feet/.

ʔak’ ʔelav, vphr(tv & n5). entertain /clown, player of St. Sebastian fiesta/, make a fool of oneself or expose self to ridicule /drunk, clumsy person/.

tol šak’ ʔelav šyakub tol slok’ sk’uʔ. He keeps making a fool of himself when he gets drunk (because) he keeps taking off his clothes.

t šak’ ʔelav yuʔun skoh sč’ahil. He exposes himself to ridicule because he is lazy.

ʔak’ ʔentrokal, vphr(tv & n5). deliver, turn over or hand over to.

ʔak’ ʔič’-voʔ, vphr(tv & vn/tv & ncpd/5). baptise.

ʔak’ ʔika¢il, vphr(tv & n3d). load, be heavy (child)/older child who demands to be carried/.

ʔak’ ʔik’tiʔ, vphr(tv // n). suffer in vain.

ʔak’ ʔil, vphr(tv & tv/2s/). show you.

ʔak’ ʔi]uk, vphr(tv & tv). show /by pointing, by holding palm down to show height of object, cornfield, or animal, with forefinger raised to show height of child/.

yak’el noš ʔiluk mi sk’an. He just showed it to him to see if he wanted it.

yak’el noš ʔiluk ta hč’uleltik ti yoʔ htuk’ulan hbatik hutukuke. It is just a sign in our dreams for us to behave a bit better.

ʔak’ ʔinteksyon, vphr(tv & n5). inject.

ʔak’ ʔo, vphr(tv & pt). even though, even if.

ʔak’ ʔo mi sob šbat pero mu šk’ot. Even if he leaves early he will not reach there.

ʔak’ ʔoʔon, vphr(tv // n). be happily accustomed to, be devoted to, dedicate oneself to.

lek iyak’ yoʔon isč’unbe sk’op isč’unbe smantal smalal. She was devoted to her husband; she accepted his words, she followed his advice.

t šak’ yoʔon ta yabtel. He dedicates himself to his office.

ʔak’ ʔorten, vphr(tv & n5). give permission /civil authorities/, authorize.

yuʔun la tol šak’ ʔorten mil-bail ta. spreserenteal. In his term as magistrate they say he has authorized many killings.

ʔak’ ba, rv. present oneself /before authorities/, offer self /sexually/.

ʔak’ ba ʔentrokal, vphr(rv & n5). turn oneself in, hand oneself over.

k’ahom ʔa yak’ sba ʔentrokal ta čukel ba¢’i hyakubel. All he did was to go and turn himself in at the jail -- he was very drunk.

ʔak’ ba ʔiluk, vphr(rv & tv). reveal oneself.

ʔak’ ba ta k’ečel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). lean against person /husband leaning against wife to be deloused/.

ʔak’ ba ta k’ob kahvaltik, vphr(rv & prep & nphr/n4f of n5/). partake of the sacraments /baptism, confession, communion/.

ʔak’ ba ta k’ob rioš, vphr(rv & prep & nphr/n4f of n5/). partake of the sacraments /baptism, confession, communion/.

ʔak’ baik, rv. station selves, give to each other, offer selves /sexually/.

ʔak’ bentisyon, vphr(tv & n5). bless /priest/, bless meal /shaman, ritual tutor/.

ʔak’ bwelta, vphr(tv & n5). turn, take a turn around.

ʔak’ ¢i¢el, vphr(tv & vn5). punish.

ʔak’ čamel, vphr(tv & vn5). lit., give sickness, i.e., witch. Male joking speech; impregnate.

t šak’ čamel pero ta šlok’. lit., He caused sickness but it will leave, i.e., the child will be born.

ʔak’ kantela, vphr(tv & n5). offer candles /shaman at shrine, principal or constable to incoming stewards as announcement of their appointment/.

t šak’ik kantela ta č’ul-vinahel ta htot ta hmeʔtik. lit. They are giving candles in the holy heaven by our father by our mother, i.e., They are visiting the mountain shrines.

ʔak’ kastiko, vphr(tv & n5). punish.

t šak’ kastiko li preserente ti mi ta ssaʔ ta yan vinik li ʔan¢ k’al ʔoy ša smalale. The magistrate punishes a woman if she looks for another man when she already has a husband.

ʔak’ komel, vphr(tv & dr). deposit, leave.

ʔak’ krasia, vphr(tv & n5). bless (ritual tutor) /blessing is also exchanged between stewards, ensign-bearers, elders, ritual tutors, and civil authorities after flag ceremony during change of office of ensign-bearers/.

ʔak’ krasia, vphr(tv & n4f). bless (Our Lord).

ʔak’ kwenta, vphr(tv & n5). complain or protest before civil authorities, give an accounting.

t šba kak’ kwenta k’al hlumaltik ši li paraheletik aʔa. “I’m going to town to protest”, say the hamlet-dwellers.

t šak’ kwenta svinik li krinsupaletik ta sk’ešolike. The principals give their successors the list of all their men /the men of the hamlet whom they represent/.

ʔak’ kwenta, vphr(tv // n). do one’s part, fulfill one’s obligation.

ʔak’ k’ak’al, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4e). cause to wither (frost), cause to burn (sun).

ʔak’ k’ak’al ʔoʔon, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/). arouse anger, hatred, resentment or envy.

t šak’ sk’ak’al koʔon. It makes me mad!

ʔak’ k’ob, vphr(tv // n). “release” in greeting /touching the top of younger or less prestigious person’s head with the back of one’s hand when meeting, toasting, and departing, or during formal occasion/, give a hand /in work/.

ʔak’ k’ok’, vphr(tv // n). wage war.

ʔak’-k’ok’ vn(tv & ncpd)5. war.

ʔak’ k’op, vphr(tv // n). promise, give one’s word, state definitely, advise.

ʔak’ k’op, vphr(tv & n5). cause gossip.

ʔak’ mahel, vphr(tv & vn5). beat.

ʔak’ mantal, vphr(tv & n5). advise, counsel, bring up properly.

ʔak’ manya, vphr(tv & n4d). climb with aid of climbing loop /formerly people climbed a greased pole on the fiesta of St. Lawrence/.

ʔak’ manya, vphr(tv & n5). lead astray, corrupt.

ʔak’ meʔ k’ob, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). impress fingerprint.

ʔak’ milel, vphr(tv & vn5). kill.

ʔak’ nompra, vphr(tv & n4d). serve coffee (ensign-bearers on the first day of fiesta).

ʔak’ parte, vphr(tv & n5). complain or protest before civil authorities.

ʔak’ pee¢’, vphr(tv & n1d). set a trap /for dog, rat or bird/.

ʔak’ persa, vphr(tv & n5). strive, exert oneself /person, animal, car, corn/, persist /sickness, hunger/.

iyak’ persa iʔabteh. He exerted himself and worked.

ʔak’ pertonal, vphr(tv & n5). pardon, forgive.

ʔak’ pirma, vphr(tv // n). sign.

ʔak’ punto, vphr(tv & n5). show the way, lead, set the pace /in agricultura work/.

t šak’ punto k’u šʔelan t šbat li ʔabtele. He shows how the work should go.

yak’ punto ʔabtel. He set the pace for the work.

ʔak’ p’ok, vphr(tv & n4f). knot.

ʔak’ rason, vphr(tv & n5). advise, counsel, bring up properly.

ʔak’ raya, vphr(tv & n5). draw line.

ʔak’ rešponšo, vphr(tv & n5). chant responsory for the dead at funeral or on All Souls’ Day. cf. rešponšo.

ʔak’ sat, vphr(tv // n). keep an eye out for.

yak’oh ssat li hʔelek’ k’al šIok’ eč’el yahval nae. The robber kept an eye out for when the owner left.

t šak’ ssat bu ʔoy lek ¢eb. He keeps an eye out for pretty girls.

ʔak’ si¢’il, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). cause craving for food.

ʔak’ sin, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). show movie.

ʔak’ šiʔel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vnle). be frightening or fearsome, inan. poss.; be intimidating, cause misgivings.

ʔak’ ta ʔištalal, vphr(tv & prep & n5). let touch, make a ring out of.

mu šak’ ta ʔištalal k’usuk yuʔun. He doesn’t let anyone touch his things.

iyak’ ta ʔištalal li srostone. He made a ring out of his fifty cent piece.

ʔak’ ta ?oʔon, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). be concerned about, heed, take to heart, be offended.

mu šak’ ta yoʔon h-p’el ʔutel. He doesn’t take to heart a word of criticism.

tol šak’ ta yoʔon k’usi šʔalbat. He is offended too often by what he is told.

ʔak’ ta č’amunel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). loan.

ʔak’ ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & n5). take seriously, heed, pay attention, be offended.

mu šak’ ta kwenta čamel. He pays no attention to sickness.

ʔak’ ta k’elel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). demonstrate, show.

ʔak’ ta k’eš, vphr(tv & prep & n5). loan.

ʔak’ ta k’ešlal, vphr(tv & prep & n5). shame publicly, disgrace.

ʔak’e ta k’ešlal yuʔun s¢eb ti mi ihatave. He is disgraced by his daughter if she elopes.

iʔak’e ta k’ešlal yuʔun skrem ta kavilto ti mi s¢ak ¢ebe. He is disgraced in court if his son assaults a girl.

Ritual or Denunciatory speech; mu šavak’on ta k’ešlal mu šavak’on ta namal. Do not shame me, do not mortify me.

ʔak’ ta maltisyon, vphr(tv & prep & n5). damn or curse (God).

ʔak’e ta maltisyon ič’aye yuʔun kahvaltik yuʔun mu ša bu stoh tohel ʔak’el. He was damned, he was rejected by Our Lord because he no longer paid the communal tax.

t šak’ ta maltisyon sč’ulel ti mi mu šik’ sbaik. Their souls are damned if they don’t marry /after having an affair/.

ʔak’ ta muk’, vphr(tv & prep & aj). take seriously, heed, pay attention to.

mu šak’ ta muk’ svayič. He pays no attention to his dreams.

ʔak’ ta namal, vphr(tv & prep & n5). shame in public, disgrace, cf. ʔak’ ta k’ešlal.

ʔak’ ta persa, vphr(tv & prep & n5). be forced to give, rape.

iyak’ ta persa iyik’ smalal li ʔan¢e. They /the parents/ were forced to give her away; the woman took a husband.

ʔak’ ta poštael, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). be treated /medically/.

ʔak’ tyempo, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). have (or) allow time.

ʔak’ vayel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vn5). be or feel sleepy.

ʔak’ vokol, vphr(tv // n). act in vain, strive, take the trouble, waste one’s time.

yeč iyak’ svokol ta s¢’itesel. They just wasted their time raising him /child who falls into evil ways/.

Polite speech; mu šavak’ avokol. Don’t bother.

ʔak’an ʔak’an ta naetik, vphr(tv & tv & prep & n5). give at one house after another /vaccination/.

ʔak’an komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave one after another hurriedly.

ʔak’anan komel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. ʔak’an komel.

ʔak’ʔon, av. giving constantly.

ʔak’be, tv. give to, have sexual relations with, serve /religious post/.

ʔak’be ʔe, vphr(tv & n4f). sharpen blade, roughen surface /metate/.

ʔak’be ʔič’-voʔ, vphr(tv & vn/tv & ncpd/5). have baptized.

ʔak’be ʔil, vphr(tv & tv). show, demonstrate.

ta šak’be yil k’u šʔelan ta mel¢anel. He shows him how to do it.

yak’be yil ʔabtel sč’amal. He showed his child how to work.

ʔak’be ʔutel, vphr(tv & vn5). criticize, scold, rebuke, reproach, reprimand, bawl out.

tol t šak’be ʔutel sč’amal ta h-set’ noš’ k’op. He always criticizes his children for the least things.

ʔak’be bwelta, vphr(tv & n5). turn around.

iyak’be bwelta skaʔ. He turned his horse around.

iyak’be bwelta li sk’ope. He corrected the logic of his argument.

ʔak’be ¢i¢el, vphr(tv & vn5). punish.

t šak’be ¢i¢el sč’amal li vinik ti mi naka tahimol t šk’ote ti mi mu šk’ot ta čan-vune. The man punishes his child when he just goes /to school/ to play and doesn’t go to learn.

tol hal šak’be ¢i¢el hčukel k’al hutuk noš smule. He gives the prisoner too long a punishment when his crime is not great.

ʔak’be čuʔ, vphr(tv // n). nurse.

ʔak’be kastiko, vphr(tv & n5). punish.

ʔak’be krus, vphr(tv & n5). make sign of cross on.

ʔak’be k’el, vphr(tv & tv). show, demonstrate.

ʔak’be k’ok’, vphr(tv & n5). shoot at, blow sparks.

ʔak’be k’u čaʔal yuʔ, vphr(tv & pt & pt & iv/3s/). do one’s best, try one’s hardest.

t šak’be k’u caʔal šuʔ li ʔabtele. He tries his hardest at work.

ʔak’be pat mačita, vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5). strike with flat of machete.

ʔak’be punto, vphr(tv & n5). aim at /with gun/.

ʔak’be senya, vphr(tv & n5). mark.

ʔak’be ta mas ʔelav, vphr(tv & prep & nphr/aj & n4f/). expose to ridicule.

ʔak’be čamel, nphr(tv & vn4d). feed, Male joking speech; have sexual relations with.

ʔak’ben čamel, nphr(n type vn)5. sickness caused by witchcraft, illicit pregnancy.

ʔak’lahet, av. cf. ʔak’ʔon (plu).

ʔak’lahetik, av. cf. ʔak’ʔon (plu).

ʔak’ob kantela, nphr(n of n)5. pit for candles /at foot of shrine/.

ʔak’ob k’ešolil, nphr(n of n)5. repository for sacrificial chicken /behind shrine; Calvary, Mušul Vi¢, Sisil Vi¢/.

ʔak’ob k’ok’, nphr(n4f of n5). fortress, camp.

ʔak’ob pe¢’, nphr(n of n)5. ‘trapping implement’, paroquet bur Triumfetta semitriloba, #2111(11), #2839(11). Temperate “tree”. The bark is used by children to make traps.

ʔak’ob rešponšo, nphr(n of n)5. aspergal.

ʔak’obil hʔilol, nphr(n4f of agn). gift to shaman for services rendered.

ʔak’ulan, tv. keep giving.

ʔak’ulan ba ta k’ešlal, vphr(rv & prep & n5). keep disgracing oneself.

ʔak’ulan vokol, vphr(tv & n5). keep acting in vain.

ʔak’ulan vokolil, vphr(tv & n3d). keep acting in vain.

ʔak’ulanan, tv. keep giving /plu/.

ʔak’ulanan baik ta pana, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep going outside (plu).

ʔak’van, iv. let wife … /visit/, give daughter in marriage.

ʔak’van ta č’ail, vphr(iv & prep & n5). treat person with smoke cure/puston/, (shaman, bone-setter).

ʔak’van ta maltisyon, vphr(iv & prep & n5). damn or curse person /God/.

t šak’van ta maltisyon kahvaltik ti mi mu hnaʔtike. Our Lord damns us if we don’t remember Him.

hʔak’ _______, agn(tv & ncpd). lit., giver of _______ /worms, tadpoles, etc./, i.e., witch.

hʔak’-ʔelav čon, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n5). circus animal.

hʔak’-ʔuč, agn(tv & ncpd). ‘cause of yellowing’, indian paintbrush Castilleja arvensis, #3(1, 3, 4), #1459(3), #1776(1), #2331(3, 4). Highland “plant” #1942(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant” The yellowing of corn plants is attributed to the influence of this plant when it grows in the corn field. Children pull up the plants and pretend that they are the flowers for a curing ceremony.

bik’tal hʔak’-ʔuč, nphr(aj & agn/tv & ncpd/). Castilleja integrifolia, #951(1, 3). Highland “plant”.

h?ak’-¢eluel, agn(tv & ncpd). ‘giver of cramps’, butterfly bush Buddleia nitida. (9)-An unattested variety of ¢ele-pat causes cramps if the wood is burned in the fire.

hʔak’-čamel, agn(tv & vncpd). witch.

hʔak’-čamel ¢’unun, nphr(agn/tv & vncpd/ type n5). supernatural hummingbird, evil messenger of earth lord.

hʔak’ čanul ʔitah, agn(tv & nphr/n of n/cpd). highland butterfly; two varieties, one white, one yellow.

hʔak’-čin, agn(tv & ncpd). groove-billed ani Crotophaga sulcirostris.

hʔak’-kantela, agn(tv & ncpd). shaman who lights candles at mountain shrines during each of the three year renewal ceremonies.

hʔak’ k’ak’al ʔoʔon, agn(tv & nphr/aj & n/cpd). offender (dog that eats eggs, sheep or horse that breaks fence.).

hʔak’-k’ešolil, agn(tv & ncpd). shaman who places sacrificial chicken at Calvary.

hʔak’-k’ok’, agn(tv & ncpd). warrior, soldier.

hʔak’ k’op loʔil, agn(tv & nphr/n & n/cpd). person who causes gossip/loose woman, amorous man/.

hʔak’-manya, agn(tv & ncpd). depraver /person who influences others to quarrel or leads them to drink/.

hʔak’-musika, agn(tv & ncpd). person who escorts musicians back to their town.

hʔak’-pulatu, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /assistant to the stewards-royal who guards their supplies in Voʔ-bi¢ during the Fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary/.

hʔak’-rešponšo, agn(tv & ncpd). chanter of responsory for the dead.

hʔak’-rioš, agn(tv & ncpd). each of two wedding petitioners, cf. hpačol.

hʔak’-tak’in, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /man who delivers token money from wedding godfather to groom’s father/.

hʔak’-veʔelil, agn(tv & vncpd). religious functionary /each of the women who hands food to guests at wedding, to religious officials at banquet during fiestas of St. Sebastian, Carnival, Saint John’s Day/.

hʔak’-vokol, agn(tv & ncpd). nuisance /horse that keeps running away/.

hʔak’ben-čamel, agn(n & vncpd). illegitimate child.

hʔak’vaneh, agn. religious functionary /male wedding official, chosen by bride’s family to provide trousseau/.

hʔak’vaneh ta šiʔel, nphr(agn & prep & vn5). person who inspires fear /epileptic/.

ʔak’al N.

ʔak’al, n1d. charcoal, inan. poss.; yak’lel.

ʔav ʔak’al, nphr(n4f of n1a). censer.

hk’uš-ʔak’al, agn(tv & ncpd). Charcoal cruncher. Charcoal crunchers were anthropomorphic mythical figures who, in former times, disattached their heads from their bodies at night and ate charcoal at the fireside.

hlik ʔav ʔak’al, agn(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/cpd). censer-bearer.

ʔak’lel, n4f. charcoal.

ʔak’in N.

ʔak’in, n1a. weeding.

ʔak’inah, iv. weed.

ʔak’inahebal, n3d. instrument for weeding /hoe, billhook/.

ʔak’inta, tv. weed.

ʔak’intaan, tv. weed a lot.

ʔak’intik, n5. weeding season.

hʔak’in, agn. weeder /person/.

ʔak’l

ʔak’l, charcoal, cf. ʔak’al.

ʔak’ol N.

ʔak’ol, n1b. above, over, upper, East.

ta yak’ol eč’el. up there.

ta yak’ol tal. up here.

te nakal ta yak’ol hna. He lives above my house.

ʔak’oltik, n5. Tenejapa.

hʔak’ol, agn. person who lives to the east /plu form is most freq/.

hʔak’oltik, agn. Tenejapan.

hʔak’oltikahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from Tenejapa.

ʔak’ot N.

ʔak’ot, n5. dance.

ʔak’otah, iv. dance, charge (bull or cow on rampage), spin (top).

ʔak’otahes, tv. dance /doll/, spin /top/.

ʔak’otan, tv. do a dance.

Scolding speech, addressing rambunctious child or drunk; k’usi t šavak’otan. What dance are you doing?

ʔak’ottas, tv. dance /doll/, spin /top/.

hʔak’ot, agn. dancer.

ʔak’utah, iv. cf. ʔak’otah.

ʔak’ubal N.

ʔak’ubal, n1e. night.

ta yak’ubalil. on that night.

isk’opon sbaik ta rominko haʔ ša yak’ubalil ʔun. They talked to each other on Sunday, on /Sunday/ night.

ʔak’ubal ʔus, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘gnat’s night’, Stevia rhombifolia, #1781(16). Highland “plant”. The flowers are placed in altar vases on All Saints’ Day. They are sold at market in Tuxtla.

ʔak’ubaltik, n5. nighttime, dark.

ʔak’ut

ʔak’ut, dance, cf. ʔak’ot.

ʔal(1) T.

ʔal, tv. say, mean, request, tell, announce, notify, declare, decide, sound, sound good (traditional music), do, think or assume incorrectly /past participle only/.

haʔ me t skal. so I ask you (or) but please.

šavale mas lek. Don’t you think it would be better? (or) I think it would be better.

mu sna? k’u šal. Don’t mention it (or) He does not do anything.

stak’ k’u t šal. It can be done, why not?

mu k’u t šal. Don’t mention it /response to thanks/.

mu k’u t škal šibat. I can’t go.

mu šal lek. It doesn’t sound right.

ʔa ti kalohe. I thought (or) assumed that…..

t škal voʔone čopol ti k’u spasulane. From my point of view what he is doing is bad.

t škal voʔone ta štal voʔ tana. I suppose (or) I think it’s going to rain today.

t šakalbe buy. I’ll tell you where (or) I’ll point out to you where it is.

hamal t šakalbe h-moh liʔ toe mu šata ʔelk’anel. I can assure you frankly that you won’t be robbed here.

ʔal ʔoʔon, vphr(tv // n). wonder, be worried about, be apprehensive, long for, intend.

yalohbe to ʔoš yoʔon ti t šbate. He had intended to go.

t šal yoʔon mi ʔu k’u spas ta be. He wonders if something happened to him on the way.

t šal yoʔon mi t sk’oponbat ta yan li slekome. He is afraid that his fiancée has been spoken to by someone else.

ʔal ba, rv. announce one’s plans, leave word, admit one’s involvement.

ba yal sba ʔaʔyuk komel t šbat ta Hobel. He is going to leave word that he is going to San Cristóbal.

mu šal sba ti haʔ stamoh li tak’ine. He does not admit that it was he who took the money.

ʔal ba ʔaʔyuk, vphr(rv & tv). announce one’s plans.

ʔal ba vokol, vphr(rv & n5). have curing ceremony for oneself.

ʔal krasia, vphr(tv & n5). bless (ritual tutor), /infr/.

ʔal k’op, vphr(tv / / n). promise, give one’s word, state definitely.

mu škal k’op ti. I am not saying that…

mu škal hk’op htuk haʔ) ti k’u ši li htote. I can’t give my word on my own; it depends on what my father says.

ʔal mantal, vphr(tv & n5). order, command, be in charge, give directions, advise, make declaration.

yuʔun lek šal mantal ta kavilto k’alal ta yalkalteale. He gave good counsel in court when he was justice of the peace.

ʔal mul, vphr(tv / / n). confess.

ʔal pavor, vphr(tv & n5). ask a favor.

ʔal rason, vphr(tv & n1d). advise, counsel.

mu s’tohob ta ʔal-rason ta totil modal. He is not good at counselling as a ritual tutor.

ʔal vokol, vphr(tv & n5). hold curing ceremony /for family member/, request a favor.

ʔalan, tv. say many things.

ʔalan, aj. phlegmatic, unresponsive.

ʔalan ʔalan ta naetik, vphr(tv & tv & prep & n5). peddle from house to house (ladino).

ʔalʔon, av. repeating endlessly.

ʔalbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). be happy.

ʔalbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). tell the whole story, tell the true story, tell one’s version, make a declaration, give a speech.

yalbe smelol k’u šʔelan issaʔik k’op. He told his version of how they quarrelled.

ʔalbe pavor, vphr(tv & n5). cf. ʔal pavor.

ʔalbe rason, vphr(tv & n5). cf. ʔal rason.

ʔalbel, vnlb. telling.

mu hnaʔ mi šuʔ yalbel. I don’t know if it can be told.

mu šaʔi ʔalbel. He pays no attention.

ʔalel, vnld. naming, an. poss.; gossip or talk about individual.

mi avaʔyoh avalel. Have you heard the talk about you?

ta ʔalel. supposed to.

liʔay ta ʔalel. I was supposed to have gone.

muk’ ta ʔalel. It makes no difference.

ʔallahet, av. repeating endlessly (plu).

ʔallahetdt, av. cf. ʔallahet (plu).

ʔalob-bail vokol, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ of n5). ritual objects, herbs, or prayers used in curing ceremony.

ʔalob šermun, nphr(n1f of n1d). pulpit.

ʔalobil šermun, nphrfnlf of n1d). cf. ʔalob šermun.

ʔálteʔálte, av. peddling from place to place (salesman).

ʔalulan, tv. keep repeating from day to day.

ʔalvan, iv. give information about person.

ʔalvan vokol, vphr(iv & n5). hold curing ceremony for person.

hʔal-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). informer, person in charge /ritual tutor/, person who conveys message for another.

hʔal-k’op e’unun, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n5). supernatural hummingbird. It serves as a messenger for the tutelary gods. By its nocturnal song it gives notice of the death of an absent member of the family.

hʔal-mantal, agn(tv & ncpd). person in charge /ritual tutor/.

hʔal-mantal e’unun, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n5). cf. hʔal-k’op e’unun.

hʔal-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). informer.

hʔal-rason, agn(tv & ncpd). counselor,

hʔal-vokol, agn(tv & ncpd). person who requests shaman to perform curing ceremony.

hʔalvaneh, agn. person who gives information about another.

mu ʔalbah, ajphr(pt & aj). not mentioned, never mentioned, impossible to discuss.

mu ʔalbanah, ajphr(pt & aj). cf. mu ʔalbah.

ʔal(2)

ʔal birth, child, cf. ʔol(2).

ʔal(3).

ʔal, heavy, numb, speechless, etc. cf. ʔo1(1).

ʔalak’ N.

ʔalak’, n4a. chicken.

ʔočem yalak’il li ʔisšme. The chickens have entered /to eat/ the corn.

ʔalak’ balamil, nphr(n4f of n5)5. ‘earth chicken’ rufescent tinamou Crypturellus cinnamomeus / Hok’ Č’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/. cf. luyhan mut, penis mul.

ʔalambra

ʔalambra, wire. cf. ʔalampre.

ʔalampre N(Sp, alambre).

ʔalampre, n1a. wire, barbed wire, var., ʔalambra.

ʔalampretik, n5. length of barbed wire fence.

ʔalašaš N(Sp, naranjas).

ʔalašaš, n. sour orange Citrus aurantium, #389(1, 3). Highland “tree” A few Zinacantecs grow sour oranges in their yards. The slips are planted in the middle of the rainy season. A burlap bagful of young sprigs are gathered or purchased by the wedding petitioners. These, together with geraniums, are made into bouquets that are held by each of the wedding guests during the dance. Some guests make the leaves whistle. Three or four leaves may be brewed as a substitute for coffee. They are “hot”. The fruit is eaten occasionally. It is “hot”. The juice is used to season cabbage.

ʔalavanuš N(Sp, rábano).

ʔalavanuš, n1d. radish Raphanus sativus, #1720(15, 16). Highland “plant”. (15)-The seeds are sown by Chamulas at the end of April and are harvested in June. They are sold at market. The root is eaten raw. It is “cold”

ʔalavanušaltik, n5. large field of radishes.

ʔalavanuštdc, n5. field of radishes.

č’iš ʔalavanuš, nphr(n type n). radish Raphanus sativus, #1720(3). Highland “plant” The seeds are sown at the beginning of the rainy season by a few Zinacantecs. They are harvested in August and sold in San Cristóbal and Tuxtla. The roots are eaten raw. They are “cold”.

kašlan ʔalavanuš, nphr(aj & n). see below.

k’oš kašlan ʔalavanuš, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). radish Raphanus sativus, #2775(1, 4). Highland “plant” The seeds are sown in June by a few Zinacantecs and by Chamulas. The young plants may be transplanted. The radishes are harvested in August and sold at market. The root is “cold”

muk’ta kašlan ʔalavanuš, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). radish Raphanus sativus, #2744(1, 4). Highland “plant” Same use as k’oš kašlan ʔalavanuš. The greens are eaten.

muk’ta ʔalavanuš, nph r(aj & n). radish Raphanus sativus, # 109(1, 2, 3, 4), #987(1, 3). Highland “plant”. The seeds are sown in June by a few Zinacantecs and by Chamulas. The radishes are harvested in October and sold by Chamulas in San Cristóbal. Radishes and radish greens are brewed. They are “cold”.

natikil ʔalavanuš, nphr(aj & n). radish Raphanus sativus, #2907(3, 4, 5). Highland “plant” Same use as k’oš kašlan ʔalavanuš.

sakil ʔalavanuš, nphr(aj & n). radish Raphanus sativus, #2908(3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. The seeds are sown by some Chamulas at the beginning or middle of the rainy season. The root is bought by Zinacantecs and brewed. It is “cold”

ʔalavena N(Sp, hierbabuena).

ʔalavena, n1a. mint.

ʔalavcnailtik, n5. large expanse of mint.

ʔalavenatik, n5. expanse of mint.

bae’i ʔalavena, nphr(aj & n)5. bergamot mint Mentha citrata, #2765(1, 4). Highland “plant”. It is planted in yards at the beginning of the rainy season. The tips are used to season cabbage and beef. They are “hot”. (5)-When all the mint plants disappeared for many years it was thought that their souls had gone to the afterworld.

bae’i ʔalavenatik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of bergamot mint.

č’iš ʔalavena, nphr(n type n)5. mint. (5)-An unattested variety of wild mint is used for seasoning cabbage and beef.

č’iš ʔalavenatik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of č’iš ʔalatena.

ʔalavena e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). ‘mint weed’, wild heliotrope Heliotropium angiospermum, #257(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant” wild lantana Lantana achyranthifolia, #760(1, 2). Temperate “plant”, monkey flower Mimulus glabratus, #1413(3). Temperate “plant” verbene Verbena carolina, #1448(11, 12). Highland “plant” bush mint Hyptis verticillata, # 1696(1, 4). Lowland “plant”. Salvia misella, #2816(11, 12). Lowland “plant”

ʔalavena nič nab, cf. nič nab.

ʔalib N.

ʔalib meʔelil, nphr(n type n)3d. female’s mother-in-law /term of reference/.

ʔalib molil, nphr(n type n)3d. female’s father-in-law /term of reference/.

ʔalibal, n3d. daughter-in-law /term of reference/.

ʔalibin, tv. become parent-in-law of girl.

ibat ta ʔalibinel. She entered her husband’s home forever /archaic/.

ʔalkalte N(Sp, alcalde).

ʔalkalte, agn. justice of the peace or alcalde juez.

ʔalkalte-šuves, agn(n type ncpd). judge ordinary or alcalde shuves /terminal post of religious hierarchy/.

bik’it ʔalkalte, nphr(aj & agn). petty alcalde or junior alcalde viejo /second most prestigious official of fourth grade of religious hierarchy/.

muk’ta ʔalkalte, nphr(aj & agn). grand alcalde or senior alcalde viejo /most prestigious official of the fourth level of the religious hierarchy/.

ʔalkaveta A(Sp, alcahuete).

ʔalkaveta, aj. pimp-like, henpecked /dominated by women/.

ʔalkuʔ N(Sp, arco).

ʔalkuʔ, n1e. arch.

yalkuʔal tiʔ ʔeklišya. lit., The arch of the church entrance, i.e., decorations attached to church entrance.

ʔalkuʔ moč, nphr(n type n)1d. basket with handle.

ʔalkuʔ ničim, nphr(n of n)5. flower arch /arch of tinsel flowers used to decorate altars, also to decorate mountain shrines on the fiesta of the Holy Cross/.

ʔalkuʔ p’in, nphr(n type n)Id. pail with bail handle /used by religious officials to receive gifts of food/.

ʔalmario N(Sp, armario).

ʔalmario, n1e. closet for priest’s vestments.

ʔalmorsal N(Sp, almuerzo).

ʔalmorsal, n1d. snack /eaten by members of curing ceremony at various crosses, most frequently at Kalvario/, meal /eaten by religious officials outside church/, var., ʔarmusal.

t šbat ta ʔalmorsal ta ʔora li ʔunene. lit., The baby is going to be a snack right away, i.e., The baby is going to die right away.

ʔalmul N(Sp, almud).

ʔalmul, n1a. almud /15 or 20 liters/, wooden measure for corn or beans, large basket used for gift of bread during courtship, large shot glass /archaic/.

ʔalmul moč, nphr(n type n)5. fifteen liter basket measure.

bik’it ʔalmul, nphr(aj & n)5. fifteen liter dry measure.

muk’ta ʔalmul, nphr(aj & n)5. twenty liter dry measure.

ʔalpaho N(Sp, alfalfa).

ʔalpaho, n1d. sweet clover Melilotus alba, #B9550(5, 5a), #31(1, 3, 4, 5), #2389(3, 4), #2510(4). Highland “plant” It is planted by ladinos for forage. The seeds are mixed with sand and sown in rows in February. As a remedy for liver damage caused by excessive drinking, a handful is brewed and the tea is drunk before breakfast for three or nine days.

ʔalpahoaltik, n5. large field of sweet clover.

ʔalpahotik, n5. field of sweet clover.

ʔalperes N(Sp, alférez).

ʔalperes, agn. ensign-bearer or alférez /official of the second or third level of the religious hierarchy/.

ʔalperes mut, nphr(agn type n)1e. ‘ensign-bearer bird’, magpie jay Calocitta formosa. Magpie jays are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. They are “cold.” They are notorious for flocking together and ravaging fruit crops in the lowlands. Magpie jays are believed to be transformations of an ensign-bearer who betrayed Our Lord by revealing his presence to the devils when He was walking abroad on the earth.

ʔaltal N(Sp, altar).

ʔaltal, n1e. altar, corn with two ears inside one husk.

ʔaltamiša N(Sp, artemisa).

ʔaltamiša, n1d. ragweed Ambrosia cumanensis, #1100(1, 3), #2505(4). Highland “plant” To prevent post-partum hemorrhaging, a handful is brewed and a cupful is drunk before the mother’s first meal. It is “hot”

ʔaltamišatik, n5. expanse of ragweed.

ʔaltavo N(Sp, aldaba).

ʔaltavo, n1e. latch.

yaltavoal hna. My door latch.

ʔaltik X.

ʔaltik, pt?. never mind, forget it! skip it!

mu ʔaltikuk. in vain, needlessly, unnecessarily.

mu me ʔaltikuk šibat. Don’t make me go for nothing.

ʔaluš N.

ʔaluš, n1e. soft metal.

ʔoy yalušal li ʔek’ele. The axe is of soft metal.

ʔalvanil N(Sp, albañil).

ʔalvanil, agn. mason.

ʔalvasil N(Sp, alguacil).

ʔalvasil, agn. constable /lowest official in religious hierarchy/, supernatural assistant of tutelary gods.

ʔam(1) prob O.

ʔamam, av. bellowing (bull).

ʔamamet, av. bellowing repeatedly (bull), groaning (heavily-laden truck), lowing (cow V2: 14).

ʔamet, av. bellowing, groaning (heavily-laden truck), lowing (cow V2: 14), mooing (cow EKL 252: 1-14).

ʔametah, iv. moo, bellow, low.

ʔamlah, av. cf. ʔamam (plu).

ʔamlahet, av. bellowing (bulls), lowing (cows V2: 15).

ʔamlahetik, av. bellowing (bulls), lowing (cows V2: 15).

ʔámteʔámte, av. walking about bellowing (bull, cow that has lost calf).

ʔam(2)

ʔam, spider, cf. ʔom.

ʔama N.

ʔama, n1a. flute.

ʔama čauk, nphr(n4f of n5). ‘thunderbolt’s flute’, wild rakacha Arracacia bracteata, # 113(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. A man suffering venereal disease gathers twelve plants. They are brewed and the tea drunk before breakfast for as many days as necessary. The tea is “medium”, meadow rue Thalictrum guatemalense, #1487(1, 3), #1782(4), #2448(1). Highland “plant”, red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #2105(1), #2439(1). Temperate “plant”. Digiticalia chiapensis, #1932(16, 17). Temperate “plant”. (16)-To reduce fever a small bunch is brewed and a half cup of the warm tea is drunk before breakfast and lunch for one day. It is “cold”. Coaxana ebracteata, #2927(1, 3). Highland “plant”. Bocconia arborea, #1522(11, 12). Highland “tree”

ʔama čaukaltik, nphr(n4f of n5). large expanse of ʔama čauk.

ʔama čauktik, nphr(n4f of n5). expanse of ʔama čauk.

ʔoʔlol ʔama čauk, nphr(n type nphr/n4f of n5/). meadow rue Thalictrum guatemalense, #742(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

eahal ʔama čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). bracelet-wood Jacquinea aurantiaca, #1940(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant” (RML)-Probably a misidentification.

k’oš ʔama čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). meadow rue Thalictrum guatemalense, #1487(11, 12). Highland “plant” (11)-The tips are used as toys.

muk’ta ram čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #1426(1), #1757(4, 5), #2267(3, 4). Highland “plant”. #1488(3). Temperate and highland “plant” (5)-An unattested variety is used for thevolim ceremony. Bocconia frutescens, #495(1, 2, 3). Highland “plant” #1798(1). Temperate and highland “plant”. Bocconia arborea, #1379(7). Temperate “tree”. #1522(1, 3). Highland “tree” Equisetum myriochaetum, #546(1, 3). Temperate “plant”. As a remedy for dysentery a handful is brewed. The tea is “hot”. Pedilanthus tithymaloides, #894(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”. Prionosciadium nelsoni, #1138(1, 4), #1550(1, 3). Temperate “plant”.

ʔamain, tv. make flute of.

hʔamarero, agn. flutist.

ʔamak’ N.

ʔamak’, n1a. yard /bare yard in front of house/.

ʔamalio

ʔamalio, cf. ʔamolio.

ʔamat N(N, amatl).

ʔamat, n5. wild fig Ficus glabrata, #884(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used to make metate platforms. The fruit is eaten by birds and tossed at people by jaguars to frighten them, wild fig Ficus glaucescens, # 1704(1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 14). Lowland “tree”. (1, 4)-The trunk is used for making gates, benches, shelves, lamp stands. (7, 11, 12)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The fruit is edible. It is “hot”

ʔamiko N(Sp, amigo).

ʔamiko, n1d. friend /reciprocal term of address between Zinacantecs, Ixtapanecs, and the people of Larraínzar/.

ʔamikoin, tv. become friends with.

ʔamoč

ʔamoč, cf. ʔamuč.

ʔamolio N(N, amolli).

ʔamolio, n1a. morning glory Ipomoea microsticta, #2827(11). Lowland “vine” It is planted in May. The fruit is pounded on a stone and dissolved in water for women’s shampoo, man. poss., yamolial. var., ʔamalio /Čaynatik, Hok’ Č’enom/.

ʔamoliotik, n5. expanse of ʔamolio.

ʔamuč N.

ʔamuč, n1a. toad Bufo valliceps. Because the toad is believed to call for rain at the onset of the rainy season, the person who kills one will be punished with sickness and death. It is also called meʔ voʔ. cf. rana, var., ʔamoč.

k’oŝ yaŝal ʔamuč, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. tree frog Hyla walkeri. It is considered inoffensive.

ʔan(1) Pt.

ʔan, pt. oh /optional phrase and sentence initial form/.

ʔan mi t ŝabat. Oh, are you going?

ʔan č’an. Oh be quiet!

ʔan to me č’an. Oh please be quiet! var., ʔana.

ʔana, cf. ʔan.

ʔan(2) I.

ʔan, iv. glow (embers).

t ŝiʔanotik yaʔel. We feel as if we are burning up /from hot sun/.

ʔanahtik, aj. cf. ʔanal /plu/.

ʔanal, aj. burning /fever/.

ʔanalik, aj. cf. ʔanal /plu/.

ʔananet, av. smarting.

ʔanʔon, av. smarting (bum, chafe, eye from sickness, tweaked ear, ear when distant person speaks ill of us).

ʔanes, tv. rekindle /embers/.

ʔanlahet, av. tingling, smarting /sensation caused by exhaustion, or by having ears tweaked/.

ʔánteʔánte, av. glowing here and there, smarting here and there /burn, chafe/.

ʔan(3) T.

ʔan, tv. hew /beam/, carve /stone/.

ʔanan, tv. hew /beams/, carve /stones/.

ʔananan, tv. cf. ʔanan.

ʔanob, n1f. hewing or carving instrument /axe, chisel, sledgehammer, hammer/.

ʔanobil, n1f. cf. ʔanob.

ʔanulan, tv. keep hewing or carving.

hʔan-čoʔ’, agn(tv & ncpd). metate-maker /Chamula/.

hʔan-teʔ, agn(tv & ncpd). hewer, wood-carver.

ʔana(1)

ʔana, oh. cf. ʔan(1).

ʔana(2) prob A or N.

ʔana hobel, nphr(x type n)1d. rat tail muhly Muhlenbergia macroura, #630(1, 2, 3), #1506(1, 3, 11, 12), #2241(1, 3, 4, 19). Highland “plant”. This grass is cut with an axe and used for thatching. For a small house 1200-1600 bundles are needed; for a large house 2400 bundles. It is considered inferior to feather grass for this purpose.

ʔana hobelaltik, nphr(x type n)5. large field of rat tail muhly.

ʔana hobeltik, nphr(x type n)5. field of rat tail muhly.

ʔanal N.

ʔanal, n4f. leaf, cap /flat-capped mushroom/.

yanal toh. pine needles /still attached to branch/.

ʔanal ʔeal, nphr(n4f of n3d). lip, lips.

ʔanal loʔbol, nphr(n4f of n1d). banana leaf.

ʔanal pišalal, nphr(n4f of n3d). brim of hat.

ʔanal tiʔil ʔeal, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n3d/). lip, lips.

ʔunen ʔanal, nphr(aj & n)4f. new leaf.

yanal teʔ, nphr(n of n)1a. branch /for fence/. Ritual speech; cane liquor.

ʔak’on t apertonal htot ʔak’on t apertonal kahval ibat ti sba yo 1 ap’ise ibat ti sba yo 1 ašalue ti yo 1 ae’uhulale ti yo 1 anak’obale ti yo 1 aničime ti yo 1 ayanal teʔe. Forgive me my father, forgive me my lord, the first of Thy lordly glasses went (to my head), the first of Thy lordly pitchers went (to my head), Thy lordly dew, Thy lordly shade, Thy lordly flower, Thy lordly bough.

ʔane N.

ʔane, n1a. woman, absolute form; term of address for wife.

talem ʔaneetik pero mu hnai bu švaʔet. My wife has arrived, but I do not know where she is. cf. sinyora.

ʔaneil, n3d. mistress.

k’usi toh ʔaneil Ice. lit., Why is she like a mistress? i.e., Why doesn’t she obey?

ʔaneil ʔah, cf. ʔah.

ʔaneil ʔeč’, cf. ʔeč’.

ʔaneil ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, cf. ʔeč’.

ʔaneil puh, cf. puh.

ʔaneil voʔtus, cf. voʔtus.

ʔaneilal, n4d. wife.

ʔanein, tv. take a mistress.

ʔanhel N(Sp, ángel).

ʔanhel, agn. angel, earth lord, talking saint, vampire bat, each of two sons of the dames and the dudes in Christmas festivities /under supervision of the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary/.

č’ul-ʔanhel, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, term of address to earth lord; lit., holy angel.

č’ul-rey č’ul-ʔanhel č’ul-con č’ul-čauk. holy king, holy angel, holy snake, holy thunderbolt.

ʔanhe-rioš, agn(n of ncpd). Ritual speech, godparents referring to godchild of baptism; lit., God’s angel.

kik’be sč’ulel kik’be yanima yahʔanhe-rioš. I have taken the soul, I have taken the spirit of God’s angel /to be baptised/.

ʔanil N.

ʔanil, n5. quickly, fast.

ʔanil t šibat (or) t šibat ta ʔanil. I am hurrying.

ʔanil-ʔik’, tv(n & tvcpd). summon at the last moment.

ʔanil čamel, nphr(n type vn)5. sudden fatal illness.

ʔanil kaʔ, nphr(n of n)5. horse race.

ʔanil-ta, tv(n & tvcpd). find or get at the last moment.

ʔanil tok, nphr(n type n)5. fast-moving cloud.

ʔanilah, iv. run.

ʔanilaheb, n4d. hurrying, running. lista ta kanilaheb. 1 was caught when I was running.

ʔanilta, tv. make run.

ʔaniltaan, tv. make /people/ run.

hʔanil, agn. racer /at fiesta/.

hʔanil kaʔ, nphr/agn of n5/. horse racer.

hʔanilahel kaʔ, nphr(agn type n5). race horse.

hʔanilahel ta kaʔ, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). horse racer.

ʔanima N(Sp, anima).

ʔamma, n1d. dead person, ghost, soul, dream.

ʔanima _______, nphr(n type n3d). the late _______.

ti ʔanima htot. my late father.

ʔanimal N(Sp, animal).

ʔanimal, n5. animal:

ʔanimal, aj. lots of.

ʔanimal ʔač’el. lots of mud.

ʔanimal ʔep tak’in. loads of money.

ʔanke Pt(Sp, aunque).

ʔanke, pt. although.

ʔantaš N(Sp, andas).

ʔantaš, n1e. litter /for carrying saints in procession/.

ʔantel N(Sp, Andrea).

ʔantel, n1d. andrea /infr/.

ʔantivo N(Sp, antiguo)

ʔantivo, n5. ancestor /person of former times/.

ʔantivo k’op, nphr(n type n)5. myth, legend, talk of times past.

ʔantivo tak’in, nphr(n type n)5. old coin.

ʔantun N(Sp, antonio)

ʔantun, n1d. anthony.

ʔantunina N(Sp, Antonia).

ʔantunina, n1d. antonia /infr/. var., tonik.

ʔap

ʔap, shout, cf. ʔav(3).

ʔapob N.

ʔapobal, n3b. water for moistening corn or for moistening hands of tortilla-maker, remainder drunk by tortilla-maker, var., ʔapubal.

ʔapon N.

ʔapon, n5. child’s illness /diarrhea and fever/ caused by “evil eye,” fever of grown person caused by embarrassment or shame.

ʔaponah, iv. Denunciatory speech; be embarrassed or ashamed.

mu šak’ešav mu šaʔaponah. You aren’t ashamed, you aren’t embarrassed.

sakil ʔapon, nphr(aj & n)1e. dandruff.

sal-ʔpon, n(aj & ncpd)1e. dandruff.

ʔaporal A(Sp, apurar).

ʔaporal, aj. urgently.

ʔaporal t šibat. I must go right away.

ʔapostal N(Sp, apostar).

ʔapostal, n5. bet. var., ʔapwesto /less freq/.

pas ʔapostal, vphr(tv & n5). bet.

ʔapoštol N(Sp, apostol).

ʔapoštol, n5. apostle /term for stewards on Maundy Thursday/, var., ʔapuštol.

ʔapub

ʔapub, water for moistening corn, etc. cf. ʔapob.

ʔapwesto

ʔapwesto, bet. cf. ʔapostal.

ʔap’(1) prob O.

ʔap’ap’et, av. making crunching sound /bone/.

ʔap’et, av. farting /sound/, squeaking /door/.

ʔap’luh, av. farting suddenly /sound/.

ʔap’(2) X.

ʔap’al, aj. narrow /cave, vagina of young girl/, open a crack /door/, torn slightly.

ʔap’et, av. squint-eyed.

ʔar E.

ʔar, excl. ouch! /r is trilled/.

ʔararet, av. saying “ouch”.

ʔarariy, excl. ouch!

ʔaret, av. saying “ouch”.

ʔárluh, av. saying “ouch” suddenly.

ʔaranya N(Sp, araña).

ʔaranya, n1e. chandelier.

ʔararo N(Sp, arado).

ʔararo, n1a. plow.

ʔararo, n5. ‘plow’, antlion. cf. štalah.

ʔariero N(Sp, arriero).

ʔariero, n5. muleteer.

ʔarmusal

ʔarmusal, snack, cf. ʔalmorsal.

ʔarnero N(Sp, haraero).

ʔamero, n5. sieve /perforated cowhide on which com is threshed/.

ʔaros N(Sp, arroz).

ʔaros, n1a. rice. It is “cold”.

mi šak’anbe yarosal. Do you want rice /with your meal/?

ʔaros čenek’, cf. cenek’.

ʔarova N(Sp, arroba).

ʔarova, n1a. arroba, measure of about twenty-five pounds /flour/.

ʔarpa N(Sp, harpa).

ʔarpa, n1a. harp /eighteen string/.

č’abal yarpail. /the musical group/ has no harp.

ʔarpain, tv. take possession of harp.

ʔarsial N(Sp, sarcia).

ʔarsial, n1a. whip.

ta htambe yarsialil. I will give him a whipping.

ʔarsial _______, nphr(n type n). skinny _______ /girl, man/ /exceedingly deprecatory phrase, used only in joking context among younger generation/.

ʔarsial čon, cf. čon(2).

ʔarsial teʔ, nphr(n type n). ‘whip tree’, Baccharis trinervis, #2431(20).

Highland and temperate “tree”. It is used for making horse whips.

ʔarsialin, tv. make into a whip.

ʔarvahaka N(Sp, albahaca).

ʔarvahaka, n1d. basil. (1)-An unattested variety is brewed with wild basil and č’ailpoš to reduce swelling /pumel/. A cup is drunk before breakfast every morning until recovery. It is “hot”, var., ʔavrahaka /Hok’ Č’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/.

ʔarvahakatik, n5. expanse of basil.

ʔit’iš ʔarvahaka, nphr(n type n). Ocimum micranthum, #2610(1, 3, 15, 21, 22). Temperate “plant”. (15)-As a remedy for malaria /pasmo/, two or three plants are crushed in the hand and mixed in cold water. A cupful is drunk before breakfast for one or two days. It is “hot”

bae’i ʔarvahaka, nphr(aj & n). american basil Ocimum cf. americanum L., #804(1, 2). Lowland “plant”. The seeds are sown by ladinos. in the rainy season. They put the flowers in altar vases. Zinacantecs buy sprigs that are brewed, and the tea drunk for “wind”.(4)-A cup is drunk before breakfast. (1, 2)-As a remedy for earache the sprigs are brewed. A wad of cotton is soaked in the decoction and put in the ear.

k’oš ʔarvahaka, nphr(aj & n). american basil Ocimum americanum, #677(1, 2, 3, 4). Lowland “plant”. It is grown by Ixtapanecs and the people of San Lucas. When the saints from there visit Zinacantán basil plants are brought along and placed at the feet of the saints. Likewise when Zinacantec saints visit there, basil plants are bought by the Zinacantecs and are offered in the church. The plant is sold in San Cristóbal and Tuxtla. (5)-As a remedy for mahbenal a cup of basil tea is drunk. It is “hot”. For other medicinal uses cf. bae’i ʔarvahaka. Ocimum micranthum, #2610(20). Temperate “plant”.

ʔarvahaka e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). self heal Prunella vulgaris, #2352(20). Temperate “plant”. As a remedy for embarrassment suffered by young children who have accompanied their mothers to market in San Cristobal, young tips are smeared on their face and head two times each morning for three days. They are “hot”.

ʔarvensa N(Sp, audiencia?).

ʔarvensa, n5. hermitage /chapel of Lord Esquipulas in Htek-lum/.

ʔasak’

ʔasak’, potato, cf. ʔis(3).

ʔasaluna N(Sp, azadón).

ʔasaluna, n1a. grub hoe.

pim ša pero bu t šbat ta k’op ti k’al tombil eč’el yasalunaile. /The weeds/ are already thick, but how can they talk back when the hoe is held? var., ʔasarana.

ʔasalunain, tv. take possession of hoe.

tanhero ʔasaluna, nphr(aj & n)1a. imported hoe /formerly/.

tranhero ʔasaluna, cf. tanhero ʔasaluna.

ʔasarana

ʔasarana, hoe. cf. ʔasaluna.

ʔasarol N(Sp, asador).

ʔasarol, n1a. spit /for meat/.

ʔasasena N(Sp, azucena).

ʔasasena, n1a. lily. Ritual speech; cf. lavalena. var., ʔašušena.

ʔasasenailtik, n5. large expanse of ʔasasena.

ʔasasenatik, n5. expanse of ʔasasena.

bae’i ʔasasena, nphr(aj & n). easter lily Liliumsp., #812(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. The tubers are planted by a few Zinacantecs in their yards, during the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases. Seven or eight dozen flowers are bought by the stewards’ assistants to decorate the litter on which the Christ Children are carried on Christmas Eve. (23)-Each steward provides three flowers for the above purpose on the Sixth Posada. Escobedia laevis, #1771(15). Highland “plant”.

ʔit’iš bae’i ʔasasena, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). Escobedia laevis, # 1771(4, 5). Highland “plant” The stewards’ assistants gather the flowers to put in the altar vases.

k’anal ʔasasena, nphr(aj & n). day lily Hemerocallis fulva, #18(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant” The tubers are planted in a few yards in the rainy season. The flowers are cut or purchased by stewards to decorate the church altar or their coffer on Sundays and fiestas. They are also used by ladinos.

sakil ʔasasena, nphr(aj & n). white amaryllis Hippeastrum sotandriflorum, #17(2, 3, 4), #2506(4, 21, 22). Highland “plant” The tuber is planted in yards in the rainy season. The plants also grow wild along streams. The flowers are cut or purchased by stewards, stewards-royal, and elders to put in altar vases. They are also used by ladinos. They are sold at market in Tuxtla.

ʔáse T(Sp, hace cuenta).

ʔáse-kwenta, pt(tv & ncpd). clearly, evidently.

ʔaseatero N(Sp, hacendado).

hʔasentero, agn. rancher.

ʔasero N(Sp, acero).

ʔasero, n1e. steel.

č’abal yaseroal li luk’e. lit., The billhook has no steel, i.e., The metal is soft.

ʔasete N(Sp, aceite).

ʔasete, n5. oil. It is thought that Zinacantecs were once and still may be captured by foreign enemies and rendered into oil.

ʔasta Pt(Sp, hasta).

ʔasta, pt. even.

ʔasta ke, ptphr(pt & pt). until.

ʔasuhvre N(Sp, azufre).

ʔasuhvre, n1a. sulphur /used to make gunpowder for blasting iron/.

ʔasoka N(Sp, azúcar).

ʔasuka, n1a. raw sugar.

eahal ʔasuka, nphr(aj & n)5. raw sugar. It is “hot”.

sakil ʔasuka, nphr(aj & n)5. refined sugar. It is “cold”

ʔasyento N(Sp, hacienda).

ʔasyento, n5. ranch.

ʔaš I.

ʔaš, iv. provide cover /from rain/.

ʔašʔaš, iv. provide scant cover /from rain/.

ʔašibal, n3a. rain cape, plastic sheet used as rain cover.

ʔašiltas, tv. stay under cover.

t škašiltas vol. I will wait for the rain to pass.

ʔašinah, iv. take cover from rain.

ʔašinal, n4a. rain cover /tree, overhang/. Ritual speech, prayer; cover. cf. kevual.

ʔašinta. tv. take cover from rain.

ʔašintaan, tv. stay under cover /people/.

ʔašintasan, tv. take cover from rain /people/.

šan ʔašibal, nphr(n type n)3d. palm rain cape /worn formerly/.

ʔašuš N(Sp, ajo).

ʔašuš, n1a. garlic. (5)-An unattested variety is rubbed on the limbs of children suffering soul-loss. It is also buried at the spot where the child is believed to have lost his soul. For other medicinal uses cf. mee’ta.

ʔašuš eis ʔuč, cf. eis ʔuč.

ʔašuš kaʔ, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘horse’s garlic’, garlic Allium sali-vum, #632(1, 2). Highland “plant” The bulbs are planted by a few Zinacantecs in their yards, during the rainy season. As a remedy for swelling /poslom/, two cloves are pounded on a rock and rubbed on the affected part. Garlic is “hot”.

ʔat(1) N.

ʔat, n1b. penis, stinger /wasp, bee/, trigger, pendulum, convex base /bottle /, core /chili/. Scolding female speech; vagina.

kat mi haʔ yeč. Is that what it’s really like? /used only in male company/.

ʔat buro čon, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). ‘donkey penis animal’, horn of plenty Craterellus cornucopoides, #190(4). Highland “mushroom”

ʔat e’ʔi, nphr(n4d of n5). sty /in the eye/.

ʔat e’ʔi ʔak’, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. ‘dog penis vine’, bomarea Bomarea hirtella, #1375(3), #1965(1, 3, 4), #2552(1, 4, 21, 22). Temperate “vine” #1509(1, 3). Temperate and highland “vine” #2323(3, 4). Highland “vine”. Bomarea acutifolia, #1857(1). Highland “vine”. Asclepias sp., #323(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine”

ʔat e’iʔ e’iʔlel, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. ‘dog penis plant’, ladies’ tresses Spiranthes hemichrea, #78(2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. bloodflower milkweed Asclepias curassavica, #1694(1, 4, 7). Lowland “plant”. Smilacina scilloidea, #1853(1). Highland “plant”

ʔat e’iʔ teʔ, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. ‘dog penis tree’, white milkweed Asclepias similis, #1080(1, 3, 5). Temperate “tree”

ʔat citom poʔon, cf. poʔon.

ʔat hʔik’al, nphr(n4d of agn). ‘spook’s penis’, false morel Helvella lacunosa, #166(4, 5). Highland “mushroom”

sakil ʔat hʔik’al, nphr: aj & nphr(n4d of agn). false morel Helvella crispa, #189(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”

ʔat kaʔ, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘horse penis’, see below.

ʔik’al ʔat kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). club-footed clitocybe Clitocybe clavipes, #177(4, 5). Highland “mushroom” Panaeolus sp., #4(1, 3, 5). Lowland, temperate, and highland “mushroom”.

balahtik ʔat kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). ‘round horse penis’, see below.

sakil balahtik ʔat kaʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). lawyer’s wig Coprinus comatus, #76(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

eahal ʔat kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Mycena sp., #170(4, 5). Highland “mushroom”

k’anal ʔat kaʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5). see below.

k’oš k’anal ʔat kaʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Psilocybe sp., #50(1, 3). Highland “mushroom”. Mycena sp., #87(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

k’oš’ ʔat kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Mycena sp., #82(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

sakil ʔat kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Conocybe sp., #3(1, 3, 5). Lowland, temperate and highland “mushroom” Inocybe sp., # 101(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”

k’oš sakil ʔat kaʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj St. nphr/n4d of n5/). Lepiota sp., #154(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. Mycena sp., #83(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

ʔat karnero ʔak’, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. ‘sheep penis vine’, Prestonia sp., #2658(1, 3). Lowland “vine”.

ʔat kotom, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘coati penis’, Chysissp., #1586(1, 3)- Temperate “plant”. The stalks are chewed by boys who want to lengthen their penises. They are “hot”. (4)-The stalks are chewed once a day for three days. They are considered more effective than wild yams for this purpose.

ʔat kotomaltik, nphr(n4d of n5). large expanse of ʔat kotom.

ʔat kotomtik, nphr(n4d of n5). expanse of ʔat kotom.

ʔat k’ok’, nphr(n4f of n1d). flame.

ʔat nab, nphr(n4f of n5). ‘river penis’, land snail Turitella?. The shell of this lowland and highland snail may be used by men who want to torment a woman who refuses all advances. The snail’s shell is passed over her meal. Its “heat” is said to inflame her passions so that she provides a spectacle for all. A man who has a male enemy may pass the snail shell over his enemy’s posol so that he will lust after many women.

ʔat nab, nphr(n4f of n5). ‘lake penis’, dotted smartweed Polygonum punctatum, #2031(17). Highland “plant”.

ʔat vakaš ʔak’, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n. ‘bull penis vine’, Prestonia sp., #2658(20). Lowland “vine”

ʔat vešal, nphr(n4f of n3d). fly of pants.

ʔatil, n3d. penis /infr/.

ʔ¢am ʔat, sterile, cf. ʔa¢am.

čame-ʔat, centipede, cf. čam.

ʔat(2) T.

ʔat, tv. count up, consider.

ʔat, iv. be counted /chaplet/.

ʔat ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n). wonder, fret, be anxious. Ritual speech; cf. k’opohes ʔoʔon.

iʔoč ta ʔat-ʔoʔon ti ¢ake ta smule. He has become worried that he will be caught for his crime.

t šat yoʔon yuʔun yil. He is worrying about his debt.

ʔat-ʔoʔon t šak’ ši ti mi mu ša škol yahčamel. They say it causes anxiety when one’s patient isn’t recovering.

ʔat hol, vphr(tv / / n). worry, be anxious.

t šat shol yoʔon yuʔun yiltak. He is worried and he is fretting over his debts.

ʔatan, tv. count /plu/.

ʔatanan, tv. count one after another.

ʔatob, n1f. table or tablecloth on which money is counted.

ʔatobil, n1f. cf. ʔatob.

ʔatol, n1e. counting.

ta yatolal ʔu. on a fixed date /fiesta/.

ʔatolah, iv. count up.

ʔatulan, tv. keep counting.

ʔatulanan, tv. keep counting /plu/.

ʔatvan, iv. count people.

hʔatol, agn. counter.

hʔatolahel, agn. counter.

hʔatvaneh, agn. person who counts others.

ʔotol, n1e. cf. ʔatol.

hʔotol, agn. cf. hʔatol.

ʔat(3) prob N.

ʔatiltas, tv. bathe /child, patient, corpse, horse/.

ʔatiltasan, tv. wash /children, horses/.

ʔatiltasob, n4f. water for washing corpse or patient.

ʔatiltasobil, n4f. cf. ʔatiltasob.

ʔatiltasvan, iv. wash person, get person wet /rain/.

ʔatimol, vn5. washing /not ceremonial/.

ʔatin, tv. be soaked by /rain/, be stained, dirtied or begrimed by.

t škatin ¢a¢al voʔ. I am soaked by the rainstorm.

t šatin ʔik’ubal. It is getting dirty.

ʔatin, iv. wash self, be washed.

ʔatin-kaša, vn(iv & ncpd)5. washing of steward’s coffer.

ʔatinahebal, n3d. bathing place, half gourd for “flower water”.

Ritual speech, shaman when bathing patient, and referring to each of the wells from which “flower water” is drawn; ta smaki ta skevu ti yatinahebe ti s¢ebinahebe ti č’ul-totile ti č’ul-meʔile. He /the patient/ will share, will enjoy the bathing place, the shampooing place of the holy fathers, the holy mothers.

ʔatinan, tv. be stained or dirtied by /people/.

ʔatintas, tv. cf. ʔatiltas.

ʔatintasan, tv. cf. ʔatiltasan.

ʔatintasob, n4f. cf. ʔatiltasob.

ʔatintasobil, n4f. cf. ʔaliltasob.

ʔatintasvan, iv. cf. ʔatiltasvan.

hʔatiltasvaneh, agn. rain that wets people, person who washes corpse, shaman who washes patient.

hʔatimol, agn. bather /not ceremonially/.

hʔatintasvaneh, agn. cf. hʔatiltasvaneh.

ʔatah

ʔatah, cabbage, greens, cf. ʔitah.

ʔatuʔ

ʔatuʔ, cat. cf. katuʔ.

ʔat’

ʔat’, sprinkle, cf. ʔač’(2).

ʔav(1) N.

ʔav ʔaʔal, nphr(n4f of n4d). water storage jug, fontanel.

ʔav ʔabtel, nphr(n4f of n1d). callous. If a man arrives in the afterworld with no callouses on his hands it is said that he will be given tools to work with until the blood pours from his hands. Likewise, a woman whose hands bear no mark of having woven cloth will be given a loom to work on until blood pours from her hands.

ʔav ʔa¢’am, nphr(n4f of n1d). saltcellar.

ʔav ʔak’al, nphr(n4f of n1a). censer.

ʔav ʔe, nphr(n4f of n4d). bite /dog, snake, spider/.

ʔav ʔokol, nphr(n4f of n3d). footprint.

ʔav ʔol, nphr(n4f of n4d). uterus.

ʔav ʔunen, nphr(n4f of n5). uterus.

ʔav bino, nphr(n4f of n1d). chalice.

ʔav ¢’uiltasbil voʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/5). bowl for holy water.

ʔav čob, nphr(n4f of n1d). corn field /unplanted/.

ʔav htotik sakramentu, nphr(n4f of nphr/agn type n5/). ciborium.

ʔav kantela, nphr(n4f of n1a). candlestick.

ʔav kas, nphr(n4f of n1a). petroleum lamp.

ʔav k’abil, nphr(n4f of n3d). bladder, chamber pot.

ʔav k’obol, nphr(n4f of n3d). handprint, bruise made by blow of the fist.

ʔav lastima, nphr(n4f of n1a). scar.

ʔav limošna, nphr(n4f of n1a). alms box.

ʔav meʔ k’ob, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/). fingerprint.

ʔav na, nphr(n4f of n1d). house lot.

ʔav nab, nphr(n4f of n5). dry lake bed.

ʔav pom, nphr(n4f of n1d). priest’s censer, net or shoulder bag for carrying incense.

ʔav tak’in, nphr(n4f of n1a). wallet, billfold, inan. poss.; drawer /of table/.

ʔav veʔel, nphr(n4f of n4d). stomach and intestines.

ʔav voʔ, nphr(n4f of n5). water storage jug, fontanel.

ʔav voč’, nphr(n4f of n4d). crop. Male joking speech; stomach.

ʔavil, n3c. place, booth.

ba hkučtik tal ta yavil. Let’s go bring it from where it is made (or) where it grows (or) where it is permanently established. haʔ kav liʔe. This is my seat.

ʔavin, tv. use, make, or possess as a booth.

t šavin yok t šavin sk’ob. His foot is bruised, his hand is bruised.

ʔav(2) T.

ʔav, tv. plant corn.

t šav sčob. He is planting his cornfield. Eggs, snails, or fish should not be eaten before planting corn lest the roots of the corn plants take their form and be unable to withstand the force of a strong wind.

ʔav, iv. be planted /corn field./

ʔav, nc. corn planting /infr/.

ʔavan, tv. plant corn fields.

ʔavel, nc. corn planting /infr/.

ʔaven, n1a. replanting of corn one week after initial planting, replanted corn. inan. poss.; corn for replanting.

ʔavenah, iv. replant corn.

ʔaventa, tv. replant corn.

t škaventa hčob. I am replanting my corn field.

ʔaventaan, tv. replant much corn.

ʔaventaobil, n4f. corn for replanting.

ʔavol, n1a. corn planting.

ʔavolah, iv. plant corn.

ʔavolahebal, n3d. net or shoulder bag for seed corn and beans.

ʔavolahebal teʔ, nphr(n type n)5. digging stick /archaic/.

ʔavulan, tv. keep planting corn.

ʔavulanan, tv. keep planting a lot of corn /if corn does not come up/.

hʔaven, agn. replanter of corn.

ʔovol, n1a. corn planting, newly planted corn.

ʔovolah, iv. cf. ʔavolah.

ʔovoltik, n5.planting season.

hʔovol, agn. com planter.

ʔav(3) N.

ʔavan, iv. shout /to person/, yell, hoot, or scream (drunk), roar (tiger), howl (coyote), yelp (dog), ache.

t šʔavan kok. My leg is aching.

ʔavavet, av. screaming /in fear VI: 7/.

ʔavavet ta ʔok’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). sobbing or wailing without cease /in church/.

ʔavʔon, av. shouting (drunk), howling (coyote), yelping (dog V2: 19).

ʔavʔon ta ʔok’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). howling (baby).

ʔavet, av. shouting (drunk), roaring (tiger), screaming (siren V3: 11, woman EKL 258: 2-17), howling (coyote).

ʔan č’an ʔavetel. Oh, stop shouting!

ʔavet ta ʔok’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). sobbing or wailing /in church; accusing Others of causing sickness/.

ʔavetah, iv. howl (drunk, coyote).

ʔavlah, av. shouting (drunks), howling (coyotes).

ʔavlahet, av. shouting (plu) /when playing, working contentedly, or drunk/, howling (dogs, coyotes).

ʔavlahetik, av. shouting (plu) (people).

ʔávluh, av. yelping suddenly (dog), screaming suddenly /fear, pain/.

ʔávteʔávte, av. howling or shouting from place to place (person), howling from place to place (coyote, lost dog).

hʔavanel, agn. shouter /infr/.

ʔapta, tv. shout at, call to, recall soul /infr/.

ʔapta baik, rv. call to or shout at each other.

ʔapta vun, vphr(tv & n1d). read aloud /proclamation, list of names/.

ʔaptaan, tv. shout at or call to /many people/.

ʔaptael, vn5. ceremony to recall soul.

ʔaptaluh, iv. recall /soul/.

ʔaptaobil, n4f. gourd for recalling souls.

ʔaptaob-bail vn(n & rpncpd)5. recalling of soul.

ʔaptavan, iv. shout at person, recall person’s soul (shaman).

hʔaptael, agn. person who is shouted at.

hʔaptavaneh, agn. person who shouts at another.

ʔov, n5. shouting,

ʔavariente N(Sp, aguardiente).

ʔavariente, n1a. cane liquor.

ʔavarto N(Sp, albarda).

ʔavarto, n1a. packsaddle.

ʔavartoin, tv. saddle /horse/.

ʔavaséna N(Sp, aguacen).

ʔavaséna, n1a. patent medicine /drunk by poor Chamulas as a substitute for cane liquor/.

ʔavena N(Sp, avena).

ʔavena, n. wild oat Avena fatua var. fatua, #593(1). Highland “plant”.

The seeds are sown by ladinos in the rainy season. They are eaten by ladinos. (3)-They are “cold”.

ʔaver Pt(Sp, á ver).

ʔaver, pt. let’s see.

ʔavrahaka

ʔavrahaka, basil, cf. ʔarvahaka.

ʔavril N(Sp, avril).

ʔavril, n5. April.

ʔavyon N(Sp, avión).

ʔavyon, n1a. airplane.

yavyonal ʔak’ k’ok’. warplane.

ʔay(1) I.

ʔa, iv(contr of ʔay), went /acts as auxiliary verb/.

ʔa stam tal. He went and brought it.

ʔay, iv. go and return /restricted to past tense/.

mi ʔay naš. Did he come this morning? /person no longer present/. bu laʔay. Where did you go or where have you been? /asking person who has returned/.

ʔay(2) O.

ʔay, excl. ugh!, ow! /exclamation of disgust, annoyance, pain or fear/.

ʔayayet, av. squealing (dog in pain V2: 19).

ʔayʔon, av. squealing (dog in pain V2: 19).

ʔaylahet, av. squealing (hungry puppies).

ʔáyluh, av. squealing suddenly (dog in pain or fear).

ʔáyteʔáyte, av. shouting about (drunk).

ʔayan

ʔayan, birth, cf. ʔoy(1).

ʔe(1) Pt.

ʔe, pt. oh /phrase or sentence initial term, allowing pause for thought, or expressing doubt/.

ʔe mu hnaʔ k’u ši. Oh, I don’t know how. var., ʔe /lengthened vowel/, he.

ʔe(2) N.

ʔeal, n3b. mouth /person, animal, flute/, voice, notch /warping bar/, grinding surface /metate/, blade /knife, axe, hoe/, speech, tooth /person, animal, comb/, fever sores /in mouth/, mortise.

ye noš. He is just talking big.

lok’an tal ye ¢’iʔ, lok’an tal ye ʔinatab, lok’an tal ye kaʔ, lok’an tal ye vakaš. Come out dog’s tooth, come out iguana’s tooth, come out horse’s tooth, come out cow’s tooth /said by mother to induce growth of strong new tooth when she tosses her child’s baby tooth on the roof/.

ʔein čak, vphr(tv / / n). Scolding speech, generally between women; accusing person of refusing to tell the truth.

mi haʔ avein 1 ačake. Was it your ass you were quoting?

ʔeinbe ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d). misquote.

iyeinbe ye li buč’u ta šloʔilahe. He misquoted the person who was talking.

ʔe(3) N.

ʔeah, iv. carry burden a short distance /infr/.

ʔean, tv. carry burden a short distance /either on one’s back or by mule/.

ʔeanan, tv. carry burdens

ʔeanluh, iv. carry burden a short distance.

ʔehan, tv. cf. ʔean /infr/.

ʔeovah, iv. carry burden by mule.

ʔeoval, n1d. pack trip.

hʔeaneh, agn. person carrying burden a short distance.

hʔeoval, agn. muletrain, muleteer /accompanying loaded mules/.

ʔe(4) Pt.

ʔe, pt. too. restricted to yeč ʔe ʔuk: that too / Voʔ-bie/.

ʔeʔ O.

ʔeʔ, onom. grunt /mule/.

ʔéʔluh, av. gasping suddenly (falling child).

ʔeʔon, av. saying “oh, oh” when jogged (infant being carried), cooing (baby EKL 258: 2-21).

ʔe¢’ N.

ʔe¢’, n4e. echo.

ʔe¢’an, iv. echo.

t šʔe¢’an ke. My voice echoes.

ʔé¢’anʔé¢’an, iv. echo and reecho.

šʔé¢’anʔé¢’an ye ti prove ʔune. The poor fellow’s voice is echoing and reechoing /drunk shouting/.

ʔeč P.

ʔečahtik, aj. cf. ʔečel /plu/.

ʔečan, tv. cause to lie on one’s back /woman/.

ʔečan ba, rv. lie on one’s back.

ʔečaʔon, av. lying on back and moving from side to side straining to get up (baby, drunk).

ʔečeč yalel, vphr(av & dr). falling over backwards /from sitting or squatting position/.

ʔečel, aj. lying on back (drunk).

ʔečet, av. lying on back and moving (baby, drunk, woman).

ʔečetik, av. cf. ʔečet (plu).

ʔečlah, av. falling down and getting up repeatedly (plu).

ʔečlahet, av. lying and moving /in sexual relations (plu)/, falling down and getting up repeatedly.

ʔečlahetik, av. falling down and getting up repeatedly (plu).

ʔečleh, n1d. lying on back.

ʔéčluh, av. falling on one’s back suddenly.

ʔeč’(1) I.

ʔeč’ iv. pass by, pass (sickness, grief, time, fear), abate (rain), leak (pot, house).

ʔeč’ ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). do everything in one’s power, try one’s best.

iʔeč’ koʔon ta h-mek pero muk’ ʔonoš kol ʔun. I did everything I could but he did not recover.

ʔeč’ yoʔon isk’opon li ¢ebe pero muk’ šk’ane. He tried his best and talked to the girl but she spurned him.

ʔeč’ ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). recover /from sickness/, win /fight/, endure.

ʔeč’ yuʔun ti ʔutele. He endured the tongue-lashing.

ʔeč’-hel ta be, vphr(tv/iv & tvepd/ & prep & n5). pass by person, leave person behind.

ʔeč’-hélanhélan ta be, vphr(tv/iv & tvepd/ & prep & n5). leave everyone behind.

ʔeč’ ta ʔabtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). carry out a religious post.

ʔeč’ ta komon, vphr(iv & prep & aj). share equally.

ʔeč’ ta lek, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj). pass safely (sickness), turn out well.

ʔeč’ ta lek li balamil ʔun aʔa to, ši ti mi lek li balamil t smane. “The land certainly turned out well”, one says if the land that is being bought is good.

ʔeč’ noš ta mas lek li ¢ebe. The girl turned out to be just beautiful.

ʔeč’ ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj). be excessive or extreme, overdo, go too far, get out of hand.

ʔeč’ ta mas ti ye. lit., his mouth went too far, i.e., He spoke intemperately.

ʔeč’ ta pale, vphr(iv & prep & n5). marry in the church.

ʔeč’ʔeč’, iv. abate slightly (sickness, rain), leak slightly.

ʔeč’ʔeč’tik, iv. abate slightly (sickness, rain), leak slightly.

ʔeč’el, nc. time, planting /1–2/, meal, round /drinking/.

ʔak’o ša ʔotro h-ʔeč’eluk. Pass it around another time.

ta šlah ta h-ʔeč’el veʔel. It will last for only one meal.

ʔeč’el ʔeč’el, nphr(vnlb & vnlb). passing by frequently (drink-pourer, constable repeatedly summoning person, rain).

ʔeč’om _______, nphrfaj & n)1d. last year’s _______/corn, beans, watermelon squash/.

ʔeč’om ʔe, nphr(aj & n4d). overtalkative.

ʔeč’om-taʔah, iv(aj & ivcpd). become overcooked (cabbage, beans), become hard-boiled (eggs).

ʔeč’om tok’on, ajphr(aj & aj). hard-boiled (egg), overripe (fruit).

ʔeč’omah, iv. spoil (corn or beans stored too long), become a spinster.

ʔeč’omtah, iv. spoil (corn or beans stored too long), cf. ʔeč’omah.

hʔeč’el be, agn(nphr/n of n/5). traveller, passerby.

ʔet’es, tv. avoid, dodge /rock, blow/.

ʔet’esbon tal ʔabolahan. Please pass it to me.

ʔet’es ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n). satisfy one’s desire, glut.

iyet’es yoʔon ta ʔuč’-poš. He glutted himself with drink.

iyet’es yoʔon ta ʔavanel. He shouted to his heart’s content.

ʔet’es k’op, vphr(tv & n5). translate, interpret.

ʔet’es ta ʔabtel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). advance in office /advance funds so that family member can carry out his religious office/.

ʔet’esob, n1f. instrument for dodging, avoiding, or parrying /toreador’s cape, overhang that provides shelter from rain, food and drink given to musicians so they will play./

ʔet’esobil, n1f. cf. ʔet’esob.

ʔet’esvan ta ʔabtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). advance person in office /advance money to family member so that he can carry out his religious office/.

hʔet’esvaneh ta ʔabtel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who advances money to family member so that he can carry out his religious office.

eč’el, dr. auxiliary verb expressing movement away from.

ʔeč’(2) N.

ʔeč’, n1a. air pine.

ʔeč’tik, n5. expanse of air pines on many trees.

ʔan¢il ʔeč’ nphr(natt & n)5. ‘female ʔeč’, Vriesea werckleana, #447(1, 2). Temperate “plant” (5)-An unattested variety is used in major curing ceremonies. It is “cold”. (16)-An unattested variety is used to decorate a patient’s ceremonial bed.

¢ahal ʔan¢il ʔeč’, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). see below.

k’oš ¢ahal ʔan¢il ʔeč’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Tillandsia butzii, #399(1, 3). Highland “plant”

č’iš ʔan¢il ʔeč’, nphr(n type nphr/natt & n/). Pitcairnia purpusii, #1065(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”.

ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, nphr(aj & n)5. Tillandsia vicentina, # 139(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Children should avoid putting this plant in their mouths, lest they become mute or begin to stutter. Tillandsia butzii, #B9525 (5, 5a). Highland “plant”. Tillandsia fasciculata, #2122(7, 11). Temperate “plant”. Pitcairnia sp., #B9501(5, 5a). Highland “plant”. Pitcairnia breedlovei, #1662(7). Highland, temperate, and lowland “plant”

ʔumaʔ ʔeč’tik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of ʔumaʔ ʔeč’.

ʔan¢il ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/). Pitcairnia karwinskyana, #498(1, 2). Highland “plant”.

k’oš ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Tillandsia capitata, #1858(1, 16). Highland “plant”.

ba¢’i ʔeč’, nphr(aj & n). Tillandsia guatemalensis, #141(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Same as krus ʔeč’.

bik’tal ʔeč’ nphr(aj & n). Tillandsia guatemalensis, #141(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Same as krus ʔeč’.

č’iš ʔeč’, nphr(n type n). ‘spiky ʔeč’, Tillandsia rodrigueziana, #711(1, 2). Temperate “plant”. Pitcairnia breedlovei, #1662(14).

Lowland, temperate, and highland “plant”,

kilon ʔeč’, nphr(x type n)1e. ‘long ʔeč’, cf. below,

kilon ʔeč’tik, nphr(x type n)5. expanse of kilon ʔeč’.

¢ahal kilon ʔeč’ nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Tillandsia violacea, #669(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. Thirty-six plants are gathered by the stewards on Monday of Holy Week. Ideally, each steward provides three plants. If the quota has not been met, those stewards who provided less than three must fill the quota the following day. These plants, which are used indiscriminately with the white variety, are hung on the branches of the two pine trees which flank the cross on Good Friday.

sakil kilon ʔeč’, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Tillandsia violacea, #522(2, 5). Temperate and highland “plant” Same use as ¢ahal kilon ʔeč’.

krus ʔeč’, nphr(n type n)1e. ‘cross ʔeč’, Tillandsia guatemalensis, #141(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), #1849(1, 16), #2243(1, 3, 4, 19). Highland “plant”.

This is one of the basic ingredients of “flower water”. It is “cold”.

Three plants are used to decorate the house cross and each shrine at a curing ceremony. For each flower change the stewards gather 900 plants. (23)-800 plants are provided by the senior steward in charge; 500 of these to decorate the Church of St. Lawrence. Forty plants are provided by each of the other senior stewards. Sixty plants are provided by the senior steward to decorate his coffer. (5)-An unattested variety is gathered by the stewards-royal every Saturday to decorate the Chapel of Lord Esquipulas and their coffers. The elders decorate the altar of the grand alcalde every two weeks. (23)-Forty plants are provided by each steward on the Seventh Posada to decorate the creche. (1)-Thirty-five of an unattested variety are used for the above purpose. (1 et al)-The plants are sold by San Feliperos at Christmastime in San Cristóbal, Chiapa, and Tuxtla. cf. eis ʔuč, č’ib.

krus ʔeč’tik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of krus ʔeč’.

k’oš ʔeč’, nphr(aj & n). Tillandsia guatemalensis, # 141 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Same as krus ʔeč’.

vohton ʔeč’ nphr(n type n)1e. ’ear of corn ʔeč”, Tillandsia ponderosa, #140(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. For major curing ceremonies fifteen plants are gathered. Three are added to the basic ingredients of “flower water’ They are “cold”. One each is also placed at the altar of each of the three churches in Zinacantan center, one at each of the six mountain shrines, one on the house entrance cross, and two at the top of the arch at the entrance to the patient’s ceremonial bed. The number used may vary. To make the roof cross of the créche, three plants are gathered by the stewards on the Sixth Posada and stored in the church for two days. The red leaves and flowers are alternated with white corn husk leaves. They are bound to a small wooden cross. The plants are sold by Chamulas and San Feliperos in San Cristóbal during the Christmas season, cf. eis ʔuč. (RML)-One plant is placed at each corner of the roof of the créche.

vohton ʔeč’tik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of vohton ʔeč’. k’oš vohton ʔeč’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Tillandsia seleriana, #722(1, 2), #775(1, 2, 3, 5). Temperate “plant”. Tillandsia fasciculata, #2122(1). Temperate “plant”.

ʔeč’ʔantivo, nphr(n4f of n5). Tillandsia fasciculata, #2122(14). Temperate “plant”

ʔeh

ʔeh, carry burden a short distance, cf. ʔe(3).

ʔek O.

ʔek, onom. squawk /chicken/.

ʔekek, av. squawking in fright.

ʔekeket, av. squawking in fright.

ʔekʔon, av. squawking in fright (chicken).

ʔeklah, av. cf. ʔekek (plu).

ʔeklahet, av. cf. ʔekʔon (plu).

ʔékluh, av. giving sudden squawk (chicken).

ʔékteʔékte, av. squawking about.

ʔekel N.

ʔekel, n1d. merchandise for resale, trade goods.

ʔekelta, tv. resell, trade /corn, flowers, fruit/ (middleman, trader).

ʔekeltaan, tv. resell or trade much /corn, flowers, fruit/.

hʔekel _______, agn(nphr/n of n/5). middleman, trader /corn, flowers, fruit/.

ʔekleša

ʔekleša, church, cf. eklišya.

ʔekliša

ʔekliša, church, cf. ʔeklišya.

ʔeklišya N(Sp, iglesia).

ʔeklišya, n5. church.

ʔek’el N.

ʔek’el, n1a. axe, hatchet.

ʔek’lal kaʔ, nphr(n4f of n5). branding-iron, brand.

ʔek’en N.

ʔek’en, n1a. metate platform /heavy raised piank on which metate stands/.

ʔwk’l

ʔek’l, branding iron, brand, cf. ʔek’el.

ʔel X.

ʔelʔon, av. greasy /hair, face (made-up face of ladina), broth/, sweaty /face/.

ʔelelet, av. moving greasily /fat on surface of liquid/.

ʔelet, av. greasy /hair, face (made-up face of ladina), broth/, sweaty /face/.

ʔellahet, av. cf. ʔelʔon (plu).

ʔélʔéʔelte, av. walking about with greasy or sweaty /face, hair/.

ʔelamoniš N(Sp, limones).

ʔelamoniš, n1a. lime.

ʔelamonišaltik, n5. large lime grove.

ʔelamoništik, n5. lime grove.

teʔel ʔelamoniš, nphr(natt & n). ’lime tree’, lime Citrus aurantifolia, #300(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” The seeds are planted by ladinos in June. The fruit is harvested in October. Lime juice is used together with chili, mint, coriander, and salt to flavor beef broth. It is also used to flavor cabbage, amaranth, rattle-box, and deadly nightshade. It is “cold”. To ease chest pains /meʔ vinik/, a glass of the sweetened juice is drunk. Ladinos use limes for limeade.

ʔelan I.

ʔelan, iv. be like.

k’u šaʔelan. How are you? /plu/.

k’u yuʔun šanaʔ šʔelan tol t šak’ voʔe. Why do you think it is raining as much as it is?

mel¢ano ti k’u šfrelan t šale. Make it the way he says.

li šʔelan liʔbe liʔi mu stak’ šišanavotik lek. The way the path is now we can’t walk easily.

yan ʔelan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/). awful, disgusting.

yan ʔelan ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & tv). be disgusted with.

yan ʔelan ʔoʔon, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & n4d). be worried or anxious.

ʔelav N.

ʔelav, n5. diversion.

ʔelav, n4d. in front of, facing, opposite.

ta kelav. opposite me.

voʔone yelav be to ta h-mek. I was right there facing the road.

mu ša snaá k’u šʔelan yelav li sveš ʔune. He no longer knew the inside from the outside of his pants.

ʔelavah, iv. divert oneself aimlessly, be pleased or amused by /another’s discomfort/.

ʔelavahebal, n1f. place where one can get a good view of spectacle, etc.

ʔelavta, tv. look at /spectacle, fight, etc./.

ʔelavtaan, tv. look at many things /without buying any/.

ʔelavtaobil, n4f. place where one can get a good view of spectacle, etc.

ʔelavtavan, iv. watch person making a fool of himself.

hʔelav, agn. spectator.

hʔelavtavaneh, agn. person watching another making a fool of himself.

ʔeleksyon N(Sp, elección).

ʔeleksyon, n5. election.

ʔelek’ N.

ʔelek’il, n3a. stolen goods.

hʔelek’, agn. robber.

ʔelk’ah, iv. steal.

ʔelk’an, tv. steal.

ʔelk’anan, tv. steal many times.

mukul-ʔelk’an, tv(aj & tvcpd). snitch.

ʔelk’

ʔelk’, steal, cf. ʔelek’.

ʔelom N.

ʔelom, n4d. a good thing that has been noticed and will be sought again /object or girl/.

ʔelomta, tv. notice a good thing that will be returned to.

ʔelomtaan, tv. notice good things that will be returned to.

ʔelomtavan, iv. watch girlfriend.

ʔem prob P or P(2).

ʔem-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. fat-faced.

ʔemahtik, aj. cf. ʔemel /plu/.

ʔem?em, aj. cf. ʔemel.

ʔemʔon sat, vphr(av&n4d). walking with fat face.

ʔemel, aj. fat (face).

ʔemelik, aj. cf. ʔemel /plu/.

ʔemet sat, vphr(av&n4d). idle and fat-faced.

ʔemleh, n1d. fatness /face/.

ʔémtéʔemte sat, vphr(av&n4d). walking about with fat face.

ʔempač N(Sp, empache).

ʔempač, n1a. blemish /dark markings on skin/.

ʔen(1) prob P or P(2).

ʔen-č’ut, n(aj&ncpd)5. chubby.

ʔen-sat, n(aj&ncpd)5. fat-faced.

ʔenʔen č’ut, vphr(aj/pred/&n4d). chubby (child, puppy, pot).

ʔenʔon č’ut, vphr(av&n4d). toddling with chubby belly (child, puppy).

ʔenel č’ut, vphr(aj/pred/&n4d). chubby (child, puppy, pot).

ʔenlah, av. toddling with chubby (bellies) /puppies/.

ʔénlahét č’ut, vphr(av&n4d). cf. ʔenʔon č’ut (plu).

ʔenlahetik, av. toddling (children).

ʔéntoente č’ut, vphr(av&n4d). walking about with chubby belly.

ʔen(2) prob P or P(2).

ʔenʔon, av. glowing, smarting.

ʔenel, aj. glowing.

ʔenlahet, av. glowing.

ʔenero N(Sp, enero).

ʔenero, n5. January.

ʔenerotik, n5. sometime in January.

ʔenhenyero

ʔenhenyero, surveyor, cf. ʔihinyero.

ʔenkahe N(Sp, encaje).

ʔenkahe, n5. ammi Ammi majus, #ʔ72(1, 3). Highland plant” A few Zinacantecs plant the seeds in their yards during the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases. Conium maculatum, #362(1, 2). Highland “plant”. Same use as above.

ʔeno

ʔeno, well, good. cf. ben(2).

ʔentero A(Sp, entero).

ʔentero, aj. very, real, exactly, really, completely.

ʔentero mol. very old man.

ʔentero k’op. a real argument.

ʔentero yeč šʔelan. exactly alike.

ʔentero čamel, sickness not caused by witchcraft.

ʔenterotik, aj. almost exactly.

ʔentre Pt(Sp, entre).

ʔentre, pt. among /infr/.

ta ʔentre skotol. by (or) for everyone.

ʔentrokal N(Sp, entregar).

ʔentrokal, n5. presentation, var., ʔenirukal.

Scolding speech; ʔentrokal ti k’u yepal stohole. Hand over as much as it is worth.

ʔak’ ʔentrokal, vphr(tv & n5). deliver, turn over, hand over to.

ʔak’ ba ʔentrokal, vphr(rv & n5). turn oneself in, present oneself.

ʔentmkal

ʔentrukal, presentation, cf. ʔentrokal.

ʔep A.

ʔep, aj. a lot of, many.

ʔep ta ʔeč’el (or) ʔep ta bwelta. many times.

ʔepah, iv. increase, grow bigger (tear, wound).

t šʔepah kriščano. There are more people /at fiesta, etc./.

ʔepahes, tv. enlarge /tear/, accumulate /sins, work/.

ʔepal, n4f. many, much.

k’u yepal. how many, how much, how many?, how much?

ʔepal, aj. a lot of, many.

ʔepal kaʔ. a lot of horses.

ʔepal nab. large lake, many lakes.

ʔepal ʔok čon, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. ’many-legged bug’, millepede.

ʔepʔep, aj. quite a lot

ʔepʔeptik, aj. quite a lot.

ʔepub, iv. increase, grow bigger.

ʔepubtas, tv. enlarge /tear/, accumulate /sins, work/.

hʔepal-ʔe, agn(aj & ncpd). gossip.

tol hʔepal-ʔe sloʔilta eč’el ta yan kriščano. He is a terrible gossip -- he will tell it to somebody else.

hʔepal-hol, agn(aj & ncpd). liar.

ba¢i hʔepal-hol leʔe tol šyul ta shol k’u snopilan. He is a real liar -- he thinks up all sorts of lies.

ʔep’ O.

ʔep’, onom. creak, squeak (door).

ʔep’ʔon, av. creaking or squeaking frequently (bed), making dry scraping sounds (bags of toasted tortillas being carried on muleback). Creaking beams are considered a sign that the house was built in a dangerous place.

ʔep’ep’, av. creaking or squeaking (door).

ʔep’ep’et, av. squeaking or creaking constantly (door, bed, tree, oxcart).

ʔep’et, av. squeaking slowly (door, tree).

ʔep’lah, av. creaking or squeaking (oxcart), making dry scraping sound (toasted tortillas in bag).

ʔep’lahet, av. creaking or squeaking (trees, oxcart).

ʔep’luh, av. giving sudden squeak or creak (door).

ʔep’om teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. squeaking or creaking tree.

ʔera N(Sp, era).

ʔera, n1a. threshing floor.

ʔennano N(Sp, hermano).

ʔermanoil, n3d. cousin.

nam-tal ʔermanoil. distant cousin.

ʔes(1) N.

ʔes, n4d. way of life.

Denunciatory speech; k’usi aves k’usi avabtel. lit., What is your way of life, what is your work, i.e., What kind of person are you?

ʔesin, tv. do.

restricted to; maʔuk t škesin, maʔuk t škabtelan. That’s not what I do, that’s not my work /person refusing to return to town hall to conclude dispute/.

ʔes(2) X.

ʔesʔon, av. dragging feet.

ʔesel k’obol, nphr(aj & n)5. paromychia /yeast infection that causes fingers and palms of women to split from too much laundering/.

ʔeseltik, aj. cracked (earth, hands), split.

ʔeset, av. sitting listlessly, working reluctantly.

ʔeset yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down (daub).

ʔesomah, iv. harden and flake off (skin disease).

ʔespanyol N(Sp, español).

ʔespanyol, n5. Spaniard /of mythic times/.

ʔespara N(Sp, espada).

ʔespara, n1d. sword.

ʔéste Pt(Sp, este).

ʔéste, pt. the /hesitation form used when searching for correct word/.

ta ʔéste ʔéste hna. to the, the, my house.

ʔeš I.

ʔes, iv. split and become powdery (lime) split open (corn when boiled twice for posol).

ʔesʔon, av. burning without flame (dry tinder that turns to ash).

ʔeš¢ah, iv. crumble and fall.

ʔešeš yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down (daub).

ʔešešet, av. burning without flame (dry tinder that turns to ash).

ʔešet yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down (daub that does not adhere).

ʔešk’uh, iv. crumble and fall.

ʔešlah yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping and falling in many places (daub).

ʔešlahet, av. burning without flame (dry logs).

ʔešlahet yalel, av. slipping down (daub).

ʔešluh yalel, av. slipping down suddenly (daub).

ʔešp’uh, iv. cf. ʔešk’uh.

ʔéšteʔéšte yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down here and there.

ʔeškanya N(Sp, escaño).

ʔeškanya, n1a. bench /of civil authorities and elders/, var., ʔeškenya.

ʔeškenya

ʔeškenya, bench, cf. ʔeškanya.

ʔešpulal N(Sp, espuela).

ʔešpulal ʔok, nphr(n1f of n4d). dewclaw.

ʔetel(1) N.

ʔletelil, n3d. Female speech; vagina.

Scolding female speech; yetel noš li ʔanee. lit., The woman has just a vagina, i.e., She does not know how to work.

ʔietel(2) N.

ʔetel, n4a. thread marker for chicken.

ʔetelin, tv. get thread marker for chicken.

ʔet’

ʔet dodge, avoid, glut, etc. cf. ʔeč’(1).

ʔey E.

ʔey, excl. okay! /exclamation of assent when asked to do something, acknowledgment when object is being handed to person, response to hailing cry/.

ʔi(1) Pt(Sp, y).

ʔi, pt. and.

ʔi(2) E.

ʔi kahval, nphr(excl & n5). Female speech, exclamation of surprise or dismay; Oh my god! var., ʔiy kahval.

ʔiy, excl. principally Female speech, exclamation of dismay; Oh!

ʔiʔ O.

ʔiʔʔon, av. chatting, gabbing, blabbing.

šʔiʔʔon šʔaʔʔon. lit., He is saying ”yes, yes”, i.e., He is mumbling to himself (drunk). cf. hiʔ.

ʔiʔet, av. whining (car), grumbling (stomach).

ʔiʔiʔet, av. buzzing (bee, cicada, saw EKL 259: 1-1), whining (heavily laden truck, mosquito), moaning (train EKL 252: 1-1).

ʔiʔlah, av. walking and chatting (plu).

ʔiʔlahet, av. cf. ʔiʔʔon (plu).

ʔiʔlahetik, av. chatting or gabbing (plu).

ʔiʔluh, av. farting suddenly, grumbling suddenly (stomach).

ʔiʔteʔíʔte, av. grumbling time and again (stomach).

ʔiʔi Pt.

ʔiʔi, pt. no /nasalization of vowel/.

ʔiʔitik, pt. not quite.

ʔib(1) N.

ʔib, n1d. nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus /archaic/.

ʔib(2) X.

ʔibah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d). be filled with disgust, be horrified, revolted, or nauseated.

t šʔibah yoʔon ti mi ʔu k’u yatinoh sk’uʔe. He is horrified when something has stained his clothes.

ʔibal ʔoʔon, nphr(n4e of n4d). disgust.

ʔibʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). feeling nauseous.

ʔibet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). feeling nauseous.

ʔibib ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). having sudden wave of nausea.

ʔibibet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). feeling nauseous.

ʔibil, aj. queasy.

ʔibluh ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). having sudden wave of nausea.

ʔibteʔibte ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). feeling nauseous.

hʔibal-ʔoʔon, agn(n & ncpd). squeamish person /about food/.

ʔibel N.

ʔibel, n4b. root /tooth, plant, vine, tree/, wall, side, foot of wall /house, cave/, foot of /rock, mountain/.

yibel ʔosil. bank.

yibel vinahel. horizon.

Scolding speech; e’un avisim, e’un avibel kere. lit., Plant your roots, plant your roots, son, i.e., Become strong like a tree /taunt implying, “Let’s see if you can witch me”/.

ʔibes N.

libes, cf. čenek’.

ʔieniʔaleil N.

ʔieniʔaleil, n1d. brother-in-law, sister-in-law /archaic term of address between those married to two brothers or sisters/, var., ʔieniʔalein.

ʔieniʔalein

ʔieniʔalein, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, cf. ʔieniʔaleil.

ʔieompi N.

ʔieompi, n1d. son sapote Licania platypus, #1705(1, 4, 7, 11, 12). Lowland “tree”. Slips are transplanted by ladinos in the rainy season. The fruit is sold in Zinacantán center during the fiesta of St. Lawrence. It is “hot”.

ʔieompitik, n5. grove of son sapotes.

ʔie’in N.

ʔie’inal, n3d. male’s younger brother /reference and address/, younger /of men/Junior /term used to distinguish the less prestigious of a pair of officials; steward, steward-royal, cantor, publican, scribe, principal, ensign-bearer, lesser players, ritual tutor of junior official, fourth sacristan, and to less prestigious of the two hpat-vahetik, hpačoletik, angels, mortarmen, certain wells, mountains, crosses, and to the smaller of the two drums played together, smaller saint images and chaplets/. absolute form; term of address used by senior of paired religious officials to his junior colleague.

ʔie’inal hnupol, nphr(n type agn)5. member /but not leader/ of group that accompanies visiting saint.

ʔie’inin, tv. acquire younger brother (boy).

ʔič N.

ʔič(1), n1a. bile.

ʔič(2), n1a. chili, inan. poss.;yičil: chili seasoning, lime mixed with tobacco. Chili, when eaten in large quantities, is believed to cause sexual excitation. If, when a person burns chili, he smells the smoke instantly, it is believed that his guardian animal is right behind his house.

ʔičtik, n5. field of chilies.

bak ʔič, nphr(aj & n)1a. ‘skinny chili’, chili Capsicum annuum, #2653(1, 3, 15, 20), #3018(11). Lowland “plant”. The chilies are sold at market. They are eaten raw or put in food for seasoning. They are “hot”. (1)-The seeds are sown in July and the chilies are harvested in December and again in June of the following year. (3)-The seeds are sown in May and the chilies are harvested at the end of August and in the beginning of September. (11)-The seeds are sown in June and the chilies are harvested in August of the following year.

bak ʔičtik, nphr(aj & n)5. field of bak ʔič.

bik’it bak ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chili Capsicum annuum, #2653(21). Lowland “plant”.

k’oš bak ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chili Capsicum annuum, #3018(1, 4, 5). Lowland “plant” (4)-The seeds are sown in June and the chilies are harvested in September.

muk’ta bak ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chili Capsicum annuum, #2652(1, 3). Lowland “plant”. (1)-The seeds are sown in July and the chilies are harvested in December and again in June of the following year. (3)-The seeds are sown on May 15 and the chilies are harvested in the beginning of November.

eoʔ mut ʔič, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)1a. ‘bird shit chili’, wild chili Capsicum annuum var. minimum, #1325(1, 3, 4, 5, 8), #2654(20). Lowland “plant”. The chilies are eaten raw with a meal or brewed in the pot of food. They are “hot”. (RML)-The alternate name for this chili, tempič ʔič, is used indiscriminately by the same speakers who recognize it to be a single variety of chili.

eoʔ mut ʔičtik, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)5. expanse of wild chili.

k’oš eo’ mut ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/ type n). wild chili Capsicum annuum var. minimum, #2654(21). Lowland “plant”. Same use as above.

k’anal ʔič, nphr(aj & n). bush chili Capsicum pubescens, #2937(1, 16). Highland “plant”. Bush chilis are used to season food. They are “hot”. (1)-The seeds are sown by many Chamulas in June and the fruit is harvested in December. (16)-The seeds are sown by a few Zinacantecs in May and the fruit is harvested in October.

hlok’ol-čak ʔič, nphr(agn/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. ‘sagging-bottomed chili’, unattested variety of ʔič.

mok-niʔ ʔič, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ‘blunt-tipped chili’, chili Capsicum annuum, #2118(11). Temperate “plant”. Same use as yašal sakil ʔič.

puh-ʔut ʔič, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. ‘hollow chili’, unattested variety of ʔič.

puhkan ʔič, nphr(x type n). unattested variety of ʔič.

sak-morte, n(aj & ncpd). chili Capsicum annuum, #2119(7, 11). Temperate “plant” The seeds are planted in June and the chilies are harvested in September.

sakil ʔič, nphr(aj & n)1d. chili Capsicum annuum, #1116(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”. The seeds are broadcast in the corn fields after the first rains. The young sprouts are transplanted. #2119(1, 14). Temperate “plant”. The seeds are sown in June and the chilies are harvested in September. #3017(11). Lowland “plant” The seeds are sown by a few Zinacantecs in June and the chilies are harvested in August of the following year. (RML)-This variety of chili is consumed in the greatest quantities by Zinacantecs.

sakil ʔičtik, nphr(aj & n)5. field of sakil ʔič.

k’oš sakil ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chili Capsicum annuum, #3017(1, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”. (4)-The seeds are sown in June and the chilies are harvested in September.

yašal sakil ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj y n/). chili Capsicum annuum, #2118(1). Temperate “plant”. It is planted in the corn field at the beginning of the rainy season.

tempič, n. wild chili Capsicum annuum var. minimum, #1325(1, 3, 4, 5, 8), #2012(1, 3, 4). Lowland “plant”. Men gather the chilis to season their meal or to eat raw with their meal. It is “hot” It is sold at market, var., tenpič.

tempičtik, n5. expanse of wild chili.

tempič ʔič, nphr(n type n). wild chili Capsicum annuum var. minimum, #2654(1, 3). Lowland “plant”. Same use as eoʔ mut ʔtič. var., tenpič ’ič.

tempran ʔič, nphr(aj & n). wild chili Capsicum annuum var. minimum, #2654(22). Lowland “plant”. Same use as eoʔ mut ʔič.

tenpič ʔič, nphr(n type n). cf. tempič ʔič.

volvol ʔič, nphr(aj & n). ‘round chiliʔ, chili Capsicum annuum, #2657(20). Temperate “plant”.

yaš-ʔič, n(aj & ncpd). unripe chili.

yaš-ʔičtik, n(aj & ncpd)5. field of unripe chilies.

ʔič ʔak’, nphr(n type n)5. virgin’s bower Clematis dioica, # 101(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).

Highland “vine”. Women use the flowers to cure a skin disease of the palms of their hands. Three flowers are pounded and bandaged in the hand five or six times. #1541(1, 3). Highland “vine”. #2625(1, 3, 15, 22). Lowland “vine”. (1, 3)-The vines are used to lash fences and roof poles, virgin’s bower Clematis grossa, #1892(1, 3, 4, 16, 17), #2288(3, 4, 19). Temperate “vine”. (17, 19)-The vines are used to lash corral gates and roof poles. #2440(1). Highland “vine”. Melothria pendula, #3001(11). “Lowland vine”.

ʔič ʔakʔtik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of ʔič ʔak’.

eahal ʔič ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). coral vine Antigonon guatemalense, #904(1, 3), # 1699(1, 4). Lowland “vine”. Forty to sixty vines are used to lash roof poles. They are also used for lashing fences.

ʔič ʔuloʔ, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘Chamula’s chili’, chili Capsicum annuum, #2117(7). Temperate “plant”. Same use as yič kurik.

ʔič hoh, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘raven’s chili’, cf. below.

sakil ʔič hoh, npnr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Solanum somniculentum, #1016(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”.

yašal ʔič hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Solanum somniculentum, #1012(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. The berries are eaten. They are “cold”.

ʔič kulahtik, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘Tenejapan’s chili’, chili Capsicum annuum, #2657(22). Temperate “plant”. Same use as yič kurik.

ʔič mut, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘bird’s chili’, wild chili Capsicum annuum var.

minimum, #1667(14). Lowland “plant”.

ʔič šulem, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘buzzard’s chili’, devil pepper Rauvolfia tetraphylta, #1299(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”.

ʔiči ʔak’, nphr(x type n). virgin’s bower Clematis dioica, # 2625(20). Lowland “vine”. The vines are used to lash fences and roof poles, virgin’s bower Clematis grossa, #2440(20). Highland “vine”.

ʔičil ʔakov, cf. akov.

ʔičil ʔak’, nphr(natt & n). virgin’s bower Clematis dioica, #1541 (11, 12).

Highland “vine” (11)-Three dozen vines are used to lash roof poles.

ʔičil e’ol, nphr(natt & n)1d. young summer squash seasoned with chili.

ʔičil mail, nphr(natt & n)1d. watermelon squash seasoned with chili.

ʔiči A or N.

ʔiči, virgin’s bower, cf. ʔič.

ʔičin N.

ʔičin, n5. great-horned owl Bubo virginianus. It is not eaten. The person whose name it calls out reputedly is doomed to certain death. The appearance of this owl in Zinacantán portends many deaths.

ʔičon N.

ʔičonil, n3b. in front of, opposite, the front side. Ritual speech; cf. e’el. ta kičon. in front of me.

ʔič’ T.

ʔič’, tv. receive, carry, take.

Toast; kič’ban! ʔič’o!. I take it first! Take it! bu šavič’ čobtik. Where can you find corn fields? /in place where they have long since disappeared/.

ʔič’, nc. rest, pause, swig.

ʔič’ __________, vphr(tv & vn5) be __________.

t šič’ čonel. be sold.

t šič’ hok’anel. be hung up.

ʔič’ ʔabtel, vphr(tv & vn5). learn to job hunt.

ʔič’ ʔakuša, vphr(tv & n5). be injected.

ʔič’ ʔič’, vphr(tv & tv). get a little /sick/.

ʔič’ ʔik’, vphr(tv & n5). breathe.

ʔič’ ʔilel, vphr(tv & vn5). be given curing ceremony.

ʔič’ ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). take seriously, pay attention to, take to heart. iyič’ ʔo yoʔon li hal ičuke. He took to heart the long imprisonment.

ʔič’ ba ta kwenta, vphr(rv & prep & n5). be responsible, act virtuously or conscientiously, take seriously.

iyič’ sba ta kwenta mu ša masuk šyakub. He became responsible; he didn’t get drunk much any more.

mu šič’ sba ta kwenta ti k’u paltae. He doesn’t take the faults seriously.

iyič’ sba ta kwenta isčan rason. He was responsible and had learned the right way to live.

ʔič’ ba ta muk’, vphr(rv & prep & aj). be responsible, act virtuously or conscientiously, take seriously.

mu šič’ sba ta muk’ tol šyakub. He isn’t responsible; he gets drunk too much.

lek iyič’ sba ta muk’ isk’opon kahvaltik. He lived virtuously, he prayed to Our Lord.

mu šič’ sba ta muk’ ta yabtel. He did not serve conscientiously in office.

ʔič’ bahel, vphr(tv & vn5). be bled.

ʔič’-bail ta kventa, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & n5). responsibility, conscientiousness.

ʔič’-bail ta muk’, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & aj). responsibility, conscientiousness.

ʔič’ bentisyon, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). be blessed.

ʔič eaeal, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4f). become strong (pot), become fluffy (wool clothing), become firm (daub).

ʔič’ eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). take.

ʔič’ holob, vphr(tv & n5). learn to weave.

ʔič’ huč’neh, vphr(tv & vn5). learn to grind /corn/.

ʔič’ kehanel, vphr(tv & vn5). be forced to kneel.

ʔič’ kwenta, vphr(tv & n5). calculate.

iyič’ kwenta lek stohol yahʔabtel. He calculated carefully the wages of his workers.

ʔič’ k’išnael, vphr(tv &vn5). be warmed by smoke cure, be warmed by medicine /woman in labor/.

ʔič’ lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). be drawn out (sickness).

ʔič’ meʔanal, vphr(tv & n4d). be poor.

ʔič’ melol, vphr(tv & n40- correct itself (weaving).

mu šič’ smelol. He does not know right from wrong.

ʔič’ nihanel, vphr(tv & vn5). be pulled face down by the hair (unruly child).

ʔič’ nopel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vn5). be decided /in common/, be elected /magistrate/.

iyič’ nopel ti šuʔ šič’ čonel li ʔosile. It was decided that the land could be sold.

yič’ nopel ti t šʔoč skantelae. lit., It was decided that candles should enter, i.e., It was decided that a (curing) ceremony should be held.

ʔič’ pas-vah, vphr(tv & vn/tv & ncpd/5). learn to make tortillas.

ʔič’ pek’ vphr(tv & n5). be whipped.

ʔič’ rioš, vphr(tv & n5). take communion.

ʔič’ ta ʔak’-čamel, vphr(tv/3s/ & prep & vn/tv & vncpd/5). invite witchcraft /persistent demands for return of long-standing debts/.

ʔič’ ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & n5). pay attention to, take seriously, be aware of.

muk’ šič’ ta kwenta k’u t šʔalbat. He never paid attention to what he was told.

yič’oh ta kwenta skotol ti k’utik paltae. He was aware of all the faults.

ʔič’ ta k’ak’al, vphr(tv & prep & n5). rely on.

ʔič’ ta k’uš, vphr(tv & prep & aj). care for, help, care about, treat well, be good to.

yič’oh ta k’uš sč’amaltak. His children have been treated well.

lek šič’ ta k’uš hpas-ʔabteletik šak’be ta č’om stak’in. He is good to office holders; he lends them money.

mu šič’ ta k’uš yišim naka sčonel. He doesn’t care about his corn; he sells it right off.

ʔič’ ta mahvaneh, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). be provoked into the desire to beat up someone.

ʔič’ ta milvuneh, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). be provoked into the desire to kill someone.

ʔič’ ta muk’, vphr(tv & prep & aj). pay attention to, take seriously, show concern for, heed.

mu šič’ ta muk’ yahčamel. He shows no concern for his patient.

mu šič’ ta muk’ svayič. He pays no attention to his dreams.

ʔič’ ta pletu, vphr(tv & prep & n5). be provoked into the desire to fight.

ʔič’ tak’in, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). cost, receive payment.

ʔič’ tal, vphr(tv & dr). bring.

ʔič’ tohel, vphr(tv & vn5). earn money.

ʔič’ voʔ, vphr(tv & n5). be baptized. A baby receives its soul (č’ulel) and its name at baptism. If it dies before baptism it is buried with its head to the east in a special graveyard and is believed to become a sombreron.

ʔič’an, tv. receive, carry, take /plu/.

mu šavič’an ʔabtel. Don’t bother (or) Don’t take the trouble.

ʔič’anan, tv. cf. ʔič’an.

ʔíč’anʔíč’an, tv. take, carry or receive one after another.

ʔíč’anʔíč’anan, tv. cf. ʔíč’anʔíč’an.

ʔič’be, tv. receive from.

ʔič’be ʔip, vphr(tv & n4e). take a rest.

ʔič’be hap, vphr(tv & n4d). calculate amount of person’s free time.

ʔič’be k’op, vphr(tv & n4d). ask permission, inquire if.

t šič’be sk’op hmilvaneh. lit., He asks permission to be a murderer, i.e., He asks for authority to kill a person.

ʔič’be melol, vphr(tv & n4f). learn to behave, learn the right way.

mu šič’be smelol rason k’u šʔelan šk’opoh. He has never learned how to speak wisely.

ʔič’be tuk’il, vphr(tv & n4f). aim, sight /shooting, measuring land/.

ʔič’el, nc. pause, time /taking dispute to court/.

ʔič’et ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d). carrying /weapon for self-protection, key/.

ʔič’et ta kompišyon, nphr(av & prep &n5). being interrogated.

ʔič’ob, n4e. direction.

ta yič’obal. in the direction of.

ʔič’ob ʔipal, nphr(n of n)5. resting place /where funeral party or group accompanying visiting saint traditionally stops briefly to rest/.

ʔič’ob rason, nphr(n of n)5. wise or trustworthy person.

ʔič’ob voʔ, nphr(n of n)5. baptismal font.

ʔič’ob voʔ, nphr(n4f of n5). baptismal banquet.

skastoal yič’ob voʔ. money to provide for the baptismal banquet.

svunal yič’ob voʔ. baptism receipt.

ʔič’olah, iv. consume one’s funds.

ʔič’omal, n1d. treasure, wealth, assets /penis, testicles, vagina/.

ʔíč’teʔíč’te ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d). carrying about /weapon, key/.

ʔič’ulan, tv. keep bringing, taking or receiving.

ʔič’ulanan, tv. keep bringing, taking or receiving /plu/.

ʔič’van, iv. consume one’s funds (religious post).

hʔič’-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). betrayer, person who passes on another’s confidences to his enemy.

hʔič’-pus, agn(tv & ncpd). person taking sweatbath.

hʔič’vaneh ta kompišyon, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). interrogator /civil authority/.

bat ta ʔič’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). enter husband’s house permanently.

ʔič’ak N.

ʔič’ak mis, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘cat’s claw’, prickly ash Zanthoxylum foliosum, #B9266(5, 5a), #157(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “vine” #2218(1, 3, 4).

Highland “tree”. prickly ash Zanthoxylum culantrillo, #2016(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Lowland “vine” A bunch may be tied with a two meter long blue or green ribbon and left on the trail where one’s prospective girlfriend will pass by. If she picks it up this indicates she will accept the boy’s advances.

ʔič’ak mistik, nphr(n4d of n5)5. expanse of yič’ak mis.

k’oš ʔič’ak mis, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Mimosa adenantheroides, #2980(1). Temperate “tree”.

muk’ta ʔič’ak mis, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Machaerium biovulaturn, #2896(1, 4, 14). Lowland “tree”. (14)-It is used for firewood.

sakil ʔič’ak mis, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Solatium oaxacanum, #860(1, 2). Lowland “vine”

ʔič’ak mut, nphr(n4d of n5). young bean pod /stage pieceding pak’ayom/.

ʔič’ak mut, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘bird claw’, lilac fuschia Fuschia pankulata, #420(1, 2, 5), #939(1, 3). Highland “tree”. Oreopanax xalapensis, #170(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “tree”.

k’anal ʔič’ak mut, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). gold shower Galphimia glauca, #2092(1). Temperate “tree”. Deppea grandiflora, #509(1, 2).Highland “tree”.

ʔič’ak mut ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). Lonicera mexicana, #26(1, 3, 4). Highland “vine”. Valeriana scandens, #97(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “vine”. Combretum fruticosum, #175(3). Lowland “vine”.

ʔič’ak mut e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). lilac fuschia Fuschia paniculata, #566(2, 5). Temperate “plant”

ʔič’ak mut teʔ, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). shrub groundsel Senecio uspantanensis, #534(2, 5). Temperate “tree”

ʔič’ak šinčiail, nphr(n4f of n3d). braided fringe of sash connecting body of sash to cord.

ʔič’akil, n3d. claw, toenail.

ʔoy ša shol yič’aktak ti k’ope. lit., The dispute now has extra claws, i.e., The dispute has reached alarming proportions.

niʔ ʔič’akil, nphr(n1f of n3d). toenail, fingernail, tendril.

ʔih O.

ʔih, excl. oh! /gasping in pain/.

ʔihʔon, av. whimpering (puppy V2: 19 bitch calling puppy, sleeping person or dog), giggling.

ʔihet, av. gasping /pain/.

ʔihihet, av. whinnying (stallion V2:11 & 12, V4: 2), neighing (horse EKL 252: 1-18).

ʔihlahet, av. giggling (plu).

ʔihlahetik, av. giggling (plu).

ʔíhteʔíhte, av. walking about gasping/enduring pain in leg or foot/.

ʔihinyero N(Sp, ingeniero).

ʔihinyero, agn. road-engineer, surveyor, var., & ʔenhenyero.

ʔiho-lačin

ʔiho-lačin, son of a bitch! cf. hiho.

ʔik T.

ʔik, tv. hold up, prop up/drunk, patient, tree/, grab/stake/.

yikoh sčukbenal. with his hands on his hips.

yikoh shol. with his hand supporting his head.

yikoh ssat. with his chin resting on his hand.

yikoh spat shol. with his hands clasped behind his head /sitting or standing/.

ʔik baik, rv. prop each other up.

ʔikan, tv. bolster (food, curing ceremony).

ʔikan ba, rv. recover slightly.

ʔikbe, tv. hold up, prop up.

Ritual speech, parents of wedding couple to each other; t šikbe sč’ulel t šikbe yanima ti čib ʔalabe ti čib nič’nabe. They (the tutelary gods) will sustain the souls, sustain the spirits of the two children (born of) woman, the two children (born of) man.

ʔikob, n1d. handhold.

ʔikobul, n1g. handhold.

ʔikobil, n1f. place to lean against.

ʔikta, tv. abandon, leave, give up, renounce.

ʔa li preserentee iyikta ta h-moh sčotleb. The magistrate renounced his post permanently.

ʔikta ba, rv. quit, stop doing something /wrong/, give up.

iyikta sba ta ʔov. He stopped shouting.

iyikta sba ta šanbal. lit., He stopped his travels, i.e., He gave up his trading activities.

ʔiktaan, tv. abandon or leave /plu/.

ʔiktaeh-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. abandonment, divorce.

ʔiktaob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. end of dispute.

ʔiktavan, iv. abandon or leave person.

ʔikulan, tv. keep propping up /tree/.

ʔikulan baik, rv. keep propping each other up.

ʔikvan, iv. prop up person /drunk/, sustain person (tutelary gods) /keep in good health/.

hʔik-ničim, agn(tv & ncpd). petitioner who holds bouquets at wedding.

hʔiktavaneh, agn. man who abandons wife.

hʔikvaneh, agn. Ritual speech, shaman referring to tutelary gods; sustainer.

hʔikvaneh hhapivaneh. sustainer, protector.

ʔika¢ N.

ʔika¢il, n3b. burden, load.

č’abal yika¢ čobtik. The corn did not bear fruit.

ʔika¢in, tv. carry a burden.

hʔika¢nom, agn. porter, bearer.

ʔikta Pt.

ʔikta nan, ptphr(pt & pt). strongly emphatic term; then, var., ʔiktan.

ʔa. ti avalbekon ʔonoš voʔone ʔikta nan ʔun bi ʔa ihnop k’u hnop. If you had told me then I surely would have thought it over.

ʔiktan

ʔiktan, then. cf. ʔikta.

ʔik’(1) N.

ʔik’, n1a. wind, air, “wind” /in body/, breath, odor.

voʔ sčiʔuk yik’al. rain and wind.

yan yik’. unpleasant odor, putrid, stink /often has sexual connotation, referring to woman’s private parts/.

ʔik’al, n4d. “wind”.

ʔnk’al voʔ, nphr(natt & n)5. hurricane.

ʔik’(2) A.

ʔik’, aj. black, dirty.

ʔik’-ʔo¢’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (worms, caterpillars).

ʔik’-ʔosil, n(aj & ncpd)5. darkness, night.

Ritual speech, midwife praying; mu šavak’ ta ʔik’-ʔosil mu šavak’ ta

ʔtik’-balamil. Do not let it be given to darkness, do not let it be given to night, i.e., Do not let the newborn baby be orphaned.

ʔik’-ʔot’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (t’ot’).

ʔik’-ʔuyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (blisters).

ʔik’-bahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (sunburned).

lik’-balamil, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech; darkness, night, cf. ʔik’-ʔosil.

ʔik’-balan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (telephone post).

ʔik’-bečan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (entrance of mermeho nest).

ʔik’-bek’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (girl’s hair).

ʔik’-benan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (dirty tummy, pot).

ʔik’-bet’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). dark (clitoris).

ʔik’-bi¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (cat feces).

ʔik’-bičan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (stump, branch).

ʔik’-bišan, aj(aj & Pcpd). dark (legs).

ʔik’-bo¢an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (wool, pubic hair).

ʔik’-bonan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). dark (new blue skirt), black (dirty clothes).

ʔik’-bosan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (horse manure).

ʔnk’-bot’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (anus).

ʔik’-bu¢an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (whiskers).

ʔik’-bu¢’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (male boat-tailed grackle).

ʔik’-buhan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (fire-burnt hill).

ʔik’-bukan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (smoke).

ʔik’-busan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (charcoal, sheep manure, beans piled up).

ʔik’-butan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (fire-burnt hill, fallen drunk wrapped in robe).

ʔik’-¢avan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (skunk).

ʔik’-¢epan, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark /skin/.

ʔik’-¢i¢an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (net).

ʔik’-¢ilan, aj(aj & Ucpd). purple or black (face from cold or strangling, rotten meat).

ʔik’-¢oʔan, aj(aj & Ncpd). black (mud-covered clothes).

ʔik’-¢onan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (pubic hair, hair under armpits, daddy long legs).

ʔik’-¢opan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (puppy, lamb).

ʔik’-¢uʔan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (dirty wrinkled clothing).

ʔik’-¢ukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). dirty black (clothes, anus). Joking speech; dirty black (sky).

ʔik’-¢’aban, aj(aj & Pcpd). glossy black (horse).

ʔik’-¢’anan, aj(aj & Pcpd). muddy (expanse of water, puddle).

ʔik’-¢’apan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (thorn in foot).

ʔik’-¢’ayan, aj(aj & Pcpd). glossy black (mule).

ʔik’-¢’ikan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (hair).

ʔik’-¢’ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (eye of person watching another).

ʔik’-¢’isan, aj(aj & Ucpd). pitch black (cave, pit).

ʔik’-¢’otan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (braided wool, mule’s halter).

ʔik’-¢’uban, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (skunk’s, anteater’s, or armadillo’s nose).

ʔik’-¢’uyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). glossy black (cherries in cluster, black-dyed palm, hair of young girl).

ʔik’-čaʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (buzzards, caterpillars).

ʔik’-čaban, aj(aj & Pcpd). black /dirty face, dark complexion, cloud, sheep/.

ʔik’-čahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (beans in net or basket).

ʔik’-čapan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (coiled water snake ʔik’-nab).

ʔik’-čavan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (dog, lamb).

ʔik’-čečan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (smoke-blackened net, shoulder bag).

ʔik’-čenan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). black and blue (eye).

ʔik’-čepan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (large patch of skin on face).

ʔik’-češan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (black palm for hat), muddy (fallen drank).

ʔik’-čevan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (child’s face with fright).

ʔik’-čevan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (improperly dyed palm).

ʔik’-čihan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (hair, pubic hair).

ʔik’-činan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (cow).

ʔik’-čoʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark (complexion), black (hair).

ʔik’-čohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (clusters of fruit).

ʔik’-čolan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (row of telephone posts).

ʔik’-čunan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (com silk).

ʔik’-čuyan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). black (blood blister).

ʔik’-č’eban, aj(aj & Pcpd). dark (pinched face of deathly ill person).

ʔik’-č’etan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (wool, hair, dirty clothes, dog barely visible at night).

ʔik’-č’ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (bones of dead horse, burned foot).

ʔik’-č’ulan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (smooth road).

ʔik’-halan, aj(aj & Ucpd). pitch black (pit, cave).

ʔik’-haran, aj(aj & Ucpd). pitch black (deep pit, cave).

ʔik’-hatan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (heart of boat-tailed grackle, green jay, steller jay or unicolored jay).

ʔik’-heman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (corn in large piles).

ʔik’-het’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark (chicken flesh).

ʔik’-hiʔan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). black (sand, expanse of rocks).

ʔik’-hočan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (face of badly pecked chicken, face of woman who has had illegitimate child).

ʔik’-homan, aj(aj & Ncpd). black (deep valley, pass).

ʔik’-hoyan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black and blue (eye).

ʔik’-hulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (roof poles blackened by smoke).

ʔik’-hupan, aj(aj & Pcpd). dark (face of drunk lying in sun, person who has strangled or choked).

ʔik’-hušan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (well-burnt field).

ʔik’-kaman, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (dense beard).

ʔik’-kepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (baby’s hair).

ʔik’-kilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (rain cloud).

ʔik’-kolan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (circles under eyes).

ʔik’-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (inside of house, standing mule barely visible at night).

ʔik’-koyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (legs covered with robe).

ʔik’-ku¢an, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). black (five o’clock shadow).

ʔik’-kuhan, aj(aj & Pcpd). pitch black (narrow cave or house).

ʔik’-kuhan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (young girl’s hair, cradle cap).

ʔik’-kunan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (child’s hair).

ʔik’-kušan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (burnt tree).

ʔik’-k’atan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (horizontal stripe, snake, animal broadside in distance).

ʔik’-k’ian, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (stretched out black clothing).

ʔik’-k’oʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black and blue (eye, face).

ʔik’-k’o¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (bee and wasp grubs, edible caterpillars, muddy seat of pants).

ʔik’-k’olan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (spherical object, soap).

ʔik’-k’učan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (thorn in skin).

ʔik’-la¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (piled logs).

ʔik’-lahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (caterpillar hairs).

ʔik’-laman, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (flock of sheep, mules).

ʔik’-lečan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (bruised lips, ears with cold).

ʔik’-lek’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (sunburn).

ʔik’-lep’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (birthmark).

ʔik’-letan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). black (scar of čin).

ʔik’-let’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (small number of beans on bottom of bowl or basket).

ʔik’-levan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (fallen drunk, vagina).

ʔik’-ličan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (black clothes spread out to dry).

ʔik’-lisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (thread hung up).

ʔik’-loʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). purple.

ʔik’-lohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (clusters of fruit).

ʔik’-loman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (many buzzards, ripe cherries or caterpillars).

ʔik’-lopan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (eye).

ʔik’-lukan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (roll of barbed wire, coiled snake).

ʔik’-luman, n(aj & ncpd)5. at dawn.

ʔik’-lumantik, n(aj & ncpd). at dawn.

ʔik’-lusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (frost-bitten and wilted plants, grimy old hat).

ʔik’-ma¢’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (old firewood).

ʔik’-mačan, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark (dusk).

ʔik’-mač’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (monkey’s face).

ʔJik’-mahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (caterpillars, ear of corn hanging downwards).

ʔik’-mašan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (dirty face).

ʔik’-me¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (burnt tree lying on ground).

ʔik’-mekan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (child’s hair).

ʔik’-mek’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). glossy black (hair).

ʔik’-melan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (moustache).

ʔik’-mit’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (gourd).

ʔik’-močan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (coiled snake).

ʔik’-moč’an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (scrawny dog).

ʔik’-mokan, aj(aj & prob P, P/2/cpd)., black (bald head).

ʔik’-mok’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (new skirt, burned trees, face of blackman).

ʔik’-mukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (cloud).

ʔik’-musan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (five o’clock shadow, hairy woman).

ʔik’-mušan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (whiskers, curly hair).

ʔik’-mut, n(aj & ncpd)5. crested guan Penelope purpurescens, white-tipped brown jay Psilorhinus mexicanus.

ʔik’-nab čon, cf. con.

ʔik’-nelan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (eyes glaring angrily).

ʔik’-nešan, aj(aj & Acpd). black (hair sprouting on head).

ʔik’-niban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (stripe of charcoal).

ʔik’-nikan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). black (fruit on tree).

ʔik’-nuhan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (floppy old hat).

ʔik’-nušan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (many lice).

ʔik’-pakan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (folded black clothing).

ʔik’-paran, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (cliffs, large tree).

ʔik’-pe¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (forked stump).

ʔik’-pečan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (lips).

ʔik’-petan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (čin).

ʔik’-pi¢’an, aj(aj & P/2/, T/2/cpd)., muddy and sopping (clothing), grimy (clothing of people of Voʔ-bi¢).

ʔik’-pič’an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (pile of dirty clothes).

ʔik’-pič’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (caterpillars).

ʔik’-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). glossy black (pot, gourd, stones)

ʔik’-počan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (old leaves on tree).

ʔik’-pok’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (black eye, bruise, birthmark).

ʔik’-pok’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (blackberries, cherries).

ʔik’-polan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). black (strips of burned land not uniformly burnt).

ʔik’-poman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (muddy clothing).

ʔik’-puhan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). black (cave).

ʔik’-pukan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (muddy lake, river).

ʔik’-pulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (house, land).

ʔik’-p’atan, aj(aj & Tcpd). black (beans in pods).

ʔik’-p’ehan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (house made with tarred cardboard).

ʔik’-p’evan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (open fly with pubic hair showing, crack of darkness seen through door).

ʔik’-p’ilan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (cracked lips).

ʔik’-p’oman, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (hair).

ʔik’-p’osan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (burnt log).

ʔik’-p’ošan, aj(aj & Ncpd). black (roasted meat, toasted tortilla).

ʔik’-p’uyan, aj(aj & Tcpd). black (many cherries on tree).

ʔik’-saran, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (blemish on person afflicted with pinta, legs or head of black vulture).

ʔik’-sepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (ring around mule’s eye, circular pinta marks).

ʔik’-setan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). black (anus).

ʔik’-set’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark (too deeply dyed pom-pom).

ʔik’-sihan, aj(aj & Xcpd). black (thorn in foot, cavity).

ʔik’-soman, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., dark gray (animals).

ʔik’-sot’an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (grimy clothes).

ʔik’-sutan, aj(aj & Ucpd). glossy black (child’s hair).

ʔik’-sut’an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (wrapped up object, tortilla wrapper).

ʔik’-šet’an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (sliced black sapote).

ʔik’-šokan, aj(aj & Ncpd). black (dirty pot, old gourd, ground, face with pinta).

ʔik’-šotan, aj(aj & P, Tcpd)., dark (leg), black (erect horse’s penis).

ʔik’-šovan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (filthy clothes).

ʔik’-šuč’an, aj(aj & Ncpd). sooty (spook, negro, burned log).

ʔik’-šup’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (old hat, ensign-bearer’s hat).

ʔik’-šup’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (sunburnt skin).

ʔik’-tanan, aj(aj & Acpd). black (uniformly burned land).

ʔik’-teʔan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (large standing tree partially consumed by fire, erect penis).

ʔik’-telan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). dark or dirty (legs), black (fallen burned trees).

ʔik’-tik’an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). black (rain cloud).

ʔik’-timan, aj(aj & Pcpd). dark (thighs, face drawn with sickness, vagina).

ʔik’-tinan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (woman’s hair when beautifully thick).

ʔik’-tolan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). black (dog’s tail).

ʔik’-toman, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (dirty hank of thread).

ʔik’-tue’an, aj(aj & P, Tcpd)., black (burnt, fallen tree).

ʔik’-tukan, aj(aj & Icpd). black (corn silk).

ʔik’-tuman, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). dark-skinned (thighs), dirty (neck).

ʔik’-t’aban, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., black (woman’s gleaming black hair, long coat of sheep).

ʔik’-t’ašan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (scab).

ʔik’-t’elan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). black (seam sewn with black thread on-white material).

ʔik’-t’ihan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (jug).

ʔik’-t’oban, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (t’ot).

ʔik’-t’oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (scab, patch on clothing).

ʔik’-t’ohan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). black (coffee or coca-cola being poured, puddle of dirty water).

ʔik’-t’uban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). muddy (water).

ʔik’-vaʔan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (stump).

ʔik’-vaean, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (wild hair, thick moustache, thick eye-brows).

ʔik’-vahan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). black (pock-marks).

ʔik’-vak’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (dyed palm frond).

ʔik’-valan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (old hat with upturned brim).

ʔik’-velan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black (lips).

ʔik’-vitan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (testicles).

ʔik’-voean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (pubic hair, daddy-long legs, wool).

ʔik’-voč’an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (many fruit on tree; cherries, berries of thymeleaf coriaria, dogwood).

ʔik’-vohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black (grapes, scrotum, cherries).

ʔik’-volan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (person, devil, or object dimly seen at night).

ʔik’-voman, aj(aj & P, T/2/cpd)., pitch black (cave, anus).

ʔik’-vučan, aj(aj & I, Pcpd)., black (pot, blisters).

ʔik’-yalan, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark (leg).

ʔik’-yaman, aj(aj & Ucpd). dark-skinned.

ʔik’-yeman, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., black (corn in pile).

ʔik’-yiʔan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (pile of charcoal).

ʔik’-yoʔan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., black (raised head of boa constrictor or iguana).

ʔik’-yoman, aj(aj & Pcpd). dark (complexion of deathly ill person).

ʔik’akil puy, cf. puy.

ʔik’al, n4d. dark skin, dirt covering one’s clothes.

ʔik’al ʔaha-čon, cf. čon.

ʔik’al ʔakov, cf. ʔakov.

ʔik’al ʔinatab, cf. ʔinatab.

ʔik’al ʔosil, cf. ʔosil.

ʔik’al eukum, cf. eukum.

ʔik’al čil, cf. čil.

ʔik’al č’iš tot, cf. č’iš tot.

ʔik’al hčabahom čon, cf. čon.

ʔik’al hol šulem, cf. šulem.

ʔik’al kuyel, cf. kuyel.

ʔik’al k’oviš, cf. k’oviš.

ʔik’al k’uʔ pale, cf.’k’uʔ.

ʔik’al k’uʔul, cf. k’uʔul.

ʔik’al lum, cf. lum.

ʔik’al mut, nphr(aj & n)5. black phoebe Sayornis nigricans.

ʔik’al na, cf. na.

ʔik’al pepen, cf. pepen.

ʔik’al pišalal, cf. pišalal.

ʔik’al sat e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/) type n. white lantana Lantana hirta, # 1366(3). Lowland, temperate, and highland “plant”. As a remedy for stomachache, a handful is brewed and a cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast. It is “hot”. #1909(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”. Same use as above. (4)-The tea is drunk before breakfast for three days.

Lippia bracteosa, #659(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant” As a remedy for malaria, (4)-a small handful of tips, or (2)-the entire plant, is brewed. A small cup of the tea is drunk to end the chills. It is “hot”.

ʔik’al šan, cf. šan(1).

ʔik’al šinič, cf. šinič.

ʔik’al šulem, cf. šulem.

ʔik’al taiv, cf. taiv.

ʔik’al talel, nphr(aj & vn)1d. persistence of evil habits.

ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. silk tassel Garrya laurifolia, #B9527(5, 5a), # 1263(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “tree”. It is used by travellers for firewood. orange jessamine Cestrum aurantiacum, #2522(21, 22). Temperate “tree”. glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum, #49(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “tree”. Ehretia luxiana, # 1222A(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “tree”.

bik’it ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). orange jessamine Cestrum aurantiacum, #1223A(7). Temperate “tree”. It is used for brush fences. Cestrum nocturnum, #2844(7). Lowland “tree”.

k’os ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). silk tassel Garrya laurifolia, #397(1, 3). Highland “tree”. Ehretia luxiana, #2441(1). Temperate “tree”.

muk’ta ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Ehretia luxiana, # 1222A(7). Temperate “tree”. It is used for brush fences and for firewood. #2441(20). Highland “tree”. Same use as above.

sakil ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). sweet leaf Symplocos vernicosa, # 1543(11, 12). Temperate and highland “tree”. Cestrum nocturnum, #2844(4, 5). Lowland “tree”.

ʔik’al vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. unidentified highland tree.

ʔik’al vonon, cf. vonon.

ʔik’ʔik’tik, aj. rather black, dark, dirty, or muddy.

ʔik’ub, iv. grow dark (sky, woman’s face temporarily after childbirth), become dirty.

ʔik’ubal, nib. dirt, dust, mud, dirty deed.

mu šabal aba ta ʔik’ubal kere. lit., Don’t cover yourself with dirt, son, i.e., Don’t get involved with a loose woman.

ʔik’ubel, vnle. eclipse.

yik’ubel ʔosil. evening.

naš yik’ubel. eight to nine p.m. An eclipse is explained as the attempt by the souls (č’ulel) of evil people to kill the sun or the moon when they are overburdened by our sins; to prevent this, people make a great outcry, shouting and banging on tables, etc. An eclipse is thought to forecast famine and sickness. A solar eclipse signifies the death of men, an eclipse of the young moon, the death of young women, and an eclipse of the full moon the death of older women. During a lunar eclipse a bowl of water is put outside the house so that the moon can wash her face.

hʔik’al, agn. spook or supernatural blackman, spook /lesser player of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who was a constable of the previous year, Carnival character/.

ibat ta ʔik’alil. He went out dressed up as a spook /during Carnival/.

hʔik’al-k’uʔ, agn(aj & ncpd). buzzard, Chamula.

hʔik’ubtasvaneh, agn. person who soils or blackens another (child).

ʔik’(3) T.

ʔik’, tv. take, marry, call.

ʔik’ ba, rv. come.

ʔik’ baik, rv. marry, have sexual relations /polite expression/, call each other.

ʔik’ eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). lead away.

ʔik’ ta čukel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). arrest.

ʔik’ tal, vphr(tv & dr). bring /people, animal/.

ʔik’an, tv. take or call /plu/.

ʔik’an baik, rv. take each other (many people).

ʔik’ʔon, av. calling repeatedly /chickens, sheep/, trying to lead home /drunken husband/, trying to take back /eloped daughter, wife who has returned to her parents/.

ʔik’be č’ič’el, vphr(tv & n4d). lit., call one’s pulse, i.e., suck one’s veins (shaman).

ʔik’be č’ulel, vphr(tv & n4d). recall one’s soul.

ʔik’et ʔuʔun, vphr(av/3s/ & n4d). taking along /child, horse/.

ʔik’lahet, av. cf. ʔik’ʔon (plu).

ʔik’lahetik, av. cf. ʔik’ʔon (plu).

ʔik’ob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)1d. gourd for recalling soul.

ʔik’ob čih, nphr(n of n). ’deer caller’, tibisee Lasiacis divaricata, # 1572(1, 3, 11, 12). Lowland and temperate “tree”. The stem is used as a deer whistle. #2094(1), #2553(1, 4). Temperate “tree” (1)-Same use as above, also used as a toy. #1953(1, 3, 4), #2289(3, 4). Temperate “plant”.

ʔik’ob hčan-vun, nphr(n4f of agn/tv & ncpd/). nine o’clock bell to summon school children.

ʔik’obil hčan-vun, nphr(n4f of agn/tv & ncpd/). cf. ʔik’ob hčan-vun.

ʔik’teʔik’te ʔuʔun, vphr(av/3s/ & n4d). taking along everywhere /child, dog/.

ʔik’ulan, tv. keep calling, taking or summoning.

ʔik’ulan baik, rv. keep taking each other /hunting, etc./, keep remarrying (man and separated wife), keep having sexual relations together /polite expression/.

ʔik’ulanan, tv. keep summoning /relatives to house of fiancée/.

ʔik’van, iv. call, marry, or take person, pick up person (car).

hʔik’vaneh, agn. summoner.

tak ta ʔik’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). summon.

ʔik’tiʔ N.

ʔik’tiʔil, n3d. Ritual speech; suffering.

ti vokolile ti ʔik’tiʔile. the hardship, the suffering.

ʔik’uš N(Sp, higo).

ʔik’uš, n1a. fig Ficus carica, #390(1, 4). Highland “tree”. The slips are planted in their yards by a very few Zinacantecs during the rainy season. The fruit, which is harvested in August, is eaten raw or sold at market in San Cristóbal. The ladinos make fig candy. Figs are “cold”.

ʔil(1) N.

ʔil, n3d. debt.

k’u yepal kil. How much do I owe?

hʔilavil supul, cf. supul.

ʔoč ta ʔil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). become indebted.

ʔil(2) ʔ.

ʔil, tv. see, observe.

ʔilo. lit., See it, i.e., Take it!

ʔil avil (or) ʔilo m avil. lit., See you see, i.e., That’s up to you! /implies speaker’s disapproval/.

ʔil ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). know a person intimately, know person’s character.

ʔil ʔu, vphr(tv & n5). have menstrual period. A man who has intercourse with a woman during her period is believed liable to suffer cramps. A woman’s menstrual blood is thought to cease its flow during pregnancy because it forms the flesh of the foetus.

ʔil ba, rv. see one another illicitly.

ʔil be, vphr(tv / / n). watch where one is going.

ʔil-na, vn(tv & ncpd)5. house-viewing /visit by the players to the houses of the elders and the ensign-bearers during the fiesta of St. Sebastian, and by the cantors, judge ordinary, and sir spook to the houses of the ensign-bearers, stewards, and elders where they are given cane liquor in exchange for chicha/.

ʔilbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). take unfair advantage of, know person’s character.

tol šilbe yoʔon yahʔabtel mu snaʔ mas skuš ti mi kaheah yabtele. He takes unfair advantage of his workers; he does not rest when the work is over /when, during planting, etc., end of row is reached/. kilohbe yoʔon leʔe mu ssutes yil. I know what he is like, he won’t return his debt.

ʔilbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). see.

mu ša bu ikilbe ssat. I never saw him.

li poše haʔ ʔoy škilbetik ssat yilel aʔa. We certainly seem to see cane liquor

ʔileb, n5. path. Ritual or Denunciatory speech; path.

ta hun be ta hun ʔileb. on one path, on a single path.

ʔilebal, n5. inspection, examination.

ʔilel, vn5. curing ceremony, curing power.

mu snaʔik k’usi ʔilel. They do not know what a curing ceremony is.

ʔilel, nc4e. viewing of ritual paraphernalia.

ʔilel, vn4f. it seems, it appears.

lek yilel. It seems to be good.

ʔilel to, nphr(vn4f & pt). not for a long time.

yilel to kom kabtel. I still have a lot of work to do.

ʔilob, n4d. nest egg /stone put in hen’s nest to induce laying/, testicle.

ʔilob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. inspection, examination.

ʔilob vokol, nphr(n of n)5. formidable task.

ʔilobil, n4f. liquor given by outgoing elders, constables, publicans and stewards-royal to their successors the day before they enter office; liquor given by players to guardian of ritual paraphernalia.

ʔiluk ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n). desire.

kiluk koʔon batikon. I would like to go.

ʔilulan, tv. keep seeing.

hʔil-ʔoʔon, agn(tv & ncpd). sickness that knows the limits of one’s resources.

hʔil-k’inahel, agn(tv & ncpd). spectator coming from, going to, or at fiesta.

hʔilol, agn. shaman. Shamans are considered to be acting as lawyers for the defense, representing their clients before the tutelary gods.

bat ta ʔilolal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). go off to cure (shaman).

lek ʔil, vphr(aj & tv). be lucky.

mu ʔilbah, ajphr(pt & aj). not seen, never seen, impossible to see.

mu ʔilbanah, ajphr(pt & aj). cf. mu ʔilbah.

muk’ta ʔilel, nphr(aj & vn)5. major curing ceremony. It requires visits to at least four mountain shrines and the three churches of Htek-lum. loh rioš, exclphr(tv/contr of yiloh/ & n5). lit., God has witnessed it, i.e.,

I swear to God!

vi, tv(contr of avil). see!

vi šʔelan. lit., See how it is, i.e., Is that right? /appreciative comment of person listening to a narrative/.

yiluk yil, exclphr(excl & exel). never mind, forget it, what’s the use?

yavil, pt. since, on purpose, purposely.

yavil ti laʔaye. You left on purpose.

yiyil, excl. never mind, forget it, what’s the use?

ʔil(3) N.

ʔil, n5. Ritual or Denunciatory speech, initiating formal discussion; scolding.

mu hnaʔ mi ʔil van mi pletu van šavaʔi. I do not know whether you think I am scolding you or quarreling with you.

ʔilaʔah, iv. be squeamish (midwife, woman who doesn’t want to clean baby after it defecates).

ʔilaʔal, n4d. Female speech; disgustingness, looseness.

ʔilan, tv. disown, reject (midwife or parent who feels squeamish about newborn baby, rabbit or bird that abandons nest after it has been meddled with).

ʔilanvan, iv. disown or reject person /newborn baby that might arouse midwife’s disgust, person’s soul or companion animal spirit that offends the tutelary gods/.

ʔilbah, n5. nuisance, molestation.

Ritual speech, person referring in prayer to another suspected of causing his tribulations; ʔilbah šiyil t avalabe t anič’nabe. Your child; your offspring thinks me a nuisance.

ʔilbahin, tv. bother, pester, persecute, trick, torment /by witchcraft/, molest /women/.

tol šilbahin k’ošetik ta čanob vun ti mi mas muk’ša li stuke. He picks on the children at school when he is bigger than they.

ʔilbahin nun ¢eb ta yeč mu sk’an šik’. He molested the girl for nothing; he doesn’t want to marry her /sexual relations are not necessarily implied/.

ʔilbahinan, tv. bother, pester, persecute, trick, torment or molest many times.

ʔilbahinvan, iv. bother, molest, pester, persecute or trick person, torment person /by witchcraft/.

ʔilet, av. be grumpy.

ʔilin, iv. scold, reprove.

ʔilta, tv. demand restitution or restoration /loan, loaned object/.

Polite speech when loaning an object; mu k’usi škilta ʔo muʔnuk t šlah ʔo. lit., There is nothing for me to demand restoration for; it can’t end, i.e., I can’t demand its restoration because it isn’t breakable anyway.

hʔil-ʔoʔon, agn(n & ncpd). person who is scornful of something.

hʔilanvaneh, agn. person who is revolted by another.

hʔilbahinvaneh, agn. pesterer, rapist, tormenter /of soul/, deceiver.

hʔihnel, agn. person who scolds or reproves others.

ʔilas N(Sp, hilaza).

ʔilas, n1a. yarn /used for tassels, for border of tunic/.

ʔilera N(Sp, hilado).

ʔilera, n1a. factory-made thread.

ʔimpyemo N(Sp, infierno).

ʔimpyerno, n5. hell.

Scolding speech, mother to child; ʔimpyerno bu ʔonoš šapočet mal k’ak’al ʔun. Where were you dawdling while the sun set, in hell?

ʔinabo

ʔinaho, fennel, cf. ʔinoho.

ʔinatab N.

ʔinatab, n1a. iguana /general term/. All species are considered edible, “hot”. Iguana fat is used to grease shotguns. Iguanas are believed to be used by the earth lord as blinders for his horses (deer).

ʔik’al ʔinatab, nphr(aj & n)5. iguana Ctenasaua pectinata. This species is “hot”.

ʔit’iš ʔinatab, nphr(n4d of n5). whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus sp., Ameiva sp.. cf. patiš.

¢ahal ʔinatab, nphr(aj & n)5. iguana Ctenasauris similis. This species is “medium”.

yašal ʔinatab, nphr(aj & n)5. iguana Iguana iguana. This species is “cold”.

ʔineho

ʔineho, fennel, cf. ʔinoho.

ʔinolio N(Sp, hinojo).

ʔinoho, n1d. fennel Foeniculum vulgare, #586(1, 4), #2042(3, 17, 18), #2187(1, 3, 4, 19). Highland “plant”. A few Zinacantecs grow fennel in their yards. The seedlings are transplanted in the rainy season. As a remedy for mahbenal, caused by anger, the tips are brewed with white salt. One cup is drunk. It is “medium”. (16)-Same use as above, but one cup, without salt, is drunk at bedtime and again before breakfast. It is “cold”. Fennel may be bought sometimes at market. (19)-As a remedy for chest pain /meʔ vinik/ a half cupful of fennel tea is drunk before breakfast for three days. It is “cold”, var., ʔinaho /Naben Čauk/, ʔineho /ʔApas/.

ʔinop N.

ʔinop, n1e. pochote ceiba.

ʔinoptik, n5. grove of pochote ceiba trees.

ʔinteksyon N(Sp, inyección).

ʔinteksyon, n1a. injection.

ʔinryo N(Sp, indio).

ʔintyo, n5. indian.

ʔip(1) A.

ʔip, aj. sick.

ʔipah, iv. get sick.

ʔipahebal, n3d. moment of childbirth.

ʔipahes, tv. make sick /by entering house of patient, by stepping on wound, by disrupting curing ceremony (ineffective shaman), by rape, by goring shepherd/.

ʔipahesvan, iv. make spouse infertile or sterile (barren woman, sterile man).

ʔipʔiptik, aj. rather sick.

hʔipahesvaneh, agn. rapist.

hʔipel, agn. sick person /infr/.

ʔip(2) N.

ʔip, n4e. strength.

č’abal yipal kuʔmn. lit., I haven’t any strength, i.e., I haven’t any corn. sk’an yipal h-¢’uhuk. lit., He needs a little strength, i.e., He should have a curing ceremony.

mu stabe yipal yahnil. lit., He doesn’t match his wife’s strength, i.e., He can’t satisfy his wife sexually.

ʔip, n4f. grave /illness/, strenuous /work/.

yip noš loʔil (or) yip noš k’op. pure jest (or) pure lies.

yip ʔo hun. only one.

ʔipal, pt. at least.

ʔipal ti muk’šbat ta mas čamel. At least the sickness did not become critical.

ʔipal to k’op. rarely.

ʔipal …ʔipuk, ptphr. if …then.

ʔipal mi lek lak’ot ʔuke mu ʔipuk šʔilin. If you arrive on time too, then she won’t scold.

ʔpan, tv. subsist on.

ʔipuk, pt. although, even though, even if.

ʔipuk noš ʔilinan. even though you scold /me/.

ʔir E.

ʔir, excl. ouch! /r is trilled/.

ʔiriret, av. exclaiming “ouch”

ʔiriri, excl. ouch! var., ʔiririy.

ʔírluh, av. exclaiming “ouch” suddenly.

ʔírteʔírte, av. walking about exclaiming “ouch”

ʔis(1) prob O.

ʔisʔon, av. hissing (green wood), sizzling (raw meat in fire), whistling through one’s teeth.

ʔisʔonah, iv. whistle through one’s teeth.

ʔiset, av. hissing (green wood in fire).

ʔisis vah, nphr(x type n)1a. tortilla made of young corn.

ʔisiset, av. hissing (green wood), sizzling (raw meat in fire).

ʔislahet, av. cf. ʔisʔon (plu).

ʔislahetik, av. whistling through one’s teeth (plu).

ʔis(2) prob T.

ʔis kik, vphr(tv & pt). give it to me! var., ʔiš /more freq/.

ʔistik, tv. give it to me! var., ʔištik /more freq/.

ʔistik kik, vphr(tv & pt). give it to me! var., ʔištik /more freq/.

ʔis(3) prob A or N.

ʔis-ak’, n(x & ncpd)1a. potato. Potatoes are washed, boiled and mashed into small pieces. They are seasoned with chili and salt, or also with coriander. They may be eaten alone in soup or chowder, or mixed with a variety of foods (beans, cabbage, tomatoes, eggs, fish, shrimp, beef). Potatoes are “cold”.

be¢’i ʔis-ak\ nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). potato Solanum tuberosum,, # 1181(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Many Zinacantecs grow potatoes in their yards. The young potatoes are scattered when the ground is hoed before the onset of the rainy season. Young potatoes are harvested at that time or are allowed to mature and are then harvested in August. They are sold at market. See above for culinary use.

ba¢”i ʔis-ak’iltik, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/)5. large potato field.

ba¢”i ʔis-ak’tik, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/)5. potato field.

tanhero ʔis-ak’, cf. tranhero ʔis-ak’.

tranhero ʔis-ak’, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/)1a.‘imported potato’, see below. var., tanhero ʔis-ak’.

¢ahal tranhero ʔis-ak’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). potato Solatium tuberosum, #1184(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant” This large variety is grown by a very few Zinacantecs in their yards. Small, whole potatoes or potatoes cut into three or four sections are planted at the beginning of the rainy season. They are planted in sheep or horse manure or in compost eight inches apart. They are harvested in August and are sold at market in San Cristóbal or Tuxtla.

sakil tranhero ʔis-ak’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). potato Solatium tuberosum, #1179(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant” See above for planting.

ʔas-ak’, n(x & ncpd)5. Baby talk; potato.

ʔisbon N.

ʔisbon, n1d. dogwood Cornus excelsa, #361(1, 2, 3), #2314(3, 4, 19). Highland “tree” The bark is removed from the trunk to make hoe and sickle handles, digging sticks, machete hooks, hooks, stirring rods, and slingshots. Dogwood is also used for bed posts, transverse bed poles, crossbeams and wattle, fence posts, sheep corral rails, tethering posts, dog hobbles, and shepherds’switches. It is also used for tamale platforms. The branches are used for brush fences. Dogwood is used for firewood. Poles from which the bark has been stripped are carried as walking sticks by the prefects every Sunday and at every fiesta; by the publicans and stewards-royal on New Year’s Day and at the fiesta of St. Sebastian; by the constables on December 23-25, and at the fiesta of St. Sebastian. Dogwood is used for the tethering post of the straw bull and for bows and arrows of sak-holetik and kaʔbenaletik at the fiesta of St. Sebastian. Dogwood poles are used as frames for the floral decorations at the church entrances. (23)-Dogwood poles have been replaced by metal reinforcing rods at the church entrances, but are still used as frames for the floral arches of the stewards and the grand alcalde. Eighteen rods are cut by the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary on the First Posada to make the frame of the straw bull. One rod is brought by each of the twelve godfathers of the Christ Children on the Sixth Posada to make the créche in the Church of St. Sebastian, viburnum Viburnum datum, #B9254(5, 5a).

Highland “tree”. (RML)-Same use as above.

ʔisbonaltik, n5. large grove of ʔisbon.

ʔisbontik, n5. grove of ʔisbon.

ʔisim N.

ʔisimil n3b. beard, moustache, root (tooth, tree, plant, vine).

ʔisim ʔuč, nphr(n4d of n5).‘opossum whiskers’, pitcher sage Lepechinia schiedeana, #1395(9). Highland “plant”.

ʔisim be, nphr(n4f of n5). see below.

ʔisim betik, nphr(n4f of n5)5. expanse of yisim be.

k’anal ʔisim be, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). Cyperus hermaphroditus, #2207(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta ʔisim be, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). flat sedge Cyperus virens, #648(3, 4). Highland “plant”.

ʔisim be hobel, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ type n).‘path whiskers grass’, knotroot millet Setaria geniculata, #2184(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”.

Oplismenus burmanni, #2833(7). Lowland “plant”.

k’oš” ʔisim be hobel nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ type n). Cyperus sp., #1474(3). Highland “plant”.

ʔisim bolom, nphr(n4d of n5).‘jaguar’s whiskers’, Xylosma flexuosum, #406(1, 4). Highland “tree”.

ʔisim čih, nphr(n4d of n5).‘sheep whiskers’or‘deer whiskers’, Xylaria sp., #188(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

k’anal ʔisim čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). fairy club Clavaria sp., #23(1, 3), #52(1, 3, 4, 5). “Highland mushroom”

k’oč ʔisim čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). fairy club Clavaria sp., #55(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”

nešneštik ʔisim čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).‘blonde yisim čih’, fairy club Clavaria sp., #54(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”

sak-vayan ʔisim čih, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n4d of n5/). fairy club Clavaria sp., #172(4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

ʔisim čihal k’a-teʔ, nphr(nphr/n4d of natt/ & n/aj & ncpd/). see below, sakil ʔisim čihal k’a-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n4d of natt/ & n/aj & ncpd/). fairy club Clavaria sp., #22(1, 3). Lowland, temperate and highland “mushroom”

ʔistampre N(Sp, estambre).

ʔistampre, n1a. yarn.

ʔistola N(Sp, estola).

ʔistola, n1d. stole, maniple.

ʔiš N.

ʔiših, iv. fall out (kernels from cob).

ʔišim, n1a. indian corn. If a person is too choosy buying corn (smelling it and picking out the rotten kernels), or if he discards or burns corn, it is thought that the corn’s soul /č’ulel/ will complain to the earth lord and to the gods in heaven. The offender soon will become destitute or will be punished in hell. If the corn’s soul departs, then one’s supply will be exhausted quickly, but if its soul remains, the corn will last for a long time. The corn’s soul is said to be male. Only highland corn is used for divination. A sick person eats only white corn, lest he be struck by mahbenal. White corn is most preferred by ladino buyers.

ʔik’al ʔišim, nphr(aj & n). indian corn Zea mays, Negro de Chimaltenango race, #2754(1, 4, 5), #2983(1, 16). Highland “plant” (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are placed in each hole during the April planting. The harvest is in December. It is “cold”. (16)-The planting is in May and the harvest is in December. It is “medium”.

muk’ta ʔik’al ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Negro de Chimaltenango race, #2754(3). Highland “plant”

ʔivriro ʔišim, nphr(aj & n).‘hybrid com’, see below.

k’oš ʔivriro ʔisim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Vandeño race, #2992(3). Lowland “plant” It is grown by many Zinacantecs. The seeds are planted between May eighth and fifteenth.

muk’ta ʔivriro ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Vandeño race, #2991(3). Lowland “plant” It is grown by many Zinacantecs. The seeds are planted between May eighth and fifteenth.

ʔolotiyo, n. indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo race, #2757(1, 3, 4). Lowland “plant”

baʔyi ¢“unubil, nphr(aj & n).‘planted early’, indian corn Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal race, #2758(1, 4). Highland “plant”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole, on May fifteenth. It is harvested in November. It is “cold”

¢ahal ʔi¢im, nphr(aj & n). indian corn Zea mays, Imbricado Mixed race, #2749(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. (4)-The seed is planted in April. The harvest is in December.

Quicheño Rojo Mixed race, #2786(1, 4, 7). Temperate “plant”. (1)-It is grown by all Zinacantecs. The seed is planted in May. The harvest is in January. It is “cold”. (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. The seed is planted on April tenth. The harvest is in December.

Olotillo Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2990(3). Lowland “plant”. k’oš ¢ahal ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Rojo race, #2984(1, 16). Highland “plant”. It is planted with white corn.

čimpo ʔišim, nphr(x type n). indian corn Zea mays, Zapalote Grande race, #3021(1, 4, 5). Lowland “plant” (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Five kernels are planted in each hole, in November. The harvest is in January. It is “medium” var., čimpu ʔišim /Muk’ta Hok’/.

čimpo k’on, nphr(x type n). indian corn Zea mays, San Marceño Mixed race, #2760(5). Highland “plant”.

k’anal čimpo ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). indian corn Zea mays, San Marceño Mixed race, #2760(1, 4). Highland “plant”. (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole, on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November.

k’oš čimpo ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Oloton race, #2949(1). Highland “plant”. It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Five or six kernels are planted in each hole, in April. The harvest is in December. It is “cold”.

pinto čimpo ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). see below.

sakil pinto cimpo ʔišim, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Negro race, #2948(1, 16). Highland “plant”. (1)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Five or six kernels are planted in each hole, in April. The harvest is in December. It is “cold”. (16)-It is grown by many Zinacantecs. The seed is planted in May. The harvest is in December. It is “medium”

sakil čimpo ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Oloton race, #2949(16). Highland “plant”. It is planted by few Zinacantecs. The harvest is in December. It is “medium”.

čimpu ʔišim, cf. čimpo ʔišim.

čiš-tei ʔišim, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). ‘cherry com’, indian corn Zea mays, Quicheño Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2950(1). Highland “plant”. It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Five or six kernels are planted in each hole, on April twentieth. The harvest is in December. It is “hot”

Comiteco Mixed race, #2970(16). Highland “plant” It is grown by few Zinacantecs. The seed is planted in May. The harvest is in January. It is “hot”.

Quicheño Rojo race, #2985(1, 16). Highland “plant”.

č‘ič’el hč‘ul-totik ʔisim, nphr: nphr(n4d of agn/aj & ncpd/) type n. ‘god’s blood corn’, indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2993(3). Lowland “plant”.

hič‘il bakal, nphr(aj & n). ‘slender cob’, indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo race, #2757(5). Lowland “plant”.

kwarentano, n. ‘forty day’, indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2762(3, 5). “Highland plant”.

k’anal ʔšim, nphr(aj & n). indian corn Zea mays, Yellow Quicheño Mixed race, #2754A(5). Highland “plant”. San Marceño Mixed race, #2759(5). Highland “plant”.

čiš-teʔ k’anal ʔišim, nphr: n(x & ncpd) type nphr(aj & n). indian corn Zea mays, Quicheño Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2950(16). Highland “plant”. The seeds are planted in May. The harvest is in December. It is “medium”.

muk’ta k’anal “ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, San Marceño Mixed race, #2759(1, 4). Highland “plant”. (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole, on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November. It is “hot”.

Quicheño race modified by Teocinte, #2791(1, 4, 7). Temperate “plant”. (4)-It is grown by all Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are planted in each hole, on April tenth. The harvest is in January. It is “hot”.

Comiteco Mixed race, #2970(1). Highland “plant”.

sak-vayan k’anal ʔišim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Comiteco Mixed race, #2967(1). Temperate “plant”

k’ob-¢‘i1ʔ, n(n & ncpd). ‘dog paw’, indian corn Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal Mixed with Negro race, #2761(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant” (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November. It is “cold”

k’ob-¢’iʔ ʔišiin, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2750(3). Highland “plant”.

ʔik’al k’ob-¢’iʔ ’išim, nphr: aj & nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2750(1, 4). Highland “plant”. It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are planted in each hole in March. The harvest is in December. It is “cold”.

bik’it k’ob-¢‘i’ʔ, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2752(3). Highland “plant”.

sakil k’ob-¢‘i’), nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2752(1, 4). Highland “plant”. (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are planted in each hole, in March. The harvest is in December. It is “cold”.

baʔyi k’on, nphr(aj & n). ‘early yellow’, indian corn Zea mays, Yellow Quicheño Mixed race, #2754A(3). San Marceño Mixed race, #2760(3). Highland “plant”.

bik’it k’on ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). indian corn Zea mays, Yellow Quicheño Mixed race, #2754A(1, 4). Highland “plant”. It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are planted in each hole, in April. The harvest is in December. It is “hot”.

¢’akal k’on, nphr(aj & n). ‘late yellow’, indian corn Zea mays, Quicheño Mixed race, #2748(3). Highland “plant”. San Marceño Mixed, #2759(3). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta k’on, nphr(aj & n). ‘big yellow’, indian corn Zea mays, Quicheño Mixed race, #2748(1, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. (4)-It is grown by all Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are placed in each hole, on the eighteenth or twentieth of April. The harvest is in December. It is “hot”.

masanil ʔišim, nphr(natt & n). ‘Masan corn’, indian corn Zea mays, Comiteco Mixed race, #2967(16). Temperate plant”. It is grown by many Zinacantecs. Five or six kernels are planted in each hole, in May. The harvest is in December. It is “medium”.

bik’it masanil ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Quicheño race modified by Teosinte introgression, #3023(11). Temperate “plant” It is grown by many Zinacantecs. Five kernels are planted in each hole, in May. The harvest is in January and February. It is “medium”.

muk’t!a masanil ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/ type n). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Dzit-Bacal race and Zapalote Grande race, #3022(11). Temperate “plant” It is grown by many Zinacantecs. Five kernels are planted in each hole, in May. The harvest is in December and January.

napalu, x. indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo race, #2756(3). Lowland “plant”.

napalu ʔišim, nphr(x type n). indian corn Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal race, #2755(1, 4). Lowland “plant”. (4)-It is grown by all Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November. It is “cold”.

pača, n1d. ‘flat’, indian corn Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal race, #2755(5). Lowland “plant”.

pimil sat, nphr(aj & n). ‘thick kernel’, indian corn Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal race, #2758(3, 5). Highland “plant”.

pinto ʔišim, nphr(aj & n). ‘spotted corn’, indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2750(5). Highland “plant”. Dzit-Bacal Mixed with Negro race, #2761(5). Highland “plant”.

ʔik’al pinto ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Negro de Tierra Caliente race, #2958(1, 16). Temperate and highland “plant”. (1)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Five or six kernels are planted in each hole in April. The harvest is in January. It is “cold”. (16)-It is grown by many Zinacantecs. The seeds are planted in May. The harvest is in December. It is “medium”.

bik’it pinto ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Negro race, #2752(5). Highland “plant”.

povlano ʔišim, nphr(aj & n). indian corn Zea mays, Dzit-Bacal race, #2755(3). Lowland “plant”.

rokame ʔišim, nphr(x type n). indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo race, #2756(1, 4). Lowland “plant”. (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs.

Six kernels are placed in each hole on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November. It is “cold”.

sakil ʔišim, nphr(aj & n). see below.

bik’it sakil ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Tierra Alta race, #2753(3, 5). Highland “plant”. Olotillo Mixed with Nal-Tel race, #2762(1, 4). Highland “plant”. (4)-It is grown by very few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole, on May fifteenth. The harvest is in November. It is “cold”

k’oš sakil ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Blanco Tierra Alta race, #2753(1, 4). Highland “plant”. Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Dzit-Bacal race, #2976(1, 16). Temperate “plant”. Quicheño race modified by Teosinte introgression, #3023(1, 4, 5). Temperate “plant” (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole, on April fifteenth. The harvest is in December and January. It is “cold”

muk’ta sakil ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Oloton race, #2751(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant” Olotillo Mixed with Salpor race, #2785(1, 4, 7). Temperate “plant” (1)-It is grown by all Zinacantecs. Six seeds are planted in each hole, in May. The harvest is in January. It is “cold”. (4)-The seed is planted on April tenth. The harvest is in January.

Vanden̄o race and Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Dzit-Bacal race, #2971(1, 16). Temperate “plant” (16)-It is grown by most Zinacantecs. The seed is planted in May. The harvest is in January. It is “cold”

Nal-Tel Blanco Mixed with Dzit-Bacal race and Zapalote Grande race, #3022(1, 4, 5). Temperate “plant” (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Six kernels are planted in each hole, on April fifteenth. The harvest is in December and January. It is “cold”.

sakramentual ʔišim, nphr(natt & n). ‘sacramental corn’, indian corn Zea mays, Imbricado race, #2747(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. Four or five kernels are planted in each hole, on April eighteenth or twentieth. The harvest is in December. It is “cold”

ton ʔišim, nphr(n type n). ‘stone corn’, see below.

sakil ton ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). indian corn Zea mays, Nal-Tel Mixed with Oloton race, #2751(5). Highland “plant”

yihil bakal, nphr(aj & n). ’thick cob’, indian corn Zea mays, Olotillo race, #2756(5). Lowland “plant”.

ʔišimah, iv. produce large ears of corn.

ʔišimaltik, n5. corn field.

ʔišimtik, aj. dry (gamusa apple, maneana kinya).

ʔišin, tv. shell by hand /corn/.

ʔišinah, iv. shell by hand /corn/.

hʔišinahel, agn. person who shells corn by hand.

ʔiškirvano N(Sp, escribano).

ʔiškirvano, agn. scribe /2/.

ʔišlavon N(Sp, eslabón).

ʔišlavon, n1d. flint /used formerly to light holy fire on Holy Saturday/.

ʔišlel N.

ʔišlelil, n3d. male’s younger sister, term of address formerly used by groom to bride, var., ʔišlelal.

ʔišlelin, tv. acquire younger sister.

ʔišpereš N(Sp, vísperas).

ʔišpereš, n5. second day of fiesta.

ʔišpušal N(Sp, esponsales).

ʔišpušal, n5. wedding presentation, betrothal /archaic/.

ʔištol N.

ʔištol, n4d. ring, toy.

ʔoy kunen ʔištol. lit., I have my little toy, i.e., I have a pistol.

ʔištol ʔaʔi, vphr(n5 & tv). treat carelessly, waste, ruin, wreck.

ʔištol iyaʔi sk’uʔ bik’itik ishatulan. He ruined his shirt; he tore it to pieces.

tol ʔiš’tol šaʔi ʔišim li čitome. The pig wastes the corn.

ʔištol č’o, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5). ‘mouse’s toy’, Acalypha arvensis, #1983(17). Lowland “plant”.

ʔištol k’op, nphr(n type n)5. teasing, joking, banter /impersonal ritualistic joking/.

ʔištol-k’opoh, iv(n & ivcpd). tease, banter.

ʔištol loʔil, nphr(n type n)5. teasing, joking, banter /impersonal ritualistic joking/.

ʔištol-loʔilah, iv(n & ivcpd). tease, joke, banter.

ʔištalah, iv. waste, ruin, wreck.

yeč t šʔištalah h-set’ huteb. He just disrupts things.

ʔa shak’ yahnil muk’ štak’bat yeč iyištalah stak’in. He went to petition for a wife, but he wasn’t acknowledged, so his money was just wasted.

iʔištalah ta vakaš li sčobe. His corn field was ruined by cattle.

yeč iʔištalah ti stak’ine muk’ šʔeč’ li čamele. He just wasted his money; the sickness didn’t pass.

yeč iʔištalah yuʔun stak’in k’alal iyič’e mu k’usi sman ʔo. When he received his money, he just wasted it; he didn’t buy anything (worthwhile).

ʔištalal, n5. ring, toy.

ʔištalal ʔak’, nphr(n type n). ‘toy vine’, morning glory Ipomoea triloba, #2160(11). Temperate “vine”. It is used for lashing roof poles and sheep corrals.

ʔištalan, tv. fiddle around, waste, wreck, ruin, botch, bungle /when first learning/.

iyištalan stak’in ta poš. He wasted his money on cane liquor.

iyištalan ʔik’ li hčobe. The wind ruined my corn field.

t šištalan ša holob li h¢ebe. My daughter bungled the weaving.

ʔištalan ba, rv. ruin one’s reputation.

yeč noš iyištalan sba li ʔan¢e. lit., The woman just ruined herself, i.e., The woman had an illegitimate child and never married.

ʔištalanan, tv. waste /plu/.

ʔištalanvan, iv. deceive or trick person repeatedly.

bik’itik t šʔištalanvan. He tricks people all the time.

ʔitah N.

ʔitah, n1a. greens, cabbage.

ʔitahtik, n5. cabbage patch.

ʔitah čon, cf. čon(2).

ʔoʔon vakaš ʔitah, nphr: nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5) type n. cabbage Brassica oleracea, #2763(1, 3). Highland “plant” For use cf. ba¢’i titah. (RML)-This is a tightly-headed variety.

ba¢’i ʔitah, nphr(aj & n)1d. cabbage Brassica oleracea, #750(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their yards. The seeds are sown in the rainy season. Seedlings are thinned and transplanted. The harvest is in October. Cabbages are sold at market in San Cristóbal. Both flowers and leaves are gathered by the women. They are brewed with chili, salt, and lime juice seasoning. Cabbage is “cold”.

ba¢’i ʔitahtik, nphr(aj & n)5. cabbage patch.

muruč’ ʔitah, nphr(aj & n). ‘kinky greens’, cabbage Brassica oleracea, #633(1, 2). Highland “plant”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their yards. The slips are planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The harvest is in August. The leaves are cut by women and boiled. They are “cold”. (RML)-This is a curly-leaved variety.

ʔitah ʔantivo, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘ancestor’s greens’, Salvia cacaliaefolia, #1374(7). Temperate “plant”.

ʔitah čon, cf. čon(2).

ʔitah hsoktom, nphr(n4d of agn). ‘Chiapanec’s greens’, see below.

k’oš ʔitah hsoktom, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of agn/). Boldoa purpurascens, #2633(1, 3). Lowland “plant”. The tips are edible when boiled. (1)-They are “medium”. (3)-They are “cold”.

sak-ʔitah, n(aj & ncpd)1e. ‘white greens’, Pleurotus sp., #25(1, 3, 5), #160(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. It is boiled, seasoned with mexican tea. It is “cold”. Panus sp., #102(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. Same use as above.

ʔitah, n5. Baby talk; greens, cabbage.

ʔit’iš N.

ʔit’iš, n4f. pseudo or bastard /occurs in floral and fauna] names/.

ʔit’iš ʔahoh, cf. ʔahoh.

ʔit’iš ʔakan hobel, cf. ʔakan hobel.

ʔit’iš ʔarvahaka, cf. ʔarvahaka.

ʔit’iš ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, cf. pom ¢’unun.

ʔit’iš ba¢’i ʔasasena, cf. ʔasasena.

ʔit’iš ʔinatab, cf. ʔinatab.

ʔit’iš barsin ʔak’, cf. barsin ʔak’.

ʔit’iš boč, cf. boč.

ʔit’iš bukaro, cf. bukaro.

ʔit’iš ¢is ʔuč, cf. ¢is ʔuč.

ʔit’iš ¢oʔ šulem teʔ, cf. ¢oʔ šulem teʔ.

ʔit’iš čiš-teʔ ʔak’, cf. čiš-teʔ ʔak’.

ʔit’iš č’it, cf. č’it.

ʔit’iš koyoy, cf. koy.

ʔit’iš kranata ʔak’, cf. kranata ʔak’.

ʔit’iš krisantema, cf. krisantema.

ʔit’iš man¢ana, cf. man¢ana.

ʔit’iš memela teʔ, cf. memela teʔ.

ʔit’iš nočleb vonon, cf. nočleb vonon.

ʔit’iš pašamum, cf. pašamum.

ʔit’iš pomos, cf. pomos.

ʔit’iš sal-teʔ, cf. sal-teʔ.

ʔit’iš sikil ton, cf. sikil ton.

ʔit’iš šolom, cf. šolom.

ʔit’iš tan kaʔ, cf. tan kaʔ.

ʔit’iš tempiš, cf. tempiš.

ʔit’iš tilil, cf. tilil.

ʔit’iš tuil teʔ, cf. tuil teʔ.

ʔit’iš voy mula, cf. voy mula.

ʔit’iš yaš-teʔ, cf. yaš-teʔ.

ʔit’išah, iv. be jealous.

ʔit’išan, tv. be jealous.

ʔit’išanvan, iv. be jealous of person.

hʔit’iš ʔoʔon, agn(nphr/agn type n/)5. jealous person /jealous of wealth/.

hʔit’išahel, agn. jealous person.

hʔit’išal _______, agn(nphr/agn type n/)5. jealous _______ /man, woman/, /jealous towards amorous appeal of mate or lover/.

hʔit’išanvaneh, agn. jealous person /infr/.

ʔivriro A(Sp, híbrido).

ʔivriro, aj. hybrid.

ʔiy

ʔiy, oh! cf. ʔi(2).

ʔo(1) Pt.

ʔo, pt. forever, for good, different, another, the next, from it, with it, by it, because of it.

ibat ʔo. He left forever.

h-kot ʔo. It is a different one /animal, chair, etc./.

h-p’eh ʔo na. It is another house (or) It is the next house.

ʔi haʔ yeč t šipasotik ʔo ta hk’uleh ʔun. And in this way we will get rich from it.

haʔ ta sč’ay ʔo li č’ok ʔune.. He gets rid of warts with it.

ʔo(2)

ʔo, there is, there are. cf. ʔoy(1).

ʔo(3) E.

ʔo, excl. ugh! /exclamation of disgust or disapproval/.

ʔoʔ(1) N.

ʔoʔil, n3d. hip, thigh /person, animal/.

smuk’ul koʔtik eč’el. as high as our hips /fourth developmental stage of corn/.

ʔoʔ(2) O.

ʔoʔ, onom. sound of gagging.

ʔoʔʔon, av. gagging.

ʔoʔlahet, av. cf. ʔoʔʔon (plu).

ʔoʔlahetik, av. cf. ʔoʔʔon (plu).

ʔóʔlih, av. gagging suddenly.

ʔóʔteʔóʔte, av. walking about gagging.

ʔoʔ(3)

ʔoʔ, water, spring. cf. voʔ(3).

ʔoʔlol N.

ʔoʔlol, n1e. middle, center, medium-sized.

ʔoʔlol, nc. half /1 only/.

h-ʔoʔlol snaʔ h-ʔoʔlol mu snaʔ. some know, some do not.

ʔoʔlol _______, nphr(n5 of num4e). _______ and a half.

ʔoʔlol sčibal. two and a half.

ʔoʔlol _______, nphr(n of n)5. middle-aged _______.

ʔoʔlol ʔak’ot, nphr(n of n)5. midpoint of dance marked by round of cane liquor /dance of religious officials, wedding dance/.

ʔoʔlol ʔak’ubal, nphr(n of n)5. midnight.

ʔoʔlol ʔama čauk, cf. ʔama čauk.

ʔoʔlol balamil, nphr(n of n)5. center of the world /Mišik’ Balamil in Htek-lum. /

ʔoʔlol be, nphr(n of n)5. middle of the road, halfway.

ʔoʔlol ¢’emeniʔ, cf. ¢’emeniʔ.

ʔoʔlol č’en, nphr(n of n)5. lit., mid-hole, i.e., moment when grave is half dug, or when earth is to be tossed on coffin, marked by round of cane liquor.

ʔoʔlol hč’ul-meʔtik, nphr(n of agn)5. half moon.

ʔoʔlol k’ak’al, nphr(n of n)5. noon.

ʔoʔlol k’ak’altik, nphr(n of n)5. around noon.

ʔoʔlol k’obol, nphr(n of n)5. lit., half a hand, i.e., boy who can do only half a man’s share of work.

ʔoʔlol k’ok’, nphr(n of n)5. top of the fire.

ʔak’o ta ʔoʔlol k’ok’. Put it on top of the fire!

ʔoʔlol k’op, nphr(n of n)5. midpoint in ceremony marked by round of cane liquor /curing, house dedication, formal entrance of groom into bride’s home/.

ʔoʔlol limeton, cf. limeton.

ʔoʔlol niʔ k’ob, cf. niʔ k’ob.

ʔoʔlol ničim, cf. ničim.

ʔoʔlol vala-pohov, cf. vala-pohov.

ʔoʔlol vi¢, nphr(n of n)5. halfway up mountain.

ʔoʔlol vinahel, nphr(n of n)5. center of heaven.

ʔol ʔak’ubal, nphr(n of n)5. midnight.

ʔol ʔak’ubaltik, nphr(n of n)5. around midnight.

ʔol k’ak’al, nphr(n of n)5. noon.

ʔol k’ak’altik, nphr(n of n)5. around noon.

ʔol k’ok’, nphr(n of n)5. top of the fire.

ʔoʔon N.

ʔoʔon tuluk’, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘turkey heart’, puff ball Lycoperdon sp., #38(1, 3). Highland “mushroom” It is gathered by women and children. It is toasted on the coals or boiled and seasoned with mexican tea and chili. It is “cold”.

ʔoʔon tuluk’tik, nphr(n4d of n5)5. expanse of puff balls.

ʔoʔon vakaš ʔitah, cf. ʔitah.

ʔoʔonil, n3b. heart /person, animal, tree/, center /cross/, cf. holol.

koʔonuk t šiʔabteh. I would like to work.

tey ša mu teyuk ti yoʔon ibat ta ʔanile. He rushed off distractedly.

tey ša mu teyuk ti yoʔon k’u t spas ti mi čtu¢’ton yahčamele. He is in a frenzy about what to do if his patient is slipping away.

mu ta ʔoʔoniluk. I (etc.) pay no attention to it.

muk’ ta koʔon (or) muk’ ta koʔonuk. I am indifferent (or) I don’t care about it.

Ritual speech, prayer referring to witch (or) Denunciatory speech referring to parent who refuses prospective fiancé’s petition; ʔoy sč’ulel ʔoy yoʔon. lit., He has a soul, he has a heart, i.e., He is evil and hard-hearted.

ʔoʔonin, tv. take seriously, be diligent, heed, show concern for, care.

mu šoʔonin k’usi spas. He doesn’t care what happens to him.

ʔoʔonta, tv. take seriously, heed, be diligent, show concern for, care.

mu šoʔonta yahčamel. He shows no concern for his patient.

mu šoʔonta yabtel. He is not concerned about his office.

ʔoʔontavan, iv. take good care of person (wife).

čib ʔoʔon, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d). unhappy.

hun ʔoʔon, vphr(num /pred/ & n4d). happy, contented.

mu shunuluk yoʔon t šbat. He is not entirely happy that he is going.

k’ot ta ʔoʔon, nphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). be offended.

ʔob(1) N.

ʔob, n1a. pokeberry Phytolacca rugosa, #1482(11, 12). Highland “plant”. (11)-The young leaves are eaten, boiled, by many people of Muk’ta Hok’. They are “medium”. The berries are crushed and used as laundry soap.

ʔobtik, n5. expanse of pokeberry.

eahal ʔob, nphr(aj & n)5. pokeberry Phytolacca rugosa, #68(2, 4, 5), #1482(1, 3), #1722(3), #1877(1), #2474(4). Highland “plant”.

maruč e’iʔlel ʔob, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). pokeberry Phytolacca octandra, #2358(20). Highland “plant”. For use, cf. sakil ʔob, remarks of (1, 3).

sakil ʔob, nphr(aj & n)5. pokeberry Phytolacca octandra, #148(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), #1483(1, 3, 11, 12), #2037(3, 17, 18), #2231(1, 3, 4), #2358(3, 4). Highland “plant”. (1, 3)-The young leaves are brewed and eaten by some Zinacantecs. They are “cold”. A few women use the berries for laundry soap. (11)-The leaves are ‘medium”. (17)-The leaves are “cold” The name of the plant should not be uttered, lest the leaves be bitter.

sat ʔob, nphr(n of n). ’pokeberry berry’, Phytolacca rugosa, #1722(15, 16), #2474(21, 22). Highland “plant”. (15)-The young leaves are eaten brewed. They are “medium” The leaves are sold at market. The berries were used formerly for laundry soap. (21, 22)-The leaves are “cold”. The berries are used for laundry soap.

eahal sat ʔob, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). pokeberry Phytolacca rugosa, #2230(1, 3, 4, 19). Highland “plant”. (19)-The berries are used for laundry soap.

sakil sat ʔob, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). pokeberry Phytolacca octandra, #2231(19). Highland “plant”. For use, cf. sakil ʔob, remarks of (1, 3).

ʔob(2) N.

ʔobah, iv. cough.

ʔobal, n1a. cough.

kah¢ah yobal. lit., His cough has risen, i.e., he is dying.

ʔoban, iv. cough.

ʔobta, tv. cough up /phlegm/.

ʔobtavan, iv. cough at person.

hʔobanel, agn. coughing person.

hʔobtavaneh, agn. person who coughs at another.

ʔohobah, iv. cough.

ʔobak, n1e. soot.

ʔoe P.

ʔoeahtik, aj. cf. ʔo¢ol /plu/.

ʔo¢an ba, rv. form wriggling pile (tent caterpillar).

ʔo¢ʔon, av. wriggling (caterpillars, worms, grubs).

ʔo¢i, iv. be in wriggling pile (caterpillars, worms, grubs).

ʔo¢lahet, av. wriggling in pile or hole (caterpillars, worms, grubs).

ʔo¢leh, n4f. wriggling pile (worms, caterpillars).

ʔo¢l¢hikil, n4f. cf.ʔo¢l¢h /plu/.

ʔó¢lih, av. wriggling suddenly (caterpillars, worms, grubs).

ʔo¢o¢et, av. wriggling in pile or hole (caterpillars, worms, grubs).

ʔo¢ol, aj. in wriggling pile (caterpillars).

ʔč I.

ʔoč, iv. enter, go in, come in.

mi ʔočuk ša me lakaltoe. Will you have more broth?

ʔoč ʔabtel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5). begin work.

ʔoč ʔak’ubal, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). grow dark /in evening/.

ʔoč čamel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5). hold curing ceremony, hold each of three year renewal ceremonies.

ʔoč kantela, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). hold curing ceremony.

ʔoč kantela, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). hold each of three year renewal ceremonies.

ʔoč kantela na, vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n4e of n5/). dedicate new house.

ʔoč korišma, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). begin dry season.

ʔoč k’aʔal, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4f). putrefy.

ʔoč-k’on, vn(iv & ajcpd)5. lit., beginning to yellow, i.e., eighteenth developmental stage of corn when corn husks are yellowing.

ʔoč limušna, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). hold curing ceremony.

ʔoč limušna, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). hold each of three year renewal ceremonies for warding off epidemics, request for rain, protection for youths drafted in army and sent to Mexico City /formerly/.

ʔoč limušna čob, vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n4e of n1d/). hold agricultural ceremony /primarily in the lowland corn fields at the planting, and often at the first weeding and the harvest/.

ʔoč limušna na, vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n4e of n1d/). dedicate new house.

ʔoč meša, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). set down table for ceremonial meal.

ʔoč pletu, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). have war break out.

ʔoč ta _________. vphr(iv & prep & n5). become _________.

t šʔoč ta ʔelek’. He is becoming a thief.

Sʔoč ta preserenteal. He is going to become magistrate.

ʔoč ta _________, vphr(iv & prep & vn/tv & ncpd/5). become _________.

t šʔoč ta čabi-čih. He is going to become a shepherd.

ʔoč ta ʔasete, vphr(iv & prep & n5). be turned into oil. It is thought that in former times Zinacantecs were so treated by foreign enemies.

ʔoč ta ʔil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). become indebted.

ʔoč ta ʔut voʔ, vphr(iv & prep & nphr/n4f of n5/). enter water.

ʔoč ta čukel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). be put in jail.

ʔoč ta c’om, vphr(iv & prep & n5). borrow, become indebted.

ʔoč ta kaʔ, vphr(iv & prep & n5). be punished. In former times new prisoner was mounted and ridden by previously jailed prisoners.

ʔoč ta manbel k’ešol, vphr(iv & prep & vn5 of n4f). buy replacement /for horse, tool/.

ʔoč ta ničim, nphr(iv & prep & n1d). enter ceremonial bed (patient).

ʔoč ta saʔbel k’ešol, vphr(iv & prep & vn5 of n4f). search for replacement /for deceased wife, for tool/.

ʔoč ta šavon, vphr(iv & prep & n5). be turned into soap. It is thought that in former times Zinacantecs were so treated by foreign enemies.

ʔoč ta volim, nphr(iv & prep & n1d). enter ceremonial bed (patient).

ʔoč vayel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn4d). fall asleep.

ʔoč veʔel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5). begin ceremonial meal.

ʔočan, tv. eat.

mu hnaʔ yočanel. I don’t eat that.

ʔočebal, n1f. entrance /into religious post/, beginning /rainy season/.

ʔočebal son, nphr(n type n)5. entrance song played by trio when procession enters house or church.

ʔocel, n4f. beginning.

yočel ša t stik’el mas. Now she was beginning to interfere even more.

ʔočel ʔočel, nphr(vnlb & vnlb). entering frequently /jail/.

ʔočel ta na, nphr(n5 & prep & n5). formal entrance of groom into bride’s home.

ʔočem č’ak, cf. č’ak(1).

hʔočel, agn. incoming official.

ʔoč’ʔoč’, iv. enter slightly.

ʔotes, tv. put inside /house/, put in /pot, bottle/, invite inside.

ʔotesan, tv. put inside (plu) /house, pot, bottle/.

ʔotesvan, iv. invite person inside.

ʔot’ot’es, tv. place slightly inside.

hʔotesvaneh ta na, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). petitioner who gets suitor’s party into girl’s house.

očel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing motion into.

yočob, n1e. sinkhole.

ʔočenta Num(Sp, ochenta).

ʔočenta, n1a. eighty.

ʔočentatik, n5. by or in eighties, every eighty.

ʔoč’

ʔoč’, enter. cf. ʔoč.

ʔoh(1) E.

ʔoh, excl. ugh! /exclamation of disgust or disapproval or refusal to obey/.

ʔohet, av. saying “ugh”! /refusing to obey/.

ʔohetik, av. cf. ʔohet (plu).

ʔoh(2) O.

ʔohʔohʔoh, onom. sound of harsh coughing.

ʔohʔon, av. coughing harshly /EKL 258: 2-11, 12/.

ʔohlah, av. coughing harshly (plu).

ʔohlahet, av. cf. ʔohʔon (plu).

ʔohlahetik, av. cf. ʔohʔon (plu).

ʔóhteʔóhte, av. coughing harshly here and there (child with whooping cough).

ʔoh(3)

ʔoh, cough, cf. ʔob(2).

ʔohov N.

ʔohov, n1a. chewing tobacco /archaic/, mixture of chewing tobacco, garlic and urine /rubbed on leg to cure poslom/.

ʔohov ʔak’, nphr(n type n). ’lord vine’, Dioscorea cymosula var. cinerea, #1589(11, 12). Temperate “vine”

muk’ ta ʔohov ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Dioscorea nelsonii, #1700(7, 14). Lowland “vine”

sakil ʔohov ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Dioscorea nelsonii, #1700(11, 12). Lowland vine’

ʔah-teʔ, n(n & ncpd)1a. white sapote Casimiroa edulis, #363(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “tree” White sapotes are owned by a few Zinacantecs. The trunk is used for fence posts and bridges. The fruit is eaten raw. It is sold in Chamula and San Cristóbal. It is “cold”. (5)-The pit is ground and the powder is applied to boils. It is “cold”.

ʔah-teʔaltik, n(n & ncpd)5. large grove of white sapotes.

ʔah-teʔtik, n(n & ncpd)5. grove of white sapotes.

sakil ʔah-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). white sapote Casimiroa edulis, #363(7). Highland “tree”. Same use as ʔah-teʔ.

ʔah-teʔ kotom, nphr(n4d of n5). ’coati’s ʔah-teʔ’, sweet leaf Symplocos sp., #873(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” The fruit is eaten by coatis.

ʔah-teʔ teʔ, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). trumpet tree Tabebuia pentaphylla, #232(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”.

ʔaha-čon, cf. čon.

ʔaha-pom, n(n type ncpd)1a. honey. It is “hot”.

ʔaha-teʔes, n(n & ncpd)1d. wintergreen Gaultheria odorata, #2268(19). Highland “tree” As a remedy for mahbenal a small bunch is crushed in the hand and mixed with cold water that is used to wash the patient’s head. It is “cold” (16)-An unattested variety is used to adorn a patient’s ceremonial bed, (5)-and is brewed in the decoction used to bathe a newborn infant and its mother, var., ʔaha-teʔis /Hok’ Č’enom, Muk’la Hok’/.

ʔaha-teʔesaltik, n(n & ncpd)5. large expanse of wild blueberries or wintergreen.

ʔaha-teʔestik, n(n & ncpd)5. expanse of wild blueberries or wintergreen.

k’oš ʔaha-teʔes, nphr(aj & n). wild blueberry Vaccinium confertum, #516(1, 2, 3). Highland “plant”. Wild blueberry and wintergreen are gathered indiscriminately as a basic ingredient of “flower water, the decoction used to bathe patients, sacrificial chickens, and stewards’ coffers. A handful is crushed in cold water to make a refreshing drink. As a remedy for mahbenal, three tips are crushed in warm water containing salt. One cup is drunk. It is “cold”. As a remedy for chest pain /meʔ vinik/ or anger /k’ak’al ʔoʔonil/, seven or eight tips are crushed in cold water with peperomia. A cup is drunk before breakfast. As a relief from the hot sun, a handful is pounded on a rock and rubbed on one’s hair while washing it.

muk’ta ʔaha-teʔes, nphr(aj & n). wintergreen Gaultheria odorata, #567(1, 3), #1373(3), #1517(1, 3), #2268(3, 4). Temperate or highland “tree” The berries are eaten by shepherds. They are “cold”. cf. k’oš ʔaha-teʔes, and eis ʔuč for use in “flower water”.

ʔaha-teʔis, cf. ʔaha-teʔes.

ʔahv, n5. Ritual speech, oath of office; lord.

Occurrence restricted to; ʔa yaya tot ʔahvetik. oh ancient lords.

ʔahval balamil, nphr(n4f of n5). earth lord.

ʔahval čamel, nphr(n4f of vn5). witch /restricted to hostile people seen in dreams/.

ʔahval htek-lum, nphr(n4f of n/x & ncpd/). inhabitant of Zinacantán center.

ʔahval karo, nphr(n4f of n5). driver or passenger /bus, car, truck/.

ʔahval kavilto, nphr(n4f of n5). civil authority.

ʔahval k’in, nphr(n4f of n5). religious official with major ritual duties during fiesta.

ʔahval lum, nphr(n4f of n5). inhabitant.

ʔahval na, nphr(n4f of n1d). wife.

ʔahval rioš, nphr(n4f of n5). talking-saint owner.

ʔahval teʔ, nphr(n type n)5. ’lord tree’, yaw root Stillingia acutifolia, #B9258(5, 5a), #121(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), #1497(1, 3, 11, 12), #2215(1, 3, 4, 19). Highland “tree” (5)-The trunk is used by some people for firewood though its sap blisters one’s skin. (19)-The sap is applied to warts to remove them. It is “hot”. (4)-The sap is applied once a day for two days. (5)-An unattested variety is used in steam cures. cf. čan-eelav eele-pat for steam cure use.

ʔahval teʔtik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of yaw root.

ʔahval tem, nphr(n4f of n1d). Male joking speech; lit., lord of the bed, i.e., wife.

ʔahvalil, n3b. lord. an. poss.; opponent, adversary, inan. poss.; commissioned weaver, person who looks after one’s house, owner.

yahval to buč’u snaʔ šʔelk’ahe. Only a few people steal.

is¢ob sba yahval. His /her/ enemies were gathered in wait for him /her/ (murderers, rapists).

ʔahvalin, tv. overpower (sickness, work).

ʔahvalinvan, iv. overpower person (sickness, work).

hsaʔ ʔaha-pom, agn(tv & n/n type ncpd/cpd)5. honey-gatherer.

kahval, n5. Ritual speech, term of address to the saints and tutelary gods; My Lord.

kahval, excl. Female speech, exclamation of surprise; My Lord!

kahvaltik, n5. Our Lord. This term includes the saint images on the earth and the saints in heaven, Christ, the Virgin Mary, the sun and the moon and the tutelary gods.

k’ahom snaʔ li kahvaltike. Only Our Lord knows.

k’u ši ti kahvaltike. what Our Lord wills.

kahvaltik rioš, nphr(n type n)5. ensign-bearer of the Holy Cross.

kahvaltik riošal, nphr(n type n)4d. post of ensign-bearer of the Holy Cross.

liʔeč’ ta hkahvaltik riošal. I was ensign-bearer of the Holy Cross.

ʔohtak

ʔohtak, recognize. cf. ʔohtik. var., ʔohtakin /Voʔ-bie/.

ʔohtik X.

ʔohtikin, tv. know, recognize.

yohtikinbe ssat buč’u. He identified him.

bae’i ʔohtikinbil leʔe. He (or) it is famous.

mu ʔohtikinbah, ajphr(pt & aj). not known or recognized, never known or recognized, impossible to know or recognize.

ʔok(1) N.

ʔok na, nphr(n4f of n1d). stick used to secure door at night.

ʔok ne sibak, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). ’rocket stem’, golden eye Viguiera dentata, #2793(7). Temperate and lowland “plant”. It is used for rockets.

ʔokil, n5. Ritual speech, curing prayer, shaman addressing constables of the tutelary gods; lit., foot, i.e., constable.

č’ul-mayoletik, č’ul-ʔalvasiletik, č’ul-ʔokiletik, č’ul-k’obiletik. holy constables, holy sheriffs, holy feet, holy hands.

ʔokin, iv. run along surface of ground (water), stream (tears).

ʔokol, n3b. leg /person, pants, chair, table/, foot /person, cave, mountain/, post /bed/, handle /hoe, axe, spoon/, pole /flag/, body /section of cross below arms/, shaft /warping bar/, bottom /clothing/, stick /match/, trunk /tree/, main stem /plant/, stipe /mushroom/, short section of rope or leather attached to ends of tumpline, or short section of rope attached to ends of back strap, current /river/, braided end /sash/, length /parcel of land/, trip. Ritual speech, prayer; toe. t sahtohbe hutukuk avok. lit., I will pay you a little for your legs, i.e., I will pay you a little to make the trip for me.

Ritual speech, prayer; ta yolon yok ta yolon sk’ob ti kahvaltike. beneath the feet, beneath the hands of Our Lord.

ta lahuneb kok ta lahuneb hk’ob. with my ten toes, with my ten fingers.

tam ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). journey a great distance, die.

yoket, n1a. hearthstone or broken pot that serves as hearthstone.

yoketin, tv. use as hearthstone.

ʔok(2) N.

ʔok, n1e. snapping turtle, turtle shell. Two turtle shells, struck with corncobs, serve as drums during the Posadas and on Christmas Eve. The turtle shell is considered the earth lord’s /ʔanhel/ musical instrument.

ʔok(3) T or T(2).

ʔokelta, tv. cf. ʔokilta.

ʔokilan, tv. shake.

ʔokilla, tv. do just one thing in a hurry, var., ʔokelta /Voʔ-bie/.

ʔokleta, tv. do just one thing in a hurry.

ʔok(4) O.

ʔokʔokʔok, onom. oink /grunt of a hungry pig/.

ʔokʔon, av. oinking.

ʔoklahet, av. cf. ʔokʔon.

ʔoklih, av. giving a sudden oink.

ʔókteʔókte, av. oinking here and there.

ʔokoe N.

ʔokoe, n1e. blue-bellied lizard Sceloporus malachiticus. This lizard’s bite is reputed to cause paralysis and loss of speech. Its skin is applied to one’s foot to cause an embedded thorn to fall out.

ʔokoe vešal nphr(n type n)5. green velveteen knee pants /worn by ensign-bearers, cantors, groom, by elders /during Holy Week/, by angels/.

ʔoktuvre N(Sp, octubre).

ʔoktuvre, n5. October.

ʔoktuvretik, n5. sometime during October.

ʔok’(1) N.

ʔok’, n1d. tongue, clitoris.

ʔok’ e’iʔ, nphr(n4d of n5). ’dog’s tongue’, plantain Plantago hirtella,#595(1), #2029(3). Highland “plant”. (5)-An unattested variety is mashed in cold water, and the water drunk to reduce fever. It is ’medium’. It is also used to remove boils /čakal/. It is cold”, plantain Plantago alismatifolia, #2461(4). Highland “plant”. Ruellia puberula, #838(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant’.

’ok’ e’iʔtik, nphr(n4d of n5). expanse of plantain.

ʔok’ e’iʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). wild pea Phaseolus atropurpureus, #780(1, 2), #824(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine” jack bean Canavalia hirsutissima, #1512(1, 3). Highland “Vine”. Centrosema plumieri, #218(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine”. Centrosema pubescens, #1823(1, 4). Temperate “vine”.

ʔok’ e’iʔ e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). plantain Plantago hirtella, #1714(1, 3). Highland ’plant”.

ʔok’ vakaš, nphr(n4d of n5). ’cow’s tongue’, ladies’ tresses, Spiranthes cinnabarina, #1440(1), #1763(4, 5), #2085(3, 4). Highland “plant”. #1943(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”, philodendron Philodendron hederaceum, #2811(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”. Syngonium podophyllum, #278(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”.

ʔok’(2) I.

ʔok’, iv. cry, weep, call (bird), sing (bird, cricket), drip (candle) /proof

that one is being denounced in church/, pipe (flute), whistle (gourd), beat (drum), toot (cowhorn), ring (bell).

t šʔok’ sniʔ. He snores.

ʔok’, n4e. when /moment in the future/.

yok’al šbate. when he goes.

ʔok’, nc. moment /1 only/.

hu-ʔok’. every few minutes.

h-ʔOk’on h-t’abelon. I am sick every few days.

ʔok’el, nc. call (coyote).

ʔok’el tak’in, nphr(vn type n)5. loudspeaker.

ʔok’es, n1a. trumpet /archaic/.

ʔok’esin, tv. blow or play /flute, cowhorn, bottle, trumpet, gourd, leaves during wedding/.

čʔok’esin sniʔ. It snorts (horse, deer).

ʔok’et, av. watering (eyes from chili, smoke), wet (salt, sugar).

šʔok’et yaʔlel. It is moist /vagina/.

ʔok’il, n5. coyote Canis latrans. Coyotes are not considered edible because they live on all animals and consequently their flesh is rank. They are notorious for attacking sheep. Coyotes are believed to be the companion animal spirits of fat, strong, and beautiful people, but in folk tales they are the dupes of the rabbit. When a coyote is heard barking, its name should not be uttered nor should it be scolded, lest that provoke it to attack.

ʔOk’il e’iʔ, cf. e’iʔ.

ʔok’il teʔ, nphr(n type n)1e. ’coyote tree’, cypress Cupressus lusitanica, #673(1, 2, 3, 4). Temperate and highland “tree”. It is grown in yards and fencerows by a few Zinacantecs. Slips are transplanted in the rainy season. In the temperate zone it grows wild in second growth. The trunk is used for the eight house mainposts. It is split to make fence posts. #1921(1, 3, 4, 16). Temperate “tree” (16)-It is also used for boards. Ladinos use the sprigs to put in altar vases. #2090(3, 4), #2399(20). Highland “tree” juniper Juniperus gamboana, #1921(1, 3, 4, 16). Temperate “tree”. Same use as above.

ʔok’il totik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of cypress or juniper trees.

ʔok’ita, tv. bewail.

ʔok’ita ba, rv. sob to oneself.

ʔok’ita kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). wail and pray.

ʔok’itaan, tv. bewail many things.

ʔok’itabil camel, čf. čamel.

ʔok’itavan, iv. cry at someone (owl, whining child).

ʔok’lahet, av. wet (salt, sugar) /in a number of containers/.

ʔok’oč, n1e. puddle in depression of rock.

h-ʔok’ʔoh h-ʔok’ʔoh, nphr(n/num & ncpd/5 & n/num & ncpd/5). every few minutes.

ʔok’ok’et, av. watering badly (eyes from chili or smoke), very wet (salt, sugar).

šʔok’ok’et yaʔlel. It is very moist (vagina).

ʔok’olet, av. sobbing to oneself, howling or baying (dog).

ʔok’oletik, av. cf. lok’olet (plu).

ʔok’te96k’te, av. howling here and there (lost dog), running about dissolving (wet salt or sugar).

hʔok’el, agn. mourner, crybaby.

hʔok’esineh-ʔama, agn(vn & ncpd). flutist.

hʔok’esineh-eu, agn(vn & ncpd). gourd blower /shaman’s assistant who blows gourd to recall soul/.

hʔok’esineh-musika, agn(vn & ncpd). musician.

hʔok’esnom-tak’in, agn(vn & ncpd). loudspeaker.

hʔok’itaeh-kahvaltik, agn(vn & ncpd). person wailing when praying.

hʔok’itavaneh, agn. crybaby.

ʔok’ob N.

ʔok’ob, n1e. tomorrow, inan. poss.; yok’omal.

ta yok’omal. on the next day.

ʔok’obon čaʔehon. I am here tomorrow and the day after /i.e., life is fleeting/.

ʔok’om ʔok’om, nphr(n4f & n4f). daily /hen laying eggs/.

ʔok’om

ʔok’om, daily. cf. ʔok’ob.

ʔol(1) A.

ʔol, aj. heavy.

ʔolʔoltik, aj. rather heavy.

ʔal-poean, aj(aj & Ucpd). numb.

ʔal-poman, aj(aj & Ucpd). numb.

ʔalal, n4b. weight.

ʔaleah, iv. be speechless /with fear/, be numb /with fear or cold/.

ʔalean, tv. numb (medicine).

ʔaleanvan, iv. cause person to be numb or speechless (spider or snake bite).

ʔalet, av. reticent, wordless /unable to respond quickly/.

ʔallahet, av. cf. talet (plu).

ʔalub, iv. grow speechless /with fear/, grow numb /with fear or cold/, become heavy.

ʔalubtas, tv. make heavy, weigh down.

ʔalubtasvan, iv. encumber person.

ʔak’ ʔalal, vphr(tv // n). bear down on, tamp /with feet/.

ʔol(2) N.

ʔolil, n3d. female’s child, offspring /of female animal/.

yol lum. newly sprouting weeds.

ta yol balamil. in the open /not in a building/.

ʔolin, iv. recover from sickness, recover from childbirth.

ʔolol, n5. child, person younger than speaker. Implies helplessness of person, may be used as pejorative term of address to someone who has committed a crime.

ʔalab, n1d. Female or Ritual speech; female’s child.

Kalab, hnič’nab. my child /of woman/, my child /of man/.

ʔalah, iv. give birth (animals).

mu snaʔ šʔalah. She is barren.

ʔalahel, vn5. birth.

ʔikol ta ʔalahel. She gave birth.

hʔalnom, agn. woman who has given birth.

hʔalnom vonon, cf. vonon.

ʔol(3) X.

ʔolin, iv. reside in borrowed house.

ʔolintas, tv. lend house.

ʔolintasvan, iv. lend house to person.

ʔol(4) X.

ʔola, tv. wind thread around heddle rod.

ʔolinab, n1a. thread wound around heddle rod.

ʔolinab teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. heddle rod.

ʔol(5)

ʔol, noon, midnight, cf. ʔoʔlol.

ʔolak Pt.

ʔolak, pt. could it be?

ʔolak voʔot Romin. Could it be you, Dominic?

ʔolnob N.

ʔolnob, n1a. lead tree. See below. var., ʔonob /Htek-lum/.

ʔolnobaltik, n5. large grove of ʔolnob.

ʔolnobtik, n5. grove of ʔolnob.

bae’i ʔolnob, nphr(aj & n)5. lead tree Leucaena leucocephala, # 204(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), # 790(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. All lowland ladinos grow lead trees in their yards. The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The tips are eaten raw. The beans are harvested in October. They are “cold”. It is said that if a person eats iguana, chicken, or eggs, and later in the day eats lead tree beans, his hair will fall out.

bae’i ʔolnobaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. large grove of lead trees.

bae’i ʔolnobtik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of lead trees.

eahal ʔolnob, nphr(aj & n). lead tree Leucaena brachycarpa, #1126(1, 4, 5), #1582(1, 3, 11, 12, 13), #2303(3, 4, 19), #2558(1, 4, 21, 22). Temperate “tree”. (1)-The trunk is considered to be the strongest kind of wood for ax handles. It is used also for mainposts, fence posts, digging sticks, hoe, pick and billhook handles. The tips and beans are eaten. They are “hot”. (11)-The edible parts are “medium”. The trunk is used also for firewood. The heartwood is used for ax handles

č’is ʔolnob, nphr(n type n). Piptadenia biuncifera, #1668(7, 14). Lowland “tree”

pakaʔ ʔolnob, nphr(n type n). lead tree Leucaena collinsii # 1275(1, 3, 4, 5) # 1991(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Lowland “tree” (1, 3, 4, 5)-The pods are peeled and the beans are eaten raw. They are “hot”. They are sold at market. The tips and buds are eaten by some Zinacantecs at weeding time. They are eaten raw with tortillas. They are “cold” The trunk is used for pick and digging stick handles, (16)-Same use as above. The trunk is also used for fence posts, mainposts, and ax handles.

sakil ʔolnob, nphr(aj & n). Piptadenia biuncifera, #1668(11, 12). Lowland “tree”.

ʔolnob e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). ’ʔolnob plant’, see below.

k’anal ʔolnob e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). senna Cassia uniflora, #2622(20). Lowland “plant”

yašal ʔolnob e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). coffee senna Cassia occidentals, #2646(20). Lowland “plant”.

ʔolnob čih, nphr(n4d of n5). ’deer’s ʔolnob’, coffee senna Cassia occidentalis, #887(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. Acacia angustissima, #1386(9). Highland “tree”.

ʔolnob c’is ʔak’, cf. č’iš ʔak’.

ʔolnob č’o, nphr(n4d of n5). ’mouse’s ʔolnob’, bundle flower Desmanthus virgatus var. depressus, #1305(1). Lowland “plant”, senna Cassia cf. stenocarpoides, #2570(21, 22). Temperate “plant”. Tephrosia cinerea, #2638(21). Lowland “vine”. Aeschynomene compacta, #2408(20). Highland “plant”

muk’ta ʔolnob č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). coffee senna Cassia occidentalis, #2646(1, 3). Lowland plant” senna Cassia skinneri, #2696(21). Lowland “tree”, senna Cassia uniflora, #2622(21). Lowland “plant”.

ʔolnob kaʔ, nphr(n4d of n5). ’horse’s ʔolnob’, puerto rican fairy duster Calliandra portoricensis, #2611(1, 3). Temperate “tree”. Acacia angustissima, #1234(7). Temperate and highland “tree”

ʔolnob teʔ, nphr(n type n). ’ʔolnob tree’, senna Cassia reticulata, #234(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”.

k’oš ʔolnob teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild senna Cassia biflora, #2128(11). Temperate “tree”.

yašal ʔolnob teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). senna Cassia skinneri, #2696(20). Lowland “tree”.

ʔolnob vet, nphr(n4d of n5). ’fox’s ʔolnob’, coffee senna Cassia occidentalis, #2646(21). Lowland plant”

ʔolon N.

ʔolon, n1b. beneath, before, West.

ʔeč’ ta kolon. It passed between my legs.

ʔa ʔolon eč’el (or) ta yolon eč’el. down there.

stam ʔolon ʔak’ol. lit., He is taking (himself) down and up, i.e., He is going wherever he pleases.

t šibat ta ʔolon. I am going to the lowlands (or) I am going west.

ta yolon k’in. before the fiesta.

ta ʔolon tal. in past times.

yolon čobtik. in the cornfield /under the growing plants/.

Ritual speech, prayer; ta yolon yok ta yolon sk’ob ti kahvaltike. beneath the feet, beneath the hands of Our Lord.

ʔolon ʔosil, nphr(n type n)5. lowlands.

ʔolonah, iv. make trips to the lowlands.

t šʔolonah ša. He makes trips to the lowlands now (young boy), mu snaʔ t šʔolonah. He does not make trips to the lowlands (salt merchant).

ʔolonahebal, n3d. article used for trips to the lowlands /old hat, old clothes/.

ʔolontik, n5. Mexico City.

hʔolon, agn. person who lives to the west /plu form is most freq/.

hʔolonahel, agn. person going to, from, or temporarily in the lowlands.

ʔolotiyo N(Sp, olotillo).

ʔolotiyo, indian com. cf. ʔišim.

ʔom N.

ʔom, n1e. spider /general term/.

eahal ʔom, nphr(aj &n)5. lowland spider. It is possibly a black widow spider. Its bite reportedly causes diarrhea, vomiting, paralyzation of mouth and limbs followed by death within a half hour. The antidote is a brew of thirteen splinters of pine boiled in water and drunk immediately. A cup of chili sauce may substitute for the pine tea.

ʔam, n5. spider /name for spider, repeated when spider is killed so that person won’t become a stutterer or mute/.

ʔómbre

ʔómbre, be reasonable, cf. ʔómpre.

ʔómpre E(Sp, hombre).

ʔómpre, excl. lit., man! i.e., be reasonable! come on! /restricted to attempt to convince someone/, var., ʔómbre.

ʔómpre mu šapas yeč. Be reasonable don’t be like that.

ʔon N.

ʔon, n1a. avocado. (5)-The pit of an unattested variety is brewed and the decoction drunk as a remedy for bloody dysentery. It is “cold”.

ʔontik, n5. grove of avocado trees.

bae’i ʔon, nphr(aj & n). avocado Persea americana, #391(1, 3). Highland “tree”. It is grown in the yards. The pits are planted in the rainy season. The fruit is harvested in January and sold at market in San Cristóbal. It is eaten raw with salt and tortillas as part of the meal. It is “cold”

č’ail ʔon, nphr(aj & n). ‘bitter avocado’, avocado Persea americana, #642(1, 2). Highland “tree”. It grows in yards and in heavy forest. The trunk is used for firewood.

muk’ta ʔon, nphr(aj & n). avocado Persea americana, #626(1, 2, 3). Highland “tree” Same use as bae’i ʔon, but harvested in February.

yaš-ʔon, n(aj & ncpd)1a. avocado Persea americana, #224(1, 2, 3, 5), #3016(1, 4, 5, 11). Lowland “tree” It is grown by ladinos and grows wild along the river’s edge. The pit is planted in the rainy season. The fruit is harvested in June, July, and August. It is sold at market. It is “cold”. (4, 11)-The fruit is harvested in August.

ʔon teʔ, nphr(n type n)5. madrone Arbutus xalapensis, #B9273(5, 5a). Highland “tree” (5)-The nut of an unattested variety is eaten. It is said that if the madrone has many blooms, the mangos will bear many fruits.

ʔon teʔaltik, nphr(n type n)5. large grove of madrones.

ʔon teʔtik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of madrones.

ʔit’is ʔon teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). summer holly A rctostaphylos lucida, #55(1, 2, 3), #554(1, 3), #2346(3, 4). Highland “tree” It is used for firewood. (5)-The tips of an unattested variety are used in the steam cure. They are “hot”.

k’oš ʔon teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Chimaphila umbellata, #1850(1). Temperate “plant”

nap’ap’ ʔon teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). ‘sticky madrone’, madrone Arbutus xalapensis, #B9497(5, 5a), #47(1, 2, 3). Highland “tree” Three tips are burned on the griddle and the ash is bound to a bone break. They are “hot”. The trunk is used for house construction and fence posts. (5)-An unattested variety is used in the steam cure.

sakil ʔon teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). madrone Arbutus xalapensis, #637(1, 2). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for firewood.

ʔonob

ʔonob, lead tree. cf. ʔolnob.

ʔonoš Pt.

ʔonoš, pt. still.

mi t šabat ʔonoš. Are you still going?

liʔay ʔonoš. I did go.

ʔora N(Sp, hora).

ʔora, n1a. time, watch, hour, season, luck.

yašal ʔora. good luck.

eahal ʔora. bad luck.

mu yorauk. He has no time left /death imminent/.

ta ʔora. right away, quickly, suddenly, soon.

yora ʔo no van. it is no good if (or) it is not right that.

ʔora te k’u šʔelane. according to one’s luck.

maʔuk yora ta e’unel. It is not the season for planting it.

štal ak’elon k’u ʔora. Come see me sometime.

t štal ta ʔora čapluk noš li skaʔtake. He will come as soon as his mules are ready.

yuʔun bae’i lek ʔora ta tael ʔo k’ulehal. It is a great opportunity to get rich.

Ritual speech, referring to return from visit to shrines; k’usi ʔora k’usi k’ak’al šivalk’uh tal sisutp’ih tal. Whenever I return, whenever I come back.

ʔora mut, nphr(n type n)5, ‘hour bird’, yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus, mangrove cuckoo Coccyzus minor/Htek-lum, Pat ʔOsil/. Cuckoos are considered edible. They are “cold”. Because the cuckoo is known to call at sunset, on cloudy days its call is a signal for quitting work.

ʔorail, n4d. luck.

yorail ʔane. lit., woman’s luck, i.e., boy baby, good fortune possessed by woman which is thought to ensure good production of her husband’s corn crop.

yorail vinik. lit., man’s luck, i.e., girl baby, good fortune ensuring good production of corn crop.

ʔoratik, n5. right away, every few days.

ʔorasi E(Sp, ahora si).

ʔorasi, excl. at last!

ʔorasi lek ibat. At last it turned out well.

ʔoregano N(Sp, orégano).

ʔoregano, n. oregano Origanum vulgare, #1044(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant” It is grown by Chamulas in their yards. The seeds are sown in the rainy season. The leaves are used by ladinos for seasoning chicken and turkey. (1)-It is “medium”. (3)-It is “hot”

ʔoresyon N(Sp, oración).

ʔoresyon, n1e. prayer, var., ʔorisyon.

ʔoresyon, n5. dusk, vesper bell, var., ʔorisyon.

ʔoresyontik, n5. dusk.

ʔoresyon mut, nphr(n type n)5. ‘orison bird’, brown-backed solitaire Amygdestes obscurus.

ʔorisyon e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). yellow evening primrose Oenothera laciniata, #616(1, 2, 3), #1429(1). Highland “plant”.

ʔorisyon mut, cf. ʔoresyon mut

ʔorisyon

ʔorisyon, dusk, vesper bell, prayer, cf.

ʔoresyon. wkana N(Sp,órgano).

ʔorkana ʔuloʔ, nphr(n4d of n5). accordion.

ʔornamentu N(Sp, ornamento).

ʔornamentu, n5. visiting saint, var., ʔornomentu.

ʔoraomentu

ʔornomentu, visiting saint, cf. ornamentu.

ʔoro N(Sp, oro).

ʔoro, n1e. gold.

yoroal ke. my gold tooth.

yoroal sik’alal. tinfoil of cigarette pack.

ʔoro, aj. golden, yellow, red and green-striped (candle).

ʔorotik, aj. rather golden (markings on face of captain).

ʔorten N(Sp, orden).

ʔorten, n1a. authorization, legal power, law.

ʔak’ ʔorten, vphr(tv & n5). authorize.

ʔosil N.

ʔosil, n1a. land, daylight, day, forest.

yosil totil meʔil. inherited land.

yosil Htek-lum. communal land.

makal ʔosil. cloudy.

muk’ bu kaʔi ʔosil. lit., I never felt the daylight, i.e., I never woke up.

k’usi ʔosilal. What day of the week is it?

mol ʔosil. heavy forest.

ʔosilah, iv. be publicized, come to light, cf. vinah.

Denunciatory speech; ta svinah ta šʔosilah ti smule ti skoloʔe. His crime, his evil will come to light, will be publicized.

ʔosilaltik, n5. open air, outside.

ʔosiltik, n5. forest, open expanse of land, open air, outside.

t švay ta ʔosiltik. He sleeps in the open.

ʔik’al ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5. darkness, night.

ʔunen ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5. land with low second growth.

ʔunen ʔosilaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of land with low second growth.

ʔunen ʔosiltik, nphi(aj & n)5. expanse of land with low second growth.

ʔosol N.

ʔosol, n1e. bird mite.

ʔosov N(Sp, oso).

ʔosov, n5. bear.

ʔoš(1) Num.

ʔoš _______, n(num & nccpd)1e. three.

ʔoš-ʔu, n(num & ncpd)1e. ‘three months’, Sageretia elegans, #710(1, 2). Temperate “vine”. The trunk is used for firewood by corn farmers. The fruit is eaten by birds. #2444(1, 20). Temperate and highland “tree” (20)-The fruit is edible. It is “cold” (RML)-The name is derived from the belief that if one steps on the thorn of this vine the thorn will remain embedded for three months.

ʔoš-eelav, n(num & ncpd)5. three-sided /fruit, stem/.

ʔoš-hisomal čih, nphr(n/num & ncpd/type n)5. lit., tripartite blanket, i.e., wedding blanket.

ʔoš-histaobil, n(num & ncpd) 4f. yarn-embroidered shoulder seams of woman’s blouse.

ʔoš-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e. thirteen.

ʔoš-lot, n(num & nccpd)5. constellation comprised of the three stars of orion’s belt; delta, epsilon, xi.

ʔoš-lot hʔelek’, nphr(n/num & nccpd/4d of agn). constellation; comprising theta, 1, d of orion. It is thought that only robbers can see it.

ʔoš-pušin, tv(num & tvcpd). fold over three times /bridal headdress, rope/.

ʔoš-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5. sixty.

ʔošʔoš_______, n(num & nccpd)5. by or in threes, every three.

ʔošioš-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5. in or by sixties, every sixty.

ʔošeh, n1e. three days from now.

ʔošhe, n1e. three days ago.

ʔóšheʔóšhe, n5. about three days ago.

ʔošhetik, n5. about three days ago.

ʔošib, n1e. three.

ʔošib letanya, cf. letanya.

ʔoš(2) Pt.

ʔoš, pt. particle expressing completed time.

ʔot(1) N.

ʔot, n4a. tortilla.

yeč kote. That’s the way my tortillas are /reply of host to guests after receiving thanks for meal/.

ʔot(2)

ʔot, put in, invite inside, cf. ʔoč.

ʔot(3)

ʔot, count, cf. ʔat(2).

ʔotot N(N, ototl).

ʔotot, n5. common bamboo Bambusa vulgaris, #324(8). Lowland “tree” (5)-The trunk of an unattested variety is used by ladinos for the wattle of sugar mills.

ʔototaltik, n5. large bamboo grove.

ʔotottik, n5. bamboo grove.

ʔotro A(Sp, otro).

ʔotro, aj. another.

ʔotro h-ʔeč’el. another time (or) again.

ʔot’(1)

ʔot’, place slightly inside, cf. ʔoč.

ʔot’(2) prob P or P(2).

ʔot’ol, aj. protuberant (many čin or yuy).

ʔot’olik, aj. cf. ʔot’ol /plu/.

ʔov(1) prob N.

ʔov ʔosil, nphr(n4f of n5). dew.

ʔov(2)

ʔov, corn planting, cf. ʔav(2).

ʔav(3)

ʔov, shout, cf. ʔav(3).

ʔovero A(Sp, overo).

ʔovero, aj. marked, ringed, spotted (painted child, spook, southern spotted skunk).

ʔoverotik, aj. marked, ringed, spotted (painted child, spook, southern spotted skunk).

ʔovišpo(1) N(Sp, avispa).

ʔovišpo, n1e. wasp Polistes sp.. cf. čak-lakan teʔ.

ʔovišpo(2) N(Sp, obispo).

ʔovišpo, n5. bishop.

ʔovlikasyon N(Sp, obligación).

ʔovlikasyon, n5. grace.

t štal li ʔovlikasyon. We will become smart.

Ritual speech, prayer; č’ul-limusna, č’ul-ʔovlikasyon. holy alms, holy obligation /candles/.

Ritual speech, prayer; mi ʔo to č’ul-karira mi ʔo to č’ul-ʔovlikasyon. Is there still divine charity, is there still divine grace?

ʔoven N.

ʔoven, n5. avocado. See below. The trunk is used for gunstocks, and house construction. The fruit is “cold”.

k’oš ʔoven, nphr(aj & n). Ilex brandegeana, #416(1, 2, 5). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for firewood.

ʔoven teʔ, nphr(n type n). avocado Persea americana, #412(1, 4). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for gunstocks.

ʔovos

ʔovos, hog plum. cf. hovos.

ʔoy(1) N.

ʔoy, n5. there is, there are, sometimes, there is a possibility that, var., ʔo.

mu hnaʔ mi ʔo t šaʔabolah. I do not know if there is a possibility of your doing the favor.

liʔ ʔoyon ta hna. I am at home.

ʔoy šbat ta ʔolon. Sometimes he goes to the lowlands.

ʔoy sk’ak’al koʔon. I am angry (or) envious.

ʔoy šk’opoh ta baeʔi k’op liʔ toe. Is there anyone (or) someone here who speaks Tzotzil?

ʔoy … ʔoy, n5.,.n5. sometimes … sometimes, var., ʔo…ʔo.

ʔoy šk’ot ʔoy mu šk’ot. Sometimes it comes true, sometimes it does not (dream).

ʔoy ʔuʔun, nphr(n5 of n4d). have, be rich, var., ʔo ʔuʔun.

mu k’usi ʔoy kuʔun. I do not have anything.

ʔoy to ʔoš, nphr(n5 & pt & pt). there was, there were, once there was. var., ʔo ʔo ʔoš.

ʔoyʔoytik, n5. there are some (or) he, etc., has some.

ʔoyuk, n5. if there were, may. var., ʔok.

ʔoyuk htak’ine t šakak’be. If I had any money, I would give you some.

Ritual speech, person requesting another to serve as ritual assistant; ʔoyuk yo l avokol ʔoyuk yo l avik’tiʔ t šahc’amun t šahmaki hbankil kie’in. May you take the trouble, may you endure the hardship, that I may borrow you, that I may share you, my elder brother, my younger brother.

ʔayan, iv. be born (animals, Christ), come from, originate, appear.

k’u ʔora iʔayan li hč’ul-meʔtike. When did the Virgin appear?

ʔayan ʔahnil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be married /restricted to past tense/.

ti k’al ʔayan avahnil. when you were married.

ʔayan malal, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be married /restricted to past tense/.

ʔayan ninyo, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). Christmas Eve.

ʔayaneb, n4d. Ritual speech, prayer for forgiveness (or) Denunciatory speech; lit., birthplace, i.e., mother, cf. vok’eb.

ʔayanebal, n1d. last few days of pregnancy. Ritual speech, prayer for forgiveness (or) Denunciatory speech; lit., birthplace, i.e., mother, cf. vok’ebal.

ʔayanel, vnle. birth (people, animals).

ʔayantas, tv. give birth to.

ʔayantasob, n5. medicine to induce birth.

ʔayantasobil, n1f. cf. ʔayantasob.

ʔayantasvan, iv. give birth to child.

hʔayanel, agn. newborn child or animal.

hʔayantasvaneh, agn. woman who gives birth.

ʔo, cf. oy.

ʔo…ʔo, cf. ʔoy…ʔoy.

ʔo ʔuʔun, cf. ʔoy ʔuʔun.

ʔo to ʔos, cf. ʔoy ʔo ʔoš.

ʔok, pt(contr of ʔo & -uk). cf. ʔoyuk.

ʔu k’u, nphr(n5 & pt). there is anything.

mu hnaʔ mi ʔu k’u šak’an. I don’t know if there is anything you want.

ʔoy(2) N.

ʔoy, n1a. post /fence, house, bed/.

ʔoy balamil, nphr(n4e of n5). cosmic pillar. It is believed that there are four pillars, represented by four individuals supporting the earth on their shoulders, or by four serpents supporting the earth with their tails. An earthquake is thought to occur when the world is shifted from one shoulder to the other.

ʔoy vinahel, nphr(n4e of n5). ‘sky post’, Lemaireocereus sp., #839(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” bulb stem yucca Yucca elephantipes, #2007(16). Lowland “tree”. Scirpus validus, #2496(4). Highland “plant”.

ʔoy vinaheltik, nphr(n4e of n5)5. expanse of yoyal vinahel.

puh ʔoy balamil, nphr(n type nphr/n4e of n5/). California bullrush Scirpus californicus, #11(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”

ʔu(1) N.

ʔu, n1e. moon, month, inan. poss.; month of /fiesta, birth of child/.

yual hk’intik. August.

Ritual speech, oath of office; mi lekil htunelot mi lekil hbainelot ta lahčeb ʔu ta lahceb k’ak’al. Will you be a proper dignitary, will you be a good witness for twelve months, for twelve days?

ʔuiltik, n5. moonlight.

ʔil ʔu, vphr(tv & n5). have a menstrual period.

ʔu(2) N.

ʔu pok’, nphrjnle of n5). white neckerchief /worn by ensign-bearer/, white collar /dog, laughing falcon/.

ʔu teʔ, nphr(n1e of n5). stick fastened to dog’s neck to prevent it from chewing the rope which ties it to a tree and keeps it from marauding the corn field.

ʔual, n1d. chaplet or rosary /necklace with coin pendants and a pendant cross in the center, placed on the saints’ images/.

ʔual bakel, nphr(n type n)1d. collarbone.

ʔuan, tv. wear /necklace, rosary, chaplet/.

ʔuan k’ob, vphr(tv & n4d). bind limb to body /broken arm, front legs of dog to prevent it from eating corn ears/.

ʔuil, n3d. necklace of woven palm /palm distributed on fiesta of St. Peter Martyr/, necklace made from thread /used to wipe off saints when they are bathed/.

ʔuin, tv. wear /necklace, rosary, chaplet, scarf/.

ʔu(3)

ʔu, there is anything, cf. ʔoy.

ʔuʔ O.

ʔuʔʔon, av. roaring (jaguar).

ʔuʔet, av. howling (coyote, child, jaguar).

ʔuʔetah, iv. howl (coyote).

ʔuʔetik, av. howling (children).

ʔuʔlah, av. howling (coyotes).

ʔuʔlahet, av. howling (coyotes).

ʔúʔteʔúʔte, av. walking about howling (coyote, child).

ʔuʔuʔet, av. howling (child), roaring (car V3: II).

ʔuʔun N.

ʔuʔunil, n3b. noun that acts as a possessive pronoun or emphasizes subject. When occurring as yuʔun it may also mean because, on account of, concerning, regarding.

Kuʔun. mine.

ʔoy kuʔun. I have.

šuʔ kuʔun. I can do it (or) I can win (or) I am wealthy.

mu seak kuʔun. I cannot catch it (or) I cannot hold it.

k’usi smul avuʔun. What did he do to you?

k’u no ʔoš yuʔunot. What is it to you?

ta koʔone kuʔun. I feel that she is mine.

mu ša yuʔunuk ta koʔon. I do not care about it anymore.

lok’ kuʔunbe komel yot. I finished making his tortillas for him.

škuč kuʔuntik. We can bear it.

isk’an pavor yuʔun yil. He sought forbearance regarding his debt.

isk’an pavor yuʔun ʔabtel. He sought preferential treatment concerning the religious office /e.g., prompt appointment to office/.

yuʔun me. Is that so! /redundant exclamation used by listener to encourage narrator to continue/.

ʔuʔunin, tv. take possession of /wife/.

t šʔuʔuninat ta balamil li ʔunene. The earth (lord) has taken possession of the baby.

Ritual speech, shaman when beginning meal; t škič’ t škuʔunin t ašohobale t anak’obale. I receive, I take possession of Thy sunbeams, Thy shade.

Ritual speech, shaman receiving cane liquor; t škič’t škuʔunin ti h-set’e ti hutebe. I receive, I possess forever, the drop, the trifle.

ʔuʔ nan, nphr(n4f/contr of ʔuʔun/ & pt). then maybe.

ʔuʔ van, nphr(n4f/contr of ʔuʔun / & pt). Do you think? How could….

ʔuʔn, n4f(contr of ʔuʔun). cf. ʔuʔunil.

ʔuʔn ʔo ka, nphr(n/contr of ʔuʔun / 4f & pt & x). It is true!

ʔuʔn ʔo no ka, nphr(n/contr of ʔuʔun / 4f & pt & pt & x). It is true!

ʔuʔn ʔonos ka, nphr(n/contr of ʔuʔun / 4f & pt & x). It is true!

ʔuʔnuk, n4f(contr of ʔuʔun). if /condition contrary to fact/.

ʔuʔnukuk, n4f(contr of ʔuʔun). cf. ʔuʔunk.

ʔub N.

ʔub, n5. singing quail Dactylortyx thoracicus. The singing quail is eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. It is “medium”. In fields near woods it scratches up the seed com. To cure a baby’s diarrhea its feathers are boiled and the brew is drunk. Alternatively, its feathers may be toasted and the baby passed through their smoke.

ʔue A.

ʔue, aj. good.

ta ʔue ta koloʔ talem. lit., It was caused by /seeming/ good, by evil, i.e., It was caused by witchcraft.

ʔueʔue ʔunen ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/aj & rpn/4b). pretty, beautiful.

ʔuee, pt. fortunately.

ʔuee ibat. Fortunately, he left.

ʔueilal, n1f. goodness, greatness.

ʔuein, tv. Ritual speech, shaman referring to patient when patient enters bed; feel good. cf. lekin.

ta slekin ta šuein ti spate ti sšokone. His back, his side will feel well, will feel good.

ʔue’o, pt. by the grace of god, thank god. var., ʔue’u /more freq/.

ʔue’o litale. Thank god I came.

ʔue’(1) N.

ʔue’ ʔalalil, nphr(n1d & n3d). first cousin.

ʔue’il, n3d. younger sibling of man or woman.

ʔue’in baik, rv. be younger siblings, in the same family.

hʔue’nom, agn. elder of two babies who refuses to be weaned.

ʔue’(2) X.

ʔue’ʔon, av. sniffing (dog).

ʔue’et, av. sniffing (dog).

ʔue’etah, iv. sniff.

ʔue’i, tv. sniff at (person, horse, dog).

ʔue’iel, nc. sniff.

ʔue’lah, av. cf. ʔue’ʔon (plu).

ʔe’lahet, av. cf. ʔue’et (plu).

ʔúe’teʔúe’te, av. sniffing about (dog).

ʔue’o

ʔue’o, by the grace of god, thank god. cf. ʔue.

ʔue’u

ʔue’u, by the grace of god, thank god. cf. ʔue.

ʔue’ue’ X.

ʔue’ue’, aj. cheap /more for less money/.

ʔue’ue’ ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn). be in misery /sick, poor/. Usually occurs only in Ritual speech as ʔabol hba ʔue’ue’ hba: I am suffering, I am in misery.

ʔu¢’u¢’ niʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e. false chameleon Anolis sp.. A false chameleon is applied to a thorn embedded in one’s foot so that the thorn will fall out.

ʔue’ue’ib, iv. become cheaper, lessen (sickness).

ʔue’ue’tik, aj. rather cheap.

ʔuč(1) N.

ʔuč, n5. opossum Didelphis marsupialis. The opossum is hunted and eaten. It is “hot”. Its tail is roasted and ground to a powder that is used to heal wounds. Opossums are credited with the ability to survive skinning. If a person touches an opossum it is thought that his debts will multiply. Opossums are the companion animal spirits of scrawny, weak, and ugly people.

¢’al-ne ʔuč, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. opossum Didelphis marsupialis.

č’iš ʔuč, nphr(n type n)5. mexican porcupine Coendu mexicanus. The porcupine is considered edible, “hot”. Its quills are boiled and the broth is drunk to cure whooping cough.

ʔuč(2) N.

ʔuč, n5. black sapote Diospyros digyna, #2820(3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12). Lowland “tree” The fruit is sold at market. It is “medium”. (3)-It is “hot”. (7)-The trunk is used for fence posts and for firewood.

ʔučaltik, n5. large grove of black sapotes.

ʔučtik, n5. grove of black sapotes.

k’oš ʔuč, nphr(aj & n). rose apple Eugenia jambos, #726(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. It is used for firewood. Croton guatemalensis, #293(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” It is used for firewood.

ʔuč(3) N.

ʔuč, n1e. haze, drizzle.

t šyal ʔuč. It is hazy (or) It is drizzling /on sunny day/.

ʔuč(4) A.

ʔučul, aj. blue gray (chicken, sick baby’s excrement).

niculib, iv. become blue gray (sick baby’s excrement).

ʔuč(5) prob A.

ʔuč, n4e. seared, yellowed.

t šmuy yučal. They have been yellowed (corn or potato plants).

t šyal yučal. They have been yellowed (peaches that drop before developing).

ʔučib, iv. become yellow (corn leaves).

ʔučibtas, tv. sear /corn leaves/.

ʔuč’(1) N.

ʔuč’, n1a. louse.

ʔuč’ maš, nphr(n4d of n5). ’monkey louse’, paroquet bur Triumfetta semitriloba, #2839(3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”. #2438(20). Highland “tree”, wax mallow Malvaviscus arboreus var. mexicanus, #461(1, 2, 5). Highland “tree” The bark is used as lashing for house construction. It is used by children for traps. Triumfetta speciosa, #932(1, 3). Highland “tree”. It is used to make traps. Triumfetta sp., #1872(1, 16). Highland “tree”.

ʔuč’ maštik, nphr(n4d of n5)5. expanse of yuč’ maš.

bik’it ʔuč’ maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). paroquet bur Triumfetta dumetorum, #2542(21, 22). Temperate “tree”.

k’ak’al ʔuč” maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). Bidens triplinervia var. mollis, #2388(20). Highland “plant”.

k’anal ʔuč’ maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). paroquet bur Triumfetta dumetorum, #2673(20). Lowland “plant”.

k’os ʔuč’ maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). paroquet bur Triumfetta semitriloba, #2438(1). Highland “tree”, paroquet bur Triumfetta dumetorum, #2542(1, 4). Temperate “tree”. #2673(1, 3). Lowland “plant”. Acaena elongata, #1022(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”.

sakil ʔuč’ maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/). false mallow Kearnemalvastrum lacteum, #1775(15). Highland “plant”.

ʔuč’ maš poš, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n). Acaena elongata, #1812(15, 16). Lowland, temperate and highland “plant”. (16)-As a remedy for diarrhea and “wind”, a small bunch is brewed. One cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast and lunch for one day. It is “hot”

ʔuč’(2) T.

ʔuč’, tv. drink.

iyuč’ yišim. He drank his posol (or) his corn gruel.

Polite speech after drinking gift of corn gruel; kol aval kuč’ ʔišim. Thank you I drank corn.

ʔuč’, iv. absorb moisture (ground), seep.

ʔuč’, nc. drink.

h-ʔuč’ ta vo9. posol-drinking time /nine a.m./.

ʔuč’-voʔ, vn(tv & ncpd)1e. ceremonial coffee-drinking.

ʔuč’an, tv. drink many /glasses, cups, etc./.

ʔuč’ʔon, av. swallowing slowly (horse drinking salt water, child drinking corn gruel).

ʔuč’ʔuc’ yalel, vphr(av & dr). absorbing moisture (ground).

ʔuč’bahel, n5. drinks.

ʔuč’balal voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. well for drinking water.

ʔuč’ben, n4e. drink given to Chamula workers.

skwenta yuč’benal. lit., for /buying/ a drink, i.e., surplus money.

ʔuč’bolah, iv. be drinking.

ʔuč’bolil, n3d. alcoholic drink, inan. poss.; yuč’bolal.

ʔuč’ebal, n3d. Ritual speech, prayer; lit., drinking place, i.e., fireside, cf. veʔebal.

ʔuč’ebal, n5. lit., time of absorption, i.e., onset of rainy season when house absorbs moisture.

ʔuč’el, nc. swallow.

ʔuč’et, av. absorbing moisture (ground), seeping.

ʔuč’ilan, tv. keep drinking.

ʔuč’ilanan, tv. keep drinking /plu/.

ʔuč’imoʔ, n1a. posol. It is “cold”, var., ʔuč’omoʔ.

ʔuč’lahet, av. cf. ʔuč’ʔon (plu).

ʔuč’lahetik, av. cf. ʔuč’ʔon (plu).

ʔuč’ob, n1f. drinking utensil /glass, cup, gourd/.

ʔuč’ob bino, nphr(n1e of n1d). chalice.

ʔuč’obil, n1f. cf. ʔuč’ob.

ʔuč’obil bino, nphr(n1e of n1d). cf. ʔuč’ob bino.

ʔuč’omoʔ, cf. ʔuč’imoʔ.

ʔúč’teʔúč’te, av. walking along drinking.

ʔuč’uč’et yalel, vphr(av & dr). absorbing moisture (ground).

ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(x type n). ’drinking water receptacle (?)’, orchid.

ʔuč’ul voʔaltik, nphr(x type n)5. large expanse of orchids.

ʔuč’ul vo9tik, nphr(x type n)5. expanse of orchids.

bik’it ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Epidendrumsp., #2125(1). Temperate “plant”.

bik’tal ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Odontoglossum egertonii, #545(1, 3). Temperate “plant”.

kilahtik ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). ’long orchid’, Epidendrum ibaguense, #704(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. The stalk is used as a toy whistle by shepherds. Epidendrum parkinsonianum, #980(1, 3). Highland “plant”

k’anal ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Lycaste cruenta, #1205(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”.

k’oš ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Epidendrum ochraceum, #43(1, 2), #991(1, 3). Highland “plant”. Thirsty shepherds chew the bulb. It is “cold”. Epidendrum sp., #2125(11). Temperate “plant”. Leochilus pygmaeus, #138(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Epidendrum arbuscula var. radioferens, #42(1, 2). Highland “plant” Chamulas sell the flowers. Epidendrum arbuscula, #544(1, 3). Temperate “plant”. #935(1, 3), #984(1, 3). Highland “plant”. Children play with the flowers. Epidendrum cochleatum, #1073(1, 3, 5). Highland plant”. #2115(1). Temperate “plant”. Epidendrum sp., #134(1, 4). Highland “plant”. Salvia cacaliaefolia, #2723(4, 5). Highland “plant”. (RML)-Probably a misidentification.

muk’ta ʔuč’ul voʔ ta lumtik, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/) & prep & n. ’large terrestrial orchid’, Epidendrum varicosum, #699(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. The bulb is boiled by school children and used for glue.

peč’ahtik ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). ’flat orchid’, Odontoglossum stellatum, #135(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

sakil ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Epidendrum varicosum, #2340(3, 4). Highland “plant”.

setahtik ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). ’disk-like orchid’, Meiracyllium trinasutum, #1272(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”.

volahtik ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). ’spherical orchid’, Epidendrum ochraceum, #137(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

ʔuč’ul voʔ ʔantivo, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of n5). ’ancestor’s orchid’, Epidendrum sp., #2125(14). Temperate “plant”.

ʔuč’ul voʔ bolom, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of n5). ’jaguar’s orchid’, Odontoglossum bictoniense, #2252(19). Highland “plant”

ʔuč’ul voʔ e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/x type n/) type n. dayflower Commelina diffusa, #1446(10). Highland “plant”.

ʔuč’ul voʔ čuč, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of n5). ’squirrel’s orchid’, Epidendrum cochleatum, #2115(14). Temperate “plant”.

ʔuč’ul voʔ hʔik’al, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of agn). ’spook’s orchid’, Epidendrum cochleatum, #2115(7). Temperate “plant”

ʔuč’ul voʔ teʔ, nphr(nphr/x type n/)4e of n. ’tree orchid’, Epidendrum varicosum, #2340(19). Highland “plant”

ʔuč’ul voʔal ba ton, nphr(nphr/x type natt/ type nphr/n of n/). ’rock-top orchid’, Odontoglossum bictoniense, #2252(3, 4). Highland “plant”. Bletia sp., #1587(1, 3). Temperate “plant”

ʔuč’ul voʔal ton, nphr(nphr/x type natt/) type n. ’rock orchid’, ladies’ tresses Spiranthes cinnabarina, #1569(1, 3). Temperate and highland “plant”.

ʔuč’van, iv. sap person’s strength (sickness, work).

haʔ ša iʔuč’van ta poš li šibnelale. The (girl’s) elder brother drank cane liquor now.

č’ul-ʔuč’ebal, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, prayer; lit., holy eating place, i.e., fireside, cf. č’ul-veʔebal.

hʔuč’-trago, agn(tv & ncpd). drunkard.

hʔuč’-voʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, prayer; lit, the drinker of water, Le., envious person, cf. hveʔel

hʔuč’vaneh ta voʔ, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). man who secretly accepts drink from boy and promises daughter or sister in marriage without her knowledge.

momoʔ, n5. baby talk; posol.

ʔuh O.

ʔuhʔon, av. hooting (mut bolom, great horned owl).

ʔuhlahet, av. cf. ʔuhʔon (plu).

ʔnk(1) O.

ʔukʔon, av. grunting (pig V2: 18).

ʔuket, av. grunting (pig).

ʔuketah, iv. grunt

ʔuklah, av. cf. ʔukuk (plu).

ʔuklahet, av. cf. ʔkʔon.

ʔúklih, av. grunting suddenly (pig).

ʔúkteʔúkte, av. walking about grunting.

ʔukuk, av. running and grunting (pig).

ʔukuket, av. grunting (pig).

ʔuk(2) Pt.

ʔuk, pt too, also.

t šibat ʔuk. I’m going too.

voʔon ʔuk. me too.

ʔukun N.

šʔukun, n1e. chiapan coral bean Erythrina chiapasana, #360(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “tree”. Slips are planted in fencerows in the rainy season. The trunk is used for fence posts, for the dudes’ masks, and for spoons. The flowers are brewed alone or together with beans. They are “cold”. The flowers are sold at market in San Cristóbal.

goldman’s coral bean Erythrina goldmanii, #1999(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Lowland “tree”. (1, 4)-The trunk is used for stools.

šʔukunaltik, n5. long row of coral beans.

šʔukuntik, n5. row of coral beans.

ʔuk’um N.

ʔuk’um, n1e. small river, stream.

ʔuk’umah, iv. wash clothes at stream.

ʔuk’umaltik, n5. stretch of river.

hʔuk’umahel, agn. person who washes clothes in stream.

ʔuk’unahebal, n3d. place along stream where woman customarily washes her laundry.

ʔuk’unahebal voʔ, nphr(n type n)5. waterhole for washing clothes.

ʔuk’un

ʔuk’un, launder, cf. ʔuk’um.

ʔul(1) N.

ʔul, n1a. corn gruel, corn that has been ground once and boiled in water without lime /for starching and strengthening thread/.

ʔulultas, tv. starch /apply corn gruel on threads to strengthen them if they break during weaving/.

pahal ʔul, nphr(aj & n)5. corn gruel with sugar. It is drunk on All Souls’ Day and on Holy Cross Day. It is given by ensign-bearers and governors on entering and leaving office.

pamal ʔul, nphr(natt & n)5. corn gruel seasoned with sugar and chili. It is drunk on Maundy Thursday.

pimentail ʔul, nphr(natt & n)5. corn gruel seasoned with pepper. It is drunk by women after giving birth.

pit-sat ʔul, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. corn gruel seasoned with marsh marigold, ginger or pepper. It is “cold”.

sakil ʔul, nphr(aj & n)5. corn gruel with pepper /given by stewards to sacristans during the Posadas/.

ʔul(2) I.

ʔul, iv. evaporate, dry up, melt, crystallize (salt, sugar), become penniless, boil away.

ʔulʔul, iv. evaporate, boil away, dry up, melt or crystallize a bit become rather poor.

ʔulʔultik, iv. evaporate, boil away, dry up, melt or crystallize a bit, become rather poor.

ʔulbal, n1a. irrigation ditch, irrigation.

ʔulel, nc. evaporation /water when cooking food/ /1-4/.

ʔules, tv. melt coin /money/, crystallize /salt/, dry up.

iyules voʔ. He (or) she dried up the well /by having sexual relations next to the well/.

ʔulesob, n1f. cauldron for crystallizing salt or sugar.

ʔulesobil, n1f. cf. ʔulesob.

ʔulilan, iv. keep drying up (well every dry season).

ʔul(3) P or P(2).

ʔulahtik, aj. tiny (corn plants, puppies, children).

ʔulʔon, av. walking when tiny (puppy, child).

ʔuleah, iv. be stunted (corn plant).

ʔulet av. walking, when tiny (puppy, child).

ʔuletah, iv. walk when tiny (child, puppy).

ʔuletik, av. cf. ʔulet.

ʔullah, av. walking when tiny (puppies, children).

ʔullahet av. walking when tiny (puppy, child).

ʔullahetik, av. cf. ʔullahet.

ʔulp’ih, iv. cf. ʔuleah.

ʔúlteʔúlte, av. walking about when tiny (puppy, child).

ʔulul, av. running when tiny (puppy, child).

ʔulul, aj. tiny (puppy, child).

ʔuliʔ N.

ʔuliʔ, n1a. slingshot rubber.

ʔulišpipiʔ N.

ʔulišpipiʔ, n5. dusky-capped flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer, greater pewee Ccntopus pertinax, gray silky-flycatcher Ptilogonys cinereus. cf. p’okoyoʔ, p’okoyok, toe-hol mut. These flycatchers are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. They are “cold”. They begin to call at the onset of the rainy season and so are believed to request rain. They are considered to be good birds that do not bother the seed corn.

ʔulo N.

ʔuloʔ, n1d. Chamula /inhabitant of Chamula/, reciprocal term of address between Chamulas and Zinacantecs, an. poss.; visitor.

ʔum(1) T.

ʔum, tv. sip, take a mouthful, hold in mouth.

yumoh yok’el. He is holding back his sobs.

yumoh voʔ. It has absorbed water (wound on foot that gets wet and festers).

ʔum, nc. mouthful.

ʔumaʔ), aj. mute, afflicted with stutter.

ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, cf. ʔeč’.

ʔumaʔib, iv. become mute, become a stutterer.

ʔumantik, aj. mouthfuls at long intervals.

ʔumʔon, av. stuttering.

ʔumʔum, nc. single mouthful /1 only/.

ʔumbe, tv. hold in mouth /chick/ (dog).

ʔumel, nc. mouthful.

ʔumet, av. suppressing /laughter, crying/.

ʔumilan, tv. keep holding in mouth /candy, marble/.

ʔumlahet, av. stuttering, stammering (sing).

ʔumlahetik, av. cf. ʔumlahet (plu).

ʔúmteʔúmte, av. walking about suppressing /laughter/ or stuttering.

ʔumul ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). reticent, stupid.

ʔum(2) P.

ʔumahtik, aj. in bud, protruding slightly (mushroom).

ʔumi, iv. be in bud.

ʔumul, aj. in bud, protruding slightly (mushroom, infant boy’s penis).

ʔumulik, aj. cf. ʔumahtik.

ʔumpral N(Sp, umbral).

ʔumpral, n1e. door lintel.

ʔun Pt.

ʔun, pt. then /participle always occurring at end of phrase/.

ʔunen N.

ʔunen(1), n1a. baby, plu.; ʔunetik or ʔunenetik, newness /moon, foliage, fruit/. It is believed that when a baby dies, its soul(č’ulel) is passed through the fire once as punishment for having kicked its mother when in her belly. It then becomes a flower and is tied on the cross in heaven.

ʔunen(2), aj. small, young, unripe, new (moon, leaf), rising (sun).

ʔunen ʔanal, cf ʔanal.

ʔunen ʔosil, cf. ʔosil.

ʔunen ʔosilaltik, cf. ʔosil.?

ʔunen ʔosiltik, cf. ʔosil.

ʔunen čenek’, cf. čenek’.

ʔunen k’obol, nphr(aj & n)1e. ’tiny hand’, land snail Drymaeus ghiesbreghtii Pfeiffer USNM 678744, slug. It is believed that a person who passes by a land snail without noticing it will lose his fingernails. There is no known remedy.

ʔunen mu, nphr(aj & n)1a. ’little delicious’, deadly nightshade Solanum off. douglasii, #76(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), #1451(3, 11, 12), #1749(3, 15, 16), #2047(3, 17, 18), #2357(3, 4, 20), #2500(4, 21, 22). Highland “plant”

It grows in yards. The seeds are sown occasionally at the onset of the rainy season. The greens are brewed with salt and are eaten by all Zinacantecs. They are “hot”. The greens are sold in Zinacantán center and at market in San Cristóbal. The plant is brewed without salt, and the decoction is drunk to cure dysentery /sakil sim-nak’al/. The berries are chewed raw for fever sores, deadly nightshade Solanum no

diflorum, #1495(3, 11, 12). Highland “plant”. (11)-Same use as above, but the greens are “medium”, deadly nightshade Solanum nigrum, #321(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”. It grows in yards and in corn fields. Same use as above.

ʔunen mualtik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of deadly nightshade.

ʔunen mutik. nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of deadly nightshade,

č’ail ʔunen mu, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). ’bitter ʔunen mu’, deadly nightshade Solanum nodiflorum, #1363(1, 3). Highland “plant”.

teʔtikil ʔunen mu, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/). ’forest ʔunen mu’, deadly nightshade Solanum nodiflorum, #1363(7). Highland “plant”.

ʔunenah, iv. wane, fail to mend properly (broken bone that reportedly becomes painful when moon wanes).

ʔunenal, n1f. center /of young corn or cabbage/.

Ritual speech, bone-setter prayer; ʔunenal bak ʔunenal č’ušuv. The center of the bone, the center of the muscle, i.e. the growing part.

ʔunenaltik, n5. land with low second growth.

ʔunentas ba, rv. feign youth.

ʔunenub, iv. feign youth, become weak /from illness/.

ʔunenubtas ba, rv. feign youth.

leklek ʔunen ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/aj & rpn/4b). cute.

toh leklek avunen ba š’elan t šapase. That’s a cute thing you are doing! /sarcastic/.

ʔuneh, iv. dissolve, melt (wax, lard, resin).

ʔuneh ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be persuaded /to sell or give/.

mu šʔuneh ti yoʔon šak’ ti s¢eb ʔun aʔa. He certainly can’t be persuaded to give away his daughter.

ʔunehes, tv. dissolve, melt /wax, lard, resin/.

ʔunin, aj. cf. ʔunen(2).

ʔunin k’obol, nphr(aj & n)1e. cf. ʔunen k’obol.

ʔunin mu, cf. ʔunen mu.

ʔunkaro N(Sp, húngaro).

ʔunkaro, n5. gypsy.

ʔUP’(1) X.

ʔup’ʔon, av. glowing fiercely (tinder).

ʔup’lahet, av. glowing fiercely (tinder).

ʔúp’te’)úp’te, av. glowing here and there (tinder).

ʔup’(2) X.

ʔup’up’et, av. splintered, splintering (bone).

ʔur E.

ʔur, excl. ouch! /r is trilled/.

ʔuret, av. saying “ouch”.

ʔurlahet, av. saying “ouch” (plu).

ʔurlahetik, av. saying “ouch”.

ʔúrteʔúrte, av. walking about saying “ouch.”

ʔururet, av. saying “ouch, ouch” /stepping on thorn/.

ʔururuy, excl. ouch!

ʔUS N.

ʔus, n1e. midge, gnat, buffalo gnat, fruit fly.

ʔus ¢oʔ kaʔ, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/)5. ’horse manure ʔus’. highland gnat. This gnat swarms around horse manure.

p’oʔ-hol ʔus, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. ’bulbous-headed ʔus’. highland gnat.

tan ʔus, nphr(aj & n)5. ’gray ʔus’. lowland gnat. This biting gnat occurs only in the dry season.

t’om-hol ʔus, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. ’bulbous-headed ʔus’. cf. p’oʔ-hol ʔus.

ʔuskun prob A or N.

ʔuskun-teʔ, n(x type ncpd)5. quick weed Galinsoga caracasana, #1454(3, 11, 12), #1769(15), #2319(3, 4), #2503(4). Highland “plant”.

It grows in the corn fields.

ʔuskun-teʔtik, n(x type ncpd)5. expanse of quick weed.

¢ahal ʔuskun-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x type ncpd/). quick weed Galinsoga caracasana, #2204(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”.

sakil ʔuskun-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x type ncpd/). quick weed Galinsoga caracasana, #2319(19). Highland “plant”. The greens are brewed with salt and chili. They are “cold”.

kuskun-teʔ, n(x type ncpd). quick weed Galinsoga caracasana, #1769(16). Highland “plant”

ʔuš(1) E.

ʔušʔon, av. siccing dog.

ʔušʔus, excl. sic ’em!

ʔušilan, tv. keep siccing dog.

ʔušilanan, tv. keep siccing dogs.

ʔ
šteʔúšte., av. walking about siccing dog.

ʔušušta, tv. sic on.

ʔUŠ(2) prob P or P(2).

ʔušahtik, aj. sitting when chubby or fat (children, pigs).

ʔušsion, av. walking when fat (person).

ʔušet, av. walking ponderously (pig, woman), sitting chubbily (child).

ʔušetah, iv. sit chubbily (child).

ʔušetik, av. cf. ʔušet (plu).

ʔušk’ih, iv. become too fat or big to walk (pig, child, pregnant woman).

ʔušlah, av. running chubbily (children).

ʔušlahet, av. cf. ʔmišʔon (plu).

ʔušlahetik, av. cf. ʔušel (plu).

ʔušieh, n1d. seated chubbily (child).

ʔušp’ih, iv. cf. ʔmšk’ih.

ʔúšteʔúš’te, av. walking about happily (child).

ʔušul aj. sitting chubbily (child), sitting massively (woman), fat (pig).

ʔušulik, aj. cf. ʔušahtik.

ʔušušet, av. walking ponderously (pig, pregnant woman).

ʔuškun A.

ʔuškun, aj. scaly (bark, skin).

ʔuškuntik, aj. scaly (bark, skin).

ʔušub N.

ʔušub ʔak’, nphr(n4f type n5). monkey comb Pithecoctenium echinatum, #2025(16, 17). Lowland “vine”

ʔušubil, n3f. red wood /pine/, stem /fruit/, knot /wood/, penis.

ʔt(1) T.

ʔut, tv. tell, say to, scold, criticize, rebuke, reproach, reprimand, bawl out, harm.

mu šavut. Leave it be (or) Don’t touch it.

mu k’u šavut. There is nothing you can do.

k’usi avutoh. What is he to you? /what relation or ritual relation is he of yours?/

k’u šavut How did you do it? /a lot of work in a short time/.

ʔut baik, rv. scold or criticize, etc., each other.

ʔut-bail vn(tv & rpncpd)5. quarrel, dispute.

ta ʔut-bail noš isč’ak ʔo sbaik. They separated just over words.

ʔut-bail ispasik ʔo li balamil muk’ sč’akohike. The land that they hadn’t divided up became a source of contention.

ʔutʔon, av. scolding, criticizing, etc.

ʔutʔut-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. constant mutual scolding or criticizing, etc.

ʔutel, n1a. scolding, criticism, etc.

ʔoy yutelal li teʔtik. There will be trouble if you cut the trees /privately owned trees/.

ʔutilan, tv. keep scolding or criticizing, etc.

ʔutilan baik, rv. keep quarreling.

ʔutilanan, tv. keep scolding or criticizing, etc. (plu).

ʔutilanan baik, rv. keep quarreling (plu).

ʔutlahetik, av. scolding or critizing, etc. (plu).

ʔutvan, iv. scold or criticize, etc., person.

hʔutvaneh, agn. person who scolds or criticizes, etc., another.

ʔut(2) N.

ʔnit ʔaʔal, nphr(n4f of n4d). in my (etc.) drinking water.

ʔut ʔokol, nphr(n4f of n3d). sole /foot/.

ʔut ʔuk’um, nphr(n4f of n5). in the stream.

ʔut ʔut _______, nphr(nphr/n4f & n4f/ of n5). through _______/forest, river, corn field, grass undergrowth/.

ʔut ʔut balamil, nphr(nphr/n4f & n4f/ of n5). through the earth /gopher/.

ʔut ʔut č’entik, nphr(nphr/n4f & n4f/ of n5). alongside foot of cliff, through cave.

ʔut ʔut moktik, nphr(nphr/n4f & n4f/ of n5). from yard to yard.

ʔut k’obol, nphr(n4f of n3d). palm /hand/.

ʔut lum, nphr(n4f of n5). underground.

mu yut lumuk t šbat. He can’t go underground (criminal).

ʔut mok, nphr(n4f of n1d). in the yard.

ʔut na, nphr(n4f of n1a). inside the house.

ʔut voʔ, nphr(n4f of n5). in the well, in the water.

ʔutil, n3f. inside.

ta yut. inside (or) in.

ʔutil, n4f. inside, restricted to.

ta yutil yoʔon. wholeheartedly, genuinely.

ʔuvenso N(Sp, Juvencio).

ʔuvenso, n1d. Juvencio /Čobtik/.

ʔuy(1) O.

ʔuy, excl. oh! /exclamation of fear/.

ʔuyʔon, av. sobbing (child), crying (baby V2: 8).

ʔuyha, excl. whew! /sound of escaping breath/.

ʔuyhan, iv. sigh /letting breath escape through pursed lips/.

ʔuyhan mut, nphr(n type n)1a. ‘sighing bird’, rufescent tinamou Crypturellus cinnamoneus cf. yalak’ balamil, pertis mut. Tinamous are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. They are “medium”.

ʔuylahet, av. sobbing (children).

ʔuylahetik, av. sobbing (children).

ʔúyteʔúyte, av. walking about sobbing (child).

ʔuyuh, n5. kinkajou Potos flavus. Kinkajous are not eaten. A person whose companion animal spirit is a kinkajou is believed to be especially susceptible to sickness.

ʔuy(2) prob P or P(2).

ʔuyahtik, aj. exhausted (body).

ʔuyahtik yaʔlel. blistered, with sores /chicken pox/.

ʔuyʔon, av. soft and watery inside (blisters, fontanel).

ʔuyeah, iv. blister, become soft (cooked beans, watermelon squash, cushaw, peaches), become thick (mud).

ʔuyk’ih, iv. splatter (mud).

ʔuyet, av. watery (mud).

ʔuylahet, av. watery (mud).

ʔuyp’ih, iv. cf. ʔuyeah.

ʔuyul, aj. exhausted (legs, head), soft (cooked beans, watermelon squash, cushaw, peaches).

ʔuyul yaʔlel. blistered.

ʔuyulik, aj. exhausted (body).

ʔuyulik yaʔlel. blistered, with sores /chicken pox/.

ʔuyuy, av. sliding (avalanche).

ʔuyuyet, av. soft (iguana egg, undeveloped chicken egg).

B

ba(1) N.

ba, n1a. large pocket gopher Orthogeomys grandis, hispid pocket gopher Heterogeomys hispidus. Gophers are eaten occasionally. They are “cold”

ba(2) N.

ba ʔeal, nphr(n1f of n3d). front teeth.

sba noš ye. He is hypocritical.

ba ʔol, nphr(n1f of n4d). eldest or first child /of woman/.

ba ʔosil, nphr(n1f of n1d). high land, hilltop.

ba ʔunen, nphr(n of n)5. eldest or first child.

ba balamil, nphr(n4f of n5). waking life /not dream/.

ba be, nphr(n of n)5. in front /on path/.

ba Č’amal, nphr(n1f of n1d). eldest or first child /of man/.

ba č’en, nphr(n of n)5. top of cliff, cave, or ravine.

ba k’el-k’ešel, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & vncpd/). New Year’s Day.

ba k’el-k’in, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/). main day of a fiesta.

ba k’el-paskwa, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/). Christmas Day.

ba k’el-rey, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/). Epiphany.

ba k’el-san-hwan, nphr: n4f of vn(tv & n/aj & ncpd/). St. John’s Day.

ba k’o, nphr(n of n)1a. bridge.

ba k’ok’, nphr(n1f of n1d). storage place over fire, smoke pole.

ba letanya, cf. lctanya.

ba meša, nphr(n lf of n1d). tabletop, head of table /during ritual meal/.

ba miša, nphr(n1f of n5). First Posada, December 16th.

ba mok, nphr(n1f of n1d). fence /on side where land is highest/.

ba moktik, nphr(n of n)5. along fence /on side where land is highest/.

ba pok’, nphr(n1f of n1d). fuschia yarn /for scarf/.

ba šik’, nphr(n1f of n5). radius of wing. When eaten it is thought to arouse jealousy.

ba teʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). treetop /cut off and lying on ground/.

ba teʔ ŭamel, nphr(nphr/n of n/5 type vn)5. contagious disease brought from afar /chills and fever/.

ba teʔ ŭon, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)1f. ‘treetop bug’, army ant. cf. bak teʔ ŭon.

ba veʔel, nphr(n of n)5. first meal /second day of fiesta of St. Sebastian/.

baba, n5. along the top of, over /lake, mountain/.

baba k’op, nphrfn type n)5. derogatory remark addressed to one person when third party present is the actual target.

bail, n3b. top. Ritual speech, prayer or song referring to deities; visage.

ta ba. on top of.

ta bail ta satil. in the open, in sight /grievance brought to court/.

Ritual speech, prayer or song referring to deities; aničimal ba

aničimal sat. Thy beautiful visage, Thy beautiful face.

bailah, iv. get ahead.

bain, iv. rise to surface (skin of corn kernel when boiled), perceive.

Ritual speech, vacating office; litun libain. I served, I perceived.

bau, tv. skim off foreign matter /from corn, water, or food/.

bauan, tv. skim off much foreign matter.

bauobil, n1f. whisk broom to clean foreign particles from com, gourd to skim off foreign matter from food.

hba-k’el kriščano, agn(n type vn/tv & ncpd/). thief.

hbainel, agn. perceiver, “flowers” of curing ceremony.

Ritual speech, oath of office; lekil htunelikon lekil hbainelikon. May

I be a good servant, may I be a good perceiver.

hbainom, agn. one who perceives supernaturally, usually in dreams /infr/.

baʔi, cf. baʔyi.

baʔyi, aj. first, before, ahead, var., baʔi.

ʔak’bon baʔyuk. Give it to me first.

baʔyi ¢’unubil, cf. ʔišim.

baʔyi k’on, cf. ʔišim.

baʔyih, iv. go first.

baʔyihes, tv. place ahead /in walking order/.

baʔyihesan, tv. send ahead /in walking order/ /plu/.

baʔyihesvan, iv. place person ahead.

baʔyintas, tv. place ahead /in walking order/.

baʔyintasan, tv. send ahead /in walking order/ /plu/.

baʔyintasvan, iv. place person ahead.

baʔyubtas, tv. place ahead /in walking order/.

baʔyubtasan, tv. send many ahead /in walking order/ /plu/.

baʔyubtasvan, iv. place person ahead.

ba(3) N.

bail, rpn3b. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

ba(4)

ba, going, cf. bat.

bʔ O.

baʔ, onom. sheep call.

baʔet, av. calling sheep.

baʔetik, av. cf. baʔet (plu).

baʔlahet, av. cf. baʔet (plu).

baʔlahetik, av. cf. baʔet (plu).

baʔulan, tv. call /sheep/.

baʔulanan, tv. cf. baʔulan.

báʔtebáʔte, av. walking about calling sheep.

baʔt

baʔi, first, ahead, before, cf. ba(2).

baʔyi

baʔyi, first, ahead, before, cf. ba(2).

ba¢al N.

ba¢al, n5. morning star.

ba¢’ N.

bae¢’, n1d. howler monkey skin hat of Chamula carnival characters.

ba¢’, A.

ba¢’i, aj. very, real.

ta ba¢’i skotol. among everyone (or) between everyone.

ba¢’i ta sk’an ta h-mek. He wants it so much (or) very much.

ba¢’i ʔakan hobel, cf. ʔakan hotel.

ba¢’i ʔalavena, cf. ʔalavena.

ba¢’i ʔarvahaka, cf. ʔarvahaka.

ba¢’i ʔasasena, cf. ʔasasena.

ba¢’i ʔeč’, cf. ʔeč’.

ba¢’i ʔis-ak’, cf. ʔis-ak’.

ba¢’i ʔon, cf. ʔon.

ba¢’i biil, nphr(aj & n3b) or (aj & n)3b. first name.

k’usi li ba¢’i abie. What is your first name?

ba¢’i ¢lele-pat, cf. eele-pat

ba¢’i ¢i¢, cf. ¢i¢.

ba¢’i ¢is ʔuč, cf. ¢is ʔuč.

ba¢’i eoʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. human excrement.

ba¢’i ¢ukum, cf. ¢ukum.

ba¢’i čičol, cf. čičol

ba¢’i čil habnal, cf. čil habnal.

ba¢’i čilkat, cf. čilkat.

ba¢’i čiš-teʔ, cf. čiš-teʔ.

ba¢’i č’aben, cf. č’aben.

ba¢’i č’ib, cf. č’ib.

ba¢’i č’oliv, cf. č’oliv.

ba¢’i hobel, cf. hobel.

ba¢’i kaʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. stallion.

ba¢’i kanelo, cf. kanelo.

ba¢’i kranata, cf. kranata.

ba¢’i kanelo, cf. kanelo.

ba¢’i kranata, cf. kranata.

ba¢’i k’obol, nphr(aj & n)3d. right hand.

ba¢’i k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. Tzotzil language.

ba¢’i loʔbol, cf. loʔbol.

ba¢’i makom, cf. makom.

ba¢’i maneana, cf. maneana.

ba¢’i napuš, cf. napuš.

ba¢’i palma, cf. palma.

ba¢’i pašak’, cf. pašak’.

ba¢’i peleš, cf. peleš.

ba¢’i poʔon, cf. poʔon.

ba¢’i pom, cf. pom.

ba¢’i potov, cf. potov.

ba¢’i son, nphr(aj & n)5. first song of standard sets of five or six religious songs.

ba¢’i tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. silver money.

ba¢’i teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. ‘quintessential tree’, oak Quercus crassifolia, #B14270(5), #396(1, 3). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for house mainposts and for scarlet runner bean poles. The wood is used for firewood. The branches are used for brush fences, oak Quercus peduncular is, unnumbered collection (5).

ba¢’i teʔ moč, cf. moč

ba¢’i teʔtik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of oak trees.

ba¢’i toh, cf. toh.

ba¢’i tuk’, nphr(aj & n)5. flintlock gun.

ba¢’i-tun, iv(aj & ivcpd). be extremely useful /restricted to negative/.

mu šaba¢’i-tun. You are utterly useless.

ba¢’i višobtakil, cf. višobtakil.

ba¢’ih, iv. become hard (work), become serious (sickness, crime), become grave or critical (situation), get worse (pain), become heavier.

iba¢’ih li voʔe. It rained constantly.

ba¢’iltasbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). pursue an investigation, seek clues to.

bač(1) O.

bačbačbačbač, n5. sheep call.

bačulan, tv. call /sheep/.

bačulanan, tv. cf. bačulan.

bač(2) P or P(2).

bač-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. with upturned nose /person frequently when angry, sheep/.

bačahtik, aj. cf. bačal (plu).

bačal, aj. upturned (nose) /freq in anger/.

bačbač, aj. upturned (nose) /freq in anger/.

bačbon, av. with upturned (nose).

bačel, aj. upturned (nose) /freq in anger/.

bačet, av. with upturned (nose).

bači, iv. be turned up (nose) /in anger/.

bačlah, av. cf. bačet (plu).

bačlahet, av. cf. bačet (plu).

bačleh, n1d. with upturned /nose/.

bačtebáčte, av. walking about with upturned (nose) /in anger/.

bač(3)

bač, bowl, half gourd, cf. boč.

bah(1) T(2).

bah, tv. lock, button, nail, strike, let /blood/.

bah, iv. be nailed or locked.

bah, nc. knock /infr/.

bah ba, rv. lock self up, flagellate self with branches or pierce self with pieces of glass to remove “wind” in body.

bah-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. bloodletting.

bah-teʔ mut, nphr(vn/tv & ncpd/ type n)5. ‘tree-knocking bird’, golden-fronted woodpecker Centurus aurifrons, cf. tunsarek mut, tunsakrek. acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, cf. reketo, tunsarek.

bahahtik, aj. locked, closed (plu).

bahal, aj. closed, locked up /in box, coffin, house, or pot/, jailed.

bahan, tv. lock up, nail /plu/.

bahanan, tv. cf. bahan.

báhanbáhan, tv. lock up one after another, nail one after another.

báhanbáhanan, tv. cf. báhanbáhan.

bahbahbah, onom. bang, bang, bang.

bahbe, tv. throw /stone/ at.

bahbon, av. pounding /nails/, chopping /trees VI: 11 and 26/, pecking (woodpecker).

bahel, nc. knock, nailing.

bahlahet, av. pounding or hammering /nails EKL 259: 2-18/, bumping /EKL 258: 2-18/, chopping /trees/, clanking (blacksmith’s hammers V1-7)(plu).

bahlahetik, av. cf. bahlahet (plu).

bahob-bail, n(tv & rpncpd)1d. piece of glass or branch used to remove “wind” in body.

bahobil, nib. hammer, nail, glass or branch used to remove “wind” in body.

bahulan, tv. keep nailing, keep striking /wood, can/ /to make noise during eclipse/.

isbahulan stanal ye. He played a tune on his teeth /by flicking his thumbnail against them/.

bahulan ba, rv. flagellate self.

bahulanan, tv. keep nailing (plu).

bahvan. iv. let person’s blood. Blood is let to remove “wind” from the body. Broken glass from a brown bottle is used, as it is considered to be “hotter”

hbah-bail, agn. person who has blood let.

hbahvaneh, agn. shaman who lets blood.

bah(2) prob P or P(2).

bah-č’ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. with bare midriff.

bah-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. bald.

bahahet, av. walking hatless.

šbahahet sik. It is very cold.

bahbah, aj. denuded (land), bald.

bah¢ah čak, vphr(iv & n4d). lit, become bare-assed, i.e., become poverty-stricken.

bahel, aj. bald.

bahet, av. walking hatless or with bare midriff.

ballet hol, vpnr(av & n4d). walking hatless.

bahleh, n1d. hatless, with bare midriff.

báhtebáhte, av. running about hatless or with bare midriff.

bahio N(Sp, bajío).

bahio, n5. sand bank, riverbank.

bahiotik, n5. expanse of river bank, floodland.

bak N.

bak, n1d. bone.

Ritual speech, bonesetter’s prayer; ʔunenal bak ʔunenal čaʔ-ton. young bone, young basalt.

bak, aj. bony, skinny, anemic, thin (person, animal).

bak ʔamuč teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/) type n. ‘toad bone tree’, hairy-leaved clethra Clethra lanata, #1856(1). Highland “tree”. The trunk is used for common rafters and for sheep corral rails.

bak ʔič, cf. ʔič.

bak-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. thin-legged.

bak-hiČ’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). thin (person).

bak-hulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). thin (person).

bak mut, nphr(aj & n)1e. ‘bone bird’ or ‘skinny bird’, boat-tailed grackle Cassidix mexicanus. The grackle is not considered edible. It has the reputation for scratching up newly planted corn.

kašlan bak mut, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. ‘foreign bone bird’ or ‘foreign skinny bird’, bronzed cowbird Tangavius aeneus, red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus. They are not considered edible. When they appear in large flocks they are thought to signal an impending norther.

bak niʔ teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/) type n. ‘thin-topped tree’, clammy hopseed bush Dodonaea viscosa, #2127(14). Temperate “tree”. It is used for wattle.

bak-šoč’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). properly roasted (chunks of meat).

bak teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. ‘thin tree’ or possibly ‘bone tree’, clammy hopseed bush Dodonaea viscosa, #709(1, 2), #1385(3, 7), #2127(1), #2530(1, 4, 21, 22). Temperate “tree” The trunk is used for wattle. Seven to twelve dozen poles are needed. The trunk is also used for firewood. #1521(1, 3, 11, 12). Temperate and highland “tree” The trunk is used for roof poles also. (11)-Between eight and ten dozen poles are needed. #2274(3, 4, 19), #2420(1, 20). Highland “tree”.

bak teʔtik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of bak teʔ.

muk’ta bak teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). buckthorn Rhamnus discolor, #2152(1). Temperate “tree”

muk’tik bak teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). snowbell Styrax argenteus, #408(1, 4). Highland “tree”. The trunk is used for wattle, roof rods, gate rails. The berries are eaten by birds.

sakil bak teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). clammy hopseed bush Dodonaea viscosa, #2127(11). Temperate “tree”. It is used for wattle.

bak teʔ čon, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. lowland and highland ant. cf. ba teʔ čon. These ants do not sting. When they walk single file on the trail it is a sign that rain will fall.

bakal, n1d. corncob, /ground, burnt, and powder used for gunpowder/. inan. poss.; sbaklel. cf. bak. To cure a dog of severe cough a collar of burnt corncobs is hung around its neck. If the butt of a corncob stands on end, it is believed that a visitor will arrive. Corncobs from which the seed corn has been removed are stuck in the crotches of trees because they are thought to be exhausted from having carried the burden of the corn.

bakal ¢’iʔrtel, nphr(n type n). ‘corncob plantș, lavender sage Salvia lavanduloides, #2527(21, 22). Temperate “plant” As cough medicine the plant is brewed together with camomile. The tea is drunk once. It is “hot”.

bakbaktik, aj. rather thin (animal).

bakel ʔakan, nphr(n4f of n4d). shin.

bakel čak, nphr (n4f of n4d). hipbone.

bakel čoy, nphr(n of n)5. fish bone, herringbone design on brim of net.

bakel hol ʔanima, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/)5. skull /dead person/.

bakel k’ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). wristbone.

bakel nuk’ul, nphr(n1f of n3d). neck vertebrae.

bakelil, n3a. bone.

baklel, n4f. corncob, cf. bakal.

bakub, iv. grow thin, dry (meat), roast thoroughly (dry corn on the cob, meat).

bakubtas, tv. dry /chili/, roast thoroughly /dry corn on the cob, skewered meat, meat on coals/, toast /toasted tortillas/, overwork /horse/. bakubtasan, tv. smoke, dry, roast or toast /plu/.

bakubtasobil, n1f. spit /for meat/.

bakubtasvan, iv. make person grow thin.

baka N(Sp, vaca).

baka, n1e. cow /regardless of sex/.

meʔ baka, nphr(n1f type n1d). cow.

Scolding speech, wife to drunken husband; čak-levan asat čak meʔ baka. You are red-eyed like a cow.

bakete N(Sp, baqueta).

bakete, n1e. ramrod.

bak’ I.

bak’, iv. move, make noise, make a sound.

mu šbak’. He stands, sits (or) lies still (or) He doesn’t make a sound.

Male joking speech; tol šbak’. It squeaks too much (bed).

t šbak’ t šnakav. She bustles about.

bak’ ʔe, vphr(iv & n4d). make noise (chicken).

bak’bak’, iv. make slight noise.

bak’bak’tik, iv. make slight noise.

bak’bal, n5. thrashing about /restricted to bak’bal nakbal/.

bak’bon, av. moving.

bak’es, tv. move /object/.

bak’es ba, rv. move self.

bak’esvan, iv. make person move about.

bak’lahet, av. thrashing (people), moving indistinctly /imperfectly seen/.

bak’lahetik, av. thrashing (people).

bak’ulan, iv. keep moving or making slight noise (distant object).

bak’in Pt.

bak’in, pt. when? when, sometime /in the future/.

bak’intik, pt. sometimes.

mu bak’in, ptphr(pt & pt). not yet, not for a long time.

mu to bak’in šibat. I am not going for a long time.

bak’ni Pt.

bak’ni, pt. when? when /in the past/.

mu k’u bak’ni spas. Nothing ever happened to him.

bal(1) T(2).

bal, tv. round off /log/, braid /rope/, twine /thread, yarn/ /by rolling on knee with palm of hand to make strands for fringed garments/, roll up /blanket/, make /rocket/.

ta hbal hteʔ. I will change my decorations (steward).

bal, iv. lose control of self (drunk), braid, change decorations /infr/.

bal ba, rv. roll over and over (fighting dogs, people), be in flower (corn field), become dry (mouth).

bal ba tub, vphr(rv & n4d). have mouth become dry.

bal-te, vn(tv & ncpd)1a. “flower change” /change of floral decorations of steward’s, steward-royal’s and grand alcalde’s altars and the churches/.

bal tiʔil pišalal, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n3d/). black strip of hat brim.

balahtik, aj. round (posts).

balahtik ʔat kaʔ, cf. ʔat kaʔ.

balahtik pek’ meʔel, cf. pekʔ meʔel.

balahtik šanšan, cf. šanšan.

balak’; voʔ, nphr(n type n)5. run off.

balak’in, iv. cause runoffs.

balal, av. rolling.

balal, aj. rolled up (blanket, straw mat).

balalet, av. rolling over and over, boiling furiously.

balalih, iv. roll playfully (horse, donkey, child).

balalik, aj. in flower (corn).

balalik ša hu-huntik. A very few are in flower now /eleventh developmental stage of corn, also called hpaheahel and t šbik’tah sniʔ hu-huntik/ (plu).

balalin, tv. roll /rock/.

balalin ba, rv. roll /play, fight/.

balalin ta ʔarsial, vphr(tv & prep & n5). flog.

balalinan, tv. roll /plu/.

balalinan ta ʔarsial, vphr(tv & prep & n5). flog /children/.

balan, tv. roll up /blanket, straw mat/.

balanan, tv. make round /logs/.

bálanbálan, tv. roll up one after the other /sleeves, blankets/.

bálanbálanan, tv. cf. bálanbálan.

balbal, aj. round (nail, beam).

balbal teʔ yalel. rolling down like a log.

balbenal, n4f. upper part of trousers that is rolled tight, braiding of fringe.

balbon, av. boiling.

balbon hol, vphr(av & n4d). rolling one’s head (drunk lying on ground.)

bal¢ah, iv. flower (com field).

balč’uh, iv. fall a great distance, die.

balč’un, tv. cause to roll down a great distance, roll /heavy object/, braid /rope/.

balet, av. rolling, tossing /with pain or desire/.

baletah, iv. be about to roll (person).

baletik, av. cf. balet (plu).

ballahet, av. bubbling /in containers/.

báltebálte, av. rolling about.

balomah, iv. braid /rope/.

hbal-bail ¢iʔ, agn: nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ type n5). dog fighting and rolling over and over.

hbalom, agn. person who braids or twines.

hbalomahel, agn. person who braids or twines.

bal(2) T.

bal, tv. stain, soil.

bal ba, rv. be stained or soiled.

bal ba ta ʔutel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). rebuke each other.

bal ta ʔutel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). rebuke.

balvan, iv. soil person.

balvan ta ʔil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). leave person in debt.

balvan ta ʔutel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). rebuke person angrily.

balvan ta ʔutel komel li ¢ebe. The girl rebuked the person angrily.

lek ibalvan ta ʔutel li meʔel ti t šk’oponbat s¢ebe. The woman rebuked the person angrily for accosting her daughter.

balvan ta mulil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). incriminate person falsely, incriminate person.

hbalvaneh ta ʔil, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who leaves another in debt.

hbalvaneh ta ʔutel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who rebukes another.

hbalvaneh ta mulil, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who incriminates another falsely.

bal(3) A.

bal, aj. satisfactory, adequate.

bal nan. Maybe it will do.

bal ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv). be glad, be satisfied, be content with, be pleased by.

mu baluk iyaʔi čukel. His jail term did him no good.

bal šaʔi ti ista vinikal sč’amale. He is glad that his child reached adulthood.

bal šaʔi li h-kot skaʔe. He is content with (having) one horse.

balbal, aj. rather satisfactory.

balbaltik, aj. rather satisfactory.

balin, tv. be worthwhile or effective (curing ceremony, medicine, imprisonment), be sufficient (gift).

bal(4)

bal, wife’s brother, cf. bol(1).

balamil N.

balamil, n1a. world, land, soul-loss, vegetation, place, an. poss.; soul-loss /unless preceded by kosil: my land/.

ʔoy sbalamilal k’usuk. I (etc.) am sick from soul-loss too.

balamil, aj. Ritual speech, referring to person who is selling his enemy to the earth; earthly.

balamil hveʔel, balamil hʔuč’-voʔ. the earthly eater, the earthly drinker of water.

hbalamil meʔ, agn(nphr/n type n/). Ritual speech, prayer; envious woman.

hbalamil tot, agn(nphr/n type n/). Ritual speech, prayer; envious man.

baton N.

sak-balon, n(aj & ncpd). wood agaric Collybia dryophila, #65(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. It is gathered by women, and boiled, seasoned with mexican tea and chili. It is “cold”. Collybia sp., #95(3, 4, 5).

Highland “mushroom” Same use as above. Cantharellus sp., #36(1, 3). Highland “mushroom”. Same use as above. Clitocybe sp., #43(1, 3). Highland “mushroom”. Same use as above.

sak-balontik, n(aj & ncpd)5. expanse of sak-balon. muk’ta sak-balon, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Hygrophorus sp., #46(1, 3).

Highland “mushroom”.

balte N(Sp, balde).

balte, n1a. bucket.

baltio N(Sp, baldío).

baltio, agn. squatter, member of renting group responsible to landowner.

balun Num.

balun________, n(num & nccpd)1e. nine.

balun-ʔok’es, n(num & ncpd)5. tropical mockingbird Mimus gilvus. /cf. sempal/.

balun-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e. nineteen.

baluneb, n1e. nine.

balbalun________, n(num & nccpd)5. in or by nines, every nine.

balbaluneb, n5. in or by nines, every nine.

ban P(2).

ban-č’ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-bellied.

ban-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. lit., big-headed, i.e. disobedient.

banahtik, aj. cf., banal, /plu/.

banal, aj. lying on ground (boulder, log, large fruit, squash, animal), greatly swollen.

banan, tv. set down /stone, tree, large fruit, woman/.

banan, av. rolling (boulder, log).

bánanbánan, tv. roll one after another /boulder, log/.

bananet, av. walking ponderously (pregnant woman).

banban, aj. over-proportioned.

banban sč’ut. big-bellied.

banban shol. lit., big-headed, i.e., disobedient.

banbe ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). pat /woman’s rear/.

banbon, av. lying helplessly (drunk, bound prisoner).

banbon č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). with bare stomach.

banel, aj. big (stomach).

banet, av. lying on ground (drunk, pig, horse).

banet č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). big-bellied (child).

banet hol, vphr(av & n4d). disobedient.

banetik, av. lying on ground (pigs), big-bellied (pregnant woman).

bani, iv. lie on bare ground, lie uncovered (drunk).

bank’uh, iv. swell greatly /swelling/, roll.

banlah, av. rolling (boulder, large fruit) (sing or plu).

banlahet, av. cf. banbon (plu).

banleh, n1d. lying on ground.

banlehikil, n4f. swelling /legs, arms/.

banlehkil, n4f. cf. banlehikil.

bántebánte č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with protruding belly.

bántebánte hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking about disobediently.

bankil N.

bankilal, n3d. male’s elder brother /reference and address/, elder /of men/, senior /term used to distinguish the more prestigious member of a pair of officials; steward, steward-royal, cantor, publican, scribe, principal, ensign-bearer, lesser players, ritual tutor of senior official, and to more prestigious of the two hpat-vahetik, hpačoletik, angels, mortarmen, certain wells, mountains, crosses, and to the larger of the two drums played together, smaller saint images and chaplets/, absolute form; term of address used by junior of paired religious officials to his senior colleague.

bankilal, n1d. chewing tobacco.

bankilal k’anal, nphr(n type n)5. jupiter.

bankilal hʔilol, nphr(n type agn)5. chief shaman /shaman longest in service who is in charge of the three annual community-wide ceremonies/.

bankilal hnupol, nphr(n type agn)5. person in charge of group that accompanies visiting saint.

bankilal hol ʔolol, cf. hol ʔolol.

bankilal piškal, nphr(n type agn)5. first sacristan.

bankilin, tv. acquire an older brother (stepbrother).

hot meša bankilal, nphr(nphr/n of n/ & aj)5. more prestigious side of table, i.e., to right hand when facing west.

banko N(Sp, banco).

banko, n5. bank.

banta N(Sp, banda).

banta, n5. band.

bantera N(Sp, bandera).

bantera, n1a. flag, steward’s or ensign-bearer’s banner, strip of cloth to scare marauding birds.

banterain, tv. make into a flag /rag/.

bareno N(Sp, barrena).

bareno, n1d. crowbar /known only by road workers/.

bareta N(Sp, barreta).

bareta, n1a. digging stick.

baretain, tv. make into a digging stick, steal digging stick.

baril N(Sp, barril).

baril, n1a. barrel /for chicha or cane liquor/.

barsin A(Sp, barcino).

barsin, aj. brindled (dog).

barsin ʔak’, nphr(aj & n). jack bean Canavalia glabra, #2286(3, 4). Highland “vine”

ʔit’is barsin ʔak’, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). coral vine Antigonon guatemalense, #2635(1, 3). Lowland “vine”. (1)-It is used to lash fences.

yašal barsin čak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). coral vine Antigonon guatemalense, #2065(3, 17, 18). Lowland and temperate “vine”.

barsintik, aj. spotty (pinta).

baso N(Sp, baso).

baso, n1a. glass.

baston N(Sp, bastón).

baston, n1a. staff of office /of grand alcalde, petty alcalde, magistrate, syndic, justice of the peace/. The first justice may give his staff temporarily to other justices.

tombil sbastonal. He held the staff of office.

baš N.

baš, n1e. quartz, crystal. It is used as temper for pots and griddles.

bašbol N. bašbol, n1e. industriousness, uprightness, contentment.

talem sbašbolal li vinike. The man has become industrious.

bašbolah, iv. work hard, be industrious.

bašbolan, tv. work hard, be diligent or industrious.

haʔ to bašbolah k’al ʔoy sčiʔil ta ʔabtele. When he had a companion he worked hard.

bat I.

bat, iv. go, go on, elapse, last (time), turn out. Basic farewell exchange; t šibat. batan. I am going. Go! ʔep ibat k’ak’al. It lasted a long time. Mother calling to child who has not returned; bu labat. lit., Where did you go? i.e., Where are you? lek ibat. It turned out well (or) It was just (or) It was right.

bat č’ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). sleep, die.

bat ta ʔič’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). enter husband’s house permanently.

bat ta ʔilolal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). go off to cure (shaman).

bat ta ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). be fatal.

bat ta hak’olal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). set out to petition bride.

bat ta hol, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). be fatal, become tipsy.

bat ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj). become critical (sickness), become more bitter (quarrel), become excessive or extreme, get out of hand, go too far, overdo.

ibat ta mas ye. He talked too much, i.e., He incriminated himself.

bat ta mas yuʔun poš volhe. He overdid the cane liquor yesterday.

ibat ta mas sč’ahil. He was extremely lazy.

ibat ta mas smul. His crimes have gone too far.

bat ta maš, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n5). have miscarriage.

bat ta nab, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n5). be swept away /in river/.

bat ta pašyal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). go hunting, take a walk, divert self /on streets, in market/. Polite speech; go to the bathroom /defecate/. batbat, iv. go a short distance, finish quite a lot /work, weaving/.

batbates, tv. move away slightly /table, pot, etc./.

batbattik, iv. go a short distance, finish quite a lot /work, weaving/.

bateb ʔot, nphr(n4f of n4d). meal /food eaten with tortilla/.

bateb trago, nphr(n4f of n5). appetizer, small shot glass of cane liquor/ drunk at celebration of steward’s coffer/.

bateb van, nphr(n of n)5. meal /food eaten with tortilla/.

batel, dr. now and then, off and on.

k’al t šilok’ batele. When I leave now and then.

batel ša t šibat. I am going still further.

batel ʔosil, nphr(vnlf of n5). forever.

batel batel, nphr(vn5 & vn5). going frequently (constable), batel batel sc’ulel. He became unconscious frequently.

bates, tv. launch /in wind or water/, lose soul unaccountably, send off another’s soul.

ta hbates kot ta voʔ. I am washing down my tortilla.

isbates sčrʔil ta tiʔel. lit., He dispatched his friend by eating him., i.e..

He prayed to the earth lord to take his friend’s soul.

batesobil ʔaʔal, nphr(n4f of n4d). appetizer, mixer /pop or coca-cola consumed along with cane liquor/.

batesobil ʔot, nphr(n4f of n4d). coffee.

batesvan, iv. sell person to the earth lord.

batulan, iv. keep going.

ba, iv(contr of bat), going /auxiliary verb, occurring only in third person singular/.

t šba hk’eltikótik. We are going to look.

bateria N(Sp, batetía).

bateria, n1a. flashlight battery.

be N.

be, n1d. path, road, way, trip. Ritual speech; life-span, cane liquor for return trip. cf. ʔileb, šaneb.

beon. I am on the path (or) I am on a trip.

yuʔn ša ta ssaʔ sbe. because now he was looking for a way /to enter/.

t šal yoʔOn mi “ʔu k’u spas ta be. He wonders if something happened to him on the way.

isok ta be. lit., It broke down on the path, i.e., It turned out badly.

be ʔik’, nphr(n of n)5. anus, draft, windy stretch.

be ʔik’il, nphr(n1f of n3d). larynx.

be ʔuk’um, nphr(n of n)5. passageway for water in a fence across a stream.

be ʔunen, nphr(n of n)5. vagina.

be ¢oʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). anus.

be čih, nphr(n1f of n1d). opening on bottom of fence to allow sheep to pass through, sheep trail.

be č’ič’, nphr(n of n)5. Male joking speech; vagina.

be č’ič’elil, nphr(n1f of n3d). vein.

be kaʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). entrance to horse corral.

be k’abil, nphr(n1f of n3d). urethra.

be-oʔ, n(n of ncpd)1a. lit., path of water, i.e., ravine, ditch, var., beyoʔ.

be-oʔltik, n(n of ncpd)5. many ravines or ditches.

be-oʔtik, n(n of ncpd)5. ravine, ditch.

be-oʔtik ʔaʔlel sat, vphr: n(n of ncpd)5/pred/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/). with tears streaming down.

be sim, nphr(n1f of n1d). nostril.

be šinič nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)5. ’ant path tree’, see below. (RML)-The name refers to the fiercely stinging ants that live in the trunk.

¢ahal be šinič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). onion cordia Cordia alliodora, #3007(1, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”. (4)-The trunk is used for marimbas and fence posts.

sakil be šinič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). onion cordia Cordia alliodora, #311(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”.

be taiv, nphr(n of n)5. milky way in dry season.

be veʔelil, nphr(n1f of n3d). esophagus.

be voʔ, nphr(n of n)5. ravine, milky way in rainy season.

be yoʔ, nphr(n of n)5. cf. be-oʔ.

beiltas, tv. guide, lead /horse/. beiltasan, tv. guide or lead /plu/.

beiltasbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). try to find out, inquire about. isbeiltasbe sk’oplal mi yeč ti ʔo yahmul slekome. He tried to find out if it were true that his fiancée had a lover.

isbeiltasbe sk’oplal mi ʔu k’u č’ayem yuʔune. He inquired if he had lost anything.

beiltasvan, iv. guide person.

bein, iv. go on a journey, run (liquid). Ritual speech; cf. šanav.

belel, n1f. path or road to.

belel Hobel (or) sbelel Hobel. the road to San Cristóbal.

lek sbelel stamohbe rason. He spoke wisely.

hbeinel, agn. traveler.

hbeiltasvaneh, agn. guide.

sok ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). go amiss, miscarry.

tuč’ ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). interrupt conversation or discussion.

beʔ O.

beʔ, onom. baa /sheep/.

beʔbon ta šenel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). retching.

beʔeʔei, n5. bleat /goat/.

beʔeʔet, av. bleating (goat V2: 17), baaing (sheep EKL 255: 1-6).

beʔet, av. baaing (sheep V2: 16).

beʔlah, av. baaing (plu).

beʔlahet, av. baaing (plu).

beʔlahetik, av. cf. beʔbon ta šenel (plu).

béʔtebé, av. baaing about.

beč T(2).

beč, tv. deliver, hand over, point.

bee, iv. point.

bečahtik, aj. cf. bečel /plu/.

bečan, tv. point /penis, urine, gun, reptile’s or amphibian’s head/.

béčanbéan, tv. gesticulate /with hands and feet when angry/, serve out one /bowl/ after another.

béčanbéčanan, tv. serve out one /bowl/ after another.

béčanbéčanbe baik, rv. gesticulate at each other one after another.

bbéčbon hol, vphr(av & n4d). peering.

béčbon k’ob, vphr(av & n4d). motioning with hand, gesturing.

bečeč, av. sticking up (leg).

bečel, aj. sticking out or in (legs, arms).

bečel shol. with his head poking out.

bečelik, aj. gesticulating /plu/.

bečet, av. sticking out or in, pointing /penis, hose/.

bečk’uh, iv. spring up (loose board, stick), stick up (leg).

bečlah, av. sticking up (legs).

bečlahet, av. sticking out or in.

sbečlahet yok sk’ob. He is thrashing his arms and legs /in spasm/, (or) He is moving his arms and legs senselessly (drunk, deaf-mute or monolingual trying to communicate).

bečlahetik, av. handing towards, thrashing (plu).

bečleh, n1d. protruding.

béčtebéčte, av. handing out one after the other.

bek’(1) N.

bek’, n4f. seed, pit, slingshot pellet.

bek’ ʔat, nphi(n1f of n1d). testicles.

Male speech; mi č’abal sbek* avat. lit., Haven’t you any balls?, i.e.

Are you scared?

ič’ay sbek’ yat ta šiʔel. lit., He lost his balls from fright.

te to ščik’inah bek’ ʔat ʔun bi ʔa. Then the balls will certainly sweat! /said to men going to the lowlands to work/.

bek’ ʔatil(nphr(n1f of n3d). testicles.

bek’ k’ok’, nphr(n1f of n1a). flashlight battery.

bek’ mail, nphr(n1f of n1d). watermelon squash seed /ground and the powder sprinkled on beans, tomatoes, etc., for seasoning/. They are “cold”.

mi t šʔoč sbek’ mailal li cenek’e. Should the watermelon squash seeds be put. in the beans?

bek’ satil, nphr(n1f of n3d). eyeball.

bek’in, tv. provide good yield (corn).

ton bek’, nphr(n type n)Ia. ’rock seed’, walnut Juglans regia, #518(1, 2, 3). Highland “tree”. It is planted by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The slip is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The nut is “cold”. (5)-As a remedy for menstrual failure, the leaves are brewed. The tea is “hot”.

bek’(2) T(2).

bek’, tv. brush into a pile with hand /corn kernels/, sweep up /refuse/, brush off with hand /water/, smooth back with hand /hair/.

bek’, iv. be swept away /by sickness/.

bek’, nc. pile of sweepings, small flock (sheep).

bek’ahtik, aj. swept up /by flood or river current/ /plu/.

bek’an, tv. brush up into piles.

bek’anan, tv. cf. bek’an.

bek’anbek’an, tv. brush up into one pile after another.

bék’anbék’anan, tv. cf. bék’anbék’an.

bek’bon, av. puffing up (cloud of incense), being spent rapidly (money), falling out (hair), sweeping up, brushing off with hand.

bek’ek’, av. being wafted.

bek’ek’et ta ʔik’, vphr(av & prep & n5). being swept by the wind (tall grass).

bek’el, aj. swept up /by flood or river current/.

bek’et ta ʔik\ vphr(av & prep & n5). being carried on the wind (odor, dust).

bek’lahet, av. puffing up (clouds of smoke, incense), sweeping up.

bek’lahetik, av. sweeping up (plu).

bek’leh, n4f. entirely swept away.

bék’luh, av. being carried suddenly /on the wind/, rushing out suddenly (sheep from corral), being wafted suddenly (skunk’s odor), suddenly being spent entirely.

bek’ob k’aʔep, nphr(n1f of n1d). branches used to sweep up rubbish, forked stick to rake up corn stubble.

bek’obil k’aʔep, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. bek’ob k’aʔep.

bék’tebék’te, av. moving in one small flock after another (sheep).

bek’van ta čukel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). herd everyone to jail.

hbek’vaneh ta cukel, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who herds people to jail.

bek’et N.

bek’et, n1d. meat, beef /“cold” when fresh, “hot” when dried/.

bek’tal, n4b. flesh.

sbek’tal vakaš. beef.

bek’tal kampor, nphrfn type n)1d. camphor /bought in pharmacy/. It is sucked by young child so that it won’t get worms. It is drunk with cane liquor for “cold wind” or stomachache.

bek’tal pom, nphr(n type n)1a. incense /copal/.

bek’tal tak’in, nphr(n type n). principal /debt/.

bek’talin, tv. turn to stone (wood).

bel(1) N.

bel, n1a. lowland and highland gnat. This biting gnat is said to be attracted by white clothing.

bel(2) N.

bel, n4f. contents.

bel ʔoʔon, nphr(n4f of n4d). cf. bel č’ut.

bel č’ut, nphr(n4f of n4d). contents of stomach.

yil noš yil haʔ nos kwenta ti mi ʔoy sbel hč’ute. Never mind so long as my stomach is full.

ʔo sbel sč’ut ʔo sbel yoʔon. His stomach is full, his heart is full /shaman or witch/.

belin, tv. fit into.

bélta

bélta, turn, curve, quick trip. cf. bwelta.

ben(1) P.

benahtik, aj. cf. benel /plu/.

benan, tv. thrust out /tummy/ (child or puppy).

benan ba, rv, lie down with protruding tummy (child, puppy).

benben, aj. protruding (tummy of child or puppy).

benbon, av. trotting with protruding tummy.

beneah, iv. bulge (tummy).

benel, aj. protruding (tummy of child or puppy).

benelik, aj. cf. benel /plu/.

benen, av. trotting with protruding tummy (puppy).

benenet, av. trotting with protruding tummy (child, puppy).

benet, av. trotting with protruding tummy (child, puppy).

beni, iv. be protruding (tummy of child or puppy).

benk’uh, iv. cf. beneah.

benlah, av. trotting about with protruding tummy (puppies).

benlahet, av. trotting with protruding tummy (puppies).

benleh, n1d. protruding /tummy/.

béntebénte, av. trotting about with protruding tummy.

ben(2) A(Sp, bien or buen or bueno).

ben, aj. very.

ben sonso. very stupid.

ben ¢iʔ. bad (or) disobedient (person, horse).

ben hʔabtel. hardworking.

ben hč’uneh-mantal. very obedient.

béno, excl. well! fine! var., ʔéeno, bwéno, véno.

bénos, aj. very /windy, rainy, frosty, muddy, cold, hot/.

bénosal, aj. cf. bénos.

bénosta, excl. Baby talk; fine!

bénamíta N(Sp, dinamita).

benamíta, n1a. dynamite.

beneno N(Sp, veneno).

beneno, n1a. poison, var., benino.

benino

benino, cf. beneno.

béno

béno, cf. ben(2).

bentisyon N(Sp, bendicion). bentisyon, n1d. blessing. On Easter, seed corn, beans, water, candles and matches are blessed. It is said that without this blessing no fire will light during a solar eclipse.

bero N(Sp, berro).

bero, n1a. watercress Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, #612(1, 2, 4).#9OO(1, 2, 3, 5), #1465(3), #1747(3, 15, 16). Highland “plant”. The greens are eaten raw or boiled. They are “cold”. (5, 15)-It is “hot”. var., beroʔ /Htek-lum/. hybrid watercress Rorippa X sterilis, #975(1). Highland “plant” (1)-When boiled, watercress is flavored with chili. It is sold by Zinacantec women at market in San Cristóbal.

beroaltik, n5. large expanse of watercress.

berotik, n5. expanse of watercress.

bero nič nab, cf. nič nab.

beroʔ

beroʔ, watercress, cf. bero.

bertulaka N(Sp, verdolaga).

bertulaka, n5. common purslane Portulaca oleracea, #1301(1, 3, 4, 5, 8). Lowland “plant” var., berturaka /Pasted/.

bertulakailtik, n5. large expanse of bertulaka.

bertulakatik, n5. expanse of bertulaka.

k’oš bertulaka, nphr(aj & n). Bacopa sp., # 1695(1, 4). Lowland “plant”. muk’ta bertulaka, nphr(aj & n). Boerhaavia diffusa, #338(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”. It grows in corn fields. It is boiled with chili and salt. It is “cold”. Talinum paniculatum, #867(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”. The greens are boiled. They are “cold”.

berturaka

berturaka, common purslane, cf. bertulaka.

besero N(Sp, becerro).

besero, n1d. heifer.

bet’ P(2).

bet’, tv. stick out /tongue/.

befbet’, n5. Male joking speech; clitoris.

befbet’, aj. with tongue hanging out (rabid dog, dead rabbit).

bet’bon, av. flicking tongue out.

bet’el, aj. with tongue hanging out (dead dog).

bet’et, av. flicking (snake’s tongue).

bet’et’et’, av. flicking (snake’s tongue).

bét’luh, av. flicking out suddenly (snake’s tongue).

bi(1) N.

biil, n3b. name.

biiltas, tv. name, mention.

biiltasan, tv. mention names /implicating falsely/.

biin, tv. name. Christian names are chosen from the liturgical calendar

but may be modified considerably to conform to the limited supply of customary names. If a child is named after either of its parents, it is believed that their souls (č’ulel) will struggle for survival until the parent dies.

hol biil, nphr(n1f of n3d). family name. Marriage with a person having the same pair of surnames is forbidden.

bi(2) T.

bi, tv. chafe /foot/ (sandal), skin.

bi, iv. become soft (corn kernel when boiled in lime water), peel off (skin burned by lime or chafed by burden).

bi ba, rv. be skinned (fruit).

bibon, av. fidgeting /on chair/, wriggling (laughing girl), being chafed (mule’s back).

bies, tv. soften /corn kernel by boiling in lime water/, peel off /skin/ (lime, burden), scour /hair and dirt from leather/.

biet, av. soft /rotten corpse, fruit/, chafed.

biet viʔnal, vphr(av & n5). feeling gnawing hunger.

bilahet, av. cf. bibon (plu).

biulan, tv. rub back and forth.

biulan ba, rv. sway hips (provocative girl), fidget /on chair/.

bivan, iv. chafe person’s skin, rub person uncomfortably.

bi(3) E.

bi, excl. of course! indeed!

bi¢ P(2).

bi¢, nc. small hank /yarn, thread, silk/ /may be knotted/.

bi¢an, tv. leave lying (dry feces, yarn, silk thread).

bi¢an ba, rv. lie down.

bi¢anbi’ean, tv. leave lying one after another /feces/ (cat).

bó¢anbó¢anan, tv. cf. bó¢anbó¢an.

bi¢bi¢, aj. long, slender (pig’s or mouse’s tail).

bi¢bon, av. wagging (dog’s tail), switching (cow’s or horse’s tail). šbi¢bon sčak. Her ass is itchy /worm believed to be moving in vagina/.

bi¢bonah, iv. wag (dog’s tail), wriggle.

bi¢et, av. itchy, lying (dry feces, yarn, silk, worm), acting provocatively (girl).

Male joking speech; te šbi¢et hna. My house is itchy /single woman/.

bi¢etik, av. acting provocatively (girl).

bi¢i¢, aj. provocative, sensuous.

bi¢i¢et, av. wriggling (worm, piece of snake), itchy, acting provocatively (girl).

bi¢il, aj. long (dry feces, yam, silk, worm, sleeping drunk).

bó¢ilbó¢il, n4f. each of many hanks.

bi¢lah, av. frolicking (girls).

bi¢lahet, av. wriggling (laughing girls).

bi¢lahetik, av. acting provocatively (plu).

bó¢luh, av. suddenly wiggling or swaying (worm, snake).

bó¢omah, iv. rush up wriggling or playfully (dog, lamb).

bó¢tebó¢te, av. walking about wriggling (tail).

bi¢ulan, tv. wriggle, wiggle, wag.

bi¢ P, P(2).

bič tv. point.

bič lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). stick out (penis of young boy, canine).

bičahtik, aj. sticking up (sticks), scraggly (moustache, beard).

bičan, tv. turn up /nose in anger/.

bó¢anbó¢an, tv. turn up one time after another /nose in anger/.

bičbič, aj. pointing, sticking up (branch, stump).

bičbon, av. pulsing (blood in vein), bubbling up (spring), spurting (urine), pointing, waving up and down (tips of branches being carried).

te šbičbon sk’ab ilah. Then spurting its urine it died.

bičel, aj. sticking out (canine).

bičet, av. sticking out or in, pointing (penis, hose), with upturned (nose in anger).

yeč šbičbon sniʔ helavel. He just passed by with upturned nose /i.e., without greeting person/.

bičič, av. spurting out (pus, water, blood), sticking up /leg/.

bičičet, av. spurting (water, urine, blood).

bičičin, tv. squirt /urine, water with hose/.

bičil, aj. pointing, sticking up (legs, sticking out (nail), upturned (nose with anger), scraggly (moustache and beard).

bičilik, aj. scraggly (moustache and beard)., sprouting, poking up (corn) /first developmental stage when sprouts are one inch high, also called lavuštik and p’ičilik / /plu/.

bičk’uh, iv. stick up (leg of drunk), spring up (board, stick),

bičlahet, av. thrashing (legs) /death, sexual intercourse/, spurting (urine), brandishing /sticks/.

bičleh, n1f. sticking out (penis of boy or drunk).

bóčluh, av. spurting suddenly (water).

bóčtebicte, av. brandishing about /stick/.

bóčtebóčte niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with one’s nose turned up /in anger/.

biču, tv. turn up /nose in anger/.

bičulan, tv. point repeatedly, swing /leg/.

bičulan, iv. be brandished.

bik T.

bikbik ¢aʔnel, nphr(aj & vn)5. constant diarrhea.

bikbon, av. wagging (tail), suffering from diarrhea.

biket, av. streaming out (diarrhea).

bikiket, av. streaming out (diarrhea in one long stream, cow defecating while walking).

bikil ¢aʔnel, nphr(aj & vn)5. diarrhea.

biklah helavel, vphr(av & dr). spurting (semen).

biklahet yalel, vphr(av & dr). dripping (diarrhea).

bikomah, iv. wag (tail), wiggle (dog).

bóktebókte, av. wagging tail about (dog scenting animal).

bikulan, tv. wag /tail/, direct from side to side /water, urine/.

bikil N.

bikil, n1d. guts, intestines, inedible pulp /squash/.

bikil ¢’iʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘dog intestines vine’, morning glory Ipomoea triloba, #2160(14). Temperate “vine”.

kašlan bikil, nphr(aj & n)5. small intestine, tripe.

bik’ T.

bik’, tv. swallow, swallow whole, endure /anger/.

bik’, nc. swallow.

bik’an, tv. swallow whole /plu/.

bik’bon, av. swallowing slowly /mouthful after mouthful/.

bik’bon ʔon, vphr(av & n4d). longing for hopelessly.

šbik’bon yoʔon sčiʔuk hun ¢eb. He was longing hopelessly for the girl.

te šbik’bon yoʔon muk’ ʔonoš bu man yuʔun. He was dreaming --He would never be able to buy it.

bik’lahan-ʔal, tv(ivʔ & tvcpd). talk wildly or intemperately.

bik’lahet, av. bragging (sing).

bik’lahetik, av. bragging (plu).

bik’obil, n4f. water for washing down /pill/.

bik’ulan, tv. keep swallowing.

hbik’-ʔišim, agn(tv & ncpd). braggart /about what one, in fact, does not have/.

hbik’lahan, agn. braggart /about what one, in fact, does not have/.

bik’it A.

bik’il, aj. little, small.

bik’it to. pre-adolescent.

mi ʔo bik’it atak’in. Have you any small change?

bik’it ssat. fine /dust, sand/.

bik’it ʔalkalte. cf. ʔalkalte.

bik’it ʔalmul. cf. “aliuul.

bik’it ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). sensitive, quick to anger.

bik’it ʔora, vphr(aj/pred/ & n1d). lit., have small hour, i.e., be short-lived.

bik’it č’ič’el, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). be liable to suffer soul-loss, lit., to have small blood.

bik’it hkašlan, cf. hkašlan.

bik’it hšinulan, cf. hšinulan.

bik’it htoy-k’in, cf. htoy-k’in.

bik’it mol, nphr(aj & n)5. petty alcalde.

bik’tah, iv. diminish, decrease /in size or number/. t šbik’tah sniʔ hu-huntik. The tips of a very few are growing smaller /eleventh developmental stage of corn, also called hpaheahel and balalik ša hu-huntik/.

bik’tahes, tv. reduce in size, cut or break into little pieces, make change.

bik’tahes ba, rv. feign youth, promise to reform, recant.

bik’tal, n4d. youth.

ta hbik’tal. in my youth.

bik’tal, n4f. leftover /restricted to fruit/.

bik’tal, aj. small.

bik’tal čonetik. insects.

bik’tal ʔabtel, nphr(aj & n)5. minor religious office.

bik’tal ʔan¢, nphr(aj & n)5. young or small woman.

bik’tal-ʔoʔon, n(aj & ncpd). miserliness.

bik’tal ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d). toe.

bik’tal hʔabtel, nphr(aj & agn)5. cheap labor.

bik’tal k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d). finger.

hbik’tal-ʔoʔon, agn(aj & ncpd). penny pincher.

hbik’talʔu¢’, agn(aj & ncpd). baby that is born too soon after elder sibling.

bil P(2) or T(2).

bit tv. slip on.

bilahtik, aj. slippery (rocks).

bilbon, av. slippery /mud, slick surface/.

bilet, av. slippery (mud, corn gruel).

bili-hol, n(aj & ncpd). ‘slippery head’, unattested highland mushroom.

bilil, aj. slippery.

bilil ʔitah, nphrfaj & n). ‘slippery greens’, pot herb fame flower Talinum triangulare, #1679(7). Lowland “plant” It is boiled. It is cold”, k’oš bilil ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). pot herb fame flower Talinum triangulare, #1679(1, 4). Lowland plant”.

bililik, aj. slippery

bililub, iv. become slippery

bililubtas, tv. make slippery.

bililuš, n5. see below. It is characterized by its slippery texture.

ʔik’al bililuš, nphrfaj & n). Russula sp., #15(1, 3). Highland “mushroom”. Rhodophyllus sp., #15(1, 3). Highland “mushroom”.

k’oš bililus, nphr(aj & n). agaric Tricholomasp., #96(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. Marasmius sp., #183(1, 4, 7). Highland “mushroom”.

sakil bililuš, nphr(aj & n). Collybia sp., #34(1, 3). Highland “mushroom”. It is boiled and seasoned with mexican tea. It is “cold”.

bilk’uh, iv. slip.

billahet, av. slippery (plu).

billahetik, av. slippery (plu).

bólluh, av. slipping suddenly.

biltebilte, av. slippery in many places.

bilulan, tv. slip repeatedly on.

bin P or P(2).

bin-š’ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-tummied (child).

binahtik, aj. cf. binil /plu/.

binbin, aj. protruding (tummy).

binel, aj. protruding (tummy).

binet, av. protruding (tummy).

binil, aj. protruding (tummy).

binilik, aj. cf. binil /plu/.

binin, av. rolling (ball), walking with protruding (tummy).

bininet, av. running with protruding (tummy).

binlah, av. walking with protruding (tummy) (plu).

binlahet, av. cf. binel (plu).

binleh, n1d. with protruding (tummy).

bóntebinte, av. walking about with protruding (tummy).

bino N(Sp, vino).

bino, n5. wine, fruit wine.

bino-fruta, n(n & ncpd)5. fruit wine.

bioleta N(Sp, violeta).

bioleta, n1d. periwinkle Vinca major, #358(1, 2, 3). Highland “plant”, wild violet Viola nannei, #682(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”

bioletailtik, n5. large expanse of periwinkles or wild violets.

bioletatik, n5. expanse of periwinkles or wild violets.

biolin N(Sp, violón).

biolin, n1a. fiddle or violin/two-stringed/. The fiddle is believed to be a gift of the devil.

biš N.

bis, n1a. bamboo Apoclada sp., #777(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. The trunk

is cut by men and brought home to be used for loom rods. Shamans use bamboo for their staffs. (23)-Stewards use bamboo for the poles for their banners. (5)-An unattested variety is “hot” and that is why the women toss their loom bars outside to stop the hail. It is said that bamboo’s soul went to the afterworld, where it lingered for twelve years. During this time, in the recent past, bamboo could not be found anywhere. (RML)-Shamans are instructed in their initiatory dreams to take the bamboo staff to protect themselves from watchdogs wherever they must go on their curing trips. They are told to shake the staff at the dogs, but not to strike them, lest the dogs die.

biš, n1a. loom bar, shaman’s staff.

bištik, n5. bamboo grove.

ton bis, nphr(n type n). ‘rock bamboo’, bamboo Apoclada sp., #2964(1, 16). Temperate “tree” (1)-The seeds are planted one to a hole. The bamboo poles are cut in October and sold at market. The poles are used for loom bars. (16)-The poles are also used by shamans for their staffs.

ton bištik, nphr(n type n)5. bamboo grove.

bis-ʔakan, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-legged, long-stemmed.

bišahtik, aj. tall (reeds).

bišbon, av. walking long-leggedly.

bisil, aj. long (legs).

bitrola N(Sp, victrola).

bitrola, n1e. victrola.

bivora N(Sp, vivora).

bivora, n5. snake. A dark brown lowland snake that is known to have a poisonous bite which can be cured if medicine is obtained within an hour’s time, var., vivora.

biyete N(Sp, billete).

biyete, n1e. bill /money/, var.; bóyete.

bo I.

bo, iv. fall out in great quantities, shed (hair), come apart (weaving).

boes lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). cause to fall out /hair/.

boet, av. falling out in great quantities (hair).

bótebóte, av. falling out one after another (hairs).

boboh, iv. fall out gradually (hair), come apart (weaving).

bobon, tv. cause to fall out gradually /hair/.

bo¢’ T.

bo¢’, tv. pull out /firebrand, thorn, fence post, penis, mired horse/, peck out /eye of dead animal/ (buzzard), unplug, release /from jail/, drag out of /house to murder person/.

bo¢’, iv. be pulled out.

bo¢’, nc. tug.

bo¢’ ba, rv. free self /if stuck in tree/.

bo¢’an, tv. pull out /posts/.

bo¢’anan, tv. cf. bo¢’an.

bó¢’anbó¢’an, tv. pull out one after another /posts/.

bó¢’anbó¢’anan, tv. cf. bó¢’anbó¢’an.

bo¢’bon, av. pulling out (penis, fence post).

bo¢’el, nc. pulling out /penis/.

bo¢’ilan, tv. keep pulling out /fence posts, penis/.

bo¢’lahet, av. pulling out /fence posts/, aching.

bó¢’lih, av. popping suddenly.

bo¢’ob lavuš, nphr(n1f of n1d). claw of hammer.

bo¢’obil lavuš, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. bo¢’ob lavuš.

bo¢’o¢’, av. pulling out with difficulty.

bó¢’tebó¢’te, av. pulling out one after another /fence posts, bottles/.

bo¢’van, iv. exhaust person’s funds, exhaust person.

bo¢’van ta na, vphr(iv & prep & n5). lure person out of house to murder him.

boč N.

boč, n1a. half gourd, enamel bowl. inan. poss.; sbačal.

kanel aboč. You are bald-pated.

boč, n1a. calabash tree Crescentia cujete, #2825(3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12). Lowland “tree” The fruit is used for half gourds. (12)-It is sold at market.

(7)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood.

ʔit’iš boč, nphr(n4f of n5). box-briar Randia aculeata, #298(1, 2, 3, 5), #2618(1, 3, 21). Lowland “tree” It is used for firewood. #1238(1, 3, 4). Lowland, temperate, and highland “tree” #1391(3). Highland “tree” #1966(1, 3, 4, 16, 17), #2528(1, 4, 21). Temperate “tree”

boč, nc. gourdful.

boč-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. bald.

boč pukuh, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘devil’s gourd’, box-briar Randia aculeata, #1391(9). Highland “tree”

bočboč, nc. single gourdful /1 only/.

bočet, av. bald.

bočin, tv. steal gourd or enamel bowl.

bočol, aj. bald.

bóčolbóčol, n4f. each of many gourds.

bóčtebóčte, av. walking about with bald (head).

pisis boč, nphr(x type n)1a. ceremonial coffee gourd. The gourds are used by the stewards-royal when they visit each other, by the ensign-bearers when they serve coffee. Each steward offers a gourd of posol to the civil officials and sacristans at the fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary at Voʔ-bi¢, and gourds of coffee during the banquet there. The gourds are used during curing ceremonies when serving coffee to those present.

pisis boč teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). calabash tree Crescentia cujete, #1115(1, 4). Lowland “tree” It is grown by ladinos in their yards. It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The calabashes are used as ceremonial gourds.

boh T(2).

boh, tv. cut, cut down, fell, chop, saw /tree, salt, self/.

ta hboh kosil. I am going to clear my land.

boh, iv. be felled (tree).

boh-ʔosiltik, vn(tv & ncpd)5. chopping season.

boh ba, rv. cut or gash self.

boh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. knife or machete fight.

boh yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cut off /meat/.

bohan, tv. fell /trees/.

bohanan, tv. cf. bohan.

bóhanbóhan, tv. fell one after another /trees/.

bóhanbóhanan, tv. cf. bóhanbóhan.

bohbalal ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5. felled forest.

bohbenalil, n3d. cut /tree/. Male joking speech; vagina.

bohboh, aj. cut open, gashed (tree). Male joking speech; gashed /vagina/.

bohel, nc. cut.

bohel, aj. Male joking speech; gashed.

bohel ave. Your mouth is gashed.

bohet, av. gashed (vagina).

bohilan, tv. keep cutting or sawing.

bohilan ba, rv. keep cutting self.

bohilanan, tv. saw or cut /plu/.

bohob, n1b. saw, ax, machete, knife, billhook.

bohob-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd). machete or knife for committing murder.

bohob bek’et, nphr(n of n)5. butcher knife.

bohobil, n1f. cf. bohob.

bohol, aj. cut open, gashed.

bohvan, iv. cut person (sharp machete, murderer).

hbohvaneh, agn. murderer.

bokaro N(Sp, bocada).

bokaro, n1a. appetizer, food given to Indian merchant if he sells to Ladino at low price.

bok’ X.

bok’, nc. 400 handfuls /thatch/.

bok’bok’, nc. single handful /thatch/ /1 only/.

bol(1) N.

bolil, n3d. brother-in-law /wife’s brother, male’s sister’s husband/.

hboltak (or) hbalabtak. my wife’s brothers.

bolin, tv. acquire a brother-in-law.

bol(2) A.

bol, aj. stupid.

bolboltik, aj. rather stupid or foolish.

bolboltik sba. He is rather foolish.

bolib, iv. become foolish.

bolibtas, tv. befuddle, stupefy, drug.

bolibtasobil, n4f. drug /chewing tobacco/.

bolibtasvan, iv. daze, befuddle or drug person, stupefy person /by having female step over one’s clothes/.

bolil, n1d. stupidity, foolishness.

škal ta hbolile…. In my ignorance I say… /deprecatory offering of advice/.

bolera N(Sp, voladora).

bolera, n5. boa constrictor Boa constrictor. Lowland snake known to strike far and to wrap itself around a person until he is dead.

boleto N(Sp, boleto).

boleto, n1a. ticket /bus/.

bolkan N(Sp, volcán).

bolkan, n1e. volcano.

bolom N.

bolom, n1e. general term for wild felines, jaguar Panthera onca. cf. bolom čon. None of the “tigers” are considered edible. Their flesh is believed to be rank because they prey on all animals. When one is heard roaring, its name should not be uttered, nor should it be scolded, lest that provoke it to attack. Jaguars are companion animal spirits of strong, fat, handsome people.

¢ahal bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. jaguarundi Felis yagouaroundi. The jaguarundi is considered to be the fiercest of the felines. It is a companion animal spirit of thin or small people who are very evil.

¢’ib bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. ocelot Felis pardalis. The hats of the jaguar players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian are made of ocelot skins.

Ocelots are companion animal spirits of strong, fat, handsome people.

k’oš bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. margay Felis weidii.

mol bolom, nphr(aj & n)5. jaguar Panthera onca. The jaguar is rarely seen.

teʔ bolom, vphr(n type n)5. cf. eahal bolom, cf. k’oš bolom.

bolom, agn. each of two players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian /former ensign-bearers of the Trinity and St. Anthony/.

bolom čon(1), nphr(n type n)5. velvet ant Dasymutillasp.. A velvet ant, despite its awful taste, may be eaten raw to make one strong.

bolom čon(2), nphr(n type n)5. a religious song.

bon T.

bon, tv. paint, whitewash, dye /wool, thread/, anoint /with medicine/, pave, polish /ceremonial sandals/, cover /tiles with cement/.

bon, n1e. paint, dye, whitewash, color.

bon ba, rv. soil self, get paint on one’s clothes, paint one’s fingernails, powder or rouge self, put on lipstick.

bonan, tv. whitewash /houses/, cover /tiles with cement/, dye much /wool, thread/.

bonanan, tv. cf. bonan.

bónanbónan, tv. whitewash one after another /houses/, cover one after another /tiles with cement/, dye one after another /hanks of thread, containers of wool/.

bónanbónanan, tv. cf. bónanbónan.

bonel, nc. dyeing.

bonob kamosa teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’hat strap dye tree’, tree bocconia Bocconia arborea, #2576(21, 22). Temperate “tree”

bonobil, n1f. asphalt, shoe polish, dye.

bonol, n1e. paint, dye, whitewash, color.

bonvan, iv. soil person.

bonvan ta mulil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). incriminate person falsely.

hbonolahel, agn. painter, dyer.

bonok’ N.

bonok’, n4d. hair /infr/, mane /infr/.

boraha N(Sp, borreja).

boraha, n1d. borage Borago officinalis, #3025(4, 5). Highland “plant” It is grown by a few Chamulas. The seeds are planted in the rainy season. Borage is sold at market in San Cristóbal. As a cough remedy, three sprigs are brewed, and a cup of the tea is drunk. It is “hot”, var., boreha /Htek-lum/.

k’oš boraha, nphr(aj & n). Cynoglossum amabile, # 2729(1, 4). Highland “plant“.

boreha

boreha, borage, cf. boraha.

bos(1) P or P(2).

bosahtik, aj. in piles (feces), bulging (slack flies of pants), heaping (bowl).

bosbon ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). ranting.

bosbos, aj. bulging downward (slack fly, skirt).

bos¢ah, iv. slip down (daub).

bosel, aj. bulging downward (slack fly, skirt).

boset, av. heaping (bowl), bulging (fly), Male joking speech; bulging (vagina).

bosilan ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d). rant.

bosk’ih, iv. bulge downward (slack fly of pants, skirt), slip down (daub).

bosk’in, tv. cause to bulge downward.

Male speech; ta hbosk’in abikil kavron. I’ll knock your guts out, bastard.

bosleh, n1f. bulging downward (slack fly of pants).

boslehikil, n4f. heaping /bowls/.

bosol, aj. in a pile (feces), bulging, heaping.

bosolik, aj. in heaps (food).

bosos, av. bulging down (feces).

bos(2) O.

bos, onom. sound of defecation.

bóslih, av. making sudden sound of defecation.

bot(1) N.

bot, n1e. hail, ice, popsicle.

bot(2) N.

bot, n5. Heliocarpus donnell-smithii, #2132(11, 14). Lowland and temperate “tree”. It is used for roof poles. #2695(15, 20, 21, 22). Lowland “tree”. (20)-It is used for hoe handles and firewood. (5)-The bark of an unattested variety is used for lashing.

bot ʔak’, nphr(n type n)5. Heliocarpus donnell-smithii, #2132(1). Lowland and temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for common rafters. The bark is used to bind thatch and to lash roof poles and wattle. #2695(1, 3). Lowland “tree”

bot ʔak’tik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of bot ʔak’ trees.

bote N(Sp, bote).

bote, n1a. three to five liter can, corn-measuring can.

botiha N(Sp, botija).

botiha, n1a. porcelain jug /formerly used for storing cane liquor/.

botiha čon, nphr(n type n)5. beetle(ʔ). This horned black insect exudes a liquid from its shoulders which is applied to a wart that has previously been pierced with a thorn. The liquid causes blistering and removes the wart.

botika N(Sp, botica).

botika n1a. drugstore.

ʔo sbotikail to bu sčone. There are drugstores where it is sold.

botil N.

botil, cf. čenek’.

botil ʔak’, nphr(n type n). jack bean Canavalia glabra, #2158(1). Temperate “vine” #2416(1). Highland “vine”. Nissolia fruticosa, # 1969(1, 3, 4).

Lowland “vine”

botin N(Sp, botín).

botin, n1d. high rubber boots.

boton N(Sp, boton).

boton, n1a. button, bud, inan. poss.; sbotonal: flower bud, man. poss.; sbotonal (or) sbotonalil: its button.

bot’ P, P(2).

bot’-hol e’tflel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ’protuberant-topped plant’, self heal Prunella vulgaris, #1011(1, 3, 5), #2030(3), #2352(3, 4).. Highland “plant”.

white lantana Lantana achyranthifolia, #1570(1, 3, 11, 12). Temperate and highland “plant”. #1840(1, 4). Temperate “plant”.

indian paintbrush Castilleja arvensis, #1459(11, 12). Highland “plant”.

Dalea sericea, #2978(1). Temperate “plant”

sakil bot’-hol e’iʔlel, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Gomphrena decumbens, #1311(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”

bot’-hol ničim, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ’protuberant-topped flower’, self heal Prunella vulgaris, #1011(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”

bot’-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. staring /at person of opposite sex/.

bot’ahtik, aj. bare-assed /plu/.

bot’an ta ʔabtel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). give exhausting job to.

bot’anvan ta ʔabtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). give exhausting job to person.

bot’bon, av. working industriously.

bot’el, aj. wide-eyed /staring/.

bot’et, av. staring fixedly.

bot’et ta ʔabtel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). looking tirelessly for work.

bot’etik ta ʔabtel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. bot’el ta ʔabtel (plu).

bot’ih, iv. contract and relax anus.

bot’ilan, tv. keep contracting and relaxing anus (cow).

bot’ilan ba, rv. keep contracting and relaxing one’s anus, work ineffectually.

bot’k’ih, iv. stare fixedly, expose (buttocks).

bot’lah, av. walking and staring (plu).

bot’leh, n1d. wide-eyed.

bot’ol, aj. wide-eyed /staring/, bare-assed.

bot’olik, aj. wide-eyed.

bot’ot’, av. contracting and relaxing anus.

bót’tebót’te, av. walking about staring.

hbot’anvaneh ta ʔabtel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & VD5/). person who gives exhausting job to another.

brasil N(Sp, brasil).

brasil, n. see below. var., prasil /Čaynatik, Sek’emtik, Hok’ Č’enom,

Muk’ta Hok’/.

ʔit’is brasil, nphr(n4f of n). bittersweet bush Wimmeria pubescens, # 1706(7, 11, 12, 14). Lowland “tree”. (14)-The trunk is used for fence posts. (7, 11, 12)-It is also used for house mainposts and firewood.

sakil brasil, nphr(aj & n). bloodwood tree Haemotoxylum brasiletto, #199(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for fenceposts.

sakil brasiltik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of bloodwood trees.

brin N(Sp, brin).

brin, n1a. large burlap bag for storing corn or beans, small burlap bag formerly used for salt. var., prin, rin. cf. lona /more freq/.

brinko N(Sp, gringo).

brinko, n5. American, var., rinko.

bu N.

bu, n5. where, where?, somewhere.

bu šabat. Where are you going?

bu hunukal, nphr(n5 & num). which, which?, whichever one, which one? /with numeral classifiers/.

bu hotukal. where, where?, to (or) on which side, to (or) on which side? wherever?

bu kotukal. which one /animal or table, etc./.

bu ʔonoš, nphr(n5 & pt). where in the world?

pero bu ʔonoš t šbat. But where in the world could he go?

buʔ noš, nphr(n5 & pt/contr of ʔonoš/). where in the world?

buk, n(contr of bu & -uk)5. wherever.

buk noš, nphr(n, contr of bu & -uk & pt)5. anywhere, everywhere.

buy, n(contr of bu & ʔoy)5 where, where?, somewhere.

hnaʔtik buy. Who knows where it is.

buy ana. Where is your house?

buy yan ʔo. somewhere else.

buy ʔun. but you see… /conversational phrase or sentence initial expression that implies that something contrary to what had been

expected is about to be related/.

buyuk, n(contr of bu & ʔoyuk)5. wherever.

muk’ bu, nphr(pt, contr of mu & yuʔ & -uk & n5). never.

muk’ bu šik’ot. I have never been there.

ta bu no š k’alal, nphr(prep & n5 & pt & pt). phrase or sentence terminal expression indicating extraordinary degree.

tal hun ʔik’ pero ta bu noš k’alal. A wind struck, stronger than you can imagine!

bue N.

bue, n1e. bun /woman’s hair done up in a bun after washing so it will not dry before it is combed/.

bue’ T.

bue’ tv. kiss, smoke /cigarette/, suck /candy/, cf. lek’(1).

Boy’s joking speech, or Male scolding speech; bue’an kat. Kiss my penis.

bue’, nc. kiss, puff /cigarette/.

bue’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. kissing.

bue’an, tv. kiss /saints/ (children).

búe’anbúe’an, tv. kiss one after another (children making game of kissing saint images).

bue’bon, av. nursing (child), suckling (animal), sucking /candy/.

bue’el, nc. kiss.

bue’et, av. smoking.

bue’etik, av. cf. bue’et (plu).

bue’ilan, tv. suck /fruit, candy/.

bue’ilanan, tv. suck /candies/.

bue’lahet, av. cf. bue’bon (plu).

bue’ahetik, av. cf. bue’bon (plu).

bue’van, iv. kiss person.

hbue’vaneh, agn. person who kisses another.

buĉ(1) N.

buĉ, n1d. gizzard, crop.

buĉ (2) P or P(2).

buĉ-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. with pursed lips.

buĉahtik, aj. protruding (mushrooms).

buĉel, aj. pursed.

buĉet, av. pursing /lips/ /whistling/, pouting.

buĉk’ih lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). protrude (daub, boil), purse (lips).

buĉlahct, av.. pursing (lips) /whistling/.

búĉlih, av. gushing suddenly (blood).

búĉtebúĉte lok’el, vphr(av & dr). gushing up here and there (springs).

buĉul, aj. pursed (lips), protruding (blister).

buĉulik, aj. protruding (mushrooms).

buĉ’u N.

buĉ’u, n5. who, who?, someone, anyone.

muk’ buĉ’u yeĉ. There is no one else like him.

buĉ’u hunukal, nphr(n5 & n5). which one, which one? which person, which person?

buĉ’uk hunukal, nphr(n/contr. of buĉ’u & -uk/& n5). whoever.

buĉ’utik, n5. whoever, who? /plu/.

bub P.

buhahtik, aj. hilly, bumpy (skin growth).

buhan, tv. make protuberant.

h-likel isbuhanbe yol. He made her heavy with child in a moment.

buhbuh, aj. protuberant (skin growth).

buhet, av. walking with great burden (horse).

buhlah, av. cf. buhet (plu).

buhuhet, av. walking with very swollen /stomach/ (pregnant woman).

buhul, aj. protuberant (skin growth).

buhulik, aj. bumpy (skin growths).

búhtebúhte, av. walking about with swollen /stomach/ (pregnant woman).

buk X.

bukbon, av. puffing up (smoke, vapor).

buket, av. cf. bukbon.

buklahet, av. cf. bukbon (plu).

búklih, av. puffing up suddenly (smoke, vapor).

búktebúkte, av. puffing up in one place after another.

bukuket, av. puffing up in great quantities (smoke).

bukaro N(Sp, 7).

bukaro, n1d. common gladiolus Gladiolus hortulanus, #615(1, 2, 3). Highland “plant”. Many Zinacantecs grow gladiola in humid ground and in their yards. The bulbs are planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases by people visiting the churches, and by stewards, stewards-royal, and elders. The flowers are sold at market in San Cristóbal and Tuxtla.

bukaroaltik, n5. large field of gladiola.

bukarotik, n5. field of gladiola.

ʔit’iš bukaro, nphr(n4f of n). Tritonia crocosmiiflora, #16(1, 3, 4), #2943(1). Highland “plant”. It grows wild along streams. The bulbs are planted in yards at the beginning of the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases.

ĉihal bukaro, nphr(aj & n). ’streaked gladiolus’, common gladiolus Gladiolus hortulanus, #2722(1, 4). Highland “plant”. The flower was grown formerly to decorate altar vases. It was planted in May and June and cut in August.

k’oš bukaro, nphr(aj & n). Tritonia crocosmiiflora, #2943(16). Highland “plant”. The flowers are put in altar vases and are sold at market.

pino bukaro, nphr(aj & n). ’fine gladiolus’, see below.

eahal pino bukaro, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). see below.

ʔik’-loʔan eahal pino bukaro, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & aj & nphr/aj & n/). common gladiolus Gladiolus hortulanus, #1349(1, 3, 4, 5).

Highland “plant”, For use, cf. bukaro.

sakil pino bukaro, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). common gladiolus Gladiolus hortulanus, #1349(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. For use, cf. bukaro.

bukaro e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). Lamourouxia viscosa, # 1005(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”.

buk’ N.

buk’, n1a. weft, inan poss.; sbuk’ul.

bul(1) T.

bul, tv. uproot, pull up by the roots, pull out, pluck /weeds, hair, beard, feathers/, harvest /kidney beans/. Male joking speech; fart.

bul, iv. be plucked.

bul, nc. harvest /beans/.

bul ba, rv. overestimate one’s abilities /to work or to earn money/.

bul-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual trickery.

bulan, tv. pull out or pluck /plu/.

bulel, nc. harvest (beans).

bulilan, tv. keep uprooting /grass/ or harvesting /beans/, keep plucking /feathers, hair, beard/.

bulilan ba, rv. keep boasting.

bulilanan, tv. keep harvesting /beans/.

bulilanan baik, rv. keep boasting (plu).

bulob ʔalak’, nphr(n4f of n4d). pot used to scald chicken.

bulob ʔsimil, nphr(n1f of n3d). tweezers.

bulobil ʔisimil, nphr(n1f of n3d). cf. bulob ʔisimil.

bulobil kašlan, nphr(n1f of n5). pot used to scald chicken.

bul(2) P or P(2).

bul-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. wide-eyed, pop-eyed.

bulahtik, aj. wide-eyed /plu./.

bulanan, tv. pull out or pluck /plu/.

búlanbúlan, tv. pull out one after another.

búlanbúlanan, tv. cf. búlanbúlan.

bulbon, av. with bulging eyes (dead animal).

bulbul, aj. wide-eyed, pop-eyed.

buleah, iv. lose sight (eye).

bulel, aj. wide-eyed.

bulet, av. staring fixedly (impolite child).

bulk’ih, iv. lose sight (eye).

t šbulk’ih ssat ta ʔikaeil. His eyes are bulging from /the strain of/ his burden /when person strains to keep head upright while observing/.

búltebúlte, av. staring at one thing after another (impolite child).

buluk’ sat, nphr(x & n)5. horaworm. This highland caterpillar, with eye markings, is probably the larva of a hawk moth. Both men and women are said to have a white hornworm inside them, but the presence of a brown hornworm in a woman’s womb reputedly is the cause for the failure of her breasts to develop and barrenness. If such a woman does give birth, it will not be to a child, but to a hornworm.

buluk’ sat e’iʔlel, nphr(n/x & n/ type n). bush sage Salvia tilliaefolia, #1518(11, 12), #2059(18), #2481(21, 22). Highland “plant”, dayflower Commelina erecta, #1306(8). Lowland “plant”. Salvia purpurea, #2703(21). Lowland “plant”.

bulul aj. protruding (mucous).

bululik, aj. with popping eyes (frog, person from hunger or anger).

bulvan ta k’elel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). stare fixedly at person.

bul(3) N.

bul haš, nphr(n1f of n1d). foam of boiling corn.

bulan, iv. bubble up (boning water).

bulbul, nc. single brief boiling /1 only/.

bulel, nc /1-3/- brief boiling (fresh corn).

bulomah, iv. boil.

bulukil, n4f. much foam /mouth of drunk/.

buluĉ Num.

buluĉ, n(num & nccpd)1e. eleven.

buluĉib, n1e. eleven.

bulhuĉib, n5. in or by elevens, every eleven.

bur O.

bur, onom. gurgle (water or blood).

burbon, av. gurgling, bubbling, dribbling (mucous), pustulating.

buret, av. gushing, gurgling

burlahet, av. gushing or gurgling in many places, slurping (pig V3: 4), burbling (spring EKL 255: 1-3).

búrlih, av. gurgling suddenly (water, blood).

burur, av. gushing.

bururet, av. gurgling, gushing (water, slaughtered bull’s blood).

bururih, iv. gurgle, make bubbling sound.

bururin, tv. gurgle (child playing with drinking water).

búrtebúrte, av. gushing up here and there.

burne N(Sp, embudo).

burne, n1a. funnel /used for cane liquor/.

buro N(Sp, burro).

buro, n1d. donkey.

buro, aj. stupid.

bus P or P(2).

bus, nc. pile (rocks, wood, earth, corn).

bus ba, nphr(n of n)5. gopher hill. It is believed that if dirt is rubbed on one’s hands right after a gopher has left, the corn will provide a good yield.

busahtik, aj. in piles.

busan, tv. pile.

skotol isbusanbe. lit., He piled up everything against him, i.e., He accused him of everything.

búsanbúsan, tv. make into one pile after another.

búsanbúsanan, tv. make many piles.

busantik, aj. in widely spaced piles.

busbon, av. forming piles.

busbus, nc. single pile /1 only/.

buset, av. in piles, in clusters (chicks).

busetik, av. in clusters (chicks).

busi, iv. be in a pile.

yeĉ t šbusi ta balamil li tak’ine. lit., The money is just in a pile on the earth, i.e., He is spending all his money in vain.

busk’ih, iv. be wasted (money), pile up (fallen fruits).

busk’in, tv. spill /solids/.

busk’inan, tv. cf. busk’in.

buslah, av. spilling into piles (plu).

buslahet, av. in clouds (smoke), making mounds (gopher).

busleh, n4f. in pile.

búslih, av. spilling suddenly.

bústebúste yalel, vphr(av & dr). spilling in many places.

busukil, n4f. many piles, many mounds /gopher hill/.

busul, aj. in a pile, accumulated (work).

búsulbúsul, n4f. each of many piles.

busus, av. spilling into piles.

bususet yalel, vphr(av & dr). spilling into piles.

but P.

butahtik, aj. with rear sticking out /plu/.

k’ak’al butahtik. protruding (potatoes, tubers).

butan, tv. stick out rear.

butan ba, rv. throw self down with rear sticking up (drunk).

bútanbútan, tv. move rear from side to side (mule unwilling to accept load).

butbon, av. moving rear from side to side (hard-working man), wagging rear.

butbut, aj. bumpy, with mounds or knobs, low (hill).

butel, aj. with rear sticking out.

Scolding speech, to late sleepers; butel ačak tana. Your rear is sticking out now.

butet, av. walking bowed /under heavy load/, working with rear sticking out.

butetik, av. cf. butet (plu).

buti, iv. lie with rear sticking up.

butk’ih, iv. fall over (pot), fall down (mule, drunk).

butk’in, tv. knock over.

butk’inan, tv. knock over /plu/.

bútk’inbútk’in, tv. knock over one after another.

bútk’inbútk’inan, tv. cf. bútk’inbútk’in.

butlah, av. walking bent under burden (plu).

butlahet, av. staggering (sing).

butlahetik, av. cf. butbon (plu).

butleh, n1d. lying with rear sticking up (drunk).

búttebútte ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & vn5). hurrying along bent under burden.

butul, aj. squatting or lying with rear sticking out, lying on side.

butul-čakih, iv(aj & ivcpd). go backwards or in reverse.

butul-čakin, tv(aj & tvcpd). turn one’s back to /in bed/.

butut, av. rolling or moving slowly (boulder).

bututet, av. sticking up (large burden).

but’ T(2).

but’, iv. be enclosed, be blanketed /in clouds or mist/.

t šhut’ ša tal lunial tok. The mist is coming, blanketing /the countryside/.

but’i, tv. bury, cover up /corpse, feces, coals/, fill up /hole/.

but’ih, iv. be filled up (hole).

but’iobil, n4f. shovel.

but’ul, aj. blanketed /in mist/.

but’ul ʔosil. thick fog.

Ritual speech, referring deprecatingly to one’s offerings; mu me k’u temel mu me k’u but’ul. There is nothing piled up, there is nothing covered up.

buy

buy, where, when. cf. bu.

bwelta N(Sp, vuelta).

bwelta, n1a. turn, curve, quick trip, var., bélta, byélta, vélta /Pasteʔ)/.

bwelta. Turn! /command to mule/.

bweno

bweno, well, fine. cf. ben(2).

byahe N(Sp, viaje).

byahe, n1d. trip.

byélta

byélta, turn, curve, cf. bwelta.

byerneš N(Sp, viernes).

byerneš, n1e. Friday.

haʔ ʔo ʔoč sbyeraešal. It was on Friday of that week, var., yerneš.

byerneš santo, nphr(n & aj)5. Good Friday.

byerneštik, n5. Lenten Fridays.

¢a

¢a, be accepted, cf. ¢ak.

¢aʔ

¢aʔ, excrement, cf. ¢oʔ.

¢aʔn

¢aʔn, why? cf. ¢al(1).

¢a¢(1)

¢a¢, hair. cf. ¢o¢(1).

¢a¢(2)

¢a¢, strength, strong, cf. ¢o¢(2).

¢a¢aʔ

¢a¢aʔ, excrement, cf. ¢oʔ.

¢ah(1)

¢ah, fermenting, cf. ¢oh(2).

¢ah(2) T.

¢ah, tv. wear for the first time /clothes/, break in /jug by filling it with lime water or pot by boiling corn starch/.

¢ahan, tv. break in /jugs, pots/ (wife of entering religious official).

¢ahanan, tv. cf. ¢ahan.

¢áhan¢áhan, tv. break in one after another /jugs, pots/.

¢áhan¢áhanan, tv. cf. ¢áhan¢áhan.

¢ahob, n1f. lime water for breaking in jug, cornstarch for breaking in pot.

¢ahobil, n1f. cf. ¢ahob.

¢ahulan, tv. break in slowly.

¢ak T(2).

¢ak, tv. take, seize, grab, bite, catch /animals, cold/, capture, hit (bullet, machete), hold on to.

t šiseak simal ʔobal. I caught a cold.

¢ake lek i ki¢’ine. my younger brother caught it good!

s ¢ak ša vah yilel. He is eating tortillas now, it seems /convalescent/.

¢ak, iv. be seized, grabbed or captured.

¢ak ʔabtel, vphr(tv & vn5). begin office.

¢ak ʔabtel, vphr(tv & vn4d). begin work.

¢ak ba, rv. stick, mend, be on the mend, quarrel, fight.

¢ak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. quarrel, fight.

¢ak čoy, vphr(tv & n5). fish.

¢ak lum, vphr(tv & n5). take root, grow (young plant, child).

¢ak šemana, vphr(tv & n4d). begin one’s week of office or work (elder, steward-royal, publican, scribe, constable, justice of the peace, alderman, hired laborer).

¢ak ta ʔit’išal, vphr(tv/3s/ & prep & n5). become jealous.

¢ak ta vun, vphr(tv & prep & n5). record /names/.

¢akak, av. sticking.

¢akaket, av. sticking, sticky.

¢akal, aj. stuck, joined, clinging (tick), busy, written, unchanged /condition of patient/, impoverished.

¢akal ta sk’ob hyuʔel. He has the backing of the government.

¢akal ta totil ta meʔil. He is supported by the tutelary gods.

¢akan, tv. catch or bite /plu/.

¢akan ba, rv. be on the mend (people).

¢akan baik, tv. catch each other (people).

¢akanan, tv. infect people.

¢akanan ba, rv. cf. ¢akan ba.

¢ákan¢ákan, tv. catch one after another /chickens/.

¢ákan¢ákanan, tv. cf. ¢ákan¢ákan.

¢akavul, n3a. joint /limb of human or animal/.

¢akbe ba nuk\ vphr(tv & rpn & n4f). match tuning with that of others in group.

¢akbe baik, rv. pick each other’s /lice/, take each other’s /gifts/.

¢akbe čikin, vphr(tv & n4d). hold by the ears /unbroken mule so that it can be loaded/.

¢akbe k’ob, vphr(tv & n4d). shake hands.

¢akbe nuk’, vphr(tv & n4f). tune /stringed instrument/ to match others in group.

¢ak¢ak ba, rv. fight each other (cats, drunks, dogs).

¢ak¢on, av. sticking (burs), furry (mouth), sticky, clinging to (child).

¢akel, n1d. imprisonment, murder /archaic/.

¢akel, nc. imprisonment.

¢aklahet, av. grabbing /women/, holding onto /skirts/ (children).

¢aklahetik, av. cf. ¢aklahet.

¢akleb ʔak\ nphr(n4f of n4e). string holder /fiddle/.

¢akleb kurup, nphr(n4f of n4d). peg to which are attached strings holding string holder /fiddle/.

¢akob čoy, nphr(n1f of n5). fish hook, fish net.

¢akob kumpareil, nphr(n of n)5. cane liquor presented by fiancé’s family at house-entering ceremony to establish ritual kin ties between the two families.

¢akobil coy, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. ¢akob čoy.

¢ákte¢ákte, av. walking about picking fights (drunk).

¢akulan, tv. keep seizing, taking, catching, capturing, or grabbing.

¢akulanan, tv. keep grabbing /girls/.

¢akulanan baik, rv. keep grabbing each other.

¢akvan, iv. catch or capture person, cause illness, bite person (dog), have coitus (rooster).

h¢ak-čoy, agn(tv & ncpd). ’fish catcher’, belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon, cf. htiʔ-čoy., snowy egret Leucophoyx thula, cf. karsa., pied-billed grebe Podilymbus podiceps.

h¢akol, agn. hunting dog.

h¢akvaneh, agn. person who catches or captures another (constable).

¢auk, tv(contr of ¢ak & -uk) ritual speech, prayer; take heed.

¢auk ʔune htot ¢auk ʔune kahval. Take heed, My Father, take heed, My Lord!

¢ak’(1) X.

¢ak’ak’et, av. prickly, stinging (many nettles or caterpillar hairs in skin).

¢ak’¢on, av. prickly, stinging (one nettle or caterpillar hair).

¢ak’luh, av. pricking or stinging suddenly /nettle or caterpillar hair in skin/.

¢ak’(2) P or P(2).

¢ak’al, aj. strong (horse), shiny (pot, table), well-made (house).

¢ak’¢on, av. walking strongly (mule).

¢ak’lah, av. cf. ¢ak’¢on (plu).

¢ak’lahet, av. cf. ¢ak’¢on (plu).

¢ák’te¢ák’te, av. walking about strongly (mule).

¢al(1) Pt.

¢al ʔuʔun, ptphr(pt & n4d/3s/). why? /implies person is at fault/.

¢aluk, pt. why? /implies person is at fault/.

¢aʔn, pt(contr of ¢al & yuʔun) why? /implies person is at fault/.

¢an, pt. why? /implies person is at fault/.

¢an šabat. Why did you go?

¢al(2) T.

¢al, tv. flatten /ground/, level, dress /log/, trick.

mu sta ¢alel ta k’opetik. He can’t be tricked.

¢al, nc. levering.

¢alan¢alan, tv. dress one after another /logs/.

¢alan¢alanan, tv. cf. ¢alan¢alan.

¢albil, aj. unable to carry heavy loads (mule, person), impoverished.

¢albil-ʔeč’, iv(aj & ivcpd). graze (bullet, machete).

¢alel, nc. leveling.

¢alel, aj. be left behind /in work/.

¢alobil, n4f. instrument for leveling ground or dressing log /hoe, ax/.

¢alulan, tv. level, dress /logs/, keep tricking.

¢alulanan, tv. keep dressing /logs/.

¢alulanvan, iv. keep laying person low /sickness/.

¢alvan, iv. deceive person.

¢alvan ta čamel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). give sickness to /by witchcraft/.

h¢alvaneh, agn. deceiver.

¢alub N.

¢alub, n4d. cockscomb.

¢alub kelem, nphr(n of n). ’rooster’s cockscomb’, Castilleja integrifolia, #2171(14). Temperate “plant”

¢nd(1) T(2).

¢an, tv. light /fire, match, lamp/, turn on /light or flashlight/, make heated /argument/.

¢an, iv. become heated (argument), become clear (sky) /balamil/.

¢anal ʔosil, nphr(aj & n5). clear sky /day or night/.

¢anal balamil, nphr(aj & n5). clear sky /day or night/.

¢anan, tv. light /fires, etc./.

¢anesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). try to track down, seek clues or leads to, pursue an investigation, make an issue of, take strong action, take to court.

¢anesbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). lodge more complaints against, add to the charges against.

is¢anesbe smul sčiʔil ti mi ¢akbil ša ta čukele. He lodged more complaints against his companion now that he had been jailed.

¢anet ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d). flashing about /flashlight/.

¢anob kantela, nphr(n1f of n1d). altar candlestick, match.

¢anob k’ok’, nphr(n1f of n1d). kindling /pine twigs/.

¢anob sik’alal, nphr(n1f of n1d). cigarette lighter, match.

¢anobil kantela, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. ¢anob kantela.

¢anobil k’ok’, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. ¢anob k’ok’.

¢anobil sik’alal, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. ¢anob sik’alal.

¢anub, iv. become heated (argument).

¢an(2)

¢an, why? cf. ¢al(1).

¢an(3) O.

¢an, onom. sound of bell, ding.

¢ananet, av. ringing (bell, VI: 4, VI: 5, new pot or waterjug, cans), tootling (hand organ EKL 255: 2-13).

¢aneon, av. dinging (bell EKL 259: 2-11), chiming (bell EKL 255: 2-5).

¢anlah, av. clattering (log dragged over rocks) /sing or plu/.

¢anlahet, av. ringing (bells V2: 3, bell, EKL255: 2-4, EKL255: 2-6, pots, waterjugs, cans), clattering (logs dragged over rocks).

¢anluh, av. ringing suddenly (bell).

¢anuh, onom. sudden ding or ring /sound of bell, or pot/.

¢anulan, tv. keep making ring /new pots or waterjugs to test if they are sound/.

¢anulanan, tv. keep making ring many /new pots, etc./.

¢ap prob P or P(2).

¢ap-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with messy hair.

¢apahtik, aj. cf. ¢apal /plu/.

¢apal, aj. wild, unruly (hair).

¢apalik, aj. cf. ¢apal /plu/.

¢apeaptik, aj. rather wild or messy (hair).

¢apet, av. with wild or unruly (hair).

¢aplahet, av. cf. ¢apet (plu).

¢apleh, n4d. messy (hair).

¢ápte¢ápte, av. walking about with wild or unruly (hair).

¢apo A(Sp, zapo).

¢apo, aj. short, squat (mule, donkey).

¢ap’ I.

¢ap’, iv. dry, shrink (wood, vine, corn, thatch, beans).

¢ap’¢ap’, iv. dry or shrink slightly.

¢ap’¢ap’tik, iv. dry or shrink slightly.

¢ap’es, tv. set in the sun to dry.

¢av P.

¢avahtik, aj. cf. ¢aval /plu/.

¢aval, aj. standing up (hair, beard, wool), chilled (sick person).

¢avalik, aj. prickly (beard).

¢avan, tv. set down /wool or pile of weeds/.

¢avan ba, rv. cause feathers to stand on end (hen, turkey hen), sit recuperating (sick person).

¢avanan, tv. set down wool or piles of weeds /plu/.

¢ávan¢ávan, tv. set down one pile after another (weeds, wool).

¢ávan¢ávanan, tv. cf. ¢ávan¢ávan.

¢avav, av. feeling sudden chill.

¢avavet, av. feeling sudden chill.

¢av¢av, aj. standing up (hair).

¢av¢avul, n4f. standing up (hair;.

¢aveon, av. walking very slowly (sick person), moving indistinctly (goat at night), walking with thick hair (dog).

¢avel, aj. standing up (hair).

¢avet, av. approaching erectly (devil in the dark), feeling chill, feeling tipsy.

¢avi, iv. stand up (hair), be huddled over (sick person).

¢avlahet, av. prickling /sensation felt by feverish person/.

¢avleh, n1f. standing up (hair).

¢ávluh, av. feeling sudden chill.

¢ávte¢ávte, av. feeling chills throughout body.

¢avubil, aj. stealthily (robber walking).

¢ay(1) prob P or P(2).

¢ay-nuk’, n(aj & ncpd). long-necked, bare-necked (woman).

¢ayahtik, aj. cf. ¢ayal /plu/.

¢ayal, aj. long-necked, bare-necked.

¢ayeay, aj. long-necked, bare-necked.

¢ayeon, av. walking with long or bare neck (woman, ewe).

¢ayel, aj. long-necked, bare-necked.

¢ayet, av. walking with long or bare neck (woman).

¢aylah, av. walking with long or bare neck (woman), running and bobbing head (sheep).

¢aylahet, av. cf. ¢ay¢on (plu).

¢ayte¢ayte, av. walking about with long or bare neck (woman), running about bobbing head (sheep).

¢ay(2) A.

¢ay, aj. small (girl, mule) /not having reached full stature/.

¢ayal, aj. small (cup, pot, girl, horse, waterjug, griddle, basket) /referring to girl or horse it implies that full stature has not been reached, referring to object it occurs only in expression; mas eayal hutuk: It is a little smaller/.

¢ayalik, aj. cf. ¢ayal /plu/.

¢e A.

¢e, aj. unripe, undercooked.

¢e¢etik, aj. rather unripe or uncooked.

¢eil, n4f. unripeness.

yalem t šak’ pero kapal s¢eil. He offers them at a low price, but unripe ones are mixed in.

¢eil ʔosil nphr(aj & n)5. fallow land.

¢eil nukul, nphr(aj & n)1a. untanned leather.

¢eʔintaan, tv. laugh at /people/.

¢el nukul, nphr(aj & n)1a. cf. ¢eil nukul.

¢eub, iv. become inedible (beans that harden, cabbage that becomes bitter when boiled).

¢eubtas, tv. make inedible /čenek’u! vah, pisil vah/ (pregnant woman).

¢eʔ N.

¢eʔeh, vn5. amusement.

¢eʔeh ʔaʔi, vphr(vn & tv). be amused by.

¢eʔeh noš šaʔi mi ʔipote. He is just amused when you get sick.

¢eʔeh loʔil, nphr(vn type n)5. humorous conversation, joking.

¢eʔeh loʔilótikotik. We were talking and laughing.

¢eʔet, av. smiling.

¢eʔetik, av. cf. ¢eʔet (plu).

¢eʔih loʔil, nphr(vn type n)5. cf. ¢eʔeh loʔil.

¢eʔin, tv. laugh. Laughing by girls is considered promiscuous.

¢eʔinta, tv. laugh at.

¢eʔintavan, iv. laugh at or mock person.

h¢eʔetel, agn. merry person.

h¢eʔmitavaneh, agn. person who mocks another or who laughs at girl.

ʔumet ¢eʔin, vphr(av & tv). suppressing laughter.

mukul-¢eʔin, tv(aj & tvcpd). suppress laughter.

¢eb(1) N.

¢eb, n1d. girl, daughter /reference and address/, woman younger than speaker /reference/.

¢eb voʔtus, cf. voʔtus.

¢ebah, iv. become girl-like. It is believed that a molly mule can be rejuvenated three times.

¢ebal, n1a. girl, young female animal.

hay-kot s¢ebalil. How many female /chicks/ are there?

¢cbal, n4d. girlhood.

ta s¢ebal. when she was a girl.

¢ebal ____, nphr(natt & n5). young female animal, pre-laying ____/hen, turkey/.

¢ebal čih. ewe.

¢ebal ʔan¢, young woman.

¢ebal voʔtus, cf. voʔtus.

¢ebil, n5. daughter.

ip’isat ta ¢ebil. She was treated as a daughter.

¢ebin, tv. accept as one’s daughter, adopt /daughter/.

čeb, n5. Baby talk; girl.

¢eb(2) prob A or N.

¢ebiltas, tv. wash another person’s hair.

¢ebiltasan, tv. wash people’s hair /children/.

¢ebiltasobil, n4f. “flower water”.

¢ebiltasvan, iv. wash another person’s hair.

¢ebin, tv. wash hair with. Ritual speech, prayer begging forgiveness for physical violence; wash head with.

ta h¢ebin šavon. I am shampooing my hair.

ta h¢ebinbe snicim li kahvaltike. I am washing my hair with Our Lord’s flower /water/, i.e., water left over from washing steward’s coffer.

mi s¢ebin ti hun sc’ic’ele mi seebin ti hun ssankre. Was his head washed in blood, was his head bathed in blood?

¢ebin, iv. wash one’s hair.

¢ebinahebal, n3d. Ritual speech, curing prayer; shampooing place, cf.

ʔatinahebal,

h¢ebiltasvaneh, agn. person who washes another’s hair (shaman, mother, women assistants of steward who wash the hair of everyone present with the water left over from washing coffer).

h¢ebnel, agn. person washing hair.

h¢ebnom, agn. person who washes hair.

¢ek(1) N.

¢ek, n1e. scorpion.

¢ek k’ob, nphr(n4e of n4d). whorl on ball of the thumb.

¢ek(2) N.

¢ek, nig. spindle whorl /clay/, partial veil /mushroom/, sheath /com, sugar cane, palm, bamboo, reed/, fruiting stalk /of banana after all the fruit have been removed/.

¢ek hčamuʔ, nphr(n of agn)5. poisonous caterpillar, cf. ¢ukumal tok’oy.

¢ek krus, nphr(n of n)5. velveteen cloth used to cover middle of gospel cross.

¢ekil, n3a. skirt, inan. poss.; s¢ekil.

sk’an s¢ekil sk’ušilal li k’ine. There is no skirt for the party clothes.

¢ekin, tv. steal skirt.

¢ekin komel, vphr(tv & dr). strip corn leaves down to the sheath (hail).

ček, n5. Baby talk; skirt.

¢el(1) P.

¢el, nc. large mound (logs, stones, straw, fruit, adobe).

¢elahtik, aj. cf. ¢elel /plu/.

¢elan, tv. make large mound /firewood, stones/.

skotol ʔis¢elanbe. He accused him of everything.

¢elanan, tv. make large mounds /plu/.

¢elanbe ʔika¢, vphr(tv & n4d). load /mule/.

¢elanbe ʔilil, vphr(tv & n3d). heap debts on.

¢élan¢élan, tv. make one large mound after another.

¢élan¢élanan, tv. cf. ¢élan¢élan.

¢elel, aj. in large mound (logs, stones, straw, bags, fruit, adobe, snake), accumulated (work).

¢elel smuk’ul. She is pleasingly plump.

¢élel¢élel, n4f. each of many piles.

¢elet, av. walking heavily burdened (person).

¢el(2)

¢el, untanned leather, cf. ¢e.

¢el(3) X.

¢eleon, av. rushing furiously, swirling (water).

¢elelet, av. rippling (water).

¢ellahet, av. rushing (river).

¢el(4) X.

¢elelet, av. feeling cramps /in limbs/, tingling /limb that has fallen asleep/.

¢élte¢élte, av. piercing here and there (pain of wound).

¢eluel, n1d. cramp.

¢el(5) X.

¢elav, n4f. ridge /ground/.

¢ele-pat, n(x & ncpd)1e. ’ridged bark ?’, butterfly bush Buddleia nitida, #38(1, 2, 3, 4), #2932(3). Highland “tree”. The trunk is used for house mainposts, rafters, roof rods, posts of wooden-walled houses, fence posts, for corn bin, stile, and gate rails, for corn stubble rakes, and for firewood. If a person warms himself before a fire of butterfly bush wood it is believed that he will get cramps, var., ¢elo-pal /Htek-lum/.

butterfly bush Buddleia chordata, #B9475(5). Highland “tree”, skutch’s butterfly bush Buddleia skutchii, #2237(19). Highland “tree” shrubby butterfly bush Buddleia crotonoides, #2048(18).

Highland “tree”

¢ele-pattik, n(x & ncpd)5. expanse of butterfly bushes.

ʔik’al ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). skutch’s butterfly bush Buddleia skutchii, #2770(1, 4). Highland “tree”, butterfly bush Buddleia nitida, #2932(1, 3). Highland “tree”.

ʔit’iš ¢ele-pat, nphr(n4f of n/x & ncpd/). american butterfly bush Buddleia americana, #3000(11). Lowland “tree”. It is used for firewood. ba¢i ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). skutch’s butterfly bush Buddleia skutchii, #1768(15). Highland “tree”.

bik’it ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). shrubby butterfly bush Buddleia crotonoides, #2396(20). Highland “tree”.

čan-¢elav, n(num & ncpd). ’four-ridged’, shrubby butterfly bush Buddleia crotonoides, #B9259(5, 5a). Highland “tree”, butterfly bush Buddleia nitida, #B9483(5, 5a). Highland “tree”, butterfly bush Buddleia amplexicaulis, #2512(21, 22). Highland “tree”.

čan-¢elav ¢ele-pat, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n/x & ncpd/). shrubby butterfly bush Buddleia crotonoides, #32(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), #2048(3, 17), #2396(3, 4), #2451(1). Highland “tree”. The trunk is used for house mainposts, posts of wooden-walled houses, and fence posts. The sprigs are used in the steam cure that follows bloodletting or that is given to reduce swelling. Thirteen sprigs of butterfly bush are used together with thirteen sprigs of pom i’a-tei, six sprigs of yihil ʔanal ʔahan ton, a large handful of ʔik’alpom e’unun, a handful of sat pukuh, and a handful of ʔahval tei. It is “hot”. For further description of steam cure cf. pus ton. butterfly bush Buddleia amplexicaulis, #2277(3, 4), #2512(4). Highland “tree”. Same use as above.

hič’il ¢anal ¢ele-pat, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/x & ncpd/). ’narrow-leaved ¢ele-pat’, Calea integrifolia, #493(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “tree”.

k’os ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). american butterfly bush Buddleia americana, #3000(1, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”, shrubby butterfly bush Buddleia crotonoides, #2451(20). Highland “tree” butterfly bush Buddleia amplexicaulis, #2277(19). Highland “tree”

sakil ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). american butterfly bush Buddleia americana, #206(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”, skutch’s butterfly bush Buddleia skutchii, #1768(4, 5), #2237(1, 3, 4). Highland “tree”. Lippia chiapensis, #B9485(5a). Highland “tree”.

¢elleh, n5. ridge /mountain/.

¢ellehaltik, n5. many long ridges.

¢ellehtik, n5. long ridge.

¢elo-pat, cf. eele-pat

¢elp’un, tv. dodge /blow, bullet/.

čan-¢elav, n(num & ncpd). four-sided.

čan-¢elav leʔ, nphr(n/num & npcd/type n)1a. beam.

hol ¢el, nphr(n of n)1e. ridgepole.

¢emen N.

¢emen, n5. baird’s tapir Tapirus bairdii.

¢ep P, P(2).

¢ep-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with rough haircut.

¢epahtik, aj. with rough haircut /plu/.

¢epan, tv. hack.

¢épan¢épan, tv. hack one after the other.

¢épan¢épanan, tv. cf. ¢épan¢épan.

¢epbe, tv. hack at.

t sah¢epbe macita. I’ll hack at you with a machete.

¢epeon, av. hacking, walking with rough haircut /like a Chamula/.

¢epel hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with rough haircut.

¢epet hol, vphr(av & n4d). with rough haircut.

¢epkunta, tv. hack at and abandon /tree/.

¢epkuntik, aj. rough (haircut), hacked (tree, ground).

¢eplahet, av. hacking (plu).

¢eplahetik, av. hacking (plu).

¢epluh, av. suddenly causing shallow wound.

¢epulan, tv. hack /with machete, axe, hoe, etc./.

¢epulanan, tv. hack /plu/.

¢epte¢epte hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with rough haircut /hatless/.

¢epen N or A.

¢epenah, iv. heal (wound).

¢ib N.

¢ib, n5. fern.

¢ibaltik, n5. large expanse of ferns.

¢ibtik, n5. expanse of ferns.

ʔik’al ʔok ¢ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ’black-stemmed fern’, maidenhair fern Adiantum andicola, #163(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

(5)-The leaves are crushed in water which is given to sheep suffering “wind”, pine fern Anemia adiantifolia, #222(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”

ʔik’al ¢ib, nphr(aj & n). see below.

muk’ta ʔik’al ¢ib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Anemia phyllitidis, #2563(1, 4). Temperate “plant”

¢ahal ¢ib, nphr(aj & n). holly fern Polystichum distans, #159(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Holly ferns are used to decorate the roof of the créche and the church of St. Sebastian on Christmas Eve. (23)-The stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary provide one hundred and fifty plants on the Seventh Posada.

č’ib ¢ib, nphr(n type n). Cyrtomium remoti-sporum, #549(1, 3). Temperate “plant”

hamal ʔanal ¢ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ’broad-leaved fern’, Elaphoglossum longifolium, #1860(1). Highland “plant”.

kilahtik ¢ib, nphr(aj & n). ’long fern’, Asplenium monanthes, #160(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Polypodium angustifolium, #165(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

ʔik’al kilahtik ¢ib, nphriaj & nphr/aj & n/). Polypodium angustifolium var. amphostenon, #547(1, 3). Temperate “plant”

sakil kilahtik ¢ib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Polypodium xalapense, #548(1, 3). Temperate “plant” Polypodium angustifolium, #979(1, 3). Highland “plant”

muk’ta ¢ib, nphr(aj & n). holly fern Polystichum pallidum, #B9270 (5, 5a). Highland “plant”, chain fern Woodwardia spinulosa, #161(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Anemia phyllitidis, #2563(21, 22). Temperate “plant”.

ʔik’al muk’ta ¢ib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Cyrtomium remoti-sporum, #96(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”

muruc’ ¢ib, nphr(aj & n). ’kinky fern’, Notholaena sinuata, #102(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”

sakil ʔok ¢ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). white-stemmed fem’, Lophosoria quadripinnata, #167(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Thelypteris kunthii, #215(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”

sakil ¢ib, nphr(aj & n). Llavea cordifolia, #95(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Cheilanthes farinosa, #1063(1, 3). Highland “plant”.

yašal eib, nphr(aj & n). Notholaena sinuata, #814(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”

kilahtik yašal ¢ib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). ’long green fern’, Dichaea sp., #1246(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”.

¢ib habnal, cf. habnal.

¢ibal č’ut teʔ, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/). ’tree trunk fern’, Polypodium angustifolium, #555(1, 3). Temperate “plant”.

¢ibal k’aʔ-teʔ, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). ’rotten tree fem’, Polypodium munchii, #1862(1, 16). Highland “plant”.

¢o¢in ¢ibal k’aʔteʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). ’hairy rotten tree fem’, Elaphoglossum hirtum, #1224(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”

¢ibal ton, nphr(natt & n). ’rock fern’, see below.

sakil ¢ibal ton, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Drymaria muliiflora,

#1437(1). Highland “plant”.

¢i ¢(1) T.

¢i ¢, tv. advise, punish, discipline, swear to secrecy.

yuʔun lek s¢i¢ sc’amal mu smah sciʔil ʔi mu sʔelk’ah. He disciplines his children well; they don’t hit their siblings and they don’t steal, mu snaʔ s¢i¢ sc’amal li krišcano ti mi tol k’usi stam ta yan ʔo na k’al švulaʔahike. People don’t know how to discipline their children if they take many things from other’s houses when they visit.

¢i¢, iv. be punished.

¢i¢an, tv. advise /children/ /plu/.

¢i¢anan, tv. cf. ʔiʔan.

¢i¢an¢i¢an, tv. advise one after another /children/.

¢i¢an¢i¢anan, tv. cf. ¢i¢an¢i¢an.

¢i¢el, vn5. advice, punishment.

¢i¢ulan, tv. keep giving orders, keep disciplining.

¢i¢ulanan, tv. keep giving orders to /plu/, keep disciplining /children/.

¢i¢van, iv. advise or punish person.

h¢i¢-meʔel, agn(tv & ncpd). disciplinarian /woman/.

h¢i¢-mol, agn(tv & ncpd). disciplinarian /man/.

h¢i¢el, agn. person punished.

h¢i¢vaneh, agn. counselor.

¢i¢(2) N.

¢i¢(1), n1a. marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, #1461(11, 12), #1742(15, 16), #2378(20), #2499(21, 22), #2584(21, 22). Highland “plant” (15)-Three entire plants are ground on the metate, mixed with water, and used to flavor com gruel. (20)-The flavor is similar to cinnamon. It is sold at market in Tuxtla. (15, 20, 21, 22)-It is “hot”.

¢i¢tik, n5. expanse of marsh marigolds.

ba¢’i eie, nphr(aj & n). marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, #2057(3).

Highland “plant”. Same use as ¢ieal ʔul.

k’oš ¢i¢, nphr(aj & n). marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, #2499(4). Highland “plant”. It is used to flavor corn gruel, but if too much is added to the gruel one can fall ill. It is “hot”.

muk’ta ¢i¢, nphr(aj & n). marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, # 1159(1, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. (5)-It grows in yards. A handful is soaked in corn gruel for seasoning. It is “cold”. #1894(1, 3, 4, 16, 17), #2584(1, 4). Temperate “plant” (1)-It is brewed and sweetened with sugar as a substitute for coffee. (17)-The leaves are ground and used to season corn gruel. It is “hot”

stentehal ¢i¢, nphr(nalt & n). ’field ¢i¢’, Tagetes schiedeana, #1410(7). Highland “plant”

yašal nic ¢i¢, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ’blue-flowered ¢i¢’, Cuphea utriculosa, #1622(11, 12). Temperate “plant”.

¢i¢(2), n1a. avocado. This is a small, black, smooth-skinned avocado, cf.

¢i¢ teʔ(2).

¢i¢-ʔat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with small testicles (boy).

¢i¢ e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). Crusea subulata, #1887(16, 17). Temperate “plant”.(17)-As a remedy for stomachache /k’uš ʔoʔonil, k’uš c’util/, a small bunch is brewed with brown sugar. One or two spoonsful are taken before meals for one day. It is “hot”. Linum schiedeanum, #1048(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. Tagetes filifolia, #2033(18). Highland plant”. Cuphea utriculosa, #2814(7, 12). Lowland “plant”

k’oš eie e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Linum schiedeanum, #1886(1, 3, 4). Temperate plant”.

¢i¢ poš, nphr(n type n). ’eie medicine’, St. John’s wort Hypericum uliginosum, #653(1, 2, 3, 4), #2324(3, 4). Highland “plant”. As a remedy for swelling, a handful of plants is brewed, and a small cup of the tea is drunk from one to three times a day. It is “hot”. #1383(3). Temperate “plant” As a remedy for “cold wind”, a handful of stems are brewed with brown sugar, rue, and sun rose. A bowlful of the tea is drunk before meals for three days. It is “hot”.

¢i¢ teʔ(1), nphr(n type n). loose strife Lythrum lanceolatum, #930(1, 3), # 1409(3), # 1739(3). Highland “plant”. The stems are cut by women and the bark scraped off for use as bodkins. #1881(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”, wild flax Linum mexicanum, # 1491(3). Highland “plant”. Licaria cf. peckii, #211(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for the drums of the elders and ensign-bearers. Nectandra coriacea, #1203(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland and temperate “tree”.

¢i¢ teʔ(2), nphr(n type n). avocado Persea americana var. drymifolia, #458(1, 2, 5). Highland “tree”. It is grown in yards. The fruit is eaten raw. It is “cold”. The leaves are used as seasoning for corn gruel.

¢i¢al ʔul, nphr(natt & n). ’corn gruel eie’, marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, #1461(3), #1742(3), #2057(17), #2198(1, 3, 4), #2378(3, 4). Highland “plant” It is ground, mixed with water and used to flavor corn gruel. It is “hot”. Tagetes schiedeana, #1410(3). Highland “plant”.

Same use as above.

¢i¢et ʔat, vphr(av & n4d). lit., sitting around with small testicles, i.e., doing nothing (boy).

¢i¢il, aj. small (testicles).

¢i¢il ʔul, nphr(natt & n). ’corn gruel eie’, marsh marigold Tagetes lucida, #2057(18). Highland “plant”.

¢i¢il X.

¢i¢il-ʔul, n(unanalyzed cpd)5. yellow-eyed junco Junco phaeonotus. cf. yukyuk mut. Juncos are eaten. They are known to scratch up nearly planted corn occasionally.

¢i¢op’ N.

¢i¢op’, n1a. stalk of grass flower.

¢i¢op’in, tv. possess stalk of grass flower (child at play).

¢ih(1) A.

¢ih, aj. rank (smell of urine, goat, fox, coyote, monkey, peccary, or spook).

¢ih¢ihtik, aj. rather rank.

¢ih¢t, av. stinking with rank odor (child that has wet clothes, place where people have urinated).

¢ihihet, av. stinking with rank odor /place where people have urinated/.

¢ihil, n4f. rankness.

¢ih(2) O.

¢ih¢on, av. clashing (cymbals).

¢ihka¢ihka, onom. ompapa (EKL255: 1-11).

¢iklan N.

¢iklan, n5. hermaphrodite, var., ¢iklon.

¢iklon

¢iklon, hermaphrodite, cf. ¢iklan.

¢ik’ T(2).

¢ik’, iv. crack, split (wall, jug, griddle).

¢ik’ ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). abandon a plan or action through fear, give up.

i¢ik’ ta be muk’ šk’ot. He gave up and never arrived.

¢ik’ahtik, aj. cracked in many places (ground, pot, gourd).

¢ik’¢ah, iv. split off (rock, cliff).

¢ik’¢on, av. painful (previous bone break).

¢ik’¢s ba, rv. abandon a plan or action through fear.

¢ik’¢svan, iv. cause person to abandon plan by alarming him.

¢ik’¢t, av. walking in fear.

š¢ik’et noš ti balamile. It is frightening to walk abroad.

¢ik’et ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv). walking in fear, afraid of being unable to fulfill duties or pay expenses.

¢ik’il, aj. cracked (pot, jug, wall).

¢ik’ilik, aj. cracked in many places (ground, pot, gourd).

¢ik’ilul, n4f. crack /griddle/.

¢ik’luh, av. feeling sudden pain (previous bone break).

¢ik’teeik’te, av. tingling here and there (arm or foot that has fallen asleep).

h¢ik’esvaneh, agn. person who alarms another and causes him to abandon plan.

¢il X.

¢il¢on, av. shivering /fear, cold/.

¢ilet, av. roaring (fire).

¢ililet, av. roaring (fire EKL 259: 2-13), rumbling (heat lightning in rainy season), booming (blasting irons in distance), trembling /under heavy load, with cold/, straining /defecating/.

¢illahet, av. shivering with fear or cold (plu).

¢illahetik, av. cf. ¢illahet.

¢ilteedte, av. walking about shivering with cold or fear.

¢imaʔ N(M-Z, eimaʔ).

¢imaʔ, n. calabash tree Crescentia cujete, #2824(3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12). Lowland “tree “. The fruit is used for gourds. (7)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood.

¢imaʔ, n5. large gourd for testing corn gruel, Joking speech; bald head.

¢imaʔ c’is, nphr(n type n). ’eimaʔ thorn’, box-briar Randia aculeata, #1238(7). Lowland, temperate, and highland “tree”

¢imaʔ hobel, nphr(n type n)5. Simojovel.

¢in P(2) or T(2).

¢in, tv. tighten /burden, sandals/, make firm /post/.

ta h¢in hč’ut. I will fasten my sash.

¢in ba, rv. become stuck /in crack, etc./, pack, crowd (people), become thick (clouds), harden (fruit, adobe), become taut (wire, rope), become tight (knot).

s¢in sba yaʔal. He is tipsy.

s¢in sba yoʔon. He is out of breath.

¢in-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. crowding.

¢an ta čukel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). put in jail.

¢inan, tv. tighten /burdens/, fix firmly /posts/ /plu/.

¢inan ta ʔabtel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). assign hard labor (magistrate).

¢inanan ta ʔabtel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). assign hard labor to many people (magistrate).

¢ínan¢ínan, tv. tighten one /burden/ after another.

¢íhan¢ínanan ta čukel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). jail one after another.

¢in¢ah, iv. become taut, become tight.

¢in¢in¢in, onom. strum /guitar/.

¢in¢on, av. strumming (guitar).

¢inet, av. tight, tipsy.

¢inetik, av. tight, tipsy (sing).

¢inil, aj. crowded, drunk, stuck (rock), stiff (hat brim), taut (wire), firm or secure (post), thick (fog), hard (ground), pressed tight, tight (sash), tight-fitting (sandals).

¢inil ʔilil. with many debts.

¢inil vinik, nphr(aj/pred/ & n5). strong or capable man.

¢ininet, av. buzzing (ears), binding (tumpline, sandles). Male joking speech; snug (vagina).

¢inlahet, av. banging (head on ground), strumming (guitar), banging (blasting iron).

¢íluh, av. banging suddenly (head on ground, blastíng iron), cracking (rifle fire, lightning), crowding in suddenly.

¢inob, n1f. peg /stringed instrument, peg for tightening wire fence/, sinews /drum/, rope for tightening burden.

¢inobil, n1f. rope for tightening burden.

¢inulan, tv. keep tightening /strings of stringed instrument/.

¢isakánta N(N, tzinacantlan).

¢inakánta, n5. Zinacantán.

h¢inakánta, agn. Zinacantec.

¢irimpa N.

¢irimpa hol, nphr(n type n)5. shaven-headed, with rough haircut (woman).

¢irimpta, tv. shave /person’s head/.

¢is N.

¢is ʔuč, nphr(n of n)If. ‘opossum fart’, bush laurel Litsea glaucescens, #B9272(5, 5a), #2242(1, 3, 4). Highland “tree”. The sprigs are a basic ingredient of “flower water” used to bathe a patient. It is “cold”. Whoever takes a sweat bath boils a handful of sprigs and washes himself afterwards with it. The father of a newborn baby gathers a small handful that is brewed and used to wash the infant, (RML)-Other ingredients of “flower water” are ʔaha-teʔes, ¢ahal ničim, krus ʔeč’, k’os, tilil, višobtakil, hič’il or yihil lanal toh, bek’tal pom, teʔel pom. Bush laurel is also brewed in the water used to wash stewards’ coffers. It is used to adorn the ceremonial bed, and crosses during curing ceremonies.

¢is ʔučtik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of bush laurel.

ʔašuš ¢is ʔuč, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). ‘garlic ¢is ʔuč’, bush laurel Litsea glaucescens, #2539(21, 22). Temperate “tree”.

ʔitʔiš ¢is ʔuč, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). Litsea neesiana, #50(1, 2). Temperate and highland “tree”. It is used by corn farmers for firewood when they travel to the temperate zone.

ba¢’i ¢is ʔuč’, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). bush laurel Litsea glaucescens, #1866(1, 16), #2242(19). Highland “tree”. Same use as ¢is ʔuč.

¢is ʔuč ʔakș, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Berchemia scandens, #957(1, 3). Lowland “vine”.

¢is čauk, nphr(n of n)5. ‘thunderbolt fart’, shrub marigold Tagetes nelsonii, #1477(11, 12), #1721(3, 15, 16), #2201(1, 3, 4, 19), #2384(3, 4, 20), #2509(4, 21, 22). Highland “plant”. (20)-It is eaten by sheep and horses, tree bocconia Bocconia arborea, #1379(3). Temperate “tree”, meadow rue Thalictrum guatemalense, #1782(16). Highland “plant”. As a remedy for fever /k’ok’/, a bunch is brewed and left to cool. A half cup of the tea is drunk. It is “cold”.

¢is čaukiltik, nphr(n of n)5. large expanse of ¢is čauk.

¢is čauktik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of ¢is čauk.

¢is čauk ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Bidens squarrosa, #2876(1, 4). Lowland “vine”.

¢is čitom teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘pig fart tree’, wild senna Cassia biflora, #2678(1, 3). Lowland “tree”

¢isil, n3d. flatulence, smell of skunk, spray of citrus rind.

¢isin, iv. break wind.

¢ista, tv. break wind on.

h¢isnom, agn. person who is breaking wind.

¢isan pale, nphr(n of n)1e. daddy longlegs.

¢isan tuluk’, nphr(n4d of n5). bristle on chest of turkey gobbler.

¢isan vinik, nphr(n type n)5. Male joking speech; man who talks racily.

¢isanil, n3a. pubic hair.

¢oʔ N.

¢oʔ, n1a. excrement, shit, guts /person, caterpillar/, inan. poss.; s¢aʔal.

¢oʔ, n4f. muscle /restricted to s¢oʔ k’obol; muscle of forearm, and s¢oʔ ʔokol: calf/.

¢oʔ ʔamuč, nphr(n of n)1e. algae.

¢oʔ ʔamučaltik, nphr(n of n)5. large expanse of algae.

¢oʔ ʔamučtik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of algae.

¢oʔ ʔek’en, nphr(n1f of n1d). scraps of corn dough that have fallen onto the metate platform. The scraps are rubbed on a burn to soothe it.

¢oʔ ʔot, nphr(n4f of n4d). dry tortilla dust.

¢oʔ čičaron, nphr(n1f of n1d). crackling dust mixed with corn dough and fed to cats.

¢oʔ čikin, nphr(n1f of n1d). ear wax.

¢oʔ kaʔ ¢u, cf. ¢u.

¢oʔ kaʔ hay, cf. hay.

¢oʔ kahve, nphr(n1f of n1d). coffee grounds.

¢oʔ k’anal, nphr(n of n)5. obsidian. Obsidian is thought to have been dropped by shooting stars as they fall and return to the sky.

¢oʔ k’obol, nphr(n of n)5. skin disease of hands /skin dries, hardens and cracks/.

¢oʔ k’ošoš, nphr(n1f of n1d). dry toasted tortilla dust.

¢oʔ mutʔ ʔič, cf. ʔič.

¢oʔ niʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). dried mucous.

¢oi sat, nphr(n1f of n1d). sandman.

¢oʔ šulem teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘buzzard shit tree’, lance pod Lonchocarpus minimiflorus, #2733(1, 4). Lowland “tree”. It is used for fence posts and firewood.

ʔit’isš ¢oʔ šulem teʔ, nphr: n4f of nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). giant senna Cassia emarginata, #191(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for fence posts.

¢oʔ tan, nphr(n1f of n1d). lime dust left on griddle.

¢oʔ vah, nphr(n of n)5. dry tortilla dust.

¢oʔ yakil voʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). dregs of chicha.

¢oʔ¢oʔtik, aj. with excrement (on rear of chick, puppy), with sandmen.

¢oʔ¢on sat, vphr(av & n4d). with tears streaming down cheeks, wiping away tears.

¢oʔet, av. having excrement (chick).

¢oʔet sat, vphr(av & n4d). having discharge in eyes (dogs).

¢óʔte¢óʔte, av. excreting one time after another (puppy, chick).

¢oʔtik, n5. expanse of excrement /paths after fiesta/.

ba¢’i ¢oʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. human excrement.

¢aʔal ʔat, nphr(n4f of n4d). Female scolding speech: child.

s¢aʔal l ačake s¢aʔal l avate. lit., the excrement of your ass, the excrement of your vagina; i.e., your child.

¢aʔal čak, nphr(n4f of n4d). cf. ¢aʔal ʔat.

¢aʔal k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. accusation of licentiousness or illicit love.

¢aʔan, iv. defecate.

¢aʔnebal, n3d. privy, bathroom.

¢aʔnebaltik, n5. place where many people defecate.

¢aʔnel, vn5. defecation, diarrhea.

¢aʔta, tv. defecate on, excrete worms, deposit maggots, excrete blood /person who is very angry and guards his anger/.

¢aʔtaluh, iv. excrete on, deposit in.

¢a¢aʔ, iv. Baby talk; defecate.

he¢aʔnom, agn. defecator.

yašal ¢aʔnel, nphr(aj & n)5. greenish diarrhea of newborn babies.

¢oʔop N.

¢oʔop, n1d. nest, bed /cat, dog/.

¢oʔop čuč, nphr(n of n)5. squirrel nest.

¢oʔopin, tv. use for nest /pine needles/ (chicken, dog, pig).

¢ob T(2).

¢ob, tv. gather together.

¢ob, iv. be gathered together (objects).

¢ob ʔol, vphr(tv / / n). have illegitimate child (woman). Such women reportedly are punished by Our Lord; their faces become as black as a donkey’s penis and their hair falls out until they are as bald as Hidalgo.

¢ob ba, rv. gather together, assemble.

s¢ob sba hč’ič’eltik yaʔel. It feels as if our pulse is gathering together, i.e., getting weaker /when sick/.

¢ob-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. meeting of shamans in grand alcalde’s house three times annually, secret meeting.

¢ob k’op, vphr(tv & n4d/3p/). come to an agreement, decide together, is¢ob sk’opik ta smahik li hune. They decided together to beat up the other one.

¢ob pohov, vphr(tv & n4e). become infected.

¢oban, tv. gather up /plu/.

¢obanan, tv. cf. ¢oban.

¢óban¢óban, tv. gather up one after another (woman gathering up possessions when leaving husband).

¢óban¢óbanan, tv. cf. ¢óban¢óban.

¢obbalal, aj. illegitimate.

¢obbe ʔav ʔok, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). retrace one’s steps. The spirits of the dead are believed to return on All Souls’ and All Saints’ Days to retrace their steps.

¢obbil, aj. illegitimate (child).

¢obet, av. walking together.

¢obetik, av. cf. ¢obet (plu).

¢obilan, tv. have illegitimate children (woman), gathering together slowly.

¢oblebal, n3d. Ritual speech; gathering place of tutelary gods /Chapel of Lord Esquipulas, Calvary/.

¢obob ʔaʔal, nphr(n4f of n4d). gourd for holy water.

¢obob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)1d. Chapel of Lord Esquipulas, customary meeting place in hamlet, meeting place.

¢obob ¢oʔ kaʔ, vphr(n5 of nphr/n of n/5). basket for holding horse manure.

¢obob čenek’, nphr(n1f of n1d). cup or basket for holding beans when harvested.

¢obob k’ahben, nphr(n1f of n1d). rake.

¢obob k’aʔep, nphr(n1f of n1d). garbage can, old basket for garbage.

¢obob voʔ, nphr(n of n)5. gourd for holy water.

¢obobil ¢oʔ kaʔ, nphr(n5 of nphr/n of n/5). cf. ¢obob ¢oʔ kaʔ.

¢obobil čenek’, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. ¢obob čenek’.

¢obobil k’aʔep, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. ¢obob k’aʔep.

¢obobil k’ahben, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. ¢obob k’ahben.

¢obobil voʔ, nphr(n of n)5. cf. ¢obob voʔ.

¢obohel, n5. meeting of shamans in grand alcalde’s house three times annually, secret meeting.

¢obol, aj. together, in a crowd. Ritual speech, prayer; gathered, ¢obolotik lotolotik. We are gathered, we are joined together.

¢óbte¢óbte, av. walking, one group after another.

š¢óbte¢óbte eč’el. lit., It is leaving in groups, i.e., fluttering pulse of very ill person.

¢obvan, iv. gather people, summon people for meeting.

h¢ob-tak’in, agn(tv & ncpd). money collector /for fiestas/.

h¢ob-voʔ, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary; male who visits various springs to bring water used to bathe a patient or a steward’s coffer.

h¢obvaneh, agn. person who gathers others together /at fiesta/.

¢o¢(1) N.

¢o¢, n1a. wool, hair, fur.

s¢a¢al shol. his hair /head/ (or) its mane.

¢o¢ _______, nphr(n type n)3a. wool _______/skirt, shawl, tunic, blanket/.

¢o¢-niʔ teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. ‘downy-tipped tree’, viburnum Viburnum jucundum, #B9255(5, 5a), #128(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), #1843(1, 16). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for firewood. (1)-An unattested variety is used for house construction and fence posts. Bunchosia montana, #879(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”.

¢o¢-niʔ teʔtik, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. viburnum grove.

k’oš ¢o¢-niʔ teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Brickellia guatemalensis, #52(1, 2). Highland “tree”. Kohleria elegans, #527(2, 5). Temperate and highland “tree”. Viburnum mendax, #943(1, 3). Highland “tree”.

¢o¢il ʔak’, nphr(aj & n). ‘downy vine’, morning glory Ipomoea sp., #2157(1, 11). Temperate “vine”. (11)-It is used for lashing roof poles and sheep corrals. Jacquemontia pentantha, #2866(14). Lowland “vine” It is used to lash fences. Gronovia scandens, #1687(7). Lowland “plant”. It grows in corn fields. Gonolobus barbaratus, #1671(14). Lowland “vine”.

sakil ¢o¢il ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). morning glory Ipomoea sp., #2862(1, 4). Temperate “vine”.

¢o¢il ¢ahal teʔ, cf. ¢ahal teʔ.

¢o¢il habnal, cf. habnal.

¢o¢iltah, iv. become fuzzy.

¢o¢iltik, aj. fuzzy.

¢o¢in, tv. steal wool.

¢o¢in, n4f. down, fuzz.

¢o¢in, aj. fuzzy.

¢o¢in ʔak’, nphr(aj & n). ‘downy vine’, morning glory Ipomoea sp., #2677(1, 3). Lowland “vine”.

¢ahal ¢o¢in ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Desmodium sericophyllum, #1058(1, 3, 5). Highland “vine”.

k’anal ¢o¢in ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Gaudichaudia albida, #1928(1, 3, 4). Temperate “vine”. #2273(3, 4). Highland “vine”.

sakil ¢o¢in ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). morning glory Ipomoea sp., #2677(15). Lowland “vine”. Desmodium sericophyllum, #1368(3). Temperate “vine”

¢o¢in ¢ibal k’aʔ-teʔ, cf. ¢ibal k’a’-teʔ.

¢o¢in ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n). ‘downy plant’, Bogenhardia crispa, #786(1, 2). Lowland “plant”.

k’anal ¢o¢in ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Hieracium jaliscense var. ghiesbreghtii, #1093(1, 3). Lowland and temperate “plant”.

¢o¢in čičol č’o, cf. čičol č’o.

¢o¢in matas, cf. matas.

¢o¢in pišolite, cf. pišolite.

¢o¢in vala-pohov, cf. vala-pohov.

¢o¢intik, aj. fuzzy.

¢o¢iron pik’ok’, cf. pik’ok’.

¢a¢al, n4b. hair.

¢a¢al t’ul hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘rabbit fur grass’, Panicum replans, #1656(1, 4, 11, 12, 14). Lowland “plant”. Arthraxon quartinianus, #2778(1, 4). Temperate “plant”

¢o¢(2) A.

¢o¢, aj. strong, hard, tough, loud, serious (crime), gravely /ill/, very.

¢o¢ čopol. very bad.

¢o¢ ʔoʔon, nphr(aj & n4d). strong, long-enduring, uncomplaining, brave.

¢o¢ č’ič’el, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). be unlikely to suffer soul-loss, lit.; to have strong blood.

¢o¢¢o¢, aj. rather strong, hard, tough or loud.

¢o¢¢o¢tik, aj. rather strong, hard, tough or loud.

h¢o¢-k’ob, agn(aj & ncpd). name of supernatural figures who stole bell from Zinacantán.

¢a¢ah, iv. become serious (crime), become grave (illness), become strong (rain, current), become severe (birth pangs), become critical (situation).

¢a¢ahesbe k’oplal, nphr(tv & n4f). try to track down, seek clues or leads to, pursue an investigation, make an issue of, take strong action, take to court.

¢a¢al, n4b. strength.

t šič’ s¢a¢al. It is hardening (pottery).

¢a¢al, aj. strong.

¢a¢al ʔik’. tempest.

¢a¢al kaʔ. strong horse.

¢a¢al kriščano. strong or healthy person.

¢a¢al tak’in. steel, iron.

¢a¢al teʔ. hardwood tree.

¢a¢al ton. hard rock.

¢a¢al voʔ. downpour.

¢a¢al-k’opta, tv(aj & tvcpd). carry out in earnest, acquire with great effort.

is¢a¢al-k’opta h-kot skaʔ. With great effort he acquired a horse.

¢a¢ub, iv. become stronger (sick person, plant), harden (ground).

i¢a¢ub ša h-set’ li hčamele. The sick person has become slightly stronger.

¢a¢ub ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). become brave.

poʔot š¢a¢ub yoʔon. He is almost old enough not to be afraid.

i¢a¢ub ša yoʔon ta ša ššanav stuk. He has become brave, now he walks by himself /child/.

¢a¢ubtas, tv. make strong, be happy.

ta h¢a¢ubtas koʔon. I will be brave.

¢a¢ubtas ba, rv. become strong, boost one’s courage /with cane liquor/. regain control over oneself (drunk).

¢a¢ubtas k’op, vphr(tv & n5). make an issue of.

¢a¢ubtasbe k’oplal, nphr(tv & n4f). try to track down, seek clues or leads to, pursue an investigation, make an issue of, take strong action, take to court.

¢a¢ubtasobil, n4f. medicine.

¢a¢ubtasvan, iv. make person strong (medicine).

¢oh(1) A.

¢oh, n4f. interior of (nose, ear, anus).

¢on, aj. red, pink, orange, brown.

mi ¢oh to aniʔ. lit., Is your nose still pink, i.e., Are you still a babyʔ

¢oh¢oh, aj. reddish, pinkish, brownish.

¢oh¢ohtik, aj. reddish, pinkish, brownish.

¢ahal, aj. red, pink, orange, brown.

¢ahal ʔak’, nphr(aj & n). tree bine Cissus cacuminis, #2018(16, 17). Lowland “vine”, breedlove’s morning glory Ipomoea breedlovei, #2676(15). Lowland “vine”, jack bean Canavalia hirsutissima, #2555(21, 22). Temperate “vine”. It is used to lash fences. Heteropteris beecheyana, #1642(1, 4). Lowland and temperate “vine”. #2623(22). Lowland “vine”. Agdestis clematidea, #1688(7, 11, 12). Lowland “vine”. Desmodium palmeri, #1423(1). Highland “vine”.

bik’it ¢ahal ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). senna Cassia skinneri, #2696(15). Lowland “tree”.

k’oš ¢ahal ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Desmodium sp., # 1097(1, 3). Lowland and temperate “vine”.

¢ahal ʔinatab, cf. ʔinatab.

¢ahal ʔolonal ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). ‘red lowland flower’. common zinnia Zinnia elegans, #2663(15). Lowland “plant”.

¢ahal ʔora, nphr(aj & n)5. bad luck.

¢ahal bolom, cf. bolom.

¢ahal čikin, nphr(aj & n). ‘red ear’, orange-brown lactarius Lactarius volemus, #67(1, 4). Highland “mushroom”. It is boiled, seasoned with chili and mexican tea. It is “cold”. Lactarius sp., #103(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

¢ahal čoy, cf. čoy.

¢ahal čuč, cf. čuč.

¢ahal č’o, cf. č’o.

¢ahal hobel, nphr(aj & n). muhly Muhlenbergia spiciformis, #1761(4, 5, 15). Highland “plant”. Aristida schiedeana, #909(1, 3). Lowland “plant”. Rhynchelytrum roseum, #1998(16, 17). Lowland “plant”. #2293(19). Temperate “plant”.

¢ahal hobeltik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of ¢ahal hobel.

k’oš ¢ahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). balsam scale Elyonurus barbiculmis, #1190(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Rhynchelytrum roseum, #2293(3, 4). Temperate “plant”. Bouteloua media, #1046(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. Oplismenus burmanni, #2833(12). Lowland “plant”

peč’ahtik ¢ahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). ‘flat red grass’, knotroot millet Setaria geniculata, #1114(1, 4). Lowland “plant”.

¢ahal hol šulem, cf. šulem.

¢ahal katal, nphr(aj & n)5. ‘red Catherine’, painted redstart Setophaga picta, slate-throated redstart Myioborus miniata. cf. katal mut. Redstarts are not eaten. When one perches on the eaves it is said to cause the inhabitants to sicken gradually.

¢ahal lum, cf. lum.

¢ahal meria, cf. meria.

¢ahal moral, cf. moral.

¢ahal niʔ šulem, cf. šulem.

¢ahal nič hobel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). Rhynchelytrum roseum, #908(1, 3), #1998(1, 3, 4). Lowland “plant”.

¢ahal ničim, nphr(aj & n)1a. ‘red flower’, garden geranium Pelargonium hortium, #369(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant” Most Zinacantecs grow geraniums in their yards. The slips are planted by men and women at the beginning of the rainy season. As a remedy for children’s fever sores, a handful of leaves are chewed. They are “medium”. For a major curing ceremony, a large basket of geraniums is required to decorate the crosses. For a minor ceremony a small basket is required. Three geraniums are brewed together with the other ingredients of “flower water” for bathing patients and stewards’ coffers, cf. ¢is ʔuč, tilil. In order to recover a person’s soul, the shaman beats the ground, where the soul allegedly has been lost, with oak, yellow pine, and geranium sprigs. Sour orange leaves and geranium blooms are gathered by the wedding petitioner /hpačol/, bound in bouquets, and distributed to the wedding guests at the dance. For the bi-weekly flower changes, the stewards provide one large basket of geraniums. (23)-The geraniums provided by the senior stewards are used to decorate the Church of St. Lawrence, while the geraniums provided by the junior stewards are used to decorate the Church of St. Sebastian. One small basket is needed to decorate the steward’s altar. (1)-One large basket is provided by the stewards-royal every other Saturday to decorate the Chapel of Lord Esquipulas. One medium-sized basket is required by the elders every other Saturday to decorate the altar of the grand alcalde. On Lenten Fridays, Wednesday in Holy Week, and on Good Friday each steward provides a small basket of geraniums and mayweed flowers that are tied to the saints’ litters. (23)-This basket is presented on Lenten Fridays, Tuesday in Holy Week, and Good Friday. (1)-On Good Friday, the elders, holy elders, and any stewards, ensign-bearers, or former elders who so desire offer a small basket with candles, geraniums and mayweed at the base of the cross in the Church of St. Lawrence. (23)-On Pentecost each steward provides a small basket of geraniums and sakramentual ničim. On the fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary and on All Souls’ Day, one small basket of geraniums and aztec marigolds is provided by each steward. For the First Posada each steward brings a small basket of geraniums and sedum to decorate the litters of Joseph and Mary. On the Seventh Posada one small basket of geraniums is provided by each steward for the roof of the créche. (RML)-The roof of the creche has a vertical row of geraniums, separating rows of sedum, mountain palm, air pine, and holly fem. Three geraniums are tied to the cross on the roof of every new house. Geraniums are used to decorate house entrance crosses on all major fiestas. They are used to decorate the well crosses on the Finding of the Holy Cross.

¢ahal ničimaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of geraniums.

¢ahal ničimtik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of geraniums.

ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan ¢ahal ničim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). ‘maroon geranium’, garden geranium Pelargonium hortium, #664(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their yards. The flowers are put in altar vases.

sak-vayan ¢ahal ničim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). ‘pink geranium’, garden geranium Pelargonium hortium, #625(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. It is grown by Zinacantecs in their yards. The slips are planted in the rainy season by men or women. The flowers are put in altar vases.

sakil ¢ahal ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). garden geranium Pelargonium hortium, #727(1, 2). Temperate “plant”. It is grown by ladinos in their yards.

¢ahal ničim ta ʔolon ʔosil, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & prep & nphr/n type n/). ‘lowland red flower’, common zinnia Zinnia elegans, #2663(20). Lowland “plant”. It is put in altar vases by lowland ladinos.

¢ahal pok’, cf. pok’.

¢ahal sim-nak’al, cf. sim-nak’al.

¢ahal teʔ, nphr(aj & n). ‘red tree’, shrub copperleaf Acalypha aff. unibracteata, #310(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”, leaf flower Phyllanthus mcvaughii, #1542(1, 3). Highland “tree”, bittersweet bush Wimmeria pubescens, #2637(21). Lowland “tree”. It is used for fence posts, shrubby tickseed Coreopsis mutica, #B9473(5, 5a). Highland “tree”. Fuschia encliandra subsp. tetradactyla, #2540(21, 22). Temperate “tree”.

¢o¢il ¢ahal teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & a/), ‘downy red tree’, Acalypha langiana, #1591(11, 12). Temperate “plant”.

¢ahal teʔtikil čih, cf. teʔtikil čih.

¢ahal veʔlil, nphr(aj & n)3d. chitlings. Male joking speech; vagina.

¢ahal vokol ʔič, cf. vokol ʔič.

¢ahub, iv. grow red (fire, chili), blush.

¢ahubtas, tv. redden.

h¢ahal-ʔoʔon, agn(aj & ncpd). Ritual speech, prayer; angry or envious person.

¢oh(2) prob T or T(2).

¢oh, tv. make steam.

¢oho tal li puse. lit., Make the steambath steam!, i.e., Turn the steam on!

¢oh ba ta voʔ, vphr(rv & prep & n5). sweat when it rains (sick person).

¢ók’lih, av. hissing suddenly (water poured on hot rocks).

¢ohvan, iv. cause person to sweat (rain) /sick person/.

h¢ohvaneh, agn. rain that causes person to sweat.

¢ahahet, av. fermenting (corn gruel, chicha).

¢oh(3) prob O.

¢oh¢on, av. hacking (cough V2: 5).

¢ohlahet, av. cf. ¢oh¢on (plu).

¢ohlahetik, av. cf. ¢oh¢on (plu).

¢óhte¢óhte, av. walking about with hacking (cough).

¢ohoh N.

¢ohoh, n. Lagascea helianthifolia, #405(1, 3). Highland “plant”. #568(2, 5). Temperate “plant” #916(1, 3). Lowland “plant”. #2571(1, 4), #2973(1). Temperate “tree”.

¢ok’ prob T or T(2).

¢ok’be, tv. whip.

¢ok’eon, av. sizzling (food on bottom of pot).

¢ok’et, av. sizzling (burning hair, grass or forest).

¢ok’lahet, av. sizzling (corn gruel V3: 8).

¢óok’lih, av. hissing suddenly (water on hot surface EKL 259: 2-17).

¢ok’ok’et, av. sizzling.

¢ók’te¢ók’te, av. hissing in many places (hot coals that have been doused with water).

Male joking speech; č’abal a¢on. You have no pubic hair.

¢on N(N, tzontli).

¢on, n1d. thick hair, pubic hair.

Scolding speech; ¢on-ʔisim mol. bearded old man.

¢on-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. bearded.

¢on teʔ, agn(nphr/n of n/)1d. each of two players of the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, dressed in Spanish moss costume /publicans of the previous year/.

¢on-teʔ, n(n of ncpd)5. ‘tree’s beard’, Spanish moss Tillandsia usneoides, #661(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. The publicans’ assistants gather two bagfuls at midyear’s to adorn the Chapel of Lord Esquipulas. The publicans of the previous year gather enough Spanish moss to be sewn on their hats for their performance during the fiesta of St. Sebastian. Men designated by the magistrate gather Spanish moss to decorate the court house on Independence Day and to decorate the three arches that are erected for a visit by the governor or the bishop.

¢on-teʔaltik, n(n of ncpd)5. large expanse of Spanish moss.

¢on-teʔtik, n(n of ncpd)5. expanse of Spanish moss.

¢on-teʔal balamil, nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n). ‘ground moss’, moss Thuidium delicatulum, #1362(1, 3). Highland “moss”. (23)-Two bagfuls are provided by the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary on the Sixth Posada to serve as the bed for the Christ Children. Pogonatum flexuosum, #1028(7). Highland “plant”.

k’anal ¢on-teʔal teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n). Neckera urnigera, #540(1, 3). Temperate “moss”. Pilotrichella rigida, #540(1, 3). Temperate “moss”. Renauldia mexicana, #540(1, 3). Temperate “moss”.

¢onahtik, aj. thick (moss, peperomia).

¢on¢on(1), aj. very wooly.

¢on¢on(2), av. moving (wooly animal; sheep, goat).

¢onel, aj. bearded.

Scolding speech; ¢onel asat. Your face is wooly.

¢onet, av. Male joking speech; wooly (pubic hair).

¢onet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv). Male joking speech; tipsy /play on ¢inet ʔaʔi/.

¢onih, onom. sound of wooly animal moving.

¢onlah, av. cf. ¢on¢on(2) (plu).

¢onlahet, av. cf. ¢on¢on(2) (plu)., walking with patched clothing.

¢onol, aj. very furry or wooly (animal), thick (moss, bromeliads, vines).

¢onol yisim. His beard is thick.

¢onolik, aj. furry (mildew).

¢ononet, av. walking with wooly (rear) /skunk/.

¢ónte¢ónte, av. walking about with wooly (face, rear).

¢onok’ N.

¢onok’, n1a. wax of mermeho, resin of ba¢’i toh /used to plug leaks in water jugs and splits in soles of feet/.

¢onok’al toh, nphr(natt & n)5. cf. ¢onok’.

¢onok’in, tv. gather resin.

¢op(1) P(2) or T(2).

¢op, nc. small pile /wool, rubbish, corn/.

¢op ba, rv. become puffy (face with cold), crowd together (people), flock (sheep, birds), swarm (caterpillars, bees).

¢op-¢’iʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. dog covered with wooly hair.

¢op-č’um-teʔ, cf. čmn-teʔ.

¢op-č’um-teʔ č’o, cf. č’um-teʔ č’o.

¢opaʔ, n5. Baby talk; wooly dog.

¢opahtik, aj. cf. ¢opol

¢opan, tv. put in small pile.

¢opan ba, rv. crowd together (people), flock (sheep, birds), swarm (caterpillars, bees).

¢ópan¢ópan, tv. make one small pile after another.

¢ópan¢ópanan, tv. cf. ¢ópan¢ópan.

¢opantik, aj. with widely spaced clumps /weeds not evenly cut/.

¢op¢on, av. clustering (male dogs around bitch in heat, men serially raping woman).

¢op¢op, nc. single small pile /rubbish, wool/ / 1 only/.

¢op¢op, aj. covered with wooly hair (dog, young donkey, lamb), in clump (grass).

¢opel, aj. covered with wooly hair.

¢opet, av. moving (cloud), moving in a cloud or wisp (smoke, mist).

¢opetik, av. walking in group.

¢oplahet, av. clustering in groups (people).

¢oplahetik, av. cf. ¢oplahet.

¢oplebal, n3d. gathering place /corral, sleeping place of sheep/.

¢óplih, av. flocking around, pouring in /fight, bargain sale/.

¢opokil, n4f. many small piles.

¢opol, aj. in a clump (grass), in a small pile (wool, com, salt, earth, pine needles, stones, sand, fruit, chilis), in a tight cluster (animals, people), sparse (pubic hair), puffy (face of sheep or person from the cold).

¢ópol¢ópol, n4f. each of many small piles.

¢opolik, aj. in tight clusters.

¢opop, av. moving in a group (people, animals).

¢opopet, av. moving in group, flocking /in air/.

¢ópte¢ópte, av. walking about in small groups (people, ensign-bearers, spooks, animals).

¢op(2) X.

¢opk’ih, iv. become dispirited (horse).

¢ot’ P(2) or T(2).

¢ot’ ba, rv. shrivel (fruit, gourd, skin).

¢ot’ahtik, aj. cf. ¢ot’ol /plu/.

¢ot’el, aj. shrunken.

Female scolding speech, mother scolding sleepy child; ¢ot’el ačak. Your ass is shriveled.

¢ot’et, av. shriveled.

¢ot’ol, aj. shriveled (face, peach, chayote, potato).

¢ot’olik, aj. cf. ¢ot’ol /plu/.

¢oy(1) T.

¢oy, tv. kindle.

¢oy, iv. be kindled.

¢oyilan, tv. keep kindling.

¢oyilanan, tv. cf. ¢oyilan /plu/.

¢oyob k’ok’, nphr(n1f of n1d). kindling

¢oyobil k’ok’, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. ¢oyob k’ok’.

¢oy(2) P, P(2).

¢oyahtik, aj. cf. ¢oyol /plu/.

¢oyan, tv. Ritual speech, shaman in curing prayer; entrust.

t šba hhok’anbe ʔo t šba h¢oyanbe ʔo. With this /visit/ I am going to suspend him, I am going to entrust him /to the gods/.

Scolding speech to unruly child; ta h¢oyan avak’il ta ¢’am-teʔ I’ll hang you from the rafter.

¢oyan ba, rv. Ritual speech; entrust self /to the gods/.

¢óyan¢óyan, tv. hang up one after another /decorations in church/.

¢óyan¢óyanan, tv. cf. ¢óyan¢óyan.

¢oyanvan, iv. entrust person /to the gods/ (shaman).

¢oybe ʔak’il, vphr(tv & n4f). attach, suspend /meat, gourd/, tether /mule/.

¢oyeon, av. clinging (child to father when he returns home).

¢oyet, av. barking and lunging furiously.

¢oyilanbe ʔak’il vphr(tv & n4f). attach slowly.

¢oylah, av. swinging (plu), lunging, clinging (children on to father when he returns home).

¢óylih, av. swinging suddenly.

¢oyol, aj. hanging, suspended (meat, gourd).

¢oyolik, aj. cf. ¢oyol /plu/.

¢oyoy, av. swinging, lunging (dog).

¢oyoyet, av. barking and lunging furiously.

¢óyte¢óyte, av. swinging about (monkey, squirrel, child).

¢o N.

¢u, n1a. gourd.

¢ual čikin-ib, nphr(natt & n/n & ncpd/ld). acorn cap of live oak.

ʔak’ ¢u, nphr(n4e of n5). gourd vine.

ʔak’ ¢utik, nphr(n4e of n5). expanse of gourd vines.

ba¢’i ¢u, nphr(aj & n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, # 1996(3). Lowland “vine”. The seeds are planted by many Zinacantecs in their corn fields. The gourds are harvested in November and December. They are used to store water and holy water. They are used by the cantors to store chicha.

¢ol kaʔ ¢u, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘horse manure gourd’, gourd Lagenaria siceraria, #B14260(5). Lowland “vine”.

muk’ta ¢u, nphr(aj & n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, #1981 (1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Lowland “vine”. The seeds are planted in the corn field. The gourds are harvested in November and December. They are used to carry water, holy water, and chicha. (17)-The gourds are used to carry holy water to the cemetery. They are sold at market.

neneʔ ¢u, nphr(n type n). ‘baby gourd’, gourd Lagenaria siceraria, #1994(3). Lowland “vine”. The seeds are planted in the corn field by a few Zinacantecs, at the beginning of the rainy season. The gourds are harvested in November and December. The gourd is used as a whistle to recall the soul of a person who has suffered soul-loss. As a remedy for hernia, six leaves are heated and bound to the scrotum with a rag. Three hot leaves are similarly bound to the navel. They remain for two weeks. At the end of this period the patient eats a chicken boiled with chili and pepper. The leaves are “hot”.

peron ¢u, nphr(n type n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, #1995(3). Lowland “vine”. The seeds are planted in the corn field. The gourds are used to store tortillas. They were used formerly by the stewards to carry meat on their visit to the tithing men of Voʔ-bi¢. To prepare a gourd for sale it is opened at the top with a knife and placed in the fire so that the outer layer will fall off. It is buried, then, in sand for a week. After it is dug up it is washed, the seeds are removed, and it is placed in the sun where it dries out and hardens. (19)-It is used to carry water.

suy ¢u, nphr(n type n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, #B14275(5). Lowland “vine” /used as toys by children/.

¢ual moy, nphr(natt & n)5. tobacco gourd.

¢ual voʔ, nphr(natt & n)5. water gourd.

¢uin, tv. steal gourd.

¢uʔ P(2).

¢uʔ ba, rv. wrinkle (skin).

¢uʔahtik, aj. cf. ¢uiul /plu/.

¢uʔtan, aj. wrinkled (skin).

¢uʔan mol. wrinkled old man.

¢uʔ¢uʔ, aj. wrinkled (skin).

¢uʔib, iv. become wrinkled (skin).

¢uʔuʔet, av. stretching and contracting (rubber).

¢uʔul, aj. wrinkled (skin).

¢uʔulik, aj. cf. ¢uʔul /plu/.

¢ub(1) prob T or T(2).

¢ub, tv. draw tight /purse strings, bag/, mold /neck of pot/.

¢ub(2) P.

¢ubahtik, aj. cf. ¢ubul /plu/.

¢uban, tv. make crouch /child to defecate/.

¢uban ba, rv. crouch down, duck down, crouch (cat before leaping).

¢ub¢on, av. hopping (rabbit), bending knees without lifting feet /dancing improperly/.

¢ubet, av. hopping (rabbit), crouching.

¢ubetik, av. cf. ¢ubet (plu).

¢ubi, iv. sit (woman).

¢ubih očel, vphr(iv & dr). crawl under /table/.

¢ublahet, av. hopping (plu).

¢úbte¢úte, av. hopping about (rabbit).

¢ububet, av. walking and squatting down (person, hen being approached by rooster).

¢ubul, aj. crouching (cat, rabbit, person).

Female speech; ¢ublan te yoʔe. Sit down over there!

¢ubulik, aj. cf. ¢ubul /plu/.

¢u¢ I.

¢u¢, iv. Ritual speech; end (term of office).

inel i¢u¢ ti yo kabtele ti yo hpatane. It has ended, it is finished, my humble work, my lowly contribution.

¢ueav, n4f. end of cloth or loom.

¢u¢ebal, n3d. moment just before finishing (weaving), end /term of office/.

Ritual speech, outgoing stewards, ensign-bearers, elders, when saying farewell to their musicians; sneleb ša me s¢u¢eb ša me ti yo kabtele ti yo hpatane. It is now the termination of my lowly work, of my lowly contribution.

¢u¢es, tv. finish /term of office, weaving of clothes, weaving or sewing of hats/.

¢u¢esob, n1f. small bobbin.

¢u¢esobil, n1f. cf. ¢u¢esob. Ritual speech; end of office, cf. nelesobil.

¢u¢ub, n1a. bodkin.

Ritual speech, shaman referring to lightning; č’ul-yolobetik, č’ul-¢u¢ubetik. holy bows and arrows, holy bodkins.

¢u¢ub, n. wild flax Linum mexicanum, #1491(1), #2084(17). Highland “plant”. (17)-The stems are used by women for bodkins. loose strife Lythrum lanceolatum, #1739(16). Highland “plant”, #1881(16). Temperate “plant”. Brickellia scoparia, #2979(1). Temperate “tree”.

k’anal ¢u¢ub, nphr(aj & n). wild flax Linum mexicanum HBK. #1785(4). Highland “plant”.

¢uin N.

¢uin, n5. mourning dove Zenaidura macroura. cf. ¢uin kulahteʔ. It is eaten. It is “medium”. The mourning dove is thought to have been a toad which transforms itself in the dry season. This is deduced from the absence of the migratory dove in the summer and of the toad in the winter.

¢uk T(2).

¢uk, tv. pleat, gather, imagine, lie.

¢uk, iv. be pleated or gathered.

¢uk ba, rv. shrivel up, wrinkle (clothing).

¢ukahtik, aj. shriveled (fruit).

¢ukan, tv. wrinkle /nose/ in disgust. is¢ukan ssat. He frowned.

¢ukan k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. clever banter or foolish talk.

¢ukan¢úkan, tv. gather /mouths of one bag after another/.

¢ukan¢úkanan, tv. cf. ¢úkan¢úkan.

¢uk¢on, av. bouncing, stretching and contracting (rubber, chewing gum), hard (wood that grips axe head).

¢uk¢uk, aj. pleated, wrinkled up.

¢ukel, aj. wrinkled (nose, ass).

¢uket, av. stretching and contracting (rubber), tugging at.

¢uket čak, vphr(av & n4d). sitting with shriveled buttocks (old person).

¢uketik, av. tugging at each other.

¢úklih, av. bouncing suddenly, wrinkling up suddenly (face with anger), furrowing suddenly (brow).

¢úkte¢úkte, av. running about like chicken with its head cut off.

¢úkte¢úkte čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with shriveled buttocks (old person).

¢ukuket, av. stretching and contracting (rubber).

¢ukuktik, aj. pleated, shriveled (fruit).

¢ukul, aj. wrinkled (face with anger or age, scrotum).

¢ukulik, aj. cf. ¢ukul.

¢ukulin, tv. trip over.

¢ukum, n1a. caterpillar /general term/.

ʔik’al ¢ukum, nphr(aj & n)5. black highland caterpillar /eats scarlet runner bean and bean leaves/.

ba¢’i ¢ukum, nphr(aj & n)5. tent caterpillar. These caterpillars are eaten when their bellies turn white. They may be toasted on the griddle or cooked in a covered pot containing no water and only mint and salt.

korio ¢ukum, nphr(x type n)5. ‘racing caterpillar’, yellow caterpillar. Its name derives from its fast movements.

tiʔbalal ¢ukum, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. ba¢’i ¢ukum.

¢ukum e’ftlel, nphr(n type n). ‘caterpillar plant’, Acalypha arvensis, #1618(1, 3, 11, 12). Highland “plant” #1983(1, 3, 4, 16). Lowland “plant”. Acalypha sp., #2731(1, 4). Highland “plant”. Dalea versicolor, #2518(22). Temperate “plant” As a remedy for dysentery /sakil sim-nak’al/, a small bunch is brewed. The tea is drunk before breakfast for two days. It is “cold”. Dalea sericea, #2978(16). Temperate “plant”. Hyptis suaveolens, #2804(12). Highland “plant”.

yašal ¢ukum ¢’iʔtel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). lavender sage Salvia lavanduloides, #2452(20). Temperate “plant”.

¢ukum hobel, nphr(n type n). ‘caterpillar grass’, knotroot millet Setaria geničulata, #1171(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”, sand bur Cenchrus brownii, #1574(11, 12). Lowland and temperate “plant”, muhly Muhlenbergia tenella, #2813(12). Lowland “plant”.

¢ukum nič ¢’ʔlel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). ‘caterpillar flower plant’, Acalypha botteriana, #1432(7). Highland “plant”. Hyptis suaveolens, #2804(11). Highland “plant”. Barleria micans, #2805(11). Lowland “plant”. Dalea sericea, #2129(7). Temperate “plant”.

¢ukum teʔ, nphr(n type n). ‘caterpillar tree’, yellow indigo bush Dalea lutea var. gigantea, #1931(16). Temperate “plant” #2940(16). Highland “tree”. Dalea tsugoides. #2953(16). Highland “tree”. It is used for firewood.

¢ahal ¢ukum teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). tick clover Desmodium amplifolium, #2447(20). Temperate “tree”.

¢ukumal tok’oy, nphr(natt & n)5. poisonous caterpillar. This is a caterpillar with poisonous hairs that feeds on willow trees in the highlands, cf. ¢ek hčamuʔ.

¢ukumtik, aj. with short dense racemes (amaranth flower).

¢ukut, n1a. belly.

¢ukutal hol, nphr(natt & n)5. ball of hair /hair combed out by women and wadded/. It is believed that lightning deposits a treasure in the form of a ball of hair where it strikes.

¢uk’ N.

¢uk’, n1d. forelock worn by boys up to ten years of age /now rare/, son /affectionate term of address to young boys/.

¢uk’ ʔišim, nphr(n of n)1e. corn silk.

¢ul I.

¢ul, iv. slip, slide (person, horse, tile, board).

¢ul¢on sim, vphr(av & n4d). snuffling.

¢ul¢ul, iv. slip slightly.

¢ul¢ultik, iv. slip slightly.

¢ul¢ules, tv. slide slightly.

¢ules, tv. slide, lower /price/.

¢ules ba, rv. slip /in standing position/.

¢ulesobil, n4f. lever.

¢ulet, av. slipping (tree in standing position, tile).

¢ulilan, iv. keep sliding.

¢úllih, av. slipping suddenly.

¢últe¢últe, av. slipping or sliding one after another.

¢ulul, aj. expensive /restricted to market goods/.

¢ulul yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping /in standing position/, setting (sun).

¢ululet, av. slipping down (tile, plank).

¢ululik, aj. cf. ¢ulul /plu/.

¢un(1) P.

¢unahtik, aj. cf. ¢nnui /plu/.

¢unan, tv. build /small house/.

¢unan ba, rv. huddle /sitting/.

¢únan¢únan, tv. mold one thing after another /with clay/.

¢unet, av. sitting around doing nothing in particular.

¢unetik, av. cf. ¢unet (plu).

¢uni, iv. sit, reside.

t ši¢uni htuk ta hna. I am living alone.

¢unleh, n1f. sitting.

¢unul, aj. sitting.

te ¢unul ta na. He is at home.

¢unulik, aj. cf. eunul /plu/.

¢un(2) prob P or P(2).

¢un-¢’iʔ, n(aj & ncpd)1d. wooly dog.

¢un-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. messy-haired.

¢un-hol ¢’iʔlel nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ‘messy-haired plant’, Ruellia inundata, #2801(12). Lowland “plant”.

¢un¢un, aj. with long unruly hair, patched (clothes).

¢un¢un ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n). ‘messy-haired plant’, indigo bush Dalea tomentosa var. psoraleoides, #473(1, 2). Highland “plant”. Hedeoma costatum, #1004(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. Crusea parviflora, #2834(7). Lowland “plant”.

sakil ¢un¢un ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Evolvulus alsinoides, #1316(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”. Croton ciliato-glanduliferus, #1601(1, 3). Temperate “plant”.

¢un¢un hobel, nphr(aj & n). ‘messy-haired grass’, witch grass Paničum xalapense, #684(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”.

¢unet hol, vphr(av & n4d). with messy or windblown hair (man, woman).

¢unul, aj. sitting with messy or windblown hair (man, woman).

¢un(3) prob T or T(2).

¢unbe, tv. walk briskly (old person making an effort to look strong and youthful).

ta h¢unbe ečel ta kok. I am walking briskly.

¢unbe ʔak’ot, vphr(tv & n5). dance with proper form.

¢un¢on, av. dancing (religious officials), trotting.

¢un¢un“?anil, nphr(aj & vn5). trot /person/.

¢unet, av. going about minding on¢’s business.

¢unetik, av. cf. ¢unet (plu).

¢un1ah, av. trotting (plu).

¢un1ahet, av. cf. ¢uneon (plu).

¢un1ahetik, av. cf. ¢uneon (plu).

¢unte¢unte, av. walking briskly about (old person).

¢ur prob O.

¢ururet, av. talking endearingly (woman to another woman), crying (newborn baby).

¢nnikuk N.

¢urukuk, n1e. screech owl (?). It is not eaten. When one calls near a house, it is believed to be the messenger of a witch, bringing sickness.

C̸’

¢’ E.

¢’, excl. ah /disgust or disbelief/.

¢’ab P(2) or T(2).

¢’ab, tv. smoothen /fresh daub/.

¢’ab ba, rv. become pretty and neat (girl).

¢’ab-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. tidying hair.

¢’ab ta pok\ vphr(tv & prep & n5). drink through cloth/to avoid drinking particles of foreign matter in cane liquor/. /¢’abu is preferred/.

¢’ababet, av. fine (clothing), with smooth weave.

¢’abahtik, aj. polished (table).

¢’abal, aj. fine (weaving, woven hat), with smooth weave, smooth and straight (road).

¢’abalik, aj. cf. ¢’abahtik.

¢’abbe, tv. swill.

¢’ab¢’on, av. fat and glossy (horse), polished smooth (axe, hoe or digging stick handle), skimming off.

¢’abet, av. smooth and polished (machete or knife blade).

¢’abetik, av. swilling (plu).

¢’ablahet, av. cf. ¢’ab¢’on (plu), pleasingly plump and well-groomed (girl).

¢’ablahetik, av. grinding smooth and polished /machete or knife blade/, pleasingly plump and well-groomed (girls).

¢’ableh, n4f. polished.

¢’ábte¢’ábte, av. swilling freely.

¢’abu, tv. drink through cloth.

ta h¢’abu ta boč. I am skimming it with a gourd.

¢’abuel, nc. skimming.

¢’abuobil, n4f. gourd used to skim up clean water.

¢’ah T(2).

¢’ah, tv. dip /hair, waterjug, water gourd, or stick in water, cloth in dye, fingers or stirring rod in food/, soak/in water, dye or soup, corn kernels in salt water when divining soul-loss/, submerge /in mud/.

¢’ah, nc. container for soaking /thread or skirt in dye, starter in chicha/.

¢’ah ba, rv. submerge self /in water or mud/.

¢’ahah, av. floating rapidly.

¢’ahahet, av. feeling chill just before vomiting.

¢’ahahtik, aj. cf. ¢’ahal /plu/.

¢’ahal, aj. sunk /in water or mud/, buried /in weeds/.

¢’ahalik, aj. cf. ¢’ahal /plu/.

¢’ahan¢’ahan, tv. soak one after another.

¢’ahbil _____, nphr(aj & n)5. brandied _____ /peach, nanche, apple, quince/ /soaked in cane liquor/.

¢’ah¢’on, av. submerging self (children playing in water).

¢’ahebal, n5. moment before being submerged.

¢’ahel, nc. soaking (1-3)/thread or skirt in dye, starter in chicha/, adding of sugar to chicha.

¢’ahet, av. submerged, feeling chill just before vomiting.

¢’ahetik, av. submerging selves /in water/ /¢’ahlahet preferred/.

¢’ahlah, av. being submerged rapidly /in water/ /sing/.

¢’ahlahet, av. submerging selves /in water/.

¢’ahlahetik, av. submerging selves /in mud/.

¢’ahleh, n1f. submerged.

¢’áhluh, av. sinking suddenly /in water/.

¢’ahob yakil voʔ, nphr(n1f of nphr/aj & n/ld). pot for making chicha /cantor makes chicha during Carnival/.

¢’ahob yakil voʔ trago, nphr: n4f of nphr(nphr/aj & n/4e of n5). pot for making cane liquor.

¢’ahobil, n4f. pot used to soak vines /prior to use as lashing/.

¢’ahobil yakil voʔ, nphr(n1f of nphr/aj & n/ld). cf. ¢’ahob yakil voʔ.

¢’ahobil yakil voi trago, nphr: n4f of nphr(nphr/aj & n/4e of n5). cf. ¢’ahob yakil vʔ trago.

¢’ahte¢’ahte, av. submerging self here and there /in water/.

¢’ak P(2).

¢’ak, tv. know, complete, set /bone/, graft.

¢’akbil ta li. in debt.

¢’ak, n1a. boundary marker, boundary line.

¢’ak, nc. units joined horizontally.

¢’akahtik, aj. tied together (horses, ropes).

¢’akal, aj. complete (change, debt), younger (person or animal), tied (one horse tied to tail of lead horse), Ritual speech, prayer; utterly.

ta ¢’akal. afterwards.

yo ¢’akal ¢’iʔon yo ¢’akal čitomon. I am an utterly lowly dog, I am an utterly lowly pig.

¢’akal k’on, cf. ʔišim.

¢’akal pat, nphr(aj & n)5. right behind.

¢’akal pat t šibat. I am going right behind him.

¢’akal¢’ákal. n4f. each of many knots, each of many mules tied one behind the other.

¢’akalik, aj. complete /plu/. Denunciatory speech, parent of child who has eloped; joined.

nupulik ša, ¢’akalik ša. They are married now, they are joined now.

¢’akan, tv. tie behind each other /mules/, graft /peach trees/.

¢’akanan, tv. tie behind each other /mules/, graft /peach trees/.

¢’akantik, aj. tied together here and there /broken threads of weaving/.

¢’akan¢’škan, tv. tie one behind another, tie one after another /broken threads of weaving, broken rope/, graft one after another.

¢’akan¢’akanan, tv. tie one after another /broken threads of weaving.

broken rope/, graft one after another.

¢’akavil, n3b. joint /bones/, node /bamboo, cane, reed/.

¢’akavul, n3b. cf. ¢’akavil.

¢’akbe, tv. complete, set /bone/.

ta h¢’akbe stohol. I am completing the payment.

ta h¢’akbe yok. I will set his leg.

¢’akbenal, n4f. seam (between wooden planks).

¢’ak¢’ak, nc. single unit fastened together /I only/.

¢’ak¢’on, av. tieing horses together, tieing thread together.

¢’akebal, n5. period when bone is about to mend.

¢’aket, av. walking tied to lead mule (mule).

¢’aketik, av. cf. ¢’aket (plu).

¢’aki, iv. dress up, wear clothes for first time /new clothes, wedding clothes, clothes of angels, dudes and layers/, complete contract or debt, complete life-span /if deal is made with the earth lord/.

¢’akiem. dressed up.

¢’akiebal, n3a. deadline, amount of money, food, etc., that evens out portions.

¢’akiel, vn1b. decoration, new clothing.

¢’akil ʔosil(nphr(n1f of n1d). boundary marker.

¢’akin, tv. make adjoin, round out.

¢’akin baik, rv. adjoin (land parcels).

¢’aklahetik, av. tieing together /mules/ (plu).

¢’akleb ʔOʔ, nphr(n4f of n4d). rump /section of slaughtered chicken/.

¢’akob-bail, n(n & rpncpd). leaves used to speed mending of bones.

¢’akob-bail, n(n & rpncpd). ‘mender’, Stevia polycephala, #2918(1, 3).

Temperate “plant” Same use as ¢’akob-bail ¢’iʔlel.

¢’akob-bail ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n). ’mending plant’, Stevia polycephala, #465(1, 2), #2265(3, 4). Highland “plant”. Three handfuls of young leaves are toasted on the griddle and then bound to a bone break. This is repeated three or four times. The leaves are “hot”.

¢’akob-bail poš nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n). ‘mending medicine’, Stevia lucida, #1796(1, 4). Highland “plant”. Same use as ¢’akob-bail ¢iʔlel.

¢’akob bak, nphr(n of n). ‘bone mender’, Stevia lucida, #2516(1, 4). Highland “tree”. Same use as ¢’akob-bail ¢’iʔlel.

¢’akobil, n4f. thread used to mend tear in weaving, leather strip used to mend broken sandal.

n’akubtas, tv. finish, complete, dress.

¢’akubtas ba, rv. dress up.

¢’akubtas kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). change the floral adornments of the shrines in the hills, churches, or officials’ homes. The pine and floral decorations for the crosses are considered to be their clothes.

¢’akubtasobil, n4f. liquor drunk by assistants of patient when decorating shrines.

¢’akubtasvan, iv. dress person /wedding couple/ (godfathers).

h¢’ak-bak, agn(tv & ncpd). bonesetter.

h¢’akubtaseh-kahvaltik, agn(tv & ncpd). person who is changing floral adornments of shrines in the hills, churches, or officials’ homes.

¢’ok, nc. units or ropes fastened together /tables pushed together, coupled train cars./

¢’ok¢’ok, nc. cf. ¢’ak¢’ak.

¢’okol¢’okol, n4f. cf. ¢’akal¢’akal.

¢’al T(2).

¢’al, tv. tie in bundle /firewood, grass, stubble, pine boughs/, steal.

lek is¢’al eč’el yika¢. He did a good job of bundling his load away (robber).

¢’al, iv. be tied in bundle.

¢’al, aj. ridged (sugarcane or bamboo when nodes are too close together), slightly uneven (weaving).

¢’al ba, rv. become ridged (weaving) /warp stands up apart/.

¢’al-hol teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. billy.

¢’al-ne ʔuč, cf. ʔuč(1).

c’alahtik, aj. cf. ¢’alal /plu/.

¢’alal, aj. in bundle, creased (brow).

¢’alalet, av. becoming very ridged or uneven (weaving), rippling.

¢’alalik, aj. cf. ¢’alal /plu/.

¢’alan, tv. tie in bundles.

¢’alan¢’alan, tv. tie up one bundle after another quickly.

¢’al¢’al, aj. ridged (sugarcane or bamboo when nodes are too close together), furrowed (brow).

¢’al¢’on, av. tieing in bundles slowly and ineffectively /firewood/.

¢’alebal, n5. moment just before tieing in bundle /firewood/.

¢’ralel, aj. furrowed (brow) /scolding/.

¢’alet, av. becoming ridged (weaving), frowning, uneven /haircut/, prominent (ribs).

¢’allahet, av. cf. ¢’al¢’on (plu).

¢’allahetik, av. cf. ¢’al¢’on (plu).

¢’alob, n1f. rope /for tieing firewood/.

¢’alobil, n1f. cf. ¢’alob.

¢’alte¢’ahe, av. tieing one bundle after another.

¢’ol, nc. In reference to objects piled on top of one another /burdens of person or animal, “burdens” of corn stalk, i.e., one ear on top of another, bags of corn, stones/, tied bundle /firewood/.

te ca’V¢’ol itaeik. There they were found on top of each other (people in flagrante delicto).

¢’am prob A or N.

¢am-teʔ, n(x & ncpd)1a. crossbeam.

¢’am-toal na, nphr(natt/x & ncpd/ & n). ‘house crossbeam’, Heliocarpus donnell-smithii, #2132(7). Lowland and temperate “tree”.

¢’omol, n1d. log stool.

¢omol čon, nphr(n type n)5. lit., stool animal, i.e., nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. cf. kapon čon. The armadillo’s name is derived from a belief that the animal serves as the earth lord’s stool.

¢omolin, n4d. log stool.

¢san(1) I.

¢an, iv. be conceived.

mu š¢an. She is barren (or) He is impotent.

¢’anesbe, tv. conceive /child/ (man, woman).

¢’an(2) P.

¢’an, iv. form puddles.

¢’anal, aj. in puddles, remaining on the bottom (cane liquor in bottle or demijohn).

te ¢’anal ta p’in. There is some in the pot (water, corn gruel).

¢’anal voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. puddle.

¢’anan, tv. pour into /water/, make puddles.

¢’ananan, tv. pour into containers /with water/.

¢’anan¢’anan, tv. fill one container after another with liquid.

¢’anan¢’ananan, tv. cf. ¢’anan¢’anan.

¢’ananet, av. moving (wide expanse of water).

¢’ananob, n1f. pot for liquid.

¢’ananobil, n1f. cf. ¢’ananob.

¢’an¢’an, iv. form a few puddles.

¢’an¢’antik, iv. form a few puddles.

¢’an¢’on, av. sloshing (small amount of liquid), dripping.

¢’anet, av. forming puddles (liquids).

te š¢’anet yaʔlel ssat. He had tears in his eyes.

¢’ani, iv. be sitting (liquids).

¢’an1ahet, av. in puddles.

¢’anleb, n5. puddle, pool.

¢’ap prob P or P(2).

¢’ap, tv. pierce /with needle, nail or feather/, place in post hole /replacement post/.

¢’ap, nc. hole, perforation.

¢’apahtik, aj. cf. ¢’apal /plu/.

¢’apal, aj. be sticking in (arrow, nail), long and pointed (nose, stick).

¢’ápal¢’ápal, n4f. each of many /posts/ stuck in /ground/.

¢’apan, tv. stick in /nail, post, digging stick/.

¢’apanan, tv. stick in /nails, posts, digging sticks/.

¢’apan¢’ápan, tv. stick one in after another /nail, post, digging stick/.

¢’ápan¢’ápanan, tv. cf. ¢’apan¢’apan.

¢’apap, av. piercing with force (penis).

¢’apapet k’ušul, vphr(av & n4f). piercing pain (thorn).

¢’apbe, tv. pierce /with needle, nail, knife or feather/, stab.

is¢’apbe ša ʔovol. He has planted already.

¢’ap¢’ap, aj. pointed (nose, post).

¢’ap¢’on, av. piercing (pain caused by thorn, etc., in flesh).

¢’apel, aj. pointed (nose).

¢’apet, av. moving with pointed object (fox sniffing about).

¢’aplahet, av. piercing (bristles, thorns, flea bites).

¢’apleh, n1f. pointed (nose).

¢’ápluh, av. piercing suddenly /foot/ (thorn).

¢’apulan, tv. stick in repeatedly (finger in rotten squash, digging stick).

¢’apulanan, tv. stick in repeatedly in many places.

¢’ar A.

¢’aram, aj. with ridges, ribbed (flashlight, billy), uneven /haircut/, barred with stripes at right angles to top or head. cf. ¢’al.

¢’aram teʔ), nphr(aj & n)1e. billy /carried by constables, publicans and stewards-royal/.

¢’aramta, tv. cut unevenly, cut ridges in.

¢’aramtik, aj. cf. ¢’aram.

¢’aramul, n4f. ribbing, unevenness /haircut, weaving/, Male joking speech; pig penis.

¢’arkun, n4e. unevenness /haircut/.

¢’arkun, aj. uneven (haircut), ribbed (flashlight).

¢’arkunta, tv. cut ridges in, cut unevenly.

¢’arkuntik, aj. cf. ¢’arkun.

¢’ay P(2).

¢’ay ba, rv. become pretty and neat.

¢’ayahtik, aj. cf. ¢’ayal /plu/.

¢’ayal, aj. fat and gleaming (horse).

¢’ayalik, aj. cf. ¢’ayal /plu/.

¢’ayay, av. running and gleaming (horse).

¢’ayayet, av. shimmering (water, mirror, money).

¢’ay¢’on, av. shimmering (water, mirror, horse).

¢’aylah, av. cf. ¢’ayay (plu).

¢’aylahet, av. flashing, gleaming (plu).

¢’ayluh, av. flashing suddenly and briefly (lightning).

¢’ayte¢’ayte, av. running about gleaming (horse).

¢’ P, P(2).

¢’eʔan, tv. tip, tilt.

is¢’eʔan scikin. He cocked his ears.

¢’eʔan ba, rv. lie on on¢’s side, dodge /blow/.

¢’eian-bai], vn(tv & rpncpd). sleeping on side.

¢’eianan, tv. tilt /beams to dry in sun/.

¢’éʔan¢’éʔan, tv. tip or tilt one after another.

¢’éʔan¢’éʔanan, tv. tip or tilt one after another.

¢’eʔanel, nc. tipping.

¢’eʔ¢on, av. walking swinging shoulders from side to side, swaggering.

¢’eʔeʔet, av. walking holding on¢’s side /doubled over with pain/.

¢’eʔel, aj. on on¢’s side, leaning (sitting person), cocking (ears), tilted (moon) /indicates arrival of rain/.

¢’eʔet, av. turning aside.

š¢eʔet k’ak’al. It was /1 to 2 p.m./ afternoon.

š¢’eʔet ak’ubal. It was after midnight /1 to 2 a.m./, walking with cocked (ears).

¢’eʔetik, av. after (noon, midnight).

¢’eʔi, iv. be lying on on¢’s side.

¢’eʔlah, av. walking swaying from side to side (people with long burdens).

¢’eʔlahet, av. cf. ¢’eʔ¢’on (plu).

¢’eʔlahetik, av. cf. ¢’eʔ¢’on (plu).

¢’eʔleh, n1d. lying on side.

¢’éʔluh, av. tipping suddenly to the side.

¢’eép’uh, iv. turn aside /to let person pass/, tip (load), lean, turn over /in reclining position/.

i¢’eʔp’uh sk’op ta yalel ti k’usi t sale. He changed his story inadvertently when telling what he had to say.

i¢’eʔp’uh ye ta kavilto. He changed his story inadvertently in court.

i¢’eʔ’uh ʔak’ubal. It was after midnight /2 to 2 a.m./.

i¢’eʔp’uh k’ak’al. It was past noon /1 to 2 p.m./.

yik’al š¢’eʔp’uh sk’ob. Perhaps he will beat him.

Ritual speech, shaman; ʔoy t a¢’eʔp’uhel ʔoy t ahoyp’ihel ʔoy t avalk’uhel ʔoy t asutp’ihel. You are tossing, you are turning, you are tossing, you are turning /patient/.

¢’eʔp’un, tv. tip /pot, water jug/.

¢’eʔp’unan, tv. tip or tilt /bags of corn/.

¢’é’ʔp’un¢’éʔp’un, tv. tip or tilt one after another.

¢’éʔte¢’éʔe, av. walking about swaying from side to side (lame person).

¢’eʔulan ba, rv. toss from side to side, swagger.

¢’eʔulanan, tv. keep rocking many times.

¢’eh O.

¢’eh¢’on, av. chattering, scolding (squirrel).

¢’ehaʔ N.

¢’ehaʔ, n1e. squirrel cuckoo Piaya cayana. They are not eaten. The squirrel cuckoo’s call is thought to cause a person to twist his ankle or to trip and fall. Its call may also announce the sickness of a loved one back home, var., ¢’ihaʔ /Htek-lum, Hok’ C’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/.

¢’el N.

¢’el, n1b. near, next to.

ta h¢’el, next to me.

Ritual speech, shaman praying at initiation of new shaman;mi lekil htunel mi lekil hbainel ta yo 1 a¢’el ta yo 1 aviš’on. Is he a good servant, is he a good perceiver beside Thee, before Thee?

¢’emeniʔ N.

¢’emeniʔ, n5. dayflower Commelina coelestis, #2053(18). Highland “plant”. Tradescentia rassifolia, #737(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Tripogandra disgrega, #2178(19). Highland “plant”

¢’emeniʔtik, n5. expanse of ¢’emeniʔ.

ʔik’al ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina coelestis, #2320(19). Highland “plant” Cymbispatha commelinoides, #1809(1, 4). Highland “plant”

ʔoʔlol ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(n type n). ‘medium-sized dayflower’, Tripogandra sp., #1610(1, 3). Lowland and temperate “plant”. Habenaria clypeata, #2124(1). Temperate “plant” Cymbispatha commelinoides, #1808(1, 4). Temperate and highland “plant”.

bik’it ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n). Tripogandra disgrega, #2468(21, 22). Highland “plant”

bik’itik ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina diffusa, #2066(17). Highland “plant” To induce a sick child to nurse a small bunch of dayflowers is brewed and the child is bathed twice a day for two days. It is “cold”. (RML)-Two unidentified plants are brewed with it.

¢ahal ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina coelestis, #2053(17). Highland “plant” Cymbispatha commelinoides, #1223(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

k’oš ¢ahal ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Tripogandra angustifolia, #1979(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Lowland “plant”. It grows in corn fields. Tripogandra disgrega, #2178(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta ¢ahal ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Campelia zanonia, #1250(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant” Epidendrum ibaguense, #2169(1, 7). Temperate “plant”.

k’oš ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina diffusa, #1789(4). Highland “plant” dayflower Commelina coelestis, #2556(21, 22). Temperate “plant”. Aploleia multiflora, #690 (1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. Cymbispatha commelinoides, #1808(15, 16). Temperate and highland “plant”. Tripogandra disgrega, #2468(4). Highland “plant”

muk’ta ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n). Campelia zanonia, #1617(1, 3, 11, 12, 13). Temperate “plant”, shrubby four o’clock Mirabilis cf. jalapa, #2607(21). Temperate “plant”

sakil ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n). dayflower Commelina erecta, #997(3). Lowland “plant”. Cerastium vulcanicum, #1236(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”.

k’oš sakil ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Tripogandra disgrega, #2360(3, 4). Highland “plant”

yaš-ʔulan nič ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n4f) type n. Cymbispatha commelinoides, #1809(15, 16). Highland “plant”.

yašal ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & & n). see below.

k’oš yašal ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). dayflower Commelina diffusa, #1189(1, 3, 4, 5), #1446(3, 5), #2066(3, 4). Highland “plant” dayflower Commelina erecta, #1306(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”. #1585(1, 3). Temperate “plant” dayflower Commelina coelestis, #1918(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”. #2053(3). Highland “plant”, dayflower Commelina alpestris, #1460(3). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta yašal ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Campelia zanonia, #1250(7). Temperate “plant”

¢’emeniʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). ‘dayflower plant’, Tripogandra elongata, #538(1, 3). Temperate “plant”.

¢’emeniʔal ba ton, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/). ‘rock-top dayflower’, Cranichis trilobata, #1955(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Temperate “plant”.

¢’emeniʔal č’en, nphr(natt & n). ‘cliff dayflower’, Epidendrum ibaguense, #2784(1, 4). Temperate “plant”.

¢’erel N.

¢’erel, n. inga Inga spuria, #1620(11, 12), #3008(11). Lowland “tree” The fruit is eaten. The trunk is used for firewood.

¢’et(1) T.

¢’et, tv. cut down /tree with machete/ (person).

¢’et, iv. be cut down.

¢’etan, tv. cut down /trees/.

¢’etanan, tv. cf. ¢’etan.

¢’étan¢’étan, tv. fell one after another.

¢’étan¢’étanan, tv. cf. ¢’etan¢’etan.

¢’etob, n1a. medium-sized to large tree being felled or having been felled when land is cleared.

¢’etob teʔ, nphr(n of n)5. axe, sickle.

¢’etobil teʔ, nphr(n of n)5. cf. ¢’etob teʔ.

¢’etobtik, n5. expanse of forest in area suitable for corn farming.

¢’etulan, tv. hack at.

¢’etulanan, tv. hack at /plu/.

¢’et(2) N.

¢’et, n1d. left hand.

t šiʔabteh ta h¢’d. I work with my left hand.

ta h¢’d k’obtik. on the left hand side, to the left.

¢’et(3) P.

¢’etahtik, aj. cf.¢’etel /plu/.

¢’etan, tv. prick up /ears/ /eavesdropping/.

¢’etanbil ti čikinil. It is widely known.

¢’etel, aj. pricked up or cocked (ears),

¢’etelik, aj. cf.¢’etel /plu/.

¢’etet, av. walking with cocked (ear).

¢’i prob O.

¢’ibe, tv. make squeak /palm being woven/,

¢’i¢’on, av. squeaking /weaving palm/.

¢’iet, av. singing in high voice (woman).

¢’ietik, av. cf.¢’iet (plu).

¢’ilahet, av. cf.¢’iet (plu).

¢’ilahetik, av. cf.¢’iet (plu), cf.¢’i¢’on (plu).

¢’iʔ(1) N.

¢’iʔ, n1a. dog.

s¢’iʔal ʔosil. lit., the dogs of the earth., i.e., those who are treated like dogs.

Ritual speech, prayer; li yo ¢’iʔon li yo čitomon. I am a lowly dog, I am a lowly pig. It is believed that a black dog carries the souls of the dead across a river in the underworld, therefore black dogs should not be killed.

¢’iʔ čoy, cf.čoy.

¢’iʔ hč’ul-totik, nphr(n4d of n/aj & ncpd/5). highland black and yellow wooly caterpillar.

¢’iʔ ničim, nphr(n type n). ‘dog flower’, stock Matthiola incana, #35(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland“plant”. The seeds are planted in pots by ladinos and transplanted in the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases. They are sold at market in San Cristoból.

¢’iʔal, n4d. stupidity, beastliness.

¢’iʔin, tv. steal dog, take dog into one’s house,

ʔok’il ¢’iʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. dog with long straight tail.

¢iʔ, n5. Baby talk; dog.

¢iʔ(2) X.

¢’iʔle, tv. spoil a lot /food/ by looking at it (pregnant woman).

¢’iʔlean, tv. spoil a lot /food/ by looking at it (pregnant woman).

¢’iʔleh, iv. spoil (food, clothing), be ruined (girl), fall apart (legal case).

i¢’iʔleh no k’al čopol šbat ta bonel yuʔun ʔan¢etik. It was just spoiled when the woman dyed it improperly.

i¢’iʔleh ša li k’ope naʔtik ša šmel¢ah ta lek. The case fell apart; who knows whether it will be properly settled now.

¢’iʔlel, n1e. plant /general term/, weed.

¢’iʔlelaltik, n5. large expanse of weeds.

¢’iʔlelin, tv. restricted to past participle; s¢’iʔlelinoh: weed infested.

¢’iʔleltik, n5. expanse of weeds.

¢’iʔlevan, iv. cause sickness /by molesting person in dream or via goat or poison/.

h¢’iʔlevaneh, agn. person who bewitches another through dream or poison.

¢’ib N.

¢’ib, n1a. writing skill /archaic/. Ritual speech, used by scribe.

¢’ib bolom, cf. bolom.

¢’iba, tv. write.

¢’ibabil. written.

¢’ibah, iv. write.

s¢’ibah kahvaltik. lit.; Our Lord is writing, i.e. There is a halo around the sun /believed to be a time when Our Savior is writing down all our sins, also believed to forecast rain/.

¢’ibahel, n5. writing.

h¢’ibahel, agn. writer.

h¢’ibahom, agn. writer.

¢’ibal ʔakov, cf. ʔakov.

¢’ibal ʔanal, nphr(n4f of n4f)- leaf vein.

¢’ibal botil, cf. čenek’.

¢’ibal čenek’, cf. čenek’.

¢’ibal hol ʔanima, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/)5. cranial suture.

¢’ibal k’uʔul, cf. k’uʔul.

¢’ibal patas cenek’, cf. čenek’.

¢’ibaltik, aj. cf. ¢’ibal.

¢’ibaron, aj. splotchy (children’s faces after playing with charcoal).

¢’ibarontik, aj. cf. ¢’ibaron.

¢’ibin, aj. striped (bean) /Hok’ Č’enom./

¢’i¢’ prob O.

¢’i¢’et, av. squealing (pig).

¢’i¢’i¢’et, av. screaming (drunk), squealing (pig).

¢’i¢’irin, n5. young rooster when crowing, crow of young rooster.

¢’i¢’lah, av. walking screaming (drunks).

¢’i¢’lahet, av. crowing (young roosters), squealing (pigs).

¢’i¢’lahetik, av. screaming (drunks).

¢’l’¢’te¢’i’¢’te, av. walking about screaming (drunk).

¢’ih P.

¢’ihahtik, aj. droopy (sick chickens).

¢’ihan ba, rv. listen respectfully, ponder, sit pensively with lowered head, be shamed into silence, droop (sick chicken).

te s¢’ihan sba ti mi yič’ ʔutele. He listens respectfully when he is censured.

¢’ihan ta ʔutel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). shame into silence by censure.

¢’ih¢’on ta čamel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). chronically ill.

¢’ihet, av. walking droopily, listening mutely.

¢’ihetik, av. listening mutely.

¢’ihil, aj. drooping listlessly /sick/, bending over thinking, dead silent (night).

¢’ihil k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. listening mutely.

¢’ihilik, aj. listening mutely /plu/.

¢’ihlahet ta camel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. ¢’ih¢’on ta čamel /plu/.

¢’ihlahetik ta camel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. ¢’ih¢’on ta čamel /plu/.

¢’ihleh, n1f. listening mutely.

¢’lhte¢’ihte ta camel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). falling ill one after another (chickens).

¢’ihaʔ

¢’ihaʔ, cf. ¢ehaʔ.

¢’ik(1) T.

¢’ik, tv. endure /cold, pain, rain, frost/.

¢’ik ba, rv. fast /chili, cold water, coffee, cold” food/.

¢’ik-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. fast.

¢’ikan, tv. endure /rain, cold, frost/ (plu).

¢’ikbe, tv. endure /another’s stupidity or disobedience, pain/.

¢’iket ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d). endure /sickness/.

¢’ikulan, tv. keep enduring /cold, pain/.

¢’ikulanan, tv. keep enduring a lot of /scolding/.

¢’ikulanbe, tv. keep enduring /another’s stupidity or disobedience, pain/.

¢’ik(2) O.

¢’ik, onom. wheeze /sick chicken/.

¢’ik¢’on, av. squeaking (beneficent supernatural hummingbird), wheezing (sick chicken).

¢’ikiket, av. squeaking (evil supernatural hummingbird, bat).

¢’iklahet, av. wheezing (plu).

¢’ik(3) prob P.

¢’ikan, tv. turn end up /pine or match so it will burn/.

¢’il(1) prob P or P(2).

¢’il, nc. pin-stripe /clothing/.

¢’il k’uʔul, cf. k’uʔul.

¢’i] pok’, cf. pok’.

¢’ilahtik sat, nphr(aj &. n4d). looking about every which way /in fear/.

¢’ile’il, nc. single stripe / 1 only/.

¢’ile’on sat, vphr(av & n4d). peering out (prisoner).

¢’ilet sat, vphr(av & n4d). peering out (prisoner).

¢’ilikil, n4f. many stripes.

¢’ilil sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). peering out (prisoner).

¢’ilile’ilil], n4f. each of many differently colored stripes.

¢’ililet, av. with radiant expression, with sparkling eyes.

¢’ililik sat, nphr(aj & n4d). looking about every which way /in fear/.

¢’illahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. e’ilet sat.

¢’il(2) I.

¢’iles ba, rv. be promiscuous or foolish in love.

ise’iles sba ta vinik muk’ smala shak’el. She was promiscuous with men; she didn’t wait to be petitioned,

ise’iles sba ta meʔel. He was promiscuous with women.

¢’in(1) T(2).

¢’in, tv. hoard.

¢’in, onom. ringing (ears).

¢’ine’on, av. jingling, ringing (anvil, machete striking stone).

¢’inil mut, nphr(aj & n)5. ’tinkling bird’, blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea.

¢’ininet, av. jingling, jangling (bell EKL 252: 2-7) tinkling, ringing (ears) /when someone misses us or after being in crowd/.

¢’inlahet, av. cf. e’ine’on (plu), tinkling (glass VI: 10), clinking (bottles V1:14, metal wheel V3: 14).

¢’inluh, av. jingling suddenly, jangling suddenly, shattering suddenly (EKL 259: 2-16).

¢’inulan, tv. jingle.

¢’in(2) prob A or N.

¢’in-teʔ, n(x & ncpd) la. yucca Manihot esculenta, #335(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland“tree” It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. The tuber is boiled with sugar and eaten as candy by ladinos. It is“cold” Yuccas are sold at market.

¢’ir O.

¢’irin, onom. clink, clank (metal object).

¢’irin mut, nphr(n type n)5. ’clink bird’, bushtit Psaltriparus minimus.

¢’iriret, av. clinking (metal wheel V3: 14) /infr/.

k’anal ¢’irin mut, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/)5. black-headed siskin Spinus notatus. cf. č’ikč’ik, k’anal č’ivil mut.

¢’is T(2).

¢’is, tv. sew.

¢’is, iv. be sewn.

¢’is, n4f. seam.

¢’isahtik, aj. cf. e’isil /plu/.

¢’isahtik ¢oʔ sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/n4f & n4d/). cf. e’isil eoʔ sat /plu/.

¢’isan, tv. sew /plu/.

¢’isanan, tv. cf. e’isan.

¢’isane’ísan, tv. sew one after another.

¢’isane’ísanan, tv. sew one after another quickly.

¢’isbenal, n4f. seam.

¢’isbentik, aj. mended places /sewn, not patched/.

¢’ise’on, av. sewing.

¢’isebal, n5. moment when sewing is nearly finished.

¢’isil, aj. sewed closed (burlap bag).

¢’isil ¢oʔ sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/). with eyelids stuck tigh from discharge.

¢’isil sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with eyelids stuck tight from discharge, unopened (eyes of newborn puppy).

¢’isilik, aj. unopened (eyes of newborn puppies).

¢’islahet, av. cf. e’ise’on (plu).

¢’isob k’uʔul, nphr(n1f of n3d). absolute form; seamstress or tailor’s house, animate poss.; needle, thread.

¢’isobil k’uʔul, nphr(n1f of n3d). cf. e’isob k’uʔul.

¢’isomah, iv. sew.

¢’isomahebal, n1a. needle, sewing machine.

¢’isulan, tv. keep sewing.

h¢’isom, agn. seamstress, hat sewer.

¢’inl) T.

¢’it, tv. clean with second joint of forefinger /inside of gourd or bowl/.

¢’it, iv. be cleaned with finger.

¢’itan, tv. clean /gourds, bowls/ with second joint of forefinger.

¢’ítane’ítan, tv. clean one /bowl, gourd/ after another with second joint of forefinger.

¢’itbe, tv. clean with second joint of forefinger.

¢’ite’on, av. clean with second joint of forefinger.

¢’itlahet, av. cf. e’ite’on (plu).

¢’ltlahetilk, av. cf. e’ite’on (plu).

¢’itulan, tv. keep cleaning with second joint of forefinger,

¢’itulanan, tv. keep cleaning /bowls/ with second joint of forefinger (child).

¢’itulanbe, tv. keep cleaning with second joint of forefinger /sibling’s bowl/.

¢it(2) T.

¢’itanbe ʔarsial, vphr(tv & n5). whip /plu/.

¢’itbe ʔarsial, vphr(tv & n5). whip.

¢’ite’on, av. cracking (whip).

¢’itlahet, av. cracking (whip, lightning).

¢ítluh, av. cracking suddenly (lightning, whip).

¢’itulanbe ʔarsial, vphr(tv & n5). keep whipping.

¢’it(3)

¢’it, rear, make grow. cf. č’i.

¢’0ʔ(1) O.

¢’oʔ, onom. squeak.

¢’oʔe’on, av. squeaking (sandals, door, bed).

¢’oʔet, av. squeaking (door V2: 2, tree, oxcart).

¢’oʔilan, tv. keep causing to squeak.

¢’oʔilanan, tv. make squeaks.

¢’oʔlahet, av. squeaking (cart, sandals, beds, trees).

¢’oʔoʔet, av. squeaking repeatedly (door, tree, oxcart V3: 10, bed), stridulating (automobile starter V3: 9), squeaking (car V3: 12) /braking/.

¢’oʔorin, n1a. gate, seesaw.

¢’oʔ(2) P.

¢’oʔ-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. squint-eyed.

¢’oʔ-sati, tv(tv & ncpd). wink at /girl/.

¢’oʔ-sativan, iv(tv & ncpd). wink at person.

¢’oʔanbe, tv. wink at.

¢’oʔ¢on, av. squinting (eyes from smoke, crying).

¢’oʔel, aj. squint (eyed).

¢’oʔet sat, vphr(av & n4d). with squint-eye.

¢’oʔilan, tv. wink.

¢’oʔlahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. e’oʔet sat /plu/.

¢’oʔol, aj. squint (eyed).

¢’óʔte¢’óte, av. walking about squinting.

¢’ob X.

¢’ob¢’on, av. aching (tooth, head, thorn, ear, neck).

¢’oblahet, av. aching with exhaustion (legs).

¢’oban N.

¢’oban, n. rosey globe mallow Phymosia rosea, #356(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “tree”. As a remedy for whooping cough three flowers are brewed with the seeds of the ear pod tree. The tea is drunk once or twice. It is “hot” The flowers are strung on a necklace that is placed in a bowl and carried by the first prefect to the houses of the junior stewards on St. Rose Day. The woman who tends the incense wears it for a moment after it has been revered. (23)-One small basket is provided by the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary.

¢’oban e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). shrubby four o’clock Mirabilis jalapa, #69(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. (RML)-Probably a misidentification. wax mallow Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus, #940(1, 3). Highland “plant”. As a remedy for whooping cough thirteen flowers are brewed and the tea is drunk before meals for three days. It is “medium”.

¢’oban teʔ, nphr(n type n). wax mallow Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus #1576(11, 12). Temperate “tree”. Abutilon tridens, #426(1, 2, 3). Temperate “tree”.

k’anal ¢’oban, nphr(aj & n). Abutilon purpusii, #2137(1). Temperate “tree”.

k’oš ¢’oban, nphr(aj & n). wax mallow Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus, #876(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The flowers are put in altar vases by ladinos. #1914(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Temperate “tree”. (16, 17)-As cough medicine, a flower is brewed with sugar and a cupful of the tea is drunk twice a day. It is “cold”.

k’oš ¢”oban te” ?, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wax mallow Malvaviscus arboreus var. arboreus, #1576(1, 3). Temperate “tree”.

¢’o¢’op N.

¢’o¢’op, n5. oak Quercus polymorpha, #1959(16, 17). Temperate “tree”.

It is used for fence posts and firewood.

¢’ok P or P(2).

¢’ok-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. newcastle disease.

¢’ok-niʔ mut, nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ & n)5. groove-billed ani Crotophaga sulcirostris/Naben Čauk/. cf. htiʔ-sip mut.

¢’oke’ok, aj. with a knot (rope).

¢’oke’on, av. aching (leg, arm).

¢’oklih, iv. sprain or twist (leg, arm, back).

¢’iklin, tv. sprain or twist (leg, arm, back).

¢’okp’ih, iv. sprain or twist (leg, arm, back).

¢’ókte¢’ókte ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with sprained or twisted leg.

¢’ol(1) N.

¢’ol, n1a. summer squash Cucurbita pepo, #2189(1, 3, 4). Highland “vine” It is planted in the corn field at the beginning of the rainy season. Five seeds are planted in each hole. It is harvested in October. It is “cold”.

¢’oltik, n5. expanse of e’ol.

kašlan ¢’ol, nphr(aj & n). watermelon squash Cucurbita ficifolia, # 1752(3, 4, 5, 15). highland vine”. (3)-The seeds are planted in the yard at the beginning of the rainy season. Five seeds are planted in each hole. The plants are fertilized. The squashes are harvested in August. The squashes are sliced and boiled with chili, salt, and coriander. They are “cold”. (15)-The flowers and young tips are also eaten. The squashes are sold at market.

¢’ol(2)

¢’ol, burden, bundle, cf. ¢’al.

¢’om

¢’om, log stool, armadillo, cf. ¢’am.

¢’ot P, P(2).

¢’ot, tv. twist, wrap in bun /hair after washing/, twine /grass to make lashing/, lash /rope/, steer /car/, lock.

¢’ot-’ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted leg or foot.

¢’ot ba, rv. become entangled (rope, horse).

ise’ot sba ta čih. He wrapped himself in a blanket /i.e., without sharing it with bedmate/.

¢’ot-kob, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted arm or hand.

¢’ot-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted nose.

¢’ot ta makina, vphr(tv & prep & n5). grind /with meat grinder/.

¢’ot yalel, vphr(tv & dr). throw off balance.

¢’otahtik, aj. entangled (horses).

¢’otan, tv. twist, wrinkle up /nose, mouth/.

¢’otan, aj. twisted (tree trunk).

¢’ótan¢’ótan, tv. twine one after another /bundle of grass into rope/.

¢’ótan¢’ótanan, tv. cf. ¢’ótane’ótan.

¢’ot¢’on, av. spraining, twisting (leg).

¢’ote’ot, aj. twisted (leg nose).

¢’otel, aj. twisted.

¢’otilan, tv. keep wrapping around or lashing.

¢’otilan ba, rv. become entangled (thread), wrap one’s rope around stake (Pig).

¢’otilan čak, vphr(tv & n4d). wag hips (boy when playing).

¢’otilan k’ob, vphr(tv & n4d). twiddle arms (child).

¢’otk’ih, iv. sprain, twist to side (falling tree).

¢’otk’in, tv. sprain, twist /person’s arm/, twist to side /falling tree/.

¢’ótlih, av. spraining suddenly.

¢’otobil ʔak’, nphr(n4f of n4e). peg /stringed instrument/.

¢’otol, aj. twisted, entangled, locked (house).

¢’otolik, aj. cf. ¢’otahtik.

¢’ototet, av. whirling furiously (twister).

¢’otp’ih, iv. cf. ¢’otk’ih.

¢’otp’in, tv. cf. ¢’otk’in.

¢’ótte¢’ótte, av. walking about with twisted (leg, nose).

¢’otvan, iv. entangle person in rope (horse), wrap around person (snake).

h¢’otvaneh, agn. person who lashes another (constable).

¢’u

¢’u, sprinkle with holy water, asperges. cf. č’u.

¢’uʔ(1) P or P(2).

¢’uʔ¢’on, av. squeaking (baby mouse), yapping (puppy).

¢’uʔet, av. singing in high voice (woman).

¢’uʔetik, av. cf. e’uʔet (plu).

¢’uʔlahet, av. cf. e’uʔe’on (plu).

¢’uʔlahetik, av. cf. e’uʔe’on (plu).

¢’úʔlih, av. giving sudden squeak (mouse being stepped on), yapping suddenly (puppy).

¢’ú?te¢’ú?te, av. walking about squeaking (baby mouse).

¢’uʔuʔet, av. talking in polite falsetto (man), squeaking (baby mouse).

¢’uʔ(2) prob P or P(2).

¢’uʔ-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. squint-eyed.

¢’uʔ-sati, tv(tv & ncpd). wink at (girl),

¢’uʔahtik, aj. nearly closed (eyes of newborn puppy).

¢’uʔe’uʔ, aj. with nearly closed (eye).

¢’uʔel, aj. squint-eyed.

¢’uʔet, av. with squint, nearly closed (eye from beating or blindness).

¢’uʔetik, av. cf. e’uʔet (plu).

¢’úʔte¢’úʔte, av. walking about squinting.

¢’uʔul, aj. nearly closed (eye), squinting.

¢’uʔulik, aj. cf. e’uʔahtik.

¢’uʔ(3) T.

¢’uʔ, tv. suck /dirty cane liquor through cloth/.

¢’uʔbal, n4f. dregs.

¢’uʔbal lum, nphr(n type n)5. river sediment.

¢’uʔbe, tv. drink /corn gruel, cane liquor/.

¢’uʔbe ʔaʔlel, vphr(tv & n4f). suck juice /citrus fruit, sugar cane/.

¢’uʔlahetik, av. drinking /in group/.

¢’uʔobil, n1f. cloth through which dirty cane liquor is drunk.

¢’úʔte¢’úʔte, av. walking about drinking /from one bar to the next/.

¢’ub P or P(2).

¢’ubahtik, aj. cf. e’ube’ub /plu/.

¢’ube’ub, aj. pointed (machete, knife, pencil).

¢’ube’ub sniʔ. with pointed end /post/.

¢’ubel, aj. pointed (nose).

¢’ubul, aj. cf. e’ube’ub.

¢’ubulik, aj. cf. e’ube’ub /plu/.

¢’u¢’ T.

¢’u¢’, tv. suck, drink /dirty cane liquor through cloth/, suck out.

¢’u¢’an, tv. suck many /oranges/.

¢’u¢’be ʔaʔlel, vphr(tv & n4f). suck juice /citrus fruit, sugarcane/.

¢’u¢’¢’on, av. suckling (puppy).

¢’u¢’el, nc. drink /sucking through cloth/.

¢’u¢’et, av. drinking constantly /cane liquor/, sucking.

¢u¢’etik, av. cf. ¢’u¢’et (plu).

¢u¢’ilan, tv. keep sucking.

e’u¢’lahet, av. cf. e’u¢’et (plu). cf. e’u¢’¢’on (plu).

e’u¢’ob, n1f. drinking straw, cloth through which dirty cane liquor is drunk.

e’u¢’obil, n1f. cf. ¢’u¢’ob.

e’ú¢’te¢’ú¢’te, av. sipping here and there (hummingbird, flower-piercer).

eu¢’un, tv. suck, suck out, make sucking noise.

e’u¢’un-čab, n(tv & ncpd)5. ’wax-sucker’, anteater, tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla. Anteaters are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea, Their flesh is“hot” They are said to be companion animal spirits of Chamulas.

e’u¢’van, iv. drain person of strength (work, sickness).

h¢’u¢’ nič botil, agnphr: vphr(tv & nphrcpd/n of n/5). cinnamon-bellied flower-piercer Diglossa baritula.

h¢’u¢’ nič čenek’, agnphr: vphr(tv & nphrcpd/n of n/5). cf. he’ue’ nič botil.

h¢’u¢’uneh nič botil, agnphr: vphr(vn & nphr/n of n/5). cf. he’ue’ nič botil.

h¢’u¢’uneh nič čenek’, agnphr: vphr(vn & nphr/n of n/5). cf. he’ue’ nič botil.

¢’ue’up N.

¢’ue’upah, iv. shout at angrily.

¢’ue’upil, n3d. canine /tooth/.

¢’ue’upta, tv. whistle at someone through teeth /archaic/.

¢’uh(1) X.

¢’uh, nc. only a little, a little piece.

¢’uhe’uh, nc. single very small amount / 1 only/.

¢’uh(2) 1(2).

¢’uh, iv. leak (house), drip down (candle wax, water).

šeuh sbek’tal li čitome. lit., The pig’s flesh will leak, i.e., The pig will grow lean /if allowed to wander or walk in the sun/.

¢’uh ton, nphr(x type n)1a. very cold northeast storm. It is believed that there is a stone that hangs in a tree in the mountains that causes the storm.

¢’uhantik, aj. dripping at wide intervals /blood/.

¢’uh¢’on, av. dripping (cow urine, sap, blood).

¢’uhel, n5. dripping water /in house/.

¢’uhes, tv. empty into /cane liquor/, cause to drip /water into corpse’s mouth, cane liquor, candle wax/.

¢’uhesan, tv. cause to drip /cane liquor in several bottles, wax candles/.

¢’uhlahet, av. dripping in many places (water, tears).

š¢’uhlahet yaʔlel liyul. I arrived dripping wet.

¢’uhleb, n1a. salt that adheres to bottom of salt-making pot.

¢’uhub, n5. rain water.

¢’uhub, n4f. pot to catch rain water.

¢’uhubal na, nphr(natt & n)5. eavesdrop /ground on which water falls from eaves, trench dug around three sides of house to carry off rainwater/.

¢’uhul, aj. dewy, wet (leaves).

¢’uhulal, n4f. dew /on plants/. Ritual speech, song; cane liquor.

¢’úhule’úhul, n4f. frequent dripping /blood/.

¢’uh(3) X.

¢’úhte¢’úhte, av. spreading (piercing pain).

¢’uhuhet k’ušul, vphr(av & n4f). piercing pain (wound), stinging (sickness in eyes, dirt in eyes, looking at sun). sickness in eyes, dirt in eyes, looking at sun).

¢’uk(1) P.

¢’ukahtik, aj. cf., e’ukul /plu/.

¢’ukan, tv. turn upside down /bottle, boiled ear of com/.

¢’ukanan, tv. turn upside down /bottles, boiled ears of corn/.

¢’úkan¢’úkan, tv. turn one upside down after another /bottles, boiled ears of corn/.

¢’úkane’úkanan, tv. cf. e’úkaṅe’úkan.

¢’uke’uk, aj. narrow-based (basket, pot).

¢’ukel, aj. small (assed).

e’ukel ačak čak k’aʔal mail. Your ass is as small as a rotten watermelon squash.

¢’uket čak, vphr(av & n4f). sitting upside down (bottle).

¢’uket yalel, vphr(av & dr). diving.

¢’uki, iv. stand on head.

¢’ukil, n3d. uvula.

¢’uklahet yalel, vphr(av & dr). cf. e’uket yalel (plu).

¢’ukleh, n1f. with head down /fallen drunk/.

¢’úklih, av. falling head first /in water/.

¢’ukp’ih, iv. fall head first (person).

¢’ukp’in, tv. overturn /person/.

¢’úkte¢’u̇kte yalel, vphr(av & dr). diving one after another.

¢’ukul, aj. upside down, with head down (fallen drunk).

¢’ukul-niʔih, iv(aj & ivcpd). somersault.

¢’ukulin, tv. trip.

¢’uk(2) T.

¢’uk ta ¢’isel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). baste /cloth/.

¢’ul

¢’ul, cf. č’u.

¢’un(1) T(2).

¢’un, tv. plant, breed, stab.

e’unbil. cultivated (or) bred.

¢’un, iv. be planted.

¢’un ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). drop (foetus prior to birth).

¢’unahtik, aj. too heavy to lift /plu/.

¢’unan, tv. plant /plu/.

¢’unan ʔok., vphr(tv & n4d). dig toes in /mud/.

¢’únan¢únan, tv. plant one after another.

¢’unbal, n4a. seed for planting, animal for breeding purposes, custom, race.

Scolding speech, addressing discontented or evil person; hnaʔtik bu talem a¢’unbal. Who knows where your seed sprang from?

¢’unbal teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. tree planted on both sides of processional path of saints /yellow or montezuma pine, rapanea, wax myrtle/.

¢’unbalal________, nphr(aj & n)5. cultivated_______.

¢’unbalal č’aben, cf. č’aben.

¢’unbalal poʔon, cf. poʔon.

¢’unbalal roša, cf. roša.

tr’unbaltik, n5. orchard.

¢’unel, nc. planting /corn, flowers, peaches/.

¢’unubil, n3d. seed for planting, animal for breeding purposes.

¢’unul, aj. planted, dropped (foetus prior to birth).

e’unul yalal. too heavy to lift.

¢’unuhk, aj. cf. e’unahtik.

h¢’un-matas, agn(vphr/tv & ncpd/). ’beggarticks planter’, crane fly. It is believed that it plants beggarticks.

¢’un(2) O.

¢’une’on, av. squeaking (beneficent supernatural hummingbird).

¢’unlahet, av. cf. e’une’on (plu).

¢’unlahetik, av. cf. e’une’on (plu).

¢’únte¢’únte, av. squeaking here and there (beneficent supernatural hummingbird).

¢’unun, n1e. hummingbird, esp. white-eared hummingbird Hylocharis leucotis. It is believed that there are two kinds of hummingbirds; one has a slow squeaking nocturnal song and is a messenger of the tutelary gods, the other has a rapid nocturnal song and is considered a witch. A man who wishes to engage in a fight is believed to gain agility and quick sightedness by eating a hummingbird’s heart beforehand. A hummingbird may be wrapped in green ribbon and carried wherever one goes to talk to one’s prospective mistress because the hummingbird is credited with the power of softening a girl’s heart when she is spoken to. Hummingbirds are eaten to cure epilepsy. They are“hot”.

¢’ununet, av. squeaking (supernatural evil hummingbird).

¢’up P or P(2).

¢’up-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-nosed (man, pig).

¢’upahtik, aj. cf. e’upe’up /plu/.

¢’upe’up, aj. long, pointed (nose, post, pencil, machete, scissors, cow horn, claws).

¢’upel, aj. long, pointed (nose).

¢’upul, aj. long, pointed (nose, post, pencil, machete, scissors, cow horn, claws).

¢’upulik, aj. cf. e’upe’up /plu/.

¢’ur O.

¢’ure’on, av. whimpering (sick newborn baby).

¢’uret, av. whimpering (newborn baby), talking in polite falsetto (man).

¢’urlahet, av. whimpering (plu).

¢’urlahelik, av. cf. e’uret (plu).

¢’ururet, av. whimpering (newborn baby), talking in polite falsetto (woman).

¢’urupik’ N.

¢’urupik’, n1e. lowland and highland earwig. Song, dudes; earwig.

¢’urupik’ ariata kalarina ronka. lit, your rope’s earwig, hoarse Catherine. /Earwig here is an allusive reference to clitoris, as rope is to penis. Catherine is the name of the dame/.

¢’usub N.

¢’usub, n. wild grape Vitis tiliifolia, #1702(7, 11, 12). Lowland “vine”.

Vitis bourgaeana, # 2654(21, 22). Temperate “vine “. As a remedy for eye distress /satil/, a young tip is cut and three drops of its sap is put in the eye. var., e’usum /Čaynatik, Pasteʔ/.

ʔik’al ¢’usub, nphr(aj & n). cat brier Smilax jalapensis, #2164(14).

Temperate “vine”.

muk’ta ¢’usub, nphr(aj & n). virgin’s bower Clematis dioica, # 2625(21).

Lowland “vine”. It is used to lash roof poles and fences.

sakil ¢’usub, nphr(aj & n). Vitis bourgaeana, #2133(11). Temperate

“vine”. Antigonon flavescens, #2645(20). Lowland “vine” It is used to lash wall boards and roof poles.

k’oš sakil ¢’usub, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Vitis bourgaeana, #2133(14). Temperate “vine”.

¢’usub ʔak’, nphr(n type n). Vitis bourgaeana, #2133(7). Temperate “vine”

¢’usum, cf. e’usub.

¢’usum

¢’usum, cf. e’usub.

¢’utuh N.

¢’utuh, n1e. corn tassel.

¢’utuh teʔ, nphr(x type n)5. hop hornbeam Ostrya guatemalensis, #430(1, 2, 3). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for house construction, for crossbeams, common rafters, and for mainposts. The trunk is also used for firewood. #467(1, 2, 3). Highland “tree”. Same use as above.

¢’utuh teʔtik, nphr(x type n). grove of hop hornbeam trees.

sakil ¢’utuh teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). hop hornbeam Ostrya guatemalensis, #931(1, 3). Highland “tree”. Sixteen trunks are used for the common rafters of a large house, and twelve for a small house. The bark is scraped off.

¢’utuhin, tv. come into flower (corn).

¢’utuhinan, tv. come into flower (corn field).

¢’utuhtik, n5. corn field with tassels.

¢’uy P or P(2).

¢’uy, n1a. rope used to tie loom to post.

¢’uyahtik, aj. cf. e’uyul /plu/.

¢’uyan ba, rv. slump forward (sitting drunk).

¢’uye’on, av. swaying heavily (branch), swaying and slumped over.

¢’uyet, av. swinging, swaying (branch with fruit, monkey, child, rope), bowed (head).

¢’uyibah, iv. swing on or in.

¢’uyih, iv. swing (child) /on rope/.

¢’uyihebal, n3d. swing.

¢’uyihes ba, rv. swing.

¢’uylah, av. cf. e’uyuy (plu).

¢’uylahet, av. swaying (branch with fruit).

¢’uylahetik, av. swinging (people, monkey).

¢’úylih, av. swinging suddenly.

¢’uyp’ih, iv. bow and nod (drunk), bow (branches laden with fruit).

¢’uyp’in, tv. bow down /fruit-laden branch/.

¢’uyul, aj. bowed over (branches laden with fruit), bowed (head of drunk), hanging in cluster (bees).

e’uyul ta te1?. heavily fruit-laden.

¢’uyulik, aj. cf. e’uyul /plu/.

¢’úyte¢’úyte, av. swinging from place to place (monkey), falling one after another (trees, drunks).

¢’uyuy, av. swinging.

¢’uyuyet, av. swaying heavily (fruit-laden branch).

Č

ča(1) Num.

čaʔ_______, n(num & nccpd)1e. two.

čaʔ_______, n(num & ncpd)3d. step_______. used with kin term of nuclear

family and wife’s brother /infr/.

čaʔ-ʔal, tv(num & tvcpd). repeat /words/.

čaʔ-ʔayan, iv(num & ivcpd). reappear.

čaʔ-ʔik’, tv(num & tvcpd). remarry.

čaʔoč, iv(num & ivcpd). reenter.

ča-ʔ-ʔolin, tv(num & tvepd). acquire stepchild (woman). All other kin terms of nuclear family may take čaʔ-and suffix -in to produce verb form meaning acquire step______.

čaʔ-ʔu¢’il, n(num & ncpd)3d. second of younger siblings after first has died.

čaʔ-¢ak, tv(num & tvcpd). recapture.

čaʔ-¢ako ta vun. Rewrite it!

čaʔ-¢’alan, tv(num & tvcpd). pile one on top of another /bags of corn/.

čaʔ-con, tv(num & tvcpd). resell, act as middleman.

čaʔ-ham, tv(num & tvcpd). reopen.

čaʔ-havan, tv(num & tvcpd). turn right side up again.

čaʔ-havin, tv(num & tvcpd). split or slice in two.

čaʔ-hot, n(num & nccpd). Ritual speech, woman praying, referring to husband who conceals existence of mistress; two-faced.

čaʔ-hot ti sbae čaʔ-hot ti ssate. He has two countenances, he is two-faced.

čaʔ-kil ba, rv(num & rvcpd). drag self again.

čaʔ-koh, aj(num & nccpd). homosexual, hermaphroditic.

čaʔ-kuč, tv(num & tvcpd). carry again /heavy burden/ /person rests and then carries it again, or burden is taken part way and left, then carried the rest of the way/, have homosexual relations with /man/.

čaʔ-kušes k’op, vphr(tv/num & tvcpd/ & n5). revive quarrel.

čaʔ-la¢an, tv(num & tvcpd). pile one on top of another /bags of corn/.

čaʔ-lak’ta, tv(num & tvcpd). twine /thread, yarn/.

čaʔ-lok’, iv(num & ivcpd). reappear.

čaʔ-lok’es, tv(num & tvcpd). take out again.

čaʔ-meʔin, iv(num & ivcpd). recur (sickness).

čaʔ-meʔintas, tv(num & tvcpd). cause to recur /sickness/.

čaʔ-mel¢ah, iv(num & ivcpd). fix again, settle again /dispute/.

čaʔ-mes, tv(num & tvcpd). sweep again.

čaʔ-pah, tv(num & tvcpd). replant /posts/.

čaʔ-pákanpákan, tv(num & tvcpd). fold one inside another /clothes, paper/.

čaʔ-pušin, tv(num & tvcpd). fold over, fold in two /mat, paper/, double over /with blow/.

čaʔ-pušin ba, rv(num & rvcpd). be folded in two or doubled, kneel and bow low.

čaʔ-sut, iv(num & ivcpd). return again.

čaʔ-ta, tv(num & tvcpd). rediscover.

čaʔik’, tv(num & tvcpd). put in again.

čaʔ-toy, tv(num & tvcpd). lift up again, raise again.

čaʔ-vay, iv(num & ivcpd). fall asleep again.

čaʔ-vil, iv(num & ivcpd). fly again.

čaʔčaʔ, vinik, n(num & numcpd)5. in or by forties, every forty.

čaʔeh, n1e. day after tomorrow.

ta sčaʔehal. on the second day after /a particular day being discussed/.

hčaʔ-hot sat, agn(nphr/num & nccpd type n5/). supernatural two-faced

devil, cf. hvalo-pat ʔok.

hčaʔ-kuč ʔe, agn: nphr(n/num & tvcpd/ type n). person with tooth sticking out above row of teeth.

čabhe, n1e. the day before yesterday.

ta sčabheal. two days before /a particular day being discussed/.

čábhečábhe, n4f. every other day.

čabhetik, n5. every other day.

čabčab, num5. by twos.

čabčab hu-hun. two apiece.

čabčab čaʔ-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by twenty-twos, every twenty-two.

čaʔ(2) prob P or P(2).

čaʔal, aj. occurs only in phrase; hinil čaʔal; cluttered, messy, packed /with people/.

čaʔ(3) X.

čaʔle, tv. be able to do, act as if.

mu manbiluk šačaʔle li poše. You act as if the medicine was not paid for.

k’u ta hčaʔle. How can I do it? (or) What can I do?

čaʔle ba, rv. pretend to be, act as if, make a show of being.

mu ša snaʔ saʔel smul yilel sčaʔle sba. He pretends that he no longer knows how to make trouble.

vinik ša sča?le sba. He pretends to be very manly.

čaʔomal, n1d. treasure. Joking speech; lice.

k’u čaʔaL ptphr(pt & pt). how?, how much?, why?, what?, like, since, what for?, why is it?, how can it be?, what’s going on?, how come?

k’u čaʔal t šavak’. How much does it cost?

pero k’u ma ča?al. But what do you mean?

k’u čaʔal li šʔelane. How can that be? (or) Why is it like that?

k’u čaʔal moletik (or) čak k’u čaʔal moletik. like the elders.

k’u čaʔal liyule muk’ bu hveʔoh hunuk vah. Since I arrived I haven’t eaten a single tortilla.

ti k’u čaʔal šuʔ. to the best of one’s ability (or) as much as one can (or) as hard as one can.

mu ša k’u čaʔal šveʔ hč’amal. There was no longer anything for my child to live on.

čaʔ(4)

čaʔ, basalt, cf. čaʔ(2).

čab(1) P.

čab, n1a. wax of ton pom.

Joking speech; lek banal ta čab. lit., He is well stuck in the wax, i.e.,

He is fluent in Spanish.

čab-ʔak’, n(aj & ncpd). ’sticky vine’, amazon vine Stigmaphyllon ellipticum, #1319(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”

čab-lum, npbr(aj & ncpd)5. clay.

čab-lum, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. cab-ni7, n(aj & n)5. sticky and black-nosed/spook at Carnival or at fiesta of St. Sebastian/.

čab-lum, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. cab-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. sticky and black-faced/spook at Carnival or at fiesta of St. Sebastian/.

čabab, av. walking with sticky and dirty (face, nose).

čabahtik, aj. cf. čabal /plu/.

čabal, aj. sticky and dirty.

čabčon, av. walking with sticky and dirty (face, nose), clayey, sticky.

čabel, aj. sticky and dirty.

čabet, vphr(av & n4d). walking with sticky and dirty (face, nose).

čablah, av. cf. čabab (plu).

čablahet, av. cf. čabet (plu).

čableh, n1f. with sticky, dirty (face, nose).

čabkuntik sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). sticky and dirty-faced (child).

čábtečábte, av. walking about with sticky and dirty (face, nose).

čab(2)

čab, by twos, day before yesterday, cf. čaʔ(1).

čab(3) X.

čaban, aj. well cared for.

čabanuk i hkumale. Take good care of my comadre.

čabankošuk akotolik. Best wishes to you all /used in sense of “send greetings to"/.

čabi, tv. herd /sheep/, care for sick person, be in isolation /patient/, watch jealously /making sure that spouse of either sex remains faithful/.

ta hčabi ʔošibuk k’ak’al. I am in isolation three days.

čabieh______, vn(vn & ncpd)5. ______, herding /sheep, goat, pig/.

čabiet, av. being guarded (prisoner), in isolation (patient), herding.

čabiob čih, nphr(n1f of n1d). place where sheep are herded.

čabivan, iv. guard person /prisoner/, care for person /sick person/.

hčabahom čon, cf. čon.

hčabi_______, agn(tv & ncpd). watcher of _______/sheep, etc., i.e., shepherd/.

hčabieh_______, agn(vn & ncpd). watcher of _______/sheep, pigs, goats, road tools/ /less freq/.

hčabiel, agn. person who looks after patient, an. poss.; -ahčabiel (or)-čabiel.

hčabiel-čih, agn(vn & ncpd). sheep /as opposed to deer/.

hčabivaneh, agn. guard, person who looks after patient.

čab(4)

čab, work in cornfield, cf. čob.

čačiʔ N.

čačiʔ, n1d. Parmentiera edulis, #862(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. It is planted by some ladinos at the beginning of the rainy season. The fruit is eaten raw or roasted. It is “medium"

čačiʔ ʔak’, nphr(n type n). Dioscorea convolvulacea, # 1906(17). Temperate “vine”

čah P(2).

čah, tv. winnow by shaking in net /leftover corn, beans of poor quality/.

čah, iv. become threadbare, become leafless (forest in dry season).

čah ta saʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). search thoroughly.

čahah, av. moving and rattling (rattle snake).

čahahet, av. drumming, rumbling (distant river), rushing (waterfall EKL 255: 2-1), sprinkling, pouring (water, rain EKL 255: 1-1, EKL 258: 1-22, corn), rattling (rattlesnake).

čahahtik, aj. loose (coins, small amount of corn at bottom of pot, etc.).

čahal, aj. screened, loosely woven.

čahal yiloh. lit., He has seen it screened, i.e., He sees events in distant places supernaturally.

čahalik, aj. loosely woven (weaving, basketry, burlap bag) /plu/.

čahan, tv. place loosely /corn/.

čáhanan, tv. place a lot loosely /corn/.

čáhančáhan, tv. place in one /basket, pot/ after another /corn/.

čahancahanan, tv. place in one /basket, pot/ after another /com/.

čahbe pus, vphr(tv & n5). throw into jail.

čahcah, aj. loosely woven (burlap bag, net, weaving).

čahčon, av. grating (fiddle), rattling (maraca), swishing (underbrush being cut, corn being carried), sprinkling (rain).

čahel, nc. winnowing.

čahet, av. winnowing /by shaking in net/, swishing.

čahi, iv. be loose (corn).

čahlah, av. crashing through leaves (sing or plu).

čahlahet, av. rustling (animal in forest), swishing /palm leaves in steam bath/.

čahlahetik, av. cf. čahlahet.

čáhluh, av. crashing suddenly (rock landing in leaves at one’s feet).

čahobil, n4f. net for winnowing corn or beans.

čáhtečáhte, av. rustling here and there.

čahlahetahuh, onom. crash of object falling in leaves.

čahlahetahulan, tv. keep winnowing /by shaking in net/.

čahlahetahvan ta saiel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). search everywhere for person.

hčahlahetahvaneh ta saʔel, agn(vphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who searches everywhere for another.

čahlahetak(1) Pt.

čak, pt. want, desire.

čak htiʔ bek’et. I want to eat meat /sometimes avoided because of homonym meaning rump/.

čak k’u čaʔal, ptphr(pt & pt & pt). like.

yoš s¢ek čak k’u ča’al h¢ek. Her skirt was blue like my skirt.

čak(2) N.

čak ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d). heel.

čak meša, nphr(n of n)5. foot of table /restricted to ceremonial context/.

čak mis, nphr(n & n)5. ’ass cunt’, term of address for lowland biting gnat /chaquiste/. cf. č’ikil. If addressed by this name it is said that it will bite less.

čak mok, nphr(n1f of n1d). fence /on side where land is lowest/.

čak moktik, nphr(n of n)5. length of fence /on side where land is lowest/.

čak na, nphr(n1f of n1d). backyard.

čak šonobil, nphr(n1f type n3a). ceremonial or high-backed sandal.

čak teʔ, nphr(n1f of n5). stump.

čakčak moktik, nphr(n of n)5. along the fence /on side where land is lowest/.

čaki ba, rv. Scolding speech, woman scolding stingy child or drunken husband; eat or drink up everything oneself /implies that he puts everything up his ass/.

čakil, n3e. rump, buttocks, bottom /bottle, pot, violin, guitar, well, river, burden/, stump /uprooted/, heel /foot, sandal/, back /fence/, butt /rifle/, seat /pants/, crown /hat/, end /harp/, near end /rows of work/, far end /flute/, lower end /plot of land/.

ta čakil to ihta tal. I found it on the bottom /of the pile/.

čak(3) A.

čak-ʔenan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). red (glowing ember, fire, boil).

čak-ʔo¢’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (louse eggs).

čak-ʔoč’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (expanse of flowers).

čak-ʔolan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (face) /sunburn/.

čak-ʔop’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (pimples, gnat bites).

čak-ʔulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). purple (flower).

čak-ʔuyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (inflamed skin around thorn).

čak-bečan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (firebrand held out).

čak-benan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (bee sting, wasp sting).

čak-bet’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (clitoris).

čak-bišan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (legs of person who takes off wet clothes).

čak-bo¢an, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (wool).

čak-bohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (inside of watermelon, virgin’s urethra).

čak-bosan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (ruptured anus).

čak-bot’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (eyes of drunk, anus, red hypomyces).

čak-bu¢an, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (hair of girl in bun).

čak-bu¢an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (nose, nipple).

čak-bukan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (expanse of gladiolas), yellow (expanse of aztec marigolds or bush sunflowers).

čak-bulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (pink eye).

čak-butan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (anus).

čak-¢avan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blond (hair).

čak-¢ilan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (face of pecked chicken).

čak-¢o?an, aj(aj & Ncpd). muddy (clothing).

čak-¢onan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (dog).

čak-¢opan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (pile of corn).

čak-¢ukan, aj(aj & Ucpd). rust-colored (runty sheep).

čak-¢unan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). blond (hair).

čak-¢anan, aj(aj & Pcpd). muddy (water in gourd).

čak-¢’apan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (point of red pencil).

čak-¢’ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (eye of person staring with fear).

čak-¢’isan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red, brown (seam of clothing).

čak-¢’otan, aj(aj & Pcpd) red (plaited sash cord).

čak-¢’uyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (many wild raspberries on plant).

čak-čenan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). red (inflamed skin around thorn).

čak-čuyan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red (pimple).

čak-č’alan, aj(aj & Tcpd). brown (thigh).

čak-č’aran, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (wound).

čak-č’etan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (corn silk, hair, wool).

čak-č’ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (sandstone).

čak-č’ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (bones of dead horse).

čak-č’ulan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). brown (smooth board).

čak-hapan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (healthy face, comb of healthy rooster).

čak-hatan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (heart of sick chicken or turkey).

čak-hayan, aj(aj & Xcpd). red (boil).

čak-hekan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (leg of slaughtered cow or pig).

čak-hiʔan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). brown (sand).

čak-hočan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (face of sick chicken, cock in cockfight).

čak-huʔan, aj(aj & prob Ocpd). red (whistling flame of fire).

čak-huban, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (blood, chili water).

čak-huč’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (tunic of men of ʔApas), nose.

čak-hulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (red-hot wire for perforating sandal).

čak-hupan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (face with exertion).

čak-hušan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (river pebbles, scalded pig).

čak-kavan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). red (sliced watermelon).

čak-ki¢an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (urethra).

čak-kilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (border of tunic).

čak-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (rainbow).

čak-kušan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (glowing branch or tree, fire or stones in sweat bath).

čak-k’atan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (eyes of angry person).

čak-k’ian, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (blanket stretched out).

čak-k’o¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (karansa pom grubs).

čak-k’olan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). red (cheeks of drunk).

čak-k’učan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). red (ribbon tied to child’s hair, yarn marking baby chick).

čak-k’uyan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). purple (expanse of blackberries).

čak-lačan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (ears).

čak-lahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (measles, čin).

čak-lakan teʔ, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/& n)1e. wasp Polistes sp.. This wasp is credited with a very painful sting. Its grubs are not eaten. To give a painful effect to the blow of one’s fist thirteen adult wasps are eaten.

čak-laman, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (gnat bites).

čak-lašan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (measles, čin).

čak-leʔan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (eyes of cow or mad dog, scratch, urethra).

čak-lecan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (red hypomyces).

čak-lek’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (heads of turbaned religious officials, tunic worn by men of ʔApas, painted lips of ladinas, menses).

čak-lep’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (scar).

čak-letan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red (blood in puddle).

čak-levan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (eyes of angry cow, vagina, scratch), čak-levan ikom. lit., It was left red, i.e., She was deflowered.

mi ?u k’usi čak-levan ikom kuʔun. lit., Did I leave anything scratchedʔ i.e., Did I hurt anyoneʔ

čak-liʔan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (brush-burn).

čak-lisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (cherries or blackberries in clusters), orange (oranges in clusters).

čak-loman, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (many scarlet runner bean flowers, geraniums or gladiolas).

čak-lučan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red (blood blister).

čak-lupan, aj(aj & Xcpd). red (red-hot metal).

čak-mek’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). blond (hair).

čak-melan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red, brown (moustache).

čak-mesan, aj(aj & Tcpd). brown (well-swept floor).

čak-nešan, aj(aj & Acpd). red, brown (hair, corn silk, wool).

čak-ničan, aj(aj & Ncpd). red (expanse of scarlet runner bean, geranium or gladiola flowers).

čak-nikan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). red (scarlet runner bean, bean /šut/, gladiola or geranium flowers in profusion).

čak-pe¢an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (many blossoms on gladiola plants).

čak-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). red (ass).

čak-po¢an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (aztec marigold blooms /¢ahal. voʔlus/ on plant).

čak-počan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (face or ears blushing with shame).

čak-pok’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (fruit of thyme-leaf coriaria).

čak-poman, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (fire, sweat bath) /infr/.

čak-puhan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). red (setting sun, blood-stained clothing, clothing stained with red dye, tunics worn by men of ʔApas), brown (stunted corn plants).

čak-pukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (stain of pom-pom dye, dawn).

čak-puk’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (dye for pompoms).

čak-pulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (blood-stained clothing, red-eyed, sky or sun at sunrise, sunset).

čak-p’atan, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (herd of horses).

čak-p’ehan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red, brown (house).

čak-p’evan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (open fly).

čak-p’ilan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). red (pinkeye).

čak-p’itanik, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). red (eyes of drunk).

čak-p’oman, aj(aj & Ucpd). reddish (hair of old person).

čak-p’osan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). red (chunk of raw meat).

čak-p’ošan, aj(aj & Ncpd). ruddy (complexion).

čak-p’uyan, aj(aj & Tcpd). red (chili water).

čak-sanan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (dawn, sunset).

čak-saran, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (dawn, sunset).

čak-setan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). red (chafed ankle bone).

čak-set’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (wool or yarn that does not dye properly).

čak-silan, aj(aj & Tcpd). red (split pine).

čak-soman, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (coati, ponchos of men of Amatenango).

čak-sulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (com silk of young corn).

čak-sutan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red, brown (hair).

čak-sut’an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (pom-pom on ground).

čak-šet’an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (sliced watermelon).

čak-šik’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (pullet).

čak-šokan, aj(aj & Ncpd). brown (unwashed bowl).

čak-šup’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (amanita).

čak-telan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). brown (stretched out legs).

čak-tik’an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). red (reflection of sunset on water).

čak-tok’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (heads of ensign-bearers and elders wrapped in red turbans).

čak-tolan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). brown (coati tail).

čak-toroč, n(aj & ncpd)1e. highland red ant. This ant has a fierce sting. A person should not stare at them, lest they make their nest in one’s house.

čak-tukan, aj(aj & Icpd). red (many geraniums), orange (many aztec marigolds).

čak-t’ašan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (buttocks of person defecating).

čak-t’ayan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (skin from wet clothing).

čak-t’elan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). red (border at bottom of tunic).

čak-t’ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). red (bloody water).

čak-t’oban, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). red (cheeks) /a mark of beauty/ (heads of ensign-bearers and elders wrapped in turbans).

čak-t’o¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (patch on clothing).

čak-t’ohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). brown (coffee or coca-cola being poured).

čak-t’uban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). red (bloody water).

čak-vahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (face flushed with drink or health).

čak-vak’an, aj(aj & Xcpd). red (face flushed with health, blood-spattered clothing, tunic cloth with many closely-spaced red stripes worn by men of ʔApas).

čak-veʔan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (worm-infested pack sore).

čak-velan, aj(aj & P, P/2/, T/2/cpd)., red (red hypomyces).

čak-vitan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (corn silk, single hair, sheep’s coat), red (nose of person in cold, clitoris).

čak-voean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (wool).

čak-voč’an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., red (chilies on plant or in sauce, face from sunburn), orange (many oranges or thorn apples on tree).

čak-vohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (banana on trees).

čak-volan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (new pot or water jug).

čak-vučan, aj(aj & I, Pcpd)., red (burn, blister).

čak-yalan, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (woman’s thighs).

čak-yeman, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., red (pile of corn ears).

čak-yiʔan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (sand).

čak-yoman, aj(aj & Pcpd). red (cigar flower).

čakal, n1d. boil, tumor, growth.

čakan nič, nphr(aj & n5). red-flowered /restricted to bean flower//šut/.

čakat’ob, n1d. red hypomyces Hypomyces lactifluorum parasitic on Russula sp., # 117(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom” It is boiled, seasoned with mexican tea and chili. It is “cold”. It is sold at market in San Cristóbal.

čakat’obtik, n5. expanse of red hypomyces.

čak’ O.

čak’ak’et, av. jingling (money), crashing (bowl).

čak’čon, av. jingling (money).

čak’čon ni1ʔ, vphr(tv & n4d). smacking lips or eating noisily (dog, pig).

čak’et, av. jingling (money), rustling (reeds).

čak’lahet, av. jingling (money), tinkling (glass VI: 10), crackling (poles V3: 2) /dragged through forest/.

čak’lahet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). cf. čak’čon niʔ (plu).

čák’luh, av. jingling suddenly.

čák’tečák’te, av. walking about jingling /money/.

čák’tečák’te ni9, vphr(av & n4d). walking about smacking lips noisily (pig).

čak’ulan, tv. jingle /money/.

čak’ak’ N.

čak’ak’, n5. spot flower Spilanthes americana, #1450(3), #1713(3), #2028(3), #2180(1, 3, 4), #2350(3, 4, 20), #2465(4). Highland “plant”. #1372(3), #1398(3). Temperate “plant”. Tridax procumbens, #907(1, 3). Lowland “plant” (5)-The leaves of an unattested variety are brewed and the tea is drunk by a person suffering mahbenal. It is “medium”.

čak’ak’tik, n5. expanse of čak’ak’.

čak’ak’ultik, n5. large expanse of čak’ak’.

k’oš čak’ak’, nphr(aj & n). spot flower Spilanthes americana, #13(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”

vaʔahtik čak’ak’, nphr(aj & n). ’erect čak’ak", Scutellaria chalicophila, #1003(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”

čak’ak’ ¢’i’ʔlel, nphr(n type n). spot flower Spilanthes americana, #1167(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Perymenium purpusii, #1806(15, 16). Highland “plant”. It is eaten by sheep.

čalon N.

čalon, n. inga Inga spuria, #3008(1, 4, 5). Lowland “tree” (4)-It is used for house mainposts, fence posts, and firewood.

čam I.

čam, iv. die (person, animal, tree, plant, etc.), feel ill, faint, pass out, lose strength or virility.

čam-hol, n(iv & ncpd)5. ear of corn with dried silk.

čam-holtik, n(iv & ncpd)5. corn field with ears that have dried silk /fourteenth developmental stage, also called meʔ yitik/.

čam ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). shell easily (corn being flailed).

čamamet balamil, vphr(av & n5). be growing dark /at dusk/.

čamčam ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). shell with difficulty (corn being flailed).

čame_____, n(aj & ncpd)5. dead _____ /horse, dog, etc./.

čame-ʔat, n(aj & ncpd)1b. millepede.

čame-ʔat ʔak’, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). see below.

sakil čame-ʔat ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/type n). bush chili Capsicum pubescent, #1324(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”. (RML)-This is probably a misidentification.

čame-ʔat č’iš, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/type n). ’millepede bramble’, mimosa Mimosa albida, #2643(15, 21). Lowland “plant”. #2533(21, 22). Temperate “vine”

čamel, vnla. sickness, death, deterioration (house).

čamelil, vn3d. menstruation.

čamem, aj. dead, well-flailed, well-ground.

čames, tv. grind or flail well.

čames, tv. Denunciatory speech; murder.

ʔak’ to mi šamilon ʔak’ ʔo mi šačameson. even if you kill me, even if you murder me.

čames ba, rv. kill self.

Ritual speech, person refusing further gift; mu me h-mekuk šalubes

šačames abaik. Don’t wear yourselves out, don’t kill yourselves off.

čamet balamil, vphr(av & n5). be growing dark /at dusk/.

čamet sat, vphr(av & n4d). have failing vision, unable to see well /entering house after being in bright sun/.

čamulan. iv. keep passing out or having fits.

hčamel, agn. patient, sick person. Ritual speech; cf. hlahel.

ʔok’itabil čamel, nphr(aj & vn)5. sickness inflicted by gods on wrongdoer in answer to victim’s plaint.

koloʔal čamel, nphr(natt & vn)5. sickness transferred to person on trail.

A handful of mexican coyote brush is rubbed on patient and left on trail to infect patient’s enemy.

čamaro N(Sp, chamarra).

čamaroil, n3a. black woven woolen robe, store-bought blanket.

kašlan čamaroil, nphr(aj & n)5. store-bought cotton blanket.

čamuʔ N.

čamuʔ, n5. Chamula center.

čamuʔtik, n5. Chamula.

hčamuʔahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from Chamula center.

čan(1) T.

čan, tv. learn, memorize.

isčan spwersa li teʔe. lit., He learned the tree’s strength, i.e., He girdled the tree to test whether it would die or he would die.

čan, iv. learn, memorize.

čan ʔabtel, vphr(tv & n5). learn how to work.

čan ʔokol, vphr(tv & n3d). drill.

čan-¢elav, cf. ¢el.

čan-¢elav teʔ, cf. ¢el.

čan holob, vphr(tv & n5). learn to weave.

čan huč’neh, vphr(tv & vn5). learn to grind corn.

čan k’obol, vphr(tv & n3d). joust /fiesta of St. Sebastian/, practice hitting object /with rock, stick/.

čan-k’obol, vn(tv & ncpd)5. joust, first day of fiesta of St. Sebastian, January 19th.

čan vob, vphr(tv & n5). learn to play stringed instrument.

čan vun, vphr(tv & n5). leam to read and write.

čanan, tv. learn many things.

čanbe, tv. imitate, learn from, master, dominate, control, be able to handle.

muk’ sčanbe yipal li kaʔe ikol yuʔun. He couldn’t control the horse; it got loose.

muk’ sčanbe yipal li čamele ik’unib. He couldn’t overcome the sickness; he grew weaker.

isčanbe ye li mute. He imitated the bird.

čanbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). learn how, learn the proper way, learn to behave.

lik sčanbe smelol ʔabtel. He is beginning to learn how to work.

čančan, tv. learn or memorize a little /esp. baby talk/.

čančan, iv. learn or memorize a little.

čančantik, iv. learn or memorize a little.

čanob vun, nphr(n of n)5. school.

čanubtas, tv. teach.

čanubtasvan, iv. teach person.

čanulan, tv. keep learning.

hčan-vun, agn(tv & ncpd). student.

hčanbalahel, agn. novice.

hčanubtasvaneh, agn. teacher.

čan(2) Num.

čan_____, n(num & nccpd)1e. four.

čan-¢elav, n(num & ncpd)5. four-sided, winged /stem/.

čan-¢elav ʔak’, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n). ’four-ridged vine’, monkey comb Pithecoctenium echinatum, #1112(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”. It is used for lashing roof poles, fences, and fences across streams. Amphilophium paniculatum var. motle, # 1089(1, 3). Lowland and temperate “vine”. Quassia amara, #1295(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”. Same use as above.

čan-¢elav ¢ele-pat, cf. ¢ele-pat.

čan-¢elav kinya, cf. kinya.

čan-¢elav Ioʔbol, cf. Ioʔbol.

čan-¢elav sun, cf. sun.

čan-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e. fourteen.

čan-lak’ta, tv(num & tvcpd). place four together so as to make one /thread, yarn/.

čan-pakan, tv(num & tvcpd). fold over twice /paper, clothes/, fold into four sections.

čan-pušin, tv(num & tvcpd). double over so as to make four /rope/.

čan-teʔ mok, vphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n)5. fence with four rails for horse corral.

čan-vinik, n(num & numcpd)1e. eighty.

čančan_____, n(num & nccpd)5. by or in fours, every four.

čančan-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5. in or by eighties, every eighty.

čanib, n1e. four.

ʔoy sčanibal shabilal li kreme. The boy is four years old.

čanib ʔok, nphr(num & n) le. marsh alligator lizard Barisia morekti. This lizard’s bite is reputedly fatal.

čanib ʔok čon, nphr(nphr/num & n/ type n)5. cf. čanib ʔok.

čantiko, n1e. four-horned ram.

čoneh, n5. four days from today.

čonhe, n1e. four days ago.

čan(3) I.

čan, iv. use restricted to ʔan can: oh, be quiet.

ʔan to me čan. Oh, please be quiet /perhaps derived from ʔ’ab/.

čan(4)

čan, animal, mushroom, companion animal soul. cf. čon(2).

čan(5) prob P or P(2).

čan-ʔakan, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-legged.

čanan, av. walking long-leggedly.

čananet, av. hopping long-leggedly (buzzard).

čančon, av. hopping long-leggedly (buzzard).

čanet ʔakan, vphr(av & n4d). walking with long legs (person).

čanlah, av. cf. čanan (plu).

čanlahet ʔakan, vphr(av & n4d). cf. čanet ʔakan (plu).

čántečánte ʔakan, vphr(av & n4d). walking about long-leggedly (person, buzzard, heron).

čana prob A or N.

čana, cf. čenek’.

čankataranka

čana, cankataranka, band-backed wren. cf. činkataranka.

čap(1) T(2).

čap, tv. tune /musical instrument/, harness and load /horse/, coil /rope/, prepare, explain, tell the truth.

čap, iv. be ready.

čap, nc. long coil, tuning, harnessing.

čap ba, rv. get ready, get one’s things ready, coil (snake).

čap-bail, n(tv & rpncpd)5. preparation.

čap tal, vphr(tv & dr). explain, tell one’s side of the story, state one’s case, get ready.

ʔak’o sčap tal kaʔtik li hun mi haʔ noš yeč t šale. Have the other one state his case, I guess, to see if he says the same thing.

t šba ščap tal k’usuk yuʔun t šʔoč ta yabtel. He went to get his things ready -- he is entering office.

čapa, tv. fold neatly /blanket/, coil neatly /rope/, load carefully /gun/, keep ready at hand /stick/.

čapa ba, rv. ready one’s things.

čapah, iv. get ready.

Ritual speech, referring to offerings; ičapah li h-set’e li hutebe. The trifle, the morsel is ready.

čapahtik, aj. ready (things).

čapal, aj. ready, coiled (snake).

čapalik, aj. ready (people).

čápančápan, tv. ready one after another, harness one after another.

čápančápanan, tv. ready one thing after another hurriedly.

čapakil, n4f. many coiled /worms, ropes/.

čápalčápal, n4f. each of many harnessed and loaded /mules/, or coiled /ropes/.

čapan, tv. harness and load, coil, prepare or explain /plu/.

čapap, av. coiling (snake).

čapbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). tell one’s side of the story, state one’s case.

mu ša snaʔ sčapbe smelol ti k’utik šʔelan ti k’opetik k’u šʔelan iyaʔie.

He no longer knows how to state his case, because of all that he has heard.

čapčap, nc. single tuning /I only/.

čapčon, av. telling one’s side of the story, stating one’s case.

čapebal, n5. almost ready.

čapel, nc. tuning, harnessing.

čapet, av. telling one’s side of the story, stating one’s case.

ščapet k’otel ta kavilto. He arrived at the courthouse to state his case.

čapetik, av. cf., čapet (plu).

čaplahetik, av. cf. čapet (plu).

čapleh, n4f. change /clothing/.

čapob-bail n(n & rpncpd)5. preparation.

čapob vob, nphr(n1f of n5). cane liquor served by ensign-bearers to musicians to induce them to tune their instruments.

čapobil vob, nphr(n1f of n5). cf. čapob vob.

čapolah, iv. ready or prepare things.

čapulan, tv. keep tuning, harnessing, and loading or coiling.

čapulan ba, rv. keep getting ready.

čapulanan, tv. keep turning or harnessing.

čapulanan baik, rv. keep getting ready (office holders).

čapvan, iv. prepare person /office holder/ (ritual tutor, scribe, sacristan).

hčapvaneh, agn. person who prepares office holder (ritual tutor, scribe, sacristan).

čap{2) X.

čaplah, av. running emaciated (dog, cow) /sing/.

čaplahet, av. walking emaciated (dog, cow). Scolding speech; walking (emaciated man).

čáptečápte, av. walking about emaciated.

čar prob O.

čarar, av. moving and rattling (rattlesnake).

čararet, av. rustling loudly, clattering (broken pot), rattling (broken fiddle, rattlesnake rattle).

čarčon, av. rustling loudly, rattling (broken fiddle, rattle of rattlesnake).

čarlah, av. moving and rattling (rattlesnake) /sing/.

čarlahet, av. cf. čarčon (plu).

čárluh, av. rattling suddenly (broken fiddle, rattlesnake rattle), clattering suddenly (broken pot).

čauk N.

čauk, n1e. thunder and lightning, thunderbolt, inan. pos.; sčaukal (or) sčaukilal. Thunder and lightning are considered to be an aspect of the Earth Lord originating from caves. During the dry season thunder and lightning are believed to be off mounted on deer collecting gunpowder for use in the rainy season. The soul of a person killed by lightning is believed to be serving the Earth Lord. A tree struck many times by lightning is said to conceal a treasure under its roots. If two people eat green chilis, walnuts or coyol nuts together they may be struck by lightning, var., čavuk.

čaukil voi, nphr(natt & n)5. thunderstorm.

čav P.

čav, nc. In reference to; fallen tree with uncut branches, felled branches, or scrub.

čav-ʔakan, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-legged (pullet).

čav-ʔakan čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. daddy longlegs.

čavahtik, aj. lying with uncut branches (trees).

čaval, aj. standing on long legs (crab, daddy longlegs, harp), lying with leafless branches (trees, undergrowth), sitting unevenly (toasted tortilla).

čávalčával, n4f. each of many piles of brush.

čavalik, aj. standing on long legs (crab, daddy longlegs).

čavan, tv. set down /leafless branch/.

čávančávan, tv. set down one after another /trees with leafless branches/.

čavavet, av. causing tickling sensation (insect).

čavčav, aj. long-legged (insect), lying (fallen tree with uncut branches), long-bodied (lamb).

čavčav čon, nphr(aj & n)5. daddy longlegs, any unidentified long-legged insect.

čavčon, av. walking on all fours.

čavel, aj. long-legged.

čavet, av. groping slowly.

čavlahet, av. tickling /caused by insect walking or jumping on skin/, walking on all fours (child), walking (daddy longlegs, walking sticks).

čavlahetik, av. walking on all fours (children).

čavleh, n5. long-legged (adolescent).

čavubil šanav, vphr(aj & iv). walk gingerly.

kotol čaval, ajphr(aj & aj). scrambling in haste.

čavit N(Sp, chahuiste from N, quiahuitl).

čavit, n1d. irrigated corn field.

čavitaltik, n5. large irrigated corn field.

čavittik, n5. expanse of irrigated corn field.

čavuk

čavuk, thunder and lightning, cf. čauk.

čayna N.

čayna ničim, nphr(n type n). ’čayna flower’, mountain palm Chamaedorea nubium, #1404(7). Highland “tree”

čaynail ¢’iʔlel, nphr(natt & n). Smilacina paniculata, #2849(7). Lowland “plant”.

ččču E.

ččču, excl. whoa!

čeʔe Pt.

če?e, pt. then.

čeb

čeb, girl. cf. ¢eb(1).

čeč T(2).

čeč, tv. drag.

ta hčeč ta kavilto. I will drag him to court.

čeč ba, rv. drag self.

čeč-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. pulling each other (drunks, people climbing cliff).

čečan, tv. drag /plu/.

čečanan, tv. pull out /branches from fence/.

čéčančéčan ba, rv. drag one after another along.

čéčančéčan yalel, vphr(tv & dr). drag down one after another.

čéčančéčanan yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. čéčančéčan yalel.

čečbe baik, rv. drag branches for each other, drag each other /to court/.

čeččeč, aj. long (bull testes, tumpline).

čeččon, av. walking with swaying (bull testes), bouncing (burden with overly long tumpline), dragging along /drunk, child/.

čečeč, av. dragging.

čečel, aj. long (bull testes).

čečet, av. dragging, swaying (bull testes).

čečet ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d). dragging /child, dog/, carrying.

čečet ta kavilto, vphr(av & prep & n5). dragging into court /gossip/.

čečetik ta kavilto, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. čečet ta kavilto (plu).

čečlah, av. rushing /sing/.

čečlahet, av. dragging /tree/ (many people).

čečlahetik, av. pulling each other along (drunks).

čéčuh, av. starting suddenly /in sleep/.

čéčteéčte, av. walking about with bouncing /burden/.

čečulan, tv. tug /person/ (drunk).

čečulan baik, rv. tug each other.

čečulanan, tv. tug /plu/.

čečulanan baik, rv. tug each other (cats, rats).

čečvan, iv. drag person /to cantina/.

hčečvaneh, agn. person who drags another.

čečev N.

čečev, n1a. see below.

ʔik’al čečev, nphr(aj & n). fawn-colored pluteus Pluteus cervinus, #110(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”, grisette Amanita vaginata, # 106(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

čečeval ba¢’i teʔ, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/). ‘oak čečev’, Russula sp.,

# 14(1, 3), #97(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. Cortinarius sp., #35(1, 3). Highland “mushroom” It is toasted and eaten by itself or wrapped in a tortilla, or boiled. It is “cold”. Mycena sp., #133(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”

čečeval čihil te?, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/)5. ‘elderberry čečev’, Agrocybe sp., #7(1, 3). Highland “mushroom”. It is toasted and eaten by itself or wrapped in a tortilla, or boiled. It is “cold”

čečeval čikin-ib, nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/). Naematoloma sp., #28(1, 3). Highland “mushroom” It grows on live oaks.

čečeval k’aʔ-teʔ, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/)5. ‘rotten tree čečev’, Naematoloma sp., #27(1, 3). Highland “mushroom”. It is toasted. It is “cold”.

čečeval nukul pat, nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). ‘juniper čečev, Mycena sp., #182(1, 4, 7). Highland “mushroom”.

¢ahal čečeval nukul pat, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). Marasmius sp., #184(1, 4, 7). Highland “mushroom”

čečeval pomos, nphr(natt & n). honey fungus Armillaria mellea, #33(1, 3). Lowland and highland mushroom. It grows on wild lilacs.

čečeval san-antreš, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/)5. ‘San Andrés čečev’, agaric Tricholoma sp., #6(1, 3). Highland “mushroom”. It is gathered at the beginning of the rainy season. It is toasted and eaten by itself or wrapped in a tortilla, or boiled. It is cold”

¢ahal čečeval san-antreš, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). orange-brown lactarius Lactarius volemus, #173(4, 5). Highland “mushroom”

čečeval satin, nphr(natt & n). Collybia sp., #42(1, 3). Highland “mushroom” It grows on wax myrtle trees. It is toasted and eaten by itself or wrapped in a tortilla, or boiled. It is “cold”.

čečeval taki-teʔ, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). ‘dead tree čečev’, Pholiata sp., #84(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

čečeval tulan, nphr(natt & n). ‘oak čečev’, Naematoloma sp., #40(1, 3). Highland “mushroom”

sakil čečeval tulan, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). fawn-colored pluteus Pluteus cervinus, #69(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

čeh P or P(2).

čehahtik, aj. loosely woven.

čehčon, av. bouncing (burden with overly long tumpline).

čehel, aj. lazy /Cobtik/.

čehelik, aj. loosely woven.

čehlah, av. walking about with /burdens/ bouncing (plu).

čéhtečéhte, av. walking about with /burden/ bouncing.

ček

ček, skirt, cf. ¢ek(2).

ček’ T(2).

ček’, tv. pat water on top of head.

ček’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack /with stick/, flail /corn/ (woman with stick).

ček’an, tv. pat water on top of one’s head (people).

čék’ančék’an, tv. pat water on top of one’s head, one after another.

ček’el, aj. damp.

ček’ulan, tv. keep patting water on top of head.

ček’van ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). whack person /with stick/.

hček’vaneh ta mahel, agn(vphr/vn & prep & vn5/). person who whacks another /with stick/.

čemenia N(Sp, chimenea).

čemenia, n1e. percussion cap. var., čemeniʔ.

čemeniʔ

čemeniʔ, percussion cap. cf. čemenia.

čen prob P or P(2).

čenel, aj. bluish (eye of dying person).

čenek’ N.

čenek’, n1a. bean, cradle cap. If a child has cradle cap it is thought that his father’s bean fields will produce well. If beans are mistreated their soul will cry and complain to the earth lord and to the gods in heaven, thus calling down a famine upon mankind. Most beans are planted with corn in April or May. Two beans are placed in each hole. The harvest is in November or December. Beans are sold at market. They are boiled, seasoned with salt, chili, and sometimes coriander, mexican tea or onions. They are “cold” (RML)-Only variations or elaborations of this pattern are included below. Names of different roots as ʔibes, havas, are listed alphabetically as if they were kinds of čenek’.

čenek’altik, n5. large bean field.

čenek’tik, n5. bean field.

čenek’ultik, n5. large bean field.

ʔak’il čenek’, nphr(n type n)5. ‘vine bean’, kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2651(21, 22). Lowland “vine”

muk’ta ʔak’il čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2651(20). Lowland “vine”. It is “hot”.

ʔaros čenek’, nphr(n type n). ‘rice bean’, rice bean Phaseolus calcaratus, #2743(1, 4). Lowland “vine” It grows wild. It is “cold”.

¢ahal ʔaros čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). rice bean Phaseolus calcaratus, #3042(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”.

pinto ʔaros čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2972(1, 16). Temperate “vine” (16)-It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. Very little is sold at market.

ʔibes, n1d. see below. ʔibesaltik, n5. large field of nibes.

ʔibestik, n5. field of ʔibes.

ʔik’-soman ʔibes, nphr: aj(aj & P P/2/cpd) & n., cow pea Vigna unguiculata, #2767(1, 4). Highland “vine”. It is planted by a few Zinacantecs.

ʔik’al ʔibes, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3030(3, 4, 5). Highland “vine” It is planted by Zinacantecs who own humid land. To cure a sheep of “hot wind”, kidney bean leaves are mashed in cold water, salt is added, and the water is given to the sheep to drink. It is “cold”

¢ahal ʔibes, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus dumosus, #2780(1, 4), # 3029(3, 4, 5). Highland “vine”. It is planted by a few Zinacantecs.

k’anal ʔibes, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus dumosus, #2145(17, 11, 14). Temperate and highland “vine”. It is planted by some Zinacantecs, in humid ground. It is “medium”. #3032(3, 4, 5). Highland “vine”

sakil ʔibes, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus dumosus, #2402(1, 20). Highland “vine”. It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The harvest is in January. #2780(1, 4, 7). Temperate “vine”. Same use as above. (4)-Few Zinacantecs plant it.

ʔik’al čenek’, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2311(3, 4, 19). Highland “vine”. It is “hot” #2650(22). Lowland “vine”.

muk’ta ʔik’al čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2312(19). Highland “vine”. It is planted in March and harvested in February. It is “hot” kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2777(1, 4, 7). Temperate “vine”. It is grown by few Zinacantecs. (1)-It is “cold”. (4)-It is “hot”. #3044(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”. cow pea Vigna unguiculata, #B14264(5).

ʔunen čenek’, nphr(aj & n)1a. string bean, young bean.

botil, n1a. see below.

botilaltik, n5. large expanse of scarlet runner beans.

botiltik, n5. expanse of scarlet runner beans.

botil čenek’, nphr(n type n). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #2487(21, 22). Highland “vine” Same use as ¢ahal botil.

ʔik’al botil, nphr(aj & n). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #1178(1, 3, 4, 5), #2326(19). Highland “vine”. Some Zinacantecs plant these beans in the beginning of the rainy season in their yards or corn fields. The young leaves and flowers are boiled with young watermelon squash leaves. The beans are boiled for more than a day, together with chili, salt, and onions. They are used to make the wedding tamales. They are “cold”. The beans are sold at market in San Cristóbal. Bean tamales are sold at market in Chamula. (19)-The planting is in May, and the harvest in February.

muk’ta ʔik’al botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #2326(3, 4). Highland “vine”.

eahal botil, nphr(aj & n). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #1180(1, 3, 4, 5), #2322(19), #2487(4), #3027(3, 4, 5). Highland “vine” It grows wild and is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their yards. The fresh beans may be boiled after removing the pods or they are allowed to dry, are flailed, and then boiled. Some people boil the young leaves and season them with chili and salt, or uproot the whole plant, wash the roots and dry the plant for a week, at which time it is boiled. It is “cold”. The beans are sold at market. (19)-Beans are planted in May and harvested in February.

e’ibal botil, nphr(aj & n). ‘streaked botil. see below.

eahal e’ibal botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #3028(3, 4, 5). Highland “vine”. The beans are planted by all Zinacantecs in the yard and in the corn field.

lae botil, nphr(aj & n). ‘flat botil, see below.

ʔik’al lae botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #2310(3, 4, 19). Highland “vine”. It is planted by many Zinacantecs in their yards and corn fields. The flowers and the beans are eaten, boiled. They are “cold”. (19)-The planting is in March, the harvest in February. Beans are “hot”, scarlet runner bean Phaseolus coccineus, #2947(1, 16). Same use as above. (16)-Beans are “medium”.

pinto lae botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). see below.

eahal pinto lae botil, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #2322(3, 4). Highland “vine” It is planted by a few Zinacantecs.

sakil botil, nphr(aj & n). scarlet runner bean Phaseolus formosus, #2713(1, 4). Highland “vine”. Same use as eahal botil.

eahal čenek’, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2332(3, 4, 19). Highland “vine”. #2788(1, 3). Temperate “vine” It is grown by many Zinacantecs. The beans are used by a bride’s family to make the wedding tamales. The cantors feed the spooks these beans on Carnival Monday. (23)-For Carnival each cantor provides one and a half fanegas of red beans. They may be ʔibes, šteʔ-pat, or šk’un-pat.

čenek’ul van, nphr(n type n)1a. bean wedding tamale.3(14). Lowland “vine” Two or three beans are placed in each hole when planting.

e’ibal čenek’, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2312(3, 4), #2313(19). Highland “vine”. It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. (19)-It is planted in March and harvested in February. It is “hot”. kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2879(1, 4). Lowland “vine”

e’ibaron čenek’, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2879(14). Lowland “vine”.

čana čenek’, nphrfx type n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2977(1). Temperate “vine”. It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. It is “cold”. (4)-It is “medium”.

čimpo čenek’, nphr(x type n). see below.

šlumil cimpo čenek’, nphr(n type nphr/x type n/). see below.

ʔik’al šlumil čimpo čenek’, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/x type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3034(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”. It is planted by some Zinacantecs at the end of August. It is “medium”.

havas, n1a. broad bean. See below.

havasiltik, n5. large field of broad beans.

havastik, n5. field of broad beans.

eahal havas, nphr(aj & n). broad bean Vicia faba, #2719(1, 4). Highland “plant’. It is planted by some Zinacantecs in May. Two beans are placed in each hole in a row between the rows of corn. The harvest is in November. The beans are seasoned with mexican tea, chili and salt. They are “cold” The leaves are applied to burns, either ground and applied when green or burnt and the powder applied.

sakil havas, nphr(aj & n). broad bean Vicia faba, #373(1, 2, 3), #2710(1, 4). Highland “plant” They are grown in yards and in corn fields by all Zinacantecs. The beans may be boiled, roasted, or fried in lard. They are “cold”. For burns, six tender shoots are toasted and applied to the burn. They are “cold”

tanhero havas, nphr(aj & n)5. ‘imported havas’, broad bean Vicia faba, #2715(1, 4). Highland “plant” It is grown by very few Zinacantecs. It is “cold”.

kantela čenek’, nphr(n type n)1a. ‘candle bean’, cow pea Vigna unguiculata, #331(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine” It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. Two beans are planted to a hole. It is harvested in November. It is “cold”

ʔik’al kantela čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). cow pea Vigna unguiculata, #B14261(5).

k’oš ʔik’al kantela čenek’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). cow pea Vigna unguiculata #2737(1, 4). Lowland “vine”, cow pea Vigna sinensis, #3040(4, 5,). Lowland “vine”.

muk’ta kantela čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). cow pea Vigna unguiculata, #2738(1, 4). Lowland “vine” It is planted by few Zinacantecs.

sakil kantela čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). cow pea Vigna unguiculata, #2736(1, 4). Lowland “vine” It is planted by few people.

šlumil kantela čenek’, nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). see below.

ʔik’al šlumil kantela čenek’, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). cow pea Vigna unguiculata, #2987(3). Lowland “vine” It is planted in September, five beans to a hole. The harvest is in December.

teʔtikal kantela čenek’, nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). ‘wild candle bean’, Vigna vexillata, #2897(1, 4). Lowland “vine” It is not cultivated.

karvensa, n1a. perennial peavine Lathyrus latifolius, #701(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. It is grown by Chamulas. The peas are planted in the rainy season, two to a hole. The harvest is in October. The peas are sold at market. They are “cold”. They are seldom, if ever, eaten by Zinacantecs.

karvensatik, n5. field of perennial peas.

karvensa čenek’, nphr(n type n)5. see above.

k’ahbenal čenek’, nphr(natt & n). ‘corn stubble bean’, see below.

sakil k’ahbenal čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, # B 14266(5).

k’anal čenek’, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3043(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine” It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. It is “medium”.

manya čenek’, nphr(n type n)1a. peanut. Peanuts, especially when they are eaten fresh, are reputed to cause erections.

manya čenek’altik, nphr(n type n)5. large peanut field.

manya čenek’tik, nphr(n type n)5. peanut field.

manya čenek’ e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). Kallstroemia maxima, #807(1, 2). Lowland “plant”.

paskuʔal čenek’, nphr(natt & n). ‘christmas bean’, see below.

ʔik’al paskuʔal čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). hyacinth dolichos Dolichos lablab, #2407(20). Highland “vine” Same use as paskwa čenek’.

paskwa čenek’, nphr(n type n). ‘Christmas bean’, hyacinth dolichos Dolichos lablab, #2407(1). Highland “vine”. It is planted by a few Zinacantecs at the beginning of the rainy season. It is harvested in November and December. It is sold at market. It is “medium”.

pataš čenek’, nphr(n type n)1a. sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #B14268(5). see below.

pataš čenek’tik, nphr(n type n)5. field of sieva beans.

ʔik’al pataš čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2881(1, 4). Lowland “vine”. It is planted by a few Zinacantecs in May, and is harvested in December or January,

e’ibal pataš čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2986(3). Temperate “vine”. It is planted by a few Zinacantecs in April, and is harvested in January.

sakil pataš čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2880(1, 4). Lowland “vine”. It is planted by all Zinacantecs, in May and harvested in January.

patašet, n. sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2880(14). Lowland “vine”.

ʔik’al patašet, nphr(aj & n). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2881(14). Lowland ‘vine”.

sak-vayan čenek’, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). bean Phaseolus dumosus, #2781(7). Temperate “vine” kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2942(1). Highland “vine”. It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. #3049(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”. Same use as above. #2977(16), Temperate “vine”. It is planted in May and harvested in January. It is “medium”.

sakil čenek’, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2659(21), #2894(14), #2904(14). Lowland “vine” #2782(1, 4). Temperate “vine”. (1)-It is grown by a few Zinacantecs. (14)-Two or three beans are placed in each hole when planting. Two or three beans are placed in each hole when planting.

k’oš sakil čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2790(7). Temperate “vine”.

muk’ta sakil čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2313(3, 4). Highland “vine”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs. The pods are fed to the sheep. #2659(15, 20), #2782(7), #2894(1, 4). Lowland “vine” It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. (15)-Two or three beans are placed in each hole when planting,

sak-vayan sakil čenek’, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2942(16). Highland “vine”. It is planted by many Zinacantecs. It is “medium”.

šʔak’il čenek’, nphr(n type n). see below.

ʔik’al šʔak’il čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2651(1, 3), #2740(1, 4). Lowland “vine” (3)-It is planted on May fifteenth and harvested in early November. (1)-It is planted on May fifteenth or June thirteenth and is harvested in December.

eahal šʔak’il čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2744(1, 4), #3038(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”. It is planted by a few Zinacantecs in March.

sakil šʔak’il čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2739(1, 4). Lowland “vine” It is planted by a few Zinacantecs.

šk’un čenek’, nphr(n type n). ‘soft bean’, kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2878(14). Lowland “vine” It is planted in February and harvested in April.

eahal šk’un, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #278(1, 4). Lowland “vine”. It is planted by a few Zinacantecs.

sakil šk’un čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2904(1, 4). Lowland “vine”.

šlumil čenek’, nphr(n type n)5. ‘ground bean’, kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2650(21). Lowland “vine”.

ʔik’al šlumil, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, # 2650(20). Lowland “vine” It is “hot”.

ʔik’al šlumil čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #1182(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “vine”. It is grown by a very few Zinacantecs. The beans may be eaten fresh. #2650(1, 3, 15). Lowland “vine”. It is planted by many Zinacantecs. (1)-It is planted by the people of Pasteʔ and Na Čih at the end of August or the beginning of September. Five or six beans are placed in each hole. The harvest is in December. It is “hot”. (15)-Some Zinacantecs plant it in September. Five or six beans are placed in each hole. The harvest is in December and January. It is “cold”. #B14267(5).

muk’ta ʔik’al šlumil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3035(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”. It is planted by some Zinacantecs at the end of August, between rows of corn. It is “medium”.

eahal šlumil čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #1183(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “vine”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, especially in Htek-lum, and Pat ʔOsil. The pods are eaten by sheep.

muk’ta šlumil čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2651(15). Lowland “vine”. It is planted by about half of the Zinacantecs in September. Five or six beans are placed in each hole. The harvest is in December.

sakil šlumil, nphr(aj & n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2659(1, 3, 22). Lowland “vine” It is planted in September and harvested in December. Five or six beans are placed in each hole when planting.

sakil šlumil čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3041(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”.

šteʔ-pat, nphr(aj & ncpd). ‘hard pod’, see below.

eahal šteʔ-pat, nphr(n & ncpd). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2903(1, 4). Lowland “vine”.

šut, n1a. bean Phaseolus leiosepalus, #1797(1, 4), #2226(1, 3, 4). Highland “vine”. Some people eat the flowers, boiled with beans or watermelon squash shoots. They are “cold”. (RML)-It is said that this bean was once cultivated, but it was so fussy, always demanding to be weeded and frequently complaining to Our Savior that, in exasperation, He banished it to the wilds.

šuttik, n5. expanse of šut.

šut čenek’, nphr(n type n). bean Phaseolus leiosepalus, #1797(15, 16). Highland “vine”. The flower is boiled alone or with meat. Only poverty-stricken people eat the beans. They are gathered by women. They are “cold”

bik’it sut, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus leiosepalus, #2400(20). Highland “vine”. The beans are “cold”

k’oš šut, nphr(aj & n). bean Phaseolus heterophyllus, #1053(1, 3, 5). Highland “vine”. It is a wild variety of bean. bean Phaseolus leiosepalus, #2400(1). Highland “vine”. Cologania broussonetii, #2082(17). Highland vine”.

švet’ čenek’, nphr(n type n)5. sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #B14269(5).

švet’tik, n5. field of švet’.

eahal švet’, nphr(aj & n). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #3036(3, 4, 5). Lowland and temperate “vine”. One bean is placed in each hole during planting. When fresh, the beans are boiled once, when dry, they are boiled twice. They are “medium”

sakil švet’, nphr(aj & n). sieva bean Phaseolus lunatus, #2968(1, 16). Temperate “vine”. It is planted by few people. It is harvested in January.

ton e’unun čenek’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘hummingbird egg bean’, kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2766 (1, 4). Highland “vine”. (4)-It is grown by few Zinacantecs. (1)-It is grown by many Zinacantecs. kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #2790(1, 4). Temperate “vine”.

sakil ton e’unun čenek’, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3033(3, 4, 5). Temperate and highland “vine”. It is planted by some Zinacantecs in their yards. When fresh, the beans are boiled once, when dry they are boiled four times.

t’oskin čenek’, nphr(x type n)1a. kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris, #3039(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”. It is planted by a few Zinacantecs. It is “medium”.

vara čenek’, nphr(n type n)1d. unattested variety of bean. Lowland and temperate “vine”.

vayuʔ čenek’, nphr(aj & n). ‘gray bean’, bean Phaseolus dumosus, #2781(1, 4). Temperate “vine”. It is planted by a few Zinacantecs.

vola čenek’, nphr(n type n)5. ‘ball bean’, unattested variety of bean. (5)-It is planted by all Zinacantecs. It is “hot”.

čenek’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n). jicama Calopogonium caeruleum, #221(1, 2, 3, 5), #240(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine”. jack bean Canavalia hirsutissima, #1013(1, 3, 5), #1512(11, 12). Highland “vine”. wild yam bean Pachyrhizus strigosus, #2853(3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12). Lowland “vine”. Mandevilla sp., #1663(1, 4, 11, 12). Lowland “vine”. Centrosema pubescens, #2091(7). Temperate “vine” Cologania gtabrior, #2297(3, 4). Temperate “vine”. Cologania broussonetii, #2590(1, 4, 21, 22). Temperate “vine”,

sakil čenek’ ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Capparis flexuosa, #1330(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine’

čenek’ e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). Cassia uniflora, #1641(14). Lowland “plant”

čenek’ čih, nphr(n of n). ‘deer bean’, Lupinus sp., #654(1, 2). Highland “plant” The flowers are sold in San Cristóbal. #2103(1), #2582(1, 4). Temperate “plant”.

čenek’ čih teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Galactia discolor, #1147(1, 4). Lowland and temperate “tree”.

čenek’ č’o, nphr(n of n). ‘mouse bean’, Cracca sp. cf. Benthamantha tube-rosa, #829(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”

čenek’ č’o ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Cologania broussonetii, #2544(21, 22). Temperate “vine”.

čenek’ teʔ, nphr(n type n). inga Inga spuria, #213(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), #314(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. #1620(1, 3). Temperate “tree”. tamarind ape’s-earring Pithecellobium arboreum, #553(1, 3). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for firewood by corn farmers on their way to the lowlands. wild senna Cassia biflora, #1946(1, 3, 4, 17). Temperate “tree”

sakil čenek’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Clitoria polystachya, #1201(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “tree”.

sakil čenek’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). cenek’ul vah, nphr(n type n)1a. bean wedding tamale.

čečeʔ, n5. Baby talk; beans.

čep(1) P.

čep, nc. load /tied load of firewood, untied small burlap bag of corn/.

čepahtik, aj. cf. čepel /plu/.

čepan, tv. unload.

čepanan, tv. cf. čepan.

čépančépan, tv. set down one burden after another.

čépančépanan, tv. cf. čépančépan.

čepantik, aj. loads carried at long intervals.

čepčep, nc. single load /I only/.

čepčon čak, vphr(av & n4d). with rump moving up and down /on horseback, on roof top/, with burden bouncing up and down on person’s rump.

čepekil, n4f. many separate burdens.

čepel, aj. sitting (wood, bags of corn, etc.), sitting, resting with burden. yeč te čepel snutiʔal yat ta na. lit., He is just at home with his scrotum sitting there, i.e., He never goes outside to see what is happening.

čépelčépel, n4f. each of many burdens.

čepelik, aj. sitting, resting with burden /plu/.

čepet, av. sitting (burden).

čepetik, av. sitting, resting with burden (plu).

čepi, iv. sit down with burden /to rest/.

čeplahet, av. landing (burdens tossed to ground).

čeplahetik, av. cf. čeplahet (plu).

čeplebal, n3d. place for setting down burden /high ground, board/.

čepleh, n4f. whole burden, entire /beef heart with lungs and trachea attached/.

čépluh, av. landing suddenly (burden tossed to ground).

čéptečépte, av. setting down burden here and there.

čepulan, tv. shake down several times /bag of corn to settle the corn/.

čepulanan, tv. keep setting down /bags of corn/.

čep(2) N(Sp, Chepe).

čep, n1d. Joseph, var., čepil /when young/, šošep /Voʔ-bie, ʔApas/.

čep(3) prob T or T(2).

čep ta mahel, vphr(tv & pt & vn5). flail with stick /dog, person, corn/.

čepvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). flail person with stick.

hčepvaneh ta mahel, agn(vphr/vn & prep & vn5/). person who flails another with stick.

čepa N(Sp, Chepa).

čepa, n1d. Josephine, var., hosepa /infr/.

čepil

čepil, Joseph, cf. čep(2).

čer prob O.

čerčon, av. rattling (cracked gourd).

čereret, av. rattling (cracked gourd).

čerlahet, av. cf. čerčon (plu).

čérluh, av. rattling suddenly (cracked gourd).

čértečérte, av. rattling about (cracked gourd or violin).

češ P, P(2).

češ, tv. drag /leafy branch/.

češ, nc. leafy branch, frond, leaf /cabbage, turnip/.

češ, aj. long-legged, adolescent.

češ limete. bottle slightly smaller than a 4 quart bottle.

češahtik, aj. cf. češel(1) /plu/.

češan, tv. dangle or stretch /legs/.

isčešan yok ta ba meša. He sat with legs dangling at the head of the table (bride’s ritual tutor waiting for gifts).

češan ba, rv. stretch out (drunk).

čéšančéšan, tv. set down one after another /leafy branch, palm frond/.

čéšančéšanan, tv. cf. čéšančéšan.

češčeš, nc. single frond /palm/, single stalk /cabbage/ /I only/.

češčeš, aj. long-legged (pullet) /infr/.

češčon, av. being carried with legs dangling (sick person), bouncing (burden with overly long tumpline)

češel(1), aj. lying on ground (leafy branches), lying (palm frond), dangling or stretched out in front (legs).

češel(2), n4d. spitting image of.

sčešel ilok’. He looks just like /his father/.

češelik, aj. cf. češel(1) /plu/.

čéšelčéšel, n4f. each of many leafy branches, fronds, or leaves.

češekil, n4f. with many stalks /cabbage that fails to head/.

češeš, av. dragging /branches/.

češet, av. lying on ground (leafy branches), dangling or stretched out in front (legs).

češlah, av. cf. češeš (plu).

češlahet, av. twitching /in sleep/.

češleh, n5. with legs stretched out or dangling.

češleh, n4f. whole leafy branch, frond, or leaf.

češleh, n4d. spitting image.

čéšleh, av. twitching /in sleep/.

čéštečéšte, av. dragging one leafy branch after another, walking about with bouncing (burden).

čev(1) prob T.

čev, tv. grind hurriedly /com/.

čev(2) P.

čev, nc. leafy branch, frond.

čevan ba, rv. throw oneself down /when very sick/.

čevan komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave stretched out (murderer).

čevanan, tv. set down /leafy branches/.

čévančévan, tv. set down one /leafy branch/ after another.

čévančévanan, tv. cf. čévančévan.

čevantik, aj. widely spaced (cabbage) lacking heads.

čevčev, nc. single stalk or frond /I only/.

čevčon, av. writhing in death agony (dog), walking feebly.

čevel, aj. lying (leafy branch, frond, dead dog, corpse).

čevel, n4d. look just like, spitting image of.

čévelčével, n4f. each of many stalks or fronds.

čevekil, n4f. with many stalks /cabbages that fail to head/.

čevet, av. lying /dead dog, leafy branches/.

čevi, iv. throw oneself down /when very sick/.

čevlah, av. staggering, flailing about (drunk, sick person) /sing/.

čevlahet, av. staggering and flailing arms (drunk).

čevlahetik, av. cf. čevlahet (plu).

čevleh(1), n4d. spitting image.

čevleh(2), n4f. stalky /greens, cabbage that has not headed/.

čevlehikil, n4f. cf. čevleh(2) /plu/.

čevluh, av. twitching suddenly /in sleep/.

čévtečévte, av. dragging self about /when very sick/.

či(1) N.

či, n1a. henequen fiber Agave sp., #333(1 #2#5). Lowland “agave” or “tree” It is grown by ladinos. The fiber is bought by Zinacantecs. It is used to weave nets, and shoulder bags, and to sew hats. The fiber is also sewn on the hats of the sak-holetik for the fiesta of St. Sebastian to give them their white-haired appearance. Furcraea sp., #1075(1, 3, 5). Lowland and temperate “tree”. It is not cultivated.

či, n4e. fiber, stringiness (chayote root).

čitik, n5. henequen field.

komenal či, nphr(natt & n). ‘či inflorescence’, cf. či.

komenal teʔtikal či, nphr(natt & nphr/natt & n/). ‘wild či inflorescence’, cf. teʔtikal či.

teʔtikal či, nphr(natt & n). ‘wild if, Agave sp., #1580(1, 3, 11, 12, 13). Temperate and highland “tree”

či ʔak’, nphr(n type n). Celtis iguanaea, #1674(11, 12). Lowland “vine”.

či met, cf. met.

či vet, nphr(n of n). ‘fox či’, bulb stem yucca Yucca elephantipes, #1607(11, 12). Temperate “tree”

čiul, n4e. splinter, string /bean pod, stem of watermelon squash or cushaw/.

či(2) I.

či, iv. said /used in dialogue/.

šiči. I said (or) I said to myself.

šači. You said to yourself.

ši. He (or) she said.

čianik. Tell them.

k’usi van ši ti shole. lit. What did his head say? i.e. What could have been his motive?

Following verbs indicates sudden past action; č’ay ši yoʔon. He forgot it immediately.

čot ši. He sat down immediately.

lah ši santo ta h-mek. All Souls’ Day has just ended.

vaʔ šiči. I stood up immediately.

či(3) X.

čičin, tv. strain, sift.

sčičin sč’akil. It scratches its fleas (dog).

čičinab, n1e. strainer.

čičinan, tv. strain or sift /plu/.

číčinčíčin, tv. strain or sift one after another.

čičinčičinan, tv. cf. číčinčíčin.

čičinob, n1f. chicha strainer.

čičinob yakil voʔ, nphr(n1f of nphr/n type n/ld). chicha strainer.

čičinobil, n1f. stick for knocking down peaches, etc., cf. čičinob.

čičinobil yakil voʔ, nphr(n1f of nphr/n type n/ld). cf. čičinob yakil voʔ.

čiʔ(1) A.

čiʔ, aj. sweet, salty.

čiʔ ta ʔae’am. salty.

čiʔ-mae’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). very slightly sweet or salty.

čiʔ-pik’an, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). slightly salty (sweat), slightly sweet (mole).

čiʔčiʔtik, aj. rather sweet (chicha).

čiʔub, iv. become sweet or salty.

čiʔubtas, tv. sweeten, add salt to.

čičiʔ, n5. Baby talk; coffee, sugar.

čiʔ(2) N.

črʔ, n1d. nance Byrsonima crassifolia, #322(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. For use cf. naneiʔ.

čiʔtik, n5. grove of nance trees.

čiʔ(3) X.

čiʔ ʔokol, nphr(x of n)5. athlete’s foot.

čiʔ(4) N.

čiʔilil, n3d. townsman, companion, sibling, bonus or extra little bit given when food is bought, relative, similar or identical object.

ʔak’bon sčiʔil. Give me a little more.

hčiʔil ta peresal. We are both Perez’s.

hčiʔil me hbatik. We are relatives.

sčiʔil k’u čaʔal avak’bone. the same as the one you gave me.

sčiʔil ta nakleh. resident of same house or same compound.

sčiʔil ta yut na. resident of same house.

Ritual speech, person praying and referring to spouse; ti hnupe ti

hčiʔile. my spouse, my companion.

čiʔin, tv. accompany, join, be with, keep company. Ritual speech, address of bride’s ritual tutor to groom’s ritual tutor; join.

sčiʔin ta lahel. He accompanies her until death /spouse/.

t šačiʔin t šalak’in ta hun šmal ta hun ssakub. You will join her, you will accompany her at dusk, at dawn.

čiʔin ʔol, vphr(tv / / n). feel nauseous from pregnancy.

Scolding speech, when child does not want to eat; miʔn šačiʔin avol kere. lit., Is it because you are accompanying your baby, boy? i.e., Are you feeling nauseous from pregnancy?

čiʔin ba, rv. go together.

čiʔin ba ta vayel, vphr(rv & pt & vn5). sleep together.

čiʔinan, tv. accompany /plu/.

čiʔinluh, iv. accompany.

čiʔinvan, iv. accompany. Ritual speech; join. cf. lak’invan.

hčiʔinvaneh, agn. companion.

čiʔuk, n4b. and, with, including, against. var., čutuk /ʔApas/.

ta hk’opon hčiʔuk. I am talking with him (etc.).

šinupun hčiʔuk. I will marry her.

iyak’ik pwersa sčiʔuk li skrontaike. They fought against their enemies.

čiʔuk k’usuk, nphr(n4f & pt). furthermore, moreover, besides.

čiʔukbe, n4b. with.

haʔ hčiʔukbe skremotik. I was with his sons.

čiʔuk eč’el, nphr(n1b & dr). go with.

ʔi haʔ to hčiʔuk eč’el li kahnil ta hnae. And then my wife went home with me.

čiʔ(5)

čiʔ, dog. cf. e’ʔ.

čib Num.

čib, n1e. two.

čib ʔoʔon, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d). sad, discontented, uneasy, unhappy. čib yoʔon t šbat ta ʔolon haʔ li ʔoy yahčamele. He is not happy that he has to go to the lowlands because he has a patient (or) a sick member of the family.

čib yoʔon t šbat ta ʔolon yuʔun yan sba svayič. He is unhappy over going to the lowlands because he had a nightmare,

čib k’oplal, vphr(num/pred/ & n4f). uncertain.

čib sk’oplal mi šibat mi mu šibat. It is uncertain whether I will go or not.

čib letanya, Second Rogation Day. cf. letanya.

čib tak’in, nphr(num & n)1a. twenty cent piece /two bits/.

čibah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d). become disconsolate or depressed, become sad or unhappy.

ičibah yoʔon muk’ šbat. He grew sad that he wasn’t going.

ičibah yoʔon ti t šk’oponbat ta yan li slekome. He became depressed because his fiancée had an affair with someone else.

ičibah ʔo yoʔon li labal k’opetike. She became unhappy over the endless quarrels /daughter-in-law/.

čibal k’op, nphr(numatt & n)5. self-destructive talk.

cibet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). feeling disconsolate or depressed, feeling sad or unhappy, feeling nauseated.

ščibet yoʔon t šveʔ ti mi mu snaʔ šʔatin šveʔ li sčiʔile. He feels nauseated eating with a person who doesn’t wash before the meal, ščibet yoʔon yik’ smalal. With a heavy heart she took him as her husband.

čʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). cf. čibet ʔoʔon (plu).

čič A.

čič, aj. extremely loquacious, saying everything that occurs to one /infr/.

čičaron N(Sp, chicharròn).

čičaron, n1a. fatback /used to season beans/.

čiči

čičiʔ, sugar, coffee, cf. čiʔ(1).

čičik’uʔ

čičik’uʔ, cf. čičik’uy.

čičik’ul

čičik’ul, cf. čičik’uy.

čičik’uy N.

čičik’uy, n1e. fragrant piqueria Piqueria trinertia, #1718(3, 15, 16), #2035(3, 17, 18), #2196(1, 3, 4, 19), #2469(4, 21, 22). Highland ’“plant” It grows in yards and corn fields. (4)-As a remedy for rabies, the tips are brewed. A cup of the tea is drunk once a day for three days. It is “cold”. (16, 17)-To cure a rabid dog, a small bunch is mashed in water and salt, and the water administered three or four times a day for two days. It is “cold”. (21, 22)-As a remedy for athlete’s foot /či ’kol/, a small bunch is placed between the toes. It is “hot”, var., čičik’uʔ /Htek-lum/, čičik’ul /-ʔApas/, čičilk’uy /Na Čih/. hairy piqueria (piqueria pilosa), #708(1, 2, 3, 5), #1811(1, 4, 15, 16). Highland “plant”.(16)-It is gathered by flower growers, who wrap their bundles in it for protection during transport to market.

čičik’uyaltik, n5. large expanse of piqueria.

čičik’uytik, n5. expanse of piqueria.

eahal čičik’uy, nphr(aj & n). see below.

k’os eahal čičik’uy, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). fragrant piqueria Piqueria trinervia, #2938(1). Highland “plant”

čičilk’uy

čičilk’uy, cf. čičik’uy.

čičim

čičim, lower head! cf. čim.

čičiva N.

čičiva, agn. woman who is childless, Ritual speech; term for the tutelary gods who care for companion animal souls.

čičol N.

čičol, n1a. tomato. See below.

čičolaltik, n5. large field of tomatoes or ground cherries.

čicoltik, n5. field of tomatoes or ground cherries.

bae”i čičol, nphr(aj & n). ground cherry Physatis philadelphica, # 1723(15, 16). Highland “plant”. Ground cherries are eaten, boiled.

eahal čičol, nphr(aj & n). see below.

bik’tal eahal čičol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. cherry tomato Lycopersicum esculentum var. cerasiforme, #264(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant” It grows in corn stubble and reseeds itself. It is sold at market in San Cristóbal by Zinacantecs and the people of Acala. It is eaten boiled by everyone. It is “cold”. As a remedy for mumps a tomato is rubbed on the neck.

k’oš eahal čičol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). tomato Lycopersicum esculentum, #2884(1, 4). Lowland “plant” Same use as bik’tal eahal čičol.

muk’tik eahal čičol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. tomato Lycopersicum esculentum, #58(2, 4, 5), #203(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland and highland “plant” It is grown in the yard. The seeds are sown in the rainy season, or in the lowlands in November also. Ladinos transplant and fertilize the young plants. The harvest is in late summer, or in the lowlands in March, too. Tomatoes are boiled, seasoned with salt, chili, and onions. Tomatoes are used to flavor jerked meat, iguana, snails, and cushaws. They are the standard fare of Zinacantecs when they are in the lowland corn fields. They are both gathered and bought. They are ’cold”. As a remedy for mumps a raw tomato is rubbed once a day on the neck. It is “cold”

k’oš čičol, nphr(aj & n). tomato Lycopersicum esculentum, #2884(14). Lowland “plant” It is planted in February and harvested in April. It is sold at market. It is cold”.

pahal čicol, nphr(aj & n). ’sour čicor, ground cherry Physalis philadelphica, #1475(11, 12). Highland “plant”.

pueul čičol, nphr(aj & n)5. ’inflated čičol, ground cherry Physalis philadelphica, #27(1, 2, 3, 4), #968(1, 3), #1475(3), #1723(3), #2038(3, 17, 18), #2211(1, 3, 4, 19), #2394(3, 4, 20), #2482(4). Highland “plant” It grows in yards and rubbish heaps. It is sold at market. It is gathered by women or bought at market. Ground cherries are boiled, seasoned with salt, chili, and coriander. They are used to flavor greens and jerked meat. They are eaten by the stewards, stewards-royal, and elders at č’ivit krus, on the way to Voʔ-bie, on the fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary. They are “cold”. A raw ground cherry is rubbed on the neck to cure mumps. It is “cold”. Physalis nicandroides, #2698(15, 20). Lowland “plant”. Capsicum sp., #1675(7). Lowland “vine”

pueul čičoltik, nphr(aj & n)5. field of ground cherries.

muk’ta pueul čičol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). ground cherry Physalis sp., # 1276(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plan”. The seeds are sown by ladinos in the rainy season. The harvest is in October. Ground cherries are sold at market. The husk is removed before boiling. Ground cherries are “cold”.

čičol ʔak’, nphr(n type n). Solanum sp., #122(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “vine”. Herissantia crispa, #2838(12). Lowland “vine”.

pueul čičol ʔak’, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). Herissantia crispa, #2838(3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

čičol č’o, nphr(n of n). Saracha procumbens, #732(1, 2, 4, 5), #1464(3, 11, 12). Highland “plant” It grows in yards, in fencerows. The tender shoots are eaten by some people. They are “cold”, ’mouse čičol, morning glory Ipomoeasp., #551(1, 3). Temperate “vine”. (RML)-Probably a misidentification. ground cherry Physalis philadelphica, #2482(21, 22). Highland “plant” (RML)-Probably a misidentification./’Aytti/j.s sp., #2109(14). Temperate “plant”.

čičol č’otik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of čičol č’o.

eoein čičol č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). ’downy čičol č’o’, Bogenhardia crispa, #258(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland plant”.

k’oš čičol č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Isochilus linearis, #1855(1, 16). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta čičol č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). shrub nightshade Solanum arrazolense, #767(1, 2). Temperate “plant”.

sakil čičol č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). see below.

muk’ta sakil čičol č’o, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Physalis nicandroides, #2698(21). Lowland plant”.

čičol č’o ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Capsicum sp., #1675(1, 4). Lowland vine”.

čičol moletik, nphr(n of n). ’elders’ čičol, Physalis sp., #2109(7). Temperate “plant”.

čičol teʔ, nphr(n type n). Physalis sp., #3002(1, 4, 5, 11). Lowland “tree” eahal čičol let, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Capsicum sp., #1623(1, 3, 11, 12, 13). Temperate “tree”

čih(1) N.

čih, n1a. sheep, deer, woven blanket.

teʔtikal čih, nphr(natt & n)1a. white-tailed deer Dama virginiana. Deer are hunted and eaten, seasoned with coriander. Their flesh is “cold”. Deer bones and antlers are used for corn shuckers. Chamulas tan deer hides which Zinacantecs use for aprons, hat straps, and the breeches worn by sir spook and the dudes. Deer are believed to be the earth lord’s horses.

eahal teʔtikal čih, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/)5. white-tailed deer Dama virginiana.

yašal teʔtikal čih, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/)5. white-tailed deer Dama virginiana.

teʔ čih, cf. teʔtikal čih.

čihal ʔanal teʔ, nphr(natt & nphr/n4d of n5/). hedgehog gall.

čihal ʔol, nphr(natt & n4d). cloth for carrying child.

čihal ʔunen, nphr(natt & n5). cloth for carrying child.

ʔoš-hisomal čih, nphr(n/num & ncpd/type n)5. wedding blanket.

yaʔal čih, nphr(aj & n)5. gray blanket.

čih(2) P.

čih-con, cf. con.

čih-con mail, cf. mail.

čih-nuk’, n(aj & ncpd)5. stripe-necked (chicken).

čihal bukaro, cf. bukaro.

čihaltik, aj. striped, streaked.

čihan ba, rv. form long line.

čihih, av. bursting forth (sunbeams).

čihil, aj. sparkling (star), many-branched (tree), heavily-fruited, thick (nits), staring. Ritual speech, prayer; observe.

čihil sba ssat kriscano. The people are staring /at someone who is being shamed/.

čihil k’ak’al. with beams of sunlight streaming in.

čihil te9, nphr(aj & n). ’striped tree ʔ’, elderberry Sambucus mexicana, #2055(17, 18), #2494(21, 22). Highland “tree”. For use, see bae”i čihil

čihil teʔaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of elderberries.

čihil te”ʔtik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of elderberries.

ba¢’i čihil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). elderberry Sambucus mexicana, #5(1, 3, 4), #1456(3, 11, 12), #1733(3, 15, 16),#2055(3), #2197(1, 3, 4, 19), #2376(3, 4), #2494(4). Highland “tree”. The trunk is used for living fence posts. It is also gathered for firewood by women who are too lazy to bother going to the woods for firewood. It is used by children for their “bulls”. As a remedy for a child suffering the effects of “evil eye” /k’ak’alsatill, the tips of three branches are sprayed by a shaman with water in which mashed pink evening primrose leaves have been soaked, and in which salt has been dissolved. Then the shaman “sweeps” the child’s body with the tips. They are “cold”. To reduce the heat of a person suffering from mahbenal, three small tips are mashed with fennel and salt in cold water, which is then drunk. To calm the tickling sensation that provokes coughing, three flowers are brewed with orange rind and aztec marigold flowers /k’analʔaneil voʔtus/. A small cup is drunk before breakfast for three days. The flowers are ’hot”. (15)-It is drunk after breakfast for two days. (16, 17)-To relieve an animal with constipation, a small bunch of leaves are crushed and soaked in salt water. The water is given to the animal to drink two or three times a day. It is “cold”. 1-Six-tips are gathered by the owner of a dog that has been poisoned. The tips are mashed in cold water. The dog is forced to drink the water, thus cooling the poison. Birds eat the berries.

sakil čihil to, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). elderberry Sambucus mexicana, #2376(20). Highland “tree” The leaves, flowers, and berries are fed to sheep in the meadows.

šutaš čihil to, nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/)5. ’judas elderberry ʔ’ or ’scarecrow elderberry ʔ’, see below.

šutaš čihil teʔtik, nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/)5. expanse of šutaš čihil teʔ.

ʔik’al ʔutaʔ čihil tʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/). elderberry Sambucus mexicana, #B9543(5, 5a), #386(1, 4), #927(1, 3). Highland “tree” It grows in fencerows. The trunk is used for poles for scarlet runner beans. A child suffering from the effects of “evil eye”/k’ak’al satil/, is ’swept” with the tips of three elderberry branches. This variety of elderberry, rather than bae’i čihil tet is used for severe cases of “evil eye”. It is “cold” The tips are also used in the “steam cure”, cf. eelo-pat.

sakil sutas čihil tet, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/). elderberry Sambucus mexicana, #364(1, 2, 3), #926(1, 3). Highland “tree”.

Slips are planted in the rainy season, alternating with fence posts, to make a living fence. The trunk is used by children for popguns that shoot out wild clover root pellets.

čihilik, aj. staring.

čihleh, n4f. heavily-fruited.

čih(3) prob I.

čih, iv. sweat (new pot or jug).

čih(4) prob T or T(2).

čih, tv. strain.

čihčih, n5. Baby talk; rattle.

čihčon, av. drumming (rain), rattling.

čihet, av. pattering (rain), whishing (falling corn or gravel).

čihetik, av. whishing (dry corn).

čihihet, av. pattering (rain), whishing (falling corn or gravel).

čihlahet, av. rustling (fruit tree being shaken).

čihlahetik, av. shaking /fruit tree/.

čihluh, av. whooshing (bag of corn suddenly spilling over), shattering (bottle, pot).

čihob, n1f. sieve.

čihobil, n1f. cf. čihob.

čihulan, tv. shake /rattle, sieve/, scratch /fleas/ (dog).

čihavil N.

čihavil, n1e. lowland black wasp. It makes its nest in cave roofs. Its grubs are not eaten.

čik O.

čikčikta, tv. call to sheep.

čikčon, av. calling sheep.

čiklahet, av. cf. čikčon (plu).

čiklahetik, av. cf. čikčon (plu).

čikulan, tv. call sheep.

čkčkčkčkčkč, excl. call to sheep.

čikario N(Sp, achicoria).

čikario, n1a. common sowthistle Sonchus oleraceus, #23(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).

#974(1, 3), #1729(15, 16), #2088(3, 4, 17), #2380(3, 4, 20). Highland “plant” (5)-It grows in yards. The tender leaves and stalks are boiled or eaten raw by some people. They are “medium”. (17)-They are “hot” (20)-They are eaten by sheep and horses. The owner of a lamb cuts the tender stalks and feeds them to it. var., čikaro /Naben Čauk/, čikerio /Pat ʔOsil/, čikoria /Htek-lum/, čikorio /Htek-lum/.

čikarioaltik, n5. large expanse of sowthistles.

čikariotik, n5. expanse of sowthistles.

č’iš čikario, nphr(aj & n). ’prickly sowthistle’, prickly sowthistle Sonchus asper, #2397(3, 4, 20). Highland “plant”. (20)-It is eaten by sheep and horses, common sowthistle Sonchus oleraceus, #1729(3). Highland “plant”.

čikaro

čikaro, cf. čikario.

čikerio

čikerio, cf. čikario.

čikero N(Sp, chiquero).

čikero, n1a. pigpen.

čikil N.

čikil, n4d. tickle.

čikilta, tv. tickle.

čikiltaan ba, rv. tickle each other (people).

čikiltik, aj. tingling sensation of male orgasm.

čikin N.

čikin, n4e. use restricted to ʔaʔibo sčikinal: lit., Understand its ears, i.e.,

Understand thoroughly!

čikin čih, ’deer’s ear’ or ’sheep’s ear’ Fernaldia pandurata, # 1670(11, 12), #2669(15). Lowland “vine”. (11, 12)- The plants are pulled up in the corn fields. They are chopped up and boiled, seasoned with salt, chili, and lime juice. They are “medium”

sakil čikin čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Fernaldia pandurata, #2669(20). Lowland “vine”. The leaves and flowers are boiled and eaten. They are “cold”

čikin čih ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Fernaldia pandurata, #2669(22). Lowland “vine”.

čikin c’o, nphr(n of n)5. ’mouse ear’, wild dichondra Dichondra argentea, #1780(4). Highland “plant”. To cool a person suffering mahbenal, a handful of the plant is crushed in warm salt water. One small cupful is drunk. It is cold”.

muk’ta čikin č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Eupatorium muelleri, #2548(21, 22). Temperate “plant”.

čikin č’o ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). morning glory Ipomoea lindenii, #2305(19). Highland “vine”.

čikin č’o čon, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Panus sp., #26(1, 3). Highland “mushroom”.

čikin č’o poš, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’mouse ear medicine’, wild dichondra Dichondra argentea, # 1365(1, 3). Highland “plant” To cut fever /k’ok’/, a handful is crushed in warm salt water. The water is drunk. It is “cold”. (4)-A small cup is drunk in the morning or afternoon. (5)-The plant is crushed in water and the water drunk to reduce the heat of mahbenal. It is “medium”.

sakil čikin č’o poš, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). wild dichondra Dichondra argentea, #1356(1, 3). Highland “plant”

čikin č’otik, nphr(n of n)5. with two leaves protruding from corn husk.

čikin hʔik’al, nphr(n of agn). ’spook’s ear’, see below.

ʔik’al čikin hʔik’al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). jew’s ear Auricularia auricularis, #162(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom” It is boiled with beans and flavored with coriander and chili. It is “cold”

k’anal čikin hʔik’al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of agn/). jew’s ear Auricularia auricularis, #164(4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. Same use as ʔik’al čikin hʔik’al.

sakil čikin hʔik’al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of agn/). Auricularia sp., # 141(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom” Same use as ʔik’al čikin hʔik’al.

čikin-ib, n(n of ncpd)5. ’armadillo ear’, live oak Quercus acatenangensis, #B9257(5, 5a), #508(1, 2), #2229(19). Highland “tree” The trunk is split and used for sheep corral posts. It is used for fence posts. The hamlet of Naben Čauk has the responsibility of providing live oak planks for the repair of bridges in Htek-lum. The branches are used in brush fences.

čikin-ibtik, nphr(n of ncpd)5. live oak or oak grove.

č’ulul ʔanal čikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of ncpd/).

’smooth-leaved čikin-ib’, oak Quercus polymorpha, #1959(1, 3, 4). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts, boards, and firewood. The branches are used in brush fences.

hayal pat čiin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of ncpd/). ’thinbarked čikin-ib’, live oak Quercus acatenangensis, #2229(1, 3, 4). Highland “tree”

pimil pat čikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of ncpd/). ’thickbarked čikin-ib’, live oak Quercus mexicana, # B 14275(5), #603(1, 3). Highland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts. The branches are used for brush fences, oak Quercus candicans, # B 14265(5). Highland “tree”. Same use as above.

čikin na, nphr(n of n)5. corner of house.

čikin p’in, nphr(n type n)1a. pot with handle.

čikin tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. loudspeaker /archaic/.

čikin teʔ, nphr(n of n)1a. stake with branches /used to set or hang pots on/.

čikin ton, nphr(n of n)1a. ’rock ear’, climbing orchid cactus Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii, #B9498(5, 5a). Highland “plant”. Epiphyllum sp., #635(1, 2, 3). Highland “plant” The ripe fruit is peeled and eaten by some people. It is cold”.

č’iš čikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).’spiny čikin ton’, climbing orchid cactus Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii, #981(1, 3). Highland “plant”. Children eat the fruit. It is “cold”. Epiphyllum sp., #636(1, 2). Highland “plant”.

sakil čikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). climbing orchid cactus Epiphyllum crenatum var. kimnachii, #774(1, 2, 3, 5). Temperate and highland “plant”. The flowers are gathered by ladinas to put in their vases. The fruit is eaten by people and birds. #992(1, 3). Highland “plant”. Same use as above.

čikin t’ul hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’rabbit ear grass’, Cyperus spectabilis, #1433(7). Highland “plant”.

čikin t’ultik, nphr(n of n)5. with two leaves protruding from corn husk.

čikinil, n3b. ear, corner /house, axe blade/, side /fiddle, guitar/, edge /cloth on loom/, rim /bell/, handle.

lek e’etanbil ti čikinil ʔun aʔa. He certainly has his ears pricked up.

Ritual speech, prayer, referring to one’s enemy; haʔal sniʔ haʔal sčikin. lit., His nose is tilted, his ears are tilted, i.e., He is haughty or rebellious.

čikinin, tv. listen to carefully.

čikinta, tv. listen to carefully.

eahal čikin, cf. eoh.

čikiti E.

čikitičikitičikitiči, excl. diddle-dee, diddle-dee, diddle-dee dee /while dandling child on one’s knee/.

čikle N(Sp, chicle).

čikle, n1a. chewing gum.

čikoria

čikoria, cf. čikario.

čikorio

čikorio, cf. čikario.

čikote N(Sp, chikote).

čikote, n1a. whip.

čik’(1) T.

čik’, tv. burn, set on fire.

čik’, iv. be burned or set on fire.

čik’ ʔak’al, vphr(tv & n5). make charcoal.

čik’ ba, rv. burn self.

čik’an, tv. burn /plu/.

čik’ančik’an, tv. burn up one thing after another (drunk who tosses his belongings in the fire), burn /corn stubble/.

čík’ančík’anan, tv. cf. čík’ančík’an.

čik’balal ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5. burned land.

čik’ebal, n5. moment before burning /forest/.

čik’el, nc. lighting /fire/.

čik’et balamil, vphr(av & n5). steaming.

čik’etik balamil, vphr(av & n5). cf. čik’et balamil.

čik’ik’et balamil, vphr(av & n5). steaming (room).

čik’il, n3d. sweat infr/, bubbles on side of boiling pot.

čik’iltas, tv. cause to sweat /patient/ (shaman).

čik’iltas ba, rv. cause self to sweat /when sick, by covering self with blanket/.

čik’iltasvan, iv. cause person to sweat (shaman).

čik’inah, iv. sweat.

čik’ob ʔak’al, nphr(n1f of n1d). place or wood for making charcoal.

čik’ob met, nphr(n1f of n1d). place or wood for roasting maguey.

čik’ob tan, nphr(n1f of n1d). oven or wood for burning lime.

čik’ob vilol, nphr(n1f of n5). pine bark for firing clay whistles.

čik’obil ʔak’al, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. čik’ob ʔak’al.

čik’obil met, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. čik’ob met.

čik’obil tan, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. čik’ob tan.

čik’obil vilol, nphr(n1f of n5). cf. čik’ob vilol.

hčik’-ʔak’al, agn(tv & ncpd). charcoal maker /Chamula, Pasteʔ,ʔElan Voʔ/.

hčik’-met, agn(tv & ncpd). maguey roaster /Chamula/.

hčik’-pom, agn(tv & ncpd). incense tender /woman in charge of incense, one for each of the elders and stewards/.

hčik’-tan, agn(tv & ncpd). lime burner /Chamula, Pasteʔ, ʔElan Voʔ/.

hčik’inahel, agn. sick person who is sweating.

čik’(2) T.

čik’, tv. soft-boil /egg/.

čik’ veʔel, vphr(tv & n4d). dunk /tortilla in broth/.

čik’an, tv. dunk /tortillas/ (careless woman who eats and doesn’t watch food cooking).

čík’ančík’an, tv. dunk in one bowl after another /tortilla/ (child).

čík’ančík’anan, tv. cf. čík’ančík’an.

čik’bil, aj. soft-boiled (egg).

čik’el, nc. dunking.

čik’lahet, av. cf. čik’con (plu).

čik’lahetik, av. cf. čik’čon (plu).

čil(1) N.

čil, n5. cricket.

ʔik’al čil, nphr(aj & n)5. highland black cricket. It is believed that a person who catches a cricket and lets it bite the tip of his tongue will learn the catechism and will learn to speak Spanish.

yašal čil, nphr(aj & n)5. highland green cricket. It is an evil omen if a cricket sings under the eaves.

čil(2) N.

čilil, n3a. black woolen huipil /worn by woman at weddings or in any ceremonial capacity/.

čil(3) N.

čil, n4d. armadillo shell /archaic/.

čil(4) prob O.

čilčil, aj. rattling (seeds).

čilčil e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n). ’rattling plant’, pitcher sage Lepechinia schiedeana, #2225(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”.

čilčil e’iʔleltik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of pitcher sages.

muk’ta čilčil e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). pitcher sage Lepechinia schiedeana, #2236(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”

čilčon, av. rattling (seeds), chirping (crickets EKL 255: 1–5).

čililet, av. rattling (seeds).

čillahet, av. rattling (seeds).

čilon ʔok, nphr(n4e of n4d). spur, metal rattles /worn by the grand and pretty Spanish lords and ladies of the fiesta of St. Sebastian/.

čilulan, tv. keep rattling /seeds/.

čil(5) A or N.

čil habnal, cf. habnal.

čilianco N(Sp, chile ancho).

čilianco, n1a. sweet pepper.

čilkat N.

čilkat, n5. willow groundsel Senecio salignus, #B9278(5, 5a). Highland “tree”. Same use as bae’i čilkat. Baccharis glutinosa, #1514(11, 12). Highland “tree”. #2173(11). Temperate “tree”. Astianthus viminalis, #853(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”.

čilkattik, n5. expanse of čilkat.

bae’i čilkat, nphr(aj & n). willow groundsel Senecio salignus, #344(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “tree”. The trunk is used for firewood. One basket of willow groundsel flowers and one basket of white roses are provided by each pair of stewards on the fourth Friday of Lent, Wednesday of Holy Week, Maundy Thursday, and Good Friday. The flowers are strewn on the processional path. (23)-Two baskets are provided by each steward for Maundy Thursday.

k’oš čilkat, nphr(aj & n). willow groundsel Senecio salignus, #611(1, 2, 3). Highland “tree”.

sakil čilkat, nphr(aj & n). Baccharis glutinosa, #2173(14). Temperate “tree”.

čilkat teʔ nphr(n type n). Baccharis glutinosa, #1893(1, 3, 4). Temperate “tree”.

čilop N.

čilopal, n1f. hollowness /worm-eaten corn or beans/.

čiJopal teʔ, nphr(n of n)5. splinter.

čiloptik, aj. splintered.

čim P.

čiman, tv. bow one’s head.

Ritual speech, patient’s assistants on return from shrines; ʔa snihan ʔo, ʔa sčiman ʔo, ta čanib syalemal yok ta čanib syalemal sk’ob. He /shaman/ went to bow, he went to bow his head at Their /tutelary god’s/ four thresholds, Their four altars.

čiman ba, rv. bow head in hands (drunk).

čiraaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. bowing.

Ritual speech; wedding godfather when seating bride in groom’s house; ʔo me nihaneh-bail ʔo me čimaneh-bail. There should be bending, there should be bowing, i.e., You should show respect.

čimanobil, n4f. Ritual speech, song; bowing place.

ʔo sčimanobil ʔo snihanobil. lit., There is a bowing place, there is a bending place, i.e., Everything is being done properly.

čimanvan, iv. make person bow /in contrition/.

čimčiman tal, vphr(tv/impv/ & dr). Lower your head! /mother to child on her back, so that she can place scarf over its head/.

čimčon, av. bowing head repeatedly /in greeting or prayer/, walking with bowed head.

čimet, av. bowing head /in greeting/, respectful, obedient.

čimi, iv. bow head.

čimil, aj. with bowed head.

čimilul, n4d. Ritual speech; bowing place /for repentance/.

čimlah, av. walking with heads bowed.

čimlahet, av. cf. čimčon (plu).

čimlahetik, av. cf. čimčon (plu).

čimleh, n1f. with head bowed /asleep, drunk/.

čimomal, n4d. Ritual speech; bowing place /for repentance/.

čemtečemte, av. bowing successively /person bowing to one saint after another/.

hčimanvaneh, agn. person who makes another bow /in contrition/.

čičiman, tv(impv), Baby talk, mother to child carried on back; Lower your head!

čimpo A or N(Sp,ʔ).

čimpo, n1a. lowland black šlumil bean, lowland corn /produces ears in forty days/, var., čimpu., cf. ʔišim, čenek’.

čimpo ʔišim, cf. ʔišim.

čimpo čenek’, cf. čenek’.

čimpo kinya, cf. kinya.

čimpo Ioʔbol, cf. Ioʔbol.

čimpo pašak’, cf. pašak’.

čimpu

čimpu, cf. čimpo.

čin(1) P.

čin, n1e. skin disease /grano/.

sčinal hol čitom. trichinosis pustule.

čin-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with lowered head (cow, sheep).

čin-hol k’eveš, cf. k’eveš.

činahtik, aj. sitting (boulders), standing with lowered heads (cows, horses, sheep), with small knobs (log with branches lopped off).

činan ba, rv. sit /in sun/.

činanvan, iv. make person sit /in sun/ (person).

činčm, aj. denuded.

činčon, av. walking with lowered head (cow, horse).

činel, aj. sitting /in sun/.

činet pat, vphr(av & n4d). walking slowly with head lowered (horse, cow).

čini, iv. sit /in sun/.

činil, aj. sitting /in sun/, standing with lowered head (cow, horse, sheep), sitting (boulder).

činil vatal, ajphr(aj & aj). rocky (field).

činilik, aj. cf činahtik.

činin, av. walking with lowered head (cow, horse).

činin, n1a. avocado. Lowland “tree”. It grows in San Lucas. It fruits in June. It is “cold”. It causes burps. This is a fibrous variety, especially prized in San Cristóbal, cf. koyoy.

činkan tontik, nphr(x type n)5. field littered with boulders.

činkul, aj. spiked (negrohead soncoya), bumpy (face of person suffering acne), scaly.

činkultik, aj. cf. činkul.

činlah, av. cf. činin (plu).

činlahet pat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. činet pat (plu).

činlahetik, av. walking with lowered head (plu).

činleh, n1f sitting /in sun/.

číhtečínte, av. walking about with lowered head (cow, horse).

čin(2) N.

čin, n5. affectionate term of address for young girl.

čiiam N.

činamil, n3d. brains.

činamil pat, nphr(n4f of n4d). marrow /cow vertebrae/, semen.

činčon N.

činčon, n5. rufous-ciested sparrow Zonotrichia capensis. This sparrow is believed to have aided Christ when he descended from the cross to make the heavens, by warning him of the return of the Jews so that he could quickly resume his position on the cross. For this reason it is considered a sin to kill a rufous-crested sparrow. If one is killed it must be eaten, lest, remembering its killer, it will call frequently at dusk.

činčon rioš, nphr(n of n)5. cf. činčon.

čínga E(Sp. chingar).

čínga, excl. fuck! /exclamation of surprise/. var., čingáda, čingára.

čingáda

čingáda, cf. činga.!

čingára

čingára, fuck!

činkataraka

činkataraka, band-backed wren. cf. činkataranka.

činkataranka N.

činkataranka, n5. band-backed wren Campylorhynchus zonatus. It is not considered edible. It is believed that the person who imitates the call of the band-backed wren will be afflicted by skin disease/čin/, which can be cured only by seeking out the bird, imitating its call and jumping about in wren-like fashion, var., čankataranka ʔApas/, činkataraka /Hok’ Č’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/.

čintuliʔ N.

čintuliʔ, n1e. common bobwhite Colinus virginianus, singing quail Dactylortyx thoracicus. cf. ʔub, vaskis mat. They are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. They are “medium”. Their song is believed to signal a change of season or the approach of rain.

čip prob O.

čipčon, av. dripping, spurting irregularly (child’s urine).

čipet, av. dripping, streaming (water).

čipipet, av. streaming (man’s urine), gushing (water).

čiplahet, av. cf. cipipet (plu).

čipluh, av. streaming suddenly (water, blood).

čir O.

čir, onom. hiss /urine/, whistle /singing quail/.

čiret, av. singing (cricket).

čiriret, av. sizzling, hissing (virgin’s urine), singing (cricket).

čirlahet, av. chirping (crickets EKL 255: 1-5).

čiš prob A or N.

čiš-teʔ, n(x & ncpd)1a. black cherry Prunus serotina, #B9541(5, 5a). Highland “tree”. Same use as bae’i čiš-teʔ.

čiš-teʔ, n(x & ncpd)5. hamlet of Chamula.

čiš’-teʔtik, n(x & ncpd)5. grove of black cherry trees.

bae’i čiš-to, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). black cherry Prunus capuli, #67(2, 4, 5). Highland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts. The heartwood is used for house posts /8-16/, axe handles, the sides of guitars and fiddles, fiddle scrolls, and fiddle bows. The fruit is eaten by people and birds. It is sold at market in San Cristóbal. As a remedy for bloody dysentery three chips of the inner bark of a cherry tree and three chips of the inner bark of a peach tree are brewed. The tea is set to cool and a shot glassful is drunk before breakfast and at bedtime. It is “cold”.

eahal čiš-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). black cherry Prunus serotina, #606(1, 4). Highland “tree”. It grows in yards, and in fencerows. It is “cold”. (3)-It is “hot”.

loʔbalal čiš-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). ’edible cherry’, black cherry Prunus capuli, #67(2, 4, 5). Highland “tree”. Same use as bae’i čiš-teʔ.

sakil Ioʔbalal čiš-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). black cherry Prunus serotina, #605(1, 3). Highland “tree”. The trunk is used for rifle butts and fence posts. The fruit is sold at market. It is “cold”.

čiš-teʔ ʔak’, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n)5. Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabrura, #327(1, 2, 3, 5), #835(1, 2, 3, 5), #1697(1, 4), #2630(1, 3, 15, 21, 22). Lowland “tree”. (1)-The trunk is used for firewood. The bark is used to lash rafters, wattle, and roof poles. The fruit is eaten by people and iguanas. It is “cold”. (15)-The bark is used for lashing of field houses and houses with wooden walls.

ʔit’iš čiš-teʔ ʔak’, nphr: n4f of nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). mexican hackberry bush Trema micrantha, #712(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. The bark is used to lash thatch, roof rods and roof purlins of fieldhouses. #2624(1, 3). Lowland “tree” Same use as above.

muk’ta čiš-teʔ ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabrura, #2630(20). Lowland “tree”. The bark is used to lash house walls and rafters.

sakil čiš-teʔ ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). mexican hackberry bush Trema micrantha, #1565(1, 3). Lowland, temperate, and highland “tree”. The trunk is used for firewood. The bark is used to lash field houses and houses with wooden walls. #2290(3, 4). Temperate “tree”.

čiš-teʔ ʔišim, cf. ʔišim.

čiš-teʔ mut, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n). ’bird cherry’, Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabrura, #1697(11, 12, 14). Lowland “tree”.

hčiš-teʔ, agn(x & ncpd). inhabitant of Čis-teʔ.

hčiš-teʔahel, agn(x & ncpd). person going to, at, or coming from Čiš-tei.

čitom N.

čitom, n1a. pig, pork, fruit of Cyclanthera langaei. Pork is eaten. It is “cold”.

Ritual speech, prayer; yo he’iʔal yo hčitomal. my lowly doggishness, my lowly piggishness.

taʔtiero čitom, nphr(aj & n)1a. imported pig.

teʔtikal citom, nphr(natt & n)1a. collared peccary Tayassu tajacu, white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari. Peccaries are eaten, seasoned with coriander or mint. Their flesh is “cold”. Their hides are used for drums. Peccaries ravage corn fields planted near heavy forest.

teʔtikil čitom, nphr(natt & n)5. cf. teʔtikai čitom.

tranhero čitom, cf. tanhero čitom.

čitom čon, nphr(n type n)1e. ’pig bug’, highland sowbug. A person may stick a sowbug in a wad of cotton and put it in his ear for four or five days to cure temporary deafness.

čitom č’o, cf. č’o.

čitom k’ok’, cf. k’ak’.

čitomin, tv. have pig live on one’s land /neighbor’s pig that wanders and stays at another’s house/.

čit’ x.

čit’u, tv. splash by stamping /water, mud/.

čit’u ba, rv. break one’s bonds /prisoner/.

čit’ulan ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). keep kicking leg backwards (dog after defecating).

čit’ulan ba, rv. thrash or kick wildly (child, drunk, prisoner, epileptic).

čit’uvan, iv. cause /water, mud/ to splash on person.

hčit’ueh-voʔ, agn(vn & ncpd). person or car that splashes water.

čiv P.

čiv-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. with nose wrinkled up.

čivahtik, aj. bare (trees, feet), toothed (rake).

čivan, tv. bare /teeth/, wrinkle /nose in disgust/, put /leafless branches /on fire/.

čívančívan, tv. bare teeth one time after another (dog), set down one after another /bare branches/, place one after another /bare branches in fence/.

čivčiv, aj. bare (tree top), with bared teeth (mask of dude), barefoot.

čivčon ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). fig. baring teeth, i.e., scolding.

čivčon ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). walking barefoot.

čivčon niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). wrinkling up nose /laughing/.

čivel, aj. wrinkled up (nose), barefoot.

čivet, av. with wrinkled up (nose) /child who does not like his food, laughing person/, with bared (teeth), with ribs sticking out (dead horse), walking barefoot.

čivi, iv. sitting (leafless branches) /on fire/.

čivil, aj. bared.

čivil sniʔ. with its fangs bared (dog).

čivil ye. with its fangs bared (dead dog).

čivil yok. barefoot.

čivilik ʔe, nphr(aj & n4d). with fangs bared (dead dogs).

čiviv, av. groping along.

čivivet, av. dragging /bare branches/, baring (teeth) /dog/.

čivlah, av. thrashing (sing or phu).

čivlahet, av. groping (blindman, sleepwalker, lover), waving (legs of turtle or insect that is lying on its back).

čivlahet ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). cf. čivčon ʔok (plu).

čivlahetik, av. thrashing (feverish children).

čivlahetik niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). cf. čivčon niʔ (plu).

čivleh, n1f. bared /teeth, feet/, wrinkled /nose/.

čívtečívte, av. walking about wrinkling (nose in laughter or disgust), dragging branches about.

čívtečívte ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). walking along barefoot.

čivu holob, vphr(tv & n4d). separate /threads after being starched/.

čivo N(Sp, chivo).

čivo, n1a. goat, animal transformation of witch.

čivo lima, cf. lima.

čivo poš”, nphr(n type n). ’goat medicine’, Ageratum echioides, #1922(16, 17). Temperate “plant”

čkčkčkčkčkči

čkčkčkčkčkči, sheep calł. cf. čik.

čoʔ(1) T.

čoʔ, tv. peel, husk, skin, trick, deceive, peel off /clothes/.

čoʔ, iv. be peeled off, skinned or husked.

čoʔ ba, rv. deceive or fool self, rush.

isčoʔ sba ta ʔabtel. He rushed through the work.

yeč ta sčoʔ sba mu šk’ot yuʔun skotol li yikaee. He is just fooling himself; he won’t make it with the whole load.

čoʔ-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. rushing /working/.

čoʔ-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. bareheaded (turkey).

čoʔan, tv. peel, husk, skin or trick many.

čóʔančóʔan, tv. peel, husk or skin one after another.

čoʔbenal, n4f. peeled section /sugar cane/.

čoʔčon, av. walking bare /headed/ (turkey, person).

čoʔel, vn5. trick, lie.

čoʔet, av. rushing.

čoʔilan, tv. keep peeling, husking or skinning.

čoʔilan ba, rv. keep fooling oneself.

čoʔilan k’ob, vphr(tv / / n). masturbate.

čoʔilanan, tv. keep tricking (plu).

čoʔilanan baik, rv. keep tricking each other (plu).

čoʔilanvan, iv. keep tricking person.

čoʔlah, av. cf. čoʔoʔ (plu).

čoʔlahet, av. cf. čoʔčon (plu).

čoʔoʔ, av. rushing along.

čoʔob, n1f. place where one skins /animal/ or peels /sugarcane/.

čoʔobil, n1f. skinning knife, machete.

čoʔomah, iv. skin /cow/.

čoʔp’ih, iv. be chafed.

čoʔp’in, tv. chafe.

čóʔtečóʔte, av. rushing about.

čoʔvan, iv. trick or deceive person, impoverish person.

tol ščoʔvan mu šk’ot šk’opoh. He keeps tricking people; what he says will happen doesn’t.

tol ščoʔvan li čamele. lit., Sickness skins people, i.e., Sickness impoverishes people.

hčoʔvaneh, agn. deceitful person.

čoʔ(2) N.

čoʔ, n1a. metate, gizzard, inan. poss.; sčaʔal, ear of corn lacking kernels on one row. It is believed that when the kernels are removed from this type of ear the cob must be broken in two lest the remaining corn be ground up and lost. If one dreams of a broken metate, it is an omen of death /cf. Florentine Codex, Book 5, Appendix; chap. 34/.

čoʔobil, n3d. premolar and molar /absolute form infr/.

čaʔ ton, n(n type n)1e. basalt /used to make grinding stones and handstones/.

Ritual speech, curing prayer for tooth if patient is suffering from mahbenal; ʔunenal bak ʔunenal čaʔ ton. young bone, young basalt /i.e. center of tooth/.

čob N.

čob, n1a. planted corn field, inan poss.; sčabal.

čob, vn5. hoeing.

čob ʔantivo, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5). ’ancestor corn’, gama grass Tripsacum laxum, #2175(14). Temperate “plant”.

čobčobaltik, n5. one corn field after another.

čobin, tv. take possession of planted corn field.

čobtik, n5. planted corn field, western section of Zinacantán /comprising the hamlets of ʔAh-teʔtik, Čaynatik, Čikinibal Voʔ, Hok’ Č’enom, Hoyihel, K’ak’et Teʔ, Potovtik, Sek’emtik, and Yaʔal ’iʔ/.

čobtikaltik, n5. large field of planted corn.

čabah, iv. work in corn field.

čaban, tv. work in corn field.

lah sčaban ta velel skotol. He finished cutting it all down.

t šahčaban ta poraso. I’ll give you a good bruising!

hčabahel, agn. corn-worker.

hčabahom, agn. corn-worker.

hčabahom čon, cf. čon(2). coffee snake.

čoč N.

čoč, n1a. yellow oleander Thevetia ovata, #2667(1, 3, 15, 21). Lowland “tree”. Stemmadenia obovata, #81ʔ(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland and temperate “tree”. The trunk is gathered by boys or by their fathers for slingshots. The bark is removed by fire and the wood is perforated with a red hot wire. As a preventative or remedy for whooping cough, eight to ten nuts are strung on a necklace and worn by children. They are “medium”. To cure a toothache, the nutmeat is crushed and a very small amount is held against the tooth. The pain is eased immediately, but if much is put in the mouth all one’s teeth reputedly will fall out. Stemmadenia sp., #1973(1, 3, 4, 16, 17)). Lowland “tree”, (1)-same use as above. (16)-The trunk is used for firewood.

muk’ta čoč, nphr(aj & n). yellow oleander Thevetia ovata #1681(1, 4,) #2667(20). Lowland “tree”. (1)-The nut is used as above for whooping čough. (20)-The trunk is used for firewood.

čočtik, n5. grove of čoč trees.

čoc teʔ, nphr(n type n). yellow oleander Thevetia ovata, #1681(11, 12), #2667(22). Lowland čtree”.

muk’ta čoč teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). yellow oleander Thevetia ovata, #1681(7). Lowland “tree”.

čočob N.

čočob, n1d. acorn.

čofer N(Sp, chófer).

čofer, n5. driver, var., čohver.

čoh(1) P, P(2).

čoh, tv. make into hanks.

čoh, n1d. yoke /oxen/.

čoh, nc. hank /thread/, string /beads/, necklace, chaplet, yoke /oxen/, raceme /bananas/.

čohahtik, aj. cf. čohol /plu/.

čohan, tv. yoke, become laden with fruit (branch).

čóhančóhan, tv. put in one hank after another.

čóhančóhanan, tv. cf. čóhančóhan.

čohčoh, nc. single hank, string /beads/ / l only/.

čohčoh, aj. bouncing /net with too long a tumpline/.

čončon, av. dripping (water or urine of baby on mother’s back, water through roof), bouncing (nearly empty net).

čohet, av. hanging down /scrotum of little boy playing/.

čohetik, av. walking yoked.

čohi, iv. hang in strings (seed corn from rafters).

čohlah, av. hurrying with bouncing /net/ (plu).

čohlahet, av. dripping down /juice of fruit or blood of meat being carried/.

čohleh, n4f. whole raceme or string /necklace/.

čohob, n1f. lasso.

čohobil, n1f. yoke.

čohoh, av. streaming suddenly (nosebleed).

čohobet, av. streaming down continuously, pouring (water, rain).

čohokil, n4f. in many racemes /bananas/, in many hanks, in many strings /beads/.

čohol, aj. in strings /seed com hung on rafter, passion fruit, grapes or chayotes hanging from vine/, in a cluster.

čoholčóhol, n4f. each of many hanks, strings /beads/, or clusters (grapes).

čoholik, aj. cf. čohol /plu/.

čoótečóhte, av. walking about with bouncing /nearly empty net/.

čoh(2) N.

čohcon, n1e. bull’s hom acacia Acacia cornigera, #188(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The branches are used for brush fences.

čohcohaltik, n5. large grove of bull’s horn acacias.

čohčohtik, n5. grove of bull’s horn acacias.

čohver

čohver, driver cf. čofer.

čok’an N.

čok’an, n5. overly loquacious or wild-talking person /archaic/.

čol P, P(2).

čol, tv. line up, set in row, make row.

čol, iv. be in rows.

čol, nc. row /people, plants, houses, com kernels on cob/.

čol ba, rv. form a row, line up.

čol-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. lining up.

čolahtik, aj. in many rows.

čolan, tv. set in rows.

čolančólan, tv. put in one row after another.

čólancolanan, tv. cf. čólančólan.

čolanvan, iv. place people in rows.

čolav, n4f. row.

čolčol, nc. single row / I only/.

čolčol, aj. in rows.

čolčol, n5. puff ball, see below.

čolčol be, nphr(n of n). ’path čolčol’, see below.

bik’it čolčol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). puff ball Calvatia sp., #48(1, 3). Highland “mushroom” To stop a wound from bleeding, a dry puff ball is broken open and the powder applied to the wound. It is “hot”

k’anal čolčol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). puff ball Lycoperdon sp., #30(1, 3). Lowland, temperate, and highland “mushroom”. Same use as bik’it čolčol be.

muk’ta čolčol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). puff ball Calvatia sp., #47(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. Same use as bik’it čolčol be.

Scleroderma sp., #77(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”

sakil čolčol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). see below.

muk’ta sakil čolčol be, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). puff ball Lycoperdon sp., #31(1, 3). Highland “mushroom”. Same use as bik’it čolčol be. It is said that a person who puts a puff ball in his mouth will become mute.

čolčol ʔak’ot. round dance of ensign-bearers.

čolčon, av. walking in a row one after another.

čolčonah, iv. walk while holding on to support (young child).

čole t, av. walking in line (people, religious officials, male dogs, soldiers).

čoli, iv. line up, stand in row.

čolilan, tv. set in rows slowly /posts/.

čolilan ba, rv. keep forming rows.

čollahet, av. walking in line.

čolleh, n1f. in hue.

čolleh, n4f. whole row.

čolobil, n4f. place for lining up.

čolol, av. walking in a row (people).

čolol, aj. in row, in line (religious officials, soldiers).

čolol ta ʔoʔlol be ikom. lit., He was left lined up in the middle of the road, i.e., He was left an orphan, homeless and penniless.

čololet, av. standing in rows of equal height (young corn), walking single file.

čololik, aj. in row, in line (many people).

čoltecolte, av. walking along one behind another.

čolvan, iv. place people in rows.

hčol-bail, agn(vn/tv & rpncpd/)5. person standing in line.

hčolvaneh, agn. person who places others in row.

čolo N.

čolo-nuk’, n(n & ncpd)4d. neck opening of shirt or blouse.

čolo-nuk’in, tv(n & ncpd). put down inside one’s blouse /money/ (woman), crawl down inside shirt (insect).

čompa N(Sp, chompa).

čompail, n3d. blue work shirt /levi/.

čompain, tv. steal blue work shirt.

čon(1) T.

čon, tv. sell.

mu čonbah. None was for sale.

čon, iv. be sold.

čon ba, rv. become deep in debt, hire self out as a servant (maid).

čon-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. deep indebtedness.

čon ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). sell to the earth lord.

čonan ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). sell /people/ to the earth lord.

čonanan, tv. sell /plu/.

čonanan ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). sell /people/ to the earth lord.

čonančónan, tv. sell one after another.

čonbalal ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5. land for sale.

čoncon, av. selling in secret /corn/ (wife).

čonilan, tv. keep selling.

čonilan ba, rv. keep hiring out as servant, keep falling in debt.

čonilan ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). keep selling to the earth lord.

čonilanan, tv. keep selling /plu/.

čonilanan baik, rv. keep becoming maids (girls).

čonilanan ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). keep selling /people/ to the

earth lord.

čonilanvan ta balamil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). keep selling person to the

earth lord.

lonlahet, av. cf. čončon (plu).

čonlahetik, av. cf. čončon (plu).

čonob, n1f. measure /corn/, selling place, booth.

čonobil, n1f. selling place, booth /for specific item/.

čonolah, iv. sell customarily (merchant).

čonolahebal, n3d. selling place, booth.

čonvan ta balamil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). sell person to the earth lord.

hčon_____, agn(tv & ncpd). _____ vendor /salt, peanut, liquor, pottery, sandal, food/.

hčonilanvaneh, agn. witch.

hčonolahel, agn. merchant.

hčonvaneh, agn. witch /seller of souls/.

mukul-čon, tv(aj & tvcpd). sell in secret.

čon(2) N.

čon, n1e. animal /general term/, snake, cat, insect, bug. inan. poss.; šcanul.

sčanul ke. my cavity.

Ritual speech, referring to earth lord; č’ul-čon. holy serpent.

Ritual speech, shaman referring to companion animal spirit during čuring ceremony when companion animal /jaguarundi, jaguar, mountain lion, raccoon, coyote, skunk, gray fox, yašal saben/ has been wounded; č’ul-čon č’ul-bolom. holy animal, holy jaguar.

ʔaha-čbn, n(n type ncpd)5. ’lordly snake’, tropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus. To cure the bite of this lowland snake the victim may drink a tea of Cissampelos pariera. If the victim is brave he will grab the rattlesnake by its tail and bite it until the snake’s blood flows in his mouth, so acquiring the snake’s strength. At the same time, contact with his saliva, heated from years of eating chili, reputedly will cause the rattlesnake to swell and die. Alternately, he or a friend may seize the snake and wrap it around the victim’s waist to transfer the “cold winds” to the snake and so render it immobile. The snake’s skin may be sold for belts. Rattlesnake skin, being very “hot”, may be kept for binding a broken bone or a severe muscular ache. To speed a long and arduous delivery, rattlesnake grease may be rubbed on the mother’s belly or she may drink a cup of water in which a rattlesnake’s rattle has been boiled. This is believed to heat the woman’s body. Women grease their hair with its fat to make their hair grow, but it is said that when the women sleep, their hair rustles like a snake, perhaps because the snake’s soul has arrived there. The rattle is placed inside a stringed instrument to make the music carry better.

ʔik’al ʔaha-čon, nphr(aj & n/n type ncpd/)5. rattlesnake Crotalus sp..

k’anal ʔaha-čon, nphr(aj & n/n type ncpd/)5. tropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus. The darker of the two kinds of rattlesnake is considered more dangerous.

ʔakuša čon, nphr(n type n)5. ’needle snake’, black snake Thamnophis sp.. A highland snake whose bite is believed to “cut” the joints of one’s legs.

ʔak’ čon, nphr(n type n)5. ’vine snake’, lyre snake Trimorphodon biscutatus, cf. ʔarsial čon.

ʔarsial čon, nphr(n type n)5. ’whip snake’, cf. ʔak’ čon. A lowland snake that is believed to bite only when stepped on, and is easily frightened.

ʔik’-nab čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. ’black river snake’, lowland black water snake. It is thought to strike and to wrap itself around a person until he is dead.

ʔitah čon, nphr(n type n)5. ’greens snake’, vine snake Oxybelis aeneus. A lowland snake that is thought to jump, bite, and wrap itself around a person until he is dead.

čih-čon, n(aj & n)5. ’striped snake’, gopher snake Pituophis lineaticollis. A highland snake that is said to bite only when stepped on. Its presence at the foot of a chicken roost is considered good luck, causing the chickens to increase. Reputedly it may enter the house and lie under the metate platform like a hen or even lay its eggs in a hen’s nest, setting on both clutches of eggs, but this is a sign that the house site is dangerous. Because of its habits it is also called “hen”.

hčabahom čon, agn(nphr/agn type n/)5. ’guardian snake’, banded coffee snake Ninia sebae, ring-necked coffee snake Ninia diadenata. Both these highland snakes are believed to care for the corn field. To kill a coffee snake is to risk having one’s corn field destroyed by wind.

ʔik’al hčabahom čon, nphr(aj & nphr/agn type n/)5. ring-necked coffee snake Ninia diadenata. It is believed to care for fields of black corn.

k’anal hčabahom čon, nphr(aj & nphr/agn type n/)5. banded coffee snake Ninia sebae. It is believed to care for fields of yellow com.

hkiletel čon, agn(nphr/agn type n/). snake /general term/.

kantela čon, nphr(n type n)5. ’candle snake’, tropical king snake Tropidodipsis sp., coral snake Micrurus browni. To cure a bite of the highland king snake a “hot” brew of Cissampelos pareira is drunk. The lowland coral snake will bite if angered, but it is rarely seen,

k’uk’ul čon, agn(nphr/x type n/ld). each of two lesser players of the fiesta St. Sebastian who were the stewards-royal of the previous year, k’uk’ul con, agn(nphr/x type n/ld). cf. k’uk’ul.

meie\ con, nphr(n type n) le. ’old woman snake’, indigo snake Drymarchon corais. It is thought to be an inoffensive lowland snake which bites only when grabbed, but is notorious for its display of wheezing and hissing,

čon la, cf. la.

čon rioč, nphr(n4f of n5). domestic animal.

čanul ʔakov, nphr(n of n)5. wasp Vespula sp. /general term/. All of these wasp grubs are edible. They are “cold”. The poison of their stings is “cold” and causes swelling. To prevent swelling two small twigs may be broken and stuck into each ear.

čanul ʔanal čenek’, nphr(n of nphr/n4f of n5/). ’bean leaf bug’, bean beetle Epilachna sp..

čanul ʔišim, nphr(n of n)5. ’corn bug’, corn weevil Sitophilus ordinarius, Sitophilus zeamais.

čanul ʔitah, nphr(n of n)5. ’cabbage bug’, cabbage worm.

čanul bakal, nphr(n of n)5. ’corncob bug’, corncob borer, cf. tusino.

čanul čenek’, nphr(n of n)5. ’bean bug’, bean weevil Acanthoscelides sp..

čanul čohčoh, nphr(n of n)5. obligate acacia ant Pseudomyrmex ferruginea F. Smith. This is a fiercely stinging ant that lives in the bull horn acacia.

čanul k’aʔ-teʔ, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/)5. ’rotten wood insect’, betsy beetle Popilius sp.. Its grub is eaten during the dry season. It is “cold”.

čanul k’aʔil, nphr(n of n)5. edible grub. It occurs in Voʔ-bie in the dry season. It is medium”.

čanul mum, nphr(n of n)5. wasp /ʔakov or yellow jacket adult/.

čanul pom, nphr(n of n)5. ’honey bug’, honey bee Apis melliflora.

čanul teʔtik, nphr(n of n)5. wild animal, mushroom or fungus /general term/.

čanuʔ valeʔ, nphr(n of n)5. ’sugarcane bug’, sugarcane borer.

čanul yašal teʔ, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/)5. ’live tree bug’, long-horn beetle Acrocinus sp.. Its grub is eaten. It is “cold”.

čanulil, n3d. companion animal spirit, animal /general term/.

ti k’usi mas muk’ čanule. the larger animals. Companion animal spirits are distinguished by having five toes.

čon(3)

čon, four days from today, four days ago. cf. čan(2).

čon(4) prob P or P(2).

čon-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. lacking many teeth (child).

čonahtik, aj. cf. čonol /plu/.

čonet, av. lacking many teeth (child).

čonol, aj. filled with cavities, lacking many teeth.

čonolik, aj. cf. čonol.

čóntečónte, av. walking about lacking /teeth/ (child).

čop(1) P, P(2).

čop, nc. family, pair /sandals/, suit /clothes/, cycle /songs/, trio or group of people accompanied by trio.

čop ʔo, nphr(nc & pt). different.

čopantik, aj. families or groups at long intervals or widely spaced.

čopčop, nc. single pair, single suit /I only/.

čopleh, n4f. whole /suit, pair, family, group/.

čopokil, n4f. many pairs or suits.

čopolcopol, n4f. each one different.

čop(2) P, P(2).

čopahtik, aj. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants).

čopčon, av. dripping.

čopčop, aj. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants).

(čopčop, aj. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants).

(čopel, aj. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants).

čopet, av. walking with baggy (seat of pants) and with top gathered.

čoplahet, av. dripping in many places, baggy and with top gathered (seats of pants).

čopleh, n5. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants).

čoplih, av. streaming suddenly (water, blood).

copopet, av. streaming down.

čóptečópte, av. walking about with baggy (seat of pants).

čop(3) prob O.

(čopčon, av. walking with thudding (ceremonial sandals), crunching (ceremonial sandals EKL 255: 2-23).

čoplah, av. walking with thudding (ceremonial sandals) (plu).

čoplahet, av. thudding (ceremonial sandals).

čop(4) T.

čop, iv. dwindle (crowd), slacken, let up, abate, lessen (pain).

mu ščop yuloʔ li preserentee. /The stream of/ magistrate’s visitors doesn’t taper off.

mu ščop voʔ. The rain doesn’t let up.

mu ščop čamel. The sickness doesn’t abate.

čop ba, rv. give up, slack off (visitors).

čopah, iv. dwindle (crowd), slacken, let up, abate, lessen (pain)..

čopbe, tv. cut down /drinking of cane liquor/.

čopčop, iv. slack off slightly (rain, crowd).

čopvan, iv. debilitate or weaken person (witch, sickness).

t ščopvan ta hč’uleltik li hiʔk’-čamele. Witches weaken our souls (or) witches weaken us in our dreams.

čop(5) O.

čópčópčóp, onom. turkey call.

čopčopta, tv. call turkeys.

čopilan, tv. call turkeys.

čoplahet, av. yelping (hen turkeys V2: 22).

čopal A.

čopol aj. bad, ugly, useless, impossible.

čopol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv). think ill of, resent, be hurt by, be offended by, dislike, be horrified, feel tipsy.

čopol t šaʔi ʔabtel ti mi šmal ta školtaate mi t šʔak’e ʔabtehuk ta rominkoe. He dislikes work if he is let off late or if he has to work on Sundays.

čopol t šaʔi ti mu hčabitik li hčamele. He resents it that we aren’t looking after the patient.

čopol šaʔi ti mi ʔu k’u yatinoh sk’uʔe. He is horrified when something has stained his clothes.

čopol ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). anxious, worried, grief-stricken, ill-tempered, mean (person).

čopol yoʔon mu šak’ ta č’om stak’in. He is mean and won’t loan money.

čopol yoʔon ta h-mek haʔ čam sč’amale. He is grief-stricken because his child died.

čopol yoʔon ta čiʔel škapet no ʔ0š. He is mean to have around — just grumpy.

čopol hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). be crazy or irresponsible, be criminal or bad.

čopol shol šmal t školta yahʔabtel ta šak’ ʔabtehuk ta rominko. He is no good; he lets his workers off late and makes them work on Sundays.

čopol shol yuʔun tol šʔelk’ah. He is bad because he steals a lot. čopol shol yuʔun tol ssaʔ k’op šyakub. He is bad because he fights when he gets drunk.

čopol šhol tol šloʔlovan ta ʔabtel. He is bad; he tricks people at work.

čopol hol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d / / tv). be tipsy.

čopolal, n4b. uselessness, useless thing.

čopolib, iv. break down (car) /infr/.

čopoltik, aj. rather bad, ugly or useless.

pas čopolal, vphr(tv & n5). blunder, botch.

čor prob O.

čorčon, av. streaming (water, urine).

čoret, av. streaming (water, urine).

čorlahet, av. streaming in many places (water).

čoror, av. pouring (large quantity of trapped water that spills).

čororet, av. dribbling down, pouring, streaming (water, rain EKL 258:1-3, rivulet EKL 255: 1-3).

čoris N(Sp, chorizo).

čoris, n1a. sausage. Male joking speech; penis, var., čorisyo.

čoris, n1a. ’sausage’, edible wood grub.

čoriso, aj. stupid, ineffective, var., čorisyo.

čorisyo

čorisyo, sausage, stupid, ineffective, cf. čoris.

čos P.

čosahtik, aj. cf. čošol /plu/.

čošan, tv. dangle /legs/.

čošan ba, rv. sit with legs dangling.

čošcon, av. being carried with (legs) dangling.

čošlah, av. cf. čošoš (sing).

čošlahet, av. cf. čoščon (plu).

čošleh, n1f. sitting with (legs) dangling.

čošol, aj. dangling (legs).

čošolik, av. cf. čošol (plu).

čošoš, av. being carried with /legs/ dangling (person during flood, dead dog).

čóštečóšte, av. being carried about with (legs) dangling.

čot P.

čotahtik, aj. cf. čotol /plu/.

čotan, tv. set down /child, bag/, install, mount /cannon/.

Ritual speech, parents of bride when entering groom’s house on wedding day; t šba hčotan t šba hvue’an ti kalabe ti hnič’nabe. I am going to set down my children, I am going to establish my children.

čotan ba, rv. be confined /at home, unable to leave/.

čotanan, tv. set down /bags, boundary markers/.

čotanbil aj. settled, forced to sit (prisoner).

čótančótan, tv. set down one after another /bottles, boundary markers/.

čótančótanan, tv. cf. čotančótan.

čotanob, n1f. liquor served when bride is seated in groom’s house, rockets fired when Christ Child is laid in manger.

čotanobil, n1f. cf. čotanob.

čotčon. av. sitting unable to stand.

čotet, av. sitting.

čotetik, av. cf. čotet (plu).

čoti, iv. sit down, be settled. Ritual speech; cf. vue’i.

mu šičoti lek. lit., I am not well settled, i.e., I am not at home very often.

čotilan, tv. keep setting down.

čotilan ba, rv. keep lifting self off seat /with rage/.

čotilanan, tv. keep setting down /plu/.

čotilanan baik, rv. keep lifting selves off seats (drunken women).

dotk’ih, iv. sit down unexpectedly.

čotk’in, tv. push into sitting position.

čotk’invan, iv. push person on his rear.

čotlahet, av. sitting unable to stand (drunk).

čotlahetik, av. cf. čotlahet (plu).

čotlebal, n3d. seat.

Ritual speech, person taking dispute before the magistrate; ʔay htabe ti sčotlebe ti svue’lebe. I went to his seat, to his chair.

čotlebal čon, nphr(n type n)5. Male joking speech; lit., seat animal, i.e., vagina.

čotleh, n1d. seated.

naš ti hčotlehtik. We have been sitting for a long time.

čotleta, tv. sit and wait for.

čotletavan, iv. sit and wait for person.

čótlih, av. falling suddenly on one’s butt.

čotol, aj. seated, sitting. Ritual speech; cf. vue’ul.

čotolik, aj. cf. čotol /plu/.

čotot, av. falling on one’s butt.

čotp’ih, iv. cf. čotk’ih.

čotp’in, tv. cf. čotk’in.

čotp’invan, iv. cf. čotk’invan.

čóttečótte, av. sitting down every few minutes /on path/.

hčotaneh-eeb, agn(vn & ncpd). religious functionary /woman who is chosen by bride’s parents to seat her in groom’s house/.

hčotanvaneh, agn. cf. hčotaneh-eeb.

hčotk’invaneh, agn. person who pushes another on his butt.

hčotleh, agn. stay-at-home.

hčotp’invaneh, agn. cf. hčotk’invaneh.

čoy N.

čoy, n1a. fish /general term, including shrimp/. Dried fish is eaten, especially during Lent. It is ’hot”.

eahal čoy, nphr(aj & n)1a. shrimp /unidentified/.

e’iʔ čoy, nphr(n type n)5. edible and very bony fish /unidentified/.

k’anal čoy, nphrfaj & n)5. edible fish /unidentified/.

sakil čoy, nphr(aj & n)5. edible fish /unidentified/.

yašal čoy, nphr(aj & n)5. fresh fish.

čt E.

čt, excl. Psst! /exclamation to quiet barking dog/.

cuʔ(1) N.

čuʔ, n4f. milky sap of plants.

čuʔ ʔišim, nphr(n of n)5. corn smut. It is “cold”.

čuʔ hč’ul-meʔtik, nphr(n4d of n/aj & ncpd/5). lowland cultivated tree, fruit used to decorate cypress around manger, brought by stewards. By common belief its fruit are the toys of the Christ Child.

čuʔčon, av. continuing to nurse (child who has younger sibling or who is 3 years old or more).

čuʔil, n3a. breast, udder.

c’abal sčuʔilal. She has no milk.

čuʔil pok’, nphr(natt & n)1a. bag for carrying candles or tortillas, inan.

poss., sčuʔil pak’al.

čuʔlahet, av. suckling (puppies, piglets).

čuʔlahetik, av. cf. cuʔlahet.

čuʔun, iv. nurse (baby).

čuʔun k’ob, vphr(tv / / n). suck thumb.

čuʔunbe cuʔ, vphr(tv & n4d). be a wet nurse.

čuʔuntas. tv. nurse (mother).

čuʔuntasvan, iv. nurse (mother).

hčuʔnom, agn. nursing child.

hčuʔunel, agn. nursling.

hčuʔunob, agn. nursling.

hčuʔuntasvaneh, agn. person who nurses.

čucčʔ, n5. Baby talk; breast, I want to nurse.

čucčʔ, n1a. ’breast’, nipple nightshade Solatium mammosum, #2989(3). Lowland “vine”. (5)-The fruit are used to decorate the trees that stand around the creche. They are considered to be the Christ Children’s toys. (23)-Thirty-six fruits on their stems are provided by the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary on the Sixth Posada.

čuʔ(2)

čuʔ, with. cf. čiʔ.

čuʔiv N.

čuʔiv, n1a. leather purse.

čuʔiv ʔat, nphr(n4e of n4d). scrotum.

čuč(1) N.

čuč, n1e. squirrel/general term/. All three kinds of squirrel are hunted and eaten, seasoned with coriander. Their flesh is cold”. Their skinsare stuffed and tossed about by the spooks during the fiesta of St. Sebastian. They do great damage to young corn plants.

eahal čuč, nphr(aj & n)5. deppe’s squirrel Sciurus deppei.

čuč c’o, cf. č’o.

pepen čuč, nphr(n type n)1e. “butterfly squirrel’, flying squirrel Glaucomys volans. It is believed to be a butterfly transformed into a squirrel.

yašal čuč, nphr(aj & n)5. guatemalan gray squirrel Sciurus griseofla vius.

eoʔop čuč, cf. eočop.

čuč(2) T.

čuč, tv. poke firewood further into /fire/.

čuč, iv. be poked further into /fire/ (firewood).

čuč mulil, vphr(tv & n5). incriminate.

čučan, tv. poke sticks further into /fire/.

čučančúčan k’ok’, vphr(tv & n5). poke sticks one after another further into fire.

čúčančúčanan k’ok’, vphr(tv & n5). cf. čúčančúčan k’ok’.

čučbe k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n4d). incriminate.

čučbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). incriminate.

čuččon, av. poking firewood further into /fire/.

čučilan, tv. keep poking firewood further into /fire/.

čučilanan, tv. keep poking a lot of firewood into /fire/.

čučlahet, av. cf. čuččon (plu).

čučlahetik, av. cf. čuččon (plu).

hčuč-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). incriminator.

čuh(1) N.

čuhil, n3a. woolen sleeved poncho /longer in front than in back and sewn up sides, worn by Chamulas and a few elderly Zinacantec men/, inan. poss.; sčuhal.

čuh(2) O.

čuhčon, av. calling sheep.

čuhčuhčuh, onom. sheep call.

čuhilan, tv. call /sheep/.

čuhilanan, tv. call many /sheep/.

čuhlahet, av. cf. čuhčon (plu).

(čuhlahetik, av. cf. čuhčon (plu).

čúhtečúhte, av. walking about tailing sheep.

čuh(3) prob A.

čuhal, n4f. runt (animal, peach, pear, apple, corncob).

čuhil, aj. runty (animal, peach, pear, apple, corncob), foolish, feeble-minded.

čuhilal, n4f. runt (animal, peach, pear, apple, corncob).

čuh(4) X.

čuhčon, av. hurrying with bouncing /net//Pasteʔ/.

čuhlah, av. hurrying with bouncing /net//Pasteʔ/ /plu/.

čuk P(2).

čuk, tv. tether /horse/, tie up /dog, pig/, lash /roof pole/, tie in bunches /flowers, thatch, pine bough, etc./, fasten /belt, sash, roof pole/, imprison.

čuk, n1e. roof purlin /four for thatched roof, eight for tile roof/.

čuk, nc. tied bunch /garlic, flowers, thatch, stubble, jerked meat/.

čuk ba, rv. incriminate self, become entangled.

čuk ba ʔok, vphr(rv & n4d). stumble over one’s feet.

čuk ba nuk vphr(rv & n4d). have tightening in throat.

čuk-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. jailing.

čuk c’ut, vphr(tv / / n). fast /during sickness, seldom practiced/.

čuk (č’util, nphr(n1b of n3a). sash, belt.

čuk halal, nphr(n of n)1d. yarn headdress /worn by bride, wedding godmother and kaʔbenal, worn around waist by k’uk’ul čon/.

čuk hol, nphr(n1f of n1f). roof crest.

čuk-ničim, vn(tv & ncpd)5. first day of fiesta /when altars and church entrances are decorated/.

čuk teč, vphr(tv & n5). close house /by tying stake to outside of door/.

čuk vie, nphr(n1f of n5). supernatural snake, lit., mountain belt. It is believed that mountains are held firm by supernatural snakes. Sisil Vie is thought to have three such serpents which, if they uncoil, would causer the mountain to collapse and, by releasing the water believed to be contained within, destroy the town.

čukal na, nphr(natt & n)5. hip-roofed house.

čukan, tv. tether, tie up, fasten /plu/, tie in bunches.

čukan baik, rv. have each other jailed.

čúkančúkan, tv. tie up in bunches one after another hurriedly /flowers/, tether one after another hurriedly /animals/.

čúkančúkanan, tv. cf. čúkancúkan.

čúkaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual jailing.

čukbenal, n1d. waist.

hčukbenaltik eč’el. waist-high /sixth developmental stage of corn/.

čukčon, av. tethering with difficulty.

čukčuk, nc. single bunch /I only/.

čukčuk bikil, nphr(aj & n)5. ’narrow intestine’, buff-collared nightjar Caprimulgus ridgwayi. cf. kurkuvii”. The nightjar is not eaten. It is considered to be the messenger of witches. Its bones are used in a love potion.

čúktečúkte, av. walking about tethering.

čukebal, n5. jail, prison.

čukebal, n5. moment before being jailed.

čukel, nc. jailing.

čuket, av. tethered (animals).

čukctik, av. cf. čukel (plu).

čukilan, tv. keep tying up /flowers/, keep tethering, keep jailing.

čukilan baik, rv. keep having each other jailed.

čukilanan, tv. keep tying up /flowers/, keep tethering /plu/, keep jailing /plu/.

čukilanan baik, rv. cf. čukilan baik.

čukjnebal, n5. jail, prison,

čuklahet, av. cf. čukcon (plu).

čuklahetik, av. cf. čukčon (plu).

čuklebaL, n3d. jail, prison.

čukob, n1f. stake or tree for tethering animal.

čukob barko, nphr(n of n)5. mooring buoy /seen in Potomac River in front of lexicographer’s house/.

čukob čitomʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’pig leash vine’, monkey comb Pithecoctenium echinatum, #868(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine”. It is used for lashing fence rails, wattle, and roof poles.

sakil čukob čitom ʔak\ nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Antigonon flavescens, #2645(1, 3). Lowland “vine”. Serjania lobulata, #2830(3, 4, 5).

čukobi], n1f. cf. čukob.

čukolah, iv. tie in bunches /flowers/.

čukuket, av. having gas pains, tied up in knots (person), sloshing about.

čukukiL n4f. many bunches.

čukul, aj. tethered, jailed, narrow (path, house, board), tight (clothes), tied in bunches, lashed (roof poles).

čukulib, iv. become narrower (path, work, palm).

čukulibtas, tv. make narrower /path/.

čukvan, iv. jail.

hčukel, agn. prisoner.

hčukvaneh, agn. jailor.

čukulʔat N(Sp, chocolate from N, chokolaatl).

čukubat, n1a. chocolate drink. Drink offered by sir spook to elders and ensign-bearers on the last day of carnival. It consists of coffee, cane liquor, one onion and two limes.

cok’ T.

čuk’, tv. wash /clothes or wool by beating on rocks/.

čuk\ iv. be washed.

čuk’ ba, rv. keep one’s clothing clean (woman).

čuk’an, tv. wash a lot of /clothing, wool/.

čúk’ančúk’an, tv. wash one after another.

cuk’ančúk’anan, tv. cf. čúk’ančúk’an.

čuk’čon, av. scrubbing ineffectually.

čuk’ilan, tv. keep washing /clothes, wool/. cuk’ilan ta mahcl, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep knocking (child knocking apple on rock).

čuk’ilanan, tv. keep washing a lot of /clothes, wool/.

čuk’ilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep knocking a lot of (child knocking apples on rock).

čuk’lahet, av. cf. čuk’čon (plu).

čuk’lahetik, av. cf. čuk’čon (plu).

čuk’lih, av. receiving blow on soft part of body.

čuk’ob k’uʔul ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’laundering vine’, vegetable sponge Luffa cylindrica., #2689(22). Lowland “vine”. The inside of the gourd is used as a sponge.

čuk’omah, iv. wash /clothes/.

čuk’omiL n3d. laundry.

čuk’umil, n3d. cf. cuk’omil. cuk’van, iv. wash person’s clothing.

hčuk’omahel, agn. person who washes clothes.

hčuk’vaneh, agn. laundress. Scolding speech; woman who helps other during sickness and feels her services have not been appreciated, asks the other if she thinks she is her washerwoman.

čmnan N.

čuman, n4e. stump, butt, stub.

čuman sik’alal, nphr(n of n)5. cigarette butt,

čuman teʔ, nphr(n of n)1a. stump.

ʔak’o mi čuman touk ti mi lek slapoh sk’uʔ leklek ša sba yilel ʔun. Even if she is a stump if she is wearing good clothes she seems pretty /referring to a dark-skinned girl/.

čuman teʔ hoi, ajphr(nphr/n of n/5 type n)5. stupid, dull, wooden-headed.

čuman teʔik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of stumps.

čun P or P(2).

čun-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. barefoot.

čunahtik Wk, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. čunul /plu/.

čunahtik čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. čunul čak /plu/.

čunahtik hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. čunul hol /plu/.

čunčon, av. barefoot.

čunet ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). walking barefoot.

čunet čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with big rear /mark of beauty/.

čunet hol, vphr(av & n4d). stupid.

čuni ʔol, vphr(iv & n4d). be about to give birth.

čunlahet, av. tripping barefoot (child, woman).

čunleh, n1f. bare /footed/.

čunlin, av. tripping barefoot suddenly (child, woman).

čúntečunte ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). walking about barefoot.

čuntečunte čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with big rear.

čúntečúnte, hol vphr(av & n4d)., walking about stupidly.

čunul, aj. lying mute and immobile (sick person), lying (log).

čunul ša smuk’ul. He is fat now.

čunul ʔok, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). barefoot.

čunul čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). large-hipped.

čunul hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). stupid.

čunulik ʔok, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. čunul hol /plu/.

čunulik čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. čunul čak /plu/.

čunulik hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. čunul hol /plu/.

cup P(2) or T(2).

čup, tv. carry in apron, carry against body /beans, chaplets/.

čup, nc. object held in clothes against body /I or 2/.

čup ʔeal, nphr(n1e of n3d). fever sore /in mouth/.

čupahtik, aj. blistered (person, diseased cow bladder), held in apron.

čupan, tv. carry things in apron, etc.

čúpančúpan, tv. carry one thing after another in apron, etc.

čúpančúpanan, tv. cf. čúpančúpan.

čupčon, av. walking and concealing object in clothes (robber).

čupčup, aj. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants).

čupet ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d). walking and holding in clothes.

čupilan, tv. carry slowly in apron, etc.

čuplahetik, av. cf. čupčon (plu).

čuptečupte ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d). walking about holding in clothes against body.

čupul, aj. held in clothes against body, baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants).

te čupul ta čak vešal leʔ) aʔa. lit., It is hidden in the seat of his pants, i.e., He is hiding a crime.

čupulik, aj. baggy with top gathered (seat of pants) /plu/.

čus N(Sp, Jesús).

čus, n1d. Jesus /infr, recently adopted/.

čuš O.(his1, onom. hiss /woman’s urine/.

čiušušet, av. hissing (woman’s urine).

čut

čut, stomach, cf. č’ut.

čuvah A.

čuvah, n1e. madness.

ʔo sčuvahil shol. He is mad.

sčuvahil trago. hangover.

čuvah, agn. madman.

šuvah, aj. silly.

čuvahib, iv. go mad.

čuvahtik, aj. rather silly.

čuy P(2).

čuy ba, rv. blister.

čuyahtik ʔaʔlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4f). very badly blistered (burn).

čuyahtik situbel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). very badly swollen.

čuyan ba, rv. blister.

čuyeah ʔaʔlel, vphr(iv & n4f). blister.

čuyčon, av. walking flabbily.

čuyet, av. walking flabbily.

čuyi, iv. blister.

čuylahet, av. walking flabbily.

čuyleh, n1f. blistered, pleasantly plump.

čuylehikil, n4f. pleasantly plump (buttocks of woman).

čúytečúyte, av. walking about flabbily.

čuyul ʔaʔlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). blistered (burn).

čuyul čak, vphr(aj & n4d). large-hipped (woman who is no longer a virgin).

čuyul situbel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). swollen.

čuyulik ʔaʔlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). badly blistered.

čuyulik situbel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). badly swollen.

Č’

č’a(1) A.

č’a, aj. bitter.

č’a čiʔ, ajphr(aj & aj). oversalty.

č’ač’atik, aj. rather bitter.

č’ail, n1a. smoke. inan. poss.; sč’ailal, gas of dead animal, /reputedly seen by buzzards/. Ritual speech; shaman referring to patient’s incense; incense.

h-p’eh me yo spom h-p’eh me yo sč’ail. A chunk of his incense, a cloud of his smoke.

č’ail, aj. bitter.

č’ail ʔunen mu, cf. ʔunen mu.

č’ail e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n). ‘bitter plant’, brush sage Salvia tilliaefolia, #1443(10). Highland “plant”. Stevia rhombifolia, #2485(21, 22). Highland “plant”.

č’ail kahve, nphr(aj & n)5. unsweetened coffee.

č’ail makom, cf. makom.

č’ail poš, nphr(aj & n)5. ‘bitter medicine’, nettle-leaved calea Calea urticifolia, #720(1, 2). Temperate “plant”. (1)-As a remedy for malaria or stomachache/sikil ʔik’/, the tender shoots are crushed in cold water. One cup is drunk. Alternatively, the shoots may be boiled. But after the tea is drunk, the patient must not drink cold water for as many days as the shaman prescribes. It is “hot” A handful of shoots is gathered by the parents of an unruly child. The shoots are crushed in cold water. The child is forced to drink a cup so that he will vomit his anger. An unattested variety is used as a medicine for swelling. A small bunch is brewed together with a similar amount of american basil and wild basil. One cup is drunk before breakfast for as many days as necessary. It warms the body, cutleaf broom baccharis Baccharis serraefolia, #1369(7). Temperate “plant”. Stevia polycephala, #B9504(5, 5a).

č’ail poštik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of č’ail pos.

č’ailtas, tv. smoke /unoccupied house so that it will not mildew/.

č’ailtasvan, iv. cense person /woman in difficult labor/.

č’ata, tv. dry /green wood set next to fire/, smoke /bees, patient, new house/.

č’atah, iv. dry (green wood) /next to fire/, become sooty.

č’atavan, iv. cense person (bone-setter), cause smoke to get in person’s eyes (green wood, person carrying torch).

č’aub, iv. become bitter or sour (food).

č’aubtas, tv. make bitter /food/.

č’aubtasvan, iv. make bitter for person.

hč’ailtasvaneh, agn. person who censes another /midwife/.

č’a(2) N.

č’a, n4d. Polite speech; right away.

batik hč’atik ʔun. Let’s go right away.

č’a(3) X.

č’ač’on, av. swarming (gnats, ants, buzzards, assistants, customers).

č’aet, av. swarming (gnats, ants, buzzards, assistants, customers).

č’alahet, av. cf. č’aet (plu).

č’alahetik, av. swarming (people).

č’a(4) O.

č’auʔ, onom. yelp /fox/.

č’aulan ta ʔutel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). scold fiercely (woman).

č’a(5) A or N.

č’a-teʔ, n(x & ncpd)1a. Eupatorium ligustrinum, #2233(19). Highland “tree”. Same use as muk’ta č’a-teʔ. #2247(19). Lowland “tree”. Stevia polycephala, #2515(22). Temperate “tree” Same use as muk’ta č’a-teʔ.

č’a-teʔaltik, n(x & ncpd)5. large expanse of č’a-teʔ.

č’a-teʔtik, n(x & ncpd)5. expanse of č’a-teʔ.

bae’i č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). Stevia polycephala, #2515(1, 4). Temperate “tree”. The leaves are boiled three times with black earth to dye wool black. Eupatorium ligustrinum, #1846(16). Highland “tree”.

bik’it č’a-te, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). Stevia polycephala, #2515(21). Temperate “tree”. For use, cf. bae’i č’a-teʔ.

bik’tal č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). Eupatorium mairetianum, #B9505(5, 5a), #501(1, 2). Highland “tree”. A load of branches is boiled with black earth to dye wool black for robes, ceremonial robes, skirts, ceremonial huipils.

k’oš č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). Eupatorium ligustrinum, #1846(1), #2233(1, 3, 4). Highland “tree”.

muk’ta č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). Eupatorium ligustrinum, #2247(1, 3, 4). Lowland “tree” Deppea grandiflora, #1868(1, 16). Highland “tree”. Stevia lucida, #1796(15, 16). Highland “plant”. A bundle of stalks and leaves are gathered by women and boiled with black earth and wool to dye the wool black. It acts as a fixative.

muk’tik č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). Eupatorium erythropappum, # 144(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “tree”. The tips are gathered by women. A bundle is boiled twice, together with black earth, to dye wool black.

pom č’a-teʔ, nphr(n type n/x & ncpd/). ‘incense č’a-teʔ’, Eupatorium ligustrinum, #662(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “tree”. Same use as muk’ta č’a-teʔ. (3)-Thirteen tips are used in the “steam cure”, cf. čan-¢elav ¢elo-pat.

sakil č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). Eupatorium erythropappum, #144(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “tree”. For use, cf. muk’tik č’a-teʔ.

č’a-teʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). Calea hypoleuca, # 1707(14). Lowland “plant”.

č’a-teʔ kaʔ, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n). Stevia rhombifolia, #2216(19). Highland “plant”.

sakil č’a-teʔ kaʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n). Stevia serrata, #2221(19). Highland “plant”.

č’a-teʔ poš, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). ‘č’a-teʔ medicine’, Stevia lucida, #2516(22). Highland “tree”. As a remedy for “wind” the shaman cuts a bunch of sprigs and beats the patient’s body with them once a day for four days.

č’a-teʔ teʔ, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). Calea hypoleuca, #2096(14). Temperate “tree”.

č’aʔ prob O.

č’aʔteč’aʔte, av. screeching about (parakeets).

č’ab I, P.

č’ab, iv. end (argument, court case, war, pain).

č’abah, iv. be left empty /market when people have gone home/, fast.

č’abal, aj. there is not (or) there are not any, no.

mi ata tal, č’abal. Did you bring itʔ No.

č’abal k’op. lit., There is no argument, i.e., That’s the end of it (or)

No problem!

č’abal ta h-moh. never (or) none.

č’abal ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4f), dull (knife, axe, machete).

č’abč’ab, iv. calm slightly (pain), slacken (customers).

č’abč’abtik, iv. calm slightly (pain), slacken (customers).

č’abes, tv. turn off /radio, phonograph/, put an end to an argument, stop /playing fiddle, etc./, end /pain/.

č’abesob, n1f. pain-killer.

č’abesobil, n1f. cf. č’abesob.

č’abet, av. ending (argument, court case, pain).

č’abi, iv. stop making noise, calm down.

č’abulan, iv. end (pain).

č’ob, n5. fast.

ta č’ob šiabteh. He is working on an empty stomach. For three days the patient is restricted to three peso-sized tortillas a meal, when ill and repenting sin.

č’aben N.

č’aben, n1a. rattle-box Crotalaria pumila, # 1926(17). Temperate “plant” For use, see muk’ta č’aben. rattle-box Crotalaria longirostrata, #2665(15). Lowland “plant”.

č’abenaltik, n5. large field of rattle-boxes.

č’abentik, n5. field of rattle-boxes.

bae’i č’aben, nphr(aj & n)5. rattle-box Crotalaria longirostrata, #225(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”. It is grown by the people of Chiapa in their yards. The seeds are sown in the rainy season. The stems are broken off and boiled with salt and chili. It is “hot”. It is eaten by everyone. Rattle-box is bought or stolen. (5)-If a lot is eaten, one’s chayote flowers will drop off.

bik’it č’aben, nphr(aj & n). rattle-box Crotalaria pumila, #2640(20). Lowland “plant” The leaves are eaten, boiled. They are “cold”. e’unbalal č’aben, nphr(aj & n)5. ‘cultivated rattle-box’, rattle-box Crotalaria mucronata, # 1987(1, 3, 4). Lowland “plant”, rattle-box Crotalaria longirostrata, #2665(1, 3). Lowland “plant”. (3)-It is planted in May and harvested in July or planted in November and harvested in March. (1)-It is boiled with salt and chili. It is “hot”. It is sold at market.

muk’ta e’unbalal č’aben, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). rattle-box Crotalaria mucronata, #1987(16, 17). Lowland “plant” For use, see muk’ta č’aben.

k’oš č’aben, nphr(aj & n). rattle-box Crotalaria incana, #890(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”, rattle-box Crotalaria pumila, #2640(22). Lowland “plant”. muk’ta c’aben, nphr(aj & n). rattle-box Crotalaria longirostrata, #2665(20, 21, 22). Lowland “plant” It is boiled with salt and chili. It is “hot”. It is sold at market.

sikil ʔosilal č’aben, nphr(nphr/aj & natt/ & n). ’cold country rattle-box’, cultivated oat Avena saliva, #1406(7). Highland “plant”.

tontikil č’aben, nphr(natt & n)5. ‘rock rattle-box’, rattle-box Crotalaria pumila, # 1926(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”. It grows in the corn fields. Some Zinacantecs gather the stalks and boil them, seasoned with salt and chili. They are “hot”. #2640(1, 3, 21). Lowland “plant”. Same use as above. (1)-The root must be removed before boiling. (5)-The greens are flavored with lime juice.

č’aben ʔak’, nphr(n type n). primrose jasmine Jasminum mesnyi, #21(1, 3, 4). Highland “vine” It is grown by ladinos along fences.

č’aben ʔantivo, nphr(n of n). Crotalaria quercetorum, #2123(7). Temperate plant’. Lupinus sp., #2103(7). Temperate “plant”.

č’aben e’irtel, nphr(n type n). sweet clover Melilotus alba, # 1710(15, 16), #2389(20). Highland “plant”. (20)-It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle. Melilotus indica, # 1186(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. It grows in yards. Lupinus sp., #2103(11). Temperate “plant”.

k’anal č’aben e’iflel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). sweet clover Melilotus alba, #1777(15). Highland “plant”.

č’aben čih, nphr(n of n). ’sheep č’aben’ or ’deer č’aben’, Lupinus sp., #2103(14). Temperate “plant”.

muk’ta č’aben čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). rattle-box Crotalaria maypwensis, #2648(21). Lowland “plant’. Lupinus sp., #2582(21, 22). Temperate “plant”.

č’aben č’o, nphr(n of n). ’mouse č’aben’, rattle-box Crotalaria pumila, #1926(16). Temperate “plant”. Same use as tontikil c’aben. #2640(15). Lowland “plant”. Same use as above. Crotalaria quercetorum, #2123(14). Temperate “plant”.

č’aben kaʔ, nphr(n of n). “horse č’aben’, rattle-box Crotalaria maypurensis, #2648(22). Lowland “plant”, coffee senna Cassia occidentalism #2646(22). Lowland “plant”.

č’aben teʔ, nphr(n type n). Indigofera densiflora, #2338(19). Highland “tree”.

č’aben vet, nphr(n of n). ’fox c’aben’, hop clover Trifolium rhomboideum, #1170(1, 3, 4, 5).

č’ačak N.

č’ačak, n1e. band-tailed pigeon Columba fasciata. Although it is bitter-tasting it is hunted for food. It is “hot”. Band-tailed pigeons are known to feast on acorns and on the fruits of shrub nightshade and spiny nightshade, var., č’ač’ak.

č’ač’ak

č’ač’ak, band-tailed pigeon, cf. č’ačak.

č’ah(1) A.

č’ah, aj. lazy, unproductive (person, land).

č’ahč’ahtik, aj. rather lazy.

č’ahet, av. lazing about.

č’ahil, n4a. laziness, unproductiveness.

sč’ahilal balamil. the unproductiveness of the land.

Denunciatory speech, referring to lazy or unproductive person;

sč’ahilal ʔosil sčahilal balamil. unproductiveness of the earth, unproductiveness of the land.

č’ahil-ʔat, n(aj & n)5. lazy, disobedient (child).

č’ahil balamil, nphr(aj & n)5. useless land.

č’ahlahetik, av. cf. č’ahet (plu).

č’ahub, iv. become lazy or unproductive.

č’ahteč’áhte, av. walking about lazily.

č’ahubel, vn5. laziness.

č’ahubel t ščak’. He does nothing.

č’ahubtas, tv. make lazy.

č’ahubtas ba, rv. become lazy.

č’ahubtasvan, iv. make person unproductive (sickness).

č’ahubtasvaneh, agn. sickness that makes person unproductive.

č’ah(2)

č’ah, rope. cf. č’ohon.

č’ak(1) N.

č’ak, n2b. flea.

ʔočem č’ak, nphr(aj & n)5. ’entered flea’, lowland chigger flea. ʔočem sč’akil kok. I have a chigger flea in my foot. After a chigger is removed from one’s foot with a needle salt may be placed in the wound to calm the itchiness.

p’ilom č’ak, nphr(n type n)1e. ’bow and arrow flea’, flea. This flea lives in houses and in lowland forests that are considered dangerous /kušul/. cf. p’itom č’ak.

p’itom č’ak, nphr(n type n)5. ’jumping flea’, flea. cf. p’ilom č’ak.

sak-č’akil, nfaj & ncpd)1a. louse.

č’ak(2) T(2).

č’ak, tv. divide up, separate.

isč’ak komel sk’ak’alil. He set aside (or) reserved the days for it.

č’ak, iv. separate, divorce, be divided up.

č’ak, nc. lot /land/, division /corn, etc./, group /people/.

ʔ’ak ba, rv. separate /from wife or parental family/, fork (road).

č’ak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. separation, divorce.

č’akakil, n4f. many divisions.

č’akal, aj. living apart, divided up.

č’ákan, tv. divide things up.

č’ákanč’ákan, tv. divide up one after another.

č’ákanč’ákan ba, rv. split up one after another /after meeting/.

č’ákanč’ákanan, tv. cf. č’ákanč’ákan.

č’kánč’kanan baik, rv. split up one after another (children moving out of parental house).

č’akbe, tv. divide up, give one’s share to.

č’akč’ak, nc. single division /1 only/.

č’akč’on, av. dividing up slowly and ineffectively, separating constantly (man and wife).

č’akč’on čak, vphr(av & n4d). opening and closing seat /of torn pants/.

č’akebal, n5. moment before dividing up.

č’akel, nc. dividing up, division.

č’aki ba, rv. preen.

č’aklahet, av. cf. č’akč’on (plu).

č’aklahetik, av. cf. č’akč’on (plu).

č’akob, n1f. cup measure.

č’akob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. courthouse /place for effecting divorce/.

č’akobil, n1f. cf. č’akob.

č’akolah, iv. serve out in portions /food/.

č’akovah, iv. preen.

č’ákteč’ákte, av. divorcing one after another.

č’akulan, tv. divide up.

č’akulan ba, rv. keep separating.

hč’akolahel, agn. person who serves out in portions /food/.

č’ak(3) probO.

č’ákluh, av. shattering (EKL 259: 2-16).

č’akoʔ N.

č’akoʔ, n 1 a. gourd Lagenaria siceraria. Lowland “plant”, It grows in the corn fields. Children use the gourds as toys, rolling them down steep slopes. The gourds are also used as shot glasses for agricultural ceremonies. They are used by the ensign-bearers.

č’akoʔik, n5. field of gourds.

č’akoʔ ʔak’, nphr(n type n). west indian gherkin Cucumis anguria, #2627(22). Lowland “vine”.

č’al(1) T.

č’al tv. bind /person/, wind /thread around shuttle/, wrap /bandage around limb, rope around top of bag, barbed wire around tree/ /figure eight pattern/.

č’al ba vayuk, vphr(rv & iv). bind one’s legs at bedtime /to prevent husband from having sexual relations/.

č’alam buk’, nphr(n of n1a). shuttle.

č’alan, tv. wrap around /strands of barbed wire around tree/.

č’alanan, tv. cf. č’alan.

č’álanč’álan, tv. wrap one after another around /barbed wire around tree/.

č’álanč’álanan, tv. cf. č’álanč’álan.

č’alč’on, av. winding /thread around shuttle/.

č’alel, nc. winding /thread around shuttle/.

č’allahet, av. cf. č’alč’on (plu).

č’alob buk’, nphr(n1f of n1d). shuttle.

č’alobil buk’, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. č’alob buk’.

č’alulan, tv. keep wrapping around with rope or thread., cf. č’al.

č’alulan ba, rv. keep binding one’s legs (children).

č’al(2) X.

č’alalet ʔo, vphr(av & n4d). with thighs showing (woman).

č’alalet ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). rustling (cane or reeds in wind).

č’alet ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). with thighs showing (woman).

č’álteč’alte ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with exposed thighs (woman).

č’am(1) T.

č’am, tv. accept, catch /falling water, ball/, receive /letter/.

č’am, iv. be accepted or received (person, object).

č’am ta be k’op, vphr(vphr/tv & prep & n5/ & n5). interfere foolishly in dispute.

č’am tatal voʔ, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/)5. container to catch water from nictate platform.

č’am-tek’ih, iv. hobble (person who has broken leg and is taking first steps).

č’amal tul, nphr(n of n)5. illegitimate child, /lit., child of a stirring rod/.

č’amanl, n3d. male’s child /if a woman’s children are grown up then she may use this term referring to them/.

mi ʔoy ač’amal. Have you any children? /asked of a man/.

č’amalin, tv. make person one’s child /stepchild, orphan/ (man).

č’aman, tv. accept or receive /plu/.

č’amanan, tv. cf. č’aman.

č’amanč’áman, tv. receive or accept one after another.

č’ámanč’ámanan, tv. cf. č’ámanč’áman.

č’ambalal camel, nphr(aj & vn)5. contagious disease /chills and fever/ brought from afar.

č’amč’on, av. dripping.

č’amem voʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a. cane liquor that has been received as gift and is poured into bottle to be drunk later.

č’amlah, av. jumping rapidly /on branch/ (sing or plu).

č’amlahet, av. dripping in many places (water, tears).

č’amlahetik, av. jumping /from branch to branch/.

č’amob eoʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). chamberpot.

č’amob k’abil, nphr(n1f of n3d). chamberpot.

č’amob tatal boʔ, nphr(n1f of nphr/n att & n/ld). container to catch water from metate platform.

č’amobil eoʔ nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. č’amob eoʔ.

č’amobil k’abil, nphr(n If of n3d). cf. č’amob k’abil.

č’amobil tatal voʔ, nphr(n1f of nphr/aj & n/ld). cf. č’amob tatal voʔ.

č’ámteč’ámte, av. jumping along /from branch to branch/.

č’amuh, iv. spread (sickness), jump from branch to branch.

č’amuhel, nphr(vn type vn)5. contagious disease, gossip.

č’amulan, tv. keep catching /ball, falling water/ or accepting /cane liquor/.

č’amulanan, tv. keep accepting quantities of /cane liquor/.

č’amvan, iv. receive person /suitor, disputant/.

hč’am-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). gossip.

hč’am sohob k’ak’al, agn: vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5). meddler. Warn-to mol, agn(vphr/tv & ncpd/ type n). religious functionary /man who holds lance that is used by major players to strike jousting target at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian/.

p’is ta č’amal, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). adopt.

č’am(2)

č’am, borrow, cf. č’om.

č’an prob P or P(2).

č’an, aj. restricted to; ʔan č’an: Oh, be quiet!

bae’i č’an ša noš. Just be quiet!

č’anč’an, aj. be quiet!

č’ani, iv. calm down, stop crying or making noise, stop ringing (bell).

č’anubtas, tv. quiet /child, ringing bell/.

hč’anubtasvaneh, agn. person who quiets child.

č’av T.

č’av baik, rv. shout angrily at each other.

č’avč’on, av. shouting angrily in distance (person), cheeping (hungry chick).

č’avč’onah, iv. shout angrily, cheep.

č’avlah, av. walking rapidly and shouting angrily (plu).

č’avlahet, av. cf. č’avč’on (plu).

č ’avlahetik, av. cf. č’avč’on (plu).

č’avluh, av. shouting back angrily.

č’avteč’ávte, av. cheeping about (lost chick), walking about shouting an grily (drunk).

č’awan ta ʔutel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). shout angrily at person.

hč’awaneh ta ʔutel, agn(vphr/vn & prep & vn5/). person who shouts angrily at another.

č’ay(1) T.

č’ay, tv. lose, throw out, get rid of, erase /guilt/, reject, waste. Ritual speech, presenting ceremonial gift of cane liquor; stalel slikel ʔun hk’opon ʔo hbatik yaʔele mu šeʔ hč’aytik mu šuʔ htentik. It seems this is the customary way to talk together, we can’t lose it, we can’t discard it.

č’ay, iv. lose out, become lost.

č’ay ʔaʔi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv). forget.

č’ay šaʔi ti k’usi lalbil t smane. He forgot what he was told to buy.

č’ay ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be unconscious or insensible, be distracted /by grief, drowsiness, deep thought, involvement in other activity/, be indecisive.

č’ay-ʔoʔonih, iv. forget, be befuddled.

č’ay ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). make oneself scarce.

č’ay ba, rv. defecate, make oneself scarce, fail /corn farming/, despair.

č’ay-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. defecation.

č’ay hč’ul-meʔtik, vphr(iv & agn/aj & ncpd/5). disappear (moon).

č’ay hč’ul-totik, vphr(iv & agn/aj & ncpd/5). set (sun).

č’ay hol, vphr(iv & n4d). be forgetful, be befuddled /by drink/.

č’ay-holih, iv(iv & ncpd). forget, be befuddled.

č’ay k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n5). waste one’s time.

č’ay k’ak’al, vphr(iv & n5). set (sun).

č’ay k’ob, vphr(iv & n4d). lose one’s skill (musician who is out of practice).

č’ay-k’obih, iv. lose one’s touch.

ič’ay-k’obih li hvabahome. The musician lost his touch.

ič’ay-k’obih li hʔovole ʔep ibat yuʔun sat ʔišim. The planter lost his touch; he let many corn kernels fall.

č’ay k’op, vphr(tv & n5). avoid the subject.

č’ay sat, vphi(iv/3s/ & n4d). be inattentive.

č’ay-satih, iv(iv & ncpd). be inattentive, fail to notice, misread, lose one’s powers of discrimination.

ič’ay-satih ta sk’elel vun. He lost his facility for reading.

ič’ay-satih muk’ štohob ta st’uhel li k’usi t smane. He lost his power of discrimination; he did not choose well what he was buying.

ič’ay-satih ibat ta č’en li čohvere. The driver was inattentive and went into the ravine.

č’ay ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). forget about, dismiss from one’s thoughts.

isč’ay ta yoʔon ti stak’in yak’oh ta č’om hayibe haʔ li mu ša šʔak’bate ta ša šič’ ta ʔak’-čamel. He dismissed from his thoughts the money he had loaned since it was not going to be returned to him now and would only invite witchcraft.

isč’ay ta yoʔon scob. He forgot about his corn field.

isč’ay ta yoʔon ta h-moh ti yahnil ʔune. He forgot about his wife completely.

č’ay ta be, vphr(tv & prep & n5). kill /someone on the path/.

č’ay ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). squash an investigation, put a premature end to a dispute (magistrate).

č’ay ta č’en sat, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n4d). ignore /wife’s love affairs/.

č’ay ta hol, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). forget once and for all.

č’ay ta hol, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). be forgetful.

č’ay ta k’ob, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). lose, drop.

č’ay ta pat hoi, vphr(tv & prep & nphr/n4f of n1d/). forget completely.

ʔ’ayan, tv. lose or discard many things.

č’ayan ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). squash investigations, put premature end to disputes.

č’ayanan, tv. lose or discard many things.

č’ayanan ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). cf. č’ayan ta be k’op.

č’áyanč’áyan, tv. lose or discard one thing after another

č’áyanč’áyanan, tv. cf. č’áyanč’áyan.

č’ayay ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). losing consciousness.

č’ayayet, av. disappearing in distance (object or sound).

č’aybe ʔabtel, vphr(tv & n4d). prevent another from taking religious office.

č’aybe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). distract, befuddle.

tol sč’aybe yoʔon sčiʔil ta loʔil. He keeps distracting his companion with jokes.

isč’aybe yoʔon ta tahimol li ʔunene. She distracted the baby by playing with it.

č’aybe hol, vphr(tv & n4d). make person forget.

č’aybe k’ob, vphr(tv & n4d). interrupt a person’s work.

ta sč’aybe sk’ob šciʔil ta ʔabtel. He interrupts his friend at work.

č’aybe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). distract /by waving one’s arms/.

isč’aybe ssat ta tahimol. He distracted him in the game.

č’ayeah, iv. disappear in the distance.

č’ayeaih, iv. be distracted, befuddled, confounded, confused, unnerved or astonished.

te č’ayeaih ta labal k’opetik haʔ toh ʔep buč’u t šk’opoh tale. He was befuddled then by the constant arguments because too many (people) came up to talk.

yeč te lč’ayeaih mu ša snaʔ k’u t sal. He was just confused; he no longer knew what to say.

t šč’ayeaih ta čamel mu ša snaʔ k’usi t spas. He is unnerved by thesickness and no longer knows what to do.

ič’ayeaih ta šiʔel. He was dazed with fear.

č’ayč’ay mul, vphr(iv & n4d). ease one’s guilt partially.

č’ayč’aytik hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). not remember well.

č’ayč’on ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). very forgetful.

č’ayč’on hoi, vphr(av & n4d). very forgetful.

č’ayeb ʔoʔonil, nphr(n of n)5. gift of four bottles of cane liquor presented to a bride’s family by the groom to pass their time while the groom’s party is off visiting the godfather during the house-entering ceremony.

č’ayebal, n5. Ritual speech, addressing sun in afternoon; sunset, cf. malebal.

č’ayel, nc. losing.

č’ayel, vn. astonished.

č’ayel ik’ot yoʔon. He was astonished.

č’ayem, aj. lost, befuddled /by drink/.

č’ayes, tv. rub out /footprint/.

č’ayes ʔil, vphr(tv / / n). fail or refuse to pay one’s debts.

č’ayes mul, vphr(tv / / n). confess.

č’ayesan ʔil, vphr(tv / / n). fail or refuse to pay one’s debts.

č’ayesan mul, vphr(tv / / n). confess one’s crimes.

č’ayesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). abandon plan, fail to carry out one’s obligation, settle /debts/.

lek sč’ayesbe sk’oplal yil ta h-moh ta stoh skotol. He settles his debts for good; he pays them all.

isč’ayesbe sk’oplal ti yile mu ša sk’an stoh. He put an end to the matter of his debts; he refuses now to pay them.

č’ayesbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). clear another of guilt.

č’ayesob mulil, vphr(n1f of n3d). confession.

č’ayesobil mulil, vphr(n1f of n3d). cf. č’ayesob mulil.

č’ayet, av. disappearing in the distance (object or sound).

yeč noš šč’ayet. He is forgetful.

č’ayet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv). forget (old person), be befuddled (drunk), forgetful.

šč’ayet ša t saʔi toh voʔne. He forgets; it is too long ago.

č’ayet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). distracted, bewildered, confused, indecisive.

sč’ayet ša yoʔon k’alal ik’ot smayolale. He was bewildered when the constables arrived for him.

šč’ayet yoʔon ta k’in. He was distracted at the fiesta.

šč’ayet ša yoʔon k’al tey ša ʔoš ʔak’bil skantela ta sna skwenta pasʔabtele snaʔoh ti muk’ bu sk’anohe. He was bewildered when he was presented at home with the candles for appointment to (religious) office (since) he knew he had never requested (a position).

č’ayet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). forgetful, confused, befuddled.

yeč noš šč’ayet shol mu snaʔ k’usi t spas. He is just confused; he doesn’t know what to do.

č’ayet k’ak’al, vphr(av & n5). setting (sun).

č’ayet k’ob, vphr(av & n4d). losing results of one’s work.

č’ayet sat, vphr(av & n4d). not recognizing.

č’ayluh, av. disappearing suddenly (person falling in river).

č’ayob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. privy, place where people defecate.

č’ayob k’aʔep, nphr(n1f of n4d). rubbish heap, piece of old mat serving as dustpan.

č’ayobil k’aʔep, nphr(n1f of n4d). cf. č’ayob k’aʔep.

č’ayomah, iv. lay egg /in bushes/, lose possessions (drunk).

č’ayted’ayte, av. disappearing one after another (people after meeting).

č’ayulan, tv. avoid the subject, lure away.

te noš isč’ayulan ta loʔil. He just avoided the subject.

č’ayulanbat shol. He was lured away.

č’ayulan ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). keep being distracted or befuddled.

č’ayulan ba, rv. keep hiding oneself from view, keep failing /corn-farming/.

č’ayulan hol, vphr(tv & n4d). keep forgetting.

č’ayulan k’ob, vphr(tv & n4d). keep interrupting a person’s work or wasting person’s time.

č’ayulan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). keep avoiding the subject.

č’ayulan sat, vphr(tv & n4d). keep hiding oneself from view.

č’ayulan ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). keep squashing investigation, keep putting premature end to dispute.

č’ayulanan, tv. keep avoiding subjects.

č’ayulanan ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). keep being distracted or befuddled (people).

č’ayulanan baik, rv. keep hiding selves from view.

č’ayvan, iv. sell person a defective article /fruit that goes bad/, abandon a person.

hč’ay-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). defecator.

hč’ayel, agn. lost person or animal.

hč’ayomahel, agn. person who loses possessions (drunk).

č’ay(2)

č’ay, smoke, cf. č’a(1).

č’eʔ(1) O.

č’el, onom. squawk /broody hen/.

č’eʔč’on, av. skreaking, squawking (magpie-jay, boat-tailed grackle, etc.).

č’eʔeʔet, av. squawking (broody hen).

č’áʔlahet, av. cf. č’eʔc’on (plu).

č’eʔluh, av. giving sudden squawk (baby bird crushed under foot, broody hen when frightened).

č’eʔ(2) P(2).

č’e9-hol, n(aj & n)5. wild-haired.

č’eʔahtik, aj. cf. č’áeʔel /plu/.

č’áʔč’on hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking with wild hair.

č’eʔel, aj. wild (hair).

č’eʔelik, aj. wild (hair) /sing/.

č’eʔet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). wild-haired (woman, patient).

č’áʔlah, av. cf. č’áic’on hol (plu).

č’eʔlahet hol, vphr(av & n4d). cf. č’eiet hol (plu).

č’áʔluh hoi, vphr(av & n4d). having hair become suddenly messy.

č’áʔeč’áite hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with wild hair.

č’eʔulan, tv. muss /hair/ (woman).

č’eb P or P(2).

č’eb-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with small face.

č’ebahtik, aj. cf. č’ebel /plu/.

č’ebč’eb, aj. cf. č’ebel.

č’ebel, aj. with head cocked (puppy, girl watching boy), small-faced.

č’ebelik, aj. cf. č’ebel /plu/.

č’ebet, av. with head cocked (puppy).

č’eblahet, av. small-faced (plu).

č’ábteč’ebte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with small face.

č’eh T.

č’eh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack /with stick/ /child, dog, chicken/, flail /corn/ (woman with stick).

č’ehan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack with stick /children, chickens, dogs/.

č’ehanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack with stick /children, chickens, dogs/.

č’ehanč’áhan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack one after another with a stick /child, chicken, dog/.

č’áhanč’áhanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack one after another with a stick /child, chicken, dog/.

č’ehč’on, av. thwacking (machete hitting tree or wood), clanking (hoe hitting rocks), ticking (clock EKL 252: 2–5).

č’ehlah, av. cf. č’ehč’on (plu).

č’ehlahet, av. crackling (poles V3: 2) /dragged through forest/, clanking

(hoes hitting rocks, blacksmith’s hammer VI: 7, metal EKL 252:1-19), thwacking (machetes hitting trees), rasping (violin improperly played), clacking (train EKL 252: 1-1, typewriter EKL 252: 2-7).

č’ehlahetik, av. thwacking or clanking (with hoes or machete) (plu).

č’ehluh, av. making sudden thwack (machete).

č’ehulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep whacking /tree/.

č’ehulanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep whacking /trees/.

č’ek A.

č’ek, aj. broody.

č’ekč’ektik, aj. rather broody. It is thought that a person who eats a broody hen will go mad.

č’ekub, iv. become broody (hen).

č’el N.

č’el, n1e. orange-fronted parakeet Aratinga canicularis. Parroquets are eaten. They are “cold”. They are known to flock together to ravage the fields when the lowland corn is ripe.

č’elop N.

č’elop vet, nphr(n of n). ’fox ribs’, white lantana Lantana hirta, #1897(16), #2524(21, 22). Temperate “tree”. (16)-As a remedy for malaria, a small bunch is brewed. One cup is drunk before breakfast. It is “hot”. (21, 22)-As a remedy for wind”, the shaman brews a small bunch. One cup is drunk before breakfast for three days. It is “hot”, orange lantana Lantana glandulosissima, #1753(15). Highland “plant”

muk’ta č’elop vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). lantana Lantana moritziana, #1949(16). Temperate “plant”. Lippia chiapensis, #400(15, 16). Highland “tree”

č’elopil, rib, rib cage.

č’em A or N.

č’em, cf. šok(2).

č’en N.

č’en, n1a. hole, burrow, den, cave, ravine, cliff. Male joking speech; vagina. The person who enters a cave is thought liable to become the victim of a snake or a bull.

č’en šok, nphr(n type n)1e. lowland & temperate chigger. This tiny red chigger embeds itself in the skin of one’s arms and legs. This tiny red chigger embeds itself in the skin of one’s arms and legs.

č’enahtik, aj. cf. č’enč’en /plu/.

č’enal, n1f. grave.

č’enal ʔanima, nphr(natt & n)5. grave.

č’enal voʔ, vphr(natt & n)5. well, Chenalhé.

č’enč’en, aj. hollowed out, dug (ground), depressed, deep (bowl).

č’enč’enaltik, n5. great expanse of cliffs.

č’enč’entik, n5. expanse of cliffs.

č’enel, aj. cf. č’enč’en.

č’enelik, aj. cf. č’enel /plu/.

č’entik, n5. cliffs.

hč’enal voʔ, agn(nphr/natt & n/). inhabitant of Chenalhé.

hč’enal voahel, agn(nphr/natt & n/). person going to, at, or coming from Chenalhé.

nail č’en, nphr(natt & n5). cave.

č’erem A.

č’erem, aj. cracked /voice/.

č’eremtik nuk’, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with cracked voice.

č’et P.

č’et, nc. messy pile (wool, cabbage, stubble, twigs, pine needles, thatch).

č’et-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. messy-haired (woman).

č’etahtik, aj. cf. č’etel /plu/, runty (corn plants).

č’etan, tv. carry or place in pile /wool, pine needles, thatch, twigs, stubble, cabbage/, build small thatch-roofed house.

č’etan ba, rv. sit down.

č’etanan, tv. set in large pile, carry large pile /thatch, stubble, etc./.

č’átanč’átan, tv. leave in one messy pile after another.

č’etanč’átanan, tv. cf. č’átanč’átan.

č’etbe eč’el ta ʔok, vphr(tv & dr & prep & n4d). walk rapidly.

č’etč’et, aj. in messy piles, messy (woman’s hair).

č’etč’on, av. with wild hair (young girl), woman carrying /firewood, stubble, thatch/, dancing up and down.

č’etekil, n4f. in many large piles /wool/.

č’etel, aj. in messy piles, messy (woman’s hair, thatch).

č’etel čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). bushy-tailed.

č’etet, av. carrying /blankets/ (woman leaving husband), carrying /branches, stubble, thatch/, low-lying (fog).

č’etet čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with bushy tail (skunk, raccoon).

č’etet hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking with messy hail (woman).

č’etetet, av. carrying /branches, stubble or thatch/.

č’eti, iv. sit with messy hair (sick person).

č’etk’uh, iv. fall from pile, become dispirited (horse), stand on end (hair), become messy (clothing).

č’etlahet, av. staggering and carrying /branches, thatch, or stubble/ (people).

č’etleh(1), n4f. whole pile /thatch, stubble, wool, etc./.

č’etleh(2), n1f. with messy /hair/, pile (wool, twigs, stubble, etc.).

č’etlehikil n4f. cf. č’etleh(1) /plu/.

č’étluh, av. falling with load /stubble, etc./.

č’etp’uh, iv. cf. č’etk’uh.

č’étteč’ette, av. carrying one load after another /stubble, etc./.

č’étteč’ette cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with bushy tail.

č’étteč’étte hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with messy hair (woman).

č’ev prob O.

č’evč’on, av. yapping (puppy V2: 19).

č’evet, av. yapping.

č’evlah, av. cf. č’evet (plu).

č’evlahet, av. cf. č’evč’on (plu).

č’évteč’évte, av. yapping here and there.

č’i. I.

č’i, iv. grow up, grow (plant, animal).

Denunciatory speech; hk’uʔultasohot hpak’altasohot ti lač’ie ti lak’opohe. I have clothed you, I have dressed you, so you would grow up, so you would talk.

č’ič’i, iv. grow up a little, grow a little (vegetation /balamil/).

č’ič’itik, iv. grow up a little, grow a lttle (vegetation /balamil/).

č’iel, n4d. age.

č’llahel, n4d. childhood.

č’iom_______, nphr(aj & n5). young_______/horse, cow/.

e’ites, tv. rear /child/, make grow /hair, penis/.

e’itesan, tv. rear /children/, make grow /hair/ (women).

e’itesob ʔat, nphr(n4f of n5). ’penis grower’, wild yam Dioscorea cf. dugesii, #1129(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland, temperate, and highland “vine”. One root may be gathered by virgin boys. It is peeled, and eaten raw, causing the penis to swell and inducing permanent growth. It is not considered to be as effective as yal kotom. It is “cold”.

e’itesob holol, nphr(n of n). “hair grower’, Solarium sp., # 1648(1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 14). Lowland “vine”. (1)-This vine may be gathered by the father of an unmarried girl. The vine is soaked in cold water and the water is used to wash the girl’s hair, so that it will grow long, and so that the boys will fall in love with her, for they think that long hair makes a good pillow. The father will also be happy to receive her suitors’ cane liquor. (7, 11, 12, 14)-Three vines are mashed and soaked in a pottery bowl. The woman washes her hair in the morning for three days. It is “cold”. (4)-The woman washes her hair in the morning for five days, tree bine Cissus cacuminis, #2826(7). Lowland “vine”. Same use as above, but the woman washes her hair twice a day for two or three days. Anoda cristata, #2113(11). Temperate “plant”.

e’itesobiL n4f. money, corn for rearing child.

e’ilesvan, iv. rear child.

be’itesvaneh, agn. person who rears another.

č’iʔ T(2).

č’iʔ tv. strike /match/.

ihč’ii ta hatel. I ripped it.

č’ahtik, aj. cf. č’iʔil /plu/.

č’iʔan ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). rip /clothes/ (drunk).

č’iʔanan ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5) cf. č’íʔan ta hatel.

č’íʔanč’íian ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). rip one after another /clothes, papers/.

č’óʔanč’íʔanan ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. č’óʔanč’íʔan ta hatel.

č’iʔč’on, av. with rump visible.

č’iʔel nc. tear.

č’iʔet, av. tooting (trumpet), sounding (harmonica).

č’iʔet čak, vphr(av & n4d). with rump visible, tooting (flatulence).

č’iʔiʔet, av. tooting (trumpet, flatulence), ripping (cloth V4: 7).

č’iʔil čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with rump visible.

č’iʔilik, aj. cf. č’iʔil /plu/.

č’iʔlah, av. running and tossing (rump) /mule/.

č’iʔlahet čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. č’iʔil čak /plu/.

č’íʔluh, av. ripping suddenly (cloth V4: 7).

č’iʔluh čak, vphr(av & n4d). giving sudden toot /flatulence/.

č’iʔob k’ok’, nphr(n1f of n1d). striking side of matchbox.

č’iʔob serio, nphr(n1f of n1d). striking side of matchbox.

č’iʔobil k’ok’, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. č’iob k’ok’.

č’iʔobil serio, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. č’iob serio.

č’íʔtteč’íʔtte, av. ripping one after another /rags/.

č’iʔulan tv., buck /rump/ (mule) keep ripping.

č’iʔulanan ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep ripping /plu/.

č’ib N.

č’ib, n1a. mountain palm Chamaedorea sp., #766(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. The assistants of the stewards in charge of replacing the floral adornment of the church entrances gather six hundred leaves, on their steins, for each of the two churches, and one hundred and twenty leaves for each steward’s altar. Six hundred are gathered for the creche. #532(2, 5). Temperate “plant”. Same use as above, but four hundred leaves for the stewards’ altars and three to four hundred leaves for the cráche. The assistants of the elders gather one hundred for the grand alcalde’s altar, every two weeks. #1041(1, 3, 5). Temperate and highland “plant”. It is scarce in the highlands. Three hundred and thirty leaves are provided by the publicans every two weeks for the decoration of the chapel of Lord Esquipulas. Thirty are given by them to the elders. Twelve hundred leaves are provided by the stewards for church adornment, and sixty for each of their altars.

č’ibtik, n5. expanse of mountain palms.

ʔit’iš d’ib, nphr(n4f of n5). Sobralia decora, #1204(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”. (5)-It is used by the stewards as a substitute for mountain palm.

bae’i č’ib, nphr(aj & n). mountain palm Chamaedorea sp., #1041(1, 3, 5). Temperate and highland “plant”. For use, see č’ib.

muk’ta č’ib, nphr(aj & n). mountain palm Chamaedorea nubium, # 1404(3). Highland “tree”. The branches are provided by stewards, stewards-royal, and elders to adorn their altars, and by the stewards to adorn the churches.

č’ib eib, cf. eib.

č’ibal teʔ, nphr(natt & n). ’tree-growing č’ib’, see below.

k’oš č’ibal let, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Isochilus linearis, #1855(1, 16). Highland “plant”

č’ič N.

č’ič, n1d. blood, an poss.; one’s ration of blood when animal is slaughtered.

č’ič’ niʔ, nphr(n of n). ’nose blood’, large-flowered calliandra Calliandra grandiflora, #1425(3, 5), #1486(1, 3, 11, 12), #2446(1, 20). Highland “tree”. (11)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The branches are used for brush fences. (4)-If it is placed in the fire, it will cause nosebleeds. (20)-The branches are fed to sheep and horses. # 1904(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Temperate “tree”. (17)-The flower is passed two or three times near the nose to stop nosebleeds. It is “cold”, pan botanrio Calliandra houstoniana, #290(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. #2285(3, 4, 19). Highland “tree”. #2531(1, 4, 21, 22). Temperate “tree”.

č’ič’ niʔtik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of č’ič’ niʔ.

č’ič’ niʔ teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). large-flowered calliandra Calliandra grandiflora, #1425(1, 4). Highland “tree”.

č’ič’ sim-nak’al, cf. sim-nak’al.

č’ič’el, n5. Ritual speech, prayer; blood.

maʔuk to me hmal ʔo č’ič’el, mamk to me hmal vo sankre. I have not yet drawn blood, I have not yet spilt blood.

č’ič’el hč’ul-tolik, cf. ʔišim.

č’ič’elil, n3d. blood.

pik č’ič’, vphr(tv & n5). pulse.

č’iL(1) T.

č’ih, tv. strike /match/, break /egg/, peck way out (chick), strike /rocks/.

č’ih ba, rv. clink (bottles, bowls), knock together (eggs).

č’ihan, tv. break /eggs/.

č’ihan ba, rv. clank together.

č’íhanč’íhan, tv. peck way out one after another (chicks).

č’íhanč’íhanan, tv. cf. č’íhanč’íhan.

č’ihč’on, av. clanking (hoe on rock or hard ground), clinking (bottles).

č’ihel, nc. striking /match/.

č’ihihet, av. clanking (hoe striking rocks).

č’ihil ton, nphr(aj & n)5. very rocky field.

č’ihil tontik, nphr(aj & n)5. large rocky field.

č’ihlah, av. hurrying with clinking (bottles).

č’ihlahet, av. clinking (coins V1: 6, bottles), clanking (hoes).

č’íhluh, av. clanking suddenly (hoe).

č’íhteč’íhte, av. walking about with clinking /bottles/.

č’ihulan, tv. keep striking /match, rocks/.

č’ihulan ba, rv. keep clinking (bottles).

č’ih(2) X.

č’ih-yan, aj(x & ajcpd). uninhabited.

sč’ih-yan be. empty path.

č’ihet balamil, vphr(av & n5). uninhabited land.

č’ik(1) T.

č’ik, tv. slip in, under, or through.

isč’ik na. He repaired the thatched roof.

č’ik, iv. be repaired (thatch roof).

č’ik ba, rv. slip in, under, or through.

č’ikahtik, aj. cf. č’ikil /plu/.

č’ikan, tv. repair /fence/.

č’ikanan, tv. repair holes /in fence/.

č’íka nč’íkan, tv. slip one object in, under, or after another, repair one hole after another /in fence/.

č’íkanč’íkanan, tv. cf. č’íkanč’íkan.

č’ikbe, tv. repair broken fence or thatch, stab /bull, pig, person/.

č’ikč’ik, aj. cramped (land, inside of house), hemmed in (short plot of land between cliffs and river, etc.).

č’iket, av. with something slipped in or under (knife in belt).

č’iketik, av. visiting constantly.

č’ikil, aj. slipped in or under (needle in hat), cramped (inside of house), hemmed in (short plot of land between cliffs and river).

č’ikleh, n1f. slipping in.

č’íkluh, av. slipping in suddenly (knife).

č’íkteč’íkte, av. slipping one after another in, under, or through.

č’ikulan, tv. keep slipping in, under, or through, mending /fence, thatch/.

č’ikulanan, tv. keep mending in many places.

č’ikvan, iv. knife person.

mukul-č’ikbe, tv(aj & tvcpd). secretly slip object to someone.

č’ik(2) O.

č’ikč’ik, n5. ‘twitter’, wilson’s warbler Wilsonia pusilla, common yellow-throat Geothlypis trichas, black-headed siskin Spinus notatus. cf. k’anal e’irin mut, k’anal č’ivil mut. var., č’ikč’ik mut /Pal ʔOsil, Hok’ Č’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/.

č’ikč’ik mut, nphr(n type n)5. cf. č’ikč’ik.

č’ikč’on, av. twittering (wilson’s warbler, common yellow-throat, black-headed siskin/.

č’ikiket, av. twittering.

č’iklahet, av. cf. č’ikč’on (plu).

č’ikil N.

č’ikil, n1e. lowland and temperate blackfly. Its ability to prevent sleep is said to exceed the best efforts of gnats and mosquitoes.

č’il(1) T.

č’il, tv. fry, roast on griddle.

č’il, iv. be roasted or fried.

č’ilan, tv. roast much /coffee/.

č’ilanan, tv. cf. č’ilan.

č’ilbil, aj. fried, roasted.

č’ílanč’ílan, tv. roast one after another.

č’ílanč’ílanan, tv. cf. č’ílanč’ílan.

č’ilč’on, av. frying slowly.

č’ilel, nc. frying.

č’ili, tv. roast on griddle.

č’ililet, av. sizzling (EKL 259: 1–18).

č’ilim, n1a. pinole. It is “cold”. It is given by ensign-bearers every fiesta /coffee may be substituted/.

č’ilim ʔapon, nphr(n type n)1a. skin disease of infants /caused by embarrassment of mother/.

č’ilim teʔ, nphr(n type n)1d. courbaril Hymenea courbaril, #3026(4, 5). Lowland “tree”. The pod is cracked open and the powder inside is licked. It is sold at market by ladinos in San Cristóbal and Tuxtla. It is “cold”.

č’ilob, n1f. frying pan, griddle.

č’ilobil, n1f. cf. č’ilob.

č’ilulan, tv. keep frying or roasting ineffectually.

č’il(2) P or P(2).

č’il-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd)1f. wooden frame /house/.

č’il-teʔ vet, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). ‘fox rib’, orange lantana Lantana glandubsissima, #71(2, 4, 5). Temperate and highland “plant”.

#1753(4, 5). Highland “plantȍ, white lantana Lantana hirta, #1799(1, 4). Highland “tree”. #2260(19). Highland “plant”. As remedy for diarrhea, a small bunch is brewed, and a half cup drunk before breakfast. It is “hot”. #2524(1, 4). Temperate “tree”, lantana Lantana moritziana, #828(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. As a remedy for diarrhea, a handful is brewed and several bowls of the tea are drunk. As a remedy for malaria one bowl is drunk. It is “hot”. Fuschia microphylla ssp. quercetorum, # B9495(5, 5a). (RML)-Probably a misidentification.

č’i‖ č’il-teʔ vet, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). ‘prickly fox rib’, orange lantana Lantana hispida, #2270(3, 4). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta č’il-teʔ vet, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). orange lantana Lantana hispida, #1820(1, 4). Temperate “plant”. #2270(19). Highland “plant”. Lippia chiapensis, #400(1, 3). Highland “tree”.

č’il-teʔil, n(aj & ncpd)3a. rib. inan. poss.; sč’il-teʔal: splint.

č’il-tontik, n(aj & ncpd)5. pebbly place.

č’il vet, nphr(n of n). ‘fox rib’, orange lantana Lantana hispida, #1535(1, 3, 11, 12). Highland “plant”, var., č’ili vet /Čaynatik, Hok’

Č’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/. orange lantana Lantana glandulosissima, #1492(1, 3, 11, 12). Highland “plant” lantana Lantana moritziana, #1949(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”.

eahal č’il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). lantana Lantana moritziana, #2155(7, 11). Temperate “tree”. (11)-The fruit is eaten.

muk’ta č’il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). orange lantana Lantana hispida, #2415(1, 20). Highland “tree”. (20)-It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle.

sakil č’il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). white lantana Lantana hirta, # 1500(11, 12). Highland “plant”, white lantana Lantana achyranthifolia, #1077(1, 3, 5). Temperate “plant”. Lippia cardiostegia, #2153(11). Temperate “tree”.

sakil č’il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). c’ilc’il, aj. ribby.

č’ilet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). smiling all the time.

č’ilet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). c’ilet bakel, vphr(av & n1d). with ribs sticking out.

č’ilet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). cf. č’ilet ʔe.

č’ili vet, nphr(n of n). cf. č’il vet.

č’ilil, aj. ribby, with wooden frame of house visible /house in construction/, bared (teeth of dead animal).

č’ililet bakel, vphr(av & n1d). with ribs sticking out.

č’inin A.

č’inin, aj. itchy.

č’inin e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n). ‘itchy plant’, spot flower Spilanthes ocymifolia, #2899(1, 4). Lowland “plant”.

č’inintik, aj. rather itchy or licentious.

č’ininub, iv. become itchy.

č’ininul, n1a. itchiness, overplayfulness.

sč’ininul smis. lit., the itchiness of her vagina, i.e., her looseness.

hč’inin-ʔat, agn(aj & ncpd)5. loose woman, nymphomaniac, woman who sways hips or laughs frequently, Don Juan.

hčinin-čak, agn(aj & ncpd)5. loose woman, nymphomaniac, woman who sways hips or laughs frequently.

hč’inin-mis, agn(aj & ncpd)S. loose woman, nymphomaniac, woman who sways hips or laughs frequently.

č’ip T.

č’ip ʔav ʔak’al, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). carry censer from house to house (stewards-royal on Thursday morning at fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary in Voʔ-bie).

č’ip ʔol, vphr(tv & n4d). pick up and divert baby (mother).

č’ip ʔual, vphr(tv & n5). dance with chaplets (steward, steward-royal).

č’ip ʔunen, vphr(tv & n5). pick up and divert baby.

č’ip ba, rv. take trip to divert one’s self aimlessly /without buying or selling anything/.

č’ip-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual diversion.

č’ip kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). dance with chaplets (steward, steward-royal).

č’ip mayol, vphr(tv & n5). escort new tithing man to houses of stewards-royal (outgoing tithing man and stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary early Thursday morning at fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary in Voʔ-bie.)

č’ipel, nc. diverting (child).

č’ipet, av. diverting (baby), carrying /censer/.

č’iplabet, av. cf. č’ipet (plu).

č’iplahetik, av. cf. č’ipet (plu).

č’ipob, n1f. toy.

č’ipobil n1f. cf. č’ipob.

č’ipomah, iv. pick up and divert baby.

č’ípteč’ípte, av. walking about diverting /baby/.

č’ipulan, tv. keep diverting.

č’ipulan ba, tv. keep diverting oneself aimlessly.

č’ipulanan baik, rv. keep diverting selves aimlessly.

č’ipvan, iv. divert child.

hč’ipom, agn. person who picks up and diverts baby.

hč’ipomahel, agn. person who picks up and diverts baby.

hč’ipvaneh, agn. person who diverts a child.

č’ir prob O.

č’iriret, av. sizzling (food V3: 6, V3: 7).

č’iš P or P(2).

č’iš, n1a. thorn, spine, quill.

č’iš, nc. handspan, ear of corn, cane /sugarcane/.

čan-č’iš. vara.

vašak-č’iš. armspan.

č’iš(1), n5. hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, #B9271(5, 5a). Highland “tree”. For use, cf. k’at’iš.

č’iš(2), n. see below.

eahal č’iš, nphr(aj & n). thistle Cirsium horridulum, #1751(15, 16). Highland “plant”.

loʔbalal č’iš, nphr(aj & n). ‘edible thorn’, see below.

eahal loʔbalal č’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). thistle Cirsium horridulum, #1192(3). Highland “plant”. The receptacle is eaten in famines. It is “cold”.

loʔbol č’iš, nphr(n type n). ‘fruit thorn’, thistle Cirsium horridulum, #1751(3). Highland “plant”.

sakil č’iš(1), nphr(aj & n). see below.

eahal sakil č’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). thistle Cirsium horridulum, # 1192(1, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Same use as eahal loʔbalal č’iš.

sakil č’iš(2), nphr(aj & n). sweet acacia Acacia farnesiana, #320(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for firewood.

sakil č’ištik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of sweet acacias.

č’iš ʔak’, nphr(n type n). see below.

ʔolnob č’iš ʔak’, nphr(n type nphr/n type n/). ‘ʔolnob thorny vine’, Mimosa pigra, #1111(1, 4). Lowland “vine”.

č’iš ʔalavanuš, cf. ʔalavanuš.

č’iš ʔalavena, cf. ʔalavena.

č’iš ʔaneil ʔeč’, cf. ʔeč’.

č’iš ʔeč’, cf. ʔeč’.

č’iš ʔuč, cf. ʔuč(1).

č’iš eoe, nphr(n type n)1e. short and poor quality wool, inan. poss; sč’iš eaeal.

č’iš e’ul ʔitah, cf. č’u.

č’iš čikario, cf. čikario.

č’iš čikin, nphr(n type n)5. ‘spine ear’, tree alligator lizard Abronia ochoterenai. This lizard is thought to jump down one’s neck and bite. Its bite is considered to be fatal. A tree alligator lizard that crosses one’s path will shorten one’s life span.

č’iš čikin čon, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n)5. cf. č’iš čikin.

č’iš čikin ton, cf. čikin ton.

č’iš č’il-teʔ vet, cf. č’il-teʔ vet.

č’iš hobel, nphr(n type n). ‘spine grass’, robust muhly Muhlenbergia robusta, #763(1, 2). Temperate “plant”. The flower stalks are used for packsaddles. The grass is used for thatching fieldhouses. muhly Muhlenbergia stricta, #1559(1, 3). Temperate “plant”. The grass is used for thatch by Zinacantecs living in the temperate zone. muhly Muhlenbergia sp. cf. emersleyi, #2256(3, 4, 19). Highland “plant”, muhly Muhlenbergia breviligula, #2702(1, 3, 21, 22). Lowland “plant”. (1)-It is used for thatch. Rhynchelytrum roseum, #1078(1, 3, 5). Temperate “plant”.

č’iš hobeltik, nphr(n type n)5. field of č’iš hobel.

ʔik’al č’iš hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Heteropogon contortus, #1655(1, 4). Lowland “plant”.

eahal č’iš hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). giant muhly Muhlenbergia gigantea, #2583(1, 4). Temperate “plant”, muhly Muhlenbergia breviligula, #2702(20). Lowland “plant” It is eaten by mules.

muk’ta č’iš hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). robust muhly Muhlenbergia robusta, #2279(19). Highland “plant”.

č’iš k’ail, cf. k’ail.

č’iš-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with hair standing on end.

č’iš-mahan, aj(aj & Ucpd). unripe (corn) /fifteenth developmental stage just prior to the appearance of ripe ears, also called hayel ʔahan/.

č’iš mana ʔok, cf. mana ʔok.

č’iš mosote, cf. mosote.

č’iš napuš, cf. napuš.

č’iš ničim, nphr(n type n). ‘spike flower’, Mahonia volcania, #388(1, 4). Highland “tree”. It grows in fencerows. Children play with the flowers.

eahal č’iš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). common zinnia Zinnia elegans, #2664(20). Lowland “plant”. Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases.

č’iš patil, nphr(n of n)3d. spine, spinal column.

č’iš pom e’unun, cf. pom e’unun.

č’iš sahoʔ, cf. sahoʔ.

č’iš teʔ, nphr(n type n)1e. box-briar Randia aculeata, #483(1, 2). Highland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. acacia Acacia pennalula, #2666(1, 3, 15, 21). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for firewood.

č’iš teʔaltik, nphr(n type n)5. large grove of č’iš teʔ.

č’iš teʔtik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of č’iš teʔ.

sakil č’iš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). acacia Acacia pennatula, #2666(20). Lowland “tree”. It is used for firewood. The fruit and leaves are eaten by horses.

yašal č’iš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). box-briar Randia aculeata, #2618(20). Temperate “tree”.

č’iš-tot, nphr(aj & ncpd)1e. rufous-collared robin Turdus rufitorques, wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina. They are considered edible. They are “cold”.

ʔik’al č’iš-tot, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/)5. black robin Turdus infuscatus. It is eaten seasoned with mexican tea. It is “cold”. The black robin has a reputation for pulling up seed corn and young corn plants in fields next to woods.

kašlan č’iš-tot, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/)5. clay-colored robin Turdus grayi.

č’iši-vo, cf. vo(2).

č’iš voy č’iš teʔ, cf. voy č’iš teʔ.

č’iša, tv. measure by handspans /meat, wedding cake, clothes/.

č’išaan, tv. measure many things in handspans.

č’išahtik, aj. cf. č’išil /plu/.

č’išal k’ail, cf. k’ail.

č’išal ton, nphr(natt & n)5. ‘pine thorn’, poisonous caterpillar /one highland, one lowland/. To reduce the pain of its sting the caterpillar is killed and its guts are rubbed on the affected part.

č’išal toh e’iʔel, nphr(nphr/natt & n/ type n). yellow indigo bush Dalea lutea var. gigantea, #2421(20). Temperate “plant”.

č’išaltik, aj. rough (stone, earth).

č’išan, tv. make hair stand on end or bristle /with fear or anger/.

č’išeah, iv. stand on end (hair).

č’išč’iš, nc. single ear /corn/ /1 only/.

č’išč’iš, aj. standing on end (hair), tufted, bristly. It is believed that the souls of babies whose hair stands on end will be claimed by the earth lord.

č’išel, aj. standing on end or bristling (hair).

č’išet, av. walking with hair standing on end or bristling.

č’iši, iv. stand on end (hair).

č’išikil, n4f. many ears /corn/.

č’išil, aj. standing on end or bristling (hair, beard) /naturally or with fear/.

č’išil ʔišim, nphr(aj & n)5. ear of corn.

č’išilik, aj. cf. č’išil /plu/.

č’išiš, av. hurrying with hair standing on end or bristling.

č’išlah, av. cf. č’išil (plu).

č’išlahet, av. cf. č’išet (plu).

č’išleh(1), n4f. whole cane /sugar cane/, whole ear /corn/.

č’išleh(2), n1f. standing on end or bristling /hair/.

č’išlehikil, n4f. cf. č’išleh(1) /plu/.

č’íšluh, av. standing on end or bristling suddenly (dog’s or pig’s hair).

č’išp’uh, iv. stand on end or bristle (hair).

č’išp’un, tv. make stand on end or bristle /hair/ (dog).

č’išta, tv. measure by handspan.

č’išta ba, rv. measure self by handspan.

č’išta-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual measuring by handspans.

č’ištaan, tv. measure many things in handspans.

č’ištaob, n1f. hand /for measuring/.

č’ištaobil, n1f. cf. č’ištaob.

č’íšteč’íšte, av. walking about with hair standing on end or bristling.

hč’ištavaneh, agn. ‘people measurer’, inchworm /two varieties; one lowland, one highland/. The lowland variety sometimes ravages the corn fields. It is thought that if an inchworm walks on a child, and so “measures” him, the child will stop growing.

č’it(1) I.

č’it, iv. pop (fire, roasting corn), snap (spark), squirt, splash (water, mud), fail (eyesight) /when k’anal or hč’ul-moʔtik grows on eye, yellow spot on white of eye/.

č’it-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. one-eyed, cross-eyed.

č’itč’it, aj. one-(eyed), cross-(eyed).

č’itebal, n5. moment just before splashing, sparking or popping.

č’itel, aj. one-(eyed), cross-(eyed).

č’ites, tv. splash.

č’itet, av. splashing (diarrhea).

č’itil, aj. one-(eyed), cross-(eyed).

č’ititet, av. splashing (diarrhea), sizzling (food V4: 9).

č’itlah, av. hurrying and splashing (sing or plu).

č’itlahet, av. popping (corn), sparking, splashing, spattering (grease).

č’ítluh, av. splashing, squirting or spattering suddenly, breaking suddenly (egg).

č’ítteč’ítte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking around one-eyed or cross-eyed.

č’itulan, iv. keep splashing or sparking.

č’it(2) P or P(2).

č’itahtik, aj. cf. č’itil /plu/.

č’itč’it, aj. with straw sticking out.

č’itč’it shobelal. with its straw sticking out (scarecrow).

č’itč’on ʔisim, vphr(av & n4d). with up-curled whiskers.

šč’itč’on tal yisim i mole, lit., The old man came with up-curled whiskers, i.e., He came bristling with anger.

č’itil, aj. sticking out (thatch).

č’itil ʔisim, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with hair sticking up through hat /when crown is torn/, with up-curled whiskers.

te č’itil yisim ta tiʔ k’ok’. He or it /cat/ is sitting there by the fireside with up-curled whiskers.

č’itilik, aj. cf. č’itil /plu/.

č’itleh, n1f. bristling (beard).

č’ítteč’ítte, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with up-curled whiskers.

č’it(3) N.

č’it, n. Xylosma albidum, #2693(15, 22). Lowland “tree”.

ʔit’iš č’it, nphr(n4f of n5). ‘false č’it’, laughlin’s stopper Eugenia laughlinii, #1070(1, 3, 5). Lowland and highland “tree”. (RML)-Its use is a mystery.

vietikal č’it, nphr(natt & n). ‘temperate č’it, brush cherry Eugenia acapulcensis, #2142(7). Temperate “tree”

yašal č’it, nphr(aj & n). Xylosma albidum, #2693(20). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for hoe handles, fence posts, and firewood.

č’it teʔ, nphr(n type n). brush cherry Eugenia acapulcensis, #1118(1, 4). Lowland “tree“. The trunk is used for fieldhouse mainposts, fence rails, hoe and axe handles, and loom rods. Eugenia carranzae, # 1632(1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 14). Lowland “tree” Same use as above, also for billhook handles and digging sticks.

č’ituriʔ N.

č’ituriʔ, n5. great kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus, vermilion-crowned flycatcher Myiozetes similis, boat-billed flycatcher Megarhyncus pitangua, western kingbird Tyrannus verticalis, tropical kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus. cf. pahal pit.

č’iv(1) P or P(2).

č’ivan ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d). wrinkle nose and show teeth.

č’ivan niʔ, vphr(tv & n4d). wrinkle nose and show teeth.

č’ivč’iv, aj. with nose wrinkled and teeth showing /laughing/.

č’ivet k’ob, vphr(av & n4d). with fingers widespread.

č’ivet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). with nose wrinkled and teeth showing /laughing, in anger/.

č’ivil, aj. cold and dry (nixtamal).

č’ivil ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with nose wrinkled and teeth showing /laughing, in anger/, with teeth bared (dead dog).

č’ivil niʔ, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with nose wrinkled and teeth showing /laughing, in anger/, with teeth bared /dead dog/.

č’ivivet, av. wrinkling nose and showing teeth suddenly.

č’ivleh, n1f. cold and dry (nixtamal), wrinkling nose and showing teeth.

č’ívluh, av. wrinkling nose and showing teeth suddenly.

č’ívteč’ívte, av. walking about wrinkling nose and showing teeth.

č’iv(2) prob O.

č’ivč’on, av. cheeping (chick), twittering.

č’ivč’onah, iv. cheep, chirp.

č’ivlah, av. hurrying and cheeping (plu).

č’ivlahet, av. cf. č’ivč’on (plu).

č’ivlahetik, av. cf. č’ivč’on (plu).

č’ívteč’ívte, av. walking about cheeping.

k’anal č’ivil mut, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. ‘yellow twittering bird’, black-headed siskin Spinus notatus. cf. č’ikč’ik, k’anal e’irin mut.

č’ivit N.

č’ivit, n5. market.

č’ivital voʔ, nphr(natt & n)5. cane liquor or chicha given by fiancé to fiancée’s family preferably on second day of large fiesta.

hč’ivitahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from market.

č’o N.

č’o, n1e. mouse, rat /general term/, inan. poss; sč’oal or sč’aal. One should not eat the leavings of a mouse lest, subsequently, he be slandered. /cf. Florentine Codex, book 5, appendix, chap 28/.

eahal č’o, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. hp’itueh-be č’o.

čitom č’o, nphr(n type n)1d. ‘pig rat’, hispid cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus saluratus. A highland, temperate, and lowland rat that is trapped with deadweights. It is eaten, seasoned with coriander. It is “hot.”

čuč č’o, nphr(n type n)1a. ‘squirrel rat’, chiapan climbing rat Tylomys bullaris. A highland and temperate rat that is trapped with deadweights. It is eaten, seasoned with coriander. It is “hot”. Its skin is stuffed and tossed about by the spooks at the fiesta of St. Sebastian.

hlut’ieh-be č’o, nphr(agn/vn & ncpd/ type n)5. ‘path-jumper mouse’, shrew Sorex sp., Cryptotis sp..

hp’itueh-be i’o, nphr(agn/vn & ncpd/ type n)5. ‘path jumper mouse’, shrew Sorex sp,, Cryptotis sp.. The shrew is not considered edible. When it grows old, it is believed to try to jump back and forth across a path four times. If it succeeds it will be transformed into a vampire bat and fly away. If it fails it will drop dead. It is reputed to eat corn.

karánsa č’o, nphr(n type n)5. ‘Carranza rat’, black rat Rattus rattus /cf. merikáno č’o/.

lumtikil č’o, nphr(natt & n)5. ‘ground mouse’, house mouse Mus musculus. The house mouse is not considered edible, but its blood is drunk or rubbed on the neck of a child with whooping cough. It is “hot”.

merikáno č’o, nphr(aj & n)1e. ‘american rat’, black rat Rattus rattus /cf. karánsa č’o/. The black rat is not considered edible. It is said to have appeared first during the revolution. It is the rodent most destructive to clothing and corn.

pepen č’o, nphr(n type n)5. ‘butterfly mouse’, vampire bat Desmodus rotundas.

tontikil č’o, nphr(natt & n)5. ‘rock rat’, cf. čitom č’o, čuč č’o, sak-ʔeoval.

č’o ʔišim, nphr(n type n)5. corn ear with corn silk wrapped entirely around it.

č’oʔ prob O.

č’oʔč’on, av. rumbling or growling (stomach).

č’oʔet, av. rumbling or growling (stomach).

č’oʔlahet, av. rumbling or growling (stomach).

č’óʔlih, av. rumbling or growling suddenly (stomach).

č’oʔoʔet, av. rumbling or growling (stomach).

č’óʔteč’óʔte č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with rumbling or growling stomach.

č’ob(1) P or P(2).

č’ob, nc. torch, falling star, st. elmo’s fire.

č’obantik, aj. with torches distant from each other.

č’obč’ob, nc. single torch /1 only/.

č’obet ton, vphr(av & n4d). moving with torch.

č’oblah, av. cf. č’obob (plu).

č’oblahet toh, vphr(av & n4d). cf. č’obet toh (plu).

č’óblih, av. appearing suddenly with torch.

č’obob, av. hurrying with torch.

č’obobet, av. moving with large torch, running with torch.

č’obokil, n4f. many torches.

č’óbteč’óbte, av. searching about with torch.

č’ob(2) P.

č’obahtik, aj. sprawled on side or back /plu/.

č’oban ba, rv. sprawl on side or back.

č’obč’ob, aj. narrow (entrance), incurved (lips), narrow-mouthed (jug).

č’obč’on, av. moving rump back and forth (drunk trying to stand up).

č’obel ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with incurved lips.

č’obet čak, vphr(av & n4d). moving rump back and forth (drunk trying to stand up).

č’obleh, n1f. sprawled on side or back.

č’obol, aj. narrow (entrance), incurved (lips), narrow-mouthed (jug).

lek č’obol švinah. The pucker is clearly visible /woman sitting immodestly/.

č’obol sčak. His ass is puckered /drunk sprawled on the ground/.

č’obolik, aj. sprawled on side or back /plu/.

č’ob(3)

č’ob, fast. cf. č’ab.

č’oč’om A.

č’oč’omta, tv. riddle, drill repeatedly (acorn woodpecker).

č’oč’omtaobil, n4f. red hot wire used to make holes in gourd sieve.

č’oč’omtik, aj. riddled with holes (gourd, sieve, clothes, wood, tree).

č’oh T(2).

č’oih, tv. dig hole, perforate /wood, clothes, rocks, leather sieve, coin for chaplet/.

č’oh, iv. be perforated.

č’oh, nc. In reference to: hole, door, window, tear, wound.

č’ohahtik, aj. cf. č’ohol /plu/.

č’ohan, tv. dig holes /for posts/.

č’ohan ba, rv. open one’s ass /farting/, offer self (woman).

č’ohanan, tv. cf. č’ohan.

č’óhanč’óhan, tv. perforate one after another, dig one hole after another.

č’óhanč’óhanan, tv. cf. č’óhanč’óhan.

č’ohantik, aj. with holes spaced far apart.

č’ohbe sat, vphr(tv & n4f). perforate.

č’ohbenal, n1f. perforation, hole.

č’ohč’oh, nc. single hole /1 only/.

č’ohč’oh, aj. tall (building, cliff), perforated.

č’ohč’oh helavel k’al hot. perforated all the way through.

č’ohč’oh voʔ shallow well.

č’ohč’oh, n5. small window.

č’óhč’óhte čak, vphr(av & n4d). running here and there with anus showing (dog searching for rabbit).

č’ohč’on čak, vphr(av & n4d). with anus showing (dog).

č’ohel, nc. perforating.

č’ohet čak, vphr(av & n4d). with anus showing (child playing, drunk).

č’ohilan, tv. keep perforating.

č’ohilanan, tv. keep perforating in many places.

č’ohilananbe sat, vphr(tv & n4f). keep perforating in many places.

č’ohilanbe sat, vphr(tv & n4f). keep perforating.

č’ohlah, av. hurrying with anus showing (heavily burdened mules).

č’ohlahet, av. lying sprawled on back or side (plu).

č’ohobil teʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). drill.

č’ohobil ton, nphr(n of n)5. crowbar, pneumatic drill.

č’ohokil, n4f. many holes /clothing/.

č’ohol, aj. open (door, window, grave), perforated, with open wound, lying sprawled on back or side.

ʔošib k’ak’al č’ohol sč’enal. Its grave is open for three days /referring to the first three days of a baby’s life that are considered especially dangerous/.

č’oholik, aj. cf. č’ohol /plu/.

č’ohon N.

č’ohon, n1a. rope /archaic/.

č’ohon tak’in, nphr(n & aj)1d. telephone, telephone line.

č’ahnu, tv. make rope or twine.

č’ahnul, n4f. rope /for binding prisoner, leashing dog, or tying firewood/.

č’ok N.

č’ok, n3a. wart.

č’okil, n4d. wart.

č’ol T(2).

č’ol, tv. plant /beans/, pour into bag, storage pot or bin /corn, beans/, pour into bottle /liquid/.

č’ol, iv. be planted (beans), be poured into bag or storage pot or bin (corn, beans), be poured into bottle (liquid).

č’olahtik, aj. cf. č’olol /plu/.

č’olan, tv. pour into containers /com, liquid, beans/.

č’olanan, tv. cf. č’olan.

č’ólanč’ólan, tv. pour one after another.

č’ólanč’ólanan, tv. cf. č’ólanč’ólan.

č’olč’on, av. pouring out (diarrhea or urine of very sick person).

č’olebal, n5. moment just before pouring /cane liquor/, planting /beans/.

č’olet, av. pouring.

č’olilan, tv. keep pouring.

č’otilanan, tv. keep pouring /plu/.

č’ollahet, av. pouring in many places (rivulets).

č’ollahctik, av. cf. č’ollahet.

č’óllih, av. running in suddenly (fugitive, cat).

č’olob, n1f. cup or gourd for pouring.

č’olobil, n1f. cf. č’olob.

č’olol, aj. poured.

č’olol yalel, av. pouring down (water).

č’ololet, av. pouring in great quantities.

č’ololik, aj. cf. č’olol /plu/.

č’olomah, iv. pour into bottle /cane liquor/, plant /beans/.

č’ólteč’ólte, av. pouring in one place after another (rivulets).

hč’ol-voʔ, agn(tv & ncpd). tapster or bottle-filler; woman who pours cane liquor from jugs into bottles for elders, ensign-bearers /St. Lawrence, St. Dominic, St. Anthony, the Trinity/, stewards-royal, publicans, stewards when entering and leaving office, or when venerating their coffers; for groom at petition, formal entrance into bride’s home, and wedding.

č’oliv N.

č’oliv, n1a. imperial dahlia Dahlia imperialis, #2244(19). Highland “plant”. For use, see bae’i č’oliv.

č’olivaltik, n5. large expanse of dahlias.

č’olivtik, n5. expanse of dahlias.

bae’i č’oliv, nphr(aj & n). imperial dahlia Dahlia imperialis, #1795(1, 4), #2244(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. Men gather the flowers to decorate the graves on All Souls’ Day. A bunch of imperial dahlias, geraniums, and aztec marigolds is tied to each cross.

eahal č’oliv, nphr(aj & n). red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #1488(11, 12), #2076(17). Highland “plant”. (11)-A bunch of the flowers is used to decorate graves on All Souls’ Day. #2105(11, 14). Temperate “plant”, dahlia Dahlia australis var. chiapensis, #2456(20). Highland “plant”. It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle, bracelet-wood Jacquinea aurantiaca, #1940(16, 17). Temperate “plant”. (RML)- Probably a misidentification.

k’oš eahal č’oliv, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #2076(3, 4). Highland “plant”.

k’anal č’oliv, nphr(aj & n). red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #1757(15). Highland “plant”.

k’oš k’anal č’oliv, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #2267(19). Highland “plant”.

k’os č’oliv, nphr(aj & n). dahlia Dahlia australis var. chiapensis, #2255(3, 4), #2456(1). Highland “plant”.

teʔtikal č’oliv, nphr(natt & n). ‘wild dahlia’, red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #1426(10). Highland “plant”.

č’oliv čih, nphr(n of n). ‘deer dahlia’ or ‘sheep dahlia’, red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #2105(7). Temperate “plant”.

č’om N.

č’omil, n5. ritual aid.

t šibat ta č’omil. I am going to assist ritually /infr/.

hč’om-na, agn(rv & ncpd). person who borrows or rents another’s house.

hč’omil, agn. ritual assistant /of religious officials or of family of sick person prior to shaman’s arrival/, an. poss.; -ahč’om.

ʔoc ta č’om, vphr(iv & prep & n5). become indebted.

č’amun, tv. borrow. Ritual speech; cf. maki.

hč’amun ak’ob. Lend me a hand.

hč’amun avob. Play a tune for us.

Polite speech; hč’amun ave, hč’amun atiʔ Would you pass on a message?

č’amun na, vphr(tv & n1d). stay at another’s house /overnight or for several days/.

č’amun ʔolon čob, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). plant one’s beans in another person’s corn field.

č’amunan, tv. borrow /plu/.

č’amunanan, tv. cf. č’amunan.

č’ámunč’ámunan, tv. borrow one after another.

č’amunel, vn5. ritual aid.

t šibat ta č’amunel. I am going to assist ritually.

č’op T.

č’op, tv. dip fingers into /food, vagina/.

č’op ba, rv. dip fingers into (woman in vagina), sit idly with hands in lap.

č’opan, tv. dip fingers into one after another /containers/ (child).

č’opanan, tv. cf. č’opan.

č’ópanč’ópan, tv. dip fingers into containers of /water, corn gruel, etc./.

č’opč’on, av. dipping fingers into.

č’opet, av. with hands in pocket.

č’opilan, tv. keep dipping fingers into /sexual intercourse/.

č’opilanan, tv. keep dipping fingers into containers /water/.

č’oplahet, av. cf. č’opč’on (plu), č’opet (plu).

č’óplahetik, av. cf. č’opč’on (plu), cf. č’opet (plu).

č’óplih, av. dipping fingers in suddenly /searching in pockets or net/.

č’ópteč’ópte, av. dipping fingers into one after another.

č’or prob O.

č’orč’on, av. dribbling (water).

č’orlahet, av. cf. č’orč’on (plu).

č’oror, av. dribbling.

č’ororet, av. dribbling.

č’órteč’órte, av. streaming here and there.

č’ot P or P(2).

č’otahtik sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. č’otol sat /plu/.

č’otč’ot, aj. cf. č’otol.

č’otet, av. hoeing randomly, peeling, chipping at.

č’otet sat, vphr(av & n4d). scrutinizing, examining.

č’oti, tv. peck out piece of /corn on cob, squash/ (chicken), chip off, shell /fresh corn with fingers/.

č’otilan, tv. keep hoeing /archaic/, chipping at /wood/, shelling /fresh corn/, pecking at /squash/.

č’otilanan, tv. keep shelling /ears of corn/.

č’otlahet, av. cf. č’otet (plu).

č’otlahetik, av. cf. č’otlahet (plu).

č’otol sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). peering out (prisoner through bars), scrutinizing, examining.

č’otolik sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. č’otol sat /plu/.

č’óttč’ótte sat, vphr(av & n4d). scrutinizing or examining here and there.

č’u A.

č’ul_______, aj(aj & ncpd) or aj(aj & tvcpd). sacred, divine, holy.

č’ul-ʔabolah, iv(aj & ivcpd). do a great favor.

č’ul-ʔabulah, iv(aj & ivcpd). cf. č’ul-ʔabolah.

č’ul-ʔanhel, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, shaman praying at house, Holy Cross or corn field ceremony; term of address to earth lord; holy angel. č’ul-rey, č’ul-ʔanhel, č’ul-čon, č’ul-čauk. Holy king, holy angel, holy serpent, holy thunderbolt.

č’ul-ʔolil, n(aj & ncpd)3d. woman’s godchild.

č’ul-ʔuč’ebal, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, prayer; lit., holy drinking place, i.e., fireside

čul-čauk, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, term of address to earth lord; holy thunderbolt, cf. č’ul-ʔanhel.

č’ul-čiʔilil, n(aj & ncpd)3d. compadre.

č’ul-čon, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, term of address to earth lord; holy serpent, cf. č’ul-ʔanhel.

č’ul-č’amalil, n(aj & ncpd)3d. man’s godchild.

č’ul-č’ohon, n(aj & ncpd) Id. priest’s sash.

č’ul-kantela, n(aj & ncpd)5. ceremony for the completion of a new house.

č’ul-k’an, tv(aj & tvcpd). ask a great favor.

č’ul-k’opon, tv(aj & tvcpd). speak softly /to horse to calm it/, speak formally, ask a favor.

č’ul-meʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. godmother /term of address/.

č’ul-meʔil, n(aj & ncpd)3d. godmother.

č’ul-meʔin, tv(aj & tvcpd). become a godmother.

č’ul-meʔtik ta sat, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/5 & prep & n5). yellow or white spot in vision.

č’ul-no, n(aj & ncpd)1d. cotton thread dipped in agua florida and used to clean the crucified Christ on Wednesday of Holy Week.

č’ul-rey, n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech, term of address to earth lord; holy king. cf. č’ul-ʔanhel.

č’ul-tot, n(aj & ncpd)5. godfather /term of address/.

č’ul-totil, n(aj & ncpd)3d. godfather.

č’ul-totin, tv(aj & tvcpd). become a godfather.

č’ul-veʔebal n(aj & ncpd)5. Ritual speech prayer; lit., holy eating place, i.e., fireside.

č’ul-vinahel n(aj & ncpd)5. shrine.

t šibat ta ʔošib č’ul-vinahel. lit.: I am going to three holy heavens, i.e., I am going to three shrines /in curing ceremony/.

č’ulel, n4d. soul /of everything naturally created, and of manufactured objects that have been used and so receive soul of owner/, dream.

ta hč’ulel in my dream.

t šbat sč’ulel ta vinahel. His soul goes to heaven /soul of shaman or spiritualist when dreaming/.

mi muk’ ač’ulel. Haven’t you any sense?

Scolding speech, referring to shaman or midwife who has misbehaved; ʔoy sč’ulel. He is evil.

Ritual speech, prayer referring to witch, or Denunciatory speech referring to parent who refuses prospective fiancá’s petition; ʔoy sč’ulel ʔoy yoʔon. lit. He has a soul, he has a heart, i.e. He is evil and hard-hearted.

č’ulelah, iv. dream.

č’ulelal(1), n5. ghost /dead person/. At death a person’s spirit is believed to depart from the body in the form of a fly.

č’ulelal(2), n1d. mexican savory. See below.

č’ulelal ničim, nphr(n type n). ‘ghost flower’, mexican savory Satureja mexicana, #679(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. It is sold by Chamulas and the people of Chenalho at market in San Cristóbal. It is bought by Zinacantecs. The tender shoots are brewed as a substitute for coffee. The tea is drunk by a woman in labor pains. As a remedy for mahbenal, a small cup is drunk for three days. It is “hot”. (5)-The tea is drunk for stomachache /k’uš ʔoʔonil/. It is “medium”, cf. k’oš habnal, lula.

č’ulelal poš, nphr(n type n)5. ‘ghost medicine’, see č’ulelal ničim.

č’ulelta, tv. dream about

č’uleltaan, tv. dream many times about /women/.

hč’ul-meʔtik, agn(aj & ncpd)5. virgin /female saint/, moon, steward of Our Lady of the Rosary. The moon is believed to be the mother of the sun. She can be seen kneeling on the moon’s surface. In proper feminine fashion, she walks behind the sun. If the horns of the moon point to the south, this is thought to forecast rain, but if the horns point upwards no rain will fall.

hč’ul-meʔtik ʔAneansyon, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of the Assumption /in Ixtapa/.

hč’ul-meʔtik Fatima, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of Fatima /in Naben Čauk/.

hč’ul-meʔtik Kantelaria, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Purification of the Virgin /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-meʔtik Karmen, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of Carmel /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-meʔtik Katal, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Catherine /in the Church of St. Sebastian/.

hč’ul-meʔtik Lolor, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. cf. hč’ul-meʔtik Lolores.

hč’ul-meʔtik Lolores, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of Sorrows /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-meʔtik Malalena, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Mary Magdalen /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-meʔtik Nativirat, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of the Nativity /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-meʔtik Paškuʔ, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Virgin Mary /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-meʔtik Purisima, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-meʔtik Purisma, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. cf. hč’ul-meʔtik Purisima.

hč’ul-meʔtik Rosario, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of the Rosary /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, two in Voʔ-bie./

hč’ul-meʔtik Santa-roša., agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Rose /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence, in Voʔ-bie./

hč’ul-meʔtik Teresa, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Teresa /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-meʔtik Valalupa, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lady of Guadalupe/picture in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, picture and image in church of Naben Čauk, image in church of ʔApas/.

hč’ul-totik, agn(aj & ncpd)5. male saint, sun.

hč’ul-totik ʔAvanhelio, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Gospel Cross /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik ʔIe’inal Korason, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/)5.

Sacred Heart /small image in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik ʔIe’inal Martil, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/)5. St. Sebastian /small image in the Church of St. Sebastian/.

hč’ul-totik ʔIe’inal San-torenso, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/aj & ncpd/). St. Lawrence /small image in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik ʔIe’inal Santo Rominko, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/ aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. St. Dominic /small image in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik ʔIskipula, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Our Lord of Esquípulas /in Chapel of Our Lord of Esquípulas, picture and two images in ʔApas/.

hč’ul-totik ʔOʔlol San-torenso, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Lawrence /medium-sized image in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik Bankilal Korason, Sacred Heart /large image in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik Hasinto, St. Hyacinth /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik Hmanvaneh, Christ in the Holy Sepulchre /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik Kartil, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Sebastian /picture in house of grand alcalde/.

hč’ul-totik Korason, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Sacred Heart /picture in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, image and picture in Naben Čauk/.

hč’ul-totik Kristo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Christ /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, and two images in side chapel/.

hč’ul-totik Krus ʔAvanhelio, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/n of n/)5. cf. hč’ul-totik ʔAvanhelio.

hč’ul-totik Martil, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Sebastian /large image in the Church of St. Sebastian, cf. hč’ul-totik kartil/.

hč’ul-totik Nasareno, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Jesus of Nazareth /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence, in the Church of St. Sebastian/.

hč’ul-totik Ninyo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Christ Child /two images in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence./

hč’ul-totik Papyan, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Fabian /in the Church of St. Sebastian/.

hč’ul-totik Rehirol, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. The Risen Jesus /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik Sam-poro Martil, agn: nphr(n/aj & n/ type nphr/n/aj & ncpd/ & n/)5. St. Peter Martyr /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik Sakramentu, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. The Holy Sacrament /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik San-antonyo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Anthony /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, in Voʔ-bie/.

St. Anthony is believed to be the guardian of domestic animals.

hč’ul-totik San-hose, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Joseph /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik San-hwan, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. John /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/. St. John is considered to be the patron saint of musical instruments, having taught his children, the Chamulas, to make harps and guitars.

hč’ul-totik San-martin, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Martin of Porras /in churches of ʔApas and Naben Čauk/.

hč’ul-totik San-matyo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Matthew /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik San-pegro, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Peter /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik San-torenso, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5. St. Lawrence /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, image and picture in the Church of St. Sebastian, picture in Chapel of Our Lord of Esquipulas/. To end a drought the hands of the image of St. Lawrence may be washed, but if his arms are washed it is believed that the people will be drowned by a flood.

hč’ul-totik Santo Rominko, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/)5. St. Dominic /image in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, picture in the Church of St. Sebastian/.

hč’ul-totik Santoario, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Our Lord of the Sanctuary /picture in the church of ʔApas/.

hč’ul-totik Sepetura, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Christ in the Holy Sepulchre /in the Church of St. Sebastian/.

hč’ul-totik ta Pila, Christ at the Column /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik Trinirat, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. Holy Trinity /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/.

hč’ul-totik T’ent’en, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Teponaxtle /in ʔElan Voʔ/.

č’ut-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd). ‘belly tree’ or most probably derived from č’ul-teʔ, ‘holy tree’, Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata, #3014(11). Lowland “tree”. It is used for benches, lamp stands, shelves, chairs, tables, doors, coffers, crosses, rifle stocks, and grain measures. (5)-An unattested variety is believed to be a god, because of its aroma. The wood is used for saints, crosses, and coffers. (4)-It is also used for saints, drums, and crosses.

č’ut-teʔtik, n(aj & ncpd). grove of Spanish cedars.

¢ahal č’ut-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata, #3015(1, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”. For use, see č’ut-teʔ.

sakil č’ut-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata, #3014(1, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”. For use, see č’ut-teʔ.

kampana č’ulelal, nphr(n type n). ‘bell ghost’, Escobedia guatemalensis, # 1382(7). Temperate “plant”.

¢’uiltas, tv. sprinkle with holy water (priest).

¢’uiltasan, tv. sprinkle many times with holy water (priest).

¢’uiltasbil voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. holy water.

¢’uiltasel, vn5. asperges.

¢’uiltasvan, iv. sprinkle person with holy water (priest).

¢’ul ʔitah, nphr(x type n)1a. ‘blessed greens?’, princess feather Amaranthus hybridus, #1416(7), #1444(10), #1719(15, 16), #2195(19), #2393(20). Highland “plant”. (20)-The greens are eaten, boiled, when tender. They are sold by Chamulas at market in San Cristóbal. (19)-The root must be removed before boiling, var., ¢’uil ʔitah /ʔApas, ʔElan Voʔ, Čaynatik, Pasteʔ, Voʔ-bi¢/.

¢’ul ʔitahtik, nphr(x type n)5. expanse of ¢’ul ʔitah.

¢ahal ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). princess feather Amaranthus hybridus, #610(1, 4), #1416(3), #1719(3), #2395(3, 4, 20). Highland “plant”. #2701(1, 3, 15, 20, 21). Lowland “plant”. Same use as sakil ¢’ul ʔitah. amaranth Amaranthus scariosus, #255(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”. It grows in corn fields.

č’iš ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). ‘spiny ¢’ul ʔitah’, princess feather Amaranthus hybridus, #2043(17). Highland “plant”.

č’išal ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). ‘spiny ¢’ul ʔitah’, princess feather Amaranthus hybridus, #2043(18). Highland “plant”.

¢ahal č’iš ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). spiny amaranth Amaranthus spinosus, #855(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”.

princess feather Amaranthus hybridus, #2044(3, 17). Highland “plant”.

sakil č’iš ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). spiny amaranth Amaranthus spinosus, #1284(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”.

sakil ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). princess feather Amaranthus hybridus, #1444(3, 5), #2043(3), #2195(1, 3, 4), #2393(3, 4). Highland “plant”. It grows in the corn fields. The tips are gathered by women and children and are boiled with chili and salt. It is “cold”. It is sold in the market. #2699(1, 3, 15, 20). Lowland “plant” Same use as above.

tan ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). ‘ashen ¢’ul ʔitah’, nettle-leaved goose foot Chenopodium murale, #733(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. The greens are boiled and eaten. They are “cold”. They are sold at market.

č’ub N.

č’ub, n5. churchyard.

č’uba, tv. tidy up /house, yard/, empty /house/.

č’uba ba, rv. remove all one’s possessions from house.

č’ubaan, tv. tidy up thoroughly /house, yard/.

č’ubaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd). removal of all one’s possessions from house.

č’ubah, iv. tidy up /house, yard/, empty house.

č’ubahel, vn. snatched up and put away.

toh č’ubahel ta ʔora ti k’usuk yuʔunike. Their things were snatched up and put away.

č’uč’(1) N.

č’uč’, n1d. edible canna Canna edulis, #19(1, 3, 4), #1024(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. It is grown by a very few Zinacantecs in their yards. The tubers are planted in the rainy season. The leaves are sold to butchers in San Cristóbal. Two or three leaves are required to wrap a kilo of meat. Half a leaf is needed for chitlings. Five or six leaves are gathered by the wife of a ritual assistant to wrap the chicken meat that is presented to a shaman after a curing ceremony. The leaves are sold to tamale merchants in San Cristóbal. They are used to wrap fresh bean tamales /pitavul/. When a man goes to the lowlands his wife wraps a lump of posol dough in four large leaves or six small leaves and ties them with a strip of palm. Fifteen to twenty seeds are placed in a rattle, before the handle is affixed. The flowers are children’s play-things, arrowroot Maranta arundinacea, #2009(16, 17). Lowland “plant”.

č’uč’tik, n5. expanse of edible canna or arrowroot.

¢ahal č’uč’, nphr(aj & n). see below.

k’oš ¢ahal č’uč’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). edible canna Canna edulis, #580(1, 3), #2199(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. For use, see č’uč’.

k’oš č’uč’, nphr(aj & n). arrowroot Maranta arundinacea, #1127(1, 4), #1605(1, 3). Temperate “plant”. #2009(1, 3, 4). Lowland “plant”, edible canna Canna edulis, #2199(19). Highland “plant”.

sakil č’uč’, nphr(aj & n). arrowroot Maranta arundinacea, #1605(11, 12). Temperate “plant”.

č’uč’(2) N.

č’uč’, n1e. tadpole.

č’uč’ul A.

č’uč’ul, aj. in small pieces (tortilla, paper, glass), in chips (wood, stone), in shards, in small change (money).

č’uč’ul h’ik’al, nphr(aj & agn)5. young boys who dress up as spooks during Carnival.

č’uč’ulibtas, tv. crumble, shatter.

č’uč’ulil, n4f. grains /salt, sugar/, shard, chip /wood, stone/, confetti.

č’uč’ulta, tv. crumble, shatter, chop into pieces.

č’uč’ultaan, tv. shatter /pots/ (drunk).

č’uč’ultas, tv. crumble, shatter.

č’uč’ultasan, tv. shatter /pots/ (drunk)

č’uč’ultasobil, n4f. rock used to smash something.

č‘uč’ultik, aj. in rather small pieces, chips, shards or change.

č’uh N.

č’uh, n1a. red powdered dye formerly used for sashes.

č’ul T(2).

č’ul, tv. plane or smooth /wood/, polish, dress /tree/.

č’ul, iv. be planed /wood/, be polished, be trimmed /fallen tree/.

č’ul ba, rv. become polished or smooth, become beautiful /girl/.

č’ulan, tv. plane or polish /handles/.

č’ulanan, tv. cf. č’ulan.

č’úlanč’úlan k’ob, vphr(tv & n4f). lop off one branch after another.

č’úlanč’úlanan k’ob, vphr(tv & n4f). cf. č’úlanč’ulan k’ob.

č’ulbe k’ob, vphr(tv & n4f). lop off branches.

č’uleah, iv. become polished or smooth, become beautiful /girl/.

č’ulean, tv. plane.

č‘ulč’on, av. lopping off branches ineffectually.

č’ulč’on be, vphr(av & n4d). leaving a trail behind (robber, animal), making well-worn path.

č’ulel, nc. planing.

č’ulet, av. glossy and fat (horse).

č’ulet be, vphr(av & n4d). leaving a trail behind (robber, animal), making well-worn path.

č’uletik, av. cf. č’ulet (plu.)

č’ulilan, tv. keep planing or smoothing.

č’ulilanan, tv. keep planing or smoothing (plu.)

č’ulilananbe k’ob, vphr(tv & n4f). cf. č’ulilanbe k’ob.

č’ulilanbe k’ob, vphr(tv & n4f). keep lopping off branches.

č’ulk’ih, iv. slip.

č’ullahet be, vphr(av & n4d). cf. č’ulč’on be.

č’ullahetik, av. cf. č’ulč’on (plu.)

č’ullih, av. slipping or slipping suddenly.

č’ulob teʔ nphr(n1f of n1d). instrument for planing or smoothing /axe, machete/.

č’ulobil teʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. č’ulob teʔ

č’ulp’ih, iv. cf. č’ulk’ih.

č’últeč’últe, av. making well-worn paths here and there.

č’ulul, av. slipping or sliding a great distance.

č’ulul, aj. slippery, smooth.

č’ulul ʔanal čikin-ib, cf. čikin-ib.

č’ulul ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ‘smooth-leaved tree’, shrub groundsel Senecio uspantanensis, #535(2, 5). Temperate “tree”. sumac Rhus schiedeana, #1401(9). Highland “tree”, rapanea Rapanea myricoides, #2783(1, 4). Temperate “tree” Ardisia escallonioides, #2686(20, 21). Lowland “tree” (20)-The trunk is used for hoe and billhook handles, digging sticks, fence posts, and firewood. Drimys granadensis var. mexicana, #1029(1, 3, 5). Highland “tree”.

č’ulul lima, cf. lima.

č’ulul mustisya, cf. mustisya.

č’ulul pat čon, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. whirligig beetle, water scavenger beetle.

č’ulul pat naranha, cf. naranha.

č’ululet, av. planing continuously.

č’ululib, iv. become slippery.

č’ululibtas, tv. make slippery, polish, plane.

č’ululibtasvan, iv. make slippery for person /path/ (rain).

hč’ululibtasvaneh, agn. person-shiner /rain, brilliantine/.

č’um N.

č’um, n1a. cushaw. It is planted between the tenth and the fifteenth of May. One or two seeds are placed in the same hole as the seed corn, or four to six seeds are planted between the corn. The harvest is in November and December. The flowers and tender shoots are boiled and eaten by the workers in the corn fields. They are “cold”. The young cushaws are boiled, seasoned with salt, coriander, and mint. They are “cold”. Ripe cushaws are buried and roasted or boiled with brown sugar. They are “hot”. During the Posadas each steward must provide between fifteen and thirty squashes. They may be cushaws or watermelon squashes. These are boiled with brown sugar and three shot glassfuls of cane liquor. They are eaten by the stewards every morning, during the Posadas, in front of the church of St. Lawrence. Each morning they present a bowlful to the civil authorities. Cushaws and cushaw seeds are sold at market in San Cristóbal.

č’umaltik, n5. large field of cushaws.

č’umč’umaltik, n5. large field of cushaws.

č’umtik, n5. field of cushaws.

ʔak’ č’um, nphr(n4e of n5). ‘cushaw vine’, cushaw Cucurbita moschata, #266(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine” For use, see č’um.

čak’ č’umtik, nphr(n4e of n5). field of cushaws.

korneta č’um, nphr(n type n). ‘comet cushaw’, cushaw Cucurbita moschata, #1992(3). Lowland “vine” (RML)-This is a crook-necked variety. For use, see č’um.

mail č’um, nphr(n type n)5. cushaw fruit shaped like a watermelon squash.

sk’un č’um, nphr(n type n). ‘soft cushaw’, cushaw Cucurbita moschata, #2022(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Lowland vine“. For use, see č’um.

sk’un-pat č’um, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). ‘soft-skinned cushaw’, cushaw Cucurbita moschata, # B14256(5). Lowland “vine”. For use, see č’um.

te’vpat č’um, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ‘hard-skinned cushaw’, cushaw Cucurbita moschata, #B14255(5). Lowland “vine”. For use, see č’um.

č’um-teʔ, n(n & ncpd)1a. chayote Sechium edule, # 1476(11, 12). Highland “vine”.

č’um-teʔaltik, n(n & ncpd)5. large expanse of chayote vines.

č’um-te’ʔtik, n(n & ncpd)5. expanse of chayote vines.

eop-č’um-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd/n & ncpd/). ‘furry chayote’, see below.

sakil eop-č’um-teʔ, nphr: aj & n(aj & ncpd/n & ncpd/). chayote Sechium edule, #2722(1, 4). Highland “vine” Same use as t’araš č’um-teʔ.

yašal eop-č’um-teʔ, nphr: aj & n(aj & ncpd/n & ncpd/). chayote Sechium edule, #2773(1, 4). Highland “vine” Same use as t’araš č’um-tei.

sakil č’um-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). see below.

k’oš sakil č’um-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). chayote Sechium edule, #2721(1, 4). Highland “vine” It is grown by few Zinacantecs. The seeds are planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The harvest is in November. The fruit is sold at market. It is eaten, boiled. It is “cold”.

muk’ta sakil č’um-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). chayote Sechium edule, #2712(1, 4). Highland “vine”. It is planted in April and harvested in November or planted at Christmastime and harvested in August. Six seeds are planted to a hole. The fruit is sold at market. It is “cold”.

t’araš č’um-te’), nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). ‘spineless chayote’, chayote Sechium edule, #2771(1, 4). Highland “vine” It is grown by a few Zinacantecs. It is planted on St. Andrew’s Day and harvested in November, or planted on Christmas Eve and harvested in August. Four seeds are planted to a hole, or two or three ripe chayotes are planted together, with some fertilizer. The shoots are eaten, boiled, as greens. The chayotes are “cold”. They are sold at market.

yašal č’um-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/). chayote Sechium edule, # 1476(3), #2709(1, 4). Highland “vine” It is grown by all Zinacantecs, in their yards. The planting schedule and technique is the same as that for t’araš č’um-teʔ. The seeds are covered with a piece of an old pot to prevent the chickens form scratching them up. Both the fruit and the tuber are sold at market in San Cristóbal and Tuxtla. Young fruits and tubers are cooked with salt and chili. Ripe fruits are boiled and eaten cold. They are “cold”. Chayotes are given as offerings to the dead on All Souls’ Day.

č’um-teʔ ʔak’, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). Polyclathra cucumerina, #3012(11). Lowland “vine”. Gonolobussp., #2843(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”. Sicyos microphyllus, #1790(16). Highland “vine”. It is eaten by sheep.

čum-teʔ č’o, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n). west indian gherkin Cucumis anguria, #1314(8). Lowland “vine”, ‘mouse chayote’, Cyclanthera bourgaeana, #963(1, 3), #1169(1, 3, 4, 5), #1463(3, 11, 12), #1737(3, 15, 16), #2060(3, 17, 18), #2202(1, 3, 4, 19), #2385(3, 4, 20), #2508(4, 21, 22). Highland “vine”. (3)-It grows in yards and com fields. Pig owners pull up the plants in the rainy season to feed to their pigs. (20)-They are eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle. Echinopepon horridus, #2166(1, 7, 11). Temperate “vine”. Sicyos sp., #1415(3, 7). Highland vine”.

č’um-teʔ č’otik, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n). expanse of č’um-teʔ č’o.

eop-č’um-teʔ č’o, nphr: aj & nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n). ‘furry mouse chayote’, bur cucumber Sicyos microphyllus, # 1790(4). Highland “vine”.

k’anal č’um-teʔ č’o, nphr: aj & nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n). Schizocarpon attenuatum, #2593(1, 3). Lowland “vine”.

č’um-teʔ poš, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n). ‘chayote medicine’, west indian gherkin Cucumis anguria, #854(1, 2, 3, 5), #1314(1, 3, 4, 5), #2627(1, 3). Lowland “vine” For a purgative, one fruit is gathered by a man. It is brewed. A man’s dose is a cup filled up to the first joint of the middle finger. A woman’s dose is a cup filled up to the first joint of the forefinger. An overdose is fatal. It is drunk once before breakfast. It is “hot”. Melothria pendula, #2097(1). Temperate “vine”.

č’un T.

č’un, tv. believe, trust, agree to serve as.

č’un mantal, vphr(tv & n5). obey.

sč’unel noš mantal. against one’s will.

stak’ č’unbel smantal li vinik leʔe. That man’s word can be trusted (or) relied on.

č’unan, tv. agree to serve (plu).

č’unanan, tv. cf. č’unan.

č’únanč’únan, tv. be gullible.

č’únanč’únanan. tv. cf. č’únanč’únan.

č’unbe mantal, vphr(tv & n4d). obey someone’s order.

č’unilan mantal, vphr(tv & n5). keep obeying.

č’unilanan, tv. keep believing everything.

č’unilananbe mantal, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. č’unilanbe mantal.

č’unilanbe mantal, vphr(tv & n4d). keep obeying someone’s advice or order.

č’unobil, n4f. gift given to enhance one’s request.

hč’uneh-mantal, agn(vn & ncpd). obedient child.

č’upak’ N.

č’upak’, n1a see below.

č’upak’tik, n5. expanse of č’upak’.

ʔit’iʔ č’upak’, nphr(n4f of n5). Cyclanthera langaei, #510(2, 3, 5), #1845(1). Highland “vine*. A handful of the tubers are crushed in cold water and a cupful is administered to rabid dogs twice a day for three days. #1800(1, 4). Temperate “vine”.

bae’i č’upak’, nphr(aj & n). Cyclanthera langaei, #1187(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “vine”. It grows along fences. The roots are gathered by women. Four to five roots are crushed on a rock and used for shampoo. They are bought by the women of Voʔ-bie who particularly use them for laundry soap. They are used to launder woolen clothing; two to three roots for a woolen skirt or ceremonial huipil, one and a half to two for a robe, two to four for a ceremonial robe, one to two for a shawl. They are used also by the ritual laundresses for patients’ clothes.

ʔit’is bae’i č’upak’, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). Echeandia macrocarpa, #2406(20). Highland “plant”. It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle.

č’upak’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n). Luffa cylindrica, #2689(20). Lowland “vine”. It is eaten by horses.

č’upak’ e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). Cyclanthera langaei, #2390(20). Highland “vine”.

č’upak’ č’o ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘mouse’s č’upak’ vine’, Merremia aegyptia, #265(1). Lowland “vine”.

č’upak’ hoh, nphr(n of n). ‘raven’s č’upak”, Echeandia macrocarpa, #2069(17). Highland “plant”. #1884(16, 17). Temperate “plant”.

č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(n type n). castor bean Ricinus communis, #299(1, 2, 3, 5), # 2010(16, 17), # 2682(21, 22). Lowland “tree”. The use of the leaves is the same as of sakil č’upak’ teʔ. (16, 17)-The beans are used for laundry soap. #2269(19). Highland “tree”, jimson weed Datura stramonium, #1791(16). Highland “plant”.

č’upak’ teʔtik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of č’upak’ teʔ.

ʔit’iš č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). castor bean Ricinus communis, #2682(15). Lowland “tree”. The beans are used for laundry soap. The leaves are applied to a bone break four times a day. They are “hot”.

eahal č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). castor bean Ricinus communis, #1378(3, 7), #1832(1, 4, 15, 16). Temperate “tree’. #2010(1, 3, 4), #2682(1, 3). Lowland “tree”. Same use as sakil č’upak’ teʔ. jimson weed Datura stramonium, #2356(20). Highland “plant”. Same use as muk’ta č’upak’ teʔ, but the tender shoots, not the beans, are ground and mixed with the dough.

muk’ta č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). castor bean Ricinus communis, #2682(20). Lowland “tree”. The beans are used to poison dogs and other animal pests that steal young corn. The beans are mixed with corn dough and bits of glass, and then stuffed into a cow intestine and hung up in the corn field. They are “hot”.

sakil č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). castor bean Ricinus communis, #1821(1, 4), #2269(3, 4). Highland “tree”. To speed the mending of a broken bone three leaves are burned on the coals and bound with a rag to the break. They are “hot”. (RML)-The number of times they are replaced, and the number of days they are applied varies.

č’ušuv N.

č’ušuv ʔak’ nphr(n type n). ‘muscle vine’, see below.

k’anal č’ušuv ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Mandevilla subsagittata, #2002(1, 3, 4). Lowland “vine”. Mandevilla tubiflora, #2098(1). Temperate “vine”. Gaudichaudia albida, #2435(1). Highland “vine”. #2549(1, 4). Temperate “vine”.

č’ušuvil, n3a. muscle, tendon, gristle, strings /stringed instrument/. Male joking speech; penis, inan. poss.: sč’ušuval.

č’ut(1) N.

c”util, n3b. stomach, waist, lap, middle /bottle/, body /drum, fiddle, guitar, harp/, breast /bird/, pregnancy.

ʔoy ša sč’ut. She is pregnant.

ta č’ut______. half way up /cliff, mountain, tree, wall/. When a pregnant woman dies an autopsy is performed and the foetus is removed and buried apart so that the mother’s soul /č’ulel/ will not suffer further.

č’utul, n1d. diarrhea.

čut, n5. Baby talk; stomach.

č’ut(2)

č’ut, Spanish cedar, cf. č’u.

č’utub prob N.

č’utub, nc. span of thumb and forefinger.

č’utubta, tv. measure by the span of thumb and forefinger.

č’utubtaobil, n4f. measuring stick whose length equals span of thumb and forefinger.

D

dalya N(Sp, dalia).

dalya, n. dahlia. See below.

dalyatik, n5. expanse of dahlias.

moraro dalya, nphr(aj & n). ‘purple dahlia’, dahlia Dahlia variabilis, #929(1, 3). Highland “plant”. Same use as sakilpino dalya.

pino dalya, nphr(aj & n). ‘fine dahlia’, see below.

sakil pino dalya, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). dahlia Dahlia pinnata, # 1334(1, 3, 4, 5, 7). Highland “plant”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their yards. The tubers are planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases by the stewards and by ladinos. They are sold at market.

diáblo E(Sp, diablo).

diáblo, excl. the devil! var., diávlo, yávlo

diávlo

diávlo, the devil! cf. diáblo.

disyempre N(Sp, diciembre).

disyempre, n5. December, var., lisyempre.

disyempretik, n5. sometime in December.

duranko N(Sp, Durango).

duranko, peach, cf. turasnu.

dyoš

dyoš, god, god! cf. rioš.

E

eč’el

eč’el, away from. cf. ʔeč’(1).

F

faynero N(Sp, faenero).

faynero teʔ, nphr(n type n)1d. stick used to clean out boring for dynamite /known only by roadworkers/.

foko

foko, flashlight, cf., hoko.

foro

foro, rain hat. cf., poro.

fresno N(Sp, fresno).

fresno, n. Peltostigma ptelioides, #432(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for rifle stocks.

fulminánte N(Sp. fulminante).

fulminánte, n1a. percussion cap /known only by roadworkers/.

G

garafon

garafon, demijohn, cf., karapon.

gas

gas, kerosene, cf., kas.

gasolina

gasohna, gasoline, cf., kasolina.

gato

gato, cat. cf. katnʔ.

gayeta

gayeta, cracker, cookie, cf., kayeta.

goyyerno

govyerno, government, governor, cf., kovyerno.

granada N(Sp, granada).

granada, n. pomegranate Punica granatum, #811(1, 2). Lowland and highland “vine”. It is grown by ladinos in their yards. The slips are planted in the rainy season. The fruit is harvested in April and May. It is sold at market.

grnpo N(Sp, grupo).

grupo, n1d. group, associates, var., krupo /infr/.

grwesa N(Sp, gruesa).

grwesa, n5. twelve dozen /rockets/.

H

h

h, one. cf. bun.

ha E.

ha, excl. oh!, whatʔ

haʔ(1)

haʔ, water, diarrhea, moisten, cf. voʔ(1)

haʔ(2) N.

haʔ, excl. yes, that’s it! /nasalization of vowel/.

ha”ʔ me t škal. so I ask you (or) but please.

haʔ ta skwenta li preserente. That’s the magistrate’s concern.

haʔ ʔo, ptphr(pt & pt). at that time, then, at that very moment.

hai noš, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of no & ʔoš /). that’s all.

haʔ noš kwenta, nphr(pt & pt/contr of no & ʔoš/ & n5). only if, on the condition that, so long as.

haʔ noš yeč, ptphr(pt & pt /contr of no & “)oš/ & pt). that’s all, just the same way.

haʔ to, ptphr(pt & pt). not for, not until, still.

haʔ to hun-ab. not for a year (or) not until next year.

Polite speech, greeting; mi haʔ to yečotʔ haʔ to yečon yaʔel. Are you still the sameʔ I seem to be the same.

haʔ yet, ptphr(pt & pt). that’s right, like that.

haʔ yoč, ptphr(pt & pt). over there.

haʔhaʔtik, aj. rather like that.

haʔtik, pt. yes…almost.

haʔtik noš, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of no & ʔoš/). that’s all.

haʔuk, pt. whatever it may be.

mi šak’an kahveʔ haʔuk. Do you want coffeeʔ Whatever you have.

ʔaʔʔon, av. muttering to self. Restricted to šʔiʔʔon šʔaʔʔʔon: lit., saying ’yes”, “yes”, i.e., muttering to self (drunk).

haʔ(3) P(2).

haʔ ba, rv. Ritual or Denunciatory speech, person complaining to magis trale or in prayer; become haughty or arrogant.

stoyoh sba shaʔoh sba ti htote ti hmeʔe. lit., My father was stingy, my mother was arrogant, i.e., referring to any stingy or arrogant person who has wronged speaker.

haʔ-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. Ritual speech; haughtiness.

haʔal čikin, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). Ritual speech; haughty, cf. haʔal niʔ.

haʔal niʔ, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). looking down one’s nose. Ritual speech, referring to enemy; rebellious.

haʔal t’omol, ajphr(aj & aj). thick and healthy (stem of squashes, chayote, turnip or water gourd).

haʔalik, aj. protruding in cluster (conical flowers).

ha”)an ba, rv. tilt head back /when applying eye medicine/.

haʔan niʔ, vphr(tv // n). toss head (horse), snub /by tilting nose and looking away/.

haʔan sat, vphr(tv // n). tilt head back /to look at sky/.

haʔanob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)5. Ritual speech; shrine where person begs forgiveness for his haughtiness.

haʔet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). looking down one’s nose, tilting nose (dog reaching for food).

haʔet sat, vphr(av & n4d). looking about.

haʔhaʔ, aj. tilted backwards (head of baby), bent backwards (blade of hoe).

haʔhon, av. looking around and calling (hen looking for place to lay), rocking head back and forth (baby being carried).

ha”)i, iv. tilt head back.

haʔlahet, av. moving back and forth in cluster (conical flowers at tip of plant).

haʔlahetik, av. cf. haʔlahet.

ha”ʔleh, n5. with nose tilted up /in anger/.

háʔluh, av. tilting head back suddenly.

háʔomah, iv. look around (hen looking for place to lay).

háʔteháʔte, av. going about rocking head (child being carried).

haʔulan, tv. rock head back and forth /baby/ (mother).

haʔulan ba, rv. keep tossing head back /with haughtiness or confidence/.

haʔulanvan, iv. rock baby’s head back and forth.

haʔas N.

haʔas, n1d. mamey sapote Pouteria mammosa, #2842(3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12).

Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The fruit is “hot”. It is sold at market.

haʔastik, n5. grove of mamey sapotes.

haʔas teʔ, nphr(n type n). see below.

k’oš ha’as teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Parathesis leplopa, #452(1, 2). Temperate “tree”.

hab(1) N.

habil, n2b. year.

hayib ahabilal. How old are youʔ

haʔ ša shabilal ti t šʔoč ta yabtel. This is the year he enters his religious post.

sčibal habil. two years ago.

lavi habil t štal (or) t štal habil. the coming year.

ʔač’ habil, nphr(aj & n)5. year renewal ceremony /the first of three ceremonies/, new year’s day. As the old year comes to its end everyone’s body is believed to age, but the New Year brings rejuvenation. After midnight of the 31st a little food should be eaten as a salute to the old year and in thanksgiving for having safely passed another year. If a man wears dirty clothes on the first day of the year, he will surely wear dirty clothes the rest of the year. If he drinks on the first day of the year he will be drunk till the year’s end.

hun-ab, n(num & n/contr of habil/ cpd)5. next year.

hun-abi, n(num & n/contr of habil/ cpd)5. last year.

hab(2) N.

hababet, av. breezy (cool breeze in lowlands).

habah, iv. emerge from body (”cold wind”) /so that patient is cured/.

habahes, tv. make emerge from body /”cold wind”/.

habahesob, n1f. “hot” medicine.

habahesobil, n1f. cf. habahesob.

haban, tv. make emerge from body /”cold wind”/.

hab¢ah, iv. emerge from body (”cold wind”).

habet, av. sweating from medicine, breezy (cool breeze in lowlands).

habta, tv. blow sickness on.

habtaan, tv. blow sickness on /people/.

habtavan, iv. blow sickness on person.

hhabtavaneh, agn. person who blows sickness on another.

habnal N.

habnal, n. Oreopanax peltatus, #449(1, 2). Temperate “tree” The leaves are used to wrap bean tamales and wedding tamales. The cantor needs four to five hundred leaves for Carnival Saturday. The groom’s family and those in charge of the ceremonies for the Finding of the Holy Cross also need leaves for the tamales. The meat taken by the wedding godfather, from the groom to the bride’s family, is wrapped in these leaves.

habnaltik, n5. grove of habnal trees.

ʔakuša habnal, cf. ʔakuša.

ʔit’iš habnal, nphr(n4f of n5). nicaraguan senna Cassia nicaraguensis, #2620(20). Temperate “tree”. It is used for firewood.

eib habnal, nphr(n type n). ’fern habnal’, halberd fern Tectaria heracleifolia, #223(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”.

eoeil habnal, nphr(aj & n). ’downy habnal’, betony Stachys radicans, #665(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. It grows in yards and fields. To relieve a person suffering from mahbenal the tender shoots are crushed in cold water together with sikil ton. A small cup is drunk. It is cold”. (5)-It is medium”.

eoeil habnaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of betony.

čil habnal, nphr(x type n)1a. Miconia guatemalensis, #1371(7). Temperate “tree”. #1519(11, 12). Highland “tree”

čil habnaltik, nphr(x type n)5. grove of čil habnal.

bae”i čil habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Miconia glaberrima, # 1859(1, 16). Highland “tree”. The branches are gathered by Chamulas and sold to Zinacantec women to dye wool. The leaves, together with dodder, are boiled. The wool is dyed yellow, then taken to San Cristóbal where it is put in blue dye to produce green wool for sashes.

cahal čil habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Miconia mexicana, #692(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “tree”. Miconia guatemalensis, #1819(15, 16). Temperate “tree”.

sakil čil habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Miconia glaberrima, #124(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “tree”. Same use as bae’i čil habnal.

Pouzolzia cf. purpusii, #1614(1, 3). Temperate “plant”.

hič’ilik ʔanal habnal, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ’narrow-leaved habnal’, Oreopanax xalapensis, #455(3). Temperate and highland “tree”.

kelem habnal, nphr(n type n). ’rooster habnal’ or “boy habnal’, Oreopanax peltatus, #1251(7). Temperate “tree”.

k’oš habnal, nphr(aj & n). wild basil Satureja brownii, #10(1, 3, 4).

Highland “plant”. As a remedy for women suffering yaš-čel following childbirth, a small bunch is brewed, a cup is drunk before breakfast for as many days as necessary, it is “hot”. As a remedy for swelling, a small bunch is brewed with basil and č’ail poš. It is “hot”. The tea is drunk as above. As a remedy for cold wind” a small bunch is brewed with mexican savory and a pinch of tobacco. It is “hot”. The tea is drunk as above. To cause measles to erupt, a handful is crushed in warm water. One cup is drunk. It is “hot”.

muk’ta habnal, nphr(aj & n). nicaraguan senna Cassia nicaraguensis, #2620(21). Temperate “tree” Oreopanax xalapensis, #455(1, 2).

Temperate and highland “tree”.

pamal habnal, nphr(natt&n)1a. ’incense habnal’, anthurium Anthurium tetragonum, #723(1, 2). Temperate “plant”. The assistants of the elders gather a dozen leaves apiece before the first Lenten Friday. The leaves are used by the candle-bearers on every Lenten Friday and during Holy Week. They are wrapped around the candle and tied at the base with string, anthurium Anthurium aff. jortinense, #1599(1, 3). Temperate “plant”.

pamal habnaltik, nphr(natt & n)5. expanse of anthurium.

k’oš pamal habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). anthurium Anthurium seleri, #1947(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Temperate “plant”

ha¢ N(M-Z, hae).

ha¢, n4d. deferred payment.

ha¢in, tv. buy on credit.

ha¢inan, tv. buy on credit /plu/.

hač’(1) I.

hač’, iv. fall /sober person while walking/.

hač’es, tv. push down /person/.

hač’es ba, rv. fall /infr/.

hač’esan, tv. push down /people/.

hač’esvan, iv. make person fall.

hhač’esvaneh, agn. person who makes another fall.

mud or sandal, etc..

that causes person to fall.

hač’ulan, iv. keep falling.

hač’(2) prob T or T(2).

hač’ ʔe, vphr(tv / / n). open mouth wide, gape (baby bird).

hač’-ʔeal, vn(tv & ncpd)5. yawn.

hač’-ʔean, iv(tv & ncpd). yawn.

hač’et ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). with mouth agape.

hač’hon ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). moving lips suddenly (dying person), gaping (baby bird).

hač’lahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). cf. hač’et ie (plu), cf. hač’hon ie (plu).

hač’luh ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). gaping jaws suddenly (crocodile).

hač’teháč’te ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). walking about yawning or with mouth agape.

hač’ulanbe ʔe, vphr(tv / / n). Scolding speech; keep shooting off one’s mouth.

hač’ub N.

hač’ub to, nphr(n type n). ’comb tree’, sycamore Platanus chiapensis, #717(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for roof purlins and common rafters of fieldhouses, bridge planks, fence posts, and firewood. (5)-The wood is used for combs, mexican alvaradoa Alvaradoa amorphoides, #2794(11, 12). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for mainposts of fieldhouses, fence posts, and firewood.

hač’ubil, n3a. comb. inan. poss.; shač’ubal.

shač’ubal holobil. comb used to nap woolen fabric.

hah E.

hahaʔ, excl. Male scolding speech, threatening child /the second vowel is nasalized/; watch it!

hahanta, tv. threaten /child/.

hahantavan, iv. threaten person /child/.

hahayu, excl. Female scolding speech, threatening child; watch it!

hak(1) T. hak, iv. end (work).

hak ʔok, vphr(tv / / n). stretch leg /convalescent taking first walk/, hurry.

hak ba, rv. end (work), be absent (sickness).

hak ba ʔok, vphr(rv / / n). stretch leg /convalescent, person with reflex pain in groin/, open legs wide.

hakem čamel, nphr(aj & vn)5. healthy.

haket, av. ending (work).

hak(2) prob O.

hakak, aj. having frog in throat.

hakhon, av. hawking.

haklahet, av. cf. hakhon (plu).

haklahetik, av. cf. hakhon (plu).

hákluh, av. gagging suddenly.

háktehákte, av. walking about gagging or hawking.

hakapùlga N(Sp, Acapulco).

hakapùlga, n5. double-edged machete, var., hakapùlko.

hakapùlko

hakapùlko, double-edged machete, cf. hakapùlga.

hak’(1) T.

hak’, tv. petition /fiancèe/, ask, ask about.

hak’ ba, rv. petition each other.

hak’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. petition.

hak’ k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n5). inquire about initial date of fiesta (steward or cantor inquires from sacristan).

hak’ k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). ask about.

lei’ hhak’ ak’oplal. I passed by to ask about you.

hak’ ta moč, vphr(tv & prep 4 n5). divine, cf. moč(1).

hak’an, tv. ask about from place to place.

hak’anan, tv. cf. hak’an.

hák’anhák’an, tv. ask about from place to place.

hák’anhák’anan, tv. cf. hak’anhak’an.

hak’be, tv. ask someone.

Polite speech; Liʔ šahhak’be h-p’eluk arason totik mi mu šavalbon bu škom …. lit. Now I am asking you a word of your wisdom, sir, won’t you tell me where … i.e., Sir, would you kindly tell me where …

hak’el, nc. asking.

hak’hon, av. asking insistently or repeatedly.

hak’lahet, av. cf. hak’hon (plu).

hak’lahetik, av. cf. hak’hon (plu)

hak’ob, n1f. saint, basket, etc., used by diviners, money or gifts for petition.

hak’ob ʔik’, nphr(aj & n)5. type of itchy skin disease.

hak’obil, n1f. cf. hak’ob.

hak’ol, n5. rite of petition for fiancée.

hak’olah, iv. petition fiancée.

hak’olahebal. n5. place where petition is made.

skwenta hak’olahebal. They are for /to be worn at/ the petition (new clothes).

hak’tehák’te, av. going about asking from place to place.

hak’ulanbe, tv. keep asking someone.

hak’ulananbe, tv. keep asking someone about many things.

hhak’-k’ak’al, agn(tv & ncpd). person who inquires about initial date of fiesta (steward, cantor).

hhak’ol, agn. each of the three petitioners who represent prospective fiancé at petition for fiancée.

bat ta hak’olal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). set out to petition bride.

hal(1) A.

hal, aj. a long time.

mu to haluk mi štoat. It may be that I will go.

hal t šič’. It takes a long time.

halah, iv. become scarce.

halhal, aj. rather long time.

halhaltik, aj. rather long time.

halih, iv. take a long time.

halihes, tv. delay, postpone.

halihesvan, iv. delay person.

halil, n4f. duration.

k’u shalil. how long, how longʔ

hhalihesvaneh, agn. person who delays another.

hal(2) T.

hal, tv. weave /cloth, palm/. halbat tal. woven for someone else /commissioned/.

hal, iv. be woven.

hal ba, rv. become interwoven or snarled (hair, thread).

halam te), nphr(n type n)1a. bobbin /loom/.

halan, tv. weave /clothes/, weave a lot of /palm/.

halanan, tv. cf. halan.

hálanhálan, tv. weave one thing after another.

hálanhálanan, tv. cf. hálanhálan.

halav, iv. weave.

halavebal, n3d. weaving place, tree or post where loom is fastened.

halbenal, n1f. woven section /palm/.

halel, nc. weaving.

halomah, iv. weave.

halulan, tv. keep weaving.

halulananbe, tv. keep weaving a lot for someone.

hhalom, agn. weaver.

peč’el halal, ajphr(aj & aj). tangled (weaving).

holobil, n3a. loom, cloth on loom, warp thread. When a woman dies leaving an unfinished cloth on her loom, another woman will finish it lest her soul /č’ulel/ suffer further.

ʔakan holobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). shed rod.

hit’akil holobil, nphr(natt & n)5. warp lashing.

halal

halal, holy. cf. hand.

halalalalay E.

halalalalay, excl. refrain of dudes and dames.

halavre N(Sp, arabia).

halavre, n1a. red thread for cotton tunic /archaic/.

ham T(2).

ham, tv. open, reveal.

ham, iv. be opened, be revealed (shame), lose one’s virginity (woman), begin menstruating.

ham, n4f. slab of wood.

ikilbe sham. I learned what to do.

ham ʔabtel, vphr(tv / / n). reveal date of change of office (ensign-bearers) /in office/.

ham ’ʔe, vphr(tv / / n). confess.

iham ye ta vokol ti ha) stamoh li tak’ine. He confessed under duress that it was he who had taken the money.

ham ʔe, vphr(iv & n4d). learn to talk.

ham ba, rv. declare one’s intentions /when seeking permission/, leave word, spread one’s legs apart.

ʔay sham sba ta kavilto ti ta sčon poš ta snae. He went to town hall to declare his intentions to sell cane liquor in his house.

ham-bail, n(tv & rpncpd)5. confession.

ham balamil, vphr(iv & n5). become open (land in dry season).

ham be, vphr(tv & n5). lit., open road, i.e., clear road of highwaymen.

ham nuk’, vphr(tv / / n). clear throat.

ham ta na, vphr(tv & prep & n5). break into /another’s house/.

ham til tak’in, vphr(iv & nphr/n of n/5). resume ringing /of church bells at 10 p.m. Holy Saturday/.

ham toh, nphr(n of n)5. slab of pine wood.

hamal, aj. wide, open, clear.

ta hamal. openly.

hamal ʔal, vphr(aj & tv). speak openly or frankly, admit.

hamal iyal ti k’usi stamohe. He admitted having taken it.

hamal ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ’broad-leaved tree’, buckthorn Rhamnus discolor, #2152(14). Temperate “tree” The trunk is used for hoe handles.

hamal ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). loose-tongued.

tol hamal ye slo9ilah ti k’usi šʔie. He talks too openly about what he hears.

hamal ʔok, vphr(aj/pred/ ʔ n4d). with legs spread apart /sexual connotation/.

hamal ʔosil, vphr(aj/pred/ ʔ n1d). broad plot of land.

hamal ʔosil, vphr(aj/pred/ ʔ n)5. clear sky.

hamal lum, vphr(aj/pred/ ʔ n)5. large town or city.

hamal sat balamil, vphr(aj/pred/ ʔ nphr/n4f of n5/). when or where earth lord is dangerous.

hamaltik, n5. open country.

hamalub, iv. become wider.

hamalubtas, tv. make wider.

hamalubtasvan, iv. widen woman’ s /vagina/.

hamam, av. being wafted.

haman, tv. open /gates/.

hamanan, tv. cf. haman.

hámanháman, tv. open one after another.

hámanhámanan, tv. cf. hámanháman.

hambe mul, vphr(tv ʔ n4d). expose completely one’ s misconduct or guilt. ishambe skotol smul li smalal ta kavilto yahnile. She exposed all her husband’ s misdeeds in court.

hambe sat balamil, vphr(tv ʔ nphr/n4f of n5/). pray to the earth lord /at unsanctioned caves/.

hamet ʔik’, vphr(av ʔ n4f). spreading of odor or fragrance.

hamham, iv. clear slightly (sky).

hamhon čak, vphr(av ʔ n4d). hobbling (exhausted person).

hamlah, av. cf. hamhon (plu).

hamlahet čak, vphr(av ʔ n4d). cf. hamhon čak (plu).

hamleh, n4d. width.

hamob, n1f. opener /key, bottle opener/.

hamobil, n1f. cf. hamob.

hámtehámte čak, vphr(av ʔ n4d) hobbling about.

hámtehámte na, vphr(av ʔ n4d). opening one side of door and then the other, opening one door after another /in same house/.

hamulan, tv. keep opening.

hamulan ba, rv. keep spreading apart one’ s legs.

hamulanan, tv. keep opening /plu/.

hamvan, iv. release /prisoner/.

hhani-na, agn(tv ʔ ncpd). religious functionary /member of boy’ s party who is delegated to secure entrance of party into prospective fiancée’ s house/.

hhamalubtasvaneh, agn. Male joking speech; penis.

hhamvaneh, agn. person who releases prisoner, witch /person who lets out enemy’ s guardian animal from corral/.

hamaka N(Sp, hamaca).

hamaka, n1a. woven fence hung across river.

hamaka ba k’ o, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/)5. hanging bridge.

hamparo N(Sp, jambado).

hhamparo, agn. greedy person.

pas hamparoal, vphr(tv ʔ n5). be greedy or lustful, exceed one’ s authority.

han prob O.

hanan, av. buzzing.

hananet, av. buzzing (bumblebee, fly).

hanet, av. buzzing (bumblebee, fly).

hanhon, av. buzzing (person talking or praying).

hanlah, av. walking and talking, buzzing (plu).

hanlahet, av. buzzing (bumblebees, flies, people talking or praying).

hanlahetik, av. cf. hanlahet.

hánluh, av. buzzing suddenly (bumblebee, fly).

hántehánte, av. buzzing about, walking about farting.

hanika N(Sp, fanega).

hanika, n1a. one hundred and eighty liter dry measure.

hanika litro, cf. litro.

hap T(2).

hap, tv. hold up, hold aloft /banner, torch, candle, rifle, flashlight/.

hap, n4f. free day, day off.

hap ʔosil, nphr(n of n)5. mountain pass.

hap čobtik, nphr(n1f of n5). space between rows of corn.

hap č’ en, nphr(n of n)5. ravine.

hap k’ ak’ al, nphr(n4f of n5). free day, day off.

hap vi¢, nphr(n of n)5. mountain pass.

hapahtik, aj. narrow.

hapal, aj. narrow (ravine).

hapalul, n4f. split, crack /wall, roof/.

hapan, tv. hold up, hold aloft /banners, torches, candles, flashlights/.

hapanan, tv. cf. hapan.

hápanhápan, tv. hold up or hold aloft one after another /banners, torches, candles, flashlights/.

hapap, av. hurrying holding /knife/.

hapapet, av. flourishing /gun, knife/.

hapem čamel, vphr(aj/pred/ ʔ vn5). healthy.

hapet, av. holding aloft /banner/, holding high /gun, knife, stick/.

hapetik, av. cf. hapet (plu).

haphon, av. being held (candles, banner, gun, knife, stick), swaying (tall and slender tree).

haplah, av. hurrying holding high /banner/ (plu).

haplahet, av. swaying (tall and slender trees), being held (banners, guns).

haplahetik, av. blooming (girls).

hápluh, av. flourishing suddenly /knife/.

háptehápte, av. holding high one after another /guns, knives, sticks, torches/.

hapu, tv. seize /criminal/.

hapulan, tv. keep holding.

hhapkantela, agn(tv ʔ ncpd). candle bearer /old woman assigned to each of the elders to hold their candles in church during Lenten Fridays and Holy Week/.

hhapivaneh, agn. person who seizes criminal. Ritual speech, shaman referring to tutelary gods, as those who summon and watch over people; protector.

hʔikvaneh hhapivaneh. sustainer, protector.

hhapuvaneh, agn. cf. hhapivaneh /more freq/.

ʔiš’ be hap, vphr(tv ʔ n4d). calculate amount of free time.

hap’ O.

hap’, onom. crunch /sound/.

hap’ ap’ et, av. crunching (charcoal-cruncher), grinding (teeth of drunkard, sleeping person or peccary).

hap’ hon, av. crunching (person eating chili or undercooked cabbage).

hap’ lahet, av. breaking into many pieces /old rope/, cf. hap’ hon (plu).

hap’ lahetik, av. cf. hap’ hon (plu).

háp’ luh, av. making sudden tearing sound (thorn entering flesh).

har O.

hararet ʔObal, vphr(av ʔ n4d). wheezing (sick or old person or sick chicken).

haret ʔobal, vphr(av ʔ n4d). wheezing (sick or old person or sick chicken).

harhon, av. purring, spinning /sound/.

harhon ʔobal, vphr(av ʔ n4d). wheezing (sick or old person or sick chicken).

harlahet, av. cf. harhon (plu).

hárluh, av. whirring suddenly (grasshopper, hummingbird, rock).

hártehárte, av. walking about wheezing, whizzing by one after another (rocks).

harulan, tv. keep wheezing.

haragan N(Sp, haragán).

haragan, agn. loafer, var., harakan.

haraganil, n4d. laziness.

harakan

harakan, lazy. cf. haragan.

haral A.

haral-, aj. holy. Polite speech, person who stays at home during fiesta asking another to send greetings to the saints.

haral-čabanuk hč’ul-meʔtik hč’ul-totik. Take holy care of our holy mother, our holy father.

hharal-meʔtik, agn(n/aj ʔ ncpd/). Ritual speech, referring to virgin /saint/; holy mother.

hharal-meʔtik, agn(aj ʔ ncpd)1a. ‘holy mother’, fever few chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum parthenium, #1748(15, 16). Highland “plant”. (15)-As a remedy for “wind”, three stalks are brewed and a cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast. It is “hot” #2445(1). Temperate “plant”.

ničim hharal-meʔtik, nphr(n of agn/aj ʔ ncpd/). ‘holy mother’ s flower’, fever few chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum parthenium, #460(1, 2, 3), # 1466(3), # 1748(3). Highland “plant”. It is grown in yards. The seeds are sown in the beginning of the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases.

haral-tot, agn(n/aj ʔ ncpd/). holy father, term of address for priest or bishop.

halal-k’ an, tv(aj ʔ tvcpd). ask a great favor /archaic/.

hhalal-meʔtik, agn(aj ʔ ncpd). ‘holy mother’, ragweed Ambrosia cumanensis, #2505(21, 22). To induce abortion, a small bunch is brewed and a cup is drunk twice for one day. It is “hot”.

harina N(Sp, harina).

harina, n1a. flour, corn dust /worm-eaten/.

has P.

hasal, aj. brimful (liquid).

hasan, tv. fill to the brim /pot with liquid/.

haset, av. touching the brim (liquid), lapping at top /of riverbank/.

hashon, av. touching the brim (liquid), lapping at top /of riverbank/.

haslahet, av. cf. hashon (plu).

hasleh, n4f. brimful.

haslehikil, n4f. cf. hasleh /plu/.

hásteháste, av. brimful, one (pot) after another.

hasinto N(Sp, jacinto).

hasinto teʔ, nphr(n type n). ‘hyacinth tree’, horseradish tree Moringa oleifera, # 779(1, 2). Lowland “tree”. It grows in fencerows. The flowers are used by the people of Chiapa to decorate their graves on All Souls’ Day.

haš T(2).

haš, tv. card /wool/, brush hands through /hair/, wash /hands/, rub /salt on tortilla/.

Polite speech before ritual meal; hhašban hk’ ob. I am washing my hands first.

haš, iv. be carded.

haš-ču1ʔ, n(aj ʔ ncpd). flat-breasted.

haš-čuʔ lima, cf. lima.

haš-pik, tv(tv ʔ tvcpd). feel, grope.

haš-pikulan, tv(tv ʔ tvcpd). keep feeling or groping /sexual inference/.

haš-pikulanvan, iv(tv ʔ ivcpd). keep feeling or groping for person.

haš-pikvan, iv(tv ʔ ivcpd). feel or grope for person.

hašahlik, aj. cf. hašal /plu/.

hašal, aj. brimful /with corn, beans/, flat (breasts), even.

hašal ša sniʔ His nose is turned up /in anger/.

hašalik, aj. cf. hašal /plu/.

hašan, tv. card a lot of /wool/.

hašanan, tv. cf. hašan.

hášanhášan, tv. card a lot of /wool/.

hášanhášanan, tv. cf. hášanhášan.

hašaš, av. slipping down easily /throat/.

hašašta, tv. grope for.

hašaštavan, iv. grope for person.

hašašet, av. rippling (water), breezy, slipping down easily /throat/.

hašbalal ¢o¢, nphr(aj ʔ n)5. carded wool.

hašbe, tv. let fly at someone /rock/, cause to whistle toward someone /machete, stick, bullet/, swill.

hašbe hoi, vphr(tv ʔ n4d). stroke head /of child to calm it/.

hašbe vara, nphr(tv ʔ n5). level with stick /corn in measure/.

hašbenal, aj. carded.

hašbil vara, nphr(aj ʔ n)5. brimful /corn, beans, cane liquor/.

hašebal, n5. moment just before carding is finished.

hašel, nc. carding.

hašet, av. breaking wind, rustling.

šhašet ta hholtik. It is rustling around our heads /ninth developmental stage of corn, also called šimuketotik ʔo/.

hašhon, av. slipping down (fine corn gruel), breathing through nose, groping, rustling by without speaking (angry person).

hašk’ uh, iv. slip.

hašk’ un, tv. slide.

hašlah, av. hurrying by sullenly (plu).

hašlahet, av. groping, rustling by without speaking, breathing through nose (plu).

hašluh, av. whistling or swooshing by suddenly, slipping suddenly /on dry leaves/, cutting through suddenly /tree with one blow/, slipping down suddenly /drinking water/, walking by suddenly without speaking.

hašob, n1f. card /for wool/.

hašobil, n1f. cf. hašob.

hašomah, iv. card /wool/.

hašp’ uh, iv. cf. hašk’ uh.

hašp’ un, tv. cf. hašk’ un.

háštehášte, av. walking around sullenly.

hašulan, tv. keep carding, rub lightly.

hašulanan, tv. keep carding a lot of /wool/.

hašulanbe hol, vphrftv ʔ n4d). keep stroking head /of child/.

hhaš-pikvaneh, agn(vn/tv ʔ ivcpd/). person who gropes for another.

hhašaštavaneh, agn. person who gropes for another.

hhašom, agn. person who cards wool.

hat(1) T(2).

hat, tv. tear, rip, deflower, break /fence/.

čak hhat kaʔi li ¢eb leʔe. I would like to deflower the girl there.

hat, iv. be torn or ripped.

hat ba, rv. tear (one’ s clothing) /on branch/.

hat-bail, vn(tv ʔ rpncpd)5. Male joking speech; wedding night.

hatahtik, aj. torn in many places.

hatal, aj. torn, broken (fence).

hatalik, aj. torn in many places (clothing), broken in many places (fence).

hatan, tv. tear or break /plu/.

hatanan, tv. cf. hatan.

hátanhátan, tv. tear or break one after another.

hátanhátanan, tv. cf. hátanhátan.

hatbenal, n4f. tear, rip.

hatel, nc. ripping, tearing.

hatel, aj. broken (basket), ripped.

hatet, av. torn.

hathon, av. torn.

hatlahet, av. torn in many places.

hatobal, n3a. deerbone knife or wire used to shuck corn.

háttehátte, av. walking about with torn /clothing/.

hatulan, tv. keep tearing.

hatulanan, tv. keep tearing /plu/.

hatvan, iv. deflower.

hhatvaneh, agn. deflowerer.

hat(2) prob N.

hatav, iv. flee, escape, run away, elope.

hatviltas, tv. urge to flee.

hatviltasvan, iv. urge person to flee.

hhatviltasvaneh, agn. person who urges another to flee.

hhatvil, agn. fugitive.

hat’ prob O.

hat’at’ et, av. farting.

hat’et, av. farting (horse).

hat’hon, av. farting (horse).

hat’lah, av. hurrying and farting (plu).

hat’lahet, av. cf. hat’ hon (plu).

hát’ luh, av. farting suddenly (horse).

hát’ tehát’ te, av. walking about farting.

hat’ulan, tv. keep farting.

hat’is prob N.

hat’ isah, iv. sneeze. When a man sneezes this reputedly indicates that his loved one is urinating and thinking of him, wondering if he is well.

hat’ isan, tv. sneeze.

hhat’ isahel, agn. person sneezing.

hav(1) T.

hav, tv. split /wood/, split in two /orange, melon, mamey/, divide in two /plot of land/, operate (doctor).

hav, iv. split, crack (foot).

hav, nc. split section /orange, firewood, pine/.

havan, tv. split /plu/.

havanan, tv. cf. havan.

hávanhávan, tv. split one after another.

hávanhávanan, tv. cf. hávanhávan.

havakil, n4f. many equal slices.

havalul, n4f. split /wood/.

havebal, n5. moment before splitting or operating is finished.

havbenal, n4f. cut /tree/.

havel, nc. cutting open /melon/.

havhon hoi, vphr(av ʔ n4d). suffering from splitting headache.

hávlahet, av. splitting (beans that do not become soft when cooked), falling down and getting up repeatedly.

hávluh, av. feeling sudden splitting pain, splitting suddenly.

havob, n1f. saw, axe.

havobil, n1f. cf. havob.

havulan, tv. keep splitting.

havulanan, tv. keep splitting a lot of /wood/.

havulanvan, iv. keep cutting person.

havvan, iv. operate on person, perform autopsy.

hhavvaneh, agn. person who operates on another or who performs autopsy.

hov, nc. half, equal slice, section of object split in two or three /orange, chayote, bread/.

hov-sat, n(aj ʔ ncpd)5. one side of face black, one side white (pope, priest in olden times).

hovhov, nc. single slice /I only/.

hovokil, n4f. many halves /chicken/.

hav(2) P.

hav ʔosil, nphr(n of n)5. slope.

hava, tv. measure by armspan /palm strip, tarea/, stretch out arms laterally.

havaan, tv. measure by armspan /plu/.

havaanan, tv. cf. havaan.

havahtik, aj. cf. haval /plu/.

haval, aj. face up, on one’ s back.

haval ʔk’ el, nphr(aj ʔ n)5. ‘axe, face up’, black-capped swallow Notiochelidon pileata, rough-winged swallow Stelgidopteryx ruficollis, cave swallow Petrochelidon fulva, white-collared swift Streptoprocne zonaris, common nighthawk Chordeiles minor. Swallows, swifts, and nighthawks are not eaten. Low-flying swallows are believed to signal the approach of rain.

haval čak, nphr(aj ʔ n)1d. obsolete sandal with thin rubber sole and thongs.

havalik, aj. cf. haval /plu/.

havaltik, n5. eroded land.

havan, tv. turn face up, cause to be face up /woman/.

havan ba, rv. lie face up.

havan k’ ob, vphr(tv / / n). stretch arms laterally.

havaobil balamil, nphr(n1f of n5). measuring stick /one arm span in length, used to measure land/.

havav yalel, vphr(av ʔ dr). falling over backwards /from sitting or squatting position/.

havet, av. lying face up and moving.

havetik, av. cf. havet (plu).

havhav, aj. toppling over backwards (load), set too far back (hat on head), bent outwards (hoe blade) /preventing proper hoeing/.

havhon, av. lying face up.

havi, iv. lie face up.

havk’ uh, iv. topple over backwards (person’ s load, mud wall, tree, fence, door), fall over backwards (person).

havk’ un, tv. upset /person’ s load/, push over backwards, topple /fence, door, wall/.

havk’ unvan, iv. pull person backwards /by shoulders/.

havlah, av. falling down and getting up repeatedly (sing).

havlahetik, av. lying face up (plu).

havlebal, n3d. bed or place where loose woman lies waiting for next man.

havleh, n1d. lying face up.

havp’ uh, iv. cf. havk’ uh.

havp’ un, tv. cf. havk’ un.

hávtehávte, av. falling on one’ s back here and there.

hávtehávte sat, vphr(av ʔ n4d). walking about looking around in the air.

havul, n1d. obsolete sandal with thin rubber sole and thongs.

hov, nc. armspan /woven palm, rope, vine, tarea/.

havan N.

havanil, n3d. sister-in-law /female’ s brother’ s wife, husband’ s sister/ /archaic/.

havas N(Sp, habas).

havas, broad bean. cf. čenek’.

bay(1) N.

hay, n1a. gourd, tortilla gourd. See below.

haytik, n5. field of gourds.

¢o? kao hay, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)5. ‘horse manure gourd’, gourd Lagenaria siceraria, #B14259(5). Lowland “vine” It is used for tortilla gourds, cf. ¢u.

suy hay, nphr(n type n). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, # B 14258(5). Lowland “vine” It is used for tortilla gourds, cf. ¢u.

hay(2) E.

hay, excl. oh! /exclamation of fear or pain/.

hay ʔánima, nphr(excl ʔ n5). Female speech; oh lord! /exclamation of surprise at learning about bad thing person is doing/.

hay(3) X.

hayahtik, aj. cf. hayal /plu/.

hayal, aj. thin (tortilla, bark, rind), shallow (basket, gourd), young-looking, slim.

hayal pat čikin-ib, cf. čikin-ib.

hayal pat naranha. cf. naranha.

hayal pat toh, cf. toh.

hayal pat tulan, cf. tulan.

hayalik, aj. cf. hayal /plu/.

hayay, av. swooping, gliding rapidly.

hayayet, av. soaring, gliding (hawk, bluebird, buzzard, kite, paper), stretching very thin (balloon, old clothing).

hayel, aj. thin-grained, unripe (corn).

hayel ʔahan. unripe ear /fifteenth developmental stage just prior to the appearance of ripe ears, also called č’ iš-mahan/.

hayet, av. soaring, gliding.

šhayet ta mahel. recoiling from blow.

hayetel čon, nphr(vn type n)5. flying insects /general term/.

hayetik, av. cf. hayet (plu).

hayhay, aj. shallow (bowl, basket, laundry tray, frying pan).

hayil teʔ, nphr(natt ʔ n)1a. wooden laundry tray.

haylah, av. cf. hayay (plu).

haylahet, av. cf. hayet (plu).

háyluh, av. soaring or gliding suddenly.

háyteháyte, av. soaring or gliding one after another.

hayub, iv. become thin (clothing, sandals).

hayubtas, tv. make thin /machete, wood/.

hoy, aj. thin (cloth, corn kernel, bark, peel, pot, tortilla, weeds, sole, palm frond, board, adobe), shallow, young-looking.

hoyhoytik, aj. rather thin (clothing, tortilla, weeds, sole), rather shallow.

hay(4) prob O.

hayhon, av. neighing.

haylahet, av. cf. hayhon (plu).

hay(5) Num.

hay______, n(num & nccpd)1e. how many?, several, few.

hay-kot kaʔ. how many horses? (or) several horses.

hay-lahun________, n(num & num & nc)cpd5. however many, how many.

hay-lahun-?eč’el. how many times?, as many times as.

hay-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e. however many, how many? /implying great number/.

hayib, n1e. several, however many, how many?

hayib ʔora. What time is it?

hayib t šavak’. How much? /price/.

shayibal 1 ahabilal. How old are you?

mu hayuk, nphr(pt & n5). be unable to finish.

mu hayuk kaʔi. I could not finish (or) I could not hear everything.

mu ša hayuk heakbe ti sk’obike. I could not shake all their hands.

hʔ E.

hʔ, excl. uh-huh! /exclamation emphasizing the truth of what one has just said/, var., hmʔ.

he

he, oh. cf. ʔe(1).

heʔ(1) E.

heʔ, excl. hah! /exclamation of disbelief/, var., yeʔ /Pasteʔ/.

heʔ bu m avaʔi ʔun. Hah, where did you hear that?

heʔ(2) P.

heʔ ba, rv. put forth branches and leaves.

heʔahtik. aj. cf. heʔel /plu/.

heʔan ba, rv. sit with crossed legs.

heʔ¢ah, iv. bow down (branch).

heʔeʔet, av. swaying (heavily laden branch).

heʔel, aj. bowed down (heavily laden branch, heavy-laden corn stalk).

heʔelik, aj. cf. heʔel /plu/.

heʔet, av. swaying (heavily laden branch).

heʔheʔ, aj. bowed down.

heʔlahet, av. swaying (heavily laden branches).

heʔleh, n4f. bowed down.

héʔluh, av. swaying suddenly (heavily laden branches).

hoʔ(3) O.

heʔheʔho, onom. cackle.

heʔhon, av. cackling (hen looking for place to lay).

heʔahet, av. cf. heʔhon (plu).

heʔomah, iv. cackle (hen looking for place to lay).

héʔtehéʔte, av. walking about cackling.

be¢ P.

he¢ahtik, aj. cf. he¢el /plu/.

heean ba komel, vphr(rv & dr). remain behind, remain sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself.

he¢¢ah, iv. not heading (cabbage).

he¢el, aj. cross-legged, sitting with legs tucked under, not headed (cabbage).

he¢elik, aj. cf. he¢el /plu/.

he¢el, av. sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under.

he¢etik, av. cf. he¢el (plu).

he¢he¢, aj. not headed (cabbage).

he¢hon, av. waddling (fat woman, duck, fat hen), swiveling along on rump (legless person), swaying from side to side (drunken woman).

he¢i, iv. cross one’s legs or tuck one’s legs under oneself (woman).

he¢lah, av. waddling slowly (plu).

he¢lahet, av. cf. he¢hon (plu).

he¢lahetik, av. cf. he¢hon (plu).

he¢leh, n1f. sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself (woman).

héčtehé¢te, av. waddling about, sitting here and there swaying from side to side (drunken woman).

heč(1) I(2).

heč, nc. In reference to: bags on mule’s back /no more than two loaded on each mule/, end /clothing/, comer.

ʔoy sne sčaʔ-hečel. It has a fringe at both ends.

ta h-heč čikin meša, at one comer of the table.

heč, n5. on the other side.

ta heč nab. on the other side of the lake (or) river, (or) Grijalva River.

ta heč ʔosil. over there.

hečahtik, aj. cf. hečel /plu/.

hečeb, n1e. one side heavier than the other or lower than the other /load/.

inan. poss.; on the other side.

hečelik, aj. large (ear of corn).

hečem, aj. with one end longer than the other (clothes), crooked (warp).

hečheč, nc. with only one bag /on horse/ /I only/.

hečheč, aj. with one end longer than the other (clothes).

hečob, n1e. one side heavier than the other (or) lower than the other /load/, inan. poss.; on the other side.

hečom, aj. with one end longer than the other (clothes).

heč(2) T.

heč, tv. rip off /ear of corn/ /steal/.

heč ta ʔanil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). harvest rapidly.

hečan, tv. rip off /ears of corn/.

hečanan, tv. cf. hečan.

héčanhéčan, tv. rip off one after another /ear of corn/.

héčanhéčanan, tv. cf. héčanhecan.

hečel, nc. rapid harvesting.

hečulan, tv. keep ripping off /ears of corn/.

hečulanan, tv. cf. hečulan.

heč’ T.

heč’, tv. bite a piece out of /fruit, cake of sugar/ (person) or /piece of wall/ (sheep) or /salty earth/ (horse) or /potato/ (hoe).

heč’, nc. bite /fruit, squash/.

heč’an, tv. bite pieces out of.

heč’anan, tv. cf. heč’an.

heč’anhéč’an, tv. bite piece out of one after another.

heč’anhéčanan, tv. cf. héč’anhéč’an.

heč’be, tv. whack at someone or something /with axe or machete/.

heč’benal, n4f. piece cut out of /potato by hoe/.

heč’eé’et ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). grinding teeth (EKL 255;2-14), gnashing teeth (drunk, pig, peccary, paca, charcoal cruncher), chattering teeth (gopher, person) /with cold/.

heč’hon, av. gnawing (dog eating bone or ear of corn, gopher), grazing (horse, sheep).

heč’lahet, av. cf. heč’hon (plu).

heč’lahetik, av. cf. heč’hon (plu).

heč’luh, av. taking sudden bite out of.

heč’ulan, tv. keep gnawing (dog gnawing bone), keep grazing (horse, sheep).

heč’ulanan, tv. keep gnawing /plu/.

heč’van, iv. bite a piece out of person (dog).

hheč’vaneh ta tiʔel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). dangerous dog.

hefe N(Sp. jefe).

hefe, n5. boss, var., hepe.

hek(1) T(2).

hek, tv. strip /branch, cabbage leaf, corn leaf/, split off.

hek, iv. split off (branch).

hek, nc. In reference to: branch that has been broken or pulled off, leg of beef or pork.

hekahtik, aj. cf. hekel(2) /plu/.

hekan, tv. strip or split off /plu/.

hekanan, tv. cf. hekan.

hékanhékan, tv. strip off one after another /branch, cabbage leaf, corn leaf/.

hékanhékanan, tv. cf. hékanhékan.

hekekil, n4f. cf. hekel(1) /plu/.

hekel(1), n4f. leg of beef or pork.

hekel(2), aj. outstretched (arm, leg) /when falling/, widespread (rump, i.e., legs), hanging (meat).

hekel yalel, vphr(aj/pred/& dr). with branch growing downwards.

hekelik, aj. cf. hekel(2) /plu/.

heket čak, vphr(av & n4d). with legs spread apart /person shinnying up tree, chicken hanging by one leg/.

hekhek, nc. single leg of beef or pork / I only/.

hekhek yalel, vphr(aj/pred/ & dr). cf. hekel yalel.

heklah, av. moving /legs of meat being carried/ (plu), splitting off.

hekleh, n4f. whole leg /beef/.

hékluh, av. splitting off suddenly.

héktehékte, av. splitting off one after another.

hek(2) prob O.

hekhon, av. gagging (dog).

heklahet, av. cf. hekhon (plu).

heklahetik, av. cf. hekhon (plu).

héktehékte, av. walking about gagging.

hel T(2).

hel, tv. exchange, barter, change /money, clothes/.

hel, n4b. substitute, change.

hel ba, rv. be exchanged.

hel baik, rv. take turns, alternate, rotate /in office/.

hel-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. reciprocation.

hel ta be, vphr(tv & prep & n5). take different paths.

hel tos, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). each one different(ly).

helahtik, aj. cf. helel /plu/.

helan, tv. exchange, barter or change /plu/.

helananan, tv. cf. helan.

hélanhélan, tv. exchange, barter or change many one after another.

hélanhélanan, tv. cf. hélanhélan.

hélanhélanbe baik, rv. exchange one /bottle/ after another among each other.

helbe ba, rv. exchange.

helčah, iv. become unequal in length (pant legs).

helčan, tv. make unequal in length /pant legs/.

helekil, n4f. many different.

helel, aj. different.

hélelhélel, n4f. each of many different /wives/.

helet čak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling /helhon čak preferred/.

helhel, aj. unequal in length (leg of pants).

helhel sčak. standing with one leg bent at the knee.

mu šu? helhel t šbat li k’ope. The arguments can’t be different, i.e..

People in group must give the same story.

helhel tos, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). each one different(ly).

helhon, av. changing repeatedly /clothes/.

helhon čak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling /with sprained leg or chafing sandals/.

hellahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling /plu/.

hellahetik, av. cf. helhon (plu).

helleh, n4f. unequal in length.

helob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. change of clothes.

helolil, n3d. substitute /sacrificial chicken/.

Ritual speech, constables referring to their replacements upon leaving office; hmuk’ul helol hmuk’ul pakol. my great substitute, my great reciprocation.

Ritual speech, petitioners referring to prospective fiancée; slok’ol shelol vinahelal ʔanč, the image, the substitute of the heavenly lady.

help’uh, iv. have one side become lower (scales).

help’un, tv. hang from shoulder /shoulder bag, shotgun/.

help’unan, tv. hang /gourds/ from shoulder.

help’unanan, tv. cf. help’unan.

hélp’unhélp’un, tv. hang from one’s shoulder one after another.

hélp’unhélp’unan, tv. cf. hélp’unhélp’un.

helta, tv. replace /old or dirty clothes for new or fresh clothes, old thatch for new/, change /houses/.

helta ba, tv. change clothes.

heltaan, tv. replace /plu/.

heltaanan, tv. cf. heltaan.

héltahélta, tv. replace one after another /wives/.

héltahéltaan, tv. cf. héltahélta.

heltasan, tv. borrow from someone to repay debt to another.

heltasanan, tv. borrow from many to repay debt to another.

heltavan, iv. seek substitute for person.

héltehélte čak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling about.

helubtas, tv. move, change to.

helubtas k’op, vphr(tv & n5). interpret, translate.

helubtasan, tv. move /plu/, change to /plu/.

helubtasanan, tv. cf. helubtasan.

helubtasvan, iv. lead person across /river/, help person past obstruction on path.

helulan, tv. keep changing.

helulan ʔok, vphr(tv / / n). hop first on one foot and then the other /dance of captain or angel/, pump /bicycle/.

helulan baik, rv. keep taking turns.

helulan-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. repeated taking of turns.

helulanan ʔok, vphr(tv / / n). hop first on one foot then the other (plu).

helulanan baik, rv. cf. helulan baik.

helvan, iv. change places with person /in religious post/.

hheltavaneh, agn. person who seeks substitute for another.

hhelubtasvaneh, agn. ferryman.

hhelvaneh, agn. person who substitutes for another.

?eč’-hel ta be, vphr(tv/iv & tvcpd/ & prep & n5). pass by or leave person behind.

?eč-hélanhélan ta be, vphr(tv/iv & tvcpd/ & prep & n5). leave everyone behind.

helav X.

helav, iv. go ahead, get ahead, reach, pass by, be fast (watch).

nat helavem ta yabtel. He was left way behind at work.

shelavel tal. on this side of.

shelavel eč’el. on that side of, beyond.

sk’an t šhelav li ʔan¢e. lit., The woman wants to get ahead, i.e., The woman wants to wear the pants in the family.

helav k’al Hobel. It reached San Cristobal /dispute/.

ihelav ye. He shot his mouth off.

helav pwersa, vphr(iv & n4d). have semenal discharge.

helav ta mas, vphr(iv & prep & aj). get out of hand, become excessive or extreme, overdo, go too far. cf. ʔeč’ ta mas.

helavel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing motion past.

hem I, T(2).

hem, tv. push down /earth/, fill /depression/.

hem, iv. slide down, avalanche.

hem, nc. avalanche.

heman, tv. fill /holes/.

hemanan, tv. cf. heman.

hémanhéman, tv. fill /hole/ one after another.

hémanhémanan, tv. cf. hémanhéman.

hembenal, n4f. place from where earth has fallen in slide.

hem¢ah, iv. give way (ground).

hem¢an, tv. make give way /ground/.

hem¢anan, tv. cf. hemean (plu).

hemel, n5. avalanche.

hemel, nc. avalanche.

hemem, av. giving way rapidly (ground).

hemes, tv. fill, push down.

hemesan, tv. push down or fill /plu/.

hemesanan, tv. cf. hemesan.

hemet, av. slipping, sliding (ground underfoot).

hemetik, av. cf. hemet.

hemhem, iv. slide down slightly.

hemhon, av. slipping, sliding or spreading flat (corn or beans in pile), making ground give way.

hemk’uh, iv. cf. hemeah.

hemk’un, tv. cf. hemean.

hemlah, av. giving way rapidly (ground) (sing).

hemlahet, av. slipping, sliding down here and there (ground), making ground give way (plu).

hémluh, av. giving way suddenly (ground).

hémtehémte, av. slipping or sliding down here and there.

hen(1) prob P or P(2).

henel č’ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). chubby (child, puppy, pot).

henet č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). with chubby belly (child, puppy).

henhen č’ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). chubby (child, puppy, pot).

henhon č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). toddling with chubby belly (child, puppy).

henlah č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). cf. henhon č’ut (plu).

henlahet č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). cf. henhon č’ut.

henlahetik č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). toddling with chubby belly (children).

héntehénte, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with chubby belly (child, puppy).

hen(2) prob O.

henhen, n1e. giant tropical toad Bufo horribilis. It is thought to be the earth lord’s maid.

henhon, av. croaking (giant tropical toad).

henlahet, av. cf. henhon (plu).

hénuhénuhénu, onom. croak /giant tropical toad/.

heneral N(Sp, general).

heneral, agn. general.

hep T(2).

hep, tv. split off /shoot/, chop off /branch/, chop into small pieces, give small amount /money/.

hep, iv. split (wood, fingernail).

hep, nc. sliver that has been pulled off /wood, incense, pine/, chip /tooth/, strip /palm frond/.

hepan, tv. chop off /branches/, chop into small pieces.

hepanan, tv. cf. hepan.

hépanhépan, tv. chip off one after another /pieces of tile/, split off one after another /shoots/.

hépanhépanan, tv. cf. hépanhépan.

hepel ʔek’el, nphr(aj & n)5. ‘axe chip’, black-capped swallow Notiochelidon pileata/Naben Čauk/ cf. haval lek’el.

hepel toʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. kindling, chip, splinter.

hepelul, n4f. chip.

hephep, nc. single strip /palm frond/ /I only/.

hephon, av. chopping at ineffectually.

heplahetik, av. cf. hephon (plu).

hepleh, n4f. whole chip.

hepob, n1f. machete.

hepobil, n1f. cf. hepob.

hepulan, tv. keep chopping /with axe or hoe/.

hepe

hepe, boss. cf. hefe.

hep’(1) P or P(2).

bep’-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. small-faced.

hep’el, aj. small-faced.

hep’et sat, vphr(av & n4d). small-faced.

hep’hep’, aj. small-faced.

hep’(2) prob O.

hep’ep’et, av. gnawing (rat, paca, gopher, charcoal-cruncher), gnashing (drunk, peccary, pig).

hep’hon, av. gnawing (rat, gopher, charcoal-cruncher).

hep’lahet, av. gnawing (rats).

hap’lahetik, av. cf. hep’lahet.

hép’tehép’te, av. gnawing here and there.

hep’ulan, tv. keep gnawing /stale tortilla/(Chamula).

herinka N(Sp, jeringa).

herinka, n5. syringe.

herka N(Sp, jerga).

herkail, n3a. woolen tunic. Like all other woolen clothing this is not placed in the coffin of its deceased owner, lest his soul be burnt.

herkain, tv. steal woolen tunic.

hesu-krísto N(Sp, Jesucristo).

hesu-krísto, n(n & ncpd)5. Jesus Christ.

Ritual speech, while making sign of cross; dyos hesu-krísto kahval.

God, Jesus Christ, My Lord.

heš N.

heš, n1d. unicolored jay Aphelocoma unicolor, steller jay Cyanocitta stelleri, green jay Xanthoura yncas. Jays are eaten. They are “cold”. It is believed that when a male child is born the jays celebrate with a dance because they know that the boy will grow up and work in the fields, producing more corn for the jays to eat, but a female child causes them only sadness and anger.

hešhon, av. calling (jay).

hešlahet, av. cf. hešhon (plu).

hešlahetik, av. cf. hešhon (plu).

héšluh, av. calling suddenly (jay).

héštehéšte, av. calling about (jay).

het P.

het, n4f. fork /shuttle, slingshot/.

het, nc. fork /single branching of road, slingshot, tree/.

het-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5. waddling, hobbling, bowlegged.

het teʔ, nphr(n of n5). tree fork.

hetan čak, vphr(tv & n4d). stand with legs widely planted.

hetav, nc. fork /tree, road/, prong /2-3/.

hetel čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with feet planted wide apart, with one foot resting on rock or chair, etc.

hetet čak, vphr(av & n4d). scrambling up or over, straddling.

te šhetet sčak ta nuk’ na ihta. There I caught him scrambling over the roof ledge /robber/.

hethet, aj. forked (branches with one perpendicular, one at right angles).

hethet čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with feet planted wide apart, with one foot resting on rock or chair, etc.

hethon, av. waddling (fat person, duck), swaggering, toddling, hobbling, walking bowleggedly.

hetlahet, av. cf. hethon (plu).

hetobtaan, tv. straddle over /logs, rocks/.

hetobtaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. leap frog.

héttehétte čak, vphr(av & n4d). shinnying one after another.

hi(1) E.

hi, excl. ohh! /phrase or sentence initial term signifying greatness or extent of size or magnitude of action/, var., hih.

hi nom ibat. Ohh, it went very far!

hi(2) O.

hihihihihi, onom. sound used to imitate tune, comparable to humming.

hihon, av. humming /restricted to children, i is nasalized/.

hi(3) prob O.

hiet, av. snarling ferociously (dog) /i is nasalized/.

hilahet, av. cf. hiet (plu)(V2: 19).

hiʔ(1) Pt.

hiʔ, pt. yes. var., hihiʔ /nasalization of vowel/.

hiʔhiʔtik, pt. yes … almost.

hiʔtik, pt. yes … almost.

hiʔ(2) P(2) or T(2).

hiʔ, tv. spread flat /beans, corn, chili, earth, stones, gravel, coffee beans, sand/, pay off entirely at one time.

ishiʔ ʔo lok’el li yak’lele. She pulled the coals out.

hiʔ, nc. clutch /eggs/.

hiʔ ba, rv. slide down (rocks, corncobs).

hiʔahtik, aj. cf. hiʔil /plu/.

hiʔan, tv. spread flat /plu/, lay /eggs around the yard rather than in nest/.

hiʔanan, tv. cf. hiʔan.

híʔanhíʔan, tv. spread flat one after another.

híʔanhíʔanan, tv. cf. híʔanhíʔan.

hiʔel, nc. spreading flat.

hiʔet, av. sliding down (corn, gravel, etc.).

hiʔetik, av. cf. hiʔet (plu).

hiʔhon, av. lying unwinnowed (corn, beans), spreading flat.

hiʔiʔ, av. spreading quickly.

hiʔiʔet, av. sliding down (corn, gravel, etc.).

hiʔil, aj. spread flat (money, eggs).

hiʔlahet, av. cf. hiʔhon (plu).

hiʔlahetik, av. spreading flat (plu).

hiʔleh, n4f. expanse of objects spread out.

hiʔlehikil, n4f. large expanse of objects spread out.

híʔluh, av. sliding down suddenly (rocks, corncobs).

híʔehíʔte, av. rolling or sliding down here and there (rocks, corncobs).

híʔulan, tv. keep spreading flat.

hiʔulan ba, rv. keep spreading flat.

hib X.

hibet, av. breezy (cool breeze in lowlands).

hibibet, av. breezy (cool breeze in lowlands).

hi¢ I.

hi¢, iv. slip (knot).

hi¢-moč’, tv(iv & tvcpd). make slip knot.

hičes, tv. loosen /knot/.

hičesan, tv. loosen /knots/.

hičet, av. slipping (knot).

hi¢hi¢, iv. slip slightly (knot).

hi¢hi¢es, tv. loosen slightly /knot/.

hi¢i¢et, av. supping (knot).

hí¢luh, av. slipping suddenly (knot).

hí¢tehi¢te, av. slipping (long rope).

hi¢’ prob O.

hi¢’hon, av. rattling (bones of yalem bek’el), humming (harmonica), squeaking /weaving palm, cleaning glass/.

hič’ič’, av. rattling rapidly (bones of yalem bek’et).

hi¢’ie’et, av. squeaking (finger rubbed on wood, glass or palm frond), buzzing or rasping (saw EKL 258: 1-6).

hi¢’il bak, nphr(aj & n)5. yalem bek’et.

hi¢’lah, av. rattling rapidly (bones of yalem bek’et).

hi¢’lahet, av. rattling (bones of yalem bek’et).

hi¢’lahetik, av. squeaking /weaving palm, cleaning glass/ (plu).

hi¢’luh, av. rattling suddenly.

hí¢e’tehí¢’te, av. rattling about (bones of yalem bek’et), walking about humming /with harmonica/.

hič’(1) P.

hič’ahtik, aj. cf. hič’il /plu/.

hič’eah, iv. become slender or narrow (palm strip, bottle).

hič’ean, tv. make slender or narrow.

hič’hič’, aj. slender (stick, person).

hič’il, aj. slender (thread, corn cob, hoe handle, stick, arm, leg), narrow (palm strip).

hič’il snuk’. lit., His throat is slender; i.e., He sings falsetto.

hič’il ssat li voʔ liʔe. The water here is sweet /or soft/.

Male joking speech; yih pero komkom nat pero hič’il. thick but short, long but slender (penis).

hič’il ʔakuša ¢’iilel, cf. ʔakuša ¢’ivlcl.

hič’il ʔanal ¢ele-pat, cf. ¢ele-pat.

hi¢’il ʔanal pak’ čak, cf. pak’ čak.

hič’il ʔanal sahoʔ, cf. sahoʔ.

hič’il ʔanal sun, cf. sun.

hič’il ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ‘slender-leaved tree’, guatemalan jessamine Cestrum guatenwlense, #441(1, 2, 3). Temperate “tree”. cordia Cordia foliosa, #2131(11). Temperate “tree”. Viburnum hartwegii, #2102(14). Temperate “tree”.

hič ʔanal toh, cf. toh.

hič’il bakal, cf. ʔišim.

hič’il met, cf. met.

hič’il te9, nphr(aj & n)1a. switch /for sheep, chickens or dog/.

hič’il yašal pek’ meʔel, cf. pek’ meʔel.

hič’ilik, aj. cf. hič’il /plu/.

hič’ilik ʔanal habnal, cf. habnal.

hič’ilub ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). become narrower (woven palm).

hič’ilubtas, tv. make slender /thread when spinning, woven palm, hoe handle/.

hič’ilubtasan, tv. make slender /plu/.

hič’ilul, n4f. slenderness.

hič’leh, n4f. slenderness /unhealthy corn stalk/.

hič’lehikil, n4f. cf. hič’leh /plu/.

hič’ubtas, tv. make slender /thread when spinning//infr/.

hič’(2) prob O.

hič’hon, av. grinding /rumbling of mano on metate/, clopping (hobnailed sandals, shod horse), sawing (VI: 17).

hič’ič’et, av. rattling (EKL 259: 1-5).

hič’luh, av. grinding suddenly /sound/.

hič’tehič’te, av. clattering about (charcoal-cruncher).

hib

hih, ohh! cf. hi.

hihiʔ

hihi, yes. cf. hiʔ(1).

hiho E(Sp, hijo).

hiho, excl. hell! /exclamation of surprise or amazement/.

hiho-la čingára, exclphr(excl & xcpd & excl). son of a bitch! /exclamation of surprise or amazement, used also to cuss out mules/, var., ʔiho-la čingára, ho-la čingára, hiho-lela čingara.

hikamo N(N, xicama).

hikamo, n1d. jicama Pachyrhizus erosus, #3020(1, 4, 5, 11). Lowland “vine” (4)-lt is grown by the people of Acala and Chiapa. The seeds are planted in November, one to a hole. The root is harvested at the end of December and in January. It is “cold”. (11)-It is planted by a few ladinos in May and harvested in January. It is sold at market. var., hikamu /Htek-lum/.

hikamotik, n5. field of jicamas.

hikamo ʔak’, nphr(n type n). wild yam bean Pachyrhizus strigosus, #2628(22). Lowland “vine”

hikamu

hikamu, jicama. cf. hikamo.

hik’(1) T.

hik’, tv. inhale.

shik’ yoʔon. He sighs /from sadness/.

hik’ muyel, vphr(tv & dr). pump /water/.

hik’av, iv. choke, drown (person, animal, plant). If a person drowns in a river it is believed that the rain will cease for a while because the river has gotten “its meal”.

hik’hon, av. sobbing, braying (V2: 13).

šhik’hon t šʔok’. braying.

hik’hon ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). sighing deeply and frequently /sadness/.

hik’honah, iv. sigh /daily/.

hik’ik’, aj. suffocating, acrid.

hik’ik’ eč’el, vphr(av & dr). whooping and dying.

hik’ik’ te1), nphr(aj & n). ‘acrid tree’, mullein nightshade Solanum verbascifolium, # 1304(# 1, 3, 4, 5)- Lowland “tree” #2594(1, 3). Temperate “tree”. Solanum erianthum, #2159(1). Temperate “tree”.

¢ahal hik’ik’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Jacobinia sp., #2565(1, 4).

Temperate “tree”

hik’ik’et, av. whooping, gasping for breath.

hik’ik’ul ʔobal, nphr(aj & n)5. whooping cough.

hik’lahet, av. whooping /whooping cough/, sobbing (plu).

šhik’lahet t siok’. It brays /donkey/.

hik’lahetik, av. cf. hik’lahet (plu).

hik’luh, av. giving sudden whoop.

hik’ob, n1f. water pump.

hik’obil, n1f. cf. hik’ob.

hik’ul ʔobal, nphr(aj & n)5. whooping cough.

hik’ulan, tv. pump /water/.

hhik’ik’-ʔoʔon, agn(aj & ncpd). sighing person.

hhik’ik’-ʔoʔonal, agn(aj & ncpd). sighing person.

hhik’avel, agn. person who is suffocating or drowning.

bik’(2) X.

hik’a, tv. winnow /corn, beans/, fan.

hik’aan, tv. winnow /corn/, winnow /beans/.

hik’ah, iv. be winnowed or fanned.

hilc’ahiic’aan, tv. winnow one after another.

hik’aob, n1f. basket for winnowing corn.

hik’aobil, n1f. cf. hik’aob.

hik’olah, iv. winnow.

hik’omah, iv. winnow.

hhik’aeh-ʔišim, agn(vn & ncpd). corn winnower.

hil prob P or P(2).

hil, nc. strip/fresh or jerked meat/.

hil_______, nphr(n4f of n5). every________/night, week, day, month, year/, daily, monthly, yearly, nightly, weekly.

hil¢ah, iv. be faint or dead with exhaustion.

hilčan ba, rv. be faint or dead with exhaustion.

hil¢anvan, iv. exhaust person.

hilč’uh, iv. become uncoiled, stretch out, open up (flower).

hilč’uhem sbikil. His intestines are uncoiled /from diarrhea/.

hilč’un, tv. unfold, uncoil.

shilč’unohbe labal yakubel. He has become a chronic drunk.

hilč’un ba, rv. uncoil (rope, snake).

hilč’unan, tv. unfold or uncoil /plu/.

hilč’unhilč’un, tv. unfold or uncoil one after another.

hilč’unhilč’unan, tv. cf. hilč’unhilč’un.

hilet, av. worn out /from sickness/, being dragged along (drunk).

hilhil, nc. single strip /fresh or jerked meat/ /I only/.

hilhil, aj. adolescent /fourteen to fifteen years/.

hilhon tal, vphr(av & dr). arriving empty-handed, rushing about.

hilic’, aj. unfolded, uncoiled, open (hand).

ta hlamta hba ta hilič’. I will wrap it around myself unfolded.

hilikil, n4f. many strips /fresh or jerked meat/.

hilil, aj. stretched out /drunk or exhausted/.

hilil eč’el, av. dying /lit., being dragged away/.

hililet, av. uncoiling rapidly (rolls of paper tossed at fiestas, hank of yarn being measured).

hilk’uh, iv. cf. hilč’uh.

hilleh, n4f. whole strip.

hilluh, av. uncoiling suddenly (rope, snake).

híltehílte, av. rushing about one after another, walking about empty-handed /without bringing gifts to family/.

hhil¢anvaneh, agn. diarrhea, vomiting.

hila

hila, row. cf. hilo.

hilo N(Sp, fila).

hilo, n1a. row /cultivated plants/, var., hila /infr/.

him T.

him, tv. turn /handle of corn-grinder/.

him, onom. ping (bullet VI: 20) /richocheting/.

him, nc. shot of slingshot.

him baik, rv. wrestle.

him-bail ta lum, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/5 & prep & n5). wrestling on the ground.

him hol, vphr(tv / / n). shake head negatively or in gesture of disgust or annoyance (person, horse).

him yalel, vphr(tv & dr). hurl to the ground /person/.

him yalel, vphr(iv & dr). fall to the ground (object falling from one’s grasp).

himan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). whirl away /plu/.

himanan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. himan ec’el.

hí’manhírnan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). whirl away one after another.

hí’manhí’man hoi, vphr(tv / / n). shake heads one after another /in disagreement/.

hímanhímanan. tv. whirl away one after another.

hí’manhí’manan hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. hímanhíman hol.

himbe, tv. swing at someone /machete, stick/.

him eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). whirl away /stick, stone with slingshot/, throw aside /person/.

himel, nc. turning /handle/.

himet balamil, vphr(av & n5). feeling dizzy.

himet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). feeling dizzy.

hirrihim, n1d. bullroarer.

himhon, av. switching (horse’s tail).

himhon k’ob, vphr(av & n4d). swinging arm.

himič’, n1d. sling /made of woven fiber and formerly used to hunt birds/.

himič’ šik, cf. šik.

himič’ teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. throwing stick /for knocking down fruit, chickens, wasp nests/.

himič’ah, iv. shoot slingshot.

himič’ta, tv. shoot slingshot at.

himim, av. swirling around (dizziness).

himimet, av. whirring (corn mill EKL 252: 1-21).

himimet balamil, vphr(av & n5). with earth spinning around /dizziness/.

himimet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). with head spinning /dizziness/.

himlah, av. hurrying and swinging arms.

himlahet k’ob, vphr(av & n4d). cf. himhon k’ob (plu).

himlahetik, av. cf. himhon k’ob (plu).

hímluh, av. whirling away, rushing away or pinging suddenly.

himobil, n4f. slingshot.

hi’mtehí’mte k’ob, vphr(av & n4d). walking along swinging arm.

hímulan, tv. twirl /pom-pom of scarf, lasso, bullroarer/, shake head /in disagreement/, swing /legs/.

himulan ba, rv. twist and turn /to break away/.

himulan ne, vphr(tv & n4d). switch tail (horse, cow).

himulanan, tv. twirl /lassos/.

himulanan baik, tv. keep wrestling (plu).

himulanbe, tv. keep swinging at someone /machete, stick/.

himvan, iv. make person dizzy.

himvan ta lum, vphr(iv & prep & n5). hurl person to the ground.

hhimič’ahel, agn. person who shoots slingshot.

hhimvaneh ta lum, agn(nphr/vn & prep & n5/). wrestler, person who throws another to ground.

hin I(2).

hin, iv. fall (cliff), roll down (rocks), fall off pile (adobe, brick, rock), topple over (tree), slide down (corn).

hin ba, rv. roll down.

hineah, iv. roll down, fall off pile, topple over (tree), slide down (earth, corn).

hin¢an, tv. push down.

hines, tv. push or roll down.

hinesan, tv. push down /plu/.

hinesanan, tv. cf. hinesan.

hinesobil, n4f. lever, crowbar.

hinhon, av. grinding /rumbling of mano on metate/.

hinil čaʔal, ajphr(aj & aj). messy, cluttered, packed /with people/.

hinil vuk’ul, ajphr(aj & aj). messy, cluttered, packed /with people/.

hinil vuk’ul k’usuk yu’un. His things are in a mess.

hinil vuk’ul t ššsanav. He stumbles along without speaking to anyone.

hinin, av. thudding (falling earth, firewood, rocks, ears of corn or adobes, etc.).

hininet, av. thudding (falling earth, rocks, ears of corn being poured into bag), swooshing (corn moving by itself in corn bin). The swooshing of corn in the corn bin is thought to indicate that the corn’s soul is going out to divert itself on a Sunday or that it is leaving the house permanently because of the infidelity of its owner or his wife.

hink’uh, iv. cf. hin¢ah.

hink’un, tv. cf. hinean.

hinlah, av. cf. hinin.

hinlahet, av. cf. hinhon (plu).

hinlahetik, av. cf. hinhon (plu).

hinleh, n4f. fallen down.

hinp’uh, iv. cf. hineah.

hinp’un, tv. cf. hinean.

hí’ntehínte, av. falling one after another.

hinuh, onom. rumble /grinding on metate/.

hinulan, tv. grind first time /corn/.

hinulan, iv. keep rolling down (rocks), keep falling off pile (adobe, brick, rock), keep sliding down (corn).

hip P(2), T(2).

hip, tv. throw.

hip ba, rv. throw oneself /on horse/, throw oneself /on ground/ (child in temper tantrum, drunk).

hip ba ta ʔuk’um, vphr(rv & prep & n5). jump into river.

hip baik, rv. wrestle /often has sexual connotation/.

hip-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. throwing oneself /on ground/.

hip ta pat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d) throw or put on one’s back /load/, put on one’s back /baby/.

hip ta pat hol, vphr(tv & prep & nphr/n4f of n4d/). forget forever.

hipan, tv. hang up, hang /person to cause death or to extort confession/.

hipan ba, rv. hang from /branch/, pull against rope (horse, cow).

hipan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). throw things.

hipanan, tv. hang up (plu).

hipanan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. hipan eč’el.

hípanhípan, tv. hang up one after another.

hípanhípanan, tv. cf. hípanhípan.

hípanhípan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). throw one after another.

hípanhípanan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. hípanhípan eč’el.

hipanvan, iv. hang person.

hip¢ah, iv. slip down.

hipet, av. hanging, balking, clinging.

hipetik, av. bouncing up and down (scales).

hiphip hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). hanging down (burden falling off mule).

hiphip ta čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n4d). swaying precariously low down on back /mule, person/.

hiphon, av. swinging, swaying (branch, wasp nest, hammock), oscillating pendulum).

hipi, iv. cling to.

hipil, aj. hung from (Christ on cross), tethered, hanging.

hipip, av. swinging.

hipipet, av. swaying.

hipk’uh, iv. cf. hip¢ah.

hiplah, av. swinging (sing or plu).

hiplahet, av. swinging (monkeys, hanging objects).

hiplahetik, av. cf. hiplahet.

hipleb vonon, nphr(n of n). ‘bumblebee swing’, cigar flower Cuphea aequipetala, #2034(17). Highland “plant” Justicia clinopodium, #1903(17). Temperate “plant”. As a remedy for diarrhea and nausea a small bunch is brewed. A half cup is drunk before breakfast. It is “hot”.

hiplebal, n3d. hook.

hipleh, n1f. swinging.

hípluh, av. swinging suddenly.

hipp’uh, iv. cf. hip¢ah.

hipp’un, tv. pull down.

híptehípte, vphr(av & dr). swinging about (monkey, squirrel).

hipuh, iv. swing from.

hipuh lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). struggle out of.

hipuhebal, n3d. swing.

hipulan, tv. keep throwing, swing /hammock/.

hipulan ba, rv. struggle wildly (unbroken horse, prisoner).

hipulanan baik, rv. struggle wildly (plu).

hipulanvan, iv. throw person about (car), swing person.

hhipanvaneh, agn. hangman.

hhipulanvaneh, agn. person who swings another.

his T.

his, tv. cut in strips /meat/, tear in strips /palm/, cut in chunks /squash/, strip man of strength (oversexed woman), strip off /fruit, flowers, leaves, pine needles/ (rain, wind, person), saw lengthwise, pull out /nits/.

his, nc. stitched section of clothing.

his, onom. swish /sound of snake passing/.

hisan, tv. tear in strips much /palm/, cut in strips much /meat/, strip off /fruits/.

hísanhísan, tv. strip off one after another /fruit on tree/.

hísanhísanan, tv. cf. hísanhísan.

hisbe, tv. cause to whistle toward someone /bullet, stick, machete/.

ishisbe smišik’. She tore his umbilical cord /midwife who punctures and tears cord, squeezing out the blood before the cord is cut, so that baby won’t have stomachache/.

hisbenal, n4f. palm already torn in strips.

hiset, av. pouring (rain).

hishis, nc. single section of clothing /1 only/.

hishon, av. whipping, stripping off /fruit/.

hisikil, n4f. many sections of clothing.

hisis tal, vphr(av & dr). slithering rapidly towards, approaching rapidly (heavy drizzle).

hisisanbe, tv. whip repeatedly.

hisiset, av. drizzling heavily, whistling (wind V3: 3), howling (wind EKL 255: 1–4).

hisiset k’ušul č’ut, vphr(av & nphr/n4f of n4d/). feeling stomach cramps.

hislah, av. hurrying and whipping /mules/ (plu).

hislahet, av. whipping repeatedly /mules/ (plu).

hislahetik, av. stripping off /fruit/ (plu).

hisleh, n4f. entire section of clothing.

hísluh, av. falling face first (person), darting (snake), whacking or whipping suddenly.

hisob, n1f. knife, needle or thread to split palm frond, saw.

hisobil, n1f. cf. hisob.

hisolah, iv. cut in strips /meat/.

hisomal, nc. wide sewn section of clothing.

hístehíste, av. walking along whipping /horse/.

hisulan, tv. keep cutting in strips or chunks.

hisvan, iv. strip person’s strength.

t šhisvan li čamel k’al bae¢’i eoe t šak’e. Sickness strips a person’s strength when it is very severe.

t šhisvan ʔan¢ ti mi toh muk’e pero haʔ ti bu yočol noš li vinike. A woman strips a person’s strength if she is too large but that’s only if the man is weak.

hhis-bek’et, agn(tv & ncpd). butcher.

hhisolahel, agn. butcher.

hhisvaneh, agn. woman who strips man of strength.

hit X.

hituh, iv. become untied.

hituhebal, n5. moment just before something becomes untied.

hitun, tv. untie.

Ritual speech, shaman praying for release of patient who has been sold to the earth; hitunbon tal ti yo yak’ile ti yo sč’ahnule. Untie for me his lowly cords, his lowly ropes.

hitun ba, rv. untie self, untie one’s bonds, free self.

hitunan, tv. untie /plu/.

hitunanan, tv. cf. hitunan.

hítunhítun, tv. untie one after another.

hítunhítunan, tv. cf. hítunhítun.

hítunhítunanan, tv. cf. hítunhítun.

hit’ T(2).

hit’, tv. lash with vines /house and walls, corral, fence/.

hit’ baik, rv. form a long line /infr/.

hit’ na, nphr(n1f of n1d). vertical pole of wooden house wall.

hit’ahtik, aj. cf. hit’il /plu/.

hit’ak, tv. prepare warp lashing.

hit’ak, n1a. warp lashing.

hit’akil holobil, nphr(natt & n)5. warp lashing.

hit’an, tv. lash /fence, corral or house posts/.

hit’anan, tv. cf. hit’an.

hít’anhít’an, tv. lash one after another.

hít’anhít’anan, tv. cf. hit’anhítan.

hit’benal, n4f. lashing.

hit’bil na, nphr(aj & n)5. house with board or pole walls lashed together by vines.

hit’ebal, n5. moment just before lashing is finished.

hit’el, nc. lashing.

hit’et, av. walking in a long line.

hit’etik, av. cf. hit’et (plu).

hit’hon, av. lashing /fence, house, etc./.

hit’il, aj. in a long line (people).

hit’ilik, aj. cf. hit’il /plu/.

hit’it’, av. walking in long line.

hit’it’et, av. walking in a long line, standing in long rows of equal height (young com).

hit’lahet, av. cf. hit’hon (plu).

hit’ob, n1f. vine or twilled grass for fence, etc.

hit’ob na, nphr(n of n). ‘house lashing’, morning glory Ipomoea sp., #2157(7). Temperate “vine”

hit’obil, n1f. cf. hit’ob.

hit’ulan, tv. keep lashing with vines.

hit’van, iv. form people in long lines.

hhit’vaneh, agn. person who forms others in long lines.

hmʔ

hmʔ, uh-huh! cf. hʔ.

ho-la

ho-la, son of a bitch! cf. hiho.

hoʔ(1) T.

hoʔ, tv. smooth /stone, metate/.

hoʔel, nc. smoothing /stone, metate/.

hoʔhon, av. smoothing /stone, metate/.

hoʔilan, tv. smooth /stone, metate/.

hoʔlahetik, av. cf. hoʔhon (plu).

hoʔ(2) O.

hoʔ, onom. low moan /tree or door in wind/.

hóʔlih, av. scraping suddenly (chair), squealing suddenly (car V3: 9) /braking/.

hoʔoʔet, av. moaning (door in wind), squealing (car V3: 9) /braking/, scraping (chair V2: 1).

hobel N.

hobel, n1d. grass, thatch. If a farmer carelessly leaves his hoe in the field it is thought that the soul /č’ulel/of the grass will beat and dull the blade of its enemy, the hoe, and simultaneously tire out the farmer.

hobel, n5. San Cristóbal de las Casas.

hobel toh, nphr(n type n)5. Tenejapa /archaic/.

hobelah, iv. make trip to San Cristóbal.

hobelal ʔavarto, nphr(natt & n). ‘packsaddle grass’, gama grass Tripsacum lanceolatum, #1551(1, 3, 11, 12). Temperate “plant” The stalks are cut with an axe or billhook by the Zinacantecs of Čobtik and are then bound to make packsaddles.

hobelal na, nphr(natt & n)5. thatch-roofed house.

hobelal na, nphr(natt & n). ‘house grass’, muhly Muhlenbergia stricta, #1559(11, 12). Temperate “plant” (11)-It is used for thatch by Čobtik Zinacantecs. Between twelve and sixteen hundred are needed. They are cut with a billhook.

hobelal šalma, nphr(natt & n). ‘packsaddle grass’, beard grass Andropogon bicornis, #700(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant” It is used by ladinos for packsaddles. beard grass Andropogon glomeratus, #1516(1, 3). Highland “plant”, robust muhly Muhlenbergia robusta, #2279(3, 4). Highland “plant”, muhly Muhlenbergia breviligula, #2702(15). Temperate “plant”

sakil hobelal šalma, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). beard grass Andropogon glomeratus, #2258(3, 4). Highland “plant”.

hobelaltik, n5. large grass field.

hobeltik, n5. grass field.

hhobel toh, agn(nphr/n type n/). Tenejapan /archaic/.

hhobel tohahel, agn(nphr/n type n/). person going to, at, or coming from Tenejapa.

hhobelahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from San Cristóbal.

hhobelal ʔosil, agn(nphr/natt & n/)5. inhabitant of San Cristóbal.

ba¢’i hobel, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. ʔana hobel.

ho¢(1) T.

ho¢an, tv. pull up /plu/.

ho¢anan, tv. cf. ho¢an.

ho¢anbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). grab many /children/ by the hair.

hó¢anhó¢an, tv. pull up one after another /beans/.

hó¢anhó¢anan, tv. cf. hó¢anhó¢an.

ho¢be, tv. pull up indiscriminately (horse, person pulling up weeds, beans).

ho¢be hol, vphr(tv & n4d). grab by the hair.

ho¢el, nc. pulling of person’s hair.

ho¢hon, av. grazing.

ho¢ilananbe hol, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. ho¢anbe hol.

ho¢ilanbe hol, vphr(tv & n4d). keep grabbing by the hair.

ho¢lahet, av. cf. ho¢hon (plu).

ho¢lahetik, av. cf. ho¢hon (plu).

ho¢obil, n4f. rake.

ho¢o¢et, av. sticking (bandaid being pulled off).

ho¢(2) prob O.

ho¢et, av. wheezing threateningly (indigo snake).

ho¢o¢et, av. wheezing threateningly (indigo snake).

ho¢’ prob T(2).

ho¢’, tv. clean /well/, pull out /embers, squash seeds/, dish up /meal/, harvest /honey/, drag out /person from house to be killed/, rake.

ho¢’ ʔovol, vphr(tv & vn5). scratch up corn (birds, raccoon).

ho¢’ ba, rv. tickle one’s throat to induce vomiting.

hoe’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. tickling of one’s throat, luring of person out of home /to kill him/.

ho¢’an ʔovol, vphr(tv & vn5). scratch up a lot of corn.

ho¢’anan ʔovol, vphr(tv & vn5). cf. ho¢’an ʔovol.

hó¢’anhó¢’an, tv. dish out one after another.

hó¢’anhó¢’anan, tv. cf. hó¢’anhó¢’an.

hó¢’anhó¢’an ʔovol, vphr(tv & vn5). scratch up corn kernels one after another.

hó¢’anhó¢’an lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). pull one thing out after another /from net, etc./.

ho¢’el, nc. digging up /clay/, dishing up /meal/.

ho¢’ho¢’-hak’, tv(aj & tvcpd). ask searching questions, grill, pry.

ta sho¢’ho¢’-hak’be mi šal ti k’usi smule. He grilled him to see if he would admit his guilt.

tol sho¢ho¢’-hak’ bu šik’ototik. She is always nosy about where we are going.

ho¢’ho¢’ k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. inquiry.

ho¢’ho¢’-k’opta, tv(aj & tvcpd). ask searching questions.

ho¢’hon, av. scratching /ground/ (dog), frisking (soldier), groping /for mate in bed, for mother’s breast/.

ho¢’ilan, tv. root around, search here and there, keep scratching up (dog, chicken).

ho¢’ilan ba, rv. keep tickling one’s throat to induce vomiting.

ho¢’ilanan, tv. search here and there.

ho¢’lahet, av. scratching ground (dogs, chickens), frisking (soldiers).

ho¢’lahetik, av. cf. ho¢’lahet (plu).

ho¢’ob, n1f. spoon, ladle.

ho¢’ob lum, nphr(n 1 f of n 1 d). place where clay is dug for pottery, cup for digging earth.

ho¢’obil, n1f. cf. ho¢’ob.

ho¢’obil lum, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. ho¢’ob lum.

ho¢’olah, tv. scratch up here and there.

hó¢’tehó¢’te, av. searching here and there, scratching ground here and there.

ho¢’van ta na, vphr(iv & prep & n5). lure person out of house to murder him.

hho¢’-ʔovol, agn(tv & ncpd). animal that scratches up corn.

hho¢’-veʔelil, agn(tv & ncpd). woman who dishes out food.

hho¢’ol, agn. animal that scratches up corn (raccoon).

hho¢’vaneh ta na, agn(vphr/iv & prep & n5/). murderer.

hoč P(2).

hoč, tv. drag to court, compel to be married.

ishoč ta persa yalib ta kavilto iyik’ li skreme yuʔun ʔep ša lahem tak’in k’alal ismel¢an sbaike. He compelled his (future) daughter-in-law to have a civil marriage; she married his son because he (the boy) had already spent a lot of money when they made the settlement.

hoč, nc. drag /branches/.

hoč ba, rv. drag oneself along, walk along feeling very ill.

hočahtik, aj. cf. hočol /plu/.

hočan, tv. drag with difficulty /branches, trees/.

hočan ba, rv. lie or stand feebly.

hočanan, tv. cf. hočan.

hóčanhóčan, tv. drag one after another with difficulty.

hóčanhóčanan, tv. cf. hóčanhóčan.

hočel, nc. dragging /branches/.

hočet, av. dragging along with difficulty, walking aimlessly.

hočetik, av. cf. hočel (plu).

hočhoč, aj. too long (shorts).

hočhon, av. dragging oneself along, dragging along with difficulty, hurrying with flapping /sandal/, rustling, rattling (broken fiddle), flapping (bladder V4: 6) /while being inflated/.

hoči, iv. stand aimlessly.

hočilan, tv. keep dragging with difficulty, drag along /child/, retard another person’s progress (tired wife on trail).

t šhočilan ta kavilto. He keeps dragging /someone/ to the town hall.

hočilan ba, rv. make trip in vain.

hočilanan, tv. cf. hočilan.

hočilanan baik, rv. drag each other around (drunks).

hočlah, av. hurrying with flapping /sandals/ (plu).

hočlahet, av. cf. hočhon (plu).

hočlahetik, av. cf. hočhon (plu).

hočleh, n1f. standing aimlessly or feebly, fallen behind /on path/.

hočlehikil, n4f. cf. hočleh /plu/.

hóčlih, av. making sudden rasping sound (canvas, corn husk or paper dragged on ground).

hočoč, av. dragging along with difficulty.

hočočet, av. scraping /sound of gobbler scraping wings on ground when displaying, of branches dragged on ground or of drunk dragged by the arms/.

hočol, aj. standing aimlessly or feebly, too long (shorts, boy’s smock, net).

hóčtehóčte, av. ambling about, rattling about.

hočvan, iv. drag person.

hhočvaneh, agn. person who drags another along.

hoč’(1) A, N.

hoč’, n4a. powder of worm-eaten corn, beans or wood. inan. poss.; shoč’ (or) shoč’al (or) shoč’il.

hoč’, aj. worm-eaten (corn, beans, wood).

hoč’ib, iv. become worm-eaten.

hoč’ibtas, tv. riddle (weevil).

hoč’ibtasan, tv. riddle /corn, beans, wood/ (weevils, wood beetles).

hoč’in, iv. become worm-eaten.

hoč’(2) T.

hoč’, tv. strike /match/.

hoč’an, tv. strike /matches/.

hoč’anan, tv. cf. hoč’an.

hóč’anhóč’an, tv. strike one after another.

hóč’anhóč’anan, tv. cf. hóč’anhóč’an.

hoč’et, av. scraping.

hoč’hon, av. make scratching sound (dog on door, rat dragging corn husk), clanking (hoe on rock), scraping /bowl clean/.

hoč’ilan, tv. keep striking /match/.

hoč’lah, av. scrambling (cat up roof) (sing).

hoč’lahet, av. make scratching or rustling sound (dog, rat, cat).

hoč’lahet ta tiʔ na, vphr(av & prep & nphr/n of n/5). standing about outside door (person who is not allowed in).

hoč’lahetik, av. cf. hoč’lahet (plu).

hóč’lih, av. scratching or rustling suddenly.

hoč’ob, n1f. striking section of match box, piece of metal used to scrape up weeds.

hoč’obil, n1f. cf. hoč’ob.

hoč’oč’et, av. rustling, scratching, shattering (glass V1: 10), scraping (object on smooth surface EKL 259: 17), crashing (dragging logs EKL 259: 1–4).

hóč’tehóč’te, av. make scratching sound here and there (mouse).

hoh N.

hoh, n1e. common raven Corvus corax. The raven is not considered edible. It is believed that a single call of a raven in the afternoon is an announcement of death. The raven is credited with great wealth because of its habit of stealing matured corn which it presumably carries to its cave.

hoh, n5. ear of corn that bifurcates at top.

hohhon, av. cawing.

hohlahet, av. cf. hohhon (plu).

hohoč’ N.

hohoč’, n1e. corn husk. If a person eats corn on the cob with the husk still attached, he is liable to become the target of someone’s angry words.

hohoč’ vinik, vphr(n type n)5. thin man /light as a feather/.

hohoč’al ʔuč’imoʔ, nphr(natt & n)5. posol wrapped in corn husk.

hohoč’in, tv. take corn husk.

hok T.

hokan niʔ, vphr(tv & n4d). snort many times (frightened horse).

hókanhókan niʔ, vphr(tv & n4d). snort one after another (frightened horses).

hókanhókanan niʔ, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. hókanhókan niʔ.

hokbe vayel, vphr(tv & vn5). snore.

hoket, av. snorting (frightened horse), snoring.

hoket niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). snoring, snorting (frightened horse).

hoketah niʔ, vphr(iv & n4d). snore /restricted to third person/.

hoketik, av. cf. hoket (plu).

hokhon, av. snorting (frightened horse), snoring.

hoklahet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). snoring /plu/.

hoklahetik, av. cf. hoket (plu).

hóklih niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). snorting suddenly (frightened horse).

hokoket nil, vphr(av & n4d). snoring.

hóktehókte, av. walking about snorting (frightened horse).

hoko N(Sp, foco).

hoko, n1a. flashlight. var., foko.

hokoin, tv. steal flashlight.

hok’(1) T.

hok’, tv. dig up, harvest /potatoes, chayote root, soaproot/, dig.

ishok’ sč’enal ʔoy. He dug a post hole.

ishok’ yav na. He dug a foundation.

ishok’ yok na. He dug under the house (dog).

hok’an, tv. dig up /mud/, harvest /potatoes, etc./.

hók’anhók’an, tv. dig up one after another.

hók’anhók’anan, tv. cf. hók’anhók’an.

hok’ilan, tv. keep digging or digging up.

hok’ilanan, tv. keep digging in many places, keep digging up /plu/.

hok’ob, n1f. shovel, pick, digging stick, hoe.

hok’obil, n1f. cf. hok’ob.

hok’olah, iv. root (pig).

hok’(2) P.

hok’ahtik, aj. cf. hok’ol /plu/.

hok’an, tv. hang up, hang, tether.

Ritual speech, shaman referring to his patient for whom he is seeking divine protection; t čba hhok’anbe ʔo t čba h¢oyanbe ʔo. With this /visit/, 1 am going to suspend him, I am going to entrust him.

hok’an ba, rv. hang self, pull against rope, cling to, hang from.

hok’an ba ta kahvaltik, vphr(rv & prep & n5). visit shrines /have curing ceremony/.

hok’anan, tv. hang up /plu/.

hok’aneh-bai], vn(tv & rpncpd)5. curing ceremony involving visit to mountain shrines.

hók’anhók’an, tv. hang up one after another.

hók’anhók’anan, tv. cf. hók’anhók’an.

hok’anob, n1f. line, rope /for hanging clothes, meat, bags of toasted tortillas/, hook.

hok’anobil, n1f. cf. hok’anob.

hok’anvan, iv. hang person.

hok’¢ah, iv. take a long time.

hok’¢an, tv. delay /a person/.

hok’¢anan, tv. delay /people/.

hok’¢anvan, iv. delay a person.

hok’et, av. hanging on to, clinging to (dog attacking person, person clinging to tree).

hok’etik, av. cf. hok’et (plu).

hok’hon, av. clinging to (child to mother’s skirts, person to tree).

hok’i, iv. cling to, hang from.

t šhok’i ta krus kahvaltik. Our Lord is hung on the cross /Good Friday/.

hok’k’ih muyel, vphr(iv & dr). being pulled up /on rope/, climb /cliff/.

hok’k’ihel, vn5. visit to distant shrine.

hok’lah muyel, vphr(av & dr). clambering up (sing).

hok’lahet, av. clinging to (person or people to trees).

hok’lahetik, av. cf. hok’hon (plu).

hok’leb, n1f. place where things are hung from, hook.

hok’leb ¢oʔop ¢’unun, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). ‘hummingbird nest perch’, Digiticalia chiapensis, #1932(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”

hok’leb vonon, nphr(n of n). ‘bumblebee perch’, Tigridia hallbergii, #2149(14). Temperate “plant”

hók’lih, av. cringing suddenly to.

hok’ok’, av. hanging on to (attacking dog).

hok’ok’et, av. hanging.

hok’ol, aj. hung up, hanging, clinging (tick).

hok’olik, aj. cf. hok’ol /plu/.

hók’tehók’te, av. swinging about (monkey, squirrel).

šhók’tehók’te ta k’obk’ob teʔ. It is swinging from one branch to another.

hhok’anvaneh, agn. hangman.

hhok’¢anvaneh, agn. person who delays another, work that delays people.

hok’(3) T.

hhok’-niʔ, agn(tv & ncpd). snuffler. cf. hok. If a com cob burns it is thought that one’s child will become a snuffler.

hok’ok’et niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). snoring loudly.

hol(1) P(2) or T(2).

hol, tv. uncover, remove cloth from.

hol ba, rv. uncover self, take off one’s blanket, take off one’s headcovering (baby).

holahtik, aj. cf. holol /plu/.

holan, tv. uncover /plu/.

hólanhólan, tv. uncover one after another /burden, maguey roasted underground/.

hólanhólanan, tv. cf. hólanhólan.

holbe, tv. uncover /often implies lifting up woman’s skirt/.

holet sat, vphr(av & n4d). with face uncovered (baby).

holhon, av. uncovered.

holilan, tv. keep uncovering or removing cloth from.

holilan ba, rv. keep uncovering self, keep taking off one’s blanket or taking off one’s headcovering (baby).

holilanan baik, rv. keep uncovering selves (sick children).

hollahet. av. cf. holhon (plu).

holol, aj. uncovered.

hololik, aj. entirely uncovered.

hóltehólte, av. walking about uncovering.

šhóltehólte sčak s¢aʔan. He was walking about uncovering his rump, defecating (little boy holding up his smock).

holvan, iv. uncover person.

hholvaneh, agn. person who uncovers another.

hol(2) N.

ho1 ʔakan, nphr(n4f of n4d). knee.

ho1 ʔanima, nphr(n of n)5. skull /dead person/.

ho1 ʔatil, nphr(n1f of n3d). glans penis.

ho1 ʔitah, nphr(n1f of n1d). cabbage. It is “cold.”

ʔo shol yitah. He has cabbages.

hol ʔitahil pašak’, cf. pašak’.

hol ʔolol, nphr(n of n)5. ‘child’s root’ or ‘child’s head’ Dalembertia triangularis, #1288(1, 3, 4, 5), #2559(1, 4). Temperate “plant” Some Zinacantecs eat the root raw when they go to weed the corn fields.

bankilal hol ʔolol, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). ‘senior child’s root’, Dalembertia triangularis, #2559(21, 22). Temperate “plant”

hol biil, nphr(n1f of n3d). surname.

k’usi shol abi. What is your last name?

hol ¢el, nphr(n of n)1e. ridgepole.

hol ¢ib, nphr(n of n)5. fern root. It is “cold”. It is eaten during famines.

hol coy, nphr(n of n). ‘fish head’, Calyptocarpus wendlandii, #1616(1, 3, 11, 12), #2609(1, 3). Temperate “plant”

muk’ta hol čoy, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Calyptocarpus wendlandii, #2609(20). Temperate “plant” It is eaten by sheep and horses.

hol čoy ¢’i’ʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Calyptocarpus wendlandii, #892(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant” #2609(15, 22). Temperate “plant”

hol čuk, nphr(n of n)5. ridgepole; ceremony held by house owner when the walls are completed and the ridgepole is in place.

hol koy, cf. koy.

hol meša, nphr(n of n)5. head of table /during ceremony/.

hol šila kaʔ, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/)5. pommel.

hol tak’in. nphr(n of n)5. interest /financial/.

hol tem, nphr(n of n)5. head of bed.

hol tuk’ teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘gunstock tree’, Chlorophora tinctoria, # 1678(7). Lowland “tree” The wood is used for gunstocks.

hol vayebal, nphr(n of n)5. head of bed /during ceremony/.

holhol, n5. along the top of /mountain/.

holin, iv. form tuber, head (cabbage), accumulate (interest).

holinom tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. principal.

holintas, tv. exaggerate, embroider the story.

holintasan, tv. charge interest to /plu/, fabricate stories to incriminate people.

holol, n3b. head, tuber, hair of head, top /harp, cross, burden, hill, mountain/, heart /palm/, peak, butt /rifle/, scroll /guitar, violin/, tip /candle/, roof, condyle, cap /mushroom with conical cap/.

ʔoy shol. He is able.

Ritual speech, prayer; ti shole ti yoʔone. his head, his heart.

holol, n5. hair /in food or drink, etc./.

holol ʔuʔun, vphr(n4e/pred/ & n4d). quarrelsome, picking fights constantly.

holov ʔakanil, nphr(n1e of n3d). knee.

sholoval kakantik eč’el. knee-high (corn) /fourth developmental stage/.

hol(3) A.

hol, aj. scarce, infrequent.

mu holuk bu šibat. I travel frequently.

halan, tv. refuse to give, deny.

halanvan, iv. refuse to give away daughter.

hhabtanvaneh, agn. person who refuses to give away daughter.

hom(1) N.

hom, n1d. canoe, trough /for animals or salt manufacture/.

hom niʔ, nphr(n4e of n4d). sides of nose.

hom teʔ, nphr(n type n)5. hollow tree or log.

homal, n1f. gorge, narrow valley.

hom(2) T.

hom ta loʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). munch /weeds/ /sound/.

honian ta loʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). munch /weeds/ /sound/.

hómanhóman ta loʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). munch one after another /weeds//sound/.

hómanhómanan ta loʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. hómanhóman ta loʔel.

homhon, av. munching (cow, horse) /sound/.

homilan, tv. keep munching (cow, horse) /sound/.

homlahet, av. cf. homhon (plu).

homlahetik, av. cf. homhon (plu).

hom(3) prob P or P(2).

homhom, aj. with stale odor, musty (tortillas, chili, meat).

homhomtik, aj. with rather stale odor, rather musty (tortillas, chili meat).

homom, aj. with stale odor, musty (tortillas, chili meat).

homomib, iv. become stale smelling or musty.

hom(4) T.

hom, tv. rinse /nixtamal by scooping up corn in hands and sloshing in water/.

homan, tv. rinse /nixtamal/.

hómanhóman, tv. rinse one after another /nixtamal/.

hómanhómanan, tv. cf. hómanhóman.

homilan, tv. rinse /nixtamal/.

hom(5) X.

homet ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running (person, constable, horse).

homlahetik, av. cf. hormet ta ʔanil (plu).

hómlih, av. running suddenly.

homom, av. running (person, cow).

homomet, av. tearing along.

hómtehómte ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running about (person).

homoč’ A.

homoč’, aj. perforated, riddled.

homoč’-ʔut sekub t’ul, cf. sekub t’ul.

homoč’tah, iv. become riddled (corn, wood).

homoč’tik, aj. perforated, riddled.

hop T.

hop, tv. cup in hands, carry armfuls /weeds, stubble/, hold in tunic, clutch.

hop, nc. handful /two hands/, armful /clothing/.

hop baik, rv. walk with arms around each other’s shoulders (drunks).

hop-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. holding on to each other.

hop k’aʔep, vphr(tv & n5). gather up rubbish.

hop-k’aʔep, vn(tv & ncpd)5. gathering up of rubbish /by stewards and stewards-royal after redecorating their altars, by their assistants when they entrust their coffers to their successors/.

hop ta ʔalel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). drag up a bunch of lies.

hopan, tv. hold in both arms /plu/.

hopanan, tv. cf. hopan.

hópanhópan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). carry one armful after another.

hópanhópanan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. hópanhópan ec’el.

hopel, nc. cupping in hands, holding in arms.

hopet, av. holding in one’s hands /money/, holding in one’s arms.

hophon, av. holding in one’s arms, feeling up /woman/.

hopilan, tv. keep holding in cupped hands /penis/, keep holding in both arms /weeds, stubble/.

hopilan baik, rv. keep walking with arms around each other’s shoulders (drunks).

hopilanan, tv. keep holding /plu/ in cupped hands.

hopilanan baik, rv. cf. hopilan baik.

hoplahet, av. cf. hophon, hopel (plu).

hoplahetik, av. cf. hophon, hopet (plu).

hopob, n1f. straw mat for gathering rubbish.

hopobil, n1f. cf. hopob.

hóptehópte ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d). walking about holding on to something.

hopvan, iv. hold person against chest /prisoner, sick person/.

hhop-k’aʔep, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /person who gathers up rubbish for stewards and stewards-royal when they entrust their coffers to their successors/.

hhopvaneh, agn. person who holds another against chest /prisoner, patient/.

hor prob O.

horet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). snoring (person V4: 8).

horhon, av. wheezing (accordion, cough).

horlahet, av. cf. horhon (plu).

horlahetik, av. cf. horhon (plu).

hororet, av. wheezing (cough), put-putting (car V3: 12).

hororet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). snoring (person EKL 258: 1-15).

hórtehórte, av. walking about wheezing.

horkata N(Sp, horcado).

horkata, n1a. forked pole used to lower merchandise, branch, var., horketa.

horkatain, tv. use stick to lower fruit or branch.

horketa

horketa, forked pole. cf. horkata.

horno N(Sp, horno).

horno, n1a. oven /used only by ladinos/.

hos(1) T.

hos, tv. scrape, scrape off or clean with knife, stone or hoe.

ishos sba mukenal. He cleaned off the surface of the graveyard /once a year/.

hos, iv. be scraped or scratched.

hosan, tv. scrape or clean /plu/.

hosanan, tv. cf. hosan.

hósanhósan, tv. scrape away one after another /weed/.

hósanhósanan, tv. cf. hósanhósan.

hoshon, av. scraping, scraping off /weeding/.

hosiav čenek’, nphr(n of n)5. weeding before planting corn.

hosilan, tv. keep scraping or scraping off.

hosilanan, tv. keep scraping or scraping off in many places.

hoslahet, av. cf. hoshon (plu).

hoslahetik, av. cf. hoshon (plu).

hoslih, iv. be scraped (skin).

hoslin, tv. scrape /leg/.

hosob, n1f. scraper, pencil sharpener.

hosobil, n1f. cf. hosob.

hóstehóste kapemal, vphr(av & n4d). walking about swallowing one’s anger.

hos(2) prob O.

hoset, av. wheezing threateningly (turkey, cat, indigo snake).

hososet, av. wheezing threateningly (turkey, indigo snake).

hos(3) N(Sp, hoz).

hos, n1a. sickle.

hosepa

hosepa, Josephine, cf. čepa.

hot P or P(2).

hot, nc. side /house, face/, half /chicken/.

hot ʔo. changed, different.

hot ʔo snaʔ. He knows otherwise.

ta h-hot. over there (or) on that side.

hot meša ʔi¢’inal, nphr(nphr/n of n/ & aj)5. less prestigious side of table, i.e., to left hand when facing west.

hot meša bankilal, nphr(nphr/n of n/ & aj)5. more prestigious side of table, i.e., to right hand when facing west.

hothot, nc. single wall /1 only/.

h-hothot ša li pak’ nae. There is only one wall left.

hotleh, n4f. entire side.

hotokil, n4f. many halves /chickens/.

bu hotukal, nphr(pt & n). where, where?, to or on whichever side, to or on which side?, in whatever direction, in what direction?, wherever, wherever?.

hot’ T.

hot’, tv. scratch skin or insect bite /with fingernails, claws, or talons/.

hot’ ba, rv. scratch self (baby, monkey).

hot’ baik, rv. sieze each other for copulation (cats).

hot’an, tv. scratch /bites/.

hot’anan, tv. cf. hot’an.

hót’anhót’an, tv. scratch one after another /flea or louse bite/.

hót’anhót’anan, tv. cf. hót’anhót’an.

hot’hon, av. scratching self.

šhot’hon ta yuč’. lit., He is scratching his lice, i.e., He is lazy.

hot’ilan, tv. keep scratching self.

hot’ilan ba, rv. keep scratching self.

hot’ilanan, tv. keep scratching in many places /bites, etc./.

hot’ilanan baik, rv. keep scratching selves (children).

hot’lahet, av. cf. hot’hon (plu).

hot’ob, n1f. comb for napping wool cloth.

hot’obil, n1f. cf. hot’ob.

hot’ot’an, tv. wave arms in air to shield self (child after being struck), scratch or rub wildly (ant bites or burns).

hov(1)

hov, half, slice, cf. hav(1).

hov(2)

hov, armspan. cf. hav(2).

hovos(1) N(Sp, jobo).

hovos, n5. hog plum Spondias mombin, #810(1, 2),# 1332(1, 3, 4, 5, 8). Lowland “tree”. The fruit is eaten by men and birds. It is used to flavor cane liquor. It is “cold” The trunk is used for benches. The stems are debarked and used as stoppers for water gourds and powder horns.

var., ʔovos /ʔApas/.

ʔit’iš hovos, nphr(n4f of n5). Trichilia hirta, #3004(1, 4, 5). Lowland “tree” It is used for fence posts and firewood.

ʔovos, cf. hovos.

hovos(2) N.

hovos, n5. masked tityra Tityra semifasciata.

hoy(1) T(2).

hoy, tv. encircle, fence.

hoy, iv. be encircled or surrounded.

hoy ʔalel, nphr(aj & vn)5. words spoken to one person, but meant for another who is present.

hoy ba, rv. lit., surround self, i.e., fence one’s land.

ihhoy hba ta mok. I fenced my land.

hoy-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. sitting around in a circle /when eating from common bowl/.

hoy k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. words spoken to one person, but meant for another who is present.

hoy-sati, tv(tv & ncpd). weed around each plant /leaving the rest unweeded/.

hoyan, tv. encircle or fence /plu/.

hoyan ba, rv. fence a large area of one’s land.

hoyanan, tv. cf. hoyan.

hóyanhóyan, tv. fence one after another.

hóyanhóyanan, tv. cf. hóyanhóyan.

hoyebal tal, nphr(n5 & dr). reincarnation.

hoyet, av. walking around in circle or in small radius (person, sheep, pig).

hoyetik, av. walking around in circles or in small radius (people).

hoyhel, n5. quick look-around.

hoyhon, av. walking around in circles, walking about in small radius.

hoyhoy-ʔal, tv(aj & tvcpd). address derogatory remark to one person when third party present is the actual target.

hoyhoy-ʔalvan, iv(aj & tvcpd). address derogatory remark to one person when third party present is the actual target.

hoyhoy be, nphr(aj & n)5. round-about way (taken so as to avoid being seen).

hoyibah, iv. twirl (child), revolve (wheel).

hoyibtas, tv. spin /swift/, make revolve /sugar press/ (mule), twirl (ladino dancer).

hoyibtasan, tv. spin /plu/.

hoyibtasvan, tv. turn person around (piñata player).

hoyih, iv. revolve, turn around /to look at something/, turn one’s back.

šhoyih li k’evuh. The song cycle is beginning again.

mu šhoyih li k’evuh. They are out of tune.

hoyihes, tv. turn around.

hoyihes ba, rv. turn, turn one’s back.

hoyihesan, tv. turn around /plu/.

hoyilan, tv. keep fencing.

ishoyilan sbe. He went a round-about way.

hoyilan ba, rv. keep fencing one’s property.

hoyilanan, tv. keep fencing /plu/.

hoyin, tv. surround, encircle.

hoyinan, tv. surround /girl’s house/ (petitioners).

hoyinta, tv. fence, surround, walk around.

hoyintaan, tv. walk around many times.

hoyintavan, iv. surround person.

hoyinvan, iv. surround person.

hoylahet, av. cf. hoyet, hoyhon (plu).

hoylahetik, av. cf. hoyet, hoyhon (plu).

hoyleb, n4g. circuit.

Ritual speech, referring to the circuit of shrines; t shoylebal č’ul-totil t shoylebal č’ul-meʔil. at the circuit of the holy fathers, at the circuit of the holy mothers.

hoyleh, n4f. around, entirely around.

hoylemal, n4f. cf. hoyleb /more frequent/.

hoyob, n1f. enclosure.

hoyob be, nphr(n of n)5. round-about way.

hoyobah, iv. go in circles around /wedding godfather/.

hoyobil, n1f. detour, enclosure.

hoyol, aj. surrounded. Ritual speech, prayer, addressing tutelary gods; circle.

hoylanik čihlanik. Circle, observe!

hoyoy, av. spinning rapidly (person from blow).

hoyoyet, av. revolving (merry-go-round, swift), rolling (hoop).

hoyp’ih, iv. turn over /in reclining position/, tip, return /from long trip/.

hoyp’ih ša tal li habile. The new year is almost here.

hoyp’ih ša tal li kahvaltike. The sun is about to rise.

mu šhoypi’h lek. He isn’t fluent.

Ritual speech, curing prayer; ʔoy t a¢’eʔp’uhel ʔoy t ahoyp’ihel. You are twisting, you are turning /patient/.

hoyp’in, tv. turn over /laundry/, turn around /clothes that are back-side-to/.

hoyp’in ba, rv. switch one’s approach, change sides, double back.

ishoyp’in sba ti mu ša škuč yuʔun t šaʔie. He changes sides when he feels that he can no longer win.

hoyp’in k’op, vphr(tv & n4d). switch one’s approach, change sides, telephone /archaic/.

ishoyp’in sk’op ta hot ʔo limete isbalin. He changed sides -- the bottle worked /cane liquor has been given as an inducement/.

hoyp’inan, tv. turn over /corncobs on fire, clothes drying/, change one’s story many times.

hóyp’inh’ypóin ba, rv. shift one’s alliance from one to another.

hóyp’inhóyp’inan ba, rv. cf. hóyp’inhóyp’in ba.

hoyp’invan, iv. spin person around /with blow/.

hóytehóyte, av. walking about in small radius.

hhoyibtasvaneh, agn. person who spins another around (pin̄ata player).

hoy(2)

hoy, thin, shallow, young-looking, cf. hay(3).

htek

htek, Zinacantan. cf. tek(1).

hu(1) O.

huet, av. whistling (gourd).

huha, onom. roar /tiger/, shout to attract attention /travellers to and from hot country/.

huhon, av. roaring (tiger), hooting (great horned owl, mut bolom).

huhuy, onom. ho, ho /accompanied by derisive laughter/.

hulahet, av. cf. huhon (plu).

hu(2)

hu, one apiece, each. cf. hun.

hu(3) E.

hu, excl. uh /hesitation form used when stalling or trying to recall long past event/.

huʔ(1) T(2).

huʔ, tv. crush in one’s hands /medicinal herbs/, mash with spoon /chili/.

huʔiahtik, aj. cf. huʔul /plu/.

huʔan, tv. rub off /mud/, crush /herbs/, mash /chihs/.

huʔan ba, rv. sit and refuse to stand up (drunk).

húʔanan, tv. cf. húʔan.

húʔanhúʔan, tv. crush or mash one after another.

húʔanhúʔanan, tv. cf. húʔanhúʔan.

húʔel, nc. crushing /medicinal herbs/.

huʔet, av. sitting idly (lazy woman).

šhuʔet hsaʔel. The searchers are searching intensively.

huʔet ta saʔel, nphr(av & prep & vn5). searching intensively /for murderer or eloper/.

huʔhon, av. sitting or lying unable to stand (patient, drunk), wallowing /in dust or mud/, rubbing /eyes/.

huʔhon ¢eʔin, vphr(av & iv). fidgeting and laughing self-consciously (girl).

huʔilan, tv. keep crushing, rub /eyes/.

huʔilan ba, rv. fidget /on seat/ (child, scolding woman).

huʔilanan, tv. keep crushing /plu//underfoot/.

huʔilanan baik, rv. fidget (drunks).

huʔlahet, av. cf. huʔhon (plu).

huʔlahet ¢eʔinik, vphr(av & iv). cf. huʔhon ¢evin (plu).

huʔlahetik ¢e?inik, vphr(av & iv). cf. hulhon ¢eiin (plu).

huʔlebal, n3d. place where drunk sits.

huʔobil, n4f. bowl in which herbs are crushed.

húʔtehúʔte ta saʔel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). searching about intensively.

huʔul, aj. seated on ground and unable to stand (drunk), setting (hen).

huʔulik, aj. seated and unable to stand (drunken women).

huʔ(2) prob O.

huʔet, av. whistling (fire).

huʔuʔet, av. whistling (fire).

hub(1) T.

hub, tv. blow on /fire/. A person who blows on the fire in a sweatbath is considered liable to suffer headaches.

hubel, nc. blowing.

hubhon, av. blowing on /fire/.

šhubhon ta k’ok𠐙. He is blowing on the fire.

hublahet, av. cf. hubhon (plu).

hublahetik, av. cf. hubhon (plu).

hubob k’ok’ hten-tak’in, nphr(nphr/n4f of n4d/ of agn/tv & ncpd/).

blacksmith’s bellows.

hubobil k’ok’ hten-tak’in, nphr(nphr/n4f of n4d/ of agn/tv & ncpd/). cf. hubob k’ok’ hten-tak’in.

hhub-k’ok’, agn(tv & ncpd). driver of vehicle /archaic/.

hub(2) P or P(2).

hubet, av. slimy (mud)

hububet, av. slimy.

hubul, aj. slimy.

hubulik, aj. cf. hubul /plu/.

hub(3) T.

hub, tv. beat /eggs/, shiver and shake while laying egg, row or pole /boat/.

hubo ton kaslan. Beat the egg!

t shub ston li meʔ kašlane. The hen lays an egg.

hub, nc. mixing /daub/.

huban, tv. beat /eggs/.

húbanhúban, tv. beat one after another /eggs/.

hubbon, av. shivering and shaking while laying egg.

hubilan, tv. keep laying /egg/.

hubob, n1f. bowl, spoon or stick for beating eggs.

hubobil, n1f. cf. hubob.

hububet, av. groaning (stomach with gas).

hhub-hom, agn(tv & ncpd). dugout paddler.

huč’(1) T.

huč’, tv. grind /on metate, in mill/, digest.

huč’ baik, rv. grind each other. It is believed that when an ear of corn lacking kernels on one row is mixed with the other corn, it will grind the corn so that it is lost.

huč’an, tv. grind /corn/.

huč’anhúč’an, tv. grind one after another.

huč’ilan, tv. keep grinding.

huč’neh, vnld. grinding.

huč’ob, n1f. mill /for removing coffee husk, for corn, for crushing gravel or sugar cane/.

huč’obil, n1f. cf. huč’ob.

huč’un, iv. grind.

huč’van, iv. crush person.

hhuč’nom, agn. person who grinds /on metate/, ear of corn lacking kernels on one row. cf. č’ʔ(2).

huč’(2) I(2), P(2).

huč’, iv. become bedridden /patient/..

huč’ahtik, aj. cf. huč’ul /plu/.

huč’an ba, rv. be unwilling to stand (drunk).

huč’¢ah, iv. become bedridden.

huč’¢anvan, iv. make person bedridden (sickness).

huč’et, av. sitting unable to stand (drunk).

huč’etik, av. cf. huč’et, huč’hon (plu).

huč’hon, av. sitting or lying unable to stand up (drunk).

huč’i, iv. sit or kneel refusing to stand up.

huč’k’ih, iv. cf. huč’¢ah.

huč’k’invan, iv. cf. huč’¢anvan.

huč’lahet, av. cf. huč’et, huč’hon (plu).

huč’lahetik, av. cf. huč’et, huč’hon (plu).

huč’lebal, n3d. seat /where woman sits constantly, doing nothing/.

huč’leh, n1f. sitting unwilling to stand.

huč’lih, av. sitting down unexpectedly.

huč’p’ih, iv. fall on one’s seat.

huč’p’invan, iv. cf. huč’¢anvan.

húč’tehúč’te, av. sitting down here and there (old woman visiting from house to house, drunk going from bar to bar).

huč’uč’ yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down in squatting position (drunk), sliding down (stump).

huč’uč’ih, iv. inch along, slide slowly (rock or person sliding on leaves).

huč’ul, aj. sitting unwilling to stand.

huč’ulik, aj. cf. huč’ul /plu/.

hhuč’čanvaneh, agn. sickness that makes person bedridden.

huh O.

huh, onom. imitative call of jaguar players at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian.

huhhon, av. roaring call of jaguar players at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian, cooing (mourning dove), hooting (mut bolom).

huhlahet, av. roaring call of jaguar players at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian (plu), hooting (motmot).

huhlahetik, av. roaring call of jaguar players at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian.

hul(1) T.

hul, tv. puncture /blister/, vaccinate, inject, gore, be pierced /by thorn/, stab.

hul ba, rv. be pierced /by stick/.

hulel, nc. goring, injection.

hulilan, tv. keep puncturing.

hulub, n1a. drill.

hulvan, iv. vaccinate, gore, stab or pierce person.

hhulvaneh, agn. vaccinator, person who gives injection or stabs another, bull that gores person.

hul(2) P or P(2).

hul-bak, n(aj & ncpd)5. ‘branchless bone’, red brocket Mazama americana. cf. teʔtikal čih. Brockets are hunted and eaten, seasoned with coriander. Their flesh is “cold”.

hulahtik, aj. cf. hulul /plu/.

hulhul, aj. branchless (standing tree), tall and skinny (person).

húltehúlte, av. standing here and there branchless (trees).

hulul, aj. branchless (standing tree).

hululik, aj. cf. hulul /plu/.

hnl(3) X.

hulan, aj. awake.

hulav, iv. wake up.

hulavebal, n3d. position of sun when person wakes up.

hulem, aj. awake.

hulubtas ba, rv. wake up /infr/.

hulubtasvan, iv. wake up person /infr/.

hulyo N(Sp, julio).

hulio, n5. July.

hulyotik, n5. sometime in July.

hum(1) O.

hum, onom. roar, swoosh.

humet, av. roaring (car, plane, wind), galloping.

šhumet shol. He is tipsy.

humet balamil, vphr(av & n5). tipsy.

humhon, av. roaring or popping /in ears/.

humilan, tv. whirr /bull roarer/.

humlahet, av. swooshing (buzzards), buzzing (June bugs), galloping (horses), roaring (car, plane, fire).

húmlih. av. making sudden roar (car V3: 9), whirring suddenly (hummingbird), whizzing suddenly (rock).

húmtehúmte, av. swooshing or roaring one after another, whizzing along (car VI: 19, rock).

humum, av. swooshing, roaring, whizzing (rock).

humumet, av. roaring (car V3: 12 and 13, train EKL 252: 1-1, plane, wind), swooshing (buzzard).

hum(2) P or P(2).

humul, aj. barely sprouting (weeds, pubic hair of virgin).

humulik, aj. barely sprouting (weeds).

him Num.

hun, num. one.

pero hun vinik yeč. But he is a unique man.

Scolding speech; mi hun Hobel mi hun Čamuʔ muk’ yilohon yilel. It seems as if he didn’t see me either in San Cristóbal or in Chamula.

hun ʔoʔon, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d). happy, contented.

hun ʔoʔon ʔaʔi, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d // tv). feel happy.

hun ʔolil, nphr(num & n)3d. woman’s cousin younger than ego /archaic/.

hun č’amalil, nphr(nurn & n)3d. male’s cousin younger than ego /archaic/.

hun…hun, num…num. the one…the other.

hun meʔil, nphr(num & n)3d. aunt /maternal, paternal, wife of maternal or paternal uncle/, female cousin older than ego.

hun nič’onil, nphr(num & n)3d. male’s cousin younger than ego /archaic/.

hun tak’in, nphr(num & n)5. one real /formerly/.

hun tak’in nahelil, nphr(nphr/num & n/5 of n)5. 160 cardfuls /wool/.

hun toli), nphr(num & n)3d. uncle /maternal, paternal, husband of maternal or paternal aunt/, male cousin older than ego.

hun-ab, n(num & n/contr of habil/ cpd)5. next year.

hun-abi, n(num & n/contr of habil/ cpd)1e. last year.

hunhun, num. one only.

hunhun _______, nphr(num & n4d). one _______/eared, armed, legged/.

hunul ʔoʔn, nphr(num4f of n4d). wholeheartedly, wholehearted.

muk’ bu shunul yoʔon sci’Juk li ?orten ?albile. He does not agree with the law.

buč’u hunukal, nphr(pt & num5). which one, which one?, whichever person, which person?

h _______, n(num & nccpd). one.

hu _______, n(num & nccpd)5. each.

hu-likel. every few minutes.

hu-hun, num(num & numcpd)5. one each, apiece.

hu-hun čaʔvinik, nphr(num/num & numcpd/& num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by twenty-ones, every twenty-one.

hu-hun tal, nphr(num/num & numcpd/& dr). each person, everyone.

hu-huntik, num(num & numcpd)5. very few.

hu-tob, n, um(num & numcpd)5. in or by twenties, every twenty.

huhu _______ hu-hun, nphr(n/num & nccpd/ & num/num & numcpd/).

one _______ apiece /bowl, handful, etc./.

huhu-tob, num(num & numcpd)5. in or by twenties, every twenty.

húnta N(Sp, junta).

húnta, n1e. group in charge of band at fiestas.

hhúnta, agn. president or treasurer of group in charge of band at fiestas.

hunyo N(Sp, junio).

hunyo, n5. June.

hunyotik, n5. sometime in June.

hup P.

hupah, iv. strain.

hupan, tv. strain /defecating/. Scolding speech; strain /giving birth/.

hupan ba, rv. strain /giving birth, defecating, straining of horse against pull of rope/.

hupan ba očel, vphr(rv & dr). squeeze one’s way through /narrow path/.

hupel, aj. with bursting stomach.

hupet, av. straining /sexual intercourse/, with burning pain (infection).

huphon, av. burning (fever, thorn, exhaustion, infection).

huplahet, av. cf. huphon (plu).

hupleh, n5. with bursting stomach.

húptehúpte, av. squeezing through here and there, feeling one thorn after another.

hupul, aj. with bursting /stomach/.

hupup, av. entering slowly and painfully.

hupupet, av. straining /sexual intercourse, defecating/, with burning pain (infection, thorn).

hup’(1) O.

hup’, onom. crunch /sound/.

hup’hon, av. crunching (person eating toasted tortillas, horse, pig, or dog eating corn).

húp’lahet, av. cf. hup’hon (plu).

hup’lahetik, av. cf. hup’hon (plu).

húp’lih, av. making sudden tearing sound (thorn entering flesh).

hup’up’et, av. crunching (charcoal-cruncher).

hup’(2) I.

hup’, iv. get fat.

hup’el, n4b. fat, grease.

Scolding speech to lazy person; ba ¢’ah aba ta voʔ ti mi yuʔun haʔ

čak č’ah 1 ahup’ele. Go soak yourself in water if your fatness makes you lazy /i.e., like pig/.]

hup’em, aj. fat.

hup’en, n4e. lard.

hup’es, tv. fatten /animal/.

hup’esan, tv. fatten /plu/.

hup’esob, n1f. mash, pig food.

hup’esobil, n1f. cf. hup’esob.

hup’esvan, iv. cause person’s swelling.

hup’hup’, iv. fatten slightly.

hup’hup’tik, iv. fatten slightly.

hur O.

hur, onom. roar (car), call of k’uk’ul čonelik at the fiesta of St. Sebastian /the r is trilled/.

hur ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hack at sloppily /weeding with hoe/.

huret, av. roaring (car, plane).

hurlah, av. cf. hurur (plu).

hurlahet, av. cf. huret (plu).

hurlahetik, av. calling (k’uk’ul čonelik).

húrlih, av. whizzing suddenly (car, rock).

húrtehúrte, av. roaring along one after another (cars), whizzing by one after another (cars VI: 19, rocks), swooshing about (buzzards).

hurur, av. roaring (car), whizzing (stone).

hururet, av. roaring (car).

hurio N(Sp, judío).

hurio, agn. Jew, each of the outgoing cantors who guards Christ from noon on Holy Wednesday to the time of the crucifixion on Good Friday afternoon.

hus(1) O.

hus, onom. whoosh of rocket.

huset, av. whooshing (rocket).

huset čak, vphr(av & n4d). farting.

hushon niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). breathing through nose (person, sheep, pig).

huslahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. huset čak /phi/.

huslahet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). cf. hushon niĦ /plu/.

húslih, av. whooshing suddenly (rocket).

hčstehčste, av. whooshing here and there (rockets).

husus, av. whooshing (rocket).

hususet, av. whooshing (rocket, flatus).

hus(2) I(2).

hus, iv. wear off (nap).

husahtik, aj. cf. husul /plu/.

hushus, iv. wear off slightly (nap).

hushustik, iv. wear off slightly (nap).

husul, aj. with new sprouts appearing (weeds, pubic hair).

husulik, aj. cf. husul /plu/.

hustan N(Sp, fustán).

hustan, n1d. petticoat.

hustisya N(Sp, justicia).

hustisya, agn. civil authority /archaic/.

hustisyaetik, agn. civil government /archaic/.

huš T.

huš, tv. sharpen blade, scrape off /dirt from metate platform or bristles from pig or paca hide /with knife or stone/, dirt from person’s legs or arms /with stone/.

huš, iv. have bristles scraped off (pig).

huš, n1a. corn that has been ground once and boiled in water without lime /used for starching thread/, corn boiled in water /pig food/.

huš ba, rv. rub against (pig, horse, cow).

hušan, tv. sharpen /plu/, scrape off /dirt, bristles/.

hušan čak, vphr(tv & n4d). slide /on board or maguey leaf/ (children).

hušanan, tv. cf. hušan.

hčšanhúšan, tv. scrape or sharpen one after another.

húšanhčšanan, tv. cf. húšanhúšan.

huš¢ah, iv. become bare (land in dry season).

huš¢an, tv. denude, overgraze (grasshopper, sheep, horses).

huš¢anan, tv. overgraze /plu/.

hušet čak, vphr(av & n4d). farting (sleeping person or pig).

hušetik, av. sliding (plu).

hušhon, av. rubbing against /post/.

šhušhon yavik. showing flattened spot /where people have had sexual relations in grass/.

hušhuš, aj. denuded /in dry season only/, eroded.

hušilan, tv. keep sharpening.

hušilan ba, rv. keep rubbing against (pig, sheep, horse, cow).

hušilanan baik, rv. keep rubbing against (pigs, etc.).

hušk’ih, iv. slide, slip down.

hušk’invan, iv. make person slip (pebble).

hušlah, av. slipping and falling repeatedly (drunk or drunks).

hušlahet, av. rubbing against /post/(plu), sliding (sing).

šhušlahet yavik. showing flattened spot /where people have had sexual relations/.

hušlahetik, av. cf. hušlahet (plu).

húšlih, av. slipping suddenly on dry surface.

hušob, n1f. sharpening stone, knife of stone for rubbing bristles off pig hide.

hušob-bail, n(n & rpncpd). ‘towel’, monkey comb Pithecoctenium echinatum, #1692(7, 14).

hušob-bail ʔak’, nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n). vegetable sponge Luffa cylindrical #2689(1, 3). Lowland “vine’. The fruit is used as a sponge, for bathing, monkey comb Pithecoctenium echinatum, #2025(1, 3, 4). Lowland “vine”.

hušobil, n1f. cf. hušob.

hušp’ih, iv. cf. hušk’ih.

hušp’in, tv. slide down /standing tree/.

hušp’inhúšp’in yalel, vphr(tv & dr). make slide down one after another /trees/.

húšp’inhúšp’inan yalel, vphr(tv & dr). make slide down one after another /trees/.

hušp’invan, iv. push person down /slope/.

húštehúšte, av. sliding down far /on dry leaves/.

hušul, aj. eroded, shaven, overgrazed.

hušuš yalel, vphr(av & dr). sliding down great distance /on dry leaves/.

hušušet, av. scraping (object dragged over smooth surface EKL 259:1-17).

hušušet úak, vphr(av & n4d). rubbing rear (dog rubbing rear on ground).

hušuših, iv. slide on dry surface (child).

hušušin, tv. make slide on dry surface /log/, push /fallen chair on ground/(child).

hhušk’invaneh, agn. pebble that makes person slip.

hhušp’invaneh, agn. cf. hhušk’invaneh.

hut Num.

huteb, num. a little /1 only/.

Scolding speech; mi h-set’ mi huteb. not a pinch, not a jot.

Ritual speech, when offering liquor; č’ambon i h-set’e, č’ambon i hutebe. Accept from me the drop, accept from me the trifle.

hutebal, num5. a little bit.

yuʔ van hutebal ti ye ʔune. lit., As if he had a little bit of speech! i.e..

As if he hadn’t a word to say! /sarcastic/.

hutuk, n5. a little, almost, nearly.

hutuk ša muk’ šlok’ sč’ulel. He almost died.

hutukon ša yaiel. I feel sick.

hutuk mu hunuk limite. nearly one bottleful.

hutukah, iv. become rare or scarce, lessen (sickness).

hutukib, iv. lessen (sickness, work).

hutukibtas, tv. settle or quell argument.

hutuktik, aj. rather few.

húta

húta, son of a bitch! cf. púta.

hutuhu N(Ch,?).

hutuhu, n. Malaxis fastigata, #12 1(7). Temperate “plant”.

hut’ P or P(2).

hut’ahtik, aj. cf. hut’ul /plu/.

hut’et, av. with /vagina, ass/ showing.

hut’lahet, av. cf. hut’et (plu).

hut’lahetik, av. cf. hut’et (plu).

hut’ul, aj. visible (vagina, ass).

huy T(2).

huy, tv. stir, stir up /mud/.

huy ba, rv. become thick (mud).

huyahtik, aj. thick or slimy in many places (mud).

huyan, tv. stir /corn gruel/.

huyanan, tv. cf. huyan.

húyanhúyan, tv. stir one /container/ after another /corn gruel/.

húyanhúyanan, tv. cf. húyanhúyan.

huy¢ah, tv. make thick /mud/.

huy¢ah, iv. become thick (mud), become soft (cooked beans, watermelon squash, cushaw, or peaches).

huyebal, n5. moment just before corn gruel is finished being stirred.

huyel, nc. stirring.

huyet, av. slippery, slimy (mud, broken eggs).

huyhon, av. stirring.

huyhuy, aj. thick, slimy (mud).

huyilan, tv. keep stirring.

huyilanan, tv. keep stirring a lot.

huyob, n1f. stirring rod.

huyobil, n1f. cf. huyob.

huyomah, iv. stir.

huyul, aj. thick, slimy (mud), soft (cooked beans, watermelon squash, cushaw or peaches).

huyulik, aj. cf. huyahtik.

huyuyet, av. thick, slimy (mud).

hhuy-ʔul, agn(tv & ncpd). person who stirs corn gruel.

hhuyinom, n5. collared peccary Tayassu tajacu.

hveʔes N(Sp, juez).

hveʔes, agn. Judge /Our Savior/.

Ritual speech, stewards on Maundy Thursday; t shalal č‘l-ba¢’i k’ob ti hveʔese. at the divine right hand of the Judge.

hwes N(Sp, juez).

hwes, agn. justice of the peace /infr/.

hweves N(Sp, jueves).

hweves, n5. Thursday.

hweves santo, nphr(n & aj)5. Maundy Thursday.

I

i

i, the. cf. li.

K

ka X.

ʔuʔn ʔo ka, nphr(n4f/contr of ʔuʔun/ & pt & x/. It is true, /ka is possibly a contraction of škal/.

ʔnʔn ʔo no ka, nphr(n4f/contr of ʔuʔun/ & pt & pt & x). cf. ʔuʔn ʔo ka.

ʔuʔn ʔonoš ka, nphr(n4f/contr of ʔuʔun/ & pt & x). cf. ʔuʔn ʔo ka.

yeč ʔo ka, ptphr(aj & pt & x). That is why.

yeč no ka, ptphr(aj & pt & x). now I see that.

yeč no ka lisloʔlo tal ʔun. Now I see that he tricked me.

yeč noš ka, ptphr(aj & pt & x). cf. yeč no ka.

kaʔ(1) N(Sp, caballo).

kaʔ, n1a. horse, mule.

kaʔ diavlo, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘devil’s horse’, walking-stick Autolyca sp..

The devil’s horse is said to look like this monstrous jet black walking-stick.

kaʔ pukuh, vphr(n4d of n5). cf. kaʔ diavlo.

kaʔin, tv. take possession of horse.

kakaʔ, n5. Baby talk; horse.

kaʔ(2) T(2).

kʔ, tv. double over /stalks, corn/ (wind).

Ritual speech, shaman referring to his patient; tal hkaʔbe tal hpušbe ti smule ti skoloʔe t avalabe t anič’nabe. I have come to double over, bend, the sin, the evil of Thy child of woman, Thy child of man.

kaʔ, iv. be doubled over (corn, trees in wind), bow down (heavily laden branch).

kaʔ ba, rv. bend (broken wrist).

kaʔ-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. grown crookedly (corn that has been broken and resumes growth), with repoussée nose.

kaʔ vob, nphr(n4f of n1d). fiddle bridge.

kaʔaʔet, av. swaying (heavily laden branches).

kaʔan, tv. double over /plu/.

kaʔanan, tv. cf. kaʔan.

káʔankáʔan, tv. break one after another /stalks, corn plants/.

káʔankáʔanan, tv. cf. káʔankáʔanan.

kaʔav niʔ, nphr(n4f of n4d). bridge of nose.

kaʔavil, n3d. joint /bones/, gap, hollow, node /bamboo, cane, reed/.

kaʔbenal, agn. each of two lesser players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who were the third and fourth prefects of the previous year.

kaʔbentik, aj. broken (corn plants).

kaʔel, nc. break (bone).

kaʔet, av. bowed (branches with fruit).

kaʔetik, av. cf. kaʔet (plu).

kaʔkaf, aj. repoussé (nose), with gap (mountain).

kaʔkon, av. see-sawing.

kaʔleh, n4f. gap, narrow valley.

kaʔobil, n4d. Ritual speech, person giving gift to another who does not wish to accept it; bending place.

ʔoy ʔonoš skaʔobil ʔoy ʔonoš spušobil. lit., One always has a bending place, a bowing place, i.e., person should give way and accept gift.

kaʔomal, n4d. Ritual speech; lit., bending place, i.e., knee.

ʔoy akaʔomal ʔoy apušomal lahes amul lahes akoloʔ. You have a bending place, you have a bowing place, repent your sins, repent your evil.

kaʔp’uh, iv. bow to ground (heavily laden branch).

kaʔp’un, tv. bow to ground /branch/.

kaʔmlan, tv. keep doubling /stalks, corn/, (wind).

kaʔulanan, tv. keep doubling much /corn/ (wind).

kaʔvan, iv. put person on hands and knees (child sitting on another).

hkaʔvaneh, agn. person who puts another on hands and knees.

kaʔkal

kaʔkal, fire. cf. k’ak’.

ka¢- T(2).

ka¢’, tv. hold /in teeth or beak/.

naka no ʔoš mis čak ska¢’oh k’al šloʔilahe. lit.; He just holds cunt, ass in his teeth when he talks, i.e., He just talks about women.

ka¢’ ba, rv. nibble each other (puppies, horses, donkeys).

ka¢’-bail, vn(tv & rpn)5. mutual nibbling (puppies, etc.).

ka¢’a¢’, av. walking holding object in teeth (dog).

ka¢’al, aj. mouth-shaped (anus, vagina).

ka¢’an, tv. show /anus, vagina/.

ka¢’an eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). take things in teeth or beak /plu/.

ka¢’anan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. ka¢’an eč’el.

ká¢’anká¢’an ečel, vphr(tv & dr). take away one thing after another in teeth.

keá¢’ankaeá¢’anan eč’el, vphrftv & dr). cf. keáe¢’ankeáe’an eč’el.

ka¢’et ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d). holding in teeth (dog with bone).

ka¢’et čak, vphr(av & n4d). with anus showing.

ka¢’elik, av. cf. ka¢’et (plu).

ka¢’ka¢’, aj. mouth-shaped (anus, vagina).

ka¢’kon čak, vphr(av & n4d). with buttocks riding up and down while walking (fat woman).

ka¢’lah, av. cf. ka¢’kon čak (plu).

ka¢’lahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. ka¢’et čak (plu).

ka¢’lahetik čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. ka¢’kon čak (plu).

ká¢’luh, av. snatching suddenly in teeth, biting suddenly.

ka¢’ob, n4f. pipestem, cigarette holder.

ka¢’ob teʔ, nphr(n type n)5. stick forced into mouth so that animal or child must drink medicine, wedge /Pasteʔ/.

ka¢’obil, n4f. cf. ka¢’ob.

ká¢’tekaáe’te ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d). walking about holding in teeth /bone/.

ka¢’ulan, tv. chew /candy/, open and close /scissors/, nibble.

kač P, T.

kač, tv. open a crack /door, drawer/.

kač, iv. crack open (mud, wall).

ikač spat. She had post-partum hemorrhaging.

kač ba, rv. split open or crack (wall, mud).

kačahtik, aj. cf. kačal /plu/.

kačal, aj. open a crack (door), with open seam (wood).

kačalik, aj. cf. kačal /plu/.

kačalul, n4f. crack (wall, wood).

kačan, tv. open a crack /door/, have crack (house, crate, heel).

kač¢ah, iv. crack open (daub).

kač¢an, tv. make crack open (sun).

kač¢anvan, iv. spread woman’s legs apart.

kačel, aj. agape (mouth when lost in thought).

kačet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). with mouth agape.

kačet čak, vphr(av & n4d). with vagina showing.

kačetik ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kačet ʔe (plu).

kačetik čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kačet čak (plu).

kači, iv. be agape (mouth when lost in thought).

kačkač, aj. cracked.

kačkon, av. loose (boards).

kačk’ uh, iv. cf. kačeah.

kačk’ un, tv. cf. kačean.

kačk’ unvan, iv. cf. kačeanvan.

kačlah, av. cf. kačkon (plu).

kačlahet, av. cracking (knuckles).

kačlahetik, av. cracking /wood/ (nails).

kačleh, n1f. with mouth agape, cracked (wall).

káčluh, av. lifting leg suddenly (woman), splitting open suddenly (fruit).

kačp’ uh, iv. cf. kačeah.

kačp’ un, tv. cf. kačean.

kačp’ unvan, iv. cf. kačeanvan.

káčtekáčte ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). looking about with mouth agape /lost in thought/.

kačulan, tv. open and close slightly /door, drawer/.

kačimpa N(Sp, cachimba).

kačimpa ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). Ludwigia octovalvis, #2418(20). Temperate “plant”

kačimpa pom, cf. pom.

kaču N(Sp, cacho).

kaču, n1a. cowhorn /used by sir spook at Carnival to hold cane liquor, used by muleteers bringing corn to announce their arrival from lowlands, used to hold salt or gunpowder/.

kaču toro, nphr(n of n). ‘bull horn’, bucida Bucida macrostachya, #1661(1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 14). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fieldhouse mainposts, fence posts, and firewood.

kaču toro teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). see below.

muk’ ta kaču toro teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). bucida Bucida macrostachya, #869(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used by ladinos for house mainposts and posts for cattle corrals. It is used by ladinos and Zinacantecs for fence posts.

yašal kaču toro tʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). (Godmania aesculifolia), #2662(20). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for house mainposts, fence posts, and firewood.

kačuin, tv. take cowhorn.

kačuča N(Sp, cachucha).

kačuča čohver, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘driver’ s cap’, Panus sp., # 186(7). Highland “mushroom”

kačuko N(Sp, cachucho).

kačuko, n1d. one sol of Peru or one peso of Chile countermarked with one half real of Guatemala 1894 /formerly current in Chiapas/.

kah P.

kah, iv. rise (sun).

kah čakil, nphr(n of n)5. cuckold.

kah holol, nphr(n1f of n3d). headcloth /cotton or woolen cloth folded and placed on the head for protection against the sun/.

kahah, av. floating swiftly, rising (sun).

kahahet, av. floating.

kahahtik, aj. cf. kahal /plu/.

kahahtik ssat. with its fruit lying (young squash on vine).

kahal, aj. on top of, mounted, floating.

kahal ta kaʔ on horseback.

kahal k’ ak’ al ta ba vi¢. The sun is riding the crest of the hill /setting/.

kahalik, aj. cf. kahal /plu/.

kahan, tv. put on top of, place over.

kahan ba, rv. lie on top of, lean on each other’ s shoulders.

kahan-bail, vn(tv & rpn)5. Male joking speech referring to moment of success, i.e., moment when groom is about to mount bride, or moment when person is about to win out in dispute.

kahanab, n1a. shelf.

kahanab teʔ, nphr(n type n). ‘shelf tree’, Oreopanax capitatus, # 1525(11, 12). Temperate and highland “tree” It is used for firewood.

kahanan, tv. put on top of /plu/.

káhankáhan, tv. put one thing after another on top of.

káhankáhanan, tv. cf. káhankáhan.

kahanob, n1b. shelf, attic.

kahanobil, n4f. cf. kahanob.

kah¢ah, iv. be on top of /tree, roof/, reach end of row /corn/, erupt (measles, smallpox).

t škah¢ah hčik’. I am sweating.

t škah¢ah k’ ok’. I am feeling feverish.

t škah¢ah li k’ ak’ ale ta ba vi¢. The sun is over the hill.

kah¢an, tv. reach end of row /work/, place on top of, cause sweating.

skah¢an sčamel. He /took medicine/ so as to sweat.

kah¢anan, tv. place on top of /plu/.

kah¢anbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). incriminate.

kah¢ankah¢an, tv. place one thing after another on top of.

káheankáh¢an, tv. cf. káheankáh¢an.

kah¢anob, n1b. medicine to cause measles to erupt.

kah¢anobil, n1b. cf. kah¢anob.

kahet, av. floating on top of, riding /horse/.

lek škahet k’ ak’ al eč’ el ta ba vi¢. The sun is disappearing behind the hill.

kahetah, iv. float.

kahetik, av. cf. kahet (plu).

kahi, iv. mount /horse, woman/, float.

kahiebal, n5. Male joking speech referring to moment of success, i.e., moment when groom is about to mount bride or moment when person is about to win out in dispute.

kahin, tv. lay across /wood when piled/.

kahin, iv. rise to surface.

kahinan, tv. lay many across /firewood.

kahkah, aj. flat-topped (mountain).

kahkah, pt. directly, immediately.

kahkon, av. floating on top of, lying on top of /sexual relations/.

kahlah, av. cf. kahah (plu).

kahlahetik, av. riding /horses/.

kahleb šamital na, nphr(n of nphr/natt & n1d/). lintel of adobe house.

kahiebal, n3d. platform, low shelf.

kahiebal kaʔ, nphr(n att & n)1d. riding horse.

kahlebin, tv. mount /horse, woman/, climb over /log/.

kahlebinan, tv. climb over /logs/.

kahlebinvan, iv. climb on person (dog, child).

káhluh, av. climbing on top of suddenly, rising to surface suddenly (turtle, fish).

káhtekáhte, av. floating about.

kahuh, iv. rise to the surface /water/.

kahulan, tv. keep repeating.

kahulanan, tv. keep repeating things.

hkahlebinvaneh, agn. person who climbs on another.

likel kahel, nphr(vn & vn)5. repetition.

koh, nc. step, layer /mountains/, time /crime, curing ceremony, dream/.

grade /religious post/, part /song/, story /building/, exchange of jokes /loko 1oʔil/.

koh, n4b. the fault of, on behalf of.

skoh poš. It is the fault of cane liquor.

skoh čamel. It is the fault of sickness.

mu ta akohuk šimile. It is not your fault if I am killed.

Ritual speech, godfather to companion of father of child; skoh li yo yalabe li yo snič’ nabe. On behalf of her humble child, his humble child.

kohkoh, nc. single grade /religious post/, time /crime/ /I only/.

kohleh, n4d. lameness.

kohokil, n4f. many parts /song/.

kčholkčhol, n4f. staircase, steps.

kohonil, n3d. infant hernia /attributed to mother’ s eating “cold” foods/. To cure a child’ s hernia the pubic hair of a black ram is boiled and the brew is drunk.

kahete N(Sp, cajeta).

kahete, n1d. quince candy paste given to fiesta characters by great and petty ladinos on the fiesta of St. Sebastian.

kabon N(Sp, cajón).

kahon, n1a. box for carrying fruit, coffin.

skahonal ʔanima. the dead person’ s coffin.

kahval

kahval, my lord. cf. ʔohov.

kahve N(Sp, café).

kahve, n1a. coffee tree, coffee. It is “hot”, var., kahvet /infr/, kape.

kahvetik, n5. grove of coffee trees.

kahve teʔ, nphr(n type n). fiddle wood Citharexylum donnell-smithii, # 153(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “tree”. The berries are eaten by birds. Eugenia amatenangensis, #559(1, 3). Temperate “tree”. Casearia nitida, #1626(1, 3, 13). Temperate “tree”

ʔit’ iš kahve teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). Viburnum elatum, #2946(16). Highland “tree”. It is used for fence posts and firewood.

kahvein, tv. take coffee beans off person’ s tree.

teʔel kahve, nphr(n of n). ‘coffee tree’, coffee Coffea arabica, #297(1, 2, 3, 5), #439(1, 2). Lowland and temperate “tree”. The beans are planted in September by Zinacantecs owning land in the temperate zone. One bean is planted in each hole. The harvest is in January. The beans are sold to fellow Zinacantecs or at market in San Cristóbal. They are roasted on the griddle and ground, either on a metate or in a grinder. All but the poorest people drink coffee. It is “hot”. Ground coffee is sprinkled on wounds to induce clotting. The trunk is used for axe, hoe, billhook and pick handles, for slingshots, and firewood.

teʔel kahvetik, nphr(n of n)5. grove of coffee trees.

kahvel

kahvel, coffee, cf. kahve.

kak P.

kakahtik, aj. cf. kakal /plu/.

kakak, av. sticking /in throat/.

kakaket, av. sticking /in throat/, smarting (eyes with exhaustion or grit).

kakal, aj. stuck /in throat or cleft/, caught or hiding /in underbrush or vines/.

kakal ta ʔoʔlol. in the middle /walking order/.

kakalik, aj. cf. kakal /plu/.

kakan, tv. stick into /cleft/, push into /mud/.

kakan ba, rv. squeeze into.

kakan-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. hiding /in underbrush, in woods/.

kakanan, tv. stick in /cleft/ /plu/.

kakanbe mahel, vphr(tv & vn5). sling in face.

kákankákan, tv. stick one after another in /cleft/.

kákankákanan, tv. cf. kákankákan.

kakanob, n1b. fork in tree where horse’ s food is placed.

kakanobil, n1b. cf. kakanob.

kak¢ah, iv. get stuck /in underbrush or mud/, stick /in throat/.

kak¢an, tv. cause to get stuck /in mud or tree/.

kak¢anvan, iv. push person /in mud/, trap person (špak’ in teʔ in agaves).

kaket, av. squeezing through /fence, underbrush, crowd/ (robber),

škaket hsat. my eyes are smarting.

kaketah, iv. squeeze through /underbrush/.

kaketik, av. cf. kaket (plu).

kaki, iv. become stuck, be stuck.

te škaket t sna. lit., She is stuck to home, i.e., new bride who keeps visiting parents.

kakkon, av. stuck, trapped, caught.

kaklah, av. hurrying through /underbrush/ (sing or plu).

kaklahet, av. squeezing through /underbrush/, floundering in /mud or river/.

kaklahetik, av. cf. kaklahet (plu).

kakleh, n1b. stuck.

Female scolding speech, wife to drunken husband; k’ u t šapas ta kakleh ta tyenta. What are you doing stuck in the barʔ

káktekákte, av. squeezing through here and there /fence/.

hkakeanvaneh, agn. person who pushes another in mud.

kakaʔ

kakaʔ, horse, cf. kaʔ(1).

kakakola

kakakola, coca cola. cf. kokakola.

kakan

kakan, marble, cf. kanika.

kakaš(1) N.

kakaš teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. bird cage.

kakaš(2)

kakaš, bread, cf. kašlan.

kakašon N(N, cacaxtle).

kakašon, n1a. blessed palm /distributed on St. Peter’ s Day and woven into strip with cross at end, worn on hat as protection from lightning/.

kakašon hobel, nphr(n type n). goose grass Eleusine indica, #1985(1, 3, 4). Lowland “plant” Dactyloctenium aegyptium, #1309(1, 3, 4, 5), #1630(1, 4). Lowland “plant”.

k’ oš kakašon hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Cyperus sp., #2183(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”.

yašal kakašon hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Paspalum plicatulum, #1271(1, 3, 4, 5). “Temperate plant”

kakav N(M-Z, kakav).

kakav teʔ, nphr(n type n). Oecopetalum mexicanum, #3051(5). Temperate “tree” It is grown by Chamulas. The nuts are boiled, dried in the sun, and sold at market in San Cristóbal.

kal prob P or P(2).

kalal. av. brimming suddenly /with tears/.

kalalet, av. brimming /with tears/.

kalet, av. brimming /with tears/.

kalkon, av. filled /with tears/.

kallahet, av. brimming /with tears/ (plu).

káltekálte, av. brimming one after another /people’ s eyes with tears/.

kalánča N(Sp,ʔ).

kaláčna mačita, nphr(n type n) 1 a. wooden-handled wide-bladed machete used formerly.

kalaš N(Sp, carda).

kalaš, n1a. card /for wool/.

kalon N(Sp, galón).

kalon, n1a. 20 liter can /used for water or lard/.

kalpintero N(Sp, carpintero).

kalpintero, agn. carpenter, var., karpintero.

kalpintero mut, nphr(agn type n)5. ‘carpenter bird’, pale-billed woodpecker Phloeoceastes guatemalensis. The drumming of a pale-billed woodpecker on a live tree is believed to forecast rain, but on a dead tree, drought, var., karpintero mut.

kaltera N(Sp. caldera).

kaltera, n1a. one liter dry measure, can for measuring corn and beans, coffee pot, pot taken on journey.

kalterain, tv. take another’ s measure or coffee pot.

kalto N(Sp, caldo).

kalto, n1a. broth, juice.

kaltoal _______, nphr(natt & n)5. _______/chicken, beef, etc./ broth.

kalvario N(Sp, calvario).

kalvario, n1a. lineage cross shrine, table in front of cross set up in church on Good Friday.

kam(1) prob P or P(2).

kamal, aj. filling a crack (excrement in anus, heavy beard and moustache that hides mouth).

kamel, aj. with heavy beard and moustache that hides mouth.

kamet, av. filling a crack (excrement in anus).

kamkon, av. stuffing self (person, dog).

kamlahet, av. cf. kamkon (plu).

kámtekámtc ¢oʔ, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with excrement in one’ s anus (child).

kam(2) O.

kamkam. onom. bark (dog).

kamkon, av. barking (dog, angry person).

kamlahet, av. talking loudly (sing), cf. kamkon (plu).

kámluh. av. barking suddenly.

kamvan ta tiʔel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). barking and biting furiously at person.

hkamvaneh ta tiʔel, agn(nphr/vn5 & pt & vn5/). dog that barks at and bites person.

kamaro N(Sp, camara).

kamaro, n1a. blasting iron or mortar.

kamaron N(Sp, camarón)

kamaron, n1d. shrimp /unidentified/. It is eaten. It is “hot.”

kamaron čoy, nphr(n type n)1a. shrimp.

kamaron teʔ, nphr(n type n). ‘shrimp tree’, mexican alvaradoa Alvaradoa amorphoides, #295(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland ‘tree’. The trunk is used for fieldhouse mainposts, fence posts, and firewood. #2794(3, 4, 5, 7). Temperate “tree” Same use as above.

kamiša N(Sp, camisa).

kamišail, n3d. small boy’ s smock.

vešal kamišil, cf. veš(3).

kamosa N(Sp, gamuza).

kamosa, n1a. buckskin strap /for hat/.

kamosa man¢ana, cf. man¢ana.

kamosain, tv. take another’ s hat strap.

kampana N(Sp, campana).

kampana, n1a. bell.

kampana, n1d. (5)-unattested variety. Its leaves are applied to a bone break. They are “hot”.(RML)-Probably thorn apple.

¢ahal kampana, nphr(aj & n). hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, #2147(1). Temperate “tree”. Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases.

kampana ʔak’ nphr(n type n). morning glory Ipomoea breedlovei, #2797(7). Lowland “vine” purple bell Cobaea scandens, #960(1, 3). Lowland “vine”

sakil kampana ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Breweria sulphurea, #2735(1, 4). Lowland “vine”.

muk’ ta sakil kampana ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). morning glory Ipomoea pauciflora, #2872(1, 4). Lowland “vine”.

kampana ¢’ iʔlel, nphr(n type n). thorn apple Datura Candida, #2282(19). Highland “plant”, mullein nightshade Solanum verbascifolium, #2594(15, 20, 21, 22). Temperate “vine”

k’ahal kampana ¢’ iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). shrubby four o’ clock Mirabilis jalapa, #2607(15). Lowland and temperate “plant”.

k’ anal kampana ¢iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Ludwigia octovalvis, #2112(1), #2418(1). Temperate “plant”.

yašal kampana ¢iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Ruellia hookeriana, #1595(1, 3). Temperate “plant”. Achimenes longiflora, #2902(1, 4). Lowland “plant”. Ruellia nudiflora, #826(1, 2). Lowland “plant”.

kampana č’ o ¢’ iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘mouse’ s bell plant’, cardinal flower Lobelia laxiflora, #40(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant”

kampana č’ulelal, cf. č’ulelal.

kampana ničim, nphr(n type n). ‘bell flower’, thorn apple Datura Candida, #392(1, 4). Highland “tree” It is grown by a very few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The slips are planted in the rainy season. Children play with the flowers. #2823(12). Lowland “tree”. Bouvardia sp., #1963(16, 17). Temperate “plant”.

bik’ tal kampana ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Escobedia guatemalensis, #1258(1, 3, 4, 5, 7). Temperate “plant”

¢ahal kampana ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, #718(1, 2). Temperate “tree” It is grown in yards by ladinos who put the flowers in altar vases. shrubby four o’ clock Mirabilis jalapa, #1441(7). Lowland and highland “plant”.

k’ oš ¢ahal kampana ničim, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). white evening primrose Oenothera kunthiana, #2089(17). Highland “plant”.

čaʔ-koh kampana ničim, nphr(n/num & nccpd/ type nphr/n type n/). ‘two stage bell flower’, thorn apple Datura Candida, #2823(7). Lowland “tree” Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases. (RML)-This is a double variety.

k’ oš kampana ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Bouvardia sp., #1006(1, 5). Lowland, temperate, and highland “plant”. Escobedia guatemalensis, #1382(3). Temperate “plant”.

sakil kampana ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Bouvardia sp., #1963(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”

kampanario N(Sp. campanario).

kampanario, n5. bell tower.

kampor N(Sp, alcanfor).

kampor, n1a. blue gum Eucalyptus globulus, #602(1, 4). Highland “tree”. lus), #602(1, 4). Highland “tree”. It was planted formerly by ladinos. The leaves and the fruit are used by ladinos in sweat baths. Ladinos suffering from colds brew a handful of leaves. The steam serves as a decongestant. It is “hot” As a remedy for “wind”, the leaves are brewed and a cupful drunk. It is “very hot”.

kamportik, n5. grove of blue gums.

kampray N(Sp, cambray).

kampray, n. cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus, #2064(17). Highland “plant”. Same use as ¢ahal kampray.

kampraytik, n5. expanse of cosmos.

¢ahal kampray, nphr(aj & n). cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus, #2064(3). Highland “plant” It grows in yards and corn fields. The flowers are put in altar vases or set in handfuls at the feet of the saints, when going to church. The flowers are sold at market in Tuxtla.

sak-vayan kampray, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus, #2315(3, 4). Highland “plant”

kamul N.

kamul, n4f. wood chip.

kamul ʔ, nphr(n of n)1a. wood chip.

kan(1) T.

kan, onom. dong, bong.

kananet, av. tolling (bell VI: 4 and VI: 5 on 3 3/4 speed), ring (bell).

kanbe, tv. strike /with machete, rock or stirring rod/.

kankon, av. ringing (axe).

kanlahet, av. clanging (bell V2: 3 on 3 3/4 speed), drumming (water on metal), ringing (axes).

kanlahetik, av. making clang or ring (children).

kánluh, av. knocking suddenly.

kanulan, tv. knock /on door/, ring /bell/.

kan(2) prob P or P(2).

kan-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. bald.

kanahtik, aj. with receding hairline.

kanal, aj. bald.

kananbe, tv. make bald.

kanel, aj. bald.

kanet, av. with bald head, hatless.

kankan, aj. bald, denuded.

kankon, av. bare-headed (child).

kank’ uh, iv. become bald.

kank’ un, tv. shave /head/.

kank’ unvan, iv. make person’ s hair fall out (lead tree pod and eggs eaten together).

kanp’ uh, iv. cf. kank’ uh.

kanp’ un, tv. cf. kank’ un.

kanp’ unvan, iv. cf. kank’ unvan.

kántekánte, av. walking about bald.

kan(3) X.

kananet ʔaʔlel sat, vphr(av & n4f & n4d). with tears streaming.

kanet ʔaʔlel sat, vphr(av & n4f & n4d). with tears brimming.

kanal N(Sp, ganar).

kanal, n1d. profit.

kanalin, n4d. profit.

hkanal, agn. laborer.

pas kanal, vphr(tv & n5). win, make a profit, look for work.

kanáro N(Sp, ganado).

kanáro, n5. cow /used only by dudes when taunting straw bull/.

lécele toro ʔécele kanáro. Do it bull, do it cow!

kanava(1) N(Sp, canoa).

kanava, n1a. dugout.

hkanavero, agn. paddler of dugout.

kanava(2) N(Sp,ʔ).

kanava ʔak’, nphr(n type n). coral vine Antigonon guatemalense, #2635(22). Lowland “vine”. Oxypetalum cordifolium, #2596(21). Lowland “vine”.

kanela N(Sp, canela).

kanela, n1a. cinnamon.

kanela, n. see below.

sakil kanela, nphr(aj & n). tree evening primrose Hauya elegans, #882(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts.

kanela ʔul, nphr(n type n)5. com gruel flavored with cinnamon.

kanela teʔ, nphr(n type n). bittersweet bush Wimmeria pubescens, #2637(15, 22). Lowland “tree”, degane Calcophyllum candidissimum, #2679(15, 21, 22). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for house mainposts, cross beams and roof poles, and firewood.

kanela teátik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of kanela teʔ.

ʔik’ al kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). degane Calcophyllum candidissimum, #302(1, 2, 3, 5). The trunk is used for roof poles and crossbeams of fieldhouses, for fence posts and firewood.

ʔit’ is kanela teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). bittersweet bush Wimmeria pubescens, #1986(17). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for house mainposts, fence posts, hoe handles, and flails, bik’ it kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). bittersweet bush Wimmeria pubescens, #2637(20). Lowland “tree*. Same use as yit’ iškanela teʔ.

¢ahal kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). degane Calcophyllum candidissimum, #2679(1, 3). Lowland “tree”. Same use as kanela teʔ. muk’ ta kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). degane Calcophyllum candidissimum, #2679(20). Lowland “tree”. Same use as kanela ten. sakil kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild coffee Psychotria sp., #1612(1, 3). Temperate “tree”

ʔit’ iš sakil kanela teʔ, nphr: n4f of nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild coffee Psychotria sp., #1279(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for roof rods and ridge poles of fieldhouses, for fence rails and posts, and for hoe handles.

kanelo(1) N(Sp, canelo).

kanelo, n. see below.

ba¢’ i kanelo, nphr(aj & n). Rondeletia sp., #312(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for firewood.

kanelo(2)

kanelo, ram. cf. karnero.

kanika N(Sp, canica).

kanika, n1e. marble.

kakan, n5. Baby talk; marble.

kankreh N(Sp. cangrejo).

kankreh, n1a. crab. Crabs are caught in the lowlands and boiled. They are seasoned with mexican tea, mint, chili, and salt. They are “hot”.

kansyon N(Sp, canción).

kansyon, n1d. popular song.

kantela N(Sp, candela).

kantela, n1a. candle. On All Souls’ Day four wax candles are burnt at the graves of babies that had only nursed. Two wax and two tallow candles are burnt for all other deceased persons. Tallow candles signify meat. While wax candles may be offered to saints, tutelary gods, the earth lord, and ghosts, tallow candles are offered only to ghosts and to the earth lord. skantelail na. candles for house ceremony.

kantela čenek’, cf. čenck’.

kantela čon, cf. čon.

kantelail, n4d. candle for person’ s funeral or for saint.

kantelail ʔanima, nphr(natt & n)5. candles for the dead.

kantelail čobtik, nphr(natt & n)5. candles or ceremony for corn fields.

ʔoc kantela, vphr(iv & n5). hold year renewal ceremony.

ʔoč kantela, vphr(iv & n4d). hold curing ceremony.

kantil N(Sp, candil).

kantil, n1a. petroleum lamp.

kantilin, tv. take possession of petroleum lamp.

kantina N(Sp, cantina).

kantina, n1d. bar.

kanyon N(Sp, cañon).

kanyon, n1a. cannon.

skanyonal tuk’. rifle bore.

kap(1) I.

kap, iv. become angry, get mad, lose one’ s temper.

kap hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). become angry, get mad, lose one’ s temper.

kapan, tv. anger.

kapan baik, rv. get angry with each other.

kapaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. not be on speaking terms.

kapanan, tv. cf. kapan (plu).

kápankápan, tv. anger one after another.

kápankápanan, tv. cf. kápankápan.

kapanvan, iv. anger someone.

kapap tal hoi, vphr(av & dr & n4d). becoming madly enraged.

kapebal, n5. moment before losing one’ s temper.

kapem, aj. angry, cross.

kapet, av. irritable, irritated, grumpy.

kapet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). irritable, irritated, grumpy.

kapet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). irritable, irritated, grumpy.

kapetah, iv. become angry or cross.

kapetik, av. cf. kapet (plu).

kapkap, iv. become annoyed.

kapkaptik, iv. become annoyed.

kapkon, av. irritable, irritated, grumpy.

kapkon ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). feeling resentful.

kapkon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). irritable, grumpy, quarrelsome.

kaplahet, av. frequently irritable (plu).

kaplahetik, av. cf. kaplahet (plu).

kápluh hoi, vphr(av & n4d). flaring up with anger.

káptekápte, av. walking about grumpily.

kapulan, iv. keep getting angry or losing one’ s temper.

kapulan hoi, vphr(iv & n4d). keep getting angry or losing one’ s temper.

hkapanvaneh, agn. person who angers others.

kap(2) T(2).

kap, tv. mix, lace /coffee/.

kap, n4f. snack /food eaten to fill stomach after insufficient meal/, supplement /mistress sought if unsatisfied with wife/, added ingredient /medicine or herb mixed with other herb/.

kap, nc. any article or ingredient mixed with another, mixing.

kap ba, rv. get mixed up (sheep of two different owners), get mixed together (corn), get lost in a crowd.

kap-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mixing together of groups of people.

kap-vo¢’, aj(aj & ajcpd). many kinds mixed together (corn, ribbons), multitudinous.

kapahtik, aj. cf. kapal /plu/.

kapal, aj. mixed.

kapalik, aj. cf. kapal /plu/.

kapan, tv. mix many, lace much /coffee/.

kápankápan, tv. mix one after another.

kapel, nc. mixing.

kapih, iv. get mixed up.

kapin, tv. mix.

kapin, n4f. article or ingredient mixed with another, snack /food eaten to fill stomach after insufficient meal/.

kapin ba, rv. mix together (other person’ s chickens or sheep with one’ s own).

kapkap, nc. single mixing /daub/ / I only/.

kapob, nib. cane liquor for lacing, hoe for mixing daub.

kapobil, nib. cf. kapob.

kapolah, iv. mix /cane liquor and water, lottery tickets/.

kapomah, iv. cf. kapolah.

kapon kahve, nphr(n type n)5. laced coffee.

kapulan, tv. keep mixing /mud with pine needles for house com of different colors/, keep lacing /coffee/.

kapulan ba, rv. lose oneself in a crowd.

kapulanan, tv. keep mixing a lot /mud, corn/.

kapulanob, nib. shovel or hoe for mixing cement.

kapulanobil, nib. cf. kapulanob.

hkap-ʔač’el, agn(tv & npcd). person who mixes daub or mud for adobe.

kapa N(Sp, capa).

kapail, n3a. rain cape, chasuble.

kapain, tv. take another’s raincoat.

kape

kape, coffee, cf. kahve.

kapitan N(Sp, capitán).

kapitan, agn. captain or capitán /official in first level of religious hierarchy/.

kapitan šela, nphr(n type n)5. ribbon /wide red ribbon that is worn over shirts of angels and cantors/.

kapon N(Sp, capón).

kapon, n1a. nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus, castrated animal.

kapon čih, nphr(n type n)1a. wether.

kapon čitom, nphr(n type n)1a. barrow.

kapon čon, nphr(n type n)1e. nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. cf. e’omol čon, mail čon. Armadillos are believed to be transformations of turkey buzzards. They are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. Their flesh is “cold”. The shell is used during planting as a container for seed corn. A stuffed figure, representing Judas, and hung on the church during Holy Week sports an armadillo shell container. To cause an embedded thorn to drop out an armadillo tail is burnt and ground into powder that is applied to the affected part.

kapon kelem, nphr(n type n)1a. capon.

kaporal N(Sp, caporal).

kaporal, agn. finca or ranch worker who is assigned to set example for others in work.

kapote N(Sp, capote).

kapoteil, n3a. blue cape worn by ensign-bearers when entering and leaving office, worn by grand and petty alcaldes on Good Friday.

karábo E(Sp, carajo).

karáho, excl. hell! /exclamation of surprise or dismay/.

karánsa N(Sp, Carranza).

karánsa č’o, rat. cf. č’o.

karanyon A(Sp, garañon).

karanyon, aj. licentious, wildly sexual (man, stallion).

karapon N(Sp, garrafón).

karapon, n5. demijohn, var., garafon.

karavato N(Sp, garabato).

karavato, n1a. forked stick used when clearing weeds with machete.

karavato knʔ, nphr(n1d of n1d). wooden cleat used to tighten pack ropes.

karavato teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. forked stick used when clearing weeds with machete.

karavatoin, tv. take forked stick.

karera N(Sp, Carrera).

karera, n5. Guatemalan peso minted 1850-1870 and reportedly used during the revolution.

kareta N(Sp, carreta).

kareta, n1a. oxcart.

karetia N(Sp, carretilla).

karetia, n1a. wheelbarrow.

karetiain, tv. take wheelbarrow.

karida

karida, peach, cf. turasnu.

karina N(Sp, cadena).

karina, n1a. chain, saint’s medal on link chain worn by women around neck.

karira N(Sp, caridad).

karira, n5. Ritual speech of older women; charity.

mi ʔo to č’ul-karira mi ʔo to č’ul-čovlikasyon. Is there still divine charity, is there still divine grace?

karida, cf. turasnu.

karirat, cf. turasnu.

karirat

karirat, peach, cf. turasnu.

karka N(Sp, carga).

karka, n1e. reed or horn measure of gunpowder.

karkain, tv. make into gunpowder measure.

karnero N(Sp, camera).

kamero, n1a. ram.

kamero teʔ, nphr(n type n). ‘ram tree’, mayan sea grape Coccoloba mayana, #2681(1, 3, 15, 22), #2803(3, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. (15)-It is used also for hoe and billhook handles, and for digging sticks, cherry ehretia Ehretia tinifolia, #794(1, 2). Lowland “tree”. Licania arborea, #292(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. Coccoloba sp., #1988(1, 3, 4, 16). Lowland “tree”. (16)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood.

kanelo, n5. Baby talk; ram.

karo N(Sp, carro).

karo, n1a. truck, bus, pickup.

karoin, tv. take toy truck.

karos N(Sp, carroza).

karos, n1a. wheel, dolly /for cripples/, walker /for children/, hoop.

karosin, tv. take wheel or hoop.

karpintero

karpintero, carpenter, cf. kalpintero.

karsa N(Sp, garza).

karsa, n1e. snowy egret Leucophoyx tkula. cf. heak-čoy.

karton N(Sp, cartón).

karton, n1a. cardboard, cardboard box, case /beer/.

kartonin, tv. make into cardboard box.

kartučo N(Sp, cartucho).

kartučo, n1a. calla lily Zantedeschia aethiopica, #114(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), #2507(4). Highland “plant”. It is planted by Zinacantecs in their yards, in the rainy season. Men place one bulb in each hole with sheep manure on top. The flowers are put in altar vases. Two vases filled with calla lilies, ox eye daisies, and macaw feathers adorn the banquet table on January twentieth and twenty-second, during the fiesta of St. Sebastian. They also adorn the table in the Chapel of Lord Esquipulas on Carnival Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday. They are taken temporarily to the cantor’s house for the banquet table on Carnival Monday and Tuesday. The stewards carry these vases to Voʔ-bi¢ to decorate the banquet tables of the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary and of the tithing man on the fiesta of the virgin. Stewards buy or gather calla lilies for each flower change. The flowers are sold in Tuxtla by Zinacantecs, Chamulas, and Tzeltals. (23)-Thirty flowers are provided by each steward for the flower change in the churches.

kartučoaltik, n5. large field of calla lilies.

kartučotik, n5. field of calla liles.

kartučo ničim, nphr(n type n). ‘kartučo flower’, calla lily Zantedeschia aethiopica, #2507(21, 22). Highland “plant”. The flowers are placed in altar vases.

kartučoin. tv. take possession of person’s calla lilies.

karveusa N(Sp, garbanzo).

karvensa, cf. čenek’.

karvonato N(Sp, carbonate).

karvonato, n1a. bicarbonate of soda. inan. poss: skarvonatoal (or) skarvonatoil.

kas(1) prob O.

kasaset, av. wheezing (iguana, indigo snake).

kaskon, av. speaking thickly or incoherently (drunk, person with speech impediment).

kaslahet, av. cf. kaskon.

kaslahetik, av. cf. kaskon (plu).

kásluh, av. wheezing suddenly.

kástekáste, av. wheezing one after another (iguanas).

kas(2) N(Sp, gas).

kas, n1a. kerosene, var., gas.

kasero N(Sp, casero).

kasero, agn. lowland ladino.

kasolina N(Sp, gasolina).

kasolina, n5. gasoline, var., gasolina. nail kasolina, nphr(natt & n)5. service station.

kastanya N(Sp, caslaña).

kastanya, n. coolie sterculia Sterculia apetala. #340(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The nuts are roasted and eaten. They are “cold”, var., kaslanyo /Htek-lum/.

kastinyo

kastanyo, coolie sterculia. cf. kastanya.

kastiko N(Sp, castigo).

kastiko, n1a. punishment.

ʔak’ kastiko, vphr(tv & n5). punish.

tal kastiko, vphr(iv & n5). receive divine punishment.

kastilya N(Sp, castilla).

kastilya, n5. Spanish /language/, var., kastiya.

kastiya

kastiya, Spanish language, cf. kastilya.

kastiyero N(Sp, castillero). hkastiyero, agn. person who makes fireworks, person who helps pay for firework display and for associated flowers and cane liquor, etc.

kastiyo N(Sp, castillo).

kastiyo, n1a. fireworks.n who helps pay for firework display and for associated flowers and cane liquor, etc.

kasto N(Sp, gasto).

kasto, n1a. expense, spending money.

kastoin, tv. lose or spend all one’s money.

kaš(1)

kaš, cf. lukaš.

kaš(2) N(Sp, Caspacio).

kaš, n1d. Caspacio (Čobtik).

kisa N(Sp, caja).

kaša, n1a. chest, trunk, coffer.

skašail kahvaltik. saint’s coffer. The coffers contain the clothing, chaplets, and alms of a saint. The senior stewards’ coffers also contain banners. The pentecostal dove and the turtle shell drums are kept in the coffer of the senior steward-royal. The altar cloth is kept in the coffer of the senior steward of the Holy Sacrament.

kašayil, agn. Ritual speech; lady, /term is derived perhaps from chest in which saint is transported/.

hmeʔ hkašayil. my mother, my lady.

kašlan N(Sp, castellano).

kašlan, n5. chicken, chicken meat. Chicken meat is preferred above all other meat for men and gods. The flesh of a hen is “hot”, that of a rooster, “cold”. A person who eats chicken feet is thought liable to become caught in his mule’s lead rope. To ensure a good crop four chickens are killed and eaten before the corn is planted and their feet are dipped into the seed corn of each worker. The crowing of a hen is believed to announce death.

kašlan _______, nphr(aj & n)1a. imported, foreign or introduced _______.

kašlan ʔot, nphr(aj & n)1a. bread, man. poss.; skašlan ʔotil.

kašlan bak mut, cf. bak mut.

kašlan bikil, cf. bikil.

kašlan ¢’ii, nphr(aj & n)5. wooly dog /owned by ladinos/.

kašlan ¢’ol, cf. ¢’ol.

kašlan ¢amaroil, cf. čamaroil.

kašlan č’iš tot, cf. č’iš tot.

kašlan makom, cf. makom.

kašlan man¢ana, cf. man¢ana

kašlan peleš, cf. peleš.

kašlan pimenta, cf. pimento.

kašlan potov, cf. potov.

kašlan son, nphr(aj & n)S. national anthem, popular song.

kašlan teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1d. apple, cf. kamosa maneana.

kašlan tok’oy, nphr(aj & n)5. ‘introduced willow’, bulb stem yucca Yucca elephantipes, #1161(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland, temperate, and highland “tree”. #1607(1, 3). Temperate “tree”. #2007(1, 3, 4). Lowland “tree”. (RML)-I have not included this under tok’oy because, despite its name, everyone I asked considered it to be not a kind of willow, but rather, an agave. It grows frequently next to crosses in Chamula. bik’it kašlan tok’oy, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Beaucarnia goldmanii, #2725(5). Highland “tree”.

kašlan turasnu, cf. turasnu.

kašlan t’ul, nphr(aj & n)1d. domestic rabbit.

kašlan vah, nphr(aj & n)1a. bread.

kašlan voʔtus, cf. voʔtus.

hkašlan, agn. non-Indian, ladino.

tanhero kašlan, nphr(aj & n)1a. imported chicken /leghorn, new hampshire red/.

tranhero kašlan, cf. tanhero kašlan.

bik’it hkašlan, nphr(aj & agn)5. petty Spanish lord /major player of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who was the petty alcalde of the previous year/.

muk’ta hkašlan, nphr(aj & agn). grand Spanish lord /major player of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who was the grand alcalde of the previous year/.

kakah, n5. Baby talk; bread.

kakaš vah, nphr(n type n)1a. Baby talk; bread.

katal N(Sp, Catalina).

katal, n1d. Catherine /name of one of the dames/.

katal mut, nphr(n type n)5. ‘Catherine bird’, slate-throated redstart Myioborus minimus /Hok’ Č’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/. cf. ¢ahal katal.

karigral N(Sp, catedral).

katigral, n5. cathedral /in San Cristóbal/.

karuʔ N(Sp, gato).

katuʔ, n1a. cat. Male joking speech: vagina, var., gato. Cats are believed to be companion animal spirits of thin, stupid people. The howl of a cat near one’s house is believed to announce one’s death. If a cat crosses a hunter’s path, it is assumed he will have no success in the hunt. During a year renewal ceremony the tutelary gods are envisioned as sitting at a table at Kalvario under which, at the west end, sleeps a cat.

ʔoy skatuʔal kuʔun. I have a cat /for the mice/.

katuʔin, tv. take cat into one’s home.

ʔatuʔ, n5. Baby talk; cat.

kav 1(2).

kav, iv. split open (earth).

kavahtik, aj. cf. kaval /plu/. var., gato.

kaval, aj. wide open (anus), agape (mouth), split open (end of chayote, overripe papausa, heel).

kavalik, aj. cf. kaval /plu/.

kavan ba, rv. open legs wide in sitting or squatting position (woman in sweat bath).

kavanan čak, vphr(tv & n4d). show one’s backsides (people swimming).

kavanbe, tv. expose rear (child, woman frightening man).

kavaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. opening legs wide in sitting or squatting position (woman in sweat bath).

kavav, n4g. opening (anus).

kav¢ah čak, vphr(iv & n4d). go completely broke.

kav¢an, tv. expose one’s rear (angry woman who lifts skirts).

kavel, aj. wide open (anus), agape (mouth).

kavet, av. wide open (anus), agape (mouth of person lost in thought).

kavetah, iv. walk about with wide open (anus, mouth).

kavetik, av. cf. kavet (plu).

kavkav, aj. wide open (anus).

kavkon, av. wide open (child’s anus).

kavk’uh čak, vphr(iv & n4d). cf. kaveah čak.

kavk’un, tv. cf. kavean.

kavlah, av. with wide open (anuses).

kavlahet, av. cf. kavkon (plu).

kavlahetik, av. cf. kavkon (plu).

kavleh, n1f. with wide open (mouth, anus).

kavlehikil, n4f. cf. kavleh /plu/.

kávluh, av. splitting apart suddenly (log).

kavp’uh čak, vphr(iv & n4d). cf. kav¢ah čak.

kavp’un, tv. cf. kavean.

kávtekávte ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with mouth agape /lost in thought/.

kávtekávte čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with wide open anus.

hkavanvaneh, agn. sickness that impoverishes person.

hkaveanvaneh, agn. sickness that impoverishes person.

hkavk’unvaneh, agn. cf. hkaveanvaneh.

kavanya N(Sp, cabaña).

kavanya, n5. center of Institute Nacional Indigenista /in San Cristóbal/.

kavayero N(Sp, caballero).

kavayero, n5. pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis. cf. kurkuvič’. The pauraque is not eaten. It is considered to be the messenger of witches. Its bones are used in a love potion.

kavayero mut, nphr(n type n)5. cf. kavayero.

kavajito N(Sp, caballito).

kavayito, n5. merry-go-round.

kaviho N(Sp, cabildo).

kavilto, n1a. town hall, court, gallery where officials eat at the fiesta of St. Sebastian.

kaviltoah, iv. go to the courthouse.

hkaviltoahcl, agn. person who goes to, is at, or has come from the courthouse.

kavo N(Sp, cabo).

kavo, agn. boss /foreman in roadwork/.

kavron N(Sp, cabron).

kavron, agn. bastard /figuratively applied to both men and women/.

kavron, excl. hell! /exclamation of annoyance or surprise/.

kay T(2).

kay, tv. pull out /firebrand/, filch /corn, beans from bag/, pull off a few /ears of corn, beans/, ladle off /juice from pot if it is too full/.

kayahtik, a), widely spaced (slats of wall).

kayal, aj. widely spaced (corral posts, teeth).

kayan, tv. pull out /firebrands/, filch /corn or beans from bag/.

kayanan, tv. cf. kayan.

káyankáyan k’ok’, vphr(tv & n4d). pull out one firebrand after another.

káyankáyanan k’ok’, vphr(tv & n5). cf. káyankáyan k’ok’.

kayantik aj., too widely spaced (teeth) sparse, with gaps (planted row where plants have died).

kaybentik, aj. too widely spaced (teeth), sparse, with gaps (planted row where plants have died).

kayebal, n5. moment before touching ground (heavily laden branches).

kayel, nc. scooping out /corn, beans/.

kayet, av. be lacking full amount (nixtamal in pot), with gaps (row of corn), with irregularly-sized clumps (corn).

kayetik, av. cf. kayet (plu).

kayleh, n4f. wide spacing (slats, fence rails).

kaylehikil, n4f. cf. kayleh /plu/.

kayob, nib. spoon dipped in liquid to prevent boiling over.

kayobil, nib. cf. kayob.

káytekáyte, av. being depleted one after another (bags of corn, beans).

kayulan, tv. keep filching, keep pulling out /firebrand/.

kayulanan, tv. keep filching /plu/.

kaya N(Sp, calle).

kaya, n1e. road, street.

kayahon N(Sp, callejón).

kayahon, n1a. breach, fire-lane.

kayeta N(Sp, galleta).

kayeta, n1a. cracker, cookie, var., gayeta.

ke Pt(Sp, que).

ke, pt. than.

mas lek ke ti yane. better than the others.

keʔ(1) O.

keʔ, onom. burp.

keʔet, av. burping.

keʔetah, iv. burp.

keʔetik, av. cf. keʔet (plu).

kéʔluh, av. burping suddenly.

keʔ(2)

keʔ, boy! cf. kerem.

keʔ(3) P, P(2).

keʔ ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). limp, walk with a gimp.

keʔ-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. lame.

keʔahtik, aj. cf. keʔel /plu/.

keʔan ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). grow upwards (corn plant that has been flattened), lean to one side (mule to prevent proper loading).

keʔan ba, rv. balk (mule).

keʔanan 10k, vphr(tv & n4d). grow upwards (corn plants that have been flattened).

kéʔankéʔan ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d) lean to one side one after another (many mules).

kéʔankéʔanan ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. kéʔankéʔan ʔok.

keʔ¢an ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). lean to one side (mule to prevent proper loading).

keʔ¢anan ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). grow upwards (corn plants that have been flattened).

keʔel, aj. with one leg bent at knee (person, mule).

keʔelik, aj. cf. keʔel /plu/.

keʔi ʔok, vphr(iv & n4d). lean to one side (mule to prevent proper loading).

keʔkeʔ, aj. with one leg bent at knee (person, mule).

keʔkon ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). limping (person, mule).

keʔkʔun ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. keʔ¢an ʔok.

keʔlahet ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). limping (mules).

keʔpʔun ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. keʔ¢an ʔok.

keʔp’;unan ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). lean to one side (mules).

kéʔp’unkéʔp’unan ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). lean to one side one after another (many mules).

kéʔteké’te ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). limping about.

keʔulan ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). limp, gimp.

keb N.

keb, n4d. burp.

keb čih, nphr(n of n). ’deer burp’ or ’sheep burp’, Fernaldia pandurata, #2669(1, 3). Lowland “vine”. The leaves and flowers are boiled and eaten. They are “hot”. 11. Eryngium ghiesbreghtii, #1901(1, 3, 4). Temperate and highland “plant”.

keb vakaš ʔitah, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘cow burp greens’, Fernaldia pandurata, # 1670(7). Lowland “vine”. The plants are pulled up in the corn fields. They are chopped up and boiled, seasoned with salt, chili, and lime juice. They are “medium”.

kebah, iv. burp.

keban, iv. burp.

kebta, tv. burp at.

kebtavan, iv. burp at person (dog).

hkebtavaneh, agn. dog that burps at person.

kebrahača

kebrahača, acacia, cf. kevrahača.

kec(1) P(2).

ke¢ahtik, aj. cf. ke¢el /plu/.

ke¢an komel, vphr(tv & dr). stop grinding second time ineffectually.

ke¢anan, tv. stop grinding second time /plu/.

ke¢be, tv. grind second time ineffectually (young girl).

ke¢el, aj. sitting idle during second grinding (metate).

ke¢elik, aj. cf. ke¢el /plu/.

ke¢i, iv. sit idle during second grinding (metate).

ke¢kon, av. grinding second time slowly and ineffectually /back and forth motion/.

ke¢lahet, av. cf. ke¢kon (plu).

ke¢leh, n4f. sitting idle during second grinding /metate/.

ke¢ulan, tv. keep grinding second time ineffectually (young girl).

ke¢(2) P or P(2).

ke¢-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with shoulder length hair.

ke¢ahtik, aj. cf. ke¢el /plu/.

ke¢el, aj. shoulder length (ladina’s hair).

ke¢elik, aj. cf. ke¢el /plu/.

ke¢ei, iv. be shoulder length (hair).

ke¢ke¢, aj. shoulder length (ladina’s hair).

ke¢kon, av. long (sheep’s wool on sheep), shoulder length (hair).

ke¢lahet, av. cf. ke¢kon (plu).

ke¢lahetik, av. cf. ke¢kon (plu).

ke¢leh, n4f. shoulder length.

ké¢teké¢te, av. walking about with long /wool/, with shoulder length (hair).

ke¢(3) prob O.

ke¢e¢et, av. scolding (rooster, gobbler).

Keč P, P(2).

keč, tv. taper /log/, slice off /with hoe or knife/.

keč-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with bangs and/or shoulder length hair.

kečahtik, aj. unfinished /plu/.

kečan, tv. taper /logs/, slice off much /with knife or hoe/, leave unfinished.

kečan ba, rv. give up, abandon (fiancée).

kečanan, tv. leave unfinished /plu/.

kečaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)1d. abandonment /of engagement/.

kéčankéčan, tv. slice off one after another, abandon one after another.

kéčankéčananan, tv. slice off one after another.

kečav ʔosil, nphr(n of n)5. bank.

kečbe, tv. slice off /meat/.

kečbenal, n4f. cut, gash.

kečbenal ʔosil, nphrlaj & n)5. cut /road/.

keč¢ah, iv. be left half finished (work).

kečeč, av. flooding.

kečečet, av. flooding to the banks (river), falling in section after section (bridge).

kečel, aj. unfinished, with bangs (child), with cloud line on mountain top.

kečel so¢“. bitten or eaten by bat /animal, fruit/.

kečel-¢an, tv(aj & tvepd). leave half-burnt.

kečel makel, ajphr(aj & aj). with a great deal left to do.

kečel-vok’, tv(aj & tvepd). leave partly hoed.

keʔel-vok’ilan, tv(aj & tvepd). keep leaving partly hoed.

kečelik, aj. unfinished /plu/.

kečelil, n3b. leftovers, woman who is no longer a virgin.

kečelta, tv. abandon, leave unfinished /meal/.

kečeltaan, tv. leave unfinished /fruits/.

kečet, av. unfinished, unpaid (debt), cutting across mountain top (cloud), rampant (disease), in turn, in even line (workers).

kečetik, av. in straight line (workers).

keči, iv. leave unfinished.

kečkeč hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with bangs.

kečkon, av. rampant (chicken’s disease), avalanching, being ruined /teeth by candies/, worn down on side or end (sandal), creeping in an even line (brush fire).

škeckon pik tak’in yuʔun. He is using up money at a great rate /religious official/.

kečk’uh, iv. be worn thin on side or end (sole).

kečleh, nib. abandonment, in bangs.

kečluh, av. slicing suddenly /leg with axe/.

kečob, nib. axe.

kečobil, nib. cf. kečob.

kečp’uh, iv. cf. kečk’uh.

kéčtekéčte, av. advancing rapidly here and there (brush fire), finishing rapidly (flailing of corn, hoeing), falling here and there (avalanche).

kéčtekéčte hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with bangs or with hair at equal length around shoulders.

kečulan, tv. keep tapering or beveling /log/, keep leveling /earth/.

kečulanob, n1b. axe.

kečulanobil, n1b. cf. kečulanob.

kečvan, iv. slice person.

hkečvaneh, agn. axe or machete that slices person.

keh P.

kehahtik, aj. cf. kehel /plu/.

kehan, tv. make kneel.

kehan ba, rv. kneel, grow upwards (flattened corn plants).

iskehan sba ta kok ʔun. He knelt at my feet.

kehanan, tv. make kneel /plu/ (teacher).

kehaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. kneeling.

kéhankéhanan, tv. make one kneel after another (nuns when people receive communion).

kehanvan, iv. make person kneel.

keh¢ah, iv. fall to one’s knees, grow bent (corn).

keh¢an, tv. push on one’s knees.

keh¢anvan, iv. make person kneel (priest).

kehel, aj. kneeling.

Ritual speech, prayer; kehelon tal patalon tal. I come kneeling, I come bowing low.

kehelik, aj. cf. kehel /plu/.

kehet, av. kneeling.

kehetah, iv. kneel.

kehetik, av. cf. kehet (plu).

kehi, iv. kneel.

kehkeh, aj. deformed (leg).

kehkon, av. kneeling for a long time (petitioner, woman giving birth).

kehk’uh, iv. grow bent (flattened com that grows upwards).

kehk’un, tv. make limp /chicken with rock/.

kehk’unvan, iv. cf. keh¢anvan.

kehlahet, av. kneeling for a long time (petitioners).

kehlahetik, av. cf. kehlahet (plu).

kehlebal, n3d. kneeling place, sitting place of woman /old straw mat/.

kehlebin, tv. kneel on.

kehleh, nc. span between thumb and knuckle of forefinger /I only/.

kehleh, n1d. kneeling.

kehleh, n4f. growing upwards /flattened corn/.

kehlehikil, n4f. cf. kehleh /plu/.

kehleta, tv. kneel at one’s feet.

liskehleta ta kavilto. He knelt at my feet at the courthouse.

kehletaan, tv. kneel at the feet of many people.

kehlita, tv. cf. kehleta.

kehlitaan, tv. cf. kehletaan.

kéhluh, av. falling to one’s knees suddenly.

kehomal, n4d. cf. vu¢’omal.

Ritual speech; ʔoy akehomal ʔoy apušomal. You have a kneeling place, you have a bending place /knees/.

kehp’uh, iv. fall to one’s knees.

kehp’un, tv. cf. keh¢an.

kehp’unvan, iv. cf. keh¢anvan.

kehuh, iv. genuflect.

kehuhel, nc. genuflection.

hkehanvanch, agn. person who makes another kneel.

hkeh¢anvaneh, agn. person who makes another kneel.

hkehk’unvaneh, agn. cf. hkeh¢anvaneh.

hkehp’unvaneh, agn. cf. hkeh¢anvaneh.

kek O.

kekeket, av. cluck (hen wanting to lay).

keket, av. clucking (hen).

keketik, av. cf. keket (plu).

kekkekkek, onom. cluck.

kekkon, av. clucking slowly (hen EKL 252: 1-15).

keklahet, av. cf. kekkon (plu), cackling (V2: 20) (plu).

keklahetik, av. cf. kekkon (plu).

kékluh, av. clucking suddenly.

kéktekékte, av. clucking about.

kelem(1) N.

kelem, n1a. rooster. A rooster’s flesh is “cold”. After a person’s death, a rooster is killed and its head is placed in a bowl of broth that is set to one side of the head of the deceased in the belief that the cock crowing will guide his soul to heaven. The crowing of a rooster in the early evening is thought to signal the arrival of a visitor.

kelcmin, tv. take rooster.

kelem(2)

kelem, boy. cf. kerem.

kern P or P(2).

kem-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. fat-faced.

kernel, aj. fat (faced).

kemet sat, vphr(av & n4d). with fat face.

kemetik sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kemet sat (plu).

kemi, iv. be fat (face).

kemkem, aj. fat (faced).

kemkon sat, vphr(av & n4d). with very fat face (person, pig).

kemlahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kemkon sat (plu).

kemleh, n1d. fat (faced).

kemlehikil, n4d. cf. kemleh /plu/.

kemtekemte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with fat face.

kep P(2).

kep, tv. pull off bunch /banana/.

kep, nc. bunch /bananas/.

kep-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with bangs or shoulder length hair.

kepan, tv. pull off bunches /bananas/.

kepanan, tv. cf. kepan.

képanképan, tv. pull off one bunch after another.

képanképanan, tv. cf. képanképan.

kepbenal, n4f. stub of stem from which banana has been cut.

kepeah, iv. begin to form bunch (bananas), bend down (heavily laden branches).

kept-an, tv. cut into bunches.

kepekil, n4f. many bunches /bananas/.

kepel, aj. in bunch, with bangs or with hair at equal length around shoulders.

kepep, av. with bangs or shoulder length hair.

kepepct, av. walking about with bangs or shoulder length (hair).

kepet hol, vphr(av & n4d). with bangs or with hair at equal length around shoulders.

kepetik hol, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kepet hol (plu).

kepi, iv. be in bangs or shoulder length (hair).

kepkep, nc. single bunch /bananas/ /I only/.

kepkep hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with bangs or with hair at equal length around shoulders.

kepk’uh, iv. cf. kepeah.

keplah, av. cf. kepep (plu).

keplahet hol, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kepkon hoi (plu).

keplahetik hol, vphr(av & n4d). cf. kepkon hol (plu).

kepleh, n1f. in bangs, shoulder length (hair).

kepleh, n4f. whole bunch.

keplehikil, n4f. cf. kepleh /plu/.

képluh, av. falling suddenly around shoulders (hair of falling child).

kepob, n1b. banana knife.

kepobil, n1b. cf. kepob.

kepolah, iv. cut /bananas/.

kepp’uh, iv. cf. kepeah.

képteképte hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with bangs or with hair at equal length around shoulders.

kepulan, tv. keep pulling off bunches /bananas/, hack at /with hoe or machete/.

kepulanob, nib. banana knife.

kepulanobil, nib. cf. kepulanob.

kere(1) X.

kere-ʔučul, nphr(x & ncpd)5. common bluebird Sialia sialis /Pat ʔOsil/. cf. yaš-iuč’ul.

kere(2)

kere, boy!, son. cf. kerem.

kerem N.

kerem, n1d. Term of address and reference; boy, son /archaic/, var., krem /more freq/ /plu., kremotik/.

krem vinik. young man.

keʔ, excl(contr of kere). wow! /exclamation of surprise or disbelief/, var., kieʔ.

keʔre, cf. kere.

kelem, n4d. Ritual speech, song, referring to office holder as “boy”.

šʔak’otah ša me li smoso bi, šʔak’otah ša me li skelem bi. His servant is surely dancing now, His boy is surely dancing now.

kelem habnal, cf. halmal.

kelem voʔtus, cf. voʔtus.

kere, excl. Male speech; boy! /exclamation of surprise or amazement/.

var., keʔre /Voʔ-bie/.

kere, n5. Male term of address to younger man. var., kerʔre /Voʔ-bie/.

kieʔ, excl. cf. keʔ.

krem poš, nphr(n type n). ’boy medicine’, Micropleura renifolia, # 1530(1, 3). Highland “plant”. Married men who lack male offspring dig up nine tubers. These are ground on the metate and boiled with brown sugar, four pesos’ worth of pepper and thirteen chilies. The tea is drunk by women, lacking sons, who do not want to be beaten by their husbands. One gourdful of the tea is drunk to warm the uterus. It is “hot”. It will cause the woman to give birth to nine sons.

krem voʔtus, cf. voʔtus.

kremah, iv. become boylike /not applied to humans/. It is thought that a male mule may be rejuvenated twice.

kremal, n1d. boyhood.

kremalil, n1d. cf. kremal.

p’is ta kremil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). treat as a son, adopt.

kervahača

kervahača, acacia, cf. kevrahača.

kes O.

kes, onom. hiss (buzzard, cat).

keseset, av. hissing (mexican beaded lizard).

keset, av. hissing (indigo snake, iguana).

kesetik, av. hissing (buzzards).

keskon, av. hissing.

keslahet, av. cf. keskon (plu).

keslahetik, av. cf. keskon (plu).

késluh, av. giving sudden hiss (cat, buzzard, iguana, indigo snake).

kešu N(Sp, queso).

kešu, n1a. cheese.

ket(1) P(2) or T(2).

ket eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). swallow whole.

ketan, tv. swallow whole /plu/.

ketanan, tv. cf. ketan.

kétankétan, tv. swallow whole one after another.

kétankétanan, tv. cf. kétankétan.

ketbe, tv. gag on.

ketel-bik’, tv(aj & tvcpd). swallow whole.

ketel-bik’an, tv(aj & tvcpd). swallow whole /plu/.

ketlahet, av. gagging (drunk), eating noisily (dog), stammering.

ketlahetik, av. cf. ketlahet (plu). ket(2) P(2).

ketahtik, aj. cf. ketel /plu/.

ketan komel, vphr(tv & dr). stop grinding second time ineffectually.

ketel, aj. sitting idle during second grinding (metate).

keti, iv. sit idle during second grinding (metate).

ketkon, av. grinding slowly second time.

ketulan, tv. keep grinding second time ineffectually (young girl).

kev(1) P, P(2).

kev, tv. grind first time slowly /com/ (child, sick person).

kev, nc. grinding motion.

kevahtik, aj. cf. kevel /plu/.

kevan komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave idle during first grinding /metate/.

kev¢ah, iv. not be bought (merchandise).

kev¢an, tv. leave idle during first grinding /metate/.

kevel, aj. idle (metate), unbought (merchandise).

kevelik, aj. cf. kevel /plu/.

kevet, av. grinding slowly.

kevi, iv. sit idle during first grinding (com dough, metate).

kevkev, aj. idle (metate).

kevkon, av. grinding first time slowly (child, sick person).

kevlahet, av. cf. kevkon (plu).

kevlahetik, av. cf. kevkon (plu).

kevleh, n1f. sitting idle during first grinding (corn dough, metate).

kevob, n1b. mano.

kevobil, nib. cf. kevob.

kevulan, tv. keep grinding first time slowly (child, sick person).

key(2) P.

kev-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted or swollen mouth.

kevel, aj. twisted, swollen, agape (mouth).

kevelik, aj. cf. kevel /plu/.

kevet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). looking at merchandise and not buying it or selling it.

kevev, av. running with twisted mouth (drunk).

kevi, iv. be twisted (mouth).

kevkev, aj. cf. kevel.

kevk’uh, iv. become twisted or swollen (mouth).

kevk’un, tv. become twisted or swollen.

kevk’unvan, iv. make person’s mouth swell /with blows/.

kevleh, n1f. with twisted mouth or mouth agape.

kévluh, av. twisting suddenly (mouth).

kevp’uh, iv. cf. kevk’uh.

kevp’un, tv. cf. kevk’un.

kevp’unvan, iv. cf. kevk’unvan.

hkevk’unvaneh, agn. person who causes another’s mouth to swell.

hkevp’unvaneh, agn. cf. hkevk’unvaneh.

kevrahača N(Sp, quiebrahacha).

kevrahača, n. acacia Acacia pennatula, #713(1, 2). Temperate “tree” #2704(1, 3). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for roof rods /six to eight/, fence rails and posts, and firewood. The branches are used for brush fences, var., kebrahača /Htek-lum/, kervahača /Voʔ-bie/.

kevrahačatik, n5. grove of acacia trees.

muk’ta kevrahača, nphr(aj & n). acacia Acacia pennatula, #2704(20, 21). Lowland “tree” Same use as kevrahača. (20)-The tender shoots are eaten by horses.

kevrahača teʔ nphr(n type n). acacia Acacia pennatula, #2704(15, 22).

Lowland “tree”. Same use as kevrahača.

kevn N.

kevu, n1e. shade, shadow.

Ritual speech, prayer; ʔak’bon ta yo 1 akevual ta yo 1 avašinal. Place me in Thy lordly shadow, under Thy lordly cover.

kevu, tv. Ritual speech, curing prayer; be refreshed by, enjoy, cf. maki.

kevuah, iv. take shade.

kevualtik, n5. expanse of shade.

kevuan, tv. take shade.

kevutik, n5. shade.

kirail N(Sp, criada).

kiarail, n3d. maid, var., kriarail.

ki¢ P, P(2).

ki¢, tv. gash or scratch /arm, leg/ (grass, thorns or sharp leaves).

ki¢ ba, rv. scratch, gash or rub self.

ki¢-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)1d. scratching, gashing or rubbing of self.

ki¢-veš, n(aj & ncpd)5. with pants riding up.

ki¢ahtik, aj. badly scratched, long and narrow (plots of land).

ki¢an, tv. ride up, draw a line.

ki¢an, tv. gash badly.

ki¢anki’¢an, tv. be gashed in many places (arm, leg) /by grass, thorn or sharp leaves/.

ki¢be, tv. scratch a mark on, bow /fiddle/.

ki¢be senya, vphr(tv & n5). mark.

ki¢benal, n4d. vagina.

ki¢el, aj. riding up (pants), scratched.

ki¢riding up /pants/.

ki¢ie, aj. sticking (wet or sweaty clothes to back, knot that cannot be slipped tight).

ki¢i¢ah, iv. become sticky (wet rope that cannot be knotted or un knotted).

ki¢i¢an, tv. make sticky /rope/ (water).

ki¢i¢et, av. sticking (wet or sweaty clothes to back, knot that cannot be slipped tight.

ki¢il, aj. furrowed (vagina), long and narrow (plot of land), riding up (pants), long and straight line.

ki¢ilik, aj. cf. ki¢ahtik /plu/.

ki¢ki¢, n1d. Male joking speech; vagina.

ki¢ki¢, aj. riding up (pants).

ki¢kon, av. bowing /fiddle/.

ki¢k’uh, iv. become sticky (wet rope).

ki¢lah, av. sticking (wet or sweaty clothes to back).

ki¢lahet. av. cf. ki¢et (plu), ki¢kon (plu).

ki¢lahetik, av. cf. ki¢kon (plu).

ki¢leh, n4f. scratch, gash, rub, narrow plot /land/.

ki¢lehikil, n4f. cf. ki¢leh /plu/.

ki¢luh, av. gashing or scratching suddenly.

ki¢ob, n1b. fiddle bow.

ki¢obil, n1b. cf. ki¢ob.

ki¢p’uh, iv. cf. ki¢k’uh.

kí¢tekí¢te, av. running about with pants riding up or with clothes sticking to body.

ki¢ulan, tv. keep scratching /marks/.

ki¢ulanan, tv. keep gashing in many places (grass).

ki¢ulanob, n1b. corn stalk, toy fiddle bow.

ki¢ulanobil, nib. cf. ki¢ulanob.

ki¢van, iv. gash or scratch person (grass, reed), rub raw (rope).

hki¢vaneh, agn. grass, reed or rope that scratches, gashes or rubs person.

ki¢” P(2) or T(2).

ki¢’be, tv. squeak /weaving palm/.

ki¢’il bak, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. yalem bek’et.

ki¢’kon, av. squeaking /weaving palm/.

ki¢’lahet, av. cf. ki¢’kon (plu).

kieʔ

kieʔ, boy! cf. kerem.

kik(1) Pt.

kik, pt. maybe, /term expressing reluctance or hesitancy/.

t šibat kik. I guess I’ll go.

kik(2) P.

kikahtik, aj. cf. kikil /plu/.

kikan. tv. lean against.

kikan ba, rv. lean against (person standing).

kikanan, tv. lean against /plu/.

kíkankíkan, tv. lean one after another against /wood against wall/.

kíkankíkanan, tv. cf. kíkankíkan.

kikanob siʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). wall for leaning firewood against.

kikanobil siʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. kikanob siʔ.

kik¢ah, iv. be arduous (work).

kiket, av. leaning against (standing person, hoe).

kiketik, av. cf. kiket (plu).

kiki, iv. lean against (person, bottle, hoe).

kikik, av. leaning against.

kikiket, av. swaying back and forth in unison (com or high weeds, sugarcane, reeds in wind), beating against bank (flooded river).

kikil, aj. leaning against (standing person, tree, firewood).

kikilik, aj. cf. kikil /plu/.

kikilik li lubele. aching with exhaustion.

kiklah, av. staggering (drunk) (sing or plu).

kiklahet, av. staggering (drunk), toddling.

kiklahetik, av. cf. kiklahet (plu).

kiklebal, n3b. leaning place.

kiklebal šila, nphr(n1f of n1d). back of chair.

kiklebin, tv. lean against.

kiklebinvan, iv. lean against person.

kikleh, n1f. leaning.

kikp’uh, iv. stagger.

kikp’un, tv. make stagger.

kikp’unvan. iv. make person stagger.

kíktekíkte, av. staggering about (drunk).

hkikp’unvaneh, agn. person who makes another stagger.

kil P, P(2).

kil, tv. drag /on ground/.

iskil ta kavilto. He dragged him into court.

h-likel iskil eč’el hč’amal. lit., My child was dragged off in a jiffy, i.e., My child died suddenly.

kil, nc. length (necklace, tripe, vine, bloody phlegm), strip (jerked meat, narrow land).

kil ba, tv. drag self around.

kil baik, rv. pull each other about.

kil-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. dragging each other /to court/.

kil-šik’, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-winged.

kil tak’in, vphr(tv & n5). be very expensive, cost a great deal.

kilahtik, aj. cf. kilil /plu/.

kilahtik ʔuč’ul voʔ, cf. ʔuč’ul voʔ.

kilahtik ¢ib, cf. ¢ib.

kilahtik la, cf. la.

kilahtik neš, cf. neš.

kilahtik sahoʔ, cf. sahoʔ.

kilahtik šanšan, cf. šanšan.

kilahtik tok’oy, cf. tok’oy.

kilahtik yašal ¢ib, cf. ¢ib.

kilan, tv. set down /rope/.

kilan ba, rv. stretch out (drunk).

kilanan, tv. drag /plu/.

kílankílan, tv. drag one after another.

kílankílanan, tv. cf. kílankílan.

kilanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person stretched out (drunk).

kilbe ta k’ob, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). pull out of one’s hand.

kil¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). fall uncoiled (rope).

kil¢an yalel, vphr(tv & dr). drop uncoiled /rope/.

kilel, nc. stroke of hoe during weeding.

kilet, av. stretched out (drunk), slithering or swimming in straight line (snake), dragging along /ground/ (clothes), falling behind /in work or on path/.

tah škilet sšik’ t škile. lit., I see him standing there with dragging wings, i.e., idly.

kiletah, iv. be dragged along or summoned.

kiletel čon, nphr(vn type n)5. crawling animal /general term for snakes, lizards and salamanders/.

kiletik, av. cf. kilet (plu).

kilikil, n4f. many blots /bloody phlegm/.

kilil, av. slithering or swimming along in straight line (snake).

kilil, aj. stretched out (rope, drunk, guts, snake, clothing), hanging down (mucous, spit).

kilil mahal, ajphr(aj & aj). hastily, improperly, carelessly.

kililet, av. dragging along (branches, person, logs, rope), slithering or swimming in a straight line (snake).

kililik, aj. cf. kilil /plu/.

kilkil, nc. single strip /land/ /1 only/.

kilkil, aj. long and narrow (land, leaf), in tatters (clothing).

kilkil spat, longer in back than in front, dragging along (fringe of clothes on ground).

kilkil la, cf. la.

kilkil ničim, nphr(aj & n). asparagus fern Asparagus plumosus, #672(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “vine” It is grown by ladinos in their yards. Slips or seedlings are planted in the rainy season. Ladinos put stems in the altar vases on Pentecost. Acalypha hispida, #2692(21, 22). Lowland “tree”.

¢ahal kilkil ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). bougainvillea Bougainvillea buttiana, #728(1, 2). Temperate “vine”. It is grown by ladinos in their yards. They put the flowers in altar vases. Acalypha hispida, #2692(20). Lowland “tree”. Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases.

kilkil pohov ¢’iʔlel, cf. pohov ¢’iʔlel.

kilkon, av. falling behind.

nom škilkon. He is falling way behind.

kilk’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. kileah yalel.

kilk’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. kilean yalel.

killah eč’el ta ʔanil, vphr(av & dr & prep & n5). walking rapidly (people).

killahet, av. cf. kilkon (plu).

killahetik, av. falling behind.

killeh, n4f. entire length (necklace, etc.).

killehikil, n4f. cf. killeh /plu/.

killuh, av. slithering suddenly (snake).

kilobit, n4f. rope for dragging /logs/.

kilon ʔeč’, cf. ʔec’.

kilp’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. kileah yalel.

kilp’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. kilean yalel.

kíltekílte, av. dragging self about, walking here and there idly, slithering or swimming along in straight line (snake).

kíltekílte ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d). dragging along /child/ (drunk), /rubbish/ (river), /branches/ (person).

kilul sat ʔak’, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ‘long-fruited vine’, Petastelma patelliferum, #2631(21). Lowland “vine”

kilulan, tv. keep dragging.

kilulan ba, rv. keep pulling and tugging (drunk trying to break loose).

kilulanan, tv. keep dragging a lot.

kilulanan baik, rv. pulling and tugging each other (drunks).

kilulanvan, iv. keep pulling and tugging at person.

kilvan, iv. pull or drag person.

hkil-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). one or more who are pulling each other about.

hkilulanvaneh, agn. person who tugs and pulls at another.

hkilvaneh, agn. person or horse that drags person.

kilo N(Sp, kilo).

kilo, n1a. scales, kilo.

kinya N(Sp, guineo).

kinya, n1a. banana. See below.

kinyailtik, n5. large banana grove.

kinyatik, n5. banana grove.

¢ahal kinya, nphr(aj & n)1d. banana. Lowland “tree”. The fruit is “hot”

čan-¢elav kinya, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n). ‘four-ridged banana’, banana. Cf. čan-¢elav loʔbol.

čimpo kinya, nphr(x type n). banana. Lowland “tree”. The fruit is “cold”.

man¢ana kinya, nphr(n type n)5. ‘apple banana’, banana Musa paradisiaca, #919(1, 3). Lowland “plant”. The fruit is “cold”. (RML)-The fruits are a miniature variety.

natikil kinya, nphr(aj & n). ‘long banana’, banana. Lowland “tree”. The fruit is “cold”.

sakil kinya, nphr(aj & n). banana. Lowland “tree”. The fruit is “cold”

sera kinya, nphr(n type n). ‘wax banana’, banana Musa paradisiaca, #918(1, 3). Lowland “plant”. The fruit is “cold”.

tušta kinya, nphr(n type n). ‘Tuxtla banana’, banana. Lowland “tree”. The fruit is “cold”.

yasal kinya, nphr(aj & n). banana. Lowland “tree”. The fruit is “cold”.

kinya pašak’, cf. pašak’.

kiosko N(Sp, quiosco).

kiosko, n5. bandstand, var., yosko.

kitara N(Sp, guitarra).

kitara, n1a. eleven-stringed guitar.

kitara čon, nphr(n type n)1e. wasp Brachygaslra sp.. cf. kitaron, varač. The grubs of this lowland wasp are not eaten. Its sting is extremely painful, but purportedly relief may be produced by sticking a twig in each ear. Its name is said to be derived from the horrible rasping of its wings inside its nest. This sound is likened to that of a broken guitar.

kitaron N(Sp, guitarrón).

kitaron, n1e. ‘large guitar’, wasp Brachygaslra sp.. cf. kitara čon, varač.

klavel N(Sp, clavel).

klavel, n1a. carnation, see below.

klaveltik, n5. field of carnations.

ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan klavel, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). carnation Dianthus caryophyllus, #598(1). Highland “plant” It is grown by some Zinacantecs in their yards. The seeds are bought and sown in the rainy season or in the dry season on irrigated land. Two handfuls of sheep manure are provided to each plant. One small basket of flowers is taken to church to put in the altar vases when begging pardon. The flowers are also put in altar vases by stewards, stewards-royal, and elders. The flowers are sold at market in San Cristóbal and Tuxtla. (RML)-The flowers raised commercially are grown primarily in Naben Čauk.

korona klavel, nphr(n type n). ‘crown carnation’, carnation Dianthus caryophyllus, #377(1, 2, 3). Highland “plant”. Same use as ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan klavel.

k’oš klavel, nphr(aj & n). Pinaropappus roseus, #474(1, 2). Highland “plant”.

pino klavel, nphr(aj & n). ‘fine carnation’, carnation Dianthus caryophyllus, #376(1, 2), #378(1, 2), #379(1, 2), #380(1, 2), #965(1, 3). Highland “plant” Same use as ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan klavel.

sak-vayan klavel, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). Pinaropappus roseus, #954(1, 3). Lowland “plant”.

kavelina N(Sp, clavellina).

klavelina, n. carnation Dianthus caryophyllus, #375(1, 2, 4). Highland “plant” It is grown by some Zinacantecs in their yards or on irrigated land. The flowers are put in altar vases. They are sold at market in Tuxtla.

klavo N(Sp, clavo).

klavo, n1a. cloves. They are “hot.”

klovo N(Sp, globo).

hklovo-¢ek, agn(n & ncpd). woman with wide skirt /Ixtapanec women/.

hklovo-čak, agn(n & ncpd). man with wide pants /Ixtapanec men/.

hklovo-veš, agn(n & ncpd). man with wide pants /Ixtapanec men/.

koʔk

koʔk, fire. cf. k’ak’.

koʔol A.

koʔol, aj. equal, identical, similar.

mu koʔoluk. It is different (or) it is not the same.

koʔol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv/3p/). hear together, equally affected by /sickness/.

sk’an koʔol šaʔiik. Both should hear it together.

koʔol-ʔik’, tv(aj & tvcpd). herd together /cows/.

koʔol ʔo ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & pt & tv). be disgusted with, be unhappy about.

koʔol-ʔuč’, tv(aj & tvcpd). drink together equally.

koʔol-¢ak, tv(aj & tvpcd). catch together /horses/.

koʔol čiʔuk, vphr(aj & n4b). the same as.

koʔol sčiʔuk č’abal. It’s the same as none at all.

koʔol-čon, tv(aj & tvcpd). sell together.

koʔol hol, vpnr(aj/pred/ & n4d). be in agreement, be of the same opinion.

koʔlo-lahes, tv(aj & tvcpd). eat while sharing equally.

koʔol-man, tv(aj & tvpcd). buy together.

koʔol-mil, tv(aj & tvcpd). slaughter together.

koʔolah, iv. be identical or similar to, be alike.

koʔolik, aj. cf. koʔol /plu/.

kóʔolkóʔol, aj. equal, same /between 2/.

koʔoltas, tv. make even, compare.

koʔoltasan, aj. make even or compare /plu/.

koʔoltasbe hol, vphr(tv // n). come to an agreement.

koʔoltasobil, n1f. pound weight.

koʔoltasvan, iv. compare person /height/.

koʔoltik, aj. rather similar.

koʔsan N(Sp, cuesa).

koʔsan, n1a. chayote root. It is “cold”

kob T.

kob, tv. Male speech; fuck, sting.

kob baik, rv. Male speech; fuck each other.

kob-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. Male speech; fucking.

kobel, excl. Male speech; fuck! /exclamation of surprise or dismay/.

kobelal, n4d. Male speech; laziness.

skobelal muk’ bu tal. Out of laziness, he never came.

kobilan, tv. Male speech; keep fucking.

kobilan baik, rv. Male speech; keep fucking each other.

kobilanan baik, rv. Male speech; keep fucking each other (plu).

kobob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)1d. Male speech; narrow place suited for fucking.

kobvan, iv. Male speech; fuck (person, animal), sting person.

hkob-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). Male speech; fucker.

hkobel, agn. Male speech; fucker.

hkobvaneh, agn. Male speech; fucker.

koberaarol N(Sp, gobernador).

kobernarol, n5. governor.

ko¢ P or P(2).

ko¢ahtik, aj. cf. ko¢ol /plu/.

ko¢el, aj. with brows furrowed /in anger/.

ko¢et, av. frowning.

kó¢etekó¢te, av. walking about frowning.

ko¢etik, av. with brows greatly furrowed.

kó¢lih, av. frowning suddenly.

ko¢o¢et. av. frowning.

ko¢ol, aj. frowning /in anger/.

ko¢olik, aj. with brows greatly furrowed.

ko¢’ T.

ko¢’be, tv. make squelching sound during copulation.

ko¢’ih, onom. squelching sound /during copulation, mixing daub/.

ko¢’;ilan, tv. keep making squelching sound during copulation.

ko¢’kon, av. making squelching sound of copulation.

ko¢’lahet, av. cf. ko¢’kon (plu).

kó¢’lih, av. making sudden squelching sound.

ko¢’o¢’, av. making sudden squelching sound.

kó¢’tekó¢’te, av. walking about with squeaky (sandals).

koč(1) T.

koč, iv. flake off (bark), become loose (tooth, fingernail, toenail, hoof, handle, barrel staves, furniture).

koč ba, rv. become loose (handle, barrel stave, furniture).

kočbe, tv. flake off /bark/.

kočes, tv. loosen /tooth, hoe handle/.

kočesan, tv. loosen /hoe handles/.

kočilan, tv. wiggle /loose tooth, door/.

kočkon, av. wiggling /axe, hoe head/.

kočlahet, av. cf. kočkon (plu).

kočob, n1f. machete for flaking off bark.

kočobil, n1f. cf. kočob.

kóčtekóčte, av. walking about (with loose hoof) /horse bitten by tarantula/.

koč(2) N.

koč, n1e. horsefly Tabanus sp..

koč(3) O.

kočilan, tv. call /pig/.

kočilanan, tv. call /pigs/.

kočkočkoč, onom. pig call.

kočiʔ N.

kočiʔ, n1a. cone-headed katydid Pyrogocorypha sp.. It is eaten roasted.

koh

koh, step, time, grade, part, story, layer, exchange, the fault of, on behalf of, staircase, infant hernia, lame. cf. kah.

kok(1)

kok, coconut, cf. koko.

kok(2) A.

kok, aj. deaf, faulty (pot that does not ring true).

kokib, iv. become deaf.

kokibtas, tv. make deaf.

kokkoktik, aj. rather deaf.

kok(3) X.

kokoh, iv. fall off entirely (leaves), fall out very gradually (hair), fall out entirely (teeth).

kokon, tv. empty onto or into /water, beans, corn, ears, of corn, fruit/.

Ritual speech, bone-setting prayer; shatter.

kokon helavel, vphr(tv & dr). empty from one to another.

kokonob, n1f. bag, pot or cloth that objects are emptied onto or into.

kokonobil, n1f. cf. kokonob.

kok(4) prob O.

kokoket, av. clucking (rooster affectionately to hen V2: 20).

koka

koka, coca cola. cf. kokakola.

kokakola N(Sp, coca cola).

kokakola, n1a. coca cola, var., kakakola, koka.

koko N(Sp, coco).

koko, n5. coconut Cocos nucifera, #3019(1, 4, 5, 11). Lowland “tree” (4)-It is grown by the people of Chiapa. It is planted in May and harvested in June of the following year. Few Zinacantecs eat coconut. It is “cold”. (11)-It is sold at market. The coconut meat and milk are “hot” var., kok /Htek-lum/.

kok, cf. koko.

kokoʔon N.

kokoʔon, n1a. mexican tea Chenopodium ambrosioides, #1724(3, 15, 16).

Lowland and highland “plant” The tender shoots are used as seasoning for chicken, beans, and young squash. They are “hot”. #2478(4, 21, 22). Highland “plant” For use as snake bite cure, cf. pošil yerva.

kokoʔontik, n5. expanse of mexican tea.

kokoʔon nič nab, cf. nič nab.

kokor O.

kokorin, onom. cock-a-doodle-doo, var., kokoron.

kokorohoʔ, onom. cock-a-doodle-doo.

kokoron, onom. cf. kokorin.

kokov N(M-Z, kakawa).

kokov, n1a. cocoa /drink and bean/.

kokov te?, nphr(n type n). Davilla aspera var. matudae, # 1682(11, 12, 14).

Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for firewood.

pamal kokov, nphr(natt & n)1a. powdered cocoa /archaic/.

kol(1) I.

kol, iv. get loose (animal), escape, recover from /sickness/, be cured, get well, give birth, fall out (tooth, hoof, fingernail or toenail, horn, axe-head).

miʔn toh kolelon ʔo šanaʔ. Do you think it can cure me right off? /sarcastic/.

kol ta ʔalahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). have baby, give birth.

koleb, n1f. pasture.

kolebal, n5. Ritual speech; shrine.

kolebal kušebal. place of recovery, place of rest.

čanib č’ul-kolebal čanib č’ul-kučebal. the four holy places of recovery, the four holy places of rest.

kolem, aj. loose (animal).

kolem balamil, nphr(aj & n)5. communal land, all land during dry season when animals may roam freely.

koles, tv. remove handle from /axe, hoes/.

kolesan, tv. remove handles from /axes, hoes/.

kolesbe ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d). knock out one’s tooth.

kolesob, n1f. wrench, object which frees person, rock or tree on which hoe or billhook head is knocked to free it from handle.

kolesobil, n1f. cf. kolesob.

kolkol, iv. recover slightly.

kolkoltik, iv. recover slightly.

kolta, tv. release /from work/, help, let loose /horse/.

kolta ba, rv. help.

koltaan, tv. release /plu/ /from work/, let loose /horses/.

koltabe ʔaʔlel, vphr(tv & n4f). open floodgate /in irrigation ditch/.

koltaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual aid.

kóltakólta baik, rv. help each other.

koltaob-ba, n(n & rpnpcd)1d. helper /generally refers to those who help official work his corn fields, or who defends person in court/.

koltaob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)1d. helper, cf. koltaob-ba.

koltavan, iv. release person /from work/, help person, work for person for pay.

hkolel, agn. woman who has delivered baby, escapee.

hkoltaob-ba, agn(n & rpncpd)1d. helper. cf. koltaob-ba.

hkoltaob-bail, agn(n & rpncpd)1d. helper, cf. koltaob-ba.

hkoltavaneh, agn. person who lends food or money to official.

kol(2) P.

kolahtik, aj. cf. kohl /plu/.

kolan sat, tv. glare angrily.

kólankólan sat, vphr(tv & n4d). glare angrily at one after another.

kólankólanan sat, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. kólankólan sat.

kolet sat, vphr(av & n4d). glaring angrily (animal, person), staring blankly (baby), staring dazedly (drunk).

kolol, aj. glaring angrily, staring blankly (baby), staring dazedly (drunk).

kololik, aj. cf. kolol.

kololet sat, vphr(av & n4d) glaring angrily (animal, person).

kol(3) T.

kol, tv. pour /water from jug/.

kolan, tv. pour liquid one time after another from jug.

kolanan, tv. cf. kolan.

kólankólan, tv. pour out one time after another.

kólankólanan, tv. cf. kólankólan.

kolel, nc. pouring.

kolilan, tv. keep pouring /water from jug/.

kolilanan, tv. keep pouring a lot.

kolkon, av. gobbling (turkey), gurgling a lot (water jug, bottle).

kollahet, av. gobbling (turkeys) (plu).

kololet, av. gurgling (water jug, bottle).

kóltekólte, av. gobbling here and there (turkey).

kol(4)

kol, thank, cf. vok.

kola N(Sp, cola).

kola, n. ground orchid Govenia liliacea, #1224A(3, 5). Temperate “plant”.

As a glue used in making fiddles and guitars, two or three roots are dug up and boiled in water with a bit of cane liquor, ground orchid Govenia sp., #1564(1, 3, 11, 12). Highland “plant” (11)-To glue musical instruments and paper, the root is peeled and smeared on where needed.

kola ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). ground orchid Govenia superba, #1393(3). Temperate “plant”.

kola vob ʔantivo, nphr(nphr/n4e of n4d/ of n5). ‘ancestor’s musical instrument glue’, ground orchid Govenia superba, #1393(9). Temperate “plant”.

kolail vob, nphr(natt & n). ‘musical instrument glue’, ground orchid Govenia liliacea, #1224A(7). Temperate “plant”

kolinabo N(Sp, colirrabáno).

kolinabo, n. kohlrabi Brassica oleracea, #751(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant” It is grown by ladinos in their yards. The seeds are planted in the rainy season. The entire plant is boiled with salt and chili. It is “cold”.

koloʔ N.

koloʔ, n1d. Ritual speech; evil.

ssaʔoh smul ssaioh skolor He sought crime, he sought evil.

koloʔal čamel, cf. čamel.

kolol X.

kolol teʔ, nphr(x type n)1a. crate carried on back for transporting mer

chandise/used by men of Larraínzar, Oxchuc, and Tenejapa/, wooden sides of truck, truck with wooden sides.

kolom N.

kolomil, n3d. chin.

kolonya N(Sp. colonia).

kolonya, n5. colony.

kom(1) I.

kom, iv. stay, remain, be left, be left behind, be left over, be slow (watch), lose one’s soul.

nat likom. I was left far behind.

ta ¢’akal ikom voʔobuk k’ak’al lah smelean sbaike. About five days passed until they finished settling their dispute.

buy škom Where is….?

smala smala k’u ʔora škom ti lunen ta sč’ute pero mu la bu škom. She waited and waited for a baby to stay in her stomach, but it never stayed, i.e., She never conceived.

kom ta lek, vphr(iv & prep & aj). be content with or in agreement with.

kom ta manya, vphr(iv & prep & n5). get used to, be spoiled, get away with, have one’s way, act improperly.

kom ta sovra, vphr(iv & prep & n5). be incapacitated or rendered useless (person, horse) /by sickness or injury/.

kom ta sovra yum tol yahmul. She became trashy because she had many lovers.

kom¢ab, iv. be unfinished.

kom¢an, tv. leave, give up /drink/, abandon.

kom¢an ba, rv. abandon one’s efforts, give up.

iskoma¢n sba ta labtel. He gave up work.

iskom¢an sba ta be. He dropped out on the way.

kom¢an baik, rv. leave behind /on path/.

kom¢anan, tv. leave, abandon, or deposit /plu/.

kom¢anan baik, rv. leave behind /plu/.

kom¢anob, n1f. container.

kom¢anobil, n1f. cf. komeanob.

kom¢anvan, iv. leave person behind, divorce person.

kom¢bal, n5. Ritual speech; moment just before leaving office.

komebal ša li yolon avoke komebal ša li yolon ak’obe tot kahval. Now is the moment before the place beneath your feet will be left, now is the moment before the place beneath your hands will be left.

komel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing resting or static condition.

komel, vn5. soul-loss.

komel komel ta balamil, nphr(vn5 & vn5 & prep & n5). frequent soul-loss /child/.

komel ta balamil, nphr(vn5 & prep & n5). soul-loss. If the shaman cannot recover his patient’s soul /č’ulel/ within three days. it is known that the patient will die. When a person suffers a fall he may eat three small pieces of earth lest he lose his soul.

komen, n1d. warping bar or frame.

komen, n4e. leftover /food/.

komen, n4e. stalk of maguey inflorescence.

koraenal či, cf. či.

komenal teʔtikal či, cf. či.

komes, tv. leave, deposit, abandon, koines ba, rv. abandon one’s efforts, give up.

komes ba ta balamil, vphr(rv & prep & n5). lose one’s soul.

komes baik, rv. leave behind /on path/.

komesan, tv. leave, abandon or deposit /plu/.

komesan ba ta balamil, vphr(rv & prep & n5). keep losing one’s soul.

haʔ ti bu skomesan sba ta balamile tol štahin. He plays too much so he keeps losing his soul /child/.

komesan baik, rv. leave behind /plu/.

komesob, n1f. container.

komesobil, n1f. cf. komesob.

komesvan, iv. leave person behind.

komilan, iv. keep remaining or staying behind.

komilan ta manya, vphr(tv & prep & n5). keep being spoiled or getting used to.

komkom, iv. have a little left over or a little remaining.

hkomel, agn. child who stays at home when mother leaves.

hkomesvaneh, agn. person or truck that leaves person behind.

kom(2) A.

komih, iv. become short (unfinished piece of weaving, day).

komkom, aj. short (person, hair, clothing, rope, plot of land, stick).

komkomah, iv. become short (unfinished piece of weaving).

komkomik, aj. cf. komkom /plu/.

komoh, iv. become short (day).

komol k’ak’al, nphr(n4f of n5). period of short days /July-December/.

komale

komale, comadre. cf. kumale.

komentante N(Sp, comandante).

komentante, agn. sheriff. The sheriff, appointed by the magistrate, is authorized to carry a pistol. His primary duty is in aiding the constables make difficult arrests, var., komontante.

komontante

komontante, sheriff, cf. komentante.

komite N(Sp, comité).

komite, n5. ejido official.

komite ʔuʔun ʔosil, nphr(n5 & n4f & n5). ejido official.

kómo Pt(Sp, como).

kómo, pt. as.

kómoD A(Sp. común).

komon, aj. equally shared.

komonanik. Share them equally!

ta komon. equally shared.

komon-ʔanein, tv(aj & tvcpd). share the same woman as a mistress.

komon-ʔelk’an, tv(aj & tvcpd). steal equally.

komon-ʔič’ tv(aj & tvcpd). carry together /sharing load equally/.

komon-ʔik’, tv(aj & tvcpd). lead equally, share sexual relations with.

komon-ʔuč’, tv(aj & tvcpd). drink together equally.

komon-¢ak, tv(aj & tvcpd). catch together /horses/.

komon-čon, tv(aj & tvcpd). sell together.

komon-lahes, tv(aj & tvcpd). eat sharing equally.

komon-man, tv(aj & tvcpd). buy together.

komon-mil, tv(aj & tvcpd). kill together, komon-nop, tv(aj & tvcpd). decide in common.

komonik, aj. cf. komon /plu/.

komonil, n3f. loose single woman /spinster, widow or divorcée/.

skomon Htek-lum. lit; object shared by the town; i.e., loose woman.

komonta, tv. share /leftover liquor, work/.

ʔeč’ ta komon, vphr(iv & prep & aj). share equally.

komontante

komontante, sheriff, cf. komentante.

kompanya N(Sp, compañía).

kompanya, n5. group that accompanies visiting saint.

kompare

kompare, compadre. cf. kumpare.

kompiral N(Sp, convidar).

kompiral, n5. distribution of corn gruel /term used only by dudes, though in the past its meaning extended to any food formally offered by religious officials/.

kompirmasyon N(Sp, confirmatión).

kompirmasyon, n1d. confirmation.

kompišon N(Sp, confesión).

kompišon, n1d. confession, var., kompišyon.

pas kompišon, vphr(tv & n5). make confession.

kompišyon

kompišyon, confession, cf. kompišon.

kon prob A or N.

konkon, n. cavendishia Cavendishia guatemalensis var. chiapensis,#914(1, 3). Lowland “plant”. The flowers are gathered for sale by Chamulas and ladinos. They are put in altar vases.

k’anal konkon, nphr(aj & n). gold shower Galphimia glauca, #1950(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Temperate “plant”.

konbento N(Sp, convento).

konbento, n5. convent.

končave N.

končave, agn. dwarf. The underworld is believed to be inhabited by dwarfs, wearing mud hats to protect them from the sun’s heat. The day they can balance successfully a burden on a rabbit’s back they, it is said, will come up and we will go down under, var., končavel.

končavel

končavel, dwarf, cf. končave.

konša N(Sp, concha).

konša, n1d. shell /usually conch shell/.

kontento A(Sp, contento).

kontento, aj. content, happy.

kontentotik, aj. rather content or happy.

kontiyerva N(Sp, contrahierba).

kontiyerva, n1d. torus herb Dorstenia contrajerva, #1144(1, 3, 4, 5). Low

land and temperate plant”. Corn fanners suffering from “wind” or diarrhea gather three or four roots. They are crushed on a rock and put in cold water. One bowlful is drunk. If taken this way the sick person may continue to drink cold water and does not need to remain in quarantine. For “wind” and swelling, the roots are brewed with basil. For diarrhea, they are brewed with mexican savory. But this treatment proscribes the drinking of cold water and demands a one month quarantine, lest a slow death ensue. The bowl is drunk, in any case, before breakfast. It is “hot”. (4)-It is drunk for three days.

kop prob O.

kopet, av. pouring (rain).

kopkon, av. pouring (rain), dripping or streaming (blood, wine).

koplahet, av. dripping (blood, sweat, water from clothes).

kopopet, av. pouring (rain), dripping or streaming (wine, blood).

koperatíva N(Sp, cooperativa).

koperatíva, n5. cooperative truck.

koral N(Sp, corral).

koral, n1a. corral, enclosed area for greens, corral for companion animal spirits.

koralin, tv. take corral posts and rails.

korio N(Sp, corrido).

korio ¢ukum, caterpillar, cf. ¢ukum.

korirol N(Sp, corredor).

korirol, n1a. corridor.

hč’amun akorirol. Let me borrow your corridor /requesting ladino for shelter for the night/.

korišma N(Sp, cuaresma).

korišma, n5. dry season.

korišmatik, n5. dry season.

ʔoč korišma, vphr(iv & n5). begin dry season.

lah korišma, vphr(iv & n5). end dry season.

korneta N(Sp, corneta).

korneta, n1a. trumpet.

korneta č’um, cf. č’um.

koro N(Sp, coro).

koro, n1e. choir stall.

korok prob O.

koroket, av. clucking (rooster to hen when courting).

korona N(Sp, corona).

korona, n1a. crown.

korona klavel, cf. klavel.

koš A(Sp, cojo).

koš-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. lame, koset, av. limping.

škošet ta na. He is stuck at home /lame person/.

koškon, av. limping.

koškonah, iv. limp, dance on one foot (captain).

koškonih, iv. hop on one foot.

kóšlih, av. limping suddenly.

košo, aj. lame.

košoib, iv. become lame.

košotik, aj. rather lame.

kóštekóšte, av. limping about.

koštal N(Sp, costal).

koštal, n1a. burlap bag.

koštia N(Sp, costilla).

koštia, n1d. ribs /pork, beef/.

kot P.

kot, nc. In reference to: all animals except man, machines on legs or wheels, harp, fiddle, guitar, table, chair, stool, metate, chili.

vak-kot ta kaʔ. six mule loads.

kot-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. hunchbacked, bent-backed.

kotahtik, aj. cf. kotol /plu/.

kotan, tv. set down /table, chair, animal/, tether /horse/, erect or build /small house/.

kotan ba, rv. stop in one’s tracks (animal).

kotan baik, rv. ride each other (children).

kotan pat, vphr(tv & n4d). arch back (cat, opossum).

kotanan, tv. tether /mules/.

kótankótan, tv. set up one after another /tables, chairs/, tether one after

another /mules/.

kótankótanan, tv. tether one after another /mule/.

kotanvan, iv. put person on all fours /child/.

kotet, av. walking around (animal), moving (cramp).

škotet ssaʔ sveʔel. He is walking around looking for a meal (pauper).

kotetah, iv. walk around looking for meal (pauper).

kotetik, av. cf. kotet (plu).

koti, iv. stand up (animal), stop (car), have /cramp/, arch (rainbow).

kotih, iv. stand on all fours.

ta kotihel. standing on all fours.

kotkon, av. walking on all fours (child, devil, animal).

kotkonah, iv. walk on all fours.

kotkot, nc. single /chair, table, chicken, horse, etc./ /I only/.

kotkot, aj. arched, bent (back, tree), curved (bill), hooked (nose).

kotkotil ʔut ʔok, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/). arch of foot.

kotkotul ʔut ʔok, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/). cf. kotkotil ʔut ʔok.

kotkovil, n5. vagrancy.

kotlah, av. walking (animals).

kotlah likel, vphr(av & dr). jumping up (human, animal).

kotlahet, av. cf. kotkon (plu).

kotlahetik, av. cf. kotkon (plu).

kotleb, n4d. standing place (horse).

kotleh, n1f. standing on all fours, bent over (person with age).

skotleh ša. It is full grown now /horse, cow/.

kotleh, n4f. whole (chili, furniture, musical instrument, machine).

kotlehikil, n4f. full-grown /plu/.

kútlih, av. feeling sudden cramp.

kotol, n4b. all, every.

hkotoltik. all of us.

ta skotole. in all.

skotol kriščano. everyone.

skotol balamil. everywhere.

kotol, aj. standing (animal, furniture, machine, car, arch, rainbow, bent over tree), lying (chili).

kotol čaval, ajphr(aj & aj). scrambling in haste.

kotolik, aj. curved (thorns of bullhorn acacia or Sageretia elegans).

kotot, av. feeling cramp or stomachache.

kototet, av. moving through body (cramp, stomachache).

kotp’ih, iv. become bent /with age, sickness/.

kotp’in, tv. double over (sickness), bend /frame of straw bull/.

kotp’inan, tv. bend /frames of straw bull/.

kotp’invan, iv. make person bend over (wind).

kóttekótte, av. walking about (animal, vagrant).

hkotkovil, agn. vagabond.

kotom N.

kotom, n1e. coati Nasua narica. Coatis are eaten, seasoned with coriander. They are cold”. To prevent coatis from ravaging a lowland field of ripe corn a small bed is made for them on each side and at each corner of the field.

koton N(Sp, coton).

kotonil, n3d. short-waisted gray wool shirt /worn now by dudes over

normal shirt, formerly worn by all men/.

kova N(Sp, coa).

kova, n1a. sharp-bladed spade for clearing weeds /now replaced by hoe/.

kovov N.

kovovil, n3d. chin.

kowal N(Sp, cobrar).

kovral, n5. collection of money for fiesta /St. Sebastian, Holy Week, St. Lawrence/.

hkovral, agn. money-collector.

kovre N(Sp, cobre).

kovre, n1d. penny, cent /no longer current/.

lahuneb kovre. ten cents /archaic/.

kovyerno N(Sp, gobiemo).

kovyerno, n5. government, governor, var., govyemo.

koy(1) P.

koyahtik ʔok, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). sitting with legs apart (woman).

koyan ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). lie on back with legs drawn up.

koyel, aj. sitting close to ground with legs spread apart.

koyet, av. with legs apart (woman, old man sitting close to ground warming legs before fire).

koyetik, av. cf. koyet (plu).

koykoy na, nphr(aj & n)5. house with opening under eaves, wattle house lacking mud.

koylahet, av. cf. koyel (plu).

koylahetik, av. cf. koyel (plu).

key I eh, n1f. sitting close to ground with legs spread apart.

koyol, aj. sitting close to ground with legs spread apart, with frame showing (house with roof but open walls). koyolik, aj. cf. koyol /plu/.

koy(2) N.

hol koy, nphr(n of n). ’koy tuber’, mexican tiger lily Tigridia pavonia, #1470(3, 11, 12), #1738(3, 15, 16), #1396(3), #2316(3, 4). Highland “plant” The bulbs are gathered by men. They are boiled with salt and chili. They are cold”.

sakil hol koy, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Tigridia sp., #950(1, 3). Highland “plant”.

teʔtikal hol koy, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/). ’wild koy tuber’, Tigridia hallbergii, #2149(11). Temperate “plant”.

koykoy, n. see below.

k’oš koykoy, nphr(aj & n). mexican tiger lily Tigridia pavonia, #2316(19). Highland “plant”. The tender shoots are boiled with salt. They are “cold”.

koyoy, n. see below.

ʔit’iš koyoy, nphr(n4f of n5). Tigridia hallbergii, # 1952(16, 17). Temperate “plant”.

koy(3) X.

koyoy, n1a. avocado. Lowland “tree”. This avocado grows in San Lucas. It fruits in June. It is “cold”. It causes burps. This is a fibrous variety, especially prized in San Cristobal, cf. činin.

koyoy

koyoy, cf. koy.

koyta N.

koyta, n5. Ocozocoautla.

kranata N(Sp, granada).

kranata, n1a. popapple Passiflora ligularis, #2427(1, 20). Temperate “vine”. It is grown by Zinacantecs in their yards. Two seeds are placed in each hole. The seedlings are transplanted at the beginning of the rainy season. The harvest is in November. The fruit is sold at market. It is “cold”. (23)-Thirty fruits on stems are provided by the senior steward of St. Dominic on the Seventh Posada, to be used to decorate the trees that flank the creche. (5)-The people of Voʔ-bie feed the fruit to babies. When the seeds are defecated they are planted, and thus children are reported to grow strong, var., kranatei /Voʔ-bi¢/.

kranatatik, n5. expanse of popapples.

ba¢’i kranata, nphr(aj & n). popapple Passiflora ligularis, #1221(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “vine”. For use, see kranata.

kranata ʔak’, nphr(n type n). wild passion flower Passiflora subpeltata, #413(1, 3). Highland “vine”. It grows in fencerows. Children play with the fruit. Gonolobus sp., #2843(7, 11, 12). Lowland “vine”

ʔit’iš kranata ʔak’, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). Antigonon guatemalense, #2635(20). Lowland “vine”. It is used to lash roof poles and house walls.

kranata č’o, nphr(n of n). ’rat’s popapple’, stinky passion flower Passiflora foetida var. lanuginosa, #761(1, 2). Temperate “plant”.

kranateʔ, cf. kranata.

kranateʔ

kranateʔ, popapple. cf. kranata.

krasia N(Sp. gracia).

krasia, n1d. grace.

čabal to skrasia. It has not yet been blessed /devotional picture/. mu to bu talem krasia t shol. He is not yet responsible /child/.

ʔak’ krasia, vphr(tv & n5). bless (ritual tutor blessing people at door), cf.

ʔak’(2).

ʔak’ krasia, vphr(tv & n4f). bless (Our Lord).

krasiosa N(Sp, gaseosa).

krasiosa, n1a. soft drink.

krem

krem, boy, son. cf. kerem.

kriarail

kriarail, maid. cf. kiarail.

krinsipal N(Sp, principal).

krinsipal. agn. principal. The principals act as hamlet representatives to the magistrate, bearing messages, collecting taxes, and allocating communal labor. There are twenty-five, generally two per hamlet, but sometimes one or, as in Na Čih, three, var., krinsupal.

krinsupal

krinsupal, principal, cf. krinsipal.

krisantema N(Sp, crisantemo).

krisantema, n. crown daisy chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum coronarium, #973(1, 3). Highland “plant”. For use, see krisantema ničim. ¢ahal krisantema, nphr(aj & n). see below.

ʔit’iš ¢ahal krisantema, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). peruvian zinnia Zinnia peruviana, #2437(1). Temperate “plant”. Stewards might put this flower in altar vases infrequently.

krisantema ničim, nphr(n type n). ’chrysanthemum flower’, florists’ chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum morifolium, #596(1, 3). Highland “plant”. It is grown by ladinos in their yards. The seedlings are transplanted in the rainy season and fertilized. Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases.

kriščano N(Sp. cristiano).

kriščano, n5. human being, person.

kronta N(Sp, contra).

krontail, n3d. enemy.

krontain, tv. make an enemy of person.

krontain baik, rv. become enemies of one another.

krontainan, tv. make enemies.

krontainvan, iv. make an enemy of a person.

hkrontainvaneh, agn. envious person.

knis N(Sp, cruz).

krus, n1a. cross. The cross is conceived as both a doorway and a messenger to the deities.

krus ʔavahel, nphr(n of n)5. gospel cross /silver cross brought out at fiestas of St. Lawrence, All Souls’ Day/.

krus ʔavahenyo, nphr(n of n)5. cf. krus ʔavahel.

krus ʔavanhelio, nphr(n of n)5. cf. krus ʔavahel.

knis “ʔeč’ cf. ʔeč’.

krus c’is, nphr(n type n). ’cross thorn’, lettuce tree Pisonia macranthocarpa, #200(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”.

krus hobel, nphr(n type n). ’cross grass’, Cyperus alternifolius, #219(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “grass”. Cyperus hermaphroditus, #1228(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “grass”. As a remedy for dysentery, five or six roots are crushed in cold water. A gourdful is drunk twice a day. It is “hot”. (4)-One cupful is drunk once. # 1445(3, 5). Highland “plant”.

k’oš krus hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Cyperus spectabilis, #1433(1). Highland ’plant”

sakil krus hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Rhynchospora ciliata, #1084(1, 3, 5). Temperate plant”.

krusal, n5. crossed /ribbon worn crossed over chest by cantors and angels, pick and shovel placed crosswise over open grave/.

krusal ʔanima, nphr(natt & n)5. graveyard cross.

krusal “išim, nphr(natt & n)5. cross placed on pile of ears of corn in lowlands, or in corn bin.

krusal be, nphr(natt & n)5. crossroads.

krusal hol ʔekliša, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/)5. cross on church top.

krusal hol na, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/)5. roof cross.

krusal tiʔ ʔekliša, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/)5. cross in front of church.

krusal tiʔ na, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/)5. entrance cross.

krusal voʔ, nphr(natt & n)5. well cross.

krusil kahvaltik, nphr(n4f of n5). Ritual speech; lit., Our Lord’s cross, i.e., money.

krusil rioš, nphr(n4f of n5). cf. krusil kahvaltik.

ku Pt.

ku, pt. so.

ʔa ku yeč aval. Ah, so that’s what you said!

kub N.

kubil, n3d. hipbone.

ku¢ P or P(2).

ku¢ahtik, aj. sprouting in clumps (weeds).

ku¢ul, aj. sprouting (weeds, whiskers, pubic hair).

ku¢ulik, aj. cf. ku¢ul /phi/.

ku¢’ P.

ku¢’-nuk’, n(aj & ncpd)5. fat-necked (pig).

ku¢’ahtik, aj. cf. kue’ul /plu/.

ku¢’an nuk’, vphr(tv / / n). shrug one’s shoulders. kue’eah, iv. become fat (neck of pig).

ku¢’el, aj. with neck sunk in shoulders /fat/.

ku¢’et, av. moving with fat neck.

kn¢’etik, av. moving with slightly fat neck.

ku¢’kon nuk’, vphr(av & n4d). with fat of neck shaking up and down (Pig).

ku¢’lah, aj. walking with fat neck /plu/.

ku¢’lahet, av. cf. kue’kon (plu).

ku¢lahetik, av. cf. kue’et (plu).

ku¢’leh, n4f. fat-necked.

kúu’lehikil, n4f. cf. kúu’leh /plu/.

kú¢’tekúK’te nuk’, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with fat neck.

ku¢’ul, aj. fat-necked (pig), with neck sunk in shoulders /fat/.

ku¢’ulik, aj. chubby (legs or arms of child), cf. kue’ul /plu/.

ku¢(1) T(2).

ku¢, tv. carry /on back/, haul.

ihkuč ta hhol. lit., I carried it on my head, i.e., I carried it with a tumpline.

kuč, nc. one on top of another: crossed legs, tooth emerging above other n only/.

kuč-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. with one tooth emerged above others.

kuč ʔika¢il, nphr(n1f of n3d). lash rope.

kuč ʔuʔun, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4b). endure, win, recover, be able to do.

kuč yuʔun “Pabtel. He could do the work.

kuč-¢’uhul, n(tv & ncpd). ’dew carrier ?’, wild geranium Geranium seemannii, #1732(15, 16). Highland “plant”.

ʔik’al kuč-e’uhul, nphr(aj & n/tv & ncpd/). Lepechinia schiedeana, #1805(15, 16). Highland “plant”.

muk’tik kuč-¢’uhul, nphr(aj & n/tv & ncpd/). wild geranium Geranium goldmanii, #1758(15). Highland “plant”.

kuč k’in, vphr(tv & n5). provide for fiesta (steward in charge of fiesta, person who provides for Holy Cross Day).

kuč k’op, vphr(tv & n5). be falsely accused, take the blame.

kuč nuk’, vphr(tv & n4d). be stuck in throat.

t šiskuč hnuk’. It got stuck in my throat.

kuč-siʔ, vn(tv & ncpd)5. wood-gathering.

kuč tal musika, vphr(tv & dr & n5). escort band from San Lucas, etc.

kučan ba, rv. protrude (blister).

kučan baik, rv. carry each other (children).

kučan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). carry away /plu/.

kučan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). be accused of crimes, kufianan ec’el, vphr(tv & dr). carry away /plu/.

kúčankúčan, tv. carry one after another.

kúčankúčanan, tv. cf.kúčankúčan.

kučbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). bear another’s guilt, take the blame for another’s faults (shaman for patient when defending him, person at courthouse).

kučebal, n5. moment before winning or succeeding.

kučel, nc. carrying.

kučel hč’ul-me’tik, nphr(vn4f of agn/aj & ncpd/). group that carries visiting female saint.

kučel hčul-totik, nphr(vn4f of agn/aj & ncpd/). group that carries visiting male saint.

kučet, av. carrying.

kučil k’uʔul, nphr(aj & n)3a. woolen tunic /Čobtik, Pasteʔ/.

kučilan, tv. keep carrying or hauling.

kučilan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). keep being falsely accused of crime.

kučilanan, tv. keep carrying or hauling /plu/.

kučilanan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). keep being falsely accused of crimes.

kučilanbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). keep taking the blame for another’s crimes.

kučilananbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. kučilanbe mul.

kučkon ne, vphr(av & n4d). walking with erect tail (dog).

kučkon ta siʔ, vphr(av & prep & n5). stealing firewood.

kučlah, av. walking with erect (tails).

kučlahet, av. moving (stomach) /with gas/.

kučlahetik ta siʔ, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. kučkon ta siʔ (plu).

kúčlih, av. moving suddenly (stomach) /with gas/.

kučob, n1f. rope, place where firewood is brought from.

kučobil, n1f. cf. kučob.

kučolah, iv. pay all the expenses.

kučomah, iv. carry on back /male dogs/ (bitch in heat).

kučomahem. pregnant (animal).

kučomal na, vphr(natt & n)5. shed.

kúčtekúčte, av. walking about carrying /firewood/.

kučuč, av. sticking /in throat/.

kučučet nuk’, vphr(av & n4d). feeling something sticking in throat.

kučul, aj. barely emerging (new tooth).

kučul ¢oi, nphr(aj & n)5. horned dung beetle.

kučul k’uʔul, nphr(aj & n)3a. cf. kučil k’uʔul.

kučulik. aj. protruding (burn, blister, pox), pushing up soil Amanita sp..

kučvan, iv. carry person.

hkuč-ʔunen, agn(tv & ncpd). baby-sitter.

hkuč-kantela, agn(tv & ncpd). candle bearer /during curing ceremony, for cantor on Carnival Monday and Carnival Tuesday/.

hkuč-moč, agn(tv & ncpd). person who carries basket /for a living/.

hkuč-musika, agn(tv & ncpd). person who carries the belongings of the San Lucas musicians to Zinacantan and back.

hkuč-musikero, agn(tv & agncpd). cf. hkuč-musika.

hkuč-siʔ, agn(tv & ncpd). wood gatherer.

hkuč-torito, agn(tv & ncpd). person who carries firecracker bull.

hkuč-vač’ čon, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n)5. species of ant?

hkuč-vakaš, agn(tv & ncpd). person who carries dudes’ straw bull.

hkučlomahel-¢’iʔ, agn(vn & ncpd)5. dog that mounts bitch in heat.

hkučlotnal, agn. person who carries saint on visit.

hkučom, agn, each of male and female assistants of tutelary gods who care for companion animal spirits.

hkučvaneh, agn. porter (dog that carries souls across underworld river).

kuč(2) O.

kučilan, tv. call pigs.

kučilanan, tv. cf. kučilan.

kučkon, av. calling pigs.

kučkučkuč, onom. pig call.

kučkučta, tv. call pigs.

kučlahet, av. calling pigs (plu).

kučara N(Sp, cuchara).

kučara, n1a. metal or enamel spoon.

kučara nič nab, cf. nič nab.

kučilu N(Sp, cuchillo).

kučilu, n1a. knife.

kučul, n5. Baby talk, knife.

knčin N(Sp, fuchina).

kučin, n1a. red dye for pompoms.

kučul

kučul, knife, cf. kučilu.

kuh P.

kuh-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. hunchbacked, bent-backed.

kuhan, tv. place under, make sit /at home/.

kuhan ba, rv. duck down.

kuhan pat, vphr(tv & n4d). arch back (cat, opossum).

kuhanan, tv. place under /phi/.

kúhankúhan, tv. place one after another under.

kúhankúhanan, tv. cf. kúhankúhan.

kuhanobil, n1f. hiding place /for pot when one is in field/.

kuhanvan, iv. make person sit /at home/ (sickness, jealous parent).

kuh¢ah, iv. be hollowed out.

kuh¢an, tv. hollow out /hole under tree/ (pig).

kuh¢anan, tv. hollow out /plu/.

kuheanvan, iv. make person’s back bend (sickness), kuhet, av. bending over.

škuhet ssa? sveʔel. He is walking around looking for a meal (pauper).

kuhetik, av. cf. kuhet (plu).

ʔec’ skuhetik ta vulaʔal. They keep coming by to visit.

kuhi, iv. bend over.

kuhkon, av. bending over /working/.

kuh kuh. aj. low-roofed (cave), hollow (tree).

kuhlah, av. ducking down (plu) /archaic/.

kuhleb, n4d. place where one bends over.

hun skuhleb. He just sits at home.

kuhleh. n1d. bending over, crowding, sitting under.

kuhlebikil, n4f. low-roofed (cave),

kuhp’ih, iv. become bent /with age/.

kuhp’in, tv. cf. kuh¢an.

kuhp’inan, tv. cf. kuh¢anan.

kuhp’invan, iv. cf. kuh¢anvan.

kúhtekúhte, av. bending over here and there, walking about /looking for work/.

kuhuh, av. ducking down.

kuhuhct, av. running and ducking down (quail), walking doubled over /with pain/.

kuhul, aj. bent over.

kuhul ta yut na. sitting inside.

kúhulkúhul, aj. crouched low /walking or running/.

hkuhleh ta na, agn(nphr/n5 & prep & n5/). stay-at-home.

kuk A.

kuk, aj. blind.

kuket, av. groping blindly.

kuklah, av. hurrying and groping about blindly (sing or plu).

kuklahet, av. groping about blindly.

kuklahetik, av. cf. kuklahet (plu).

kúktekúkte, av. groping about blindly.

kukay N(Sp, cucuyo).

kukay, n5. lightning bug. When lightning bugs fly low to the ground it is interpreted as a forecast of rain. If a firefly flies over one’s head it is said that it will accelerate the beating of one’s heart.

kul(1) T.

kul ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hack at sloppily /weeding with hoe/.

kulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hack sloppily at /weeds/.

kulilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep hacking at sloppily, kulilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. kulilan ta mahel (plu).

kul(2) N.

kul, n5. russet-crowned motmot Momotus mexicanus, blue-crowned motmot Momotus momota. cf. ru, turn, van, kul mut.

kul mut, nphr(n type n)5. cf. kul.

kulkon, av. hooting (blue-crowned motmot, mexican trogon, citreoline trogon).

kul(3) X.

kulet sat, vphr(av & n4d). staring vacantly (baby, puppy, bund person).

kululet sat, vphr(av & n4d). flickering (eye-ball of blind person).

kul(4) probO.

kúltekúlte, av. having a moving gurgle (stomach) /either by walking about or by the gurgle itself moving within the stomach/.

kululet, av. with gurgling (stomach of person suffering from diarrhea).

kulahteʔ N.

kulahteʔ, n1e. white-winged dove Zenaida asiatica. It is hunted and eaten, seasoned with mexican tea.

¢uin kulahteʔ, nphr(n type n)5. mourning dove Zenaidura macroura., cf. ¢uin.

kulantu N(Sp, cilantro).

kulantu, n1a. coriander Coriandrum sativum, #374(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. It is grown by all Zinacantecs in their yards. The seeds are planted in the rainy season. The leaves are used to season meat, snails, beans, and greens. They are “cold”

kulantutik, n5. expanse of coriander.

kulantu e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). stalky berula Berula erecta, #1457(11, 12), #1709(3, 15, 16). Highland “plant”.

kulantu č’o, nphr(n of n). ’mouse’s coriander’, wild celery Apium leptophyllum, #80(2, 4, 5), #1037(1, 3, 5), #2477(4). Highland “plant”, parsley Petroselinum crispum, #2063(17). Highland “plant”

kumale N(Sp, comadre).

kumaleil, n3d. Term of address and reference; comadre. var., komaleil.

kumalein, tv. become comadre.

kumpa

kumpa, compadre. cf. kumpare.

kumpágre

kumpágre, compadre. cf. kumpare.

kumpare N(Sp, compadre).

kumpareil, n3d. Term of address and reference; compadre. var., pareil.

kumparein, tv. become compadre.

kumpa, n5. Male speech, informal term of address; compadre.

kumpágre, n5. compadre /male term of address emphasizing intimacy or strength of relationship/.

kumum N.

kumum, n1e. June bug Pyllophaga sp..

kumum san-hwan, nphr(n4e of n/aj & ncpd/)5. ’St. John’s kumum’, edible scarab beetle. It appears in June just before St. John’s Day.

kumumal eo?, nphr(natt & n)5. ’dung kumum’, dung beetle, cf. kučul ¢oʔ.

kun P.

kunahtik, aj. cf. kunul /plu/.

kunan, tv. pile, unbraid /hair/.

kunanan, tv. pile a lot of /corn/.

kúnankúnan, tv. leave hair unbraided one (woman) after another.

kunet, av. with unbraided /hair/.

kuni, iv. be piled (corn, beans, rocks).

kunkon, av. with unbraided hair, in pile (corn, etc.).

kunlah, av. with unbraided hair (plu).

kunlahet, av. with unbraided hair (plu), unfurled (corn) /third developmental stage when leaves touch the ground/ (plu).

kunleh, n4f. with long hair, in pile (corn).

kunlehikil, n4f. cf. kunleh /plu/.

kúntekúnte, av. walking about with unbraided hair.

kunul, aj. in pile, unbraided (hair).

kunulik, aj. cf. kunul /plu/.

kununet, av. bouncing (falling object).

kup T(2).

kup, tv. saw, rend /rope/, cut self /with grass/.

kup, iv. be cut (hand).

kup-ʔik’ih, iv(tv & ncpd). suffocate.

kup ba ʔik’, vphr(rv & n4d). suffocate.

kup ba nuk’, vphr(rv & n4d). rub neck raw (pig or dog with rope around neck).

kupan, tv. wear tight /pants/, saw a lot of /salt, wood/.

kupanan, tv. saw a lot of /salt, wood/.

kúpankúpan, tv. saw one after another, cut self time and again /with grass/.

kúpankúpanan, tv. cf. kúpankúpan.

kupbenal, n4f. mark scratched on wood.

kupel, nc. sawing.

kupet čak, vphr(av & n4d). with binding pants.

kupilan, tv. rub back and forth so as to rend /rope/, keep sawing /salt/, keep gashing (grass).

kupilanan, tv. keep sawing /plu/ /salt/.

kupkon, av. sawing, bowing /fiddle/.

kupkup, aj. binding.

kuplahet, av. cf. kupkon (plu).

kuplahetik, av. cf. kupkon (plu).

kúplih, av. cutting self suddenly /with grass/.

kupob, n1f. saw /salt, trees/, bow /fiddle/.

kupobil, n4f. cf. kupob.

kúptekúpte, av. walking about with (pants) riding up.

kupul, aj. binding.

hkup ____, agn(tv & ncpd). sawer of ____ /trees, salt/.

kur(1) prob O.

kurkon, av. hooting (motmot).

kurlahet, av. cf. kurkon (plu).

kurlahetik, av. cf. kurkon (plu).

kurarina

kurarina, cf. kururin.

kurkurič’ N.

kurkuvič’, n5. whippoorwill Caprimulgus vociferus. The whippoorwill is not eaten. It is thought to be the messenger of witches, announcing one’s death or the death of a loved one, when it calls frequently near a person’s house. Whippoorwill bones are used in a love potion. The bird is killed on a Thursday and hung in a tree top for exactly two weeks. If the bones are clean they are taken down, burned, and ground into powder, together with morning glory. Taking the powder with him when he goes to talk to a girl, the boy should toss it at her or rub it on her neck or back when he embraces her. The following Thursday he should talk to her, because no matter how obstinate she has been, she cannot, it is claimed, fail to fall in love and elope with him. var., purkuvič’ /Hok’ Č’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/.

kurup N(Sp, grupa).

kurup, n1d. crupper, strings attaching string holder /fiddle/.

čopol yav skurup li hčiʔiltik leʔe. lit., Our friend’s crupper is in the wrong place, i.e., That friend of ours does not know right from wrong.

kururin N.

kururin, n. Cissampelos pareira, #716(1, 2), #1562(1, 3, 11, 12), #2304(3, 4, 19), #2424(1, 20). Temperate “vine”. (1, 20)-As a remedy for “wind” and swelling, the root is brewed. The tea may be drunk alone or mixed with strong cane liquor. One cup is drunk before breakfast for three days. It is “hot”. (1)-The same treatment may be given to mules suffering wind. As a remedy for snakebite or the bite of a poisonous spider /¢ahal ʔom/, four roots are crushed and brewed. A cup of the tea may be given to people or mules so afflicted. (19)-As a remedy for snakebite, four shoots are brewed with six sticks of pine heartwood. The victim drinks the tea immediately after being bitten, and one or two times afterwards. It is “hot” For further snakebite remedies, cf. pošil yerva, var., kurarina /ʔApas/, kururina /Htek-lum, Voʔ-bie/.

kururin ʔak’, nphr(n type n). Cissampelos pareira, #1130(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “vine” Same use as kururin.

kururina

kururina, cf. kururin.

kurva N(Sp, curva).

kurva, n5. curve /highway/.

kurva-niʔ, n(n & npcd)5. crooked-nosed.

kus(1) T.

kus, tv. wipe /nose, anus, table, etc./, wipe off, dry off.

kus ba, rv. rub off /soot, etc., on clothes/.

kusan, tv. wipe /plu/.

kusan ba, rv. rub off a lot of /soot/.

kusanan, tv. cf. kusan.

kúsankúsan, tv. wipe one after another.

kuset, av. rubbing next to (dog or person’s leg).

kusilan, tv. keep wiping.

kusilan ba, rv. keep rubbing self on /person/ (dog).

kusilanan, tv. keep wiping /plu/.

kusilanan ba, rv. keep rubbing self on /people/ (dog).

kuskon, av. keep wiping (child playing).

kuskon čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with thighs rubbing together.

kuslahet, av. cf. kuskon (plu).

kuslahetik, av. cf. kuskon (plu).

kúslih, av. brushing by suddenly.

kusob, n1f. rag.

kusob salten yilel šlapoh. She looks as if she were wearing a rag used to wipe off the frying pan.

kusobil, n1f. cf. kusob.

kústekúste, av. walking about rubbing /against people’s legs/ (cat).

kususet, av. rubbing dirt on self.

kus(2) P or P(2).

kusahtik, aj. sprouting in clumps (weeds).

kusul, aj. sprouting (weeds).

kusulik, aj. cf. kusul /plu/.

kus(3) O.

kuset čak, vphr(av & n4d). breaking wind quietly.

kuskuskus, onom. sound of flatulence.

kúslih, av. breaking wind quietly and suddenly.

kusina N(Sp, cocina).

kusina, n1d. kitchen.

kusinero N(Sp, cocinero).

hkusinero, agn. cook, each of two women in charge of cooking meat at banquet of religious officials, members of wedding party who fed priest and church-builders /formerly/.

kuskun

kuskun, quick weed. cf. ʔuskun.

kusum N.

kusum, n. see below.

k’anal kusum, nphr(aj & n). Stereum hirsutum, #29(1, 3). Highland “mushroom”. Polyporus sp., #161(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

sakil kusum, nphr(aj & n). Schizophyllum commune, #79(1, 3, 4, 5).

Highland “mushroom”. It is toasted and wrapped in a tortilla, or boiled with beans and seasoned with chili. It is “cold”.

kusumal ʔit’iš ʔon teʔ, nphr: natt & nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). Polyporus versicolor,, #139(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. It grows on summer hollies.

kusumal ba¢’i te?, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/). ’oak kusum, Marasmius sp., #137(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

kusumal balamil, nphr(natt & n). ’ground kusum’, Polyporus sp., #152(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

sakil kusumal balamil, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Marasmius sp., #153(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

kusumal čikin-ib, nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/). Crepidotussp., #132(3, 4, 5).

Highland “mushroom”.

k’anal kusumal čikin-ib, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/). Phyllotopsis sp., # 163(4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. It grows on live oaks. Phylloporus sp., #163(4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. See above.

kusumal k’aʔ-teʔ, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). ’rotten tree kusum’, see below.

k’anal kusumal k’aʔ-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). Stereum sp., #181(4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

kusumal k’aʔ-toh, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). ’rotten pine kusum’, see below.

¢ahal kusumal k’aʔ toh, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj &. ncpd/). Polyporus pergamenus, #169(4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

sakil kusumal k’aʔ-toh, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). Polyporus sp., #168(4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

kusumal pat toh, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/). ’pine bark kusum’, Polyporus versicolor, #118(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

kusumal taki-toʔ, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). ’dead tree kusum’, see below.

sakil kusumal taki-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). Polyporus sp., #159(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

kuš(1) N.

kuš, n1a. rust, mildew., inan. poss; skušil.

kuš ʔot, nphr(n type n)4d. mildewed tortilla.

kuš vah, nphr(n type n)5. mildewed tortilla.

kušib, iv. mildew, corrode, rust.

kušibtas, tv. cause to mildew, corrode or rust.

kušihtasan, tv. cause to mildew, corrode, or rust /plu/.

kušin, iv. mildew, corrode, rust.

kuškuš, aj. rusted, corroded.

kuškuštik, aj. badly corroded.

knš(2) T, T(2).

kuš, tv. rest, he in wake (person, world on Holy Saturday night).

kuš, iv. sober up, come back to life.

kuš ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n). divert self, have a good time /particularly at a fiesta/, have fun, enjoy oneself.

kuš-ʔoʔon šal ti yuʔun šokolote. To have a good time means that you are free /unoccupied/.

kuš vakaš, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). December 31st /when straw bull is repainted and its price is raised/.

kušahtik, aj. glowing.

kušan, tv. set down /burning pine, lighted candle/.

iskušan pus. He lighted the fire for the steambath.

kušanan, tv. set down /candles, pine/.

kušanbe kantela, vphr(tv & n4d). set down a person’s candles (shaman).

kušankušan, tv. set down one after another /lighted pine, candles/.

kušankušanan, tv. cf. kušankušan.

kušanob toh, vphr(n1f of n1d). stake on which lamp rests.

kušanobil toh, vphr(n1f of n1d). cf. kušanob toh.

kušebal, n5. Ritual speech, shaman in curing prayer; lit., place of recovery, i.e., shrine.

čanib č’ul-kolebal čanib č’ul-kušebal. the four holy places of rest, the four holy places of recovery.

kušel, vn5. Holy Week. On Lenten Fridays and during Holy Week no meat may be eaten, for it is said to be horse meat. Beans are similarly proscribed as they are said to become flies. From Holy Wednesday through Easter there must be no planting, no chopping, no hand labor lest one’s suffering be transferred to Christ. No rocks may be thrown, nor punches, lest they strike Christ. There should be no running and no use of soap. Cane liquor should not be drunk because during this period it is considered to be Judas’ urine.

kušeltik, vn5. Lenten period from the Fourth Friday of Lent until Holy Week.

kušes, tv. renovate /saint/.

kušet, av. healthy.

škušet spat sšokon ša. lit., His back and sides are resting now, i.e., He is healthy now.

kušet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). happy, at ease /after sickness or fear has passed/, having a good time.

škušet yoʔon likel hčamel. The patient is getting well.

škušet yoʔon ta k’in. He is having a good time at the fiesta.

škušet yoʔon ta yač’ na. He is happy in his new house.

škušet yoʔon ti mi tal svulaʔanel yuʔun s¢eb ʔo mi skrem ti mi parte ša nakale. He has a good time if his daughter or his son come to visit if they are now living apart from him.

kušet balamil, vphr(av & n5). healthy.

kusetik balamil, vphr(av & n5). healthy /sing/.

kuši, iv. revive.

kušilan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). keep taking rests /when walking/, keep recovering.

kuškon, av. ending (curing ceremony), burning (candle).

škuškon ssakub skantela. When dawn came his candles were burning, i.e., His curing ceremony had not yet ended.

kušlahet, av. glowing (embers), burning (candles).

kušleh, n4d. life, Female speech; testes.

kušlehal, n4d. life, sobriety.

mi 70 to hkušlehal. If I am still alive.

šak’oponon ta hkušlehal. Talk to me when I am sober.

kušob ʔoʔonal, vphr(n of n)5. period for ensign-bearer to sober up after fiesta, sobering-up period when food and drink are served to family of bride after formal entrance of groom, groom’s gift of four bottles of cane liquor to bride’s family to cure hangover after his petition.

kušobil ʔoʔon, nphr(n4f of n4d). rest or resting place of funeral procession on way to cemetery at which three drops of water are sprinkled in the mouth of the deceased. Ritual speech, prayer; home.

liʔ ta skušobil koʔon, ta svik’obil hsat. lit., Here where my heart rests, where my eyes open, i.e., Here in my home.

kušul, aj. alive, sober (person, words) /not drunk/, bright (color), dangerous (earth), glowing (fire), burning (candle).

ta kušul koʔontik. When we were sober.

kušul rioš, nphr(aj & n)1d. talking saint.

kušulik, aj. alive, sober /plu/.

kušuš, av. glowing (St. Elmo’s fire).

kuš(3) N.

kuškon, av. hooting (screech owl).

kuškuš, n1e. ferruginous pygmy owl Glaucidium brasilianum, bearded screech owl Otus barbarus /identification uncertain/. These owls are not considered edible. They are thought to serve as witches’ messengers, announcing one’s death or a death in the family.

kušlahet, av. cf. kuškon (plu).

kuš(4)

kuš, Mark. cf. marltuš.

kuveta N(Sp, cuveta).

kuveta, n1a. bucket.

kuy(1) T.

kuy, iv. recur (sickness).

kuy ba, rv. brag falsely /about one’s industry, wealth, or amorous following/.

kuy ta k’evuh, vphr(tv & prep & n5). sing saints’ names (musicians).

kuy tal, vphr(tv & dr). import /sickness/ (witch).

kuyan ba, rv. brag about many things.

kuybalal čamel, nphr(aj & vn)5. chills and fever /transmitted by witches of Totolapa or Simohovel/.

kuyel, vn5. smallpox.

kuyel, vn4b. embroidery, mockery, singing of saints’ names (musicians).

kuyel hč’ul-meʔtik, nphr(vn4f of agn/aj & ncpd/)5. chickenpox.

kúyelkúyel, vn5. intermittent sickness.

kuyes, tv. revive /one’s sickness/.

kuyilan ba, rv. keep bragging that one is wealthy or industrious.

kuyvan ta k’evuh, vphr(tv & prep & n5). sing saints’ names (musicians).

ʔaʔi kuyel, vphr(tv & vn5). be afflicted with smallpox.

ʔik’al kuyel, nphr(aj & vn)5. “black” smallpox (?).

šanav kuyel, vphr(iv & vn5). have smallpox rampant.

kuy(2) P or P(2).

kuykon, av. jiggling (fat ladina’s buttocks).

kuylah, av. walking with jiggling (buttocks) (plu).

kuylahet, av. cf. kuykon (plu).

kuylahet, av. cf. kuykon (plu).

kúytekúyte, av. walking about with jiggling (buttocks).

kwagro N(Sp, cuadro).

kwagro, n5. picture frame /esp. for devotional pictures/.

kwarča N(Sp, cuarta).

kwarča nahelil, nphr(n of n)5. forty cards /wool/.

kwarča teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. five liter wooden box for measuring corn. cf. kwarto.

kwarta, n1a. half-pint, half-pint bottle.

kwarto, n1a. five liter dry measure, wooden box for measuring corn. cf. kwarča teʔ.

kwarenta Num(Sp, cuarenta).

kwarenta, n1e. forty.

kwarentatik, n5. by or in forties, every forty.

kwarentano A(Sp, cuarentena).

kwarentano, cf. ʔišim.

kwarta

kwarta, half-pint, cf. kwarča.

kwartel N(Sp, cuartel).

kwartel, n1d. military garrison.

kwarto

kwarto, measure, cf. kwarča.

kwenta N(Sp, cuenta).

kwenta, nib. debt, responsibility for, purpose, interest, concern, meaning, about.

ta kwenta yuʔun. It is his responsibility.

k’u skwenta. What is it for?

kwentan me čeʔe. Take care of yourself!

ta skwenta. representing him (or) on his part (or) sickness caused by kahvaltik when person fails to visit shrines.

čib kwenta yič’oh. It has two meanings.

k’u hkwenta ʔo. What is it to me (or) What business is it of mine?

mu hkwentauk. It isn’t up to me (or) It’s none of my business (or) It doesn’t interest me.

mi aloʔ li ʔelamoniš skwenta naranhae. Did you eat the lemon instead of the orange?

kwenta talel, nphr(n4f of n4d/ lp/). ’concerning our customs’, loose strife Lythrum lanceolatum, #1739(15). Highland “plant”

kwentan, pt. on condition that.

ʔase kwenta, vphr(tv & n5). It is clear that.

ʔič’ ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & n5). take seriously.

haʔ noš kwenta, nphr(pt & pt/contr of no & ʔoš/ & n5). only if, on the condition that, so long as.

haʔ noš kwenta mi kušulotike. Just so long as we are alive /common adage/.

pas kwenta, vphr(tv/impv/ & n5). it can be seen that, it is clear that.

kwento N(Sp, cuento).

kwento, n1e. story, folktale, myth, legend.

kwete N(Sp, cohete).

kwete, n1a. rocket.

K’

k’aʔ A, I.

k’aʔ, iv. rot, dry up (mucous).

k’aʔ, aj. old, used, worm infested /pack sore/.

k’aʔ-čih mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. ’rotten deer bird’ or ’rotten sheep bird’, lesser roadrunner Geococcyx velox /ʔApas/. cf. k’uš-hol.

k’aʔ-toʔ čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)1a. edible wood grub. It is “cold”.

k’aʔal, n4f. fertilizer, rottenness.

Denunciatory speech; sk’aʔalon ʔosil sk’aʔalon balamil. lit., I am fertilizer for the world, i.e., I will not live as long as the person who has wronged me.

Houseowner to person borrowing house; bal šavak’ ak’aʔalik. lit., It is enough that you leave your fertilizer; i.e., that the ground be fertilized by their rubbish.

k’aʔal, aj. rotten.

k’aʔal balamil, nphr(n type n)5. fertilized ground.

k’aʔal ton, nphr(n type n)5. soft stone, limestone.

k’aʔaltas, tv. fertilize (person).

k’aʔebal, n5. moment before being fertilized, manure.

k’aʔel, vn5. venereal disease.

k’aʔep, n1a. rubbish, dirty deed.

sk’aʔepal yanal tei. compost.

Ritual speech, outgoing stewards when entrusting coffer to their successors; sk’aʔepal yok sk’aʔepal sk’ob San-torenso Santo Romi’nko.

The rubbish of his feet, the rubbish of his hands, of St. Lawrence, of St. Dominic.

k’aʔepaltik, n5. large dump.

k’aʔeptik, n5. dump.

k’aʔes, tv. fertilize (sheep), cure /leather/.

k’aʔesob, n1f. lime and prairie acacia bark used to cure leather.

k’aʔesob nukul, nphr(n of n). ’hide tanner’, prairie acacia Acacia angustissima, #2139(1, 7), #2568(1, 4). Temperate “tree”. The bark is gathered by Zinacantecs and sold to the people of Chiapa, for tanning hides. #2283(3, 4), #2430(1). Highland “tree” Same use as above. The hides are soaked with lime and bark for four or five days.

šašib k’aʔesob nukul, nphr: nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). see below.

muk’ta šašib k’aʔesob nukul, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/).

puerto rican fairy duster Calliandra portoricensis, #915(1, 3). Lowland “tree”. The bark is gathered by ladinos and sold to the people of Chiapa for a tanning agent. Two or three chips are placed in each jug in which the leather is soaked.

k’aʔesobil, n1f. cf. k’aʔesob.

k’aʔet, av. rotting, suffering from venereal disease.

k’aʔk’aʔtik, aj. slightly rotten or fertile.

k’áʔtek’áʔte, av. rotting one after another.

ʔoč k’aʔal, vphr(iv & n4f). putrefy.

hop k’aʔep, vphr(tv & n5). gather up rubbish.

hop-k’aʔep, vn(tv & ncpd)5. gathering up of rubbish (assistants of stewards when they entrust coffer to their successors).

hhop-k’aʔep, agn(tv & ncpd). person who gathers up rubbish for steward when he entrusts coffer to his successors.

k’oʔ, aj. rotten, fertile.

k’oʔk’oʔtik, aj. slightly rotten or fertile.

k’ab(1) N.

k’abil, n3d. urine, piss.

k’abin, iv. urinate, piss.

k’ablebal, n3d. latrine.

k’ablebaltik, n5. place where people customarily urinate /outside/.

k’abta, tv. urinate on.

k’abta ba, rv. urinate in one’s clothes (drunk).

k’abtaan, tv. urinate on /plu/ (dog).

k’abtaanan, tv. cf. k’abtaan.

k’abtavan, iv. urinate on someone.

hk’abnom, agn. person who urinates.

hk’abtavaneh, agn. child or dog who urinates on person.

k’uš k’abil, nphr(aj & n)5. painful urinating /attributed to drinking the water of certain rivers, or to eating unripe cushaw seeds/.

ʔabin, iv. Baby talk; urinate I want to urinate.

k’ab(2)

k’ab, trim, hand. cf. k’ob.

k’abiš N.

k’abiš toh, nphr(n of n)1a. Marasmius sp., #73(1, 4), #81(3, 4, 5), #86(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. It is eaten by some Zinacantecs, boiled and seasoned with mexican tea and chili. It is “cold”. Clitocybe sp., #149(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

k’abiš tohtik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of k’abiš toh.

¢ahal k’abiš toh, npnr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Mycena sp., #173(4, 5).

Highland “mushroom”. Cortinarius sp., #173(4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

sakil k’abiš toh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). see below.

k’oš sakil k’abiš toh, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Tricholoma sp., #89(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

k’ap’ič toh, nphr(n of n). unattested variety /Na Čih/.

k’ač prob P(2) or T(2).

k’ač-holi, tv(tv & ncpd). nod /come-on gesture/.

k’ač-holivan, iv. nod to person.

k’ačačet, av. shivering.

k’ačk’ač čamel, nphr(aj & vn)5. shaking sickness (Parkinson’s disease?).

k’ačk’ač čon, nphr(aj & n)5. ’click bug’, click beetle.

k’ačk’on, av. nodding (drunk’s head), shivering.

k’ačlahet, av. shivering, nodding one’s head back and forth /drunkenly/ (plu).

k’ačlahetik, av. shivering.

k’ačulan, tv. nod repeatedly /head/ (child).

k’ačulanvan, iv. make person shiver (malaria).

hk’ač-holivaneh, agn. person who nods to another.

k’ah(1) T.

k’ah, tv. harvest corn.

ihk’ah hčob. I harvested my corn.

k’ah, iv. be harvested (corn).

k’ahan, tv. harvest a lot of /corn/.

k’ahanan, tv. cf. k’ahan.

k’áhank’áhan, tv. harvest one after another /corn/.

k’áhank’áhanan, tv. cf. k’áhank’áhan.

k’ahav, iv. harvest /corn/.

k’ahavebal, n3d. net for holding ears of corn, corn shucker.

k’ahben, n1a. corn stubble, corn stalk of mature plant. The stalks are split and used as a cover for the bowls of cushaw and watermelon squash presented by the stewards to the sacristans during the Posadas.

k’ahbenal čenek’, cf.čenek’.

k’ahbenaltik, n5. large expanse of corn stubble, dry season when corn is in stubble.

k’ahbentik, n5. expanse of corn stubble, dry season when corn is in stubble.

k’ahel, nc. harvesting /by lazy person who takes several trips/.

k’ahoh, n1d. harvest /corn/.

k’ahobtik, n5. harvesting season.

k’ahulan, tv. keep harvesting.

hk’ahavel, agn. harvester /corn/.

hk’ahom, agn. harvester /corn/.

k’ah(2) O.

k’ahk’ahk’ah, onom. guffaw.

k’ahk’on, av. guffawing /EKL258: 2-13/.

k’ahlahet, av. cf. k’ahk’on (plu).

k’ahlahetik, av. cf. k’ahk’on (plu).

k’ahan

k’aham, only, just. cf. k’ahom.

k’lhom Pt.

k’ahom, pt. only, just, var.; k’aham /infr/.

k’ahom snaʔ kahvaltik. Only Our Lord knows.

k’ahom h$’ie liʔe. This is my only dog.

k’ahom t šʔok’. He is just crying.

k’ahom noš ikič’ eč’el. That is the only thing I took.

k’ahomal, pt. only, just.

k’ahomal yiloh kahvaltik. Only Our Lord saw it.

k’ail N.

k’ail, n. leaf cup Polymnia maculata Cav., #1419(7), #1731(3, 15, 16), #1794(1, 4, 15, 16), #2206(19), #2330(19). Highland “plant”, var.; k’ayil.

k’ailtik, n5. expanse of k’ail.

bik’it k’ail, nphr(aj & n). leaf cup Polymnia maculata, #1938(16, 17).

Temperate and highland “plant”

č’iš k’ail, nphr(aj & n). ’prickly k’aiP, Montanoa sp., #2941(1). Highland “tree”.

č’išal k’ail, nphr(aj & n). ’prickly k’aiV, Montanoa sp., # 1930(16). Temperate “tree”.

k’anal k’ail, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Tithonia diversifolia, #2423(20). Temperate “tree” It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle.

k’eveš k’ail, nphr(n type n). ’cherimoya k’aiV, Montanoa sp., #1930(17). Temperate “tree”

k’oš k’ail, nphr(aj & n). leaf cup Polymnia maculata, # 1099(1, 3). Lowland and temperate “plant”. #1938(1, 3, 4). Temperate and highland “plant”. #1419(3), #2330(3, 4), #2387(3, 4). Highland “plant”. Eupatoriastrum sp., #284(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”. Coaxana ebracteata, #444(1, 2). Temperate “plant” Arracacia nelsoni, #492(1, 2).

Highland “plant”. Siegesbeckia jorullensis, #2479(21, 22). Highland “plant”

muk’ta k’ail, nphr(aj & n). leaf cup Polymnia maculata, #2206(1, 3, 4).

Highland “plant”. Eupatorium chiapense, #470(1, 2). Highland “plant”

sakil k’ail, nphr(aj & n). Montanoa sp., #2717(1, 4). Highland ’tree’

Eupatoriastrum sp., #2597(15, 20, 21, 22). Lowland “plant”. (20)-It is eaten by mules.

muk’ta sakil k’ail, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). bush sunflower Tithonia diversifolia, #2423(1), #2569(1, 4). Temperate “tree”

ton k’ail, nphr(n type n). ’rock k’ail’, bush sunflower Tithonia diversifolia, #2280(19). Highland “tree”. Phyllanthussp., #657(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “tree”. The trunk is used for roof rods of hip-roofed houses. Ten to twelve are needed.

ton k’ailtik, nphr(n type n)5. expanse of ton k’ail.

ʔit’iš ton k’ail, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). Montanoa speciosa, #2026(3). Lowland “tree”. Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases.

Montanoa seleriana, #3011(11). Lowland “tree” It is used for firewood. Eupatorium cf eriocarpum, #2994(11). Lowland “tree” It is used for firewood.

k’anal ton k’ail, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). see below.

k’oš k’anal ton k’ail, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Senecio hartwegii, #2929(1, 3). Highland “plant”

k’oš ton k’ail, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Montanoa seleriana, #3011(1, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”.

muk’ta ton k’ail, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). bush sunflower Tithonia tubaeformis, #2484(21, 22). Temperate and highland “plant” As a remedy for tuberculosis /sak ʔobal/, three leaves are brewed. The tea is drunk once daily for three days. It is “hot”.

k’ayil, cf. k’ail.

k’ak’ I.

k’ak’, iv. burn.

k’ak’-¢aran, aj(aj & Ucpd). red hot (spit), red (ears from shame), rosy (healthy person).

k’ak’-nuk’, n(aj & ncpd)5. heartburn, acidity.

k’ak’-nuk’ul, n(aj & ncpd)Id. heartburn, acidity.

k’ak’ah, iv. become healthy.

k’ak’al, n5. sun.

k’ak’al, n1a. day. Ritual speech; cf. ʔu.

hun to ʔoš k’ak’al. the day before.

sk’ak’alil. period of a day, appointed day, deadline.

ʔoy to sk’ak’alil. It was not long ago.

ʔeč’ ša sk’ak’alil. The deadline has passed.

Ritual speech, referring to return from visit to shrines; k’usi ʔora k’usi k’ak’al šivalk’uh tal sisutp’ih tal. Whenever I turn back, whenever I return.

k’ak’al, n4f. fever, light.

t šak’ ssikil sk’ak’al. He is suffering from chills.

sk’an sk’ak’al. Light is needed.

k’ak’al n4d. anger, trouble.

k’ak’al, aj. hot, healthy (person) /rosy-cheeked/, clearly, bright.

k’ak’al švinah. It can be seen clearly.

k’ak’al hč’ul-meʔtik. The moon is bright.

Parents of bride to their daughter; k’ak’al na k’ak’al k’ulebal šabat naʔtik mi škuč avuʔun. You are going to a house of health and wealth, who knows if you will be able to survive.

k’ak’al ʔaʔlel, nphr(aj & n)4f. boiling water.

k’ak’al ʔat, nphr(aj & n4f)5. ’burning sting’, tarantula killer Pepsis sp..

This wasp, credited with an extremely painful sting and awful taste, is said to be eaten by men who want to have big erections that cause great pain during intercourse. It may also be eaten by men who want to throw a painful punch. It is said, however, that a man who eats a tarantula killer will, from then on, always be spoiling for a fight.

k’ak’al ʔoʔonil, nphr(n1f of n3d). anger, envy, hatred, resentment.

k’ak’al ʔoʔonilbil yuʔun kriščanoetik ti sta noʔoš sveiele. He who supports himself is resented by the people.

k’ak’alʔoʔonilbil buč’u lek sna? šʔabtehe. The person who knows how to work well is resented.

k’ak’al ʔora, nphr(aj & n)5. death.

k’ak’al ʔuč’ maš, cf.ʔuč’ maš.

k’ak’al-k’el, tv(aj & tv cpd). look at angrily or with hatred, stare at so as to cause sickness /baby/.

k’ak’al-k’elvan, iv(aj & ivcpd)) look at person angrily or with hatred, stare at baby so as to cause sickness.

k’ak’al-k’opon, iv(aj & tvcpd). speak to angrily.

k’ak’al-k’oponvan, iv(aj & ivcpd). speak to person angrily.

k’ak’al maš, nphr(aj & n)5. red sunset.

k’ak’al satil, nphr(aj & n)3d. evil eye. A child suffering from evil eye may be stood on a metate while an old woman grinds, and so grinds out the sickness, or his body may be rubbed with elderberry and three black chicks or three eggs to transfer the sickness.

k’ak’al sik, nphr(aj & n)5. malaria.

k’ak’al tan, nphr(aj & n)1e. ashes and red hot coals.

k’ak’al voʔ, nphr(aj & n)1d. boiling water.

k’ak’alin, iv. shine brightly (moon).

k’ak’altik, n5. daytime, open air.

k’ak’an, tv. Ritual speech, future mother and father-in-law of bride to her family; heat.

t šisk’ak’an t šisk’išnan. lit., She will heat me, she will warm me, i.e., She will make me happy.

k’ak’anvan, iv. provide a good meal or good company for someone.

k’ak’ebal, n5. moment before being burnt up.

k’ak’el, n1d. burn.

k’ak’emal, n1f. burn.

k’ak’es, tv. burn.

k’ak’et(1), av. healthy, happy, prosperous.

šk’ak’et noš sčiʔuk yahnil ʔun aʔa mu k’u ti palta yuʔunike. He and his wife are certainly happy; they have no problems.

k’ak’et(2), n1d. burn.

k’ak’et ʔak’al, nphr(aj & n)5. charcoal.

k’ak’et ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). envious, mean-tempered, resentful.

šk’ak’et noš yoʔon yuʔun pukuh šaʔi sba. He is mean-tempered because he knows he is basically evil.

k’ak’et mut, nphr(aj & n)5. ’burn bird’, mexican trogon Trogon mexicanus, citroline trogon Trogon citreolus. They are not considered edible. The call of a trogon is believed to portend the burning of one’s clothes or body. To imitate a trogon’s call is to court fire.

k’ak’et teʔ nphr(aj & n)1a. burned tree.

k’ak’etal, n5. burned land.

k’ak’etaltik, n5. expanse of burned land.

k’ak’etik, av. cf. k’ak’et(1) (plu).

k’ak’etik, aj. singed (hair, tortilla).

k’ak’tek’ak’te, av. walking about happily /disregarding one’s troubles/, walking about prosperously or healthily.

k’ak’ub, iv. become hot, get furious.

k’ak’ubel, aj. burning (ears from criticism of person far away).

k’ak’ubtas, tv. heat /metal/.

k’ak’ulan, iv. keeping getting burned.

hk’ak’al-ʔoʔon, agn(aj & ncpd). resentful, angry or envious person, person filled with hatred.

hk’ak’anvaneh, agn. woman /who warms and enlivens house/.

ʔak’ k’ak’al ʔoʔon, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/). arouse anger, resentment, hatred, or envy.

ʔoy k’ak’al ʔoʔon, vphr(n/pred/ & nphr/n 1 f of n4d/). be angry, resentful or envious, hate.

kaʔkal, n5. Baby talk; sun.

koʔk, n5. Baby talk; hot, fire.

k’ok’, n1d. fire, firebrand, light, lantern, flashlight, truck, bus, car, machine, hell. If the fire squeaks and the flame turns red, it is thought to announce a fight or death, while a blue flame indicates the arrival of a visitor or an argument. If the fire is scolded, the offender is liable to be punished with sickness. Fire has a male soul /č’ulel/ that protects us in the house and guides us on the road.

Ritual speech, referring to wealthy people; ti k’ok’ike ti k’išinike. the hot ones, the warm ones.

k’ok’, n5. fever.

k’ok’, aj. hot, too hot, “too hot” /coca cola/, healthy, robust.

k’ok’ čon, nphr(n type n)1d. ’fire bug’, cutworm /dark brown nocturnal caterpillar that eats beans and flowers/.

k’ok’ sat, nphr(n1f of n4d). gleam of eyes in dark.

k’ok’-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. piercing-eyed /critical person/.

k’ok’-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. ’piercing-eyed bird’, plain wren Thryothorus modestus, southern house wren Troglodytes miisculus.

čitom k’ok’, nphr(n type n)5. Male joking speech; car /coche/.

muk’ta k’ok’, nphr(aj & n)5. typhoid.

sik k’ok’, nphr(n1e & n1e). chills and fever, inan. poss., ssikil sk’ak’al.

hk’ak’et, agn. burned person.

k’al P(2) or T(2).

k’al, tv. husk, peel off /lead tree pod, bark, wrapping of unrefined sugar/, trick, weed alternate rows, wrap /bottles to prevent clinking, eggs or new pots to prevent breaking when carried/, wrap self in one’s blanket /i.e. not share it/.

k’al, pt. in, into, as far as, when.

k’al hun-ab. next year.

k’al čib habil. in two years.

k’al č’en, into the ravine.

k’al ʔoʔ, nphr(n4f of n4d). crotch.

k’al ba, rv. fence oneself in.

k’al ba helavel, vphr(rv & dr). squeeze by.

k’al č’en, nphr(n type n)5. cleft.

k’al č’entik, nphr(n type n)5. ravine.

k’al lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). be peeled off.

k’al naetik, nphr(n type n)5. alley.

k’al ta, ptphr(pt & pt). even.

k’al ta voʔot. even you.

k’al teʔ, nphr(n type n)5. fork of tree.

k’al ton, nphr(n type n)5. split rock.

k’alahtik, aj. cf. k’alal /plu/.

k’alakil, n4f. large section of pig or beef fat.

k’alal(1), av. peeling off.

k’alal(2), aj. divided, separated.

k’alal(3), pt. when, while.

k’alal štale hk’opontik. When he comes, we will talk to him.

li k’ošetike mu šuʔ štahinik k’alal yolel t šveʔike. The children must not play while they are eating.

k’alalet, av. peeling off.

lek šk’alalet ta čoʔel. easy to peel.

k’alalik, aj. cf. k’alal(2) /plu/.

k’álalk’álal, n4f. each of many alternate rows, each of many sections /land/.

k’alan, tv. peel /plu/.

k’alanan, tv. cf. k’alan

k’álank’álan, tv. separate one after another /pots or jugs divided by layers of straw/, weed one alternate row after another, peel one after another.

k’álank’álanan, tv. weed one alternate row after another.

k’alav niʔ ʔok, nphr(n1f of nphr/nlf of n3d/). webbing of foot.

k’alav niʔ k’ob, nphr(n1f of nphr/nlf of n3d/). webbing of hand.

k’alavil, n3d. crotch.

k’albil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a. shingle.

k’albil teʔal na, nphr(nphr/aj & natt/ type n)5. shingle-roofed house.

k’alel, nc. division /of land into sections/.

k’alet, av. peeling off (vine bark).

šk’alet ta yut mok. He is hanging around inside the fence (child, robber).

k’aletik, av. hanging around (children, robbers).

k’alk’al č’entik, nphr(n of n)5. many ravines, long ravine.

k’alk’al naetik, nphr(n of n)5. many alleys, long alley.

k’allahet, av. peeling off (bark).

k’álluh, av. slipping away suddenly (prisoner).

k’alobil, n1f. cloth used to separate two colors of corn in bag, knife.

k’áltek’álte, av. peeling one after another.

k’alulan, tv. keeping weeding alternate rows, keep fencing off, keep peeling off.

k’alulan ba, rv. fence oneself in gradually.

k’alulanvan, iv. keep tricking person.

k’alvan, iv. trick person.

hk’alvaneh, agn. deceiver.

hk’alulanvaneh, agn. person who deceives others frequently.

te k’alal, ptphr(pt & pt). never mind.

te ša noš k’alal. That’s all!

k’am T(2).

k’am, tv. tether, wrap around, coil /hail, grass or corn stubble that is coiled by horse’s or cow’s tongue to facilitate chewing/.

isk’am ta teʔ. He tied it to a tree.

isk’am ta pok’. He bandaged it /infr/.

isk’am ta sk’ob. He wound it /yarn/.

k’am, iv. be entangled.

k’am, nc. loop /around tree/.

k’am ba, rv. wrap self /in blanket or shawl/, become entrammeled (horse).

k’am-šoč’, n(x & ncpd)1a. hand flower Chiranthodendron pentadactylon, #421(1, 2, 3). Temperate “tree”. The leaves are used to wrap bean tamales /čenek’ul vah, pisil vah/. The trunk is used for firewood. The bark is used for house lashing. Two or three bundles are needed. It is used together with ʔič ʔak’ which is stronger.

k’am-šoč’tik, n(x & ncpd)5. grove of hand flower trees.

k’amahtik, aj. cf. k’amal /plu/.

k’amal, aj. entrammeled (horse whose rope is wrapped around tree), wrapped /in blanket or shawl/.

k’amalik, aj. cf. kamal /plu/.

k’amam, av. slithering along or undulating (snake).

k’amamet, av. flicking (snake’s or lizard’s tongue).

k’aman, tv. tether /plu/.

k’amanan, tv. cf. k’aman.

k’ámank’áman, tv. tether one after another /to tree/.

k’ámank’ámanan, tv. cf. k’ámank’áman.

k’ambe, tv. place around (rope around neck of horse), cut /with machete/, whip.

k’ambenal, n4f. coif.

k’amel, nc. coiling/braid/.

k’amet, av. entrammeled, coiling slowly (snake on tree).

k’amk’am, nc. single loop /around tree//l only/.

k’amk’on, av. flapping (skirt) /sound/, cracking (whip).

k’amlah, av. weaving rapidly (drunk), slithering rapidly (snake) /sing/.

k’amlahet, av. cf. k’amk’on (plu).

k’ámluh, av. cracking suddenly (whip).

k’amob, n1f. stake or tree for tethering animal, hitching post.

k’amobil, n1f. cf. k’amob.

k’ámtek’ámte, av. walking with flapping (skirt), wandering around aimlessly, coiling around (snake climbing tree).

k’amulan, av. wrap around.

k’amulan ba, rv. become entangled (thread, pig that wraps its rope around stake).

k’amulan ne, vphr(tv & n4d). switch tail (horse, cow).

k’amvan, iv. entangle person (horse entangling person in rope), wrap around person (snake).

k’an(1) T.

k’an, tv. ask for, request, want, desire, love.

sk’an. have to (or) need to (or) be missing.

k’an me. mightn’t it be, maybe.

k’an me mu lekuk. Mightn’t it be wrong.

hk’antik. I insist.

mcl¢ano hk’antik. I insist you make it.

mu sk’an lek. He doesn’t like it very much.

sk’an to. not yet.

ta hk’an mas lek ti Iiʔon to h-likeluke. I prefer to stay here a little while longer.

tal sk’anbe stohol spreskotak. He came to collect the money for their soft drinks.

k’an ba, rv. desire each other, love each other.

k’an parte, vphr(tv & n5). lodge a complaint, make a formal accusation /before the magistrate/.

k’an pavor, vphr(tv & n5). ask a favor, seek indulgence or forbearance, seek preferential treatment.

k’an pertonal, vphr(tv & n5). have curing ceremony in which patient begs forgiveness.

k’anan, tv. request from many people, request many times.

k’ananan, tv. cf. k’anan.

k’ánank’ánan, tv. ask for one after another, request from one after another.

k’ánank’ánanan, tv. cf. k’ánank’ánan.

k’anbe parte, vphr(tv & n5). complain to.

k’anbe pertonal, vphr(tv & n5). beg forgiveness.

lek sk’anbe pertonal stot smeʔ ti mi ʔo ʔilin k’al šyakub k’al šk’ot ta snae. He asks forgiveness properly from his parents if he has rebuked them drunkenly when he arrives home.

k’anel, nc4e. request.

k’anel ʔočel ta na, nphr(vn4f of nphr /vn5 & pt & n5/). request to enter bride’s home.

k’anel nupunel, nphr(vn4f of vn5). marriage petition.

k’ank’an ba, rv. inspire craving for /cane liquor/.

k’ank’an to, vphr(tv/3s/ & pt). not quite yet.

k’ank’antik to, vphr(tv/3s/ & pt). not quite yet.

k’ank’on, av. requesting repeatedly.

k’anlahet, av. requesting repeatedly (plu).

šk’anlahet yil. They are repeatedly requesting the return of their money.

k’anob ʔabtel, nphr(n of n)5. bottle of liquor given to elders when requesting religious position.

k’anob voʔ, nphr(n of n)5. ceremony requesting rain.

k’anobil ʔočel ta na, nphr(n4f of nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). request to enter bride’s house, petition gifts.

k’anobil nupunel, nphr(n4f of vn5). marriage petition, engagement gifts.

k’anolah, iv. be insatiable, be unappeased.

t šk’anolah sk’ob buč’u šmilvane. lit., The hand of one who commits murder is unappeased, i.e., He always wishes to commit another murder.

t šk’anolah li č’ene mu stak’ šokol škom. lit., The cave is insatiable; it can’t bear to remain empty, i.e., The cave constantly demands more souls.

k’ántek’ánte, av. making requests from place to place.

k’anulan, tv. keep asking for, requesting, or desiring.

k’anulanan, tv. keep asking for, requesting, or desiring much.

k’anvan, iv. ask for, desire, or love person.

hk’an_______, agn(tv & ncpd). person who asks for _______ /beans, corn, borrowed object/.

hk’an-limošna, agn(tv & ncpd). beggar.

hk’an-limušna, agn(tv & ncpd). cf. hk’an-limošna.

hk’an-parte, agn(tv & ncpd). plaintiff.

tol hk’an-parte hu-hun k’ak’al ta kaviltoe. There are so many plaintiffs every day at the town hall.

mukul-k’an, tv(aj & tvcpd). request secretly.

k’an(2)

k’an, yellow, ripe, yolk, star. cf. k’on.

k’ap’ič N.

k’ap’ič, cf. k’abiš.

k’ar prob O.

k’ark’ar-mauʔ, onom(onom & onomcpd). caterwaul (cat seeking mate).

k’ark’on, av. caterwauling.

k’as T(2).

k’as, tv. break /bone, hoe, billhook, knife, machete blade, pickaxe, candle, basket, corn stalk, handle, machine part, stick, banana/, sprain /back, arm, leg/, tear /leather, mat, palm strip/.

k’as, iv. break (bone, stick, corn stalk, hoe, billhook, knife, machete blade, pickaxe, candle, basket), tear (mat, palm strip, black felt hat, leather), sprain (back, arm, leg).

k’as, nc. break.

k’as ba, rv. break one’s bone.

k’asahtik, aj. cf. k’asal /plu/.

k’asakil, n4f. in many pieces.

k’asal, aj. broken (branch, hoe, digging stick), lying (dry excrement).

k’ásalk’ásal, n4f. each of many pieces.

k’asaltik, aj. slightly broken down (corn plants).

k’asalul, n4f. broken bits /wood, twigs/.

k’asan, tv. break down (corn plants).

k’asanan, tv. cf. k’asan.

k’ásank’ásan, tv. break down one after another.

k’ásank’ásanan, tv. cf. k’ásank’ásan.

k’asantik, aj. broken down in many places (corn plants).

k’asbentik, n5. flattened weeds.

k’asebal, n5. moment before breaking (board).

k’asel, n5. broken bone, aching body.

k’asel ta hč’uleltik. injury of companion animal spirit.

k’asel, nc. breaking /stick/.

k’asemal, n1d. broken bone, sprain /back/.

k’ask’as, nc. single break / 1 only/.

k’ask’as ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n). ‘brittle plant’, cordia Cordia ferruginea, #1079(1, 3, 5). Temperate “plant”, leafy coral blow Russelia sarmentosa, #1581(1, 3). Temperate “plant”, wild geranium Geranium seemannii, #1414(7). Highland “plant”, spurge Euphorbia graminea, #2093(7). Temperate “plant”, shrubby four o’clock Mirabilis jalapa, #2828(7). Lowland “plant”. Alternanthera laguroides, #2110(1, 7). Temperate “plant”. Lopezia langmaniae, #2294(3, 4). Temperate “plant”, (blechum brownei), #2831(7). Lowland “plant”. Ruellia megasphaera, #3013(1, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”.

¢ahal k’ask’as ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). jubas bush Iresine celosia, #1095(1, 3). Lowland and temperate “plant”. #2114(1). Temperate “plant”. #2930(1, 3). Highland “plant”, leafy coral blow Russelia sarmentosa, #2857(3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”.

k’ask’as ničim, nphr(aj & n). ‘brittle flower’, Rondeletia sp., #1244(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”

k’ask’as teʔ, nphr(aj & n). ‘brittle tree’, shrubby bloodleaf Iresine nigra, #393(1, 3). Highland “tree”. bloodleaf Iresine angustifolia, #2606(1, 3). Temperate “tree”.

k’ask’on, av. flapping (broken sandal), tearing off readily (string of bean pod).

k’aslahet, av. cracking repeatedly (underbrush, young bean pods).

k’aslahetik, av. cf. k’ask’on (plu).

k’asulan, tv. keep knocking down /weeds/.

k’asulan ba, rv. keep breaking one’s bone or spraining self.

k’asulanan, tv. keep knocking down many /weeds/.

k’asvan, iv. cause someone to sprain /back/.

hk’asel, agn. person with broken bone.

hk’asvaneh, agn. person who breaks another’s bone.

k’os, nc. piece broken off /corn on the cob, sugarcane, banana, wood, dry excrement/.

k’osk’os, nc. single piece /sugarcane/.

k’ašib N.

k’ašib hobel, nphr(n type n). drug sabadilla Schoenocaulon officinale, #1257(7). Temperate “plant”.

k’at(1) P.

k’atah, iv. transform self into.

Mu šk’atah yuʔun sč’amal. He is impotent.

Scolding speech to person who acts strangely; mi toh h-mek t šak’atah. Are you changed forever?

k’atahes, tv. create, make /infr/.

sk’atahes tal čamel. He brings sickness /by creating wind or animals in stomach/.

k’atahes ba, rv. transform self into.

k’atahtik, aj. cf. k’atal /plu/.

k’atal, aj. lying across, hanging over.

k’atal be. path that cuts across a slope.

k’atal-¢’al, tv(aj & tvcpd). carry crosswise /long object/, carry by the arms and legs.

k’atal teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a. horizontal rails of corral or fence, pole of bottom of bed or corn bin.

k’atal teʔel _______, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ If of n1d). _______ rail /fence, etc./.

k’atalik, aj. cf. k’atal /plu/.

k’atan, tv. lay across, hang over.

k’atan ba, rv. lie across.

k’atanan, tv. lay across /plu/.

k’atanbe, tv. swing at /with machete or stick/.

k’átank’átan, tv. set crosswise one after another /fence rails/.

k’átank’átanan, tv. cf. k’átank’átan.

k’atat, av. carrying crosswise on one’s back /corpse/.

k’atatet sat, vphr(av & n4d). glaring out of corner of eye.

k’atatet ta nuk’, vphr(av & prep & n1d). sticking in one’s throat.

k’atet, av. lying broadside (deer, fox, cow, horse, snake, person by fire), being carried crosswise (log, coffin).

k’atetik, av. lying broadside (people by fire).

k’ati, iv. be lying across or hanging over.

k’atk’at, aj. long and with rounded corners (stone), broadside.

k’atk’on, av. moving up and down broadside (coffin, poles).

k’atlah, av. cf. k’atk’on (plu).

k’atleb teʔ, nphr(n type n)1e. fence rail.

k’atleh, n1b. lying broadside.

k’atp’uh, iv. go around a corner, turn a bend.

ik’atp’uh sk’op. He incriminated himself.

k’atp’un, tv. swivel around, incriminate self.

k’áttek’átte, av. lying across in many places (logs over river).

k’áttek’átte tuk’, vphr(av & n4d). walking along with gun held crosswise over shoulder.

k’at(2) prob I.

k’atim-bak, vn(tv & ncpd)5. cf. k’atin-bak.

k’atin, tv. put on fire /wood/, use for firewood /fence posts/.

k’atin, iv. warm self.

k’atin-bak, vn(tv & ncpd)5. hell, var.; k’atim-bak.

k’atin k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n4). warm self in the sun.

k’atinan, tv. put a lot on fire /wood/, use a lot for firewood /fence posts/.

k’atinanan, tv. cf. k’atinan.

k’atineb, n4d. place by the fire.

hk’atimol, agn. person who warms self before fire.

hk’atinnom, agn. person who warms self before fire /infr/.

k’at’iš N.

k’at’iš, n1a. hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, #B9271(5, 5a), #2377(20), #2495(21, 22). Highland “tree” For use, see below.

k’at’ištik, n5. grove of hawthorn trees.

bik’it k’atiš, nphr(aj & n). hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, #2498(21, 22). Highland “tree”

¢ahal k’at’iš, nphr(aj & n). see below.

muk’ta ¢ahal k’at’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, #614(1, 2, 4). Highland “tree”. It grows wild or is planted in the rainy season. Both slips and seedlings are planted. The trunk is used for house mainposts, corn bin posts, fence and corral posts, bed posts, bed and corn bin planks, billhook, hoe, rake, and axe handles, digging sticks, slingshots, the dudes’ horses, and firewood. The branches are used for brush fences. The leaves are eaten by sheep. The fruit is eaten by people, sheep, and pigs. Ladinos make thorn apple jam. The fruit is “cold”. It is sold at market in San Cristóbal and Tuxtla. Thorn apples are gathered by the assistants of the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary to decorate the créche, and the Church of St. Sebastian. They also provide the thorn apples which are strung on henequen fiber of the dudes’ necklaces. Four or six almudes, half yellow and half red, are provided on the Seventh Posada for such purposes. (23)-Fifteen armspans of strung thorn apples are required from each of the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary to decorate the creche. Three armspans apiece are needed for the Church of St. Sebastian. No distinction is made in the color of the fruits.

k’anal k’at’iš, nphr(aj & n). hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, #15(1, 2, 3, 4), #2056(3, 17, 18). Highland “tree” Same use as muk’ta ¢ahal k’at’iš.

muk’ta k’anal k’at’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, #2495(4). Highland “tree”. Same use as muk’ta ¢ahal k’at’iš.

sihom k’at’iš, nphr(x type n). see below.

¢ahal sihom k’at’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, #2080(3, 4, 17), #2222(1, 3, 4, 19). Highland “tree”

k’anal sihom k’at’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, #353(1, 2, 3, 4), #2062(3), #2081(3, 4, 17), #2377(3, 4), #2498(4). Highland “tree” (RML)-Same use as muk’ta ¢ahal k’at’iš, but the fruit, which is smaller, is not picked for Christmas.

k’oš k’anal sihom k’at’iš, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). hawthorn Crataegus pubescens, #2062(17). Highland “tree”

k’av T.

k’av, onom. crack /breaking branch, shotgun blast/.

k’av ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). smash or crack /with fist/.

k’avan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). crack /people with fist/.

k’avanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. k’avan ta mahel.

k’ávank’ávan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). crack one after another /people with fist/.

k’ávank’ávan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). k’ávank’ávanan ta mahel vphr(tv & prep & vn5)., cf. k’ávank’ávan ta mahel.

k’avavet, av. chattering.

šk’avavet stanal ye ta sik. His teeth are chattering from the cold.

k’avk’on, av. grinding (pig’s teeth, teeth of scolding person), beating /weft/.

k’avlahet, av. cf. k’avk’on (plu), popping (knuckles). Supposedly the number of knuckles that a man can pop at one time indicates the number of his affairs.

k’ávluh, av. giving sudden cracking report (rifle, tree, blasting iron in distance, knuckle, blow of fist), crashing (falling drunk).

k’avuh, onom. cracking sound /falling person, rocks struck together/.

k’av’ulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep cracking /person with fist/.

k’avulan ta tihel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep beating /loom/ /weft/.

k’avulanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep cracking /people with fist/.

k’avvan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). crack person /with fist/.

k’ay prob O.

k’ayk’on, av. talking loudly.

k’aylahet, av. cf. k’ayk’on (plu).

k’aylahetik, av. cf. k’ayk’on (plu).

k’ayil

k’ayil, cf. k’ail.

k’eʔ prob O.

k’eʔk’on, av. screaming (baby).

k’eʔlahet, av. cf. k’eʔk’on (plu).

k’éʔluh, av. giving sudden scream (kitten), giving sudden howl (cat underfoot).

k’éʔtek’éʔte, av. screaming from place to place (child on mother’s back).

k’eb T.

k’eb, tv. pour /liquid into bowl or pot, grain into bag, bin or basket, on mat/, spill, throw on /earth on fire/.

k’eb, iv. be poured.

k’eban, tv. pour a lot of /liquid, grain/.

k’ebanan, tv. cf. k’eban.

k’ébank’éban, tv. pour one time after another /liquid, grain/.

k’ébank’ébanan, tv. cf. k’ébank’éban.

k’ebeb, av. spilling, vomiting.

k’ebel, nc. pouring.

k’ebk’on, av. spilling.

šk’ebk’on yaʔlel sat. His tears are streaming down.

k’eblahet, av. lapping, spilling over /on shore/, spitting up /vomit/.

k’ébluh, av. spilling suddenly, breaking suddenly on shore (wave).

šk’ébluh tal hše. I suddenly vomited.

k’ebob, n1f. bin or bag that corn is poured into, mat that corn is poured onto.

k’ebobil, n1f. cf. k’ebob.

k’ébtek’ébte, av. spilling over here and there (river).

k’ebulan, tv. keep pouring.

k’eč P, T, or T2.

k’eč, tv. carry crosswise in arms /baby, weeds/.

sk’ečoh sk’ob. with his arm carried in a sling.

sk’ečoh yok. with his legs crossed.

k’eč, iv. be carried in arms (baby, weeds, firewood).

k’eč, nc. armful /weeds, stubble, wood/.

k’eč baik, rv. support each other’s heads.

k’ečahtik, aj. cf. k’ečel /plu/.

k’ečan, tv. lay down /baby/.

k’ečanan, tv. set down in piles.

k’éčank’éčan, tv. carry in one armful after another.

k’éčank’éčanan, tv. cf. k’éčankéčan.

k’ečanob, n1f. place where firewood is dumped.

k’ečanobil, n1f. cf. k’ečanob.

k’ečantik, aj. in widely spaced piles.

k’ečbe hol, vphr(tv & n4d). put one’s arm under mate’s head /in bed/.

k’ečeč, av. floating (bunch of weeds, sticks).

k’ečečet, av. with strong currents.

k’ečekil, n4f. in many piles.

k’ečel(1), nc. carrying /firewood, twigs/.

k’ečel(2), aj. lying in large pile (wood, candles, calla lilies).

k’ečelik, aj. cf. k’ečel(2) /plu/.

k’éčelk’éčel, n4f. each of many piles.

k’ečet, av. lying in pile (candles).

k’eči, iv. lie in pile (candles, firewood, grain), lie (baby).

k’ečk’eč, nc. single armful /firewood, twigs/ /1 only/.

k’ečk’on, av. with strong currents, with arm under mate’s head all day, carrying armfuls.

k’ečlahet, av. with strong currents.

k’ečlahetik, av. carrying armfuls (plu).

k’ečleh, n1f. in pile /armful of wood or weeds/.

k’ečlomah, iv. carry saint or coffin on shoulders /in procession/.

k’éčluh, av. with sudden strong currents.

k’ečob, n1a. log /light enough to carry/.

sk’ečobal k’ok’. the large log put in fire.

k’ečobil, n4f. litter /for saint or corpse/.

k’éčtek’éčte, av. walking about carrying armful.

k’ečulan, tv. keep carrying in arms, keep putting one’s arm under mate’s head.

k’ečulanan, tv. keep carrying armfuls.

k’ečulanvan, iv. keep putting one’s arm under mate’s head.

k’ečvan, iv. put one’s arm under mate’s head.

hk’ečlomal, agn. person who carries saint or coffin on shoulders.

hk’ečvaneh, agn. Ritual speech, parent referring to youngest child who remains at home; carrier.

htoyvaneh, hk’ečvaneh, hmukvaneh, hpišvaneh. lifter, carrier, burier, shrouder.

ʔak’ ba ta k’ečel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). lean against person (husband leaning against wife to be deloused).

k’eh T(2).

k’eh, tv. set aside, keep, pull away.

k’eh, iv. be set aside.

k’eh ba, rv. move aside, move to another place, get out of the way.

k’eh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. moving aside.

k’ehahtik, aj. stored /plu/.

k’ehan, tv. set aside, keep or put away /plu/.

k’ehanan, tv. cf. k’ehan.

k’éhank’éhan, tv. set aside one after another.

k’éhank’éhanan, tv. cf. k’éhank’éhan.

k’ehel, nc. setting aside, storing.

k’ehel, aj. slightly different (speech or dialect), standing to the side or off the path, stored.

k’ehelik, aj. distant, stored /plu/.

k’ehi, iv. turn off (path).

k’ehob, n1f. container for storing objects.

k’ehobil, n1f. cf. k’ehob.

k’ehp’uh, iv. turn off (path).

ik’ehp’uh ye. He changed his story /his alibi/.

k’ehp’unbe ʔok, vphr(tv & n4f). divert stream.

k’ehulan, tv. keep putting aside.

k’ek’ prob O.

k’ek’ek’et, av. sobbing or wailing (female mourner), screaming (in fear).

k’ek’et, av. shouting, crying (drunk, person crying in church), howling (coyote), roaring (jaguar), yelping (fox).

k’ek’etik, av. cf. k’ek’et (plu).

k’ek’lah, av. shouting, crying, howling (plu).

k’ek’lahet, av. shouting (drunks, people working happily, people in crowd EKL 255: 1–11), crying (drunks, people in church), applauding (people in crowd EKL 255: 1–11).

k’ek’lahetik, av. shouting, crying (people).

k’ék’luh, av. giving a single yell (child) or yowl (cat).

k’ék’tek’ék’te, av. shouting about (drunk), howling (coyote), yelping (fox).

k’el(1) T.

k’el, tv. look or stare at, take a look, catch sight of, watch, guard, watch after, inspect (midwife), face towards.

lek šak’el li basoe k’an me švok’. Handle the glass carefully or it will break.

yuʔ noš te k’u sk’el. Something (bad) is going to happen.

k’el avi. Look for yourself! Watch out!

k’el ʔeal, vphr(tv & n5). hang around waiting to be offered food /in another person’s house/.

k’el ʔelav, vphr(tv & n5). watch a show, be entertained by, be amused at, be pleased by /another’s discomfort/.

ta sk’elbe ʔelav ti mi mu snaʔ šʔabtehe. They are amused at him if he doesn’t know how to work.

t sk’el ʔelav kriščano ti mi ʔo buč’u čam kuʔuntike. People are pleased if someone in our family has died..

k’el ba, rv. look after oneself, look at oneself, care about one’s appearance.

ta sk’el sba mi škuč yuʔun li ʔabtele. He will see whether he can do the work.

mu snaʔ sk’el sba k’u šʔelan ššanav ʔak’ ʔo mi yatinoh ʔač’el li sk’uʔe.

He doesn’t care how he looks even if his clothes are stained with mud.

mu sk’el sba ššanav ta valk’un t slap sk’uʔ. He doesn’t care how he looks: he wears his shirt inside out.

k’el baik, rv. look after one another.

k’el-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. looking at oneself, look after each other.

k’el-kantela, vn(tv & ncpd)5. candle inspection /inspection and offering of candles and “flowers” by shaman at the beginning of a curing ceremony/.

k’el ta moč, vphr(tv & prep & n5)5. divine /cf. moč/.

k’el vun, vphr(tv & n5). read.

k’elan, tv. look at many things.

k’élank’élan, tv. look at one after another.

k’élank’élanan, tv. cf. k’élank’élan.

k’elel, vn5. evil eye, cf. k’ak’al satil.

k’elel, nc. reading, look.

k’elet, av. deserted, left empty-handed (man whose wife has run off, parents whose daughter has eloped).

k’eletik, av. cf. k’elet (plu).

k’elk’el-ʔosil, aj(vn/tv & ncpd/). furtive, furtively.

k’elk’el-pat, aj(vn/tv & ncpd/). furtive, furtively.

k’elk’on, av. watching and waiting (dog waiting to be fed, wife waiting for husband to return from lowlands), returning again and again to watch (boyfriend, constable).

k’ellahet, av. cf. k’elk’on (plu).

k’ellahetik, av. cf. k’elk’on (plu).

k’elob, n1f. sample.

k’elob ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d). lit., foot-watcher, i.e., chaise-longue /reclined upon in lexicographer’s house in Alexandria, Virginia/.

k’elob ʔosil, nphr(n of n)5. view.

k’elob ʔosil, nphr(n1f of n1d). liquor given to justices of the peace to measure land.

k’elob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)1d. mirror.

k’elob-bail mi šuʔ. We’ll see if it can be done /person wishing to make another become sick/.

k’elobil, n1f. cf. k’elob.

k’éltek’élte, av. walking about and looking around /in market without buying/.

k’elulan, tv. keep going to look at, keep looking at.

k’elulan vun, vphr(tv & n5). keep reading.

k’elulanobil, n1f. mirror.

k’elvan, iv. look at or stare at someone, look after or attend person.

hk’el-ʔeal, agn(tv & ncpd). lit., mouth-watcher, i.e., person who visits only to see how others eat, hoping to receive food himself.

hk’el-ʔeal ¢’iʔ, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n)5. dog that goes from house to house looking for food.

hk’el-ʔekliša, agn(tv & ncpd). church warden.

hk’el-ʔelav, agn(tv & ncpd). spectator at fiesta.

hk’el-ʔosil, agn(tv & ncpd). spectator at fiesta, person looking at his land in lowlands to see how much should be cleared, person sent to see if girl friend is alone at home, person who spies on enemy, person who looks at land to see whether to buy it or to see its extent.

hk’el ʔut mok, agn(tv & nphrcpd/n4f of n5/). person looking around in his yard.

hk’el-be, agn(tv & ncpd). road engineer.

hk’el-bek’et, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /each of the two men who divide and hang up meat for marriage feast or for feast given by religious officials/.

hk’el-čih, agn(tv & ncpd). shepherd.

hk’el-čobtik, agn(tv & ncpd). person who looks at his corn field.

hk’el hčan vun, agn(tv & agncpd/tv & ncpd/). member of education committee.

hk’el-k’in, agn(tv & ncpd). spectator at fiesta.

hk’el-na, agn(tv & ncpd). watchdog.

hk’el-satil. agn(tv & ncpd). lit., face-watcher, i.e., person who visits only to see how others eat, hoping to receive food himself.

hk’el-satil ¢’iʔ, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n)5. dog that goes from house to house looking for food.

hk’el-soral, agn(tv & ncpd). boy watching for girls on the paths.

hk’el-teʔ, agn(tv & ncpd). forest guard.

hk’el-te’tik, agn(tv & ncpd). forest guard.

hk’el-vi¢, agn(tv & ncpd). treasure-hunter, archeologist.

hk’elel, agn. religious functionary /boy who looks after ensign-bearer’s hat and rattle and also his musicians/.

hk’elvaneh, agn. person who looks after patient, midwife, ritual assistant, religious functionary /hpačolelik before formal entrance into bride’s home, who go to bride’s house to find out how many members there are in bride’s family/.

mu k’elbah, ajphr(pt & aj). not looked at, never looked at, impossible to look at /corpse/.

mu k’elbanah, ajphr(pt & aj). cf. mu k’elbah.

k’e, tv(impv/contr of k’elo /). Look!

k’el(2) X.

k’elan, tv. present, give a present, give away.

k’elan ba, rv. offer self /for adoption, for sexual relations/, give oneself away /in easy marriage/.

k’elanan, tv. present things /plu/.

k’élank’élananbe, tv. present one thing after another.

k’elanvan, iv. present to someone.

k’elom N.

k’elom teʔ, nphr(n of n)5. sucker.

k’elomah, iv. sprout.

k’elomil, n3c. sprout, offspring /infr/.

sk’elom ʔis-ak’ (or) sk’elomal ʔis-ak’. potato sprout.

Ritual speech, referring to offspring; t aničike t ak’elomike. Thy flowers, Thy sprouts.

k’ep(1) I(2).

k’ep, iv. stop raining.

t šk’ep ša likel balamil. The dry season is beginning.

k’epebal, n5. moment before rain stops or rainy season ends.

k’epel, aj. dry /climate/.

k’epelal, n5. dry season.

k’epelaltik, n5. dry season.

k’epeltik, aj. rather dry /climate/.

k’epet, av. be dry /during rainy season/.

k’epetik, av. dry for a few days /climate/.

k’epk’ep, iv. slacken (rain).

k’epk’eptik, iv. slacken (rain).

k’epulan, iv. rain off and on, stop raining /for several days/.

k’ep(2) X.

k’epep, av. sweeping along (clouds of dust, flood water).

k’épluh, av. being wafted suddenly (odor).

k’éptek’épte, av. blowing about (clouds of dust).

k’eš(1) T.

k’eš, tv. borrow /corn, chickens, etc. to be replaced later/.

k’eš, iv. be changed.

k’eš, n1b. change, substitute /for drunken official/.

k’eš, nc. change /clothing, office, generation/.

k’eš-nai, tv(tv & ncpd). leave one’s belongings in another house (woman who is going to separate from husband), leave stolen goods in another house.

k’eš-nai ba, rv(rv & ncpd). move to another house /to hide from murderer or escape from unhealthy influence of earth lord/.

k’eš-naivan, iv(tv & ncpd). hide person in another’s house.

k’eš noš, ptphr(x & pt). inveterate, constant.

k’ešan, tv. borrow a lot of /corn/.

k’ešanan, tv. cf. k’ešan.

k’éšank’éšan, tv. borrow from one after another.

k’éšank’éšanan, tv. cf. k’éšank’éšan.

k’ešel, vn5. New Year’s Day, change of office.

k’ešel, nc. borrowing.

k’ešeltik, vn5. period from December thirty-first to January second.

k’ešil, n3d. change /clothing/, borrowed object.

k’ešinah, iv. be changed (altar decorations).

k’ešk’on, av. borrowing repeatedly.

k’ešob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)1d. change of clean clothing.

k’ešolil, n3b. substitute, sacrificial chicken, an. puss., term of address between office holders or ex-office holders, one of whom succeeded the other.

Ritual speech, oath of office; isvaʔan komel istek’an komel čaʔ-voʔ slok’ol čaʔ-vo sk’ešol. They left standing, they left standing firmly two of their images, two of their substitutes.

k’ešta, tv. change /clothing/, replace, repay, make principal compensation for /injury/.

k’ešta ba, rv. change one’s clothes.

k’eštaan, tv. replace or repay many times.

k’éštek’éšte, av. borrowing from house to house.

k’ešulan, tv. keep borrowing.

k’ešulan, iv. be changed frequently, be substituted frequently.

k’ešulanan, tv. keep borrowing /plu/.

hk’eš-naivaneh, agn(vn/tv & ncpd/). person who hides person in another’s house.

hk’ešvaneh, agn. person who replaces another (religious official).

k’eš(2) X.

k’ešav, iv. be ashamed or embarrassed.

k’ešel kahvaltik, nphr(n4f of n5). Ritual speech; fear of God.

k’ešet, av. feeling embarrassed.

k’ešetik, av. feeling slightly embarrassed.

k’ešlal, n1a. shame, embarrassment. Ritual speech; cf. namal.

tol sk’ešlalil. It is too embarrassing.

k’ešlaltas, tv. put to shame.

k’ešlaltasvan, tv. put person to shame.

k’ešobil, n4f. Ritual speech, referring to formal meals; cause for shame. sšiʔobil sk’ešobil ti kahvaltike. lit., the cause for fear, the cause for shame of Our Lord, i.e. that the meal will not be sufficiently pleasing. Ritual speech, song referring to cane liquor and cue for serving cane liquor; k’usi no ʔoš yepal li sšiʔobil, k’usi no ʔoš yepal li skešobil. how much is there of the cause for fear, how much is there of the cause for shame?

k’ešvan, iv. Ritual speech, fiancé when giving gifts to family of fiancée; be ashamed of person.

sšiʔvan t k’ešvan t šič’ tal h-set’ t šič’ tal huteb. He is afraid, he is embarrassed to bring a pinch, to bring a trifle.

hk’ešlaltasvaneh, agn. person who puts another to shame.

k’et P, T.

k’et, tv. hold /handful/, scoop up in hand, cup in one hand, have small supply /corn/.

k’et, nc. handful /water, tobacco, beans, corn/ /one hand/, small pile /corn, beans/.

k’etahtik, aj. cf. k’etel /plu/.

k’etan, tv. set down in small pile /corn, beans/ /gourdful/, scoop up in hand.

k’etanan, tv. set down in small piles /corn, beans/, scoop up in hand a lot of.

k’étank’étan, tv. scoop up in hand one time after another, make one small pile after another.

k’étank’étanan, tv. cf. k’étank’étan.

k’etanobil, n1f. mat on which corn or beans are piled.

k’etekil, n4f. in many small piles /corn, beans/.

k’etel, nc. scooping up in hand.

k’etel, aj. in small pile (corn, beans) /gourdful/.

k’ételk’étel, n4f. each of many small piles /corn, beans/.

k’etet, av. holding a handful, sitting in small pile (corn, beans).

k’eti, iv. be in small pile (corn, beans).

k’etk’et, nc. single handful /corn/ /I only/.

k’etk’on, av. scooping up in hand /water/.

k’etleh, n4f. whole handful, small pile.

k’éttek’étte, av. walking about with a handful.

k’etulan, tv. keep scooping up in hand.

k’etulanan, tv. keep scooping up a lot in hand.

k’ev P.

k’ev-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted mouth.

k’evan, tv. twist /mouth/.

k’evel, aj. twisted (mouth).

k’evet, av. twisted (mouth).

k’evk’ev, aj. twisted (mouth).

k’évtek’évte, av. walking about with twisted (mouth).

k’eveš N.

k’eveš, n1a. cherimoya Annona cherimola, #457(1, 2), #721(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. The seeds are planted in the rainy season. The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The fruit is sold at market in San Cristóbal. It is “cold”.

k’eveštik, n5. grove of cherimoya trees.

čin-hol k’eveš, nphr(n/aj & n/ type n)5. ’bumpy head cherimoya’, soncoya Annona purpurea, #1698(1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 14). Lowland “tree”.

The fruit is gathered by the people of San Lucas and sold. (1, 4, 14)-It is “cold”. (7, 11, 12)-It is “hot”.

k’eveš k’ail, cf. k’ail.

k’eveš tulan, cf. tulan.

k’evuh N.

k’evuh, n5. song.

k’evuhin, iv. sing.

k’evuhinta, tv. sing about.

hk’evuh, agn. singer.

hk’evuhinel, agn. singer.

k’i T(2).

k’i, tv. spread out to dry /laundry, beans, corn, coffee beans, chili/.

k’i, iv. be spread out to dry.

k’i ba, rv. blanket (squash, vine, clouds).

k’iahtik, aj. cf. k’iil /phi/.

k’iahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n). ’spreading grass’, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, # 1630(7, 11, 12). Lowland “plant” It is eaten by horses.

k’ian, tv. spread out to dry /corn, beans/.

k’ianan, tv. cf. k’ian.

k’íank’ían, tv. spread out one after another to dry.

k’íank’íanan, tv. cf. k’íank’ían.

k’iel, nc. spreading out to dry (gunpowder, coffee beans).

k’iet, av. swept (grass by wind), spreading out or distending (clouds, land being cleared, clothes or woman’s hair in water).

k’ietik, av. distending (clothes in water).

k’iil, aj. spread out (piece of clothing, mat, loose hair of woman), blanketing (low-growing plant, cloud), flattened (forest), lying flat (patient, sleeper).

k’ik’i, aj. spread out, blanketing, flattened, lying flat.

k’ik’i hobel, nphr(aj & n). ’spreading grass’, Panicum reptans, #156(7).

Lowland “plant”.

k’ik’i šašib, cf. šašib.

k’ik’on, av. spreading out (woman’s hair in water).

k’ilahet, av. billowing out (flags or clothes in wind).

k’iob, n1f. clothes line, fence used for hanging clothes.

k’iobil, n1f. cf. k’iob.

k’iomah, iv. Ritual speech, song; dance.

šk’iomah htotik šk’iomah hmeʔik, šk’iomah yalab šk’iomah snič’nab.

Our fathers dance, our mothers dance, their child /of woman/ dances, their child /of man/ dances.

k’iulan, tv. keep spreading out to dry /laundry/, rinse /hair by repeatedly lowering it in water/ (woman).

k’iulanan, tv. keep spreading out to dry /laundry/.

k’ib N.

k’ib, n1a. water jug.

k’ib te1), nphr(n type n). ’water jug tree’, box-briar Randia aculeata, #2618(22). Temperate “tree”.

k’in N.

k’in, n1a. holiday, fiesta. Ritual speech; cf. paskwa. Zinacantecs who shut themselves up in their houses and do not attend the fiestas are thought to suffer the same fate in afterlife. Witches are said to be particularly rampant on fiestas.

k’inotik. We are celebrating.

hk’intik. Our fiesta /fiesta of the patron saint, St. Lawrence/.

k’in lisises, nphr(n of n)5. Independence Day.

k’in lisisestik, nphr(n of n)5. around the sixteenth of September.

k’inal _____, nphr(n4d of n). fiesta of _____ /saint / _____.

k’ink’inaltik, n5. every fiesta, the entire round of fiestas.

k’ink’intik, n5. every fiesta, the entire round of fiestas.

k’inubal, n5. drizzle, northeaster.

k’inubaltik, n5. sometime during northeaster.

k’is N.

k’is, n1e. leaf-cutter ant. It reportedly ravages lowland corn fields, stealing the corn, kernel by kernel.

k’isis N.

k’isis, n5. montezuma bald cypress Taxodium mucronatum, #1693(1, 4).

Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used by ladinos for chests, coffins, doors, boards, tables, and chairs.

k’išin A.

k’išin, aj. warm, “hot” /food, medicine, illness/, strong /cane liquor/.

k’išin yoʔon. lit., His heart is warm, i.e., He is evil.

k’išin ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5. lit., hot country, i.e., tropical lowlands.

k’išin poš ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ’hot medicine plant’, black foot Melampodium montanum, #1422(7). Highland “plant”.

k’išin voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. ceremonial coffee.

k’išinik, aj. Ritual speech, referring to wealthy people.

li k’ok’ik li k’išinik. the hot ones, the warm ones.

k’išintik, aj. rather warm, rather strong /cane liquor/, rather evil.

k’išet, av. warmed inside /with coffee or cane liquor/, wealthy.

k’išetik, av. cf. k’išet (plu).

k’išišet, av. feeling veins heated /by coffee or cane liquor/, feeling warmth /of nearby fire/.

k’íšluh, av. feeling sudden blast of heat.

k’išna, tv. warm /food/, strengthen /cane liquor/.

k’išna ba, rv. warm self /with cane liquor, by defeating enemy/.

k’išnaan, tv. warm /tortillas/.

k’išnah, iv. get warm (water, day, sweat bath, griddle, body).

k’íšnak’í’šnaan, tv. warm one after another /tortillas/.

k’išnal, n4f. heat, strength /cane liquor/.

ʔak’bo h-set’uk sk’išnal. Make it a little stronger.

Polite speech; ʔuč’anik me šʔoč ša me h-set’uk sk’išnal ta h-likel.

Drink up, in a minute it will be warmed up /i.e., second serving of broth will be passed/.

k’išnaob, n1f. pot or tin can used to heat water, cane liquor to warm body, cane liquor added to weak cane liquor.

k’išnaobil, n1f. cf. k’išnaob.

k’išnavan, iv. warm person /in bed/.

k’íštek’íšte, av. feeling veins heated /by coffee, cane liquor, injection or sexual intercourse/.

hk’išnavaneh, agn. woman who warms man in bed.

ʔič’ k’išnael, vphr(iv & vn5). be warmed by smoke cure, be wanned by medicine (woman in labor).

k’o N.

k’o, n1e. bridge /archaic/.

k’oʔ(1) T.

k’oʔ-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. with nasal voice.

k’oʔ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). bash.

k’oʔet, av. rumbling or growling (stomach), tooting (cow horn).

k’oʔilan, tv. Male speech; keep making squelching sound /sexual relations/.

k’oʔilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep bashing.

k’oʔilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep bashing many times.

k’oʔk’on, av. talking with nasal voice (person from Voʔ-bie), Male speech; squelching /in sexual intercourse/, farting.

k’oʔlahet, av. tooting (cow horns), rumbling or growling (stomach), talking with nasal voices (people of Voʔ-bie). Male speech; making squelching sound /in sexual intercourse/, farting.

k’oʔahetik, av. cf. k’oʔk’on (plu).

k’óʔlih, av. Male speech, making sudden squelching sound /in sexual intercourse/, farting suddenly.

k’oʔoʔet, av. rumbling or growling (stomach).

kóʔtek’óʔte, av. walking about with rumbling or growling stomach.

k’oʔan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). bash person.

k’oʔ(2)

k’oʔ, rotten, fertile, cf. k’aʔ.

k’oʔ(3) probPorP(2).

k’oʔahtik, aj. soiled in many places.

k’oʔan komel, vphr(tv & dr). deposit /maggots/.

k’oʔol, aj. dirty.

k’oʔol ta s¢aʔal kok. My foot is soiled with excrement.

k’ob N.

k’ob, nc. finger’s breadth /2-5/.

k’ob ʔantaš, nphr(n of n)5. embroidered cloth /one used to tie saint to litter, and one tied at each end of the two litter poles/.

k’ob-¢’iʔ, cf. ʔišim.

k’ob čoʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). mano.

k’ob krus, nphr(n1f of n1e). arm of cross.

k’obil, n5. constable /archaic/. Ritual speech; assistants of tutelary gods.

Ritual speech, referring to publicans and constables; ʔokil k’obil. feet and hands.

k’obk’ob, n5. along the branches.

k’obol, n3b. arm /person, cross/, hand, bow /fiddle/, sleeve, branch /tree/, foreleg /dog, cat/, shoulder /pork/, cf. ʔokol.

ibakub ta sk’ob li hune. She grew thin because of him.

Ritual speech; finger, ti lahuneb koke, ti lahuneb hk’obe. my ten toes, my ten fingers.

k’aba, tv. trim /tree/.

k’abaan, tv. trim /trees/.

k’ábak’ábaan, tv. trim one after another /trees/.

k’abal, n4f. hand.

yik’al s¢’ep’un sk’abal. Perhaps he will be beaten.

k’o¢(1) P.

k’o¢, nc. cluster of maggots, splotch (mud, excrement).

k’o¢ahtik, aj. cf. k’o¢ol /plu/.

k’o¢an, tv. deposit /maggots/.

k’o¢antik, aj. with widely spaced blobs /mud on clothing/.

k’o¢leh, n4f. whole splotch or blob.

k’o¢lehikil, n4f. with many splotches or blobs.

k’o¢okil, n4f. with many splotches or blobs.

k’o¢ol, aj. spattered with wet excrement or mud, in cluster (maggots).

k’o¢olik, aj. cf. k’o¢ol /plu/.

k’ó¢olk’ó¢ol, n4f. each of many splotches or blobs.

k’o¢(2) X.

k’o¢k’on, av. sizzling sound, bubbling and burning for lack of liquid /food/.

k’oč(1) O.

k’očih, onom. creak /bones/, crack /bone being set/.

k’očk’on, av. with creaking bone /believed to be caused by throwing rabbit bones far away after eating flesh/.

k’očlahet, av. cf. k’očk’on (plu).

k’óčlih, av. cracking suddenly /noise made by teeth when elbowed suddenly/.

k’očočet, av. huffing (train EKL252: 1-2).

k’očol tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5. noisemaker used on Good Friday /door handle attached to board/.

k’očtek’óčte, av. walking about shaking noisemaker.

k’oč(2) X.

k’očahtik, aj. cf. k’očol /plu/.

k’očol, aj. with head visible on horizon or above corn field.

k’očol N.

k’očol, n5. pupa, person who adopts clothes of other people /Chamula becoming Zinacantec, Zinacantec becoming ladino/.

k’očol pepen, nphr(n type n)5. temperate hummingbird /unidentified/.

k’očolah, iv. pupate.

k’očolib, iv. pupate.

k’oh(1) T.

k’oh, tv. gore, knock /head, knee/, knock /on door/, rap /on tabletop for more liquor/.

k’oh ba, rv. butt (sheep, cow).

k’oh ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). kick someone’s shins.

k’oh te1), nphr(x type n)5. homemade wooden lock used by Chamulas.

k’ohan ba, rv. butt (rams).

k’óhank’óhan, tv. butt one after another (ram).

k’óhank’óhanan, tv. cf. k’óhank’óhan.

k’ohel, nc. goring.

k’ohih, onom. crash of falling object.

k’ohilan, tv. keep knocking /on door/.

k’ohilan baik, rv. keep goring each other (rams, bulls).

k’ohilanan baik, rv. keep goring each other many times.

k’ohk’on, av. knocking /on door V1: 13/, clopping (person wearing ceremonial sandals V2:4, horse EKL252:1-11), chopping (person using ax EKL252: 1-20).

k’ohlah, av. crashing (rocks tossed into ravine), thumping (logs dragged over stones).

k’ohlahet, av. bumping (EKL258: 2-18), knocking around (rat, cat, charcoal-cruncher), clopping (people, horse V2: 4), rattling (tin pots on mule pack).

k’ohlahetik, av. knocking about (people).

k’óhlih, av. falling suddenly and hitting head, knocking head suddenly.

k’ohvan, iv. gore person.

hk’ohvaneh, agn. animal that gores person.

k’oh(2) A.

k’ohet, av, stinging (acrid fumes), stinking (breath of rabid dog).

k’ohoh, aj. acrid (cane liquor, burnt feathers, hair or corn gruel).

k’ohohet, av. stinging (acrid fumes).

k’ohohib, iv. burn (meal).

k’ohom N.

k’ohom(1), n. buttercup Ranunculus geoides, #1712(3). Highland “plant”.

k’ohomaltik, n5. large field of buttercups.

k’ohomtik, n5. field of buttercups.

muk’ta k’ohom, nphr(aj & n). Bletia reflexa, # 1141(1, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”. It is eaten by horses.

k’ohom(2), n5. seek’ohom hobel.

k’ohom hobel, nphr(n type n). ’ k’ohom grass’, witch grass Panicum bulbosum, #1015(1, 3, 5). Highland plant” It is eaten by horses.

k’ohom hobeltik, nphr(n type n). field of witch grass.

k’ok T(2).

k’ok, tv. break off, cut /flower/, pull off /fruit, lump of corn dough to be ground/.

k’ok, iv. be broken off.

k’ok-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5. with short pants, with cotton or wool tunic or skirt riding high in back, short-tailed (rabbit, quail), bobbed-tailed (horse, donkey, dog).

k’ok-lok’es hoi, vphr(tv/aj & tvepd/ & n4d). remove one’s head (charcoal-cruncher).

k’okahtik čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. k’okol čak /plu/.

k’ókan, tv. break off /stems/.

k’okanan, tv. cf. k’okan.

k’ókank’ókan, tv. break off one after another /stems/.

k’ókank’ókanan, tv. cf. k’ókank’ókan.

k’okbe nuk’, vphi(tv & n4d). decapitate.

k’okbenal, n4f. stub of broken stem.

k’okel, nc. breaking off /stems/.

k’oket čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with short clothes (person), or short tail (rabbit, quail).

k’okilan, tv. keep breaking off /cabbage leaves, flowers/, keep pulling off /fruit/.

k’okilanan, tv. keep breaking off many /cabbage leaves, flowers/, keep pulling off many /fruit/.

k’oklahet, av. pulling off /fruit/ (plu).

k’oklahetik, av. cf. k’oklahet.

k’óklih, av. breaking off suddenly (flowers).

k’okobil, n4f. forked stick for picking peaches.

k’okol čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). headless, short-skirted.

k’óktek’ókte čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with short tail or short clothes.

k’ok’

k’ok’, fire, firebrand, light, lantern, flashlight, truck, bus, car, machine, hell, fever, typhoid, healthy, robust, hot. cf. k’ak’.

k’ol(1) prob P or P(2).

k’ol, nc. In reference to: page /thin or small sheet/, layer /sole/, room, generation /infr/.

k’olk’ol, nc. single /page, room, sole/ / I only/.

k’olleh, n4f. entire sheet, layer or room.

k’ol(2) probPorP(2).

k’ol-k’oš, n(x & ncpd)1a. ’child’s rattle’, leaf flower Phyllanthus grandifolius, # 1533(11, 12), #2278(19). Highland “tree”. Children play with the fruit. The trunk is used for firewood. #1936(16, 17), #2165(7, 11), #2554(21, 22). Temperate “tree”.

k’ol-k’oštik, nphr(x & ncpd)5. grove of leaf flower trees.

¢ahal k’ol-k’oš, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). leaf flower Phyllanthus grandifolius, #482(1, 2), #2278(3, 4). Highland “tree”. The tender shoots are boiled with beans. They are “cold”. The seeds are toasted on the griddle or next to the fire. They are “cold”. Children play with the fruit. #1087(1, 4), #1936(1, 3, 4), #2554(1, 4), Temperate “tree”. Same use as above.

sakil k’ol-k’oš, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). leaf flower Phyllanthus grandifolius, #1533(1, 3). Highland “tree” #2165(1)9Temperate “tree”.

Same use as ¢ahal k’ol-k’oš. Montanoa hexagons, #656(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “tree”. (RML)-Probably a misidentification.

k’ol-k’oš moletik, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n). ’elders’ child rattle’, leaf flower Phyllanthus grandifolius, #2165(14). Temperate “tree”.

k’olet, av. rattling inside container, rattling inside fruit (seed), running (little child), rolling (walker), sitting inside (ball of thread in basket or pot), galloping.

k’ólihtik’ólihti, onom. pounding (horse V4: 2) /galloping hoof beats/.

k’olk’ol, aj. enclosed in a cavity (round object; avocado pit).

k’olk’on, av. rattling inside container, rattling inside fruit (seed).

k’ollahet, av. rattling inside container, rattling inside fruit (seeds).

k’olo-maš, n(x & ncpd)5. ’monkey rattle’, see below.

k’olo-maš teʔ, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). Olmediella betschleriana, #1252(1, 3, 4, 5, 7). Highland “tree”.

k’olo-maštik, n5. grove of k’olo-maš trees.

k’olol, av. clattering (walker), running (child).

k’olol, aj. loosely enclosed in a cavity (avocado pit in avocado, ball of thread in basket, growth in stomach), spherical (head of drunk).

k’ololet, av. clattering (wheel V2: 6, oxcart V3: 10, hoop EKL 255: 2-17), rattling (wheel V2: 10), running (little child).

k’óltek’ólte, av. galloping or cantering about, running about (child).

k’oltišya N(Sp, colgadizo).

k’oltišya, n1d. red, white and black jousting target for fiesta of St. Sebastian, var., k’oltišyo.

k’oltišyo

k’oltišyo, jousting target, cf. k’oltišya.

k’on A.

k’on, n5. yellow or ripe one.

ʔoč-k’on. They are beginning to yellow /eighteenth developmental stage of com when husks begin to yellow/.

Ritual speech, shaman referring to the tutelary gods; čanib č’ul-yih, čanib č’ul-k’on. the four old holy ones, the four ripe holy ones.

k’on, aj. yellow, brown, ripe (corn too old to eat on the cob).

k’onik ša. They /corn husks/ are yellow now /twentieth and final developmental stage of corn, also called k’an-počanik and č’abal ša ʔahan/.

k’onk’ontik, aj. yellowish, brownish.

k’onom, n1e. June bug grub /turns corn field yellow/.

k’an-ak’, n(aj & ncpd)1a. ’orange vine’, dodder Cuscuta tinctoria, #366(1, 2). Highland “plant” or (3, 4)-“vine”. The entire plant is gathered by women. A netful is brewed with čil habnal to dye wool yellow.

The wool is dyed blue in San Cristóbal to provide green wool for sashes and skirts. #B9542(5, 5a), #1874(1, 16), #2245(1, 3, 4, 19). Highland “vine”. Same use as above, dodder Cuscuta corymbosa, #273(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine”.

k’an-ak’tik, n(aj & ncpd)5. expanse of dodder.

sakil k’an-ak’ ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Sarcostemma bilobum, #1014(1, 3, 5). Highland “vine”.

k’an-ʔič, n(aj & ncpd)5. ’yellow chili’, shrubby tickseed Coreopsis mutica, #B9473, #428(1, 2, 5), #2253(3, 4, 19). Highland “tree”. The trunk is used by travellers for firewood. #1510(1, 3, 11, 12). Temperate and highland “tree”. #2521(1, 4, 21, 22), #2458(1, 20). Temperate “tree”.

k’an-ʔičtik, n(aj & ncpd)5. expanse of k’an-ʔič.

ʔit’š k’an-ʔič, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/). Salmea scandens, #2982(16).

Temperate “tree”. It is eaten by sheep.

k’oš k’an-ʔič, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Trixis nelsonii, #51(1, 2). Highland “plant”. Perymenium purpusii, #2915(1, 3). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta k’an-ʔič, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). yellow crown beard Verbesina perymenioides, #2414(1). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for house mainposts and hoe handles. #2591(1, 4). Temperate “tree”.

It is used for firewood. Verbesina neriifolia, #415(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. It is used for firewood. Verbesina crocata, #2802(3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”.

sakil k’an-ʔič, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Eupatorium areolare, #2562(21, 22). Temperate “tree”.

k’oš sakil k’an-ʔič, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Salmea scandens, #2982(1). Temperate “tree”.

k’an-ʔič ʔak’, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Bunchosia montana, #173(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine”.

k’oš k’an-ʔič ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Senecio kermesinus, #488(1, 2). Highland “vine”.

k’an-ʔič la, cf. la.

k’an-ʔo¢’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (fried meat).

k’an-ʔop’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (fried meat).

k’an-ʔot’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many small yat kai, yuy čauk).

k’an-ʔulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (many aztec marigold flowers on plant).

k’an-ʔuyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (pus around thorn).

k’an-bahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (sunburned bald head).

k’an-balan, aj(aj & Pcpd). glossy (tegs) /mark of feminine beauty/.

k’an-bek’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (brush burn, nearly bald head), yellow (corn kernels).

k’an-benan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (belly).

k’an-bet’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (cushaw on the ground).

k’an-bi¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (cat feces).

k’an-bičan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow, brown (flute).

k’an-bikan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (stream of urine).

k’an-bilan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). yellow (excrement).

k’an-bo¢an, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (wool).

k’an-bonan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (painted chest).

k’an-bosan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (excrement).

k’an-bot’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (amanita).

k’an-bu¢an, aj(aj & Ucpd). blond (whiskers).

k’an-bu¢’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (broken bone).

k’an-buhan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (eroded hill).

k’an-bukan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (expanse of aztec marigolds).

k’an-bulan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). orange (eye of whippoorwill or rabbit at night).

k’an-busan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (com kernels in pile).

k’an-butan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (corn ears in pile).

k’an-¢epan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (wrinkled mango).

k’an-¢ilan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (eyes of rabid dog or angry person).

k’an-¢oʔan, aj(aj & Ncpd). yellow (dirty clothing).

k’an-¢opan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (corn in pile).

k’an-¢ukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (wrinkled mango).

k’an-¢unan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). tan (goat, sheep).

k’an-¢’aban, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (well-swept floor).

k’an-¢’apan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (point of fence post).

k’an-¢’ikan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellowish (tip of braids).

k’an-¢’ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (staring eye).

k’an-¢’uban, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (point of fence post).

k’an-¢’utuh, n(aj & ncpd)1e. ’yellow corn tassle’, wasp. Its honey is eaten, but few people gather it, because the wasps remain around their nest after it has been set afire.

k’an-¢’uyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many fruit on tree; thorn apples, oranges).

k’an-čahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (potatoes in net).

k’an-čapan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (roll of Heteropteris beecheyana).

k’an-čečan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). brown (scrotum).

k’an-čepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (oranges in net).

k’an-čevan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many field mustard flowers).

k’an-čihan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many mangoes, cordia fruit, hog plums, plums).

k’an-čik, aj(aj & Xcpd). rusty (wool, sheep).

k’an-čikan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellowish (insufficiently dyed skirt).

k’an-činan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellowish brown (horse, cow).

k’an-čivan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (fruit stems on tree after fruit has fallen).

k’an-čohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (scrotum).

k’an-čuyan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). yellow (pus).

k’an-č’aban, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (muddy clothing).

k’an-č’alan, aj(aj & Tcpd). brown (thighs).

k’an-č’etan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (wool, dog, pig, cornfield ruined by rain, dirty clothes).

k’an-č’ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (many cushaws on ground).

k’an-č’ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (bones of dead horse).

k’an-č’ulan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). brown (well-swept floor, smooth board).

k’an-hapan, aj(aj & Ucpd). tan (pretty face).

k’an-hatan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (melon slices).

k’an-hayan, aj(aj & Xcpd). transparently yellow (scrotum in front of fire or with hernia, boil, bladder).

k’an-heman, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (corn in large piles, excrement).

k’an-het’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (fat).

k’an-hiʔan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (com kernels or ears spread out).

k’an-hočan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (corn husk).

k’an-huʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (dirty diaper).

k’an-hulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (tip of fence post).

k’an-hušan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (earth washed bare).

k’an-kaman, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (teeth).

k’an-kavan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). yellow (sliced pineapple).

k’an-kepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (bunch of bananas).

k’an-kilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (vertical stripe).

k’an-kohan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (teeth).

k’an-kolan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (eyes with fear or sadness).

k’an-košan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (roasting animal on spit).

k’an-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (rainbow).

k’an-kunan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many flowers; yellowsilk shellseed, agave).

k’an-kušan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (rusty machete).

k’an-k’atan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (rainbow).

k’an-k’ian, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (com spread out).

k’an-k’oʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (clothing stained with cushaw).

k’an-k’o¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (blob of mud on wall).

k’an-k’olan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). yellow (powder of anatto tree seed mixed in posol).

k’an-k’uyan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). yellow (many hog plums on tree).

k’an-laʔan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (tortilla).

k’an-la¢an. aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (stacks of burlap bags filled with corn).

k’an-lahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (expanse of amanitas).

k’an-laman, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (expanse of yellow flowers which blanket the ground).

k’an-lečan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (amanita).

k’an-lek’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (high brow).

k’an-lep’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (mud stain on clothing).

k’an-lesan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). yellow (excrement).

k’an-letan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). yellow (fat on surface of food left overnight).

k’an-levan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (drunk stretched out wearing yellow clothes).

k’an-liʔan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (wound).

k’an-ličan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (clothing hung out in wind).

k’an-likan, aj(aj & P, T or T/2/cpd)., yellow (many citrons on tree).

k’an-lisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many apples, thorn apples, quinces, oranges on tree).

k’an-loʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). dirty yellow (thread, ribbon).

k’an-lohan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). brown (net, testicles).

k’an-lokan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (muddy clothing).

k’an-loman, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (seared com field, field mustard, aztec marigold, willow groundsel, or Hecubaea scorzoneraefolia flowers, thorn apples, oranges), muddy (clothing).

k’an-lopan, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (dirty clothing).

k’an-losan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (muddy and wet clothing).

k’an-lučan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). yellow (pimple on eyelid).

k’an-lukan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (scrawny dog).

k’an-lusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (rotten amanita).

k’an-mačan, aj & prob P or P/2/cpd. yellow (feeble flame).

k’an-mačan, aj(aj & Ucpd). tan (horse).

k’an-mašan. aj(aj & Ucpd). muddy (up to one’s knees).

k’an-me¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (rafter).

k’an-melan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). yellow (excrement).

k’an-mesan, aj(aj & Tcpd). brown (well-swept floor).

k’an-mit’an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (Chamula’s belt).

k’an-močan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (curled up dog).

k’an-mok’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (dust-covered hair or face).

k’an-mukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). brown (dust-covered hair or face).

k’an-mulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (apples, peaches, oranges, thorn apples on tree).

k’an-mum, n(aj & ncpd) la. yellow jacket Vespula sp.. The grubs of this lowland and highland wasp are dug up, roasted on the fire, and eaten.

k’an-nelan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (eyes with anger).

k’an-nešan, aj(aj & Acpd). blond (hair).

k’an-niban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (smear).

k’an-ničan, aj(aj & Ncpd). yellow (expanse of willow groundsel, Hecubaea scorzoneraefolia).

k’an-nikan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). yellow (many flowers of willow groundsel, many toasted tortillas), orange (many aztec marigold flowers, many oranges on tree).

k’an-noyan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (wet daub).

k’an-nulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (many field mustard flowers).

k’an-nušan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (leaves floating on water).

k’an-pakan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (folded rain cape).

k’an-paran, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (dead branch on tree).

k’an-pe¢an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (many lady slipper flowers, corn plants with roots that have been eaten by grubs).

k’an-pečan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (hat).

k’an-peman, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). yellow (small quantity of brilliantine in bottle).

k’an-pi¢’an, aj(aj & P/2/, T/2/cpd)., brown (muddy clothing).

k’an-pič’an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (dirty clothing).

k’an-pisan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (ball of thread).

k’an-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). orange (peach, orange, son sapote).

k’an-počan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (corn husk).

k’an-počan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (corn husk).

k’an-počanik. yellow /twentieth and final developmental stage of corn, when husks have dried out, also called k’onik ša and č’abal ša ʔahan/.

k’an-pok’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (ripe fruit, peaches on tree).

k’an-polan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). yellow (stripe).

k’an-poman, aj(aj & Ucpd). muddy (clothing), yellow (corn field covered with weeds, horse urine).

k’an-puhan, aj(aj p T/2/cpd). muddy (clothes), yellow (sunset, setting of moon).

k’an-pukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (cloud of dust).

k’an-puk’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). brown (coffee or coca cola being poured).

k’an-p’ehan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (house).

k’an-p’evan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (open fly).

k’an-p’osan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (roasting ear of corn).

k’an-p’ošan, aj(aj & Ncpd). yellow (toasted tortilla, roasted ear of corn).

k’an-p’uyan, aj(aj & Tcpd). yellow (many fruits on tree, hog plums, peaches).

k’an-sepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (brown sugar loaf).

k’an-setan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). yellow (roll of woven palm strip).

k’an-set’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). light orange (flowers, yellow wool improperly dyed), muddy (clothing).

k’an-silan, aj(aj & Tcpd). yellow (split pine).

k’an-soman, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (muddy dog or muddy mule).

k’an-sot’an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (muddy clothing).

k’an-soyan, aj(aj & prob P P/2/cpd)., yellow (hanging seed corn).

k’an-sutan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (peach, white sapote).

k’an-sut’an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (striped tortilla napkin).

k’an-šet’an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (sliced melon).

k’an-šohan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (ripe peaches or mangoes, corn husks).

k’an-šokan, aj(aj & Ncpd). brown (dirty on both sides of nose).

k’an-šotan, aj(aj & P, Tcpd)., brown (coiled tumpline).

k’an-šup’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many amanita clusters).

k’an-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd). ’yellow tree’, Mahonia chiapensis, #294(1, 2, 3, 5).

Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for house mainposts, axe, hoe, and billhook handles, digging sticks, and firewood.

ʔit’iš k’an-teʔ, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/5). yellow trumpet bush Tacoma starts, #2541(1, 4). Temperate “tree”. It is used for firewood.

k’oš k’an-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). kidney wood Eysenhardtia adenostylis, #2307(19). Temperate “tree”. Dalea tsugoides, #2953(1).

Highland “tree”. It is used for firewood.

k’an-teʔan, aj(aj & Pcpd). brown (stretched out legs).

k’an-telan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). yellow (pine log).

k’an-tik’an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). yellow (expanse of muddy water).

k’an-tilan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (fruit, sugarcane), glossy brown (tegs after being rubbed with a stone and oiled for fiesta).

k’an-tok’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (raincape when worn).

k’an-tolan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). brown (dog’s muzzle).

k’an-tu¢’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). tan (deer, coyote).

k’an-tukan, aj(aj & Icpd). yellow (many aztec marigold blooms).

k’an-tulan, cf. tulan.

k’an-t’ašan. aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (buttocks of person defecating).

k’an-t’ayan, aj(aj & Pcpd). sopping wet (clothing).

k’an-t’elan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). yellow (seam).

k’an-t’ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellow (full bottle of comiteco).

k’an-t’oban, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). yellow (cheeks of pretty girl).

k’an-t’o¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (mud on clothing or stuck on wall).

k’an-t’ohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (coffee, coca cola or chicha being poured).

k’an-t’uban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). muddy yellow (river).

k’an-va¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). blond (whiskers).

k’an-vahan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). yellow (many flowers).

k’an-vak’an, aj(aj & Xcpd). yellow (stiff stain on clothing).

k’an-valan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (ladino’s hat).

k’an-vayan, aj(aj & Ucpd). tan (horse).

k’an-velan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (many amanitas).

k’an-vo¢an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (wool).

k’an-voč’an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (many thorn apples on tree).

k’an-vohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many plums clustered on tree).

k’an-volan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., brown (many amanitas).

k’an-vučan, aj(aj & I, Pcpd)., yellow (burn blister).

k’an-yalan, aj(aj & Ucpd). yellowish (thighs).

k’an-yeman, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., yellow (corn, peaches or oranges in piles, excrement).

k’an-yoman, aj(aj & Pcpd). yellow (many flowers; aztec marigolds or field mustard flowers).

k’anal, n1e. star.

k’anal, n4f. yellowness, egg yolk, testis.

k’anal, aj. yellow.

k’anal ʔaha-čon, cf. čon.

k’anal ʔak’, nphr(aj & n). Gaudichaudia albida, #2549(21, 22). Temperate “vine”. #2851(12). Lowland “vine”.

k’oš k’anal ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Gaudichaudia albida, #2851(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”.

k’anal ¢’irin mut, cf. ¢’irin mut.

k’anal hčabahom čon, cf. čon.

k’anal čoy, cf. čoy.

k’anal č’ivil mut, cf. č’ivil mut.

k’anal č’ut mut, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. yellow-breasted bird’, yellow-throated brushfinch Atlapetes gutturalis /Pat ʔOsil/. cf. k’anal k’oviš.

k’anal k’oviš, cf. k’oviš.

k’anal nič ¢iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ’yellow-flowered plant’, black foot Melampodium montanum, # 1755(16). Highland “plant”. As a remedy for “wind” and diarrhea, a small bunch is brewed. A cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast. It is “hot”. Kallstroemia rosei, #1629(7, 11, 12). Lowland “plant”. (11)-As a remedy for stomachache /k’uš ʔoʔonil/ a bunch is brewed. One cup is drunk before breakfast for three days. It is “medium”. It is used also for pig fodder.

k’anal pepen, cf. pepen.

k’anal teʔ, nphr(aj & n). fustic tree Chlorophora tinctoria, #1678(14).

Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for gunstocks.

k’anal vonon, cf. vonon.

k’anas-teʔ, nphr(x & ncpd)1a. yellow sapote Pouteria campechiana. The fruit is “hot.” cf. noʔčiʔ.

k’anub, iv. turn yellow, ripen.

t šk’anub hu-huntik. Every one is getting yellow /nineteenth developmental stage or com/.

k’anubtas, tv. make yellow (field mustard in cornfield).

k’anubtasvan, iv. make yellow (field mustard flowers in cornfield).

k’op N.

k’op, n1d. word, language, affair, matter, situation, argument, dispute, war, curing ceremony.

hk’optik. lit., our language, i.e., Tzotzil.

t šuʔ h-set’ kunen k’op ti ʔok’obe. A small curing ceremony is being held for me tomorrow.

muʔyuk ak’op muʔyuk arason. You have nothing to say, you have no thoughts.

muʔyuk sk’op smantal yuʔun sči’amaltak. He doesn’t discipline his children.

ta šak’be teʔ ta k’op aʔa pero č’abal spersa li sk’obe. He was going to hit him with a stick, but he had no strength in his hand.

k’op ʔoʔon, nphr(n4f of n4d). anxiety, sadness.

k’op rioš, nphr(n4f of n5). prayer /in Spanish/.

k’opla, tv. hold minor curing ceremony (shaman).

k’opla ba, rv. hold minor curing ceremony for self (shaman).

k’oplael, vn5. minor curing ceremony /held in house and without flowers and candles/.

k’oplal, n4b. plan, purpose, news, promise.

c’abal sk’oplal. It is no deal.

mu sk’oplal. It makes no difference (or) it does not matter.

sk’oplal t šibat lavie. I plan to go today.

sk’oplal t šiyak’be. He is supposed to give it to me.

štanet sk’oplal. The news is spreading /unbeknownst to person involved/.

ʔeč hhak’ ak’oplal. I passed by to ask about you.

k’oplavan, iv. hold minor ceremony for someone.

k’opoh, iv. talk, speak, pray, make declaration, argue /legal case/, mean. Denunciatory speech; cf. č’i.

haʔ yeč t šk’opoh. That’s what it means.

muk’ šk’opoh helavel. He didn’t speak in passing /enemy/.

lek štohob ta k’opohel. He argues well /lawyer/, (or) He prays well /shaman/.

k’opoh ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). mull over, be lost in thought, wonder, worry, be anxious.

tol šk’opoh yoʔon ti mi vayčine. He worries so when he dreams.

t šk’opoh yoʔon haʔ ʔo sp’osi yok. He was lost in thought when he tripped.

t šk’opoh yoʔon mi sta ta k’oponel ti buč’u t šbat sk’opone. He wonders whether he will be able to talk to the person whom he is going to talk to.

tol šk’opoh yoʔon k’al ʔipe haʔ ša mas iʔipah ʔo. He was so worried when he was sick that he became even sicker.

tol šk’opoh yoʔon k’al ʔočem sničime. lit., He was very anxious when the flowers entered, i.e., The patient was anxious when he climbed into his flower-bedecked bed.

k’opohes ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). be worried or anxious.

Ritual speech, shaman referring to patient; iyat yoʔon, isk’opohes yoʔon. He was anxious, he was worried.

tol sk’opohes yoʔon mi šʔeč’ yuʔun li čamele. He is very anxious about whether the sickness will pass.

k’opon, tv. talk to, pray to. Ritual speech; cf. tiʔin.

isk’opon kahvaltik. lit., He talked to Our Lord, i.e., He prayed. k’opon avil. Try talking (or) Speak to him /to see what he replies/.

k’opon baik, rv. talk to each other, make a deal, settle one’s differences, agree to marry each other. Ritual speech; cf. tiʔin baik.

isk’opon sbaik ta lek. They settled their differences.

isk’opon sbaik ta lekil k’op te noš ta na. lit., They settled their differences just in the house, i.e., They settled their differences privately without going to court.

lek sk’opon sbaik. They are on good terms.

k’oponan, tv. talk to (girls).

k’oponeh-baiL vn(tv & rpncpd)5. meeting of incoming and outgoing officials /incoming official visits his predecessor/. Ritual speech; cf. tiʔineh-bail

k’oponk’óponan, tv. talk to one after another.

k’oponluh ʔuʔun, vphr(iv & n4d). be able to tell.

k’oponobil, n1f. cane liquor to formalize talk.

k’oponvan, iv. speak to person (man to woman).

hk’oplavaneh, agn. shaman who gives minor curing ceremony for person.

hk’opohel, agn. lawyer /native/.

hk’opohel rioš, nphr(agn/vn/ type n)5. talking saint.

hk’oponvaneh, agn. man who speaks to woman.

k’or(1) O.

k’or, onom. rattle /woodpecker drumming, porcupine shaking quills/ /r is trilled/.

k’orlahet, av. cf. k’ororet (plu).

k’ororet, av. drumming (pale-billed woodpecker), rattling (porcupine).

k’or(2) X.

k’ork’on, n1e. wood ant. cf. k’oroveš. The highland variety is red and stings. The lowland variety is black and inoffensive.

k’oroveš, n1e. highland wood ant. cf. k’ork’on.

k’orok’ A or N.

k’orok’ teʔ, nphr(x type n). shield leaf pumpwood Cecropia peltata, #1282(1, 3, 4, 5, 8). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used by some people for threshing platforms. The trunk is split and stripped of bark.

k’os(1)

k’os, piece broken off. cf. k’as.

k’os(2) N.

k’os, n1a. Synardisia venosa, # B 14271(5), #2792(1, 4, 7). Temperate and highland “tree”. The slips are planted by a few Zinacantecs in their yards, in the rainy season. The young shoots are a basic ingredient of the “flower water” used to bathe patients. Eighteen shoots are required for a major curing ceremony, and nine for a minor ceremony. They are “cold” or “medium”. (RML)-The shoots are also used to adorn a patient’s ceremonial bed. There is an aura of special sacredness that seems to surround the shoots of this tree. For other ingredients of “flower water”, cf. ¢is ʔuč.

k’ostik, n5. grove of k’os trees.

ba¢’i k’os, nphr(aj & n). Synardisia venosa, #813(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “tree” For use, see k’os.

k’oš(1) N.

k’oš, n1d. child /under nine years old/.

k’oš, aj. little.

k’oš ———, nphr(aj & n)1d. young ——— /dog, etc., i.e., puppy, kitten, colt, heifer/.

k’oš biolin, nphr(aj & n)1a. fiddle.

k’oš bolom, cf. bolom.

k’oš k’anal pepen, cf. pepen.

k’oš limeton, nphr(aj & n)1a. five liter demijohn.

k’oš poyoy, cf. poyoy.

k’oš vob, nphr(aj & n)1a. fiddle.

k’oš yasal ʔamuč, cf. ʔamuč.

k’ošahtik, aj. short (people).

k’ošet, av. short.

k’ošib, iv. be stunted (sick child).

k’ošil, n4f. runt (animal, peach, apple, pear, corncob).

k’ošil ———, nphr(aj & n)3d. youngest ——— /sibling/.

k’ošil mayol, cf. mayol.

k’ošil piškal, cf. piškal.

k’ošil rehirol, cf. rehirol.

k’ošik’on, av. toddling, walking slowly (person who never is able to keep up fast pace).

k’ošlc’oš, aj. short (person), young (animal).

k’ošk’oštik, aj. slightly small (hat), rather short (person), rather young (animal).

k’ošol, aj. cf. k’ošk’oš.

k’oš(2) A.

k’ošet, av. stiff (clothes with dirt or blood), brittle (leaves, stale tortillas).

k’ošib, iv. become stiff (toasted tortilla).

k’ošibtas, tv. toast /toasted tortilla/.

k’ošibtasan, tv. toast /toasted tortillas/.

k’ošibtasob, n1f. place next to fire where toasted tortillas are toasted.

k’ošibtasobil, n1f. cf. k’ošibtasob.

k’ošoš, n1a. toasted tortilla. Toasted tortillas, in addition to being the basic staple taken to the lowlands, are used during the Posadas to eat with squash.

k’ošoš teʔ, nphr(n type n)5. ‘toasted tortilla tree’, mexican tea bush Ternstroemia tepezapote, #515(1, 2). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for firewood. #1863(1, 16). Lowland, temperate and highland “tree”. #2581(4, 21, 22). Temperate “tree”. mayan sea grape Coccoloba mayana, #2803(11, 12). Lowland “tree”. Drimys granadensis var. mexicana, #120(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for firewood. Phoebe helictrifolia, #528(2, 3, 5). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for firewoods by people travelling to the lowlands.

Coccoloba sp., #1988(17). Lowland “tree”

k’ošoš teʔtik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of k’ošoš teʔ.

bik’it k’ošoš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild persimmon Diospyros nicaraguensis, #2004(17). Lowland “tree”. Myrcianthes fragrans, #1961(16, 17). Temperate “tree”.

¢ahal k’ošoš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). see below.

k’oš ¢ahal k’ošoš teʔ), nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Ilex vomitoria, #1927(16, 17). Temperate “tree”.

muk’ta k’ošoš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). hairy-leaved clethra Clethra lanata, #517(1, 2, 3). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for firewood by some people.

k’ošošet, av. stiff (clothes with dirt, sweat, or blood).

k’ošošib, iv. become stiff (toasted tortilla).

k’ošoštah, iv. become stiff (stale tortilla).

k’ošoštik, aj. stiff (clothes with dirt, sweat, or blood).

k’ot I.

k’ot, iv. arrive there, become, be straight-shooting (gun), reach, happen, come true (dream, omen).

muk’ ša šk’ot lek. It was dark now /person’s eyesight not sufficient/. t šk’ot t sk’opoh. He tells the truth.

mu šk’ot sk’op. He can’t be trusted.

k’ot sat, vphr(iv & n4d). see, be able to see.

k’ot ta ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). be offended.

ik’ot ta yoʔon ti k’usi iʔalbat. He was offended by what was said to him.

k’ot ta lok’el, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & vn5). turn out, happen.

k’otbah ʔuʔun, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). gobble up. snatch up.

k’otebal, n5. place of final judgment, afterworld.

k’otilan, iv. keep arriving.

k’otk’ot, iv. be rather straight-shooting (gun).

k’otk’ottik, iv. be rather straight-shooting (gun).

k’otoš N.

k’otoš, n. Cyperus sp.,#2183(19). Highland “plant”. As a remedy for diarrhea, six roots are brewed. A cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast for two days. It is “hot”.

k’ov P.

k’ov-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. twisted (mouth).

k’ovanbe, tv. twist /mouth/.

k’ovel, aj. twisted (mouth).

k’ovet, av. twisted permanently (mouth).

k’ovk’ov, aj. twisted (mouth).

k’óvtek’óvte, av. walking about with permanently twisted mouth.

k’oviš N.

k’oviš, n1e. red-eyed towhee Pipilo erythropthalmus. Towhees are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. They are “medium”. They are notorious for scratching up newly planted highland corn.

ʔik’al k’oviš, nphr(aj & n)5. red-eyed towhee Pipilo erythropthalmus /male/. Male towhees, when eaten, are considered to be “cold”.

k’anal k’oviš, nphr(aj & n)5. yellow-throated brushfinch Atlapetes gutturalis. cf. k’anal č’ut mut. Brush-finches are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. They are “medium” They, like towhees, ravage newly planted cornfields.

k’u Pt.

k’u, pt. what, what? who.

k’u t šapas. What are you doing?

muk’ bu staik k’u staik. They never found what they were looking for.

voʔon ti k’u kale. It was I who said it.

k’u ʔepal, nphr(pt & n4f). as much, as many, however much, however many, how much? how many?

k’u ʔora, nphr(pt & n5). when, when?

k’u to ʔora. when? when in the world? /emphatic/.

k’u ʔuʔun, nphr(pt & n4f). why, why?

k’u čaʔal, cf. čaʔal.

k’u h ———, nphr(pt & n/nc & numcpd/)5. whichever ———.

k’u h-tosukal. whichever kind.

k’u h-kotukal. whichever animal (or) table, etc.

k’u hunukal, nphr(pt & n5). whichever one.

k’u ma ʔuʔun, nphr(pt & pt & n4f). why? /emphatic/.

k’u ma yuʔun t šabat ta ʔora. Why are you going right now?

k’u maʔn, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of ma & yuʔun/). why /emphatic/.

k’u melol, nphr(pt & n4f). why? for what reason?

k’u smelol li šʔelan šavale. Why did you say that?

k’u-sbi, n(pt & ncpd)5. Male joking speech; lit., what’s-its-name, i.e., penis.

k’u ši, vphr(pt & iv). how, what.

Informal greeting; k’u ši? mu k’u ši. What’s new? Not much.

k’u ši ta ʔalel. How do you account for….

haʔ ti k’u ši ti kahvaltike. It is up to Our Lord.

k’u ti, ptphr(pt & pt). as, because, since.

mu štal ʔun k’u ti yeč ti smul ʔune. He did not come because it is true that he is guilty.

k’uʔn, pt(contr of k’u & yuʔun). why, why?

k’uk, pt(contr of k’u & -uk). whatever.

k’uk spas, whatever he wants to do.

k’uk shalil. however long, for how long, how long?

k’uk ʔelan, vphr(pt/contr of k’u & -uk/& iv/3s/). whichever one, whatever it is like.

k’uk čaʔal, ptphr(pt/contr of k’u & -uk/Sc pt). it makes no difference.

k’uk noš ʔelan, vphr(pt/contr of k’u & -uk/& pt & iv/3s/). whichever one, whatever it is like.

k’uk noš čaʔal, ptphr(pt/contr of k’u & -uk/& pt & pt). it makes no difference.

k’usi, pt. what, what?

k’usi leʔe. What is that?

k’usi stu leʔe. What is that for?

mu k’usi. It isn’t anything.

mi mu k’usi ʔoy avuʔune. Haven’t you anything?

ba¢’i leklek sba li nae pero k’usie bik’it. The house is beautiful but on the other hand it is small (or) The house is beautiful except that it is small.

k’usi liyalbeik ʔoe li šʔelane. That is what they told me.

li k’usie haʔ li ʔan¢ mas t sk’an t šhelave. The thing is, the woman wants to dominate.

k’usitik, pt. what, what? /plu/. var., k’ustik.

k’ustik, pt. cf. k’usitik.

k’usuk, pt(contr of k’usi & -uk). too, besides.

hčopik ʔo sveš k’usuk noš. Their pants were different too.

k’usuk noš. whichever one.

k’usuk ʔuʔun, nphr(pt & n4b). things.

istarn eč’el k’usuk yuʔun. She took away her things.

k’utikuk, pt. whatever, everything, everything else.

ihkuč ti hun moč kot hbek’et k’utikuk. I carried the bag with my tortillas and meat and everything else.

k’uʔ N.

k’uʔ, n4f. skim /corn gruel/.

k’uʔ ʔan¢, nphr(n4f of n5). blouse.

k’uʔ pok’, nphr(n & n)4d. set of clothing.

k’uʔil, n3a. clothes. Female speech; blouse.

k’uʔin, tv. take possession of an article of clothing.

k’uʔin, n4d. article of clothing.

ihman hk’uʔin. I bought an article of clothing for myself.

k’uʔul, n3a. cf. k’uʔil.

k’uʔul pak’al, nphr(n & n). set of clothing.

k’uʔulah, iv. be well-clothed (man with industrious wife).

k’uʔulal čih, nphr(natt & n)1d. woven blanket.

k’uʔultas, tv. clothe.

Denunciatory speech; hk’uʔultasohot hpak’altasohot ti 1 ač’ie ti 1 ak’opohe. I have clothed you, I have dressed you so you would grow up, so you would learn to talk.

k’uʔultasan, tv. clothe many times..

k’uʔultasobil, n4f. Denunciatory speech, parent to eloped daughter; clothing.

spak’altasobil sk’uiultasobil ačak. the covering, the clothing for your ass /provided by parent/.

k’uʔultasvan, iv. make clothes for person.

k’uʔun, tv. wrap oneself /in blanket or rain cape/.

Ritual speech, prayer; maʔuk to hk’uʔun ʔo ti lume, maʔuk to hk’uʔun ʔo ti ʔač’ele. May I not yet wrap myself in earth, may I not yet wrap myself in mud, i.e., May I not yet die.

ʔik’al k’uʔ pale, nphr(/aj & n/4d of n5). cassock.

ʔnk’al k’uʔul, nphr(aj & n)1a. robe, ceremonial robe, ceremonial huipil.

¢fibal k’uʔul, nphr(aj & n)3d. straight smock worn by young boys. cf. kamišail, ¢il k’uʔtl.

¢il k’uʔul, nphr(aj & n)3d. straight smock worn by young boys, cf. ¢ibal k’uʔul, kamišail.

hk’uʔultasvaneh, agn. person who provides clothes for another.

k’ub(1) prob N.

k’ubah, iv. entrust one’s things for safekeeping.

k’uban, tv. commission, use person’s services /to carry one’s goods/, have someone safeguard another’s things.

k’uban ʔahnil, vphr(tv / / n). become engaged.

k’ubanan, tv. entrust for safekeeping /plu/.

k’úbank’úbanan, tv. entrust one thing after another for safekeeping.

k’ubanobil, n1f. gift given when requesting engagement, commission, or article to be borrowed.

k’ubanvan, iv. entrust to someone.

k’ubet, av. entrusting one’s things for safekeeping.

k’úbtek’úbte, av. entrusting one’s things for safekeeping here and there.

k’ubul, aj. entrusted, left in safekeeping.

k’ubulil, n3d. article entrusted.

hk’ubanvaneh, agn. recently engaged boy.

k’ub(2) T.

k’ub-tot, n(tv & ncpd)5. ‘gurgle father’, blue mockingbird Melanotis caerulescens. cf. hloʔ-makom, sak-č’ut mut.

k’ubbe, tv. chugalug.

k’ubih, onom. swallowing or sloshing sound.

k’ubilan, tv. slosh back and forth.

k’ubk’on, av. gulping, sloshing /sound of liquid in stomach, demijohn or bottle/.

k’ublahet, av. gulping (plu), slurping (EKL258: 1-3) (plu), sloshing /liquid in jugs/, slapping /sound of waves/.

k’úblih, av. gulping suddenly, guzzling /shot of liquor/.

k’oc prob P or P(2).

k’učahtik, aj. cf. k’učul /plu/, short (horns).

k’učel, aj. short (woman’s hair, woolen tunic, pig’s or rabbit’s tail), bobbed (dog’s tail).

k’učet, av. walking with short (hair, woolen tunic, tail).

k’učk’on, av. wagging (bobbed tail).

k’učk’uč, aj. short(woman’s hair, woolen tunic, pig’s or rabbit’s tail), bobbed (dog’s tail).

k’učleh, n5. shortness /woman’s hair, woolen tunic, pig’s or rabbit’s tail/, bobbed /dog’s tail/.

k’účtek’účte, av. walking about with short (hair, woolen tunic, tail).

k’učul, aj. short (woman’s hair, woolen tunic, pig’s or rabbit’s tail), bobbed (dog’s tail).

k’učulik, aj. cf. k’učul /plu/, short (horns).

k’uh P.

k’uhahtik, aj. bent (knees), short (tunics).

k’uhan, tv. draw up /knees/.

k’úhank’úhan, tv. draw up one /leg/ after another.

k’úhank’úhanan, tv. cf. k’úhank’úhan.

k’uhav, n4f. knee.

k’uhet, av. short (skirt, shirt, tunic).

k’uhetik, av. cf. k’uhet (plu).

k’uhk’on čak, vphr(av & n4d). hopping (rabbit).

k’uhk’uh, aj. short (tail, tunic, skirt, shirt).

k’uhlahet, av. cf. k’uhet (plu), kicking (foetus in uterus).

k’uhlahetik, av. cf. k’uhk’on (plu)

k’úhlih, av. kicking suddenly (foetus).

k’úhtek’úhte čak, vphr(av & n4d). hopping about (rabbit), walking about (short-tailed dog).

k’uhul, aj. bent (leg).

k’uhulik, aj. cf. kuhul /plu/.

k’uk’ N.

k’uk’ toh, cf. toh.

k’uk’ul čon, agn(nphr/x type n/1 d). each of two lesser players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who were the stewards-royal of the previous year. Literally “feathered serpents”, they are thought to represent the raven that brought corn to man after the flood and taught him how to plant it and eat it.

k’uk’umal, n1f. feather.

k’uk’umal, n4d. Male joking speech; pubic hair.

k’uk’umal čilil, nphr(n type n)3d. feathered wedding huipil, worn by brides and by the grand and petty Spanish ladies of the fiesta of St. Sebastian.

k’uk’umal hoi, nphr(n4f of n4d). crest.

k’uk’umal pišalal, nphr(n type n)5. hat decorated with peacock feather /worn by incoming and outgoing ensign-bearers/.

k’ul(1) X.

k’ulebal, n3d. cave, cliff /Čobtik/.

Ritual speech, prayer, referring to home; yo hna, yo hk’uleb. my humble home, my humble treasury.

k’ulehah, tv. become wealthy.

k’ulehal, n1d. wealth.

k’ulehan, tv. become wealthy.

k’ulehanvan, iv. make person become wealthy.

k’ulehes, tv. make wealthy.

k’ulehesan, tv. make wealthy /plu/ (drunk who loses clothing).

k’ulehesanan, tv. cf. k’ulehesan.

k’ulehesvan, iv. make person become wealthy.

k’ulebib, iv. become wealthy /infr/.

k’ulehibtas, tv. make wealthy /infr/.

hk’uleh, agn. wealthy person.

hk’ulehesvaneh, agn. person or object that makes person wealthy.

k’ul(2) X.

k’ul, nc. large group (people, horses, sheep) /infr/.

k’ul(3) prob O.

k’ulet, av. thundering (thunder, hoofbeats of many horses V4: 2, foot-beats of people), rumbling (stomach).

k’uletik, av. cf. k’ulet (plu).

k’últek’últe, av. thundering along (hoofbeats of many horses).

k’ululet, av. thundering (hoofbeats of many horses), rumbling (stomach when suffering from gas).

k’ulnb N.

k’ulub, n1e. locust. Locusts are not considered edible. They may be sent as a punishment by San Salvador.

mi k’ulubot tol šave kere. Are you a locust, eating so much?

k’un A.

k’un, aj. quiet, quietly, slow, slowly, weak, soft.

k’unanik. Take your time.

ta k’un to. later (or) afterwards.

k’un-bein, iv(aj & ivcpd). travel slowly.

mi šana1) slahesel. tey nan t šk’un-bein yalel. Do you eat this? Maybe it will travel down slowly.

k’un-¢a¢ubtas ba, rv(tv/aj & tvepd/ & rpn). regain gradual control over oneself.

k’un-¢’ep’un, tv(aj & tvepd). tip slowly /demijohn/.

k’un-¢’ep’un ba, rv. lift one buttock slowly while sitting (person farting).

k’un-čavčon, av(aj & avcpd). stepping gingerly.

k’un-hobel, n(aj & ncpd). ‘soft grass’, muhly Muhlenbergia tenella, #2608(21, 22), #2813(7, 11). Lowland “plant” (7)-It is eaten by mules. Aegopogon cenchroides, #2450(20). Highland “plant” It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle. Arthraxon quarlinianus, #2778(7). Temperate “plant”.

k’un-hobeltik, n5. field of k’un-hobel.

sakil k’un-hobel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). muhly Muhlenbergia tenella, #2608(15). Lowland “plant”.

yašal k’un-hobel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). muhly Muhlenbergia tenella, #2608(20). Lowland “plant”.

k’un-k’inubal, n(aj & ncpd)5. drizzle.

k’un-nopleta, tv(aj & tvcpd). approach slowly.

k’un-noplita, tv(aj & tvcpd). cf. k’un-nopleta.

k’un-pu¢an, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). fresh (bread).

k’un-sik, nphr(aj & ncpd)1e. chill.

k’un-šovov yalel, vphr(av/aj & avcpd/ & dr). tottering (horse), sinking down (woman offering little resistance to man).

k’un-valk’un, tv(aj & tvcpd). turn up slowly /skirt/ (man, woman).

k’un-vatet, av(aj & avcpd). rolling slowly (truck, boulder, stump).

k’un-večet, av(aj & avcpd). walking feebly.

k’un-véčtevéčte, av(aj & avcpd). walking about feebly.

k’un-večvon, av(aj & avcpd). walking feebly.

k’un-velet, av(aj & avcpd). walking feebly.

k’un-vellah, av(aj & avcpd). cf. k’un-velet (plu).

k’un-véltevélte, av(aj & avcpd). walking about feebly.

k’un-velvon, av(aj & avcpd). walking feebly.

k’un-vo¢et, av(aj & avcpd). walking slowly bundled up in clothes, getting up slowly /from bed/.

k’un-vo¢von, av(aj & avcpd). walking slowly bundled up in clothes.

k’un-yaman, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). soft (hair), lukewarm.

k’unib, iv. become soft, weak, tame or obedient.

k’unibtas, tv. soften /leather/.

t šak’unibtas tana li nukul liʔe. lit., You will soften the hide now, i.e..

You will get a whipping.

k’unibtasob, n1f. tallow, wax or salt water used to soften leather.

k’unibtasobil, n1f. cf. k’unibtasob.

k’unibtasvan, iv. weaken person.

k’unil, aj. quiet, quietly, slow, slowly, weak, soft.

k’unil, n4d. abdomen.

k’unil ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ‘soft-leaved tree’, Desmanthodium caudatum, #2156(1). Temperate “tree”.

k’unil ʔok teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ‘soft-trunked tree’, Lopezia langmaniae, #2101(7). Temperate “tree”. Euphorbia pulcherrima, #2846(7). Lowland “tree”.

k’unil ʔot, nphr(aj & n)4a. tortilla /not toasted/.

k’unil čikinil, nphr(n1f of n4d). ear lobe.

k’unil č’util, nphr(n1f of n3d). abdomen.

k’unil teʔ, nphr(aj & n). ‘soft tree’, Lopezia langmaniae, #2101(11). Temperate “tree”

k’unil tok’oy, cf. tok’oy.

k’unil vah, nphr(aj & n)1a. tortilla /not toasted/.

k’unk’un, aj. little by little, gradually, slowly.

k’unk’untik, aj. very gradually.

hk’unibtasvaneh, agn. tobacco, cane liquor, or nymphomaniac that weakens person.

šk’un, cf. čenek’.

šk’un č’um, cf. c’um.

šk’un-pat č’um, cf. c’um.

k’unuk’ N.

šk’unuk’, n1e. reddish lowland insect which eats inside of corncob.

k’up prob A. or N.

k’upih ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d). long for.

k’upil, n1a. desired object or person.

k’upin, tv. enjoy, be pleased by, be tantalized by.

isk’upin spat sšokon. lit., He enjoyed his back, his side, i.e., He was well dressed.

tol sk’upin pus li povree. lit., The poor guy enjoys a sweat bath, i.e..

The poor guy keeps being jailed.

k’upinan, tv. enjoy or try out many desired objects or girls.

k’upinvan, iv. desire someone (person, dog happy to see master back).

hk’upinvaneh, agn. girl who desires men, affectionate dog.

k’us

k’us, red-billed pigeon. cf. k’uš(3).

k’uš(1) N.

k’uš, n4f. wedge /hoe, axe/, fipple /flute/.

k’uši, tv. slip wedge under /table leg/.

k’ušiob, n1f. wedge, stake to keep door shut.

k’ušiobil, nlf. cf. k’ušiob.

k’uš(2) T.

k’uš, tv. crunch, gnaw /bones/, eat /nuts, peanuts, toasted tortillas, green chili, corn on the cob, seeds, sugarcane/.

k’uš ba, rv. rot (unwashed clothing).

k’uš ba ʔe, vphr(rv & n4d). bare teeth (dying animal).

k’ušan, tv. eat /nuts, etc./.

k’ušanan, tv. cf. k’ušan.

k’úšank’úšan, tv. gnaw one after another /dogs gnawing leashes/.

k’úšank’úšanan, tv. cf. k’úšank’úšan.

k’ušbol, n1f. human believed to be sacrificed for the construction of bridges or electric plants, yeast for making cane liquor.

k’ušbol makina, nphr(n type n)5. machine believed used to render people into grease.

k’ušel, nc. eating /corn on the cob, etc./.

k’ušet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). lit. gnashing teeth, i.e., penny-pinching.

k’ušilan, tv. keep eating or gnawing /bones, etc./.

k’ušilanan, tv. cf. k’ušilan.

k’ušk’on, av. crunching, chewing /dry weeds/ (horse in dry season).

šk’ušk’on ta yot. lit., He is crunching his tortillas, i.e., He has nothing to eat.

k’ušlahet, av. cf. k’ušk’on (plu).

k’ušlahetik, av. cf. k’ušk’on (plu).

k’ušob, n1f. feed container for mule.

k’ušobil, n1f. Joking speech; teeth, cf. k’ušob.

k’úštek’úšte ʔte, vphr(av & n4d). lit., walking about gnashing teeth; i.e., penny-pinching.

k’ušvan, iv. lit., crunch person, i.e., badger person /repeatedly coming to borrow money or corn, or to ask favors/, give sickness to person (witch).

t štiʔvan t šk’ušvan li kriščanoetike. The people eat people, crunch people.

t štiʔvan t šk’ušvan hʔak-čamel. Witches eat people, crunch people.

hk’uš-ʔak’al, agn(tv & ncpd). charcoal-cruncher /mythical figures who, in former times, disattached their heads from their bodies at night and ate charcoal at the fireside/.

hk’uš-bak, agn(tv & ncpd). bone-eater (dog).

k’uš(3) A.

k’uš, n5. Ritual speech, prayer; person in pain.

li hun ʔipe li hun k’uše. the sick one, the pained one.

k’uš, aj. painful.

k’uš ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv). feel pain, hurt, pity.

k’uš ʔoʔonil, nphr(aj & n3d). stomachache, pain in chest.

k’uš ¢ukut, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. k’uš ¢ukutin.

k’uš ¢ukut mut, nphr(nphr/aj & n5/ type n)5. cf. k’uš ¢ukutin.

k’uš ¢ukutin, nphr(aj & n)5. red-billed pigeon Columba fasciata. cf. k’us ¢ukut, k’us ¢ukut mut, k’uš ¢ukut mut. It is believed that a man once feigned a bellyache so he could stay home. When his wife returned she found him in bed with her sister. The lovers were transformed into red-billed pigeons and so made their escape. It is also believed to have been a child who complained of a stomachache because no one gave it water. It is hunted for food. It is “hot”.

k’uš hoi, nphr(aj & n)5. ‘headache’, lesser roadrunner Geococcyx velox. cf. k’aʔ-čih mut. It is believed that once a lazy man, ʔAntun in, complaining of a headache, was transformed into a roadrunner. If a roadrunner crosses one’s path an accident may occur or laziness may set in. If a boy buries a roadrunner’s head in a yard in the area where a girl goes to the bathroom, it is believed that the grass there will grow abundantly and then turn brown signalling to the girl that he is her true love.

k’uš holol, nphr(aj & n)5. headache.

k’uš kumum, nphr(aj & n)1e. white-tipped dove Leptotila verreauxi. It is hunted for food. It is “medium” or “hot”

k’uš k’abil, nphr(aj & n)5. painful urination.

k’uš-pevul, n(aj & ncpd)5. ‘painful pevul’, spiney nightshade Solarium hispidum, # 87(2, 4, 5), #1871(1, 16), # 2536(1, 4, 22). Highland “tree”. As a remedy for urinary pain, three leaves are brewed. The tea is drunk before breakfast for three days. It is “hot”. To cure pack sores, twelve leaves are brewed, dried, and ground into powder. The sores are washed and the powder is applied two, three or four times. It is “hot”, shrub nightshade Solatium millense, #1527(1, 3, 11, 12). Highland “tree” #2536(1, 4, 22). Temperate “tree”, shrub nightshade Solatium hernandezii, #208(1, 2, 3, 5, 8). Lowland “tree”. Lippia chiapensis, #B9485(5, 5a). Highland “tree”

k’uš-pevultik, n(aj & ncpd)5. expanse of k’uš-pevul.

muk’ta k’uš-pevul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). spiney nightshade Solatium hispidum, #1689(7, 14). Temperate “tree”.

sakil k’uš-pevul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). spiney nightshade Solatium hispidum, #B9488(5, 5a), #2220(19). Highland “tree”. (19)-As a remedy for toothache, a bit of the fruit is crushed in one’s hand and applied on the molar. It is “hot”

k’uš ta ʔoʔon, vphr(aj & prep & n4d). feel badly about, grieve for, resent, be offended by.

k’uš ta yoʔon ti t špak’taat ta ʔelek’e. He resented being falsely accused of stealing.

k’uš ta yoʔon ti sč’amal ičame. He grieved for his child who had died.

k’uš ta rioš, vphr(aj & prep & n5). be deeply hurt, resent deeply, be extremely upset.

k’uš ta rioš li šʔelan t spase tol smukul-čon ʔišim li ʔan¢e. He was extremely upset over what she was doing; the woman was selling (their) corn in secret.

k’uš ta rioš ti yeč t šnopbat smule. He deeply resented being falsely accused.

k’ušben čon, nphr(x type n)5. toothache, cavity.

k’ušk’on č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). with frequent stomach cramps.

k’ušk’uštik, aj. slightly painful.

k’ušub, iv. hurt, begin to hurt.

k’ušubah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). pity, have sympathy, be compassionate, treat well.

mu šk’ušubah yoʔon mi ʔip sčiʔile. He has no sympathy when his sibling is sick.

k’ušubah ta ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). pity, have sympathy, be compassionate, treat well.

t šk’ušubah ta yoʔon ta sčonbe hu-huntik te yišim. He is compassionate; he sells his com to everyone there.

k’ušubin, tv. treat well, take care of, pity.

mu sk’ušubin k’usuk yuʔun. He doesn’t take care of his things.

mu sk’ušubin yahnil tol smah. He doesn’t treat his wife well; he beats her so much.

k’ušubinel, n1d. favor.

haʔ ti bu sta k’ušubinel leʔe. lit., whenever he has a favor done him, i.e., sometime he will get his just deserts /a beating/.

k’ušubinvan, iv. do someone a favor, treat person well.

k’ušubtasbe hol, vphrftv & n4d). annoy, give person a headache /sick person/.

tol sk’ušubtasbe shol hčamel tol t štahinik. They give the sick person a headache by playing too much.

k’ušul, n4f. pain.

hk’uš-pahayom, agn(aj & ncpd)5. procrastinator.

hk’ušubinvaneh, agn. beneficient or philanthropic person.

k’us ¢ukut mut, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. cf. k’uš ¢ukutin.

k’nšk’ul N.

k’ušk’ul, n1d. gleanings.

k’ušk’ulah, iv. glean /corn, beans, squash/.

k’ušk’ulan, tv. glean /corn, beans, squash/.

k’ušk’ulta, tv(aj & ncpd). have illegitimate child (woman).

hk’ušk’ul, agn. gleaner.

k’ut T.

k’ut, tv. twist into small sections /greens so they will fit into pot/, shell /corn/.

k’ut, iv. unravel.

ik’ut ssat ta k’ak’al. It unraveled in the heat.

k’ut, nc. bent section /greens/ /infr/.

k’ut ba, rv. twist and tum /to break loose/.

k’utan, tv. shell /ears/.

k’útank’útan, tv. shell one /ear/ after another.

k’útank’útanan, tv. cf. k’útank’útan.

k’utbe, tv. twist /chicken’s neck/.

k’utbe ba k’obik, vphr(rv & n4d). twist each other’s arms.

k’utel, nc. twisting into sections /greens/.

k’utet, av. feeling hunger pangs.

k’utilan, tv. keep twisting into small sections /greens/, twist /person’s arm/.

k’utilan ba, rv. keep twisting and turning /wrestling /, keep twirling /dancing/.

k’utilanan baik, rv. keep twisting and turning /plu/ /wrestling/, keep twirling /plu/ /dancing/.

k’utk’on, av. wagging (bobbed tail).

k’utk’on čak, vphr(av & n4d). wagging hips.

k’utlahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. k’utk’on čak (plu).

k’utp’ih, iv. unravel.

k’utp’in, tv. steer around bends /car/, bend /tree/.

k’utp’in ba, rv. twist and turn /to break loose/, swivel /in seat to let person by/.

k’úttek’útte čak, vphr(av & n4d). wagging hips about.

k’ututet, av. feeling severe hunger pangs.

k’uy P or P(2).

k’uy, nc. In reference to: burrow of edible wasps.

k’uyan ba, rv. form clumps (people in crowd).

k’uyk’uy, nc. single wasp burrow /I only/.

k’uyul, aj. crowded (market), with many wasp grubs.

L

l

1, the. cf. li.

la(1) Pt.

la, pt. Particle used primarily in narrative speech - e.g., gossip, folk tales, dreams - indicating object or action not directly perceived, or information for whose veracity the speaker assumes no responsiblity; they say.

ʔa ti vóʔnee ʔo la hun vinik … Once there was a man …. hiʔ la.’ Yes, so they say.

la(2) ’ N.

la, n1e. bush nettle Wigandia kunthii, #B9493(5, 5a). Highland “tree” tread softly Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, #1608(11, 12). Temperate “tree”. #2634(22). Lowland “plant”

latik, n5. expanse of la.

ba¢’i la, nphr(aj & n). nettle Urtica urens, #359(3, 4). Highland “plant”. It grows in yards and along fences. As a remedy for “wind”, a small handful is used to beat the affected part so that the “wind” will depart with the blood that is shed. It is “hot”. tread softly Cnidoscolus aff. aconitifolius, #171(2, 3). Lowland “tree”

čon la, nphr(n type n). ‘snake/a’, bush nettle Wigandia kunthii, #462(5). Lowland “tree” It is said that bush nettle was a snake with a mortal bite, so Our Lord transformed it into a plant. tread softly Cnidoscolus aff. aconitifolius, #171(5). Lowland “tree”

kilahtik la, nphr(aj & n). ‘long la’, Gronovia urens, # 1687(11, 12). Lowland “plant” It grows in corn fields.

kilkil la, nphr(aj & n). ‘long la’ nettle Urtica urens, #359(1, 2). Highland “plant”. For use, see bae’i la.

k’an-ʔič la, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). bush nettle Wigandia kunthii, #2974(16). Temperate “tree”.

k’oš la, nphr(aj & n). Gronovia scandens, # 1687(14). Lowland “plant”. It grows in corn fields.

muk’ta la, nphr(aj & n). bush nettle Wigandia kunlhii, #2974(1). Temperate “tree” As a remedy for “wind”, three or four leaves are used to beat the affected part. They are “hot”, tread softly Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, #2634(15, 20, 21). Lowland “plant”.

muk’tik la, nphr(aj & n). tread softly Cnidoscolus aff. aconitifolius, #171(4). Lowland “tree”, bush nettle Wigandia kunlhii, #462(3). Highland “tree”

sakil la, nphr(aj & n). tread softly Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, #815(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland and temperate “plant” #1608(1, 3). Temperate “tree” #2634(1, 3). Lowland “plant” (1)-Three leaves are adhered softly to the affected part. They are “hot”.

šelahtik la, nphr(aj & n). ’runcinate la’, see below.

k’oš šelahtik la, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Gronovia scandens, #1687(1, 4). Lowland “plant”. It grows in corn fields.

teʔ la, nphr(n type n). ’tree la’, Saurauia scabrida, # 1090(1, 3). Lowland and temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for firewood. #1243(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “tree”. Saurauia oreophila, #1511(1, 3). Lowland, temperate and highland “tree”.

la kaʔ, nphr(n of n). ’horse la’, bush nettle Wigandia kunthii, #462(1, 2).

Highland “tree” tread softly Cnidoscolus aff. aconitifolius, #171(1). Lowland “tree”.

la(3) X.

laet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv). feeling better, feeling less pain, feeling more comfortable, feeling refreshed, feeling warmed up, feeling well-fed /after being hungry/.

šlaet ša t saʔi ti ʔale vokole. He feels better now that he has had a curing ceremony.

laetik, av. feeling slightly better.

la(4) prob N.

la, n5. term of address between spouses when toasting; spouse. kič’ban la, ʔič’o la. I drink first, wife. Take it, husband.

la(5)

la, singing loudly, cf. la?(3).

laʔ(1) I.

laʔ, impv. come! cf. čab(2), tal.

Response of adult to child or to much younger person who approaches and bows respectfully; laʔ čabot. meaning unclear, perhaps, Come! You are in my care.

laʔ(2) P, P(2).

laʔ, tv. bend /metal, wood/. Male joking speech; bend /penis/ (woman).

laʔ ba, rv. arch (snake). Male joking speech; lit., bend one’s self, i.e., have sexual intercourse (man).

laʔ-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. Male joking speech; intercourse.

laʔaʔet, av. bouncing up and down repeatedly (branch, tree or beam under weight).

laʔahtik, aj. bent over (slender trees).

laʔal, aj. with dip (roof, road), bowed over (slender tree). la?an, tv. make into arch /floral arch, frame of straw bull/, sag /back/ (balky mule being packed), bend down /coffee branch, trees in live fence/.

laʔanan, tv. bend down /branches/.

láʔanláʔan, tv. bend down one after another /branches of coffee trees/.

láʔanláʔanan, tv. cf. láʔanláʔan.

laʔbe pat, vphr(tv // n). sag /back/ (balky mule being packed).

laʔel, nc. bending /hoe handle/.

laʔi, iv. sag, bend /infreq/, cf. laʔp’uh.

laʔlaʔ, aj. with dip (road), sagging (roof), bowed over (slender tree).

laʔlahet, av. swaying back and forth (trees in wind).

laʔleh, n4f. dip /in ground/, sagging /roof/, bend /branch/.

laʔlon, av. bouncing slowly up and down (branch under weight, corpse carried on stretcher), bending back and forth, flexible (switch, rubber), jouncing (bridge).

láʔluh, av. bending down suddenly giving way suddenly in middle (tree, beam or back under weight).

laʔobil, n4f. fork of tree used to secure object for bending or straightening. Male joking speech; vagina.

laʔp’uh, iv. sag, bend (beam or wire under weight).

laʔp’un, tv. twist /leg/, make into arch /floral decoration, frame of straw bull/.

laʔp’un ba, rv. sag (mule), lean over backwards.

laʔp’unobil, n4f. fork of tree used to secure object for bending or straightening.

laʔp’unvan, iv. make person bend over backwards (child).

laʔulan, tv. bend back and forth /hat brim to test if properly stiff/.

laʔulan ba, rv. Male speech; lit., keep bending oneself i.e., have repeated sexual intercourse.

laʔulanan, tv. bend back & forth /hat brims to test if properly stiff/.

laʔ(3) prob O.

laʔet, av. singing loudly (drunkards).

laʔetah, iv. sing loudly.

laʔetik, av. cf. lafet (plu).

lalon, av. singing loudly (children).

laʔlaʔ A.

laʔlaʔ, aj. constant, cf. labal.

Use limited to following; laʔlaʔ mah-bail. constant fighting.

laʔlaʔ “nit-bail, constant quarreling.

laʔlaʔ saʔsaʔ k’op. constant quarreling.

lab N.

lab-k’el, tv(n & tvcpd). visit briefly, take a quick look at.

lab-k’elvan, iv(n & ivcpd). take a quick look at person.

lab-sati, tv(n & tvcpd). take a quick look at /corn field, person/.

lab-sativan, iv(n & ivcpd). take a quick look at person.

labah, iv. mock, criticize, watch hostilely or critically.

laban, tv. mock, watch hostilely, look at critically, criticize, ridicule.

laban ba, rv. mock or criticize self, labanan, tv. watch many things hostilely.

labaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mocking one another, mutual criticism.

lábanlában, tv. watch one after another hostilely.

labanvan, iv. mock or criticize person, watch person hostilely or critically.

labta, tv. bewitch, shorten one’s life span (cricket, owl, etc.). d.pay čamel.

labta ba, rv. feel sense of well-being, but with death imminent.

labtaan, tv. bewitch /flowers, cultivated plants by looking at them/.

labtabe, tv. bewitch.

mu slabtabe komel ?un. lit., He left no bewitchment behind, i.e., He passed by quickly, without looking.

labtavan, iv. shorten person’s life span (cricket, owl, etc.).

hlabanvaneh, agn. mocker, critical person.

hlabtavaneh, agn. animal that shortens person’s life span /cricket that sings in one’s house, owl that calls or coyote that barks near one’s house, roadrunner or weasel that crosses one’s path/.

labal A.

labal, aj. all, constant, completely, nothing but, nothing at all. cf. labial.

slabal ʔasalunatak. All the hoes are his.

labal iyič” ta h-mek. He was completely penniless.

naka labal č’ištik. nothing but brambles.

labal ikič” ta h-mek. I have seen nothing at all like it!

labal______, iv(aj & ivcpd). only_____, do nothing but_____. ilabal-ve¢. He did nothing but eat.

labal______ ba, rv(aj & rvcpd) keep______, ______constantly.

slabal-ʔut sba. They keep scolding each other.

slabal-mah sba. They keep hitting each other.

slabal-tiʔ sba. They keep pecking (or) biting each other (chickens, turkeys, horses, pigs).

slabal-tik’ sba. He keeps interfering.

slabal-bu¢’ sbaik. They keep kissing each other.

slabal-¢e¢ulan sbaik. They keep pulling at each other (drunks dragging each other around).

slabal-kob sbaik. They are constantly mating (dogs, horses).

slabal-mey sbaik. They keep embracing each other.

slabal-nitulan sbaik. They keep tugging at each other.

labal tiʔ-bail, vn(aj & tv & rpncpd)5. constant pecking or biting each other.

labal tik’-bai] ta ______, nphr: vn/aj & tv & rpncpd/5 & prep & n5). constant______.

labal tik’-bail ta čukel. constantly causing each other to be jailed.

labal tik’-bail ta k’ok’. lit., constantly sticking each other in the fire, i.e., constantly involving each other in trouble.

labal tik’-bail ta k’op. constant interference.

labal tik’-bail ta satil. constant mutual accusation.

labal tik’-bail ta vor constantly pushing each other in the water.

la¢ P, P(2).

la¢, tv. stack /boards, firewood, bottles on side, burdens, bricks, tiles, tortillas/, grind a third time /corn/, pile up in tiers /pots/, cf. lo¢.

la¢, aj. flat-kernelled.

la¢, nc. stack /tortillas, boards, bricks/.

la¢ ba, rv. coil (snake), pile in (people in truck or house).

la¢-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. crowding.

la¢ botil, cf. čenek’.

la¢-teʔ mok, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. plank fence /used for cattle corral/.

la¢a¢, av. lining up (people coming to receive corn gruel).

la¢ahtik, aj. cf. laeal /plu/.

la¢akil, n4f. in many stacks.

la¢al, aj. stacked, coiled (snake), lined up close together (beans in pods of kantela čenek’ or scarlet runner bean), piled up (corpses in communal grave) /during famine/.

la¢alik, aj. cf. la¢al /plu/.

lá¢allá¢al, n4f. each of many stacks.

lá¢an, tv. stack.

la¢an ba, rv. coil (snake).

lá¢anan, tv. set in stacks.

lá¢anláean, tv. make one stack after another.

laeanlaeanan, tv. cf. lá¢anlá¢an.

la;¢anob, n1f. place where objects are stacked.

la¢anobíl, n1f. cf. la¢anob.

la¢benal, n4f. stack.

Sarcastic request for a drink of posol; mu h-set’uk slaebenal avišim. It isn’t a little stack of com you have!

la¢bil teʔ mok, nphr(nphr/aj & n5/ type n)5. plank fence /used for cattle corral/.

la¢ebal, n5. moment before finishing the stacking of objects.

la¢el, nc. restacking.

la¢et, av. walking in a row, climbing up hill (mules), stacked.

lek šla¢et šbat. They are stacked one on top of the other (boards in house construction).

la¢etik, av. walking in a row.

la¢i, iv. be in a stack.

la¢la¢, nc. single stack /flat objects/ /1 only/.

la¢lae, aj. stacked.

la¢lahet, av. piling one whiplash on top of another, lowering in banks (clouds of drizzle in northeaster).

la¢leh, n4f. stack.

la¢lon, av. lowering in banks (northeast clouds of drizzle).

lá¢uh, av. being whipped suddenly.

la¢omah, iv. grind a third time /corn/.

lá¢telá¢te, av. bringing out one stack after another /tortillas for banquet/.

la¢ulan, tv. keep stacking.

hla¢-ʔišim, agn(tv & ncpd). woman who grinds corn.

hla¢om, agn. woman who grinds corn third time.

la¢’ P(2).

la¢, tv. pinch /finger/, pick up between the knees /child/, pick up with two sticks /snake/, hold under arm, carry /short sticks interspersed with long sticks/, pin /hand, foot/ (rock, tree).

la¢’ n1d. Male joking speech; vagina.

la¢’ ba, rv. be stuck in or between, be pinned beneath, intertwine legs.

la¢’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. with legs intertwined.

la¢’ahtik, aj. stuck in between (stolen com ears hidden in bundles of firewood).

la¢’al, aj. stuck, narrow (ravine).

la¢’alik, aj. cf. lae’ahtik.

la¢’an eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). carry /short sticks interspersed with long sticks/.

la¢’anan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. la¢’an eč’el.

lá¢’anlá¢’an eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). carry one after another /short sticks interspersed with long sticks/.

lá¢’an lá¢’anan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. lá¢’anlá¢’an eč’el.

la¢’et, av. walking with staff of office under arm (shaman, religious or civil official).

la¢’i ta teʔ, vphr(iv & prep & n5). be stuck in branches (tree).

la¢’la¢’, aj. narrow (ravine, cave), hemmed in (path between cliffs).

la¢’leh, n4f. narrowness /cave/.

lá¢’luh, av. closing legs together suddenly (woman).

lá¢’telá¢’te baston, vphr(av & n1d). walking about with staff of office under arm.

lá¢’telá¢’te biš, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with shaman’s staff under arm.

lá¢’telá¢’te čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about swaying hips.

la¢’ulan ba, rv. sway hips (provocative girl).

la¢’ulan čak, vphr(tv / / n). sway hips.

la¢’van, iv. cause a person to be stuck in or between or be pinned beneath.

hla¢’vaneh, agn. person who causes another to be pinned beneath, stuck in, or between.

lač P.

lačahtik, aj. cf. lačal /plu/.

lačal, aj. standing up (ears of dog, cat, horse or rabbit, horns).

lačalik, aj. cf. laeal /plu/.

lačan, tv. prick up /ears/.

lačel, aj. standing up (ears of dog, horse, or rabbit).

lačet, av. pricking up (ears).

lačlač, aj. standing up (ears of dog, horse or rabbit).

lačlon, av. walking and pricking up (ears).

láčteláčte čikin, vphr(av & n4d). running about with pricked up ears (dog chasing its quarry).

lagarto N(Sp, lagarto). lagarto, n1a. crocodile Crocodilus americanus. The thick part of the crocodile’s tail is considered edible, var., lakarto.

lagrto N(Sp, ladrillo).

lagrto, n1a. brick, var., latrio.

lab(1) I.

lah, iv. finish, end, die, wear out, be used up, get hurt. Ritual speech; end. cf. sikub.

mu slah ta tek’el li ʔuk’ume. lit., One never finishes walking across the river, i.e. The river is too wide to ford.

ilah ša korišma. The dry season has ended.

lah čamuk. It finished dying (or) It died for good.

ʔepal tak’in ilah ʔo yuʔun. lit., A lot of money was used up because of it, i.e., It cost a lot of money.

Complementary verb denoting completed action; k’ep lahuk i voʔe. The rain has passed.

lah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be placated, reconciled, or appeased, forgive, do one’s best, do everything in one’s power.

lah koʔon ihlahesbe yoʔon pero muk’ šlah. I did my best to appease him, but he did not forgive me for it.

ilah yoʔon isk’an ta kavilto. He did everything in his power; he asked at the town hall.

lah yoʔon li yahnile k’u ti muk’ smahohe ta h-p’el noš k’op. His wife was reconciled since he hadn’t struck her over just a trivial affair.

lah meša, vphr(iv & n5). end formal meal.

lah ta so¢’, vphr(iv & prep & n5). be bitten by bat (white sapote, animal).

Male joking speech; lahem ta soe”. lit., She was bitten by a bat, i.e., She was deflowered.

laheb, n5. Ritual speech, prayer referring to death; end.

laheb tup’eb. the end, the extinction.

laheb habil, nphr(n4f of n5). year renewal ceremony /the third of three ceremonies/.

laheb k’ak’al veʔel, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ of n5). Last Day of the Meal /fourth day of the fiesta of St. Sebastian, Jan. 22/.

lahebal, n3b. ghost, afterworld, moment when action is about to end. lahebal kabteltik. Our work is almost finished.

slaheb. his death.

slaheb______. the last______.

Ritual speech, prayer referring to death; lahebal tup’ebal. the end, the extinction.

lahel, vnla. end, death.

slahelal balamil. the ends of the earth.

slahel ʔol k’ak’al. shortly after noon.

lahel¢a, tv. make sure.

lahel¢a, pt. then, finally, in the end, it turned out.

lahel¢a mu k’u ssar In the end it was in vain.

lahel¢a li slekome bat ta yan. In the end his fiancíe went off with another.

lahel¢a-k’el, tv(tv & tvcpd). look to make sure.

lahes, tv. finish, eat up, eat.

yeč slahes vah ta balamil. lit., He just eats up tortillas on this earth, i.e., He is a good-for-nothing.

Male joking speech; yeč slahes mis ta balamil. lit., He just eats cunts on this earth, i.e., He is a good-for-nothing.

lahes ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n). make certain.

lahes ba, rv. promise to reform, recant.

islahes sba k’al ta nup-kantela ti mi ʔo yok’itaoh kahvaltik ta stohol sčiʔile ʔo mi ta smalale. She would recant at the adoration of the candles if she had cried out to Our Lord against her sibling or her husband.

lahes k’op, vphr(tv & n5). ask forgiveness, settle a dispute.

ba slahes k’op ti mi isč’ak yahnile. If his wife separated from him he would go settle the dispute.

lahes mul, vphr(tv / / n). ask forgiveness, apologize, atone.

ta lek ta slahes smul ta stot ti mi yakube. He apologizes properly to his father when he gets drunk.

lahesan, tv. eat a lot.

lahesbe_______. vphr(tv & vn4f). finish_______.

ta hlahesbe stiʔel. I will finish eating it.

lahesbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). appease, reconcile, placate, beg pardon, apologize.

islahesbe yoʔon balamil. lit., He placated the earth, i.e.. He held a ceremony for the earth lord after there had been much sickness in his home.

islahesbe yoʔon yahnil ti mi yute. He would apologize to his wife if he had scolded her.

lahesbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). apologize for, help another make amends.

ʔay slahesbe smul sc’amal ta sna sniʔ-mol. He went to apologize for his son at the house of his (son’s) father-in-law.

Iaheseh-ʔoʔonil, vn(tv & ncpd)5. request for forgiveness.

laheseh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual reconciliation.

laheseh-k’op, vn(tv & ncpd)5. request for forgiveness, settlement of dispute.

laheseh-mulil, vn(tv & ncpd)5. request for forgiveness, atonement.

lahesob, n1f. liquor or ceremony given when begging forgiveness.

lahesobil, n1f. cf. lahesob.

lahesvan, iv. consume person’s financial resources.

lahet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv). feeling better, feeling less pain, feeling more comfortable, feeling refreshed, feeling warmed up, feeling well-fed /after being hungry/.

šlahet ša t šaʔi mi yuč’ preskoe. He will feel refreshed if he has a soft drink.

šlahet t šaʔi li t sič’ ʔatimol li hčamele. The patient is refreshed by the bath.

lahlah, iv. finish or end quickly.

lahlahtik, iv. finish or end quickly.

láhteláhte, av. running out one after another (contents of containers).

lahulan, iv. keep running out (water supply).

hlahel, agn. Ritual speech; shaman referring to his patient; invalid, spuč’leb staʔleb ti yo hčamele ti yo hlahele. there where he lies, there where he lies face up, the lowly patient, the lowly invalid.

hlaheseh-ʔoʔonil, agn(vn & ncpd). person who asks forgiveness or settles argument on another’s behalf.

hlaheseh-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). person who asks forgiveness or settles argument on another’s behalf.

hlaheseh-mulil, agn(vn & ncpd). person who asks forgiveness or settles argument on another’s behalf.

hlahesvaneh, agn. article that consumes one’s resources.

lah(2) P(2).

lahah, av. bristling while moving (people’s uncovered heads).

lahahet, av. bristly, prickly sensation /caused by touching Cyclanthera bourgeana, chayote, wooly caterpillar, hair clippings/.

lahal, aj. bristling (heads of people in crowd).

lahan ba, rv. break out (measles).

lahbe, tv. strike with something prickly.

lah¢ah, iv. break out (measles).

lah¢an ba, rv. break out (measles).

lahel, nc. blow of prickly plant /to remove wind in limbs/.

lahi, iv. break out (measles).

lahlahet, av. stinging (nettles).

lahleh, n4f. protruding /thorns, mushrooms/.

lahlon, av. prickling (cactus, etc., in skin), striking with bush nettle.

láhluh, av. stinging or pricking suddenly (prickly plant).

lahun Num.

lahun______, n(num & nccpd)1e. ten.

lahuneb, n1e. ten.

lahuneb ʔoʔ-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). ninety.

lahuneb ʔoš-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). fifty.

lahuneb čaʔ-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). thirty.

lahuneb čan-vinik, vphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). seventy.

lahča______, n(num & ncpd)1e. twelve.

lahčeb. n1e. twelve.

lahlahun______, n(num & nccpd)5. by or in tens, every ten.

lahlahuneb ʔoʔ-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by nineties, every ninety /archaic/.

lahlahuneb ʔos-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by fifties. every fifty /archaic/.

lahlahuneb čaʔ-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by thirties, every thirty /archaic/.

lahlahuneb čan-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by seventies, every seventy /archaic/.

lak P.

lakahtik, aj. cf. lakal /plu/.

lakak eč’el, vphr(av & dr). yielding or trembling (mud or aquatic weeds underfoot).

lakaket, av. yielding or trembling (mud underfoot), pliant (soft egg shell), lakal, aj. boiling, boiled, sitting on fire cooking /by boiling/, cooked /by boiling/.

lakalik, aj. cf. lakal /plu/.

lakan, tv. place on fire, boil, cook /by boiling/.

lakanan, tv. place on fire, boil or cook /plu/.

lákanlákan, tv. boil or cook one after another.

lákanlákanan, tv. cf. lákanlákan.

lakanvan, iv. cook person American.

laket, av. boiling, cooking /by boiling/.

laki, iv. boil, cook /by boiling/.

laklahet, av. yielding or trembling (mud underfoot).

laklak, aj. yielding or trembling (mud).

lakleh, n1f. cooking.

naš slakleh. It has been cooking for a long time.

laklon, av. yielding or trembling (mud underfoot).

lákluh, av. yielding or trembling suddenly (mud or aquatic weeds underfoot).

láktelákte, av. sloshing about (sopping wet person).

hlakaneh______, agn(vn & ncpd). person cooking______.

hlakaneh-veʔlil. person cooking meal.

hlakaneh-čenek’. person cooking beans.

hlakanvaneh, agn. person who cooks another.

hlakleh, agn. pot used for boiling “flowers,” “flowers” to be boiled in curing ceremony.

lakarto

lakarto, crocodile, cf. lagarto.

laktor N(Sp, tractor).

laktor, n1a. tractor, road machine.

t šbat ta veʔel laktor. He is going to be food for tractors /said of person who takes long trip from home, or who seeks work far from home/.

lak’(1) X.

lak’-nain, iv(x & ncpd). become neighbor.

lak’in, iv. Ritual speech, address of bride’s ritual tutor to groom’s ritualtutor; accompany.

t šačiʔin t šalak’in ta hun šmal ta hun ssakub. You will join her, you will accompany her at dusk, at dawn.

lak’invan, iv. accompany person.

Ritual speech, petitioners to bride’s family; t ščpinvan t šlak’invan. She will join the person, she will accompany the person.

hlak’-na, agn(x & ncpd). neighbor.

lak’(2) X.

lak’ta, tv. replace distant fence posts.

čai-lak’ta, tv(num & tvcpd). twine /yarn, thread/.

lam P, T, T(2).

lam, tv. cover oneself, apply compress.

ta hlam hčih. I am going to cover myself with my blanket.

islam pukuk. lit., It covered the dust, i.e., rain that wets down dust.

lam, iv. be eased (pain), be mended (roof).

lam ba, rv. be gathered together in open space.

lambail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. gathering of many people in open space.

lam hol, vphr(tv & n4d). cover head (woman with shawl folded and placed on top of head, shaman with neckerchief draped loosely over head when praying, steward covering head similarly when counting chaplet coins).

lamahtik, aj. scattered (animals), floppy (ears).

lamal, aj. covered, eased, gathered together in open space, floppy (ears, hat).

mi lamal to sk’ušul. Is the pain still eased?

lamalik. aj. cf. lamahtik.

lamam, av. scattering or crowding about quickly (many animals or people).

lamamet, av. walking about (great many people or animals).

laman, tv. herd /sheep, horses/, place down flat /tortilla on griddle/.

laman ba, rv. gather widely in open space, break out (measles, pox, pimples).

lamanan, tv. place down flat /tortillas on griddle/.

lamanbe, tv. cover (measles).

lámanláman, tv. cover selves one after another.

lámanláman komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave untethered one after another /horses/ (drunk).

lámanlámanan komel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. lámanláman komel.

lamanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person behind.8

lambe, tv. cover /person/.

ta hlambe kaʔtik h-p’isuk. I guess I will take a drink /to chase one’shangover/.

ta hlambe bala. I will pepper him with shot.

islambe shobelal sna. He repaired the thatch on his house.

islambe mahel. He slugged him.

islambe pop ta ssat. He covered his face with a mat /murder victim/.

lek islambe voʔ. He was soaked /in rainstorm/.

lambenal šonobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). new sole /nailed on top of worn sandal sole/.

lam¢ah, iv. have pain or sexual appetite eased, give vent to anger (drunk), become tame.

lam¢an ba, rv. assuage sexual appetite, calm down.

lam¢an aba mi sak’an lekote. Calm down if you want to do the right thing.

lam¢an vinik, vphr(tv & n5). assuage man’s sexual appetite (woman).

lam¢anbe k’ušul, vphr(tv & n4f). ease one’s pain.

lam¢anvan, iv. assuage man’s sexual appetite (woman).

lamebal, n5. moment before dispute is settled or pain is assuaged.

lamel. nc. cover.

lames k’op, vphr(tv & n5). calm a dispute, ease a situation (magistrate, lawyer).

islames k’op ti mu t sk’an t smah sbaike. He eased the situation so that they would not want to hit each other.

lamesbe k’ušul, vphr(tv & n4f). ease pain.

lamet, av. walking about, flocking about (people or animals).

lametah, iv. flock.

lametik, av. cf. lamet (plu).

lami, iv. be seated or standing in open space (many persons or animals). be sitting flat (tortilla on griddle), break out (measles, pox, pimples).

lamk’uh, iv. become floppy (hat).

lamk’un, tv. make floppy /hat/.

lamlah, av. flopping (ears of dogs).

lamlahet, av. flopping (ears of dogs), spreading widely (toes).

lamlam, aj. floppy (dog’s ears, hat).

lamleb, n1d. customary gathering place /sheep, cows/.

lamleh, n1b. gathering, scattering /people, animals/, eruption /measles, etc./.

lamlon, av. flopping (ears of dog, hat), scattered, spreading widely (toes).

šlamlon hʔabtel. The workers are spread out.

lamlonah, iv. flop.

lámluh, av. converging suddenly (many people, animals or birds), moving away suddenly (people, animals, birds).

lamob, n1f. covering.

lamobil, n1f. cf. lamob.

lamp’uh, iv. cf. lamk’uh.

lamp’un, tv. cf. lamk’un.

lamtaob, n1f. new sole nailed on top of worn sandal sole.

lamtaobil, n1f. cf. lamtaob.

lámtelámte, av. moving about in flock or crowd.

lamulan, tv. keep covering self /with blanket/, keep mending /roof/.

lamulan, iv. be eased repeatedly (toothache).

hlam¢aneh-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). person who settles dispute (magistrate, lawyer).

hlam¢aneh-vinik, agn(vn & ncpd). loose woman.

hlameseh-k’op, agn(vn & ncpd). person who settles dispute (magistrate, lawyer).

lorn, nc. weeding /1-3/, planting /1-2/, layer of clothing /1-5/.

h-lom…h-lom. some people…some people.

čaʔcčʔ-lom t šk’opoh. He tells two different stories (or) He betrays a confidence.

lomlom, nc. single layer of clothing being worn /1 only/.

lómollómol, n4f. each of many plots of growing corn.

lekik slómollómol. Every few plots are growing well.

lamina N(Sp, lamina).

lamina, n1a. corrugated sheeting, water resistant cardboard /for roofing/.

lamina karton, nphr(n of n)5. cardboard sheet.

lamina tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. corrugated sheeting.

land) N.

lan, n2d. Ritual speech, curing prayers; assuagement, cf. lam. č’ul-lan, č’ul-sik. the holy assuagement, the holy coolness. hč’amuntik tal, hmakitik tal ti yo 1 alanilike ti yo 1 asikilike. Let us borrow, let us share Thy assuagement, Thy coolness.

lan(2) A or N.

lan teʔ, nphr(x type n). tonduz senna Cassia tonduzii, #2436(20). Temperate “tree” The trunk is used for roof purlins, fence posts, and firewood. rippleseed plantain Plantago major, #601(1, 3). Highland “plant” As a remedy for mumps three leaves are bound to the neck. They are “cold”. To lessen muscular reflex pain /nelub/ a leaf is bound to the affected part; neck, arm, hand, thigh.

lansa N(Sp, lanza).

lansa, n1a. spear, bayonet.

lansa ʔak\ nphr(n type n). ’spear vine’, Mandevilla sp.. # 1663(7). Lowland “vine”

lap(1) T.

lap, tv. wear, dress, repair /fence by placing new posts between rotten ones/.

lap, iv. be dressed (saint).

lap, n4f. replacement /for worn out fence post, worn set of clothing/.

lap ʔoy, nphr(n1a of n5). vertical pole of wattle and daub wall.

lap ʔoyal na, nphr(n1f of nphr/natt1f & n1d/). vertical pole of wattle and daub wall.

lapahtik, aj. cf. lapal /plu/.

lapal, aj. lit., clothed, i.e., in office.

lapal ta yabtel.. He is in office.

k’al lapalon ta kalkalteal. When I was an alcalde.

lapalik, aj. cf. lapal /plu/.

lapan, tv. dress (people).

lapanan, tv. cf. lapan.

lápanlápan, tv. dress one after another.

lápanlápanan, tv. cf. lápanlápan.

lapbe ba, rv. dress each other.

lapel, ncle. change of clothing.

lapet ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n1d). dressing according to one’s own taste.

lapleh, n4f. dressing /saint/.

lapob ʔual, nphr(n1f of n1f). candles lighted in church, or liquor served when saint is adorned with chaplets.

lapob k’uʔul, nphr(n1f of n3d). cane liquor served while dressing /bride and groom, individuals who wear special clothing for fiesta/.

lapobil ʔual, nphr(n1f of n1f). cf. lapob ʔual.

lapobil k’uvul, nphr(n1f of n3d). cf. lapob k’uʔul.

láptelápte ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d). walking about wearing /clothes, usually someone else’s/.

lap(2) X.

laplon, av. penetrating repeatedly.

šlaplon t šič’ ʔat. She was being penetrated repeatedly by the penis.

lápluh, av. penetrating suddenly (thorn, penis).

lápis N(Sp, lápiz).

lápis, n1a. pencil.

lap’ X.

lap’ap’, av. shining (sun, moon, Venus).

lap’ap’et, av. gleaming (broken glass, corn field, mirror), twinkling (candles).

lap’et, av. gleaming, twinkling (candle, light, sun, moon, reflection of sun or moon).

lap’etik, av. shining (clothes of people in distance).

lap’lahet, av. gleaming, twinkling (candles, stars, lights or mirrors).

lap’lahetik, av. shining (clothes of people in distance).

lap’lon, av. gleaming (candle, light, glass).

Ritual speech, prayer to rising sun; šlap’lon tal aničimal bae šlap’lon tal aničimal sate. Your beautiful visage is approaching gleaming, your beautiful face is approaching gleaming.

láp’luh, av. shining with sudden blinding intensity (lightning).

láp’teláp’te, av. gleaming here and there.

larino N(Sp, ladino).

larino, n5. ladino.

larkavísta N(Sp, larga vista).

larkavísta, n1a. transit, binoculars.

laso N(Sp, laso).

laso, n1a. rope, var., lasu.

lastima N(Sp, lástima).

lastima, n1a. wound.

lastima, excl. what a pity! that’s too bad!

lasu

lasu, rope. cf. laso.

las(1) P.

lašahtik, aj. cf. lašal /plu/.

lašal, aj. erupted (measles, pox, pimple), barely emerging (weeds).

lašalik, aj. cf. lašal /plu/.

lašan ba, rv. erupt (measles, pox, pimples).

laši, iv. erupt (measles, pox, pimples).

lašleh, n4f. eruption (measles, pox).

lašlehikil, n4f. exudation /droplets appearing where squash is scratched/.

laš(2) X.

lašašet, av. slightly hot (chili)

lašet, av. slightly hot (chili)

lášluh, av. stinging suddenly (nettle).

lata N(Sp, lata).

lata, n1a. gallon can.

latin N(Sp, latin)

latin, n5. Latin, var., platin.

latrio

latrio, brick, cf. lagrio.

lavalena N(Sp, clavellina).

lavalena, n1a. Ritual speech, prayer of abandoned spouse, beseeching death of offender; pink. cf. ničim. var., lavalina.

ʔasasenauk lavalenauk ti shole ti yovone ti yo 1 avalabe ti yo 1 anič’nabe. may it be a lily, may it be a pink, the head of thy lowly child, the heart of thy lowly child.

lavalina

lavalina, pink. cf. lavalena.

lavi N.

lavi, n5. today, now that, since, for the present, var., lavil

lavi batem ʔune mu hnaʔ k’u ta hnop. Now that she has left (me) Idon’t know what to do.

lavi t štal šemanae. next week.

lavi t štal habile, next year.

haʔ to lavie. from now on.

lavil

lavil, today, now that, since, for the present, cf. lavi.

lavuš N(Sp, clavo).

lavuš, n1a. nail.

lavuš teʔ nphr(n of n)1a. wooden peg for securing roof shingles

lavuštik, aj. sprouting, accuminate, spikelike (corn) /first developmental stage when sprouts are one inch high, also called bičilik and p’ičilik/ /plu/.

leʔ(1) P, P(2).

leʔ, tv. toss off /burden/ (mule), raise or pry open eyelid /with finger/, pry open /corn husk to see if ripe/.

leʔ, nc. tossing off /mule’s burden/.

leʔ ba, rv. frisk, jump around (child, colt), walk idly.

leʔanan, tv. pry open /corn husks/, toss off /burdens/ (mule).

léʔanléʔan, tv. pry open one after another /corn husks/, toss off one after another /burdens/ (mule).

léʔanléʔanan, tv. cf. léʔanléʔan.

leʔ-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. gambol, jumping or frisking around (children).

leʔ-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with white of eyes showing.

leʔahtik, aj. face up /plu/. levahtik sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. leʔel sat.

leʔan, tv. lay face up.

leʔan ba, rv. stretch out face up /in sun/.

leʔbe, tv. pry apart /legs/.

leʔ¢ah, iv. rip wide open (clothing), fall apart (fence).

leʔeʔet, av. threadbare, glaring angrily.

leʔel, nc4e. tossing off /mule’s burden/.

leʔel, aj. face up, torn.

leʔel sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). lit., with white of eyes showing, i.e., lost in thought.

leʔelik sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. leʔel sat.

leʔet, av. lying face up.

leʔetik, av. cf. leʔet (plu).

leʔi, iv. lie face up.

leʔlah, av. bucking (mules).

leʔlahct. av. thrashing about.

leʔlahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). frisking.

leʔlahetik, av. thrashing about (plu).

leʔel, aj. with white of eye showing, torn (clothing).

leʔleh, nib. face up.

likan me, k’usi t šapas ta leʔlehe. Get up, what are you doing face upʔ /sleeping person/.

leʔlon, av. lying face up trying to stand, heavy-lidded.

legion čak, vphr(av & n4d). bucking (mule).

léʔtuh, av. bucking suddenly, ripping wide open suddenly (clothing).

leip’uh, iv. fall face up, rip wide open (clothing), fall apart (fence), crack open (house, i.e., mud wall).

leʔp’un, tv. force apart /legs/, break down /fence/.

léʔteléʔte, av. falling here and there (drunk).

léʔteléʔte čak, vphr(av & n4d). bucking about (mule).

léʔteléʔte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about and staring aimlessly.

leʔulan ba, rv. buck or frisk (mule).

leʔvan, iv. throw person (horse).

hleʔvaneh, agn. bronco.

leʔ(2) A.

leʔ, aj. there, over there, that one, that person, like that.

mu ša šak’ot ta hnatik leʔe. You cannot reach home now like that/if drunk or sick/.

leʔleʔ) to, ajphr(aj & pt). rather distant /time, place/.

leb X.

leb so¢’, nphr(x of n). ’bat’s leb’, mimosa Mimosa invisa,# 2671(1, 3, 15, 20, 21, 22). Lowland “vine” (20)-It is eaten by horses.

leb so¢’tik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of leb soe’.

k’oš leb so¢’, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Schrankia leptocarpa, #1677(1, 4). Lowland “plant”

muk’ta leb so¢’, nphr(aj & nphr/x of n/). Anoda crisiata, #2113(14). Temperate “plant”

lebeb, av. flaring (flame).

lebebet, av. glistening (face, legs, greased or oiled hair), shining (grease on surface of water), flaring (flames).

lebel, aj. beautiful and big (woman), glistening (hair), leveled, hoed or weeded in broad swatch.

lebet, av. glistening (face, legs, greased or oiled hair), forming broad swatch (land being cleared, weeded or hoed).

leblah, av. walking fat and glistening (horses).

leblahet, av. flashing (lightning), fat and glistening (horse), pleasingly plump and well-groomed (girl).

leblahetik, av. pleasingly plump and well-groomed (girls).

leblon, av. flaring (flame), fat and glistening (horse, beautiful woman).

lébluh, av. flaring up suddenly (flame, lightning).

lébtelébte, av. flaring here and there (flames).

lebuel, vn5. flaring /flame/.

lebal A.

lebal nuti1ʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a. wide-meshed net in which corn is flailed.

leč(1) N(Sp, leche).

leč, n1a. cow’s milk.

leč(2) P, P(2).

leč, tv. hoe up /weeds/, hold /basket, bowl/, gore /with one horn/, spoon, scoop out /with shovel, gourd, spoon/.

leč, nc. bowlful, gourdful, spoonful, shovelful.

leč-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. with protruding lower lip.

lečahtik, aj. cf. lečel /plu/.

lečan, tv. set down /bowl/.

lécan ba, tv. stand up swaying (child before it can walk), stand (mushroom).

lécanan, tv. set down /books/.

leč, n4d. stupidity.

skoh slečanil š’elan ispase. That happened to him because of his stupidity.

léčanléčan, tv. set down one after another /bowls/.

léčanléčanan, tv. cf. léčanléčan.

lečanob. n5. table for meal, depression in ground where bowl can be set.

lečanobil, n1f. container for beans, etc., depression in ground where bowl can be set.

leče-pat, n(aj & ncpd)1d. creche, hut used in lowlands, var., lečo-pat.

leče-pat na, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. hut used in lowlands.

lečet, av. lying neglected in container (food not sold at market), moving around in stomach (intrusive object).

lečeč likel, vphr(av & dr). swaying (heavy object when lifted).

lečečet, av. jiggling (house in earthquake).

lečel(1), aj. in bowls, agape.

lečel svoel. Their meal has been served.

lečel(2), ncle. bowlful, gourdful, spoonful, shovelful.

lečelik, aj. with pair of leaves (young watermelon gourd, cabbage, summer squash, broad bean, beans), protruding (horns).

léčelléčel, n4f. each of many bowlfuls, etc.

lečet ʔe, av. with mouth agape /lost in thought/.

leči, iv. be in container /bowl/.

lečil, n3a. wooden spoon, clay spoon /formerly/, inan. poss; slečal.

lečlahet, av. jouncing (boards of bridge), jolting (car), rocking (dugouts).

lečlahetik, av. rocking, swaying (people in dugout).

lečlec, nc. single bowlful, etc. / I only/.

lečleč, aj. squat (cow), wide (cap of amanita), too wide and low (house), protruding (lower lip), bent upwards (hat brim).

lečleh, n1f. protruding (lower lip).

k’u t šapas ta lečleh ave. What are you doing with your mouth agapeʔ/lost in thought/.

lečlon, av. shaking, quaking (earth), rocking (dugout).

šlečlon sme1ʔ vinik. The pain is flickering in his chest.

léčluh, av. quaking suddenly (earth).

lečo-pat, cf. leče-pat.

lečo-pat na, cf. leče-pat na.

lečob, n1f. large wooden spoon, shovel.

lečobil, n1f. cf. lečob.

lečp’uh, iv. jump up (one end of board).

léčteléčte, av. distributing one bowl after another.

lečvan, iv. toss person in the air (bull).

lečuka N(Sp, lechuga).

lečuka, n1a. lettuce.

legra N(Sp, regla).

legra, n1a. roof rod of tile-roofed house, var., regra.

leh P.

leh-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. with mouth agape (person lost in thought).

lehahtik, aj. cf. lehel /plu/.

lehan, tv. gape /mouth when staring at person/.

lehanil, n4d. stupidity.

skoh slehanil šʔelan ispase. That happened to him because of his stupidity.

leh¢ah, iv. gape.

lehel, aj. agape (mouth).

lehelik, aj. cf. lehel /plu.

lehet, av. with mouth agape (person lost in thought).

lehetik, av. cf. lehet (plu).

lehi ʔe komel, vphr(iv & n4d & dr). be left behind gaping /lost in thought/.

lehlah, av. panting (plu).

lehlahet, av. cf. lehlon (plu).

lehlahetik, av. cf. lehlon (plu).

lehleh, n1d. with tongue hanging out (dog), with mouth agape.

lehleh ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with mouth agape, with tongue hanging out (rabid dog).

lehlon, av. with tongue hanging out (dog), panting (dog V4: 5), opening mouth /after eating hot chili/.

lehp’uh, iv. cf. leh¢ah.

léhteléhte ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with mouth agape /lost in thought/.

lek A.

lek, n5. good.

Use restricted to; ta hun lek. for your own good.

lek, aj. good, well, fine, exact, careful, carefully, important, possible, easy.

hayib lek ʔora t šyul. At exactly what time will he return.

mu hk’an lek. I don’t like it very much.

lek________, vphr(aj & tv). be good at________.

lek ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv). think well of, be happy about.

lek ʔil, vphr(aj & tv). be on good terms with, think highly of, be lucky /finding object on path, buying article for low price/,

lek iyil muk’ šʔoč ta čukel. He was lucky not to go to jail,

lek iyil ti muk’ šhelav k’al Hobel li hmilvanehe. The murderer was lucky that (the case) didn’t get to San Cristóbal.

lek ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). good-hearted, kind, nice.

lek hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). good-hearted, kind, nice /less freq than above/.

lek kom, vphr(aj & iv). be content with or in agreement with /infr/.

lek k’opon, vphr(aj & tv). be on good terms with.

lek sk’opon slak’-na. He is on good terms with his neighbor.

lek, il, n1a. goodness.

slekil yoʔon iyak’. He gave it out of the goodness of his heart.

k’e slekil. Look how good it is!

lekil, aj. good.

ta lekil k’op. properly, satisfactorily, or out of court,

lekil k’elbil. properly cared for or attended to.

lekil ʔaʔi, vphr(n4f & tv). exploit, take advantage of /lenience/.

slekil t šaʔi li muk’ bu t šič’ mahele. He took advantage of not being beaten.

slekil t šaʔi li muk’ bu t šič’ sibtasele ba¢i stamohbe loʔil. He took advantage of not being threatened; he has begun to gossip a lot.

lekil_______, tv(aj & tvcpd). do carefully or properly.

ta hlekil-?ak’be. I will do right by him.

islekil-k’el k’ahoh. He harvested carefully /by leaving nothing behind/.

Ritual speech, shaman during candle inspection; t šalekil-nupbekon, t šalekil-iič’bekon. Thou wilt meet them /candles/ properly for me, Thou wilt receive them properly for me.

Ritual speech, shaman before departing for shrines, referring to candles; mi lekil-č’ambil tana mi lekil ʔič’bil tana. Will they be properly accepted today, will they be properly received todayʔ Ritual speech, shaman praying before departing for shrines; mi šalekil-ʔilbekon mi šalekil-malabekon. Wilt Thou look upon me with favor, wilt Thou await me with favor?

lekil-ʔaʔi, tv(aj & tvcpd). listen carefully or pay close attention to.

islekil-ʔaʔi k’usi t šʔale. He listened carefully to what he was told. lekil a I, n1a. goodness.

lekin, tv. Ritual speech; enjoy, cf. ʔuein.

Denunciatory speech when family, having accepted brideprice, subsequently fails to relinquish bride; hun ycon ta slekin ta šu¢in ti h-set’e, ti hutebe. Happily they enjoy, they delight in the morsel, the trifle.

leklek, aj. rather good, rather well.

leklek ʔunen ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/aj & rpn/4b). beautiful, cute.

leklek ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn). beautiful, handsome.

leklektik, aj. rather good, rather well.

lekub, iv. recuperate, improve (work, working ability).

yantik t šlekub. He is becoming a better person (or) It is becoming a more obedient animal.

lekub ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d). restore one’s spirits.

lekubtas, tv. improve, set aright.

lekoh N.

lekoh, n4b. separate, apart, divorced.

lékohlékoh, n4f. each separately.

lekom N.

lekomah, iv. seek a bride.

lekomil, n3d. fiancée, bride.

lekomin, tv. be engaged or married (girl).

lekominvan, iv. be engaged to or marry a girl.

helkomahel, agn. fiancé, groom.

lek’(1) T.

lek’, tv. lick, taste /salt or meal by dipping finger in and then licking it/.

Male scolding speech; lek’an ačak kavron. Lick your ass, bastard!

lek’, nc. lick.

lek’ ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d). chew the cud (cow), rage impotently.

lek’ ba, rv. lick oneself (cat, dog, cow).

lek’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. licking.

lek’an, tv. lick /plu/ (cat).

lek’anlék’an, tv. lick one after another.

lék’anlék’anan, tv. cf. lék’anlék’an.

lek’be, tv. lick.

slek’be yilaʔal yol. It licked the dust off its lamb.

Ritual speech, curing prayers, petition addressed to tutelary gods on behalf of animal spirit companion; lek’bekon bu¢’bekon ti yunen pat ʔune ti yunen šokon ʔune t avunen ničike t avunen k’elome. Lick it for me, kiss it for me, its little side, Thy little flower, Thy little sprout.

lek’ek’et wk’, vphr(av & n4d). flicking tongue in and out (snake).

lek’el, nc. lick.

lek’et, av. licking.

lek’lahet, av. licking (puppies, children).

lek’lahetik, av. cf. lek’lahet.

lek’lon ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). licking one’s chops (person waiting impatiently to eat).

lek’ob ʔa¢’am, nphr(n1f of n4d). salt lick /trough/.

ʔ0 slek’ob ya¢’am t’ul. There is a salt lick for the rabbits /referring to any place where rabbits consistently congregate/.

lek’obil 9a¢’am, nphr(n1f of n4d). cf. lek’ob ʔae’am.

lek’van, iv. lick person (dog).

lek’(2) P(2).

lek’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap.

lek’ahtik, aj. cf. lek’el /plu/.

lek’an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap /plu/.

lek’anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. lek’an la mahel.

lek’be ʔarsial, vphr(tv &. n1d). whip.

lek’ek’et, av. slapping (belt of gasoline-motored corn mill).

lek’el, aj. bald.

lek’et, av. with hair flattened down, bald.

lek’lah, av. slapping /sound/ (sandal) /archaic/ (sing or plu).

lek’lahet, av. cracking /sound/ (whip), slapping.

lek’leh, n5. bald, with hair flattened down.

lek’leh yav spek’. His hair is flattened down where his tumpline crosses.

lek’lek’, aj. bald.

lek’luh, av. cracking suddenly (whip, lightning), slapping suddenly.

lék’telék’te tiʔ ba, vphr(av & nphr/n of n/4d). walking about with glistening or flattened down hair.

lek’ulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slapping.

lem(1) P.

lem, nc. large blob or mound (manure, human excrement, cow patty).

lemahtik, aj. cf. lemel /plu/.

leman, tv. place down in a large blob or mound /mud, thick and improperly made tortilla/.

lémanléman, tv. leave one large blob or mound after another /excrement/.

lemekil, n4f. in many large blobs or mounds (cow patties).

lemel, aj. in a large blob or mound (manure, human excrement, cow patty).

lemelik, aj. cf. lemel /plu/.

lémellémel, n4f. each of many large blobs or mounds.

lemi, iv. sit in a large blob or mound (tortilla).

lemleh, n4f. width of large blob or mound.

lemlem č’ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & nib), with bulging middle (pot).

lem(2) X.

lemem, av. burning /pain in heart/.

lememet, av. stinging or smarting (pain caused by chili, smoke in eyes, or medicine).

lemlahet, av. stinging (pain, cracked hands, medicine), smarting /from switching/.

lemlon, av. stinging (wound, scrape, eyes from chili).

lemlonah. iv. sting.

lémluh, av. stinging suddenly /medicine, chili in eyes/.

lémtelémte, av. stinging throughout body.

len P(2).

lenahtik, aj. cf. lenel /plu/.

lenan, tv. set down /pot/,

lenan ba, rv. be seated (drunkard, balky cow).

lenanan, tv. set down /pots/.

lénanlénan, tv. set down one after another /pot/.

lénanlénanan, tv. cf. lénanlénan.

lenanvan, iv. push person on his butt.

lenbe, tv. make person bulge /with food or drink, with beating or scolding/.

lenel, aj. seated on the ground,

lenelik, aj. cf. lenel /plu/.

lenen, av. falling on one’s seat.

lenenet č’ut, vphr(av & n4d & prep & vn5). with bulging stomach (pig, mare, puppy, child).

lenet, av. seated on ground.

lenetik, av. cf. lenet (plu).

leni, iv. sit directly on (pot on fire, child, woman or drunk on ground).

lenlah, av. slipping and falling on one’s seat (sing or plu).

lenlahet, av. falling on one’s seat (child, drunk),

lenlahetik, av. cf. lenlahet (plu).

lenleh, nib. sitting on ground.

lenlen č’ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & nib), with bulging belly, chubby (person, pot).

lenlon, av. sitting and unable to move (drunk).

lénluh, av. falling suddenly on one’s seat.

léntelénte, av. sitting down here and there (shepherd), walking about with swollen belly (horse, sheep).

leon N(Sp, león).

leon, n1a. mountain lion Felis concolor.

Joking speech; t šbat ta veʔel leon. He is going to be food for the lions, i.e., He is going to the circus.

lep P(2).

lep ta kučel vphr(tv & prep & vn5). carry piggyback /large child/.

lepahtik, aj. mounted /plu/.

lepan, tv. set down /elevated above the ground/.

lepan ba, rv. sit down /be elevated above the ground/.

lépanlépan ta kučel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). carry one after another piggyback.

lépanlépanan ta kučel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. lépanlépan ta kučel.

lepel, aj. seated or elevated above the ground, mounted /on horse/.

lepel sčak ta kučel. His bottom sticks out when he is carried (large child).

lepet, av. mounted.

lepetik, av. cf. lepet (plu).

lepi, iv. be seated or elevated above the ground (pot on hearthstone, person or object on bed, stone, chair or horse).

leplah. av. bouncing up and down (people on horseback).

leplahet, av. bouncing up and down (people on horseback).

leplahetik, av. cf. leplahet.

lepleh, nib. sitting /elevated above ground/.

leplon, av. bouncing up and down (person on horseback).

léptelépte, av. bouncing up and down here and there (person being carried).

lepvan ta kučel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). carry person piggyback /child/.

hlepvaneh ta kučel, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who carries child piggyback.

lep’ prob P or P(2).

lep’, nc. stain, bruise, scar, blemish, burned patch /clothing, land/.

lep’ahtik, aj. cf. lep’el /plu/.

lep’antik, aj. with widely separated spots.

lep’¢ah, iv. form scar.

lep’¢an, tv. scar.

lep’ekil, n4f. with many spots /pinta/.

lep’el, aj. stained.

lep’el yav čobtik. The corn field makes an open space /in the woods/.

lep’elik, aj. cf. lep’el /plu/.

lép’ellép’el, n4f. each of many stains, burned patches or blemishes.

lep’et, av. walking with scar, stain or blemish.

lep’lahet, av. flashing (lightning).

lep’leh, nib. scar, stain, blemish, patch /field/.

lep’lehikil, n4f. cf. lep’leh /plu/.

lep’lep’, nc. single blemish /1 only/.

lep’lep’, aj. scarred, stained, tonsured.

lép’telép’te, av. walking about with scar, stain or blemish.

lereho

lereho, clock, watch, cf. reloho.

les P(2).

les, nc. small mound of watery material (mud, excrement) /flatter than lem/.

lesahtik, aj. cf. lesel /plu/.

lesan, tv. drop /excrement, chicken/.

lesan ba, rv. sit down (woman).

lesanan, tv. leave a lot of /excrement/ (dog).

lésanlésan, tv. leave one small mound after another /excrement/.

lésanlésanan, tv. cf. lésanlésan.

lesbe, tv. sling at /mud/.

lesekil, n4f. many small mounds.

lesel, aj. watery (mud), seated (woman on mat. drunk in mud).

leselik, aj. seated on ground or mat /plu/.

lésellésel, n4f. each of many piles /excrement/.

leses, av. sitting down /from standing position/.

leseset, av. watery (mud).

leset, av. watery (mud), sitting /in mud. on mat/.

lesetik, av. sitting /in mud, on mat/ (plu).

lesi, iv. be seated (woman).

leslah, av. slipping (fresh daub).

leslahet, av. slipping on rear /in mud/ (plu), flowing (watery cow or horse manure).

leslahetik, av. slipping on rear /in mud/ (plu).

lesleh, nib. sitting on ground, watery state /excrement/.

leslehikil, n4f. watery state /excrement/.

lesles, nc. single small mound /mud/ /1 only/.

lesles, aj. watery (mud, excrement).

lesion, av. sitting helplessly /in mud/, walking in blubbery fashion (fat woman), bubbling (corn gruel, nixtamal).

lésluh, av. slipping suddenly and falling /in mud/.

lésteléste, av. slipping here and there (in mud), slipping and falling off here and there (fresh daub).

haʔ ti bu slésteléste ta vulaʔal. Wherever she sits down paying visits/large woman who is always visiting instead of working/.

lesensya N(Sp, licencia).

lesensya, n1d. Ritual speech; forgiveness.

ʔak’on t apertonal lak’on t alesensya htot kahval. Pardon me, forgive me, My Father, My Lord. var., lesinsya.

lesinsaro N(Sp, licenciado).

lesinsaro, agn. lawyer /ladino/. var., lisensaro.

lesinsya

lesinsya, forgiveness, cf. lesensya.

let P(2).

let, nc. puddle /clotted blood, corn gruel/.

let ba, rv. thicken, clot.

letahtik, aj. cf. letel /in several containers/.

letan, tv. thicken, scoop up thick substance /corn gruel/.

létanlétan, tv. set down one pile after another /mud for adobe/.

letanobil, n4f. broken gourd or pot for scooping up spilled corn gruel.

letekil, n4f. thickness /mud or corn gruel in several bowls/.

letel, aj. greasy (liquid, lard), clotted (blood).

letelik, aj. cf. letahtik.

létellétel, h4f. each of many puddles /clotted blood, corn gruel/.

letet, av. moving thickly (egg yolk, mud).

letetet, av. moving thickly (egg yolk, mud).

led, iv. thicken (liquid) /infr/.

letlah yalel, vphr(av & dr). falling (daub).

letlahet, av. cf. letlon (plu) /in several containers/.

letlahet yalel, vphr(av & dr). falling in blobs (mud).

letleh, n4f. thickness /mud, corn gruel/.

letlehkil, n4f. thickness /corn gruel in several bowls/.

letlet, aj. thick (liquid).

letlon, av. moving thickly, moving back and forth thickly (egg yolk, lard).

létluh, av. suddenly falling thickly (excrement, corn gruel).

léttelétte, av. spilling and moving about thickly.

léttelétte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with whites of eyes showing.

letanya N(Sp. letanía).

letanya, n5. Rogation Day /Monday before Ascension Day/.

letanyatilc, n5. Rogationtide /ten day period beginning on Monday before Ascension Day/.

ʔoš’ib letanya, nphr(num4e type n)5. Third Rogation Day /Wednesday before Ascension Day/.

ba letanya, nphr(n type n)5. First Rogation Day /Monday before Ascension Day/.

čanib letanya, nphr(num4e type n)5. Fourth Rogation Day /Thursday before Ascension Day/.

čib letanya, nphr(num4e type n)5. Second Rogation Day /Tuesday before Ascension Day/.

voʔob letanya, nphr(num4e type n)5. Fifth Rogation Day /Friday before Ascension Day/.

let’ P.

let’, nc. small blob /thick liquid/.

let’ahtik, aj. cf. let’el /plu/.

let’an, tv. drop /small blob of thick liquid; human or chicken excrement/.

lét’anlét’an, tv. leave one dropping after another (chicken).

lét’anlét’anan, tv. cf. lét’anlét’an.

let’ekil, n4f. in many small blobs (clotted blood).

let’el, aj. spilled (small blob of thick liquid; corn gruel, human or chicken excrement).

lét’ellét’el, n4f. each of many small blobs (chicken droppings).

let’et, av. lying spilled (small blob of thick liquid).

let’i, iv. be sitting in container or spilled (blob of thick liquid, corn gruel, boiled squash).

let’lah yalel, vphr(av & dr). falling (daub).

let’lahet, av. dropping (small blobs of thick liquid).

let’let’, aj. spilled (small blob of thick liquid; corn gruel, human or chicken excrement).

lét’luh, av. dropping suddenly (small blob of thick liquid, bird dropping).

lét’telét’te, av. spilling here and there (small blob of thick liquid).

lev P, T, or T(2).

lev, tv. break open.

islev la ta sk’ob. He opened it wide with his fingers, they say, i.e., He forced a young virgin.

lev, iv. open (door in wind), be broken (fence).

lev, nc. tear, hole /clothing, fence/.

lev ba, rv. frisk, jump around (child, colt).

lev-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. gambol, jumping, frisking around (children).

levahtik, aj. ripped in many places (clothing), broken in many places (fence).

levahtik ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. level ʔe /plu/.

levahtik sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. level sat /plu/.

levan, tv. break open, open, have sexual relations (man), place face up.

islevan komel ta be. He left him face up on the path /murderer/.

levan ba, rv. lie face up.

levanan, tv. break open in many places /fence/.

lévanlévanan, tv. break open one after another /fences/.

levanvan, iv. leave person face up (murderer).

levbe, tv. clear wide swath /land/.

level, aj. lying face up, ripped open, torn (clothing, seam), wide open (door), wide-necked (shirt, tunic), wide (cleared stretch of forest).

level ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with mouth agape, spreading gossip.

level sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). wide-eyed, staring.

levelik, aj. broken in many places (fence).

levelik sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. level sat.

lévellével, n4f. each of many holes /in fence/.

levet, av. lying face up and moving (lazy person asleep in field), falling on back (mortally wounded deer), opening a crack (door), swinging back and forth (door).

levev yalel, vphr(av & dr). falling over backwards /from sitting or squatting position/.

levi, iv. lie on back (dog).

levil, n3d. groin.

levk’uh, iv. fall over backwards (drunk, horse), collapse (fence, door, wall), wear torn /clothing/.

levk’un, tv. push over backwards /drunk, horse/, collapse /fence, door, wall/.

levk’un ba, rv. fall over backwards.

levk’unan, tv. push over backwards /drunks/, knock down /fences/.

levk’unvan, iv. push person over backwards.

levlah, av. bucking (mules).

levlahet, av. walking with many tears in clothing, falling down and getting up repeatedly.

levlahetik, av. falling down and getting up repeatedly (plu), lying and moving /in sexual relations/.

levleh, n1d. lying face up.

levlev, nc. single tear /clothing/, single hole /fence/ /1 only/.

levlev, aj. ripped open, with torn seam.

levlon, av. thrashing /dying, sexual intercourse, drunk/, flapping (torn clothes).

levluh, av. bucking suddenly (mule), ripping open suddenly (clothing), opening suddenly (door).

levp’uh, iv. cf. levk’uh.

levp’un, tv. cf. levk’un.

levp’unan, tv. cf. levk’unan.

lévtelévte, av. falling here and there (drunk).

lévtelévte čak, vphr(av & n4d). bucking about (mule).

lévtelévte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about staring aimlessly.

levulan ba, rv. buck or frisk (mule).

levulan čak, vphr(tv & n4d). buck (mule trying to throw off burden).

hlevanvaneh, agn. Female speech; seducer.

li(1) Pt.

li, pt. the, the one, the fact that, /li contracts to / when preceding second person possession marker, a-/, var., i, ni /infr/.

pero mas muk’ li ta wlon ʔosile. But the lowland one is bigger.

li t šbate. the fact that he is going.

li(2) X.

lilih, iv. burst open (corn tassel), fall off completely (leaves or peaches when knocked down by hail), evaporate (dew), become covered with spots (victim of pinta), fall apart (flower).

t šlilih hu-huntik. A very few are in flower /twelfth developmental stage of corn, also called hlilihel, t štitih hu-huntik or htitihel sa/.

lilihel, vn5. shattered (pot), covered with spots (victim of pinta), covered with bruises.

lilihem, aj. with aches and pains throughout body.

lilihemal, n4f. shattered remains /pottery/, crumbs /salt remaining after block of salt is sawed/.

lilin, t. shake, shake down /peaches, leaves/, hoe completely, crumble /earth, salt/.

t šlilint ta sik. He is shivering with cold /sick person/.

lilin ba, rv. shake self (dog, chicken, buzzard, horse).

lilinbe, t. spray /bullets/, scatter /salt, chicken feed/.

lilinan, tv shake /plu/, shake off much /dirt/.

lílínlílinan, tv. shake one after another.

lilinobil, n1. pole used to knock down fruit.

lilinvan, iv. make person shiver /with fear/.

hlilihel, agn. orn in flower.

hlilihel ša. The corn is in flower now /twelfth developmental stage of corn, also called / slilih hu-huntik, t šlilih hu-huntik, t šlilih hu-huntik or htitihel ša./

hlilineh ʔanal teʔ, agn: nphr(vn & nphrcpd/n4f of n5/). first rain of wet season /causingold leaves to fall/.

liaš N(Sp, lías).

liaš, n1a. leather strp /used to bind firewood or flowers or used as lariat/.

liʔ(1) A.

liʔ, aj. here, now, this var., liʔi.

Customary greeting arriving at person’s house; mi liʔote. Are you here?

liʔ t šhtakbetikótik čabanu. Now we send you greetings.

liʔ to, ajphr(aj & pt). right here.

liʔi, aj. cf. liʔ.

liʔ(2) T(2).

liʔ iv. stretch or crack open.

liʔ ba, rv. split open (wood, clothing, heel).

liʔ ta havel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5. split apart /wood/.

liʔahtik, aj. torn in many places, badly eroded /about to break off/.

liʔan ta havel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5. split apart /wood/.

líʔanlíʔan, tv. stretch apart and ter in one place after another /improperly woven cloth/.

líʔʔanlíʔanan ta havel, vphr(tv & prep & n5). split apart one after another

/wood/.

líʔʔanlíʔanan ta havel, vphr(tv & prep vn5). cf. líʔanlíʔan ta havel.

liʔbe, tv. stretch open.

li¢ah, iv. split open (old fence, clothing).

liʔet, av. stretching apart and tearing (clothing, straight-grained wood).

liʔiʔet, av. cracking (heel), splitting open (ood, rubber).

liʔil, aj. torn (clothing, hat brim), grimacin (child making ugly face in play by stretching mouth with forefingers), cracked open (earth, daub, heel), split (tooth).

liʔilik, aj splitting (clothing, wood), cf. liʔahtik.

liʔleh, n4f. tear.

liʔliʔ, aj. torn(clothing, hat brim), grimacing (child making ugly face in play by stretching mouth with forefingers), cracked open (earth, daub, heel), split (tooth).

liʔlon čak, vphr(v & n4d). roughhousing, jumping about.

líʔluh, av. cracking or splitting open suddenly (wound, earth, worn clothing, vagina, tree).

liʔp’uh, iv. cf. liʔ¢ah.

líʔtelíʔte, av. slitting open here and there (clothing), splitting apart one after another (wood).

líʔtelíʔte čak, vphr(a & n4d). roughhousing, jumping about.

lič P(2).

lič-k’u?, n(aj & ncpd)5. with unfastened tunic.

lič ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike.

ličhtik, aj. cf. ličil /plu/.

ličan, tv. make flap.

ličbe ʔabtel, vphr(tv & vn5) work at high speed.

ličbe ’’anil, vphr(tv & n5). dash away.

ličbe ¢’etob vphr(tv & n5). fell large tree rapidly.

licbe teʔtik, vphr(tv & n5). flee, lit., to the woods.

ličbe yalel, vphr(tv & dr). bring down /bird in tree top/.

ličet, av. flapping, waving (banner, ribbon).

ličetik ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & vn5). racing along with clothes flyig (horse racers, constables).

liči, iv. flap (banner).

ličič yalel, vphr(av & dr). flutteing down (bird), toppling (tree).

ličičet, av. waving, flapping (woman’s blouse caught in wind, fluttering (man’s ribbons in wind).

ličil, aj. on the brink of (tree on cliff edge).

ličlahet, av. lapping, waving (flags, ribbons), taking many tumbles.

ličlahelik. av. taking many tumbles (plu).

ličlič, aj. on the brink of (tree on cliff edge).

ličlon, av. flaping, waving (banner, ribbon).

líčluh, av. flying of suddenly /in wind/.

ličp’uh, iv. stop at the rink of.

ličp’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). pushover brink /tree/.

líčtelíčte, av. toppling down here and there (large trees), dashing about at(horses, spooks at Carnival).

ličulan, tv. wave back and forth /banners/(ensign-bearers changing office), /hat/ (happy drunk).

ličulanan, tv. wave back and forth /plu/.

lič’ P, T or T(2).

lič’, tv. broaden /tortilla/, spread wide /mouth of net, burlap bag/.

lič’, iv. spread wide (tortilla being patted), expand (balloon), stretch (corn-flailing net).

lič’ ba, rv. spread wide, stretch (net) /in sun/.

lič’ahtik, av. cf. lič’il (plu.

lič’an, tv. spread out /laundry/.

lič’an ba, rv. spread wide /arms, wings/, sprawlon stomach.

lič’anan, tv. spread ot much /laundry/.

lič’anlič’an, tv. spread out one after another /laundry/.

lič’anhč’anan, tv. cf. lič’alič’an.

lič’et. av. spreading wide (soaring buzzard, mout).

lič’et ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). with moth agape /shouting, crying, drinking cane liquor/.

lič’i, iv. have arms or wings spread wide /leaning forward/.

lič’ič’, av. fluttering (fledling).

lič’ič’, aj. smooth, hard-skinned (nearly full-grown suash).

lič’ič’ yalel, vphr(av & dr). liding down (plane).

lič’ič’et, av. stretching thin, flapping clothing, ribbons).

lič’ič’tik, aj. slightly smooth.

lič’il, aj. spread out (clothes), large (house, woman), sprawled on stomach, sitting with wings pread out (setting hen).

lič’ilik, aj. cf. lič’il /plu/.

lič’la, av. floundering about (drunk, dying animal) (sing).

lič’lahet, av. sprawling frequently (child learning to walk), fluttering (fledgling), flapping (launry).

lič’lahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). cf. lič’lon ʔe (plu).

ličlahetik, av. sprawling frequently (plu).

lič’leh, n1b. sprawled face down.

lič’lič’, aj. wide /cloth on loom when too wide/.

lič’lo ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). ranting (drunk).

lič’luh, av. stretching suddenly (clothing), flying off suddenly (wool or clothing in wind).

lič’telic’te yalel, vphr(av & dr). gliding down one after another (buzzards). falling one after another (druns in fight, trees).

lič’ulan, tv. keep spreading wide /in wind/.

lič’ulan čak, vphr(tv & n4d). roughhouse.

lič’van, iv. Male joking speech; stretch person wide /vagina/.

hlič’vaneh, agn. person who opens another wide /vagna/.

lik(1) P, T or T(2).

lik, tv. begin, lift orcarry object with handle or by edge /table, chair, empty demijohn, basket/ /in hand, on arm/ take off /fire/.

lik, iv. get up, arise, become erect.

bu likem tal leʔe. Where does he (or) it come from?

šlik škah. They are very frequent /minor and major disputes, communal taxes or bouts of sickness/.

lik ʔat, vphr(iv & n4d). have erection (male).

lik ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d). have pain in heart.

lik ʔuʔun, vphr(iv & n4d). be able to carry /heavy object/.

lik čak, vphr(iv & n4d). have erection (female) /both male and female speech/.

lik č’ut, vphr(iv & n1f). rise in the center (tortilla).

lik hol, vphr(iv & n5). come out of drunken stupor.

lik hol, vphr(iv & n4d). occur to oneself, decide to do something illicit /elope/.

lik ta lum, vphr(iv & prep & n5). start from scratch.

lik ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). kick.

lik voʔ, vphr(tv & n5). suffer from swellhead (sheep).

likahtik, aj. suspended downwards (air pine flowers, stalactites).

likan ba, rv. hang by the arms (person, monkey, yalem bek’et, ¢’uh ton /stone that is believed to hang from trees during severe norther/), hang heavily (rain cloud).

likanan, tv. lift /pots of nixtamal/.

líkanlíkan, tv. lift one after another.

líkanlíkan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). kick one after another (drunk kicking over pots of food).

líkanlíkanan, tv. cf. líkanlíkan.

likantik, aj. tattered.

likav čakil, nphr(n1f of n3d). buttocks.

likbenal, n1f. planting distance between holes in same row (corn, beans).

lik¢ah ʔok, vphr(iv & n4f). become undermined (tree roots).

lik¢ah yalel, vphr(av & dr). slide down (avalanche), sag (bridge).

lik¢anbe ʔok, vphr(tv & n4f). undermine /tree/.

likebal, n3b. beginning, nest egg /money or corn for initial investment/.

slikeb k’in. the first day of a fiesta.

slikeb shol. the idea which triggered his actions.

likebin, tv. begin to accumulate wealth.

likel, nc. moment, one moment /h- not obligatory/.

ta h-likel. in a little while.

h-likel ša. a moment ago.

mas h-likel. quicker or easier.

h-likel ta mel¢anel. It is easy to do.

Ritual speech, curing prayer; li ta h-likel li ta ča’ʔ-likel t šba kehluk ʔo t šba patluk ʔo. In a moment, in two moments, he will kneel, he will bow low.

likel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing beginning of action.

likel kahel, nphr(vn & vn)5. repetition.

likem k’ok’, nphr(aj & n)1d. lantern.

likes, tv. begin, lift.

likes k’op, vphr(tv & n5). begin investigation, inquire into, take to court.

likesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). investigate a report, initiate a claim.

islikesbe sk’oplal ti yosil slot vo&nee ti k’u ši ʔič’bil ta yan ʔo

kriščano. He initiated a claim for the land that was once his father’s (to find out) how it had been acquired by somebody else.

liket, av. carrying by handle or by rim, moving past (clouds in wind).

liket č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). heavy-bellied (pregnant ewe, mare or woman).

liki, iv. be hanging by the arms (person, monkey, yalem bek’et).

liki-čob, n(iv & ncpd)5. mythical tornado.

likik, av. rushing with raised /fist/ or lowered /horns/.

likiket, av. hanging ominously (cloud).

likil, aj. overhanging (cliff, tree), hanging by a thread (branch), hanging ominously (cloud), puffy (face).

likil mahal, ajphr(aj & aj). in tatters (clothing).

liklah, av. moving with tattered clothes (sing or plu).

liklahet, av. dangling and swaying (spanish moss, stalactiform soot), in tatters (clothing).

likleh, n4f. suspended.

liklik, iv. get up rather early.

liklik, aj. overhanging (cliff), hanging down (seat of improperly belted pants).

liklik ʔuʔun, vphr(iv & n4d). be able to lift a bit.

likliktik, iv. get up rather early.

liklon, av. dangling and swaying (bull penis, mud clotted in sheep’s wool), tattered (clothing).

líkluh, av. kicking suddenly.

likob, n4f. possession customarily carried /water gourd, basket/.

likobil, n4f. rope for lifting object.

likoh, aj. in sling, draped over arm (shawl), with lame leg hanging limply.

likp’uh ʔok, vphr(iv & n4f). cf. lik¢ah ʔok.

likp’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). stretch downwards (bag with heavy contents, watermelon squash on vine), slide down (avalanche).

likp’unbe ʔok, vphr(tv & n4f). cf. lik¢anbe ʔok.

líktelíkte, av. walking about with dangling object /shoulder bag/ or with tattered clothing.

likulan, tv. keep carrying by handle.

slikulan yok. He jumps on one foot /captain/.

likulan, iv. keep beginning, keep becoming erect.

likulanan, tv. wave /banners/.

likulanvan ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep kicking person.

likvan muyel, vphr(iv & dr). lift person (ferris wheel, log that springs up at one end).

likvan ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & n5). kick person.

hlik ʔav ʔak’al, agn: vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/cpd). censer bearer.

hlik-voʔ, agn(tv & ncpd). sheep suffering from swellhead.

hlikulanvaneh ta tek’el, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who keeps kicking another (drunk).

hlikvaneh ta tek’el, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who kicks another.

lik(2) X.

lik, nc. In reference to: clothing, paper /heavy or large sheet/, net, bag, saddle bag, leather, tumpline, slingshot, hat, necklace.

likikil, n4f. suit of clothing for each day.

líkillíkil, n4f. each of many /bags/.

likleh, n1f. piece of clothing, sheet of paper.

liklik, nc. single piece /clothing/ /1 only/.

lik(3) N.

liklik, n5. sparrow hawk Falco sparverius. It is considered edible. It is “cold”. It has the reputation for stealing chicks. Its call is believed to forecast a norther.

lik(4) X.

lik, nc. cardful /wool/.

liklik, nc. single cardful /1 only/.

likido N(Sp, líquido).

likido, n1a. weed-killer.

likok N.

likokil, n3d. dribble of saliva (cow, horse, mad dog), cf. lik(1).

lil

lil, shake, burst open, shatter, shiver, evaporate, fall apart, cf. li(2).

lima(1) N(Sp, lima).

lima, n1a. sweet lime. See below.

limailtik, n5. large grove of sweet limes.

limatik, n5. grove of sweet limes.

čivo lima, nphr(n type n). ‘goat lima’, sweet lime. Same as pimil pat lima.

č’ulul lima, nphr(aj & n). ‘smooth lima’, sweet lime Citrus limetta, #2426(1). Temperate “tree”. It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The seed is placed in a hole with fertilizer. The fruit is harvested in December. It is sold at market. It is “cold”.

haš-čuʔ lima, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ‘flat-breasted lima’, sweet lime Citrus limetta, #2426(20). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for firewood. The fruit is sold at market. It is “cold”.

lima hmalalena, nphr(n4d of agn). ‘magdalenas lima’, sweet lime.

Same as pimil pat lima.

naranha lima, nphr(n type n). ‘orange lima’, sweet lime Citrus limetta, #2426(3, 5). Temperate “tree” For use, see č’ulul lima.

pimil pat lima, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ‘thick rind lima’, sweet lime. (3, 5)-Lowland and highland “tree” It is grown by some ladinos and by some of the people of Magdalenas. It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. It is “cold”

teʔel lima, nphr(n of n). ‘lima tree’, sweet lime Citrus limetta, #305(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. It is grown by ladinos. The fruit is sold at market. It is “cold” #403(1, 3). Temperate and highland “tree” It is grown in yards, and along the stream at Voʔ-bi¢. The seeds are planted in June, one to a hole. The harvest is in February and March. The fruit is “cold”. It is sold at market. Sweet limes are hung on the trees that flank the créche. The trunk is used for firewood. (23)-Thirty stemmed sweet limes are provided by the stewards of the Holy Cross on the Seventh Posada for adorning the Christmas trees.

teʔel limatik, nphr(n of n)5. grove of sweet limes.

lima(2) N(Sp, lima).

lima, n1a. file.

limete N(Sp, limeta).

limete, n1a. quart bottle /proper size for accompanying formal visit/. var., limite.

limetein, tv. take possession of quart bottle.

limeton N(Sp, limetón).

limeton. n1a. twenty liter jug. var., limiton.

ʔoʔlol limeton, nphr(aj & n)1d. medium-sized demijohn /10 liters/.

limite

limite, quart bottle. cf. limete.

limiton

limiton, twenty liter jug. cf. limeton.

limon N(Sp, limón).

limon hobel, nphr(n type n). ‘limon grass’, lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus, #773(1, 2). Temperate and highland “plant” It is grown by a few Zinacantecs in their yards. The seedlings are transplanted in the rainy season. The entire plant is brewed with refined sugar as a substitute for coffee. It is “cold”. It is sold at market.

teʔ limon, nphr(n type n). ‘tree limon’ or probably from te limón ‘limon tea’, lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus, #773(3). Temperate and highland “plant” Same as limon hobel.

limproniš

limproniš, quince, cf. nimproniš.

limušna N(Sp, limosna).

limušna, n1a. alms, offering.

slimušnail hčob. the offerings for my corn field /candles, etc., offered to the earth lord and the tutelary gods for planting and weeding rites, requesting rain and protection from wind and snakes/.

slimušnail hna. the offerings for my home /offerings to earth lord for house dedication/.

slimušnail ka’al. the offerings for my well /offerings to earth lord for annual or biannual dedication of well/.

Ritual speech; č’ul-limušna, č’ul-ʔovlikasyon. holy alms, holy obligation.

ʔoč limušna, vphr(iv & n5). hold one of three community-wide annual year renewal ceremonies for warding off epidemics, request for rain, protection for youths drafted in army and sent to Mexico City /formerly/.

ʔoč limušna, vphr(iv & n4d). hold curing ceremony.

hk’an-limušna, agn(tv & ncpd). beggar.

lin(1) P, T, or T(2).

lin, nc. tree heavily laden with fruit.

lin ba, rv. fill out, mature physically (tree, child).

linahtik, aj. cf. linil /plu/.

linan ba, rv. drape heavily (chayote vine).

línanlínan, tv. loosing hair one after another.

linantik, aj. widely spaced /fruit on tree/.

lin¢ah, iv. mature physically (tree, child).

lin¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). fall down (hair braided on top of head).

lines yalel, vphr(tv & dr). knock down /fruit/.

lini, iv. be heavy with fruit.

linil, aj. heavy with fruit, heavily braided, heavily foliaged, with abundant loose hair (girl).

linilik. aj. with abundant loose hair /plu/.

lininet, av. crumbly (salt, earth), falling (leaves or fruit from tree).

linleh, n1f. abundance /of fruit on tree/.

linlehikil, n4f. cf. linleh /plu/.

linlin, aj. heavy with fruit, heavily foliaged, heavily branched.

linlin teʔ. tree with overarching branches.

linlon. av. shaking back and forth (long wool of sheep, long hair of dog or goat).

linp’uh, iv. drop off (all fruit before ripe), become heavily foliaged.

linp’un, tv. cause to drop off /all fruit before ripe/.

linulan, tv. shake up and down causing rustling sound /branch/, shake back and forth causing rustling sound /tree/.

lin(2) X.

linet, av. running in crowd (people), stampeding (horses, sheep), thundering (thunder, horses).

linetik, av. running in crowd (people).

linin, av. running in crowd (people), stampeding (horses, sheep).

lininet, av. running in crowd (people), stampeding (horses, sheep), thundering (thunder, dynamite or rocket in distance, horses V4: 2, rock slide V3: 1), cracking (rifle fire), crashing (house V1: 8 and 9, car V3: 9).

linlah, av. running in crowd (people), stampeding (horses, sheep).

linlahet, av. thundering repeatedly (dynamite), cracking repeatedly (rifle fire).

línluh, av. stampeding suddenly (horses, sheep).

líntelínte, av. rushing about in groups or flocks (people, animals).

lip’ P.

lip’-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. lame /with only toes touching ground/.

lip’ahtik, aj. cf. lip’il /plu/.

lip’an, tv. place precariously.

lip’an ba, rv. lean far out.

lip’¢ah, iv. totter on brink (tree).

lip’¢anbe, tv. undermine.

lip’et, av. tottering (tree on cliff).

lip’etik, av. leaning far out (people on cliff).

lip’i, iv. be leaning far out (person).

lip’il, aj. leaning far out (person, tree).

lip’ilik, aj. leaning far out (people).

lip’ip’, av. toppling over (tree or person into ravine).

lip’lah, av. toppling over (trees into ravine).

lip’leh, n1b. standing and leaning far out /person, tree/.

lip’lehikil, n4f. cf. lip’leh /plu/.

lip’lip’, aj. leaning far out (person, tree).

lip’lon ʔok, vphr(aj & n4d). limping /hurt heel/.

líp’luh ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). lifting heel suddenly /when stepping on thorn/.

líp’telípte ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). limping about /hurt heel/.

lirio N(Sp, lirio).

lirio, n. lily. See below.

¢ahal lirio, nphr(aj & n)5. Hippeastrum sp., #1351(1, 3, 4, 5, 7). Highland “plant”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The bulbs are planted in the rainy season. The flowers are sold at market in San Cristóbal and Tuxtla.

lis(1) P(2).

lis, nc. In reference to: strip of meat hanging from pole, article of clothing hanging on line, bunch of corn ears hanging from rafter.

lisahtik, aj. cf. lisil /plu/.

lisan, tv. produce in abundance /fruit/, hang up large quantity of /meat, clothes, ears of corn/.

lisan ba, rv. hang down in abundance (fruit, meat from smoke pole).

lisanan, tv. hang up a lot of /meat, clothes, ears of corn/.

lisanbe, tv. hang up /meat, ears of corn, clothes/.

lísanlísan, tv. drape heavily here and there (beans on plants, peaches or avocados on trees).

lísanlísanan, tv. cf. lísanlísan.

lisanob, n1f. line, pole, rafter for hanging objects.

lisanobil, n1f. cf. lisanob.

lisantik, aj. shredded (leaves by hail).

lis¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). hang down in clusters.

lis¢an yalel, vphr(tv & dr). bend down in clusters.

liset, av. swaying heavily (fruit-laden branch).

lisi, iv. be hanging down in abundance (fruit, meat /from smoking pole/, ears of corn /from rafters/).

lisikil, n4f. many strips /meat/.

lisil, aj. hanging down in abundance (fruit, meat, clothes, ears of corn), shredded (leaves by hail), hanging in clusters (nits in hair, mud or sheep’s wool), perching in flocks (birds), clinging (sand in eye of waking person).

lísillísil, n4f. each of many /bunches, strips/.

lisilik, aj. perching in flocks (birds).

lisk’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. lis¢ah yalel.

lisk’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cause to drop /fruit/ (oppossum).

lislahet, av. swaying back and forth (mud clinging to sheep’s coat).

lisleh, n1f. hanging in abundance.

lisp’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. lis¢ah yalel.

lisp’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. lis¢an yalel.

lístelíste, av. walking about with (necklace, ribbons, tassels) swaying back and forth.

lis(2) prob O.

liset ta ʔič, vphr(av & prep & n5). sucking breath in and out after eating chili.

lisetik ta ʔič, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. liset ta ʔič (plu).

lisiscl ta ʔič, vphr(av & prep & n5). sucking breath in and out after eating chili.

lislahetik ta ?ič, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. lislon ta ʔič (plu).

lislon ta -ʔič, vphr(av & prep & n5). sucking breath in and out after eating chili /EKL 258: 2–9/.

lisensaro

lisensaro, lawyer, cf. lesinsaro.

liser N(Sp, diesel).

liser, n1a. diesel truck or road machine.

lisises N(Sp. dieciséis).

lisises, n5. Independence Day /September sixteenth/.

k’in lisises, nphr(n of n)5. Independence Day.

k’in lisisestik, nphr(n of n)5. around the sixteenth of September.

listo A(Sp, listo).

listo, aj. ready.

lisyempre

lisyempre, December, cf. disyempre.

litro N(Sp. litro).

litro, n1a. liter bottle, twenty liter dry measure /formerly a wooden box/.

litroin, tv. take possession of liter bottle.

hanika litro, nphr(n type n)5. twelve liter dry measure.

lit’ P(2).

lit’ ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). stand on tiptoes or on tip of hoof.

lit’-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. lame /hurt heel/.

lit’an ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). stand on tiptoes, stand with tip of hoof touching ground.

lit’an ba, rv. stand on tiptoes or on tip of hoof.

lit’¢ah ʔok, vphr(iv & n4d). become lame.

lit’et ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). limping /hurt heel/.

lit’il, aj. standing on tip of hoof or with heel of one foot raised.

lit’it’et, av. trembling (leg while standing with heel raised) /pulling out thorn/.

lit’lah ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). cf. lit’lon ʔok (plu).

lit’lahet ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). hopping (child, buzzard) /plu/.

lit’lit’, aj. with lame foot /heel raised/.

lit’lon ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). limping, hopping (buzzard).

lit’lonah, iv. limp.

lít’luh, av. limping suddenly /heel raised/.

lit’p’uh ʔok, vphr(iv & n4d). cf. lit’¢ah ʔok.

lit’p’unbe ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). lame /chicken/ (boy with slingshot).

lít’telít’te, av. limping about, hopping about (buzzard).

liv P.

liv-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. crybaby.

liv-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5. with rear end spread wide /climbing tree/.

livahtik, aj. stretched wide (rear ends of people climbing tree), too wide apart (rows of corn).

livan ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d). stretch mouth with fingers.

liv¢ah, iv. split wide open (worn clothes).

livel, aj. spread wide (rear end, mouth).

livet ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d). stretching mouth /Scolding speech when drunk or child is yelling/.

livet čak, vphr(av & n4d). roughhousing.

livetik, av. crying (children).

livil, aj. stretched with a crack showing.

Scolding speech; mi livil no ʔoš ave ta yuč’el pos. Is your mouth stretched from drinking cane liquor?

livilik, aj. too wide apart (rows of corn).

liviv, av. slipping into groove (axe slipping into previous cut).

livlahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). cf. livlon ʔe (plu).

livlahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. livlon čak (plu).

livlon ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). stretching mouth (crying child, shouting drunk).

livlon čak, vphr(av & n4d). roughhousing around.

lívluh, av. cracking or splitting open suddenly (wood, earth, drum, vagina), slipping suddenly into groove (axe).

lívtelívte ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). stretching mouth time and again (shouting drunk).

lívtelívte čak, vphr(av & n4d). roughhousing around.

livra N(Sp, libra).

livra, n1a. pound scales /used to weigh fish and shrimp, formerly used to weigh cotton/.

livro N(Sp, libro).

livro, n1a. book.

ʔok slivroale hčantik. If there were a book about it we would learn it /Spanish/.

lo X

loet, av. with unfastened sides (tunic).

loin ta lapel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). wear tunic with unfastened sides.

lótelóte, av. walking about wearing tunic with unfastened sides.

loʔ(1) T.

loʔ, tv. eat /fruit, eggs, squash, potatoes, greens, honeycomb, excrement/.

sloʔ ssim. He is eating his mucous (drunk, baby).

loʔ ba, rv. squash (fruit).

loʔ ta ti?el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). gulp down greedily (dog eating flesh of dead animal, child greedily eating meat).

loʔahtik, av. squishy (mud on clothing).

loʔan, tv. eat /fruit, etc./.

loʔanan, tv. cf. loʔan.

lóʔanlóʔan, tv. eat one after another /fruit, etc./.

lóʔanlóʔanan, tv. cf. lóʔanlóʔan.

loʔbahel, n5. fruits.

loʔbalal, aj. edible (fruit).

loʔbalal čiš-teʔ, cf. čiá-teʔ.

loʔbalal č’iš, cf. č’iš.

loʔbalal met, cf. met.

loʔbalal petok, cf. petok.

loʔbe, tv. eat /fruit, etc./.

isloʔbe sčob. It ate his corn (mule or dog in corn field, eating young corn).

loʔbol, n1a. fruit, banana.

loʔbolaltik, n5. large banana grove.

loʔiboltik, n5. banana grove.

ʔik’al loʔbol, nphr(aj & n). banana. Same as ba¢’i loʔbol.

ba¢’i loʔbol, nphr(aj & n)1a. banana. Lowland “tree” or highland “tree” planted beyond Larraínzar(?). It is planted by some ladinos at the beginning of the rainy season. The fruit is “medium” or “cold” Two trees are provided by the stewards of St. Anthony on the Seventh Posada. They are stood on either side of the entrance to the créche. (RML)-Banana peels should not be eaten, lest someone in one’s family die. It is believed that because Christ planted banana palms, they must not be cut down.

¢ahal loʔbol, nphr(aj & n). banana. Lowland “tree” The fruit is “hot”

čan-¢elav loʔbol, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n). ‘four-ridged banana’, banana Musa paradisiaca, #762(1, 2). Lowland “plant” It is grown by a few Zinacantecs. The leaves are used by ladinos for wrapping tamales, posol, and meat. The fruit is eaten by people and pigs. It is “cold”

čimpo loʔbol, nphr(x type n). banana. Lowland “tree” The fruit is “cold”

k’oš loʔbol, nphr(aj & n). Heliconia aff. librata, #724(1, 2). Temperate “plant”

loʔbol ʔak’, nphr(n type n). philodendron Philodendron hederaceum, #2811(11, 12). Lowland “vine”

loʔbol čih, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5). ‘sheep fruit’ or ‘deer fruit’, bomarea Bomarea hirtella, #1375(7). Temperate “vine”

loʔbol č’iš, cf. č’iš.

loʔbol heš teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘jay’s fruit tree’, Rhamnus nelsonii, #1428(7). Highland “tree”

loʔbol htiʔ-sip, nphr(n of agn/tv & ncpd/). ‘tick-eater fruit’ or ‘ani’s fruit’, hackberry Celtis iguanaea, #1674(7). Lowland “vine”

loʔbol mut, nphr(n of n). ‘bird fruit’, Monnina xalapense, #1390(7). Highland “tree”

loʔbol vet, nphr(n of n). ‘fox fruit’, thymeleaf coriaria Coriaria thymifolia, #B9276(5, 5a), #146(1, 2, 4, 5), #2254(3, 4, 19). Highland “plant” The berries are eaten by gray foxes, steller jays, and rufous-collared robins. To make their hair grow longer, women pound six tender shoots and rub them on their hair. #2449(1, 20). Highland “tree” (20)-It is used for firewood.

loʔ¢ah, iv. become mushy.

t šloʔ¢ah sk’ur His shirt has become grimy and threadbare (person who never changes his shirts).

loʔel, nc. eating /salt/ (sheep, cow).

loʔet, av. very soft or oozing (mud), rotting (fruit).

loʔilan, tv. keep eating /greens, etc./.

loʔilanan, tv. keep eating a lot of /greens/ (rabbit).

loʔlahet yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down in many places (fresh daub).

loʔlahetik, av. eating (people eating fruit).

loʔleh, n4f. mushiness /fruit/.

lóʔlih, av. squashing suddenly (ripe fruit underfoot).

loʔlon, av. feeling mushy substance (excrement in pants), eating soft substance (animal eating dirt).

šloʔlon ta loʔbol. It is eating fruit.

loʔob(1), n1f. pot for squash, salt trough for animals.

loʔob(2), n5. muddy place.

loʔobil, n1f. cf. loʔob(1).

loʔobtik, n5. muddy place.

loʔol, aj. mushy (mud, excrement on clothes), soft (sufficiently cooked beans).

loʔolik, aj. cf. loʔahtik.

loʔp’ih, iv. become grimy and threadbare, become mushy.

t šloʔp’ih ta hpat. It squashed on my back (fruit being carried).

lóʔtelóʔte, av. walking about with threadbare clothes.

loʔvan ta tiʔel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). bite person (dog).

hloʔ-¢oʔ, agn(tv & ncpd). excrement-eater /dog/, lecherous person. Female speech; exclamation of disgust at another’s action.

hlo?-makom, agn(tv & ncpd)5. ‘blackberry eater’, blue mockingbird Melanotis caerulescens /Hok’ Č’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/. cf. k’ub tot, sak-č’ut mut.

hloʔ ton tuluk’, agn: vphr(tv & nphrcpd/n of n/5). Joking speech; lit., turkey egg eater, i.e., person who is very sensitive to the cold.

hloʔvaneh ta tiʔel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). dangerous dog.

loloʔ, n5. Baby talk; banana, fruit.

loʔ(2) X.

loʔloʔ, n1d. halictine sweat bee. This lowland sweat bee has no edible grubs or honey.

loʔlon, av. swarming (bees, gnats).

loʔ(3) prob N.

loʔil, n1d. hearsay, news, conversation, discussion, joke.

mu loʔiluk. lit., It’s no joke, i.e.. It’s the truth.

loʔilah, iv. converse, joke.

loʔilta, tv. discuss, gossip.

štanet sloʔiltael. Gossip about it is spreading.

loʔilta ba, rv. relate circumstances of one’s disgrace or defeat.

loʔiltaan, tv. gossip about many things.

loʔiltabe, tv. gossip.

loʔiltavan, iv. gossip about people.

loʔlo, tv. trick, deceive.

loʔloan, tv. deceive many times.

loʔlobe, tv. trick or deceive person.

ta hloʔlobe s¢eb. lit., I will deceive him concerning his daughter, i.e., I will steal his daughter away from him.

ta hloʔlobe shol. lit., I will deceive his head for him, i.e., I will get him drunk and deceive him.

loʔloob, n1f. lure /deer/.

loʔloobil, n1f. cf. loʔloob.

loʔlovan, iv. trick person.

hloʔil, agn. gossip.

hloʔiltavaneh, agn. person who gossips about others.

hloʔlovaneh, agn. deceiver.

¢eʔeh loʔil, nphr(vn type n)5. humorous talk, joking.

lo¢ P(2).

lo¢, tv. stack /tortillas, stone slabs, boards, bricks, paper/.

lo¢, nc. stack /tortillas, etc./.

lo¢ ba, rv. coil (snake).

lo¢ahtik, aj. cf. lo¢ol /plu/.

lo¢an, tv. stack /tortillas, etc./.

lo¢an ba, rv. coil (snake).

lo¢anob, n1f. cloth for covering stack of tortillas.

lo¢anobil, n1f. cf. lo¢anob.

lo¢et, av. sitting in stack (tortillas).

lo¢i, iv. be stacked (tortillas, etc.).

lo¢leh, n1f. stack.

lo¢lo¢, nc. single stack /tortillas/ /1 only/.

lo¢okil, n4f. in stacks.

lo¢ol, aj. stacked (tortillas, etc.), coiled (snake).

ló¢olló¢ol, n4f. each of many stacks.

ló¢teló¢te, av. carrying one stack after another /bricks/.

lo¢’ P(2).

lo¢’, tv. lift with tweezers or tongs, remove earth with post-hole digger, hold between legs.

lo¢’, n4d. mandibles (insect), claw (crab).

lo¢’ ʔok, vphr(tv // n). press legs together tightly (child, woman trying to save virginity).

lo¢’ ba, rv. press legs together tightly (child, woman trying to save virginity, become cramped (fingers), intertwine one’s legs.

lo¢’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. with legs intertwined.

lo¢’ahtik, aj. cf. lo¢’ol /plu/.

lo¢’an ʔok, vphr(tv // n). press one’s legs together tightly.

lo¢’an ba, rv. press one’s legs together.

lo¢’et čak, vphr(av & n4d). wagging hips.

lo¢’i, iv. press together tightly (long objects, branches).

lo¢’ilan čak, vphr(tv // n). walk tight-assed.

lo¢’lahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. lo¢’lon (plu).

lo¢’leh, n1d. with legs or knees pressed together.

Scolding speech, mother berating daughter for laziness; k’u t šapas ta lo¢’leh ačak ta tiʔ k’ok’e. What are you doing squeezing your ass tightly by the fire?

lo¢’lo¢’, aj. pressed together (legs, rocks), narrow (cave, ravine), hemmed in (path with cliffs on either side).

lo¢’lon čak, vphr(av & n4d). trudging wearily (child), walking tight-assed.

lo¢ob, n1f. tongs /used by ladinos for lifting coals or ice/, paper clip.

lo¢’obil, n1f. cf. lo¢’ob.

lo¢’ohel, n5. trimming of candles on Maundy Thursday.

lo¢’ol, aj. pressed together (legs), narrow (cave, ravine).

lo¢’olah, iv. trim /candles that are trimmed with tweezers by ensign-bearers on Maundy Thursday/.

lo¢’olahel, n5. cf. lo¢’ohel.

lo¢’om čih, nphr(x type n)1a. cramp in fingers.

lo¢’om čih, nphr(x & n). mimosa Mimosa albida, #1531(11, 12). Temperate and highland “plant”. #1835(15, 16). Temperate “vine”. #1957(16, 17). Temperate “plant” cf. lot’om č’iš.

lo¢’om čih ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/x & n/ type n). mimosa Mimosa albida, #2643(20). Lowland “plant”.

lo¢’om čih č’iš, nphr(nphr/x & n/ type n). mimosa Mimosa albida, #437(2, 3, 5). Temperate “tree”. #1957(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”. #2275(3, 4). Highland “plant” #2643(1, 3). Lowland “plant”

lo¢’opil, n3d. armpit.

hlo¢’optik eč’el. up to our armpits /seventh developmental stage of corn/.

lo¢’op’in, tv. hold in armpit or under arm.

lo¢’op’invan, iv. hold under arm /child/.

ló¢’teló¢’te čak, vphr(av & n4d). trudging wearily about, walking about with very tight seat of pants.

lo¢’van, iv. pinch person (crab, grasshopper, leaf-cutter ant).

hlo¢’op’invaneh, agn. person holding child under his arm.

loč’ P.

loč’ahtik, aj. cf. loč’ol /plu/.

loč’an, tv. set up on /child set on horse, young chicken set on roost/.

loč’an ba, rv. cling to /tree/.

loč’anan, tv. set up on /chickens set on roost/.

lóč’anlóč’an, tv. set one after another on perch.

lóč’anlóč’anan, tv. cf. lóč’anlóč’an.

loč’et, av. clinging to /branches/ (person).

loč’etah, iv. climbing and clinging to /branches/ (person, squirrel, monkey, jaguar).

loč’etik, av. cf. loč’et (plu).

loč’i, iv. be encircling object (person clinging to tree trunk or branches, child holding to horse’s neck), be perched (bird).

loč’lah yalel, vphr(av & dr). climbing down rapidly.

loč’lahet, av. climbing up (woodpeckers).

loč’lahetik, av. clinging to and jumping from branch to branch (people).

loč’leh, n1d. clinging to.

loč’lon, av. climbing up (person, woodpecker), jumping up (chicken).

loč’ol, aj. encircling object, perched.

loč’telóč’te, av. climbing about (person, woodpecker, green jay, monkey, or squirrel in tree).

loh(1) P(2).

loh-ʔat, nphr(aj & ncpd). with testicles hanging down (boy, ram).

loh-ʔat poš, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ‘dangling testicle medicine’, Micropleura renifolia, #1530(11, 12). Highland “plant”. (11)-To induce the birth of sons, a man gathers a bowlful of tubers. These are ground, and brewed with six chilis and two pieces of brown sugar. A cup of the warm tea is drunk by his wife before breakfast for three days. It is “hot”.

loh eč’el ta čukel, vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5). lead off to jail in pairs.

loh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). flail.

lohahtik, aj. cf. lohol /plu/.

lohan, tv. dangle in pairs (testicles).

lohet, av. dangling in pairs (testicles), yoked (oxen), bouncing (net).

lohetah, iv. dangle in pairs (testicles).

lohetik, av. walking side by side (oxen, people of like mind).

lohi, iv. dangle in pairs (testicles).

lohlah, av. walking in pairs (people, oxen).

lohlahet, av. bouncing up and down in pairs (udders).

lohlahet šanav, vphr(av & iv). walking yoked (oxen).

lohleh, n1d. dangling in pairs (testicles, breasts).

lóhlih, av. swaying suddenly in pairs (bull testicles or fruit when hit by rock).

lohloh, aj. gap-toothed, dangling in pairs (testicles).

lohlon, av. bouncing up and down in pairs (breasts, testicles), walking yoked (oxen), bouncing (nearly empty net).

lohob, n5. rope for tying pair of prisoners.

lohobil, n1f. cf. lohob.

lohol, aj. gap-toothed, dangling in pairs (testicles).

lohom nutiʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a. wide-meshed net for carrying corn.

lóhtelóhte, av. walking along side by side, swinging back and forth (dog teats), walking about with bouncing (nearly empty net).

lohvan eč’el ta čukel, vphr(iv & dr & prep & vn5). lead people off to jail in pairs /at Carnival/.

loh(2)

loh rioš, I swear to God! cf. ʔil(2).

lok(1) X.

loklahet, av. blazing in many places.

lóklih. av. blazing suddenly (flames).

loklon, av. burning (candle, oil lamp).

lokoket, av. blazing (flames).

lóktelókte, av. blazing here and there (runaway fire).

lok(2) prob O.

loket niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). snoring softly through nose.

lokoket niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). snoring very loudly.

lok(3) T.

lok, tv. cut out or chip off /pine or incense from living tree/.

lok, nc. chunk /pine cut out of trunk of living tree/.

lok ba, rv. gash self by missing aim /axe/.

lokan, tv. cut many, chip much /pine, incense/.

lokanan, tv. cf. lokan.

lókanlókan, tv. cut or chip one after another.

lókanlókanan, tv. cf. lókanlókan.

lokbe, tv. cut out or chip off /pine or incense from living tree/.

lokel, nc. axe blow.

lokob, n1f. axe.

lokobil, n1f. cf. lokob.

lokvan ta ʔek’el, vphr(iv & prep & n5). gash person with axe by missing aim.

hlokvaneh ta ʔek’el, agn(nphr/iv & prep & n5/). person who mistakenly cuts another with axe.

lok(4) X.

lokol, aj. very fat-faced.

loko N(Sp, loco).

loko, n1e. licentiousness.

loko, n5. licentious person. Loose women are punished in hell(k’atinbak) by having a red-hot wire inserted in their vaginas until they sizzle. They are then forced to eat their own sexual parts. Men who commit incest with their mothers, sisters or co-mothers are placed in the hell fire, eaten by devils, and are digested and ejected whole in an endless cycle.

loko, aj. provocative, over-sexed, boy-crazy.

lokoib, iv. become girl-crazy /from drink/.

lokotik, aj. rather over-sexed.

lokom N.

lokom, n1d. dewlap /lizard, chicken/.

lóktor N(Sp, doctor).

lóktor, agn. doctor.

lok’(1) T.

lok’, tv. cut off, remove /clothes/, rent.

lok’, iv. exit, go out, come out, issue forth, run (dye), end (term of office, year), fall off (pants, skirt), rise (sun, moon), be able to spare.

mi šlok’ to hayibuk 1 atak’ine. Can you spare a little money?

lok’ lahuk voʔtik. The rainy season has ended.

lek ilok’. It turned out well.

li k’ose mu to šlok’ lek ʔlc’opoh. The child does not yet speak clearly (or) pronounce words properly.

Ritual speech, host or shaman offering cane liquor at beginning of meal; lok’uk h-set’ huteb yaʔlel hmešatik. May a little, a bit of our table’s water issue forth.

lok’, n4f. rent.

lok’ ʔakta, vphr(iv & n1e). issue document.

lok’ ʔat, vphr(tv & n5). castrate. If a horse or pig is to be castrated, the owner, the castrator and his helpers must be continent for three days and three nights lest the wound fester.

lok’ ʔisim, vphr(tv & n4d). shave.

lok’-ʔišim, vn(tv & ncpd)5. corn harvest season.

lok’-ʔišimtik, vn(tv & ncpd)5. corn harvest season.

lok’ ¢o¢, vphr(tv & nib), shear.

lok’ č’ulel, vphr(iv & n4d). lit., have soul depart, i.e., die.

lok’ č’ulelal, vphr(iv & n5). lit., have ghost depart, i.e., die.

lok’ hobel, vphr(tv & n1b), cut thatch.

lok’ hol, vphr(tv & n4d). have haircut.

lok’ kwenta, vphr(iv & n5). be profitable.

lok’-man, tv(tv & tvcpd). buy secondhand.

lok’-manulan, tv(tv & tvcpd). keep buying secondhand.

lok’ manya, vphr(iv & n4d). receive prolonged punishment.

lok’ miša, vphr(iv & n1e). celebrate requiem mass.

lok’ na, vphr(tv & n3b). rent house.

lok’ nit ʔič’ak, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). cut fingernails.

lok’ siʔ, vphr(iv & n4d). gather firewood (religious official only).

lok’ ta, vphr(iv & prep & n5). make debut as.

ilok’ ta ʔilolal. He made his debut as a shaman.

ilok’ ta ʔik’alil. He appeared impersonating a spook /at Carnival/.

ilok’ ta ¢’ak-bak’. He made his debut as a bone-setter.

t šlok’ ta tamolal. She is making her debut as a midwife.

t šlok’ ta pašyal. He goes hunting, also, in polite speech. He goes to the bathroom.

lok’ ta ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & prep & n4d). be at fault, be responsible for.

lok’ trigo, vphr(tv & n5). reap wheat.

lok’ veš, vphr(tv & n4d). lit., have pants taken off, i.e., be tricked or cheated.

lok’an ¢o¢, vphr(tv & nib), shear a lot of wool.

lók’anlók’an, tv. remove one after another /pieces of clothing/, shear one after another.

lók’anlók’anan, tv. cf. lók’anlók’an.

lok’balal -ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)1d. rented land.

lok’eb k’ak’al, nphr(n1f of n5). East.

lok’ebal, n1f. end/of work/.

lok’ebal son, nphr(n type n)5. exit song played by trio when procession leaves house or church.

lok’el, dr. auxiliary verb expressing motion out of.

lok’el, nc. time.

hay lok’el. How many times?

muk’ bu hay lok’el. never.

mu hay lok’eluk. never, nevertheless.

lok’el, aj. fallen out (bottom of basket).

lok’el ʔoʔon, nphr(vn4f of n4d). sincerely.

lok’el be, nphr(vn type n)5. path leading out of town.

lok’el lok’el, vphr(vn lb & vn lb). being revealed frequently (gossip, name of person witch is selling to earth lord).

lok’el lok’el sč’ulel. He became unconscious frequently.

lok’es, tv. remove, take out, take off, dispatch /constable, principal/, produce, make /tortillas, cane liquor, gunpowder/, contribute /money, com, chicken/, celebrate /fiesta, requiem mass/, stick out /tongue/.

lok’es ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n). try one’s best, fulfill one’s desire, satisfy one’s curiosity.

islok’es yoʔon issaʔ snail pero muk’ bu itak’bat. He tried his best; he looked for the right house, but he wasn’t answered /a boy who is unsuccessful in his petition for a bride/.

ʔak’o slok’es yoʔon ti htote ʔak’o slok’es yoʔon ti hmeʔe. lit., Let my father do his worst, let my mother do her worst, i.e., Let the witch. whether male or female, kill me /exclamation of dying person/.

lok’es-ʔoʔonil, vn(tv & ncpd)5. doing one’s best.

lok’es bala, vphr(tv & n5). shoot, remove bullet.

lok’es biil, vphr(tv & n5). announce names /newly elected officials/.

lok’es č’ulelal, vphr(tv & n5). chant response /on All Souls’ Day to call forth souls/ (sacristan).

lok’es k’ak’al ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). give vent to one’s anger.

lok’es k’evuh, vphr(tv & n5). strike up a tune (fiddler).

lok’es mantal. vphr(tv & n5). issue an order, decree.

lok’es manya ta ʔabtel, vphr(tv & n4d & prep & vn5). push one’s workers by working extra long and fast.

lok’es poš, vphr(tv & n5). distill liquor, bootleg.

lok’es son, vphr(tv & n5). strike up a tune (fiddler).

lok’es ta č’om, vphr(tv & prep & n5). borrow money.

lok’es ta holinom, vphr(tv & prep & n5). borrow money with interest.

lok’es tiro, vphr(tv & n5). shoot.

lok’esan, tv. remove /plu/.

lok’esbe, tv. carry out hostile action against.

lok’esbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n). fulfill one’s desire, try one’s best.

lok’esbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). try one’s best for someone.

lok’esbe manya, vphr(tv / / n). teach a lesson.

t slok’esbe šmanya mu šak’be ta “>ora yahnil. They are teaching him a lesson by not giving him his wife quickly.

islok’esbe smanya ta ʔika¢il li kaʔe yuʔun tol shatav. He taught the mule a lesson /by giving it a heavy/ burden because it runs away so often.

lok’esbe veš ta lcʔovaneh, vphr(tv & n4d & prep & vn5). trick the pants off of.

lok’eseh-bala, vn(tv & ncpd)5. removal of bullet /from body/.

lok’eseh-biil, vn(tv & ncpd)5. announcement of names /religious officials/.

lok’eseh-mantal, vn(tv & ncpd)5. issuing of order.

lok’eseh-poš, vn(tv & ncpd)5. bootlegging, distilling of liquor.

lok’eseh-sibak, vn(tv & ncpd)5. gunpowder manufacture.

lok’eseh-vob, vn(vn & ncpd)5. circuit made by the ensign-bearers when they pick up their musicians.

lok’esob ʔaʔal, nphr(n4f of n4d). jug, bucket.

lok’esob holobil, nphr(n1f of n3d). bodkin.

lok’esob holobil, nphr(n of n). “loom cloth remover’, wild flax Linum mexicanum, # 1491(11, 12). Highland “plant”

lok’esob manya, nphr(n of n)5. punishment, revenge.

lok’esob voʔ, nphr(n of n)5. water jug, bucket.

lok’esobil ʔaʔal, nphr(n4f of n4d). cf. lok’esob ʔaʔal.

lok’esobil holobil, nphr(n4f of n3d). cf. lok’esob holobil.

lok’esobil ta balamil, nphr(n4f & prep & n5). corn or gourd used in divination at curing ceremony.

lokesobil vo1ʔ, nphr(n of n)5. cf. lok’esob voʔ.

lok’esvan ta ʔabtel, vphr(iv & prep & n5). dismiss person from office.

lok’esvan ta balamil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). rescue from the earth (shaman).

lok’esvan ta čukel, vphrfiv & prep & vn5). rescue person from jail.

lok’esvan ta na, vphr(iv & prep & n5). drag person from house /to murder/.

lok’el čak, vphr(av & n4f). with bottom falling off.

lok’et veš, vphr(av & n4d). with pants down /defecating/.

lok’ilan, iv. keep exiting.

lok’lok’, iv. go a little ways out. move out a little /build one’s house at slight distance from parents/, run slightly (dye).

lok’lok’es, tv. take a little out /nixtamal/.

lok’lok’es, tv. move away slightly /table, pot, etc./.

lok’lok’tik, iv. run slightly (dye).

lok’lon čak, vphr(av & n4d). with pants down again and again (person suffering from diarrhea).

lok’ob, n1f. cane liquor /served when bride and groom or dudes change clothes/.

lok’ob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)1e. picture, manikin.

lok’ob hol, nphr(n of n)5. barbershop, clippers, scissors.

lok’obil, n4f. tweezers, sickle.

lok’obil hoi, nphr(n4f of n4d). barbershop habitually patronized.

lok’ol, n1f. Ritual speech, prayer; picture, image, cf. k’ešolil.

slok’ol shelol ti vinahelal ʔan¢e. the picture, the substitute for the heavenly lady /female saint/.

lok’ol-čak, nphr(aj & ncpd). with bottom nearly fallen out /basket/, too weak to lift burden /person/.

lok’ta, tv. create, copy, draw, photograph, sculpt, fashion. Picture-taking is resented because of the fear that it will cause soul-loss. Similarly it is not permissable to take photographs of the saints’ images for fear that the saints’ souls will be stolen and the town punished.

lok’tabon hč’ut. lit., copy my stomach for me, i.e., Take my drink /person who requests aid of companion to avert total inebriation/.

k’e šʔelan islok’ta. Look what he did! /something bad/.

lok’taan, tv. take pictures of.

lok’taob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)1e. camera, photograph /which serves as substitute during person’s absence/, picture, substitute /in ritual duties/, Joking speech; substitute for husband or wife.

lok’tavan, iv. photograph or make image of person, impersonate, substitute for person.

lók’telók’te, av. appearing one after another (murderers).

hlok’-ʔat, agn(tv & ncpd). castrator.

hlok’-¢o¢, agn(tv & ncpd). shearer.

hlok’-hobel, agn(tv & ncpd). thatch cutter.

hlok’-holol, agn(tv & ncpd). barber.

hlok’-na, agn(tv & ncpd). tenant.

hlok’-trigo, agn(tv & ncpd). wheat reaper.

hlok’el, agn. outgoing official.

hlok’eseh-ʔoʔonil, agn(vn & ncpd). petitioner who does his best to win girl for the prospective groom.

hlok’eseh-mantal, agn(vn & ncpd). person who issues order.

hlok’eseh-poš, agn(vn & ncpd). cane liquor distiller, moonshiner.

hlok’eseh-sibak, agn(vn & ncpd). gunpowder maker /formerly/.

hlok’esvaneh, agn. shaman.

hlok’esvaneh ta balamil, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). shaman.

hlok’esvaneh ta čukel, agn(nphr/vn5 & vn5/). lawyer /native/.

hlok’esvaneh ta na, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). murderer.

hlok’ol-čak ʔič, cf. ʔič.

hlok’tavaneh, agn. person who photographs people, person who acts as substitute /for cantor or dame/.

lok’(2) X.

lok\ nc. thread, strand /rope/.

lok’lok’, nc. single /thread, strand, rope/ /I only/.

lol N(Sp, Lorenzo).

lol, n1d. Lawrence, Robert.

lolen N(Sp, Lorenza).

lolen, n1d. Lorentia /name also of one of the dames/.

loloʔ

loloʔ, fruit, banana, cf. loʔ(1).

lom(1) p, T, or T(2).

lom, iv. fall (drunk, person with burden, animal, tree, house, cliff).

lom-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. wide-footed /barefoot/.

lom-č’en, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. dry sink.

lom ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike /on back or side with fist/.

lom ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). stamp.

lomahtik, aj. depressed (land, foot prints), not full (bottles, bags).

loman, tv. place /tortilla on griddle/, put in /foot in mud or dust/.

lomanan, tv. place /tortillas on griddle/.

lómanlóman, tv. place one after another /tortillas on griddle/.

lómanlóman ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). step on one after another.

lómanlómanan, tv. cf. lómanlóman.

lomanob, n4f. griddle.

lomanobil, n1f. cf. lomanob.

lombe, tv. beat /with rock or stick/, guzzle /food, water, posol/.

lom¢ah, iv. give way, sink (surface of ground).

lom¢an, tv. cause to give way or sink /surface of ground/.

lomebal, n5. moment before falling.

lomel, aj. sunken (eye).

lomes, tv. knock down /house/, fell /tree/.

lomesan, tv. fell /trees/.

lomesobil, n4f. axe.

lomet, av. sunken (eye).

lomi, iv. lie on (tortillas on griddle), put in (foot in hole).

lomilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep striking /on back or side with fist/.

lomilan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). step on /corn, plants/ (horse), stamp on /enemy/.

lomilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep striking many times /on back or side with fist/.

lomilanan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). step on a lot.

lomk’ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). sink (land).

lomk’in yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cause to sink /land/.

lomlah, av. thudding (hoofbeats, footsteps of drunk).

lomlahet, av. thudding (footsteps of drunk).

lomlahetik, av. cf. lomlahet.

lomleh, n1f. depression in land, sunken (eye).

lómlih, av. thudding suddenly (falling drunk, rock), sinking suddenly (mole hill underfoot).

lomlom, aj. sunken (eye), depressed (land).

lomlon, av. thudding (earth being stamped on grave).

lomokil, n4f. many hollows.

lomol, aj. not full.

lomolik, aj. cf. lomol /plu/.

lomom, av. making hollow sound /underfoot/.

lomp’ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. lomk’ih yalel.

lomp’in yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. lomk’in yalel.

lómtelómte, av. thudding about barefoot, sinking here and there (land).

lómtelómte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with sunken eye.

lomvan ta mahel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). slap person.

lomvan ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). step on person’s foot.

hlomvaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who strikes another /on back or side with fist/.

hlomvaneh ta tek’el, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who steps on another’s foot.

lom(2) prob O.

lomet, av. roaring (fire).

lomlahet, av. roaring (blasting iron), crashing (thunder EKL 255: 1-1), clopping.

lómlih, av. cracking (rifle), roaring suddenly (blasting iron), flaring suddenly (fire).

šlómlih sk’ak’al. It suddenly cracked (rifle fire).

lomlon, av. booming (large bell).

šlomlon t šk’opoh. He talks with a deep voice.

lomomet, av. roaring (fire), booming (blasting iron or bomb in distance), banging and popping (fireworks VI: 3).

lom(3)

lom, weeding, planting, some people, layer of clothing, plot of growing corn. cf. lam.

lomio N(Sp, lomillo).

lomio, n1d. pack blanket /one placed on either side of mule’s backbone/.

Ion prob O.

lonlon, av. booming (large bell).

lononet, av. ringing (bell).

lona N(Sp, lona).

lona, n1a. canvas /covering for com, market stalls, trucks/, large burlap bag.

lonkanisyo N(Sp, longaniza).

lonkanisyo, n1a. sausage.

lop(1) probPorP(2).

lop-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. sunken-eyed.

lopahtik, aj. cf. lopol /plu/.

lopčah, iv. become sunken (eyes with hunger).

lop¢anbe, tv. put out /eye/.

lopel, aj. sunken (eyes).

lopet, av. with sunken (eyes).

lopk’ih, iv. cf. lopčah.

lopk’inbe, tv. make sunken /face with hunger/.

loplah, av. with sunken (eyes) /in anger/ (plu).

loplahet, av. with sunken (eyes) (plu).

lopleh, n5. sunken-eyed.

loplon, av. with sunken (eyes) /in anger/.

loplop, aj. sunken (eyes).

lopol, aj. sunken (eyes).

lopolik, aj. sunken (eyes) /plu/.

lóptelópte, av. walking about with sunken eyes or with ribs showing (dog, cow, horse).

lop(2) T.

lop ta ʔuč’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slurp /cane liquor, posol, corn gruel broth, squash/, /beans/ (Chamula laborers).

lopan ta -ʔiuč’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slurp a lot.

lopanan ta ʔuč’eL vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. lopan la ʔuč’el.

lópanlópan ta ʔuč’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slurp one after another.

lópanlópanan ta -ʔuč’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. lópanlópan ta ʔuč’el.

loplahet, av. slurping (plu).

loplon, av. slurping, rustling.

šloplon sčak ta ʔanil. She was hurrying with rustling skirt /narrow skirt/.

loria N(Sp, gloria).

loria, n5. Ritual speech, address to earth lord; glory, heaven.

č’ul-vinaheL, č’ul-loria, č’ul-lum, č’ul-iosil. Holy Heaven, Holy Glory, Holy Earth, Holy Land.

loro N(Sp, loro).

loro, n5. parrot. Parrots are not considered edible. They are known to feed occasionally in lowland corn fields. A child who is slow in learning to talk may be given the crumbs that have fallen from the beak of a ladino’s pet parrot.

loro mut, nphr(n type n)1d. ‘parrot bird’, rose-breasted grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus.

los(1) P.

losahtik, aj. cf. losol /plu/.

losan, tv. set down /rope, tripe, wire, chain, clothing/.

losanan. tv. set down /ropes, etc./.

lósanlósan, tv. throw off one piece of /clothing/ after another.

lósanlósanan, tv. cf. lósanlósan.

loset, av. lying (rope, tripe, wire, chain, clothing).

losi, iv. lie (rope, tripe, wire, chain, clothing).

loslah yalel, vphr(av & dr). slipping down (fresh daub).

losleh, n1f. long flexible object lying.

loslos, aj. slippery and flexible (cow stomach, lights).

losol, aj. lying (rope, tripe, wire, chain, clothing).

losos, av. moving (snake, rope, streamer).

lóstelóste, av. throwing around /clothes in open field/ (children).

los(2) T.

los ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap lightly /with fist or rag/.

loslahet mahel, vphr(av & vn5). slapping /sound/.

loslih, av. falling and thudding suddenly (woman, laundry).

loslon, av. slapping.

losvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slap person lightly /with fist or rag/.

hlosvaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who slaps another lightly /with fist or rag/.

los(3) prob P or P(2).

losahtik, aj. cf. losol /plu/.

losol, aj. soaked (clothing, people).

losolik, aj. cf. losol /plu/.

losp’ih, iv. become soggy (paper, clothing).

losp’in, tv. soak.

losp’in ba, rv. become soaked (child).

losp’invan, iv. soak person (baby).

hlosp’invaneh, agn. baby who soaks another person /with urine/.

los(4) X.

loslon, av. bubbling.

lososet, av. bubbling (boiling food or water) /sound/.

losena N(Sp, docena).

losena, n1e. dozen, var., losina.

losina

losina, dozen, cf. losena.

loša N(Sp, Rosa).

loša, n1d. Rose, var., Lošik, Šik /when young/.

lošik

lošik, Rose. cf. loša.

lot P(2).

lot, tv. set together.

Use restricted to; islot scaʔ-vaʔal. lit., He set the two together i.e.. He married both sisters.

lot, nc. objects lying, sitting, or standing together /1-3/ (stones, eggs, two fingers or toes grown together from birth, two trees growing from single base).

lot-’ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. webbed-toed.

lot ba, rv. sit together (two people).

lot-k’ob, n(aj & ncpd)5. webbed-fingered.

lotahtik, aj. cf. lotol /plu/.

lotan, tv. set down together /logs, stones, eggs/.

lotan baik, rv. stand or sit side by side (people).

lótanlótan, tv. set down in pairs or threes one after another /stones for boundary markers/.

lótanlótanan, tv. cf. lólanlólan.

lotebal, n1d. Ritual speech, elders praying, referring to Chapel of Our lord of Esquípulas; meeting place.

s¢obleb, slotleb htotik hmeʔtik. the gathering place, the meeting place of our fathers, our mothers.

Ritual speech, shaman in curing prayer referring to Calvary; sʔobleb slotleb ti vakib č’ul-totile ti vakib č’ul-meʔile. the gathering place, the meeting place of the six holy fathers, the six holy mothers.

lotet, av. walking side by side (people, oxen).

lotetah, iv. walk side by side (oxen).

lotetik, av. walking side by side (people).

loti, iv. lie together (logs, stones, eggs), be falling together (shooting stars).

lonian, tv. keep herding by twos and threes /sheep/.

lotlah, av. walking side by side rapidly.

lotlahet, av. walking side by side (chicks, people).

lotlahetik, av. walking side by side (people).

lotleh, n1d. standing or sitting together /people/.

lotion, av. walking side by side slowly (people, oxen, sheep).

lotob, n4f. pole used to push objects together.

lotobil, n1f. cf. lotob.

lotol, aj. lying, sitting, or standing together (people, houses, animals, pair of oxen, testicles).

Ritual speech, religious officials at fiesta; ¢obolotik lotolotik ta muk’ta k’in ta muk’ta paskwa. We are gathered, we are joined together at the great fiesta, on the great feast day.

lotolik, aj. in pairs (wedding couples).

lotot, av. walking side by side.

lóttelótte, av. walking about side by side.

ʔoš-lot, n(num & nccpd)5. constellation of three stars in Orion’s belt; delta, epsilon, xi.

ʔoš-lot hʔelek’, nphr(n/num & nccpd/4d of agn). constellation; supposedly only seen by robbers.

lot’ P(2).

lot’ ba, rv. compress, close up (notch in tree trunk closed by weight of toppling tree).

lot’ahtik, aj. cf. lot’ol /plu/.

lot’an ba, rv. huddle with arms pressed to body (person) /squatting/.

lot’et, av. holding on /to branch/.

lot’etik, av. cf. lot’et (plu).

lot’i, iv. huddle with arms pressed to body (person) /squatting/.

lot’leh, n1d. huddling with arms pressed to body /squatting/.

lot’lon, av. walking gingerly (sick person, person walking on slippery trail, or barefoot on thorny path).

lot’ol, aj. huddled with arms pressed to body (person), crouched (cat).

lot’om č’iš, nphr(x & n). mimosa Mimosa albida, #437(2, 3, 5). Temperate “tree”. # 1091(1, 3). Lowland and temperate “plant”. # 1531(1, 3). Temperate and highland “plant”. #2533(1, 4). Temperate “vine”. #2643(22). Lowland “plant”. cf. lo¢’om čih.

luʔ P(2) or T(2).

luʔ, tv. bend.

luʔahtik, aj. cf. luʔul /plu/.

luʔan, tv. bend down /coffee branches/.

luʔantik, aj. bent over (slender trees spaced far apart) /in wind/.

luʔ ba, rv. give way (leg).

luʔanan, tv. bend down /coffee branches/.

lúʔanlúʔan, tv. bend down one after another /coffee branches/.

lúʔanlúʔanan, tv. cf. lúʔanlúʔan.

luʔ¢ah, iv. bend (tree, back, leg).

luʔ¢an, tv. bend /metal, wood used to make frame of straw bull/.

luʔel, nc. bending /spook’s stave/.

luʔet, av. bending back and forth.

luʔil, n3d. Male speech; vagina /less vulgar than mis/.

luʔilan, tv. bend back and forth (spooks striking flexible staves on ground during Carnival).

luʔilanan, tv. bend back and forth (many spooks striking flexible staves on ground during Carnival).

luʔk’ih, iv. give way (leg of heavily burdened person).

luʔlah, av. trembling (legs).

luʔlahet, av. trembling (slender trees in wind), bending back and forth (spooks’ staves).

lúʔlih, av. giving way suddenly (leg).

luʔlon, av. trembling (legs with exhaustion).

luʔluʔ, aj. bent over.

luʔp’ih, iv. give way (leg of heavily burdened person), bend (staff, neck of heavily burdened person).

luʔp’in, tv. bend /slender tree, leg, neck of heavily burdened person/.

luʔp’in ba, rv. bend (tree).

luʔp’invan, iv. bow person’s head (burden).

luʔuʔ, av. bending over quickly (slender tree), giving way (leg).

luʔuʔet, av. trembling (legs with exhaustion, tree heavily laden with fruit).

luʔul, aj. bent over (slender tree in wind, heavily laden branch).

luʔulik, aj. cf. luʔul /plu/.

lub(1) I.

lub, iv. tire.

lub ʔuʔun, vphr(iv & n4d). be capable of feeling exhaustion /referring to spooks when jailed on Tuesday of Holy Week/.

lub¢ah, iv. tire.

lub¢an, tv. fatigue, wear out /quarry/.

lub¢an ba, rv. wear self out quickly.

lub¢anan, tv. fatigue badly /overloaded mule/.

lub¢anvan, iv. fatigue person (work).

lubebal, n5. moment before tiring.

lubel, vnle. exhaustion.

lubes, tv. exhaust /mule/.

lubes ba, rv. wear self out. Ritual speech; cf. čames ba.

lubesan, tv. fatigue badly /overloaded mule/.

lubk’ih, iv. drop from exhaustion (person, mule, hen).

lubk’in, tv. make drop from exhaustion.

lubk’in ba, rv. drop from exhaustion.

lubk’invan, iv. make person drop from exhaustion.

lublub, iv. tire slightly.

lublubtik, iv. tire slightly.

lubul, n5. Ritual speech, curing prayers; fatigue. ti hun pič’ile, ti hun lubule, ti ta hun šmale, ti ta hun ssakube, ti hpate, ti hšokone kahval. the weariness, the fatigue, at dusk, at dawn, in my body, my side, My Lord.

lub¢anvaneh, agn. person who tires another /in pursuit/.

lub(2) P.

lub-k’ob, n(aj & ncpd)5. praying mantis.

lubahtik, aj. cf. lubul /plu/.

luban ba, rv. crouch (cat before jumping, hen before being trodden by rooster).

lubi, iv. set (hen), crouch (woman, rabbit).

lublah, av. hopping (buzzards).

lublahet, av. crouching (rabbits).

lublahetik, av. bobbing (dancing without lifting feet), hopping (buzzards).

lubleb, n4d. place where hen habitually lays her eggs.

lublon, av. flapping slowly (wings of chickens being carried upside down, chickens or turkeys copulating), fluttering (fledgling), bobbing (dancing without lifting feet), hopping (buzzard).

lúbtelúbte, av. hopping about (buzzard).

lubub yalel, vphr(av & dr). sagging to ground (overladen mule).

lububet, av. with faltering legs.

lubul, aj. setting (hen), crouched (cat, rabbit, person), at home /Voʔ-bie/.

lubulik, aj. cf. lubul /plu/.

lúblih, av. sagging suddenly under weight, falling suddenly (drunken dancer), crouching suddenly (hen, turkey).

lu¢ P(2) or T(2).

lu¢, tv. conceal /face with shawl/ (girl), shield or conceal under clothes, shield under feathers (hen covering chicks or eggs).

slu¢ sk’ob. He puts his hands under his shirt.

ilu¢’e ta ¢’iʔlel. It was choked with weeds.

lu¢’ ba, rv. cuddle up /under blanket/.

lu¢’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. cuddling up.

lu¢’ahtik, aj. cf. lu¢’ul /plu/.

lu¢’an, tv. hide many things under clothing.

lu¢’anan, tv. cf. lu¢’an.

lú¢anlú¢’an, tv. hide one thing after another under clothing.

lú¢’anlú¢’anan, tv. cf. lú¢’anlú¢’an.

lu¢’et, av. hiding under clothes.

lu¢’etik, av. cuddled (plu).

lu¢’ilan, tv. conceal and uncover face fussily (self-conscious girl at fiesta).

lu¢’lahetik, av. having sexual relations /serial rape/.

lu¢’omah, iv. set (hen).

lu¢’omal, n1d. person who cuddles up and keeps us warm (woman), bottle of liquor stuck in one’s sash.

lú¢’telú¢’te, av. snatching up and concealing one thing after another.

lu¢’ul, aj. with face covered (girl).

lu¢’van, iv. cuddle against person.

lu¢’vaneh ta vayel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who snuggles up with children in bed to keep them warm.

luč(1) P(2).

lučahtik, aj. cf. lučul /plu/.

lučan, tv. set on top of.

lučan ba, rv. perch.

naka ta slučan sba ta ba lum. They just perch on the earth’s surface (short-lived mushrooms).

lučanan, tv. set on perch /chickens/.

lúčanlúčanan, tv. set one after another on perch /chickens/.

lučantik, aj. sparse (peaches on tree).

luč¢ah, iv. blister.

lučet, av. perching (person, bird).

lučetah, iv. perch.

lučetik, av. cf. lučet (plu).

luči, iv. be perched (bird, person, animal).

lučilan, tv. bounce /baby/.

lučlah muyel, vphr(av & dr). clambering up.

lučlahet, av. perching (birds).

lučlahetik, av. perching (people).

lučleb, n1d. perch.

lučleb ¢’unun, nphr(n of n). ‘hummingbird perch’, Lamourouxia viscosa, # 1583(11, 12). Temperate “plant”

lučleb vonon, nphr(n of n). ‘bumblebee perch’, cigar flower Cuphea aequipetala, # 1449(11, 12). Highland “plant”

lučlebin, tv. use as a ladder, perch on.

lučleh, n1d. perching.

lúčlih muyel, vphr(av & dr). rising up suddenly (child on seesaw).

lučlon, av. bouncing up and down (large child on mother’s back, coffin).

lučluč, aj. perching (too small hat on crown of head).

lučp’ih, iv. cf. lučeah.

lúčtelúčte, av. jumping from branch to branch (bird, squirrel), climbing one tree after another (person).

lučuč, av. perching (child on seesaw).

lučul, aj. perched, protuberant (blister).

lučul, n5. Ritual speech, prayer; the perched one, i.e., person.

k’elbekon to ʔilbekon to ti p’ehele ti lučule ti yo 1 avalabe ti yo 1 anič’nabe kahval. Watch after them for me, look after them for me, the round ones, the perched ones. Thy lowly children. Thy lowly offspring, My Lord.

lučulik, aj. cf. lučul /plu/.

lúčullúčul, n4f. each of many blisters.

lučvan muyel, vphr(iv & dr). toss person in air (cow, tree).

lučvaneh, agn. cow that tosses person in air.

luč(2) P(2) or T(2).

luč, tv. prick out /thorn with needle/, embroider, scoop with rind /squash/.

luč ta vah, vphr(tv & prep & n5). scoop up food with tortilla or toasted tortilla.

lučbe, tv. embroider.

lučbenal, n1f. hole left where thorn has been dug out.

lučel, nc. scoop up /with tortilla/, pricking out /thorn with needle/.

lučob, n1d. squash rind used for scooping out cooked squash, tortilla or toasted tortilla for scooping up food, needle for digging out thorn.

lučobil, n1f. cf. lučob.

lučolah, iv. embroider.

lučul, n4e. embroidery, carving, mosaic.

lučulta, tv. embroider.

lučultaan, tv. embroider /pieces of clothing/.

lučultik, aj. embroidered.

lučolahel, agn. embroiderer.

lučom, agn. embroiderer.

luč(3)

luč, Mary. cf. manič.

lugar N(Sp, lugar).

lugar, n1f. place, var., lukar.

lugarin, tv. stay or work in one place.

luh P.

luhahtik, aj. cf. luhul /plu/.

luhan tiʔ ba, vphr(tv & nphr/n4d of n5/). scowl.

luhet, av. scowling.

luhetik, av. cf. luhet (plu).

luhi, iv. scowl.

luhleh, n4f. scowling, heavy-lidded /with sleepiness/.

luhlehikil, n4f. cf. luhleh /plu/.

lúhlih, av. scowling suddenly.

luhlon, av. scowling.

luhluh, aj. furrowed /brow/.

luhp’in ba, rv. become furrowed (brows of old person).

luhp’in sat, vphr(tv & n4d). scowl.

lúhtelúhte sat, vphr(av & n4d). scowling about.

luhuh, av. scowling.

luhul, aj. scowling.

luhulik. aj. cf. luhul /plu/.

luk(1) N(Sp, luco).

luk, n1a. billhook.

tanhero luk, nphr(aj & n)1a. imported billhook /formerly/.

tanhero luk, nphr(aj & n)1a. tranhero luk, cf. tanhero luk.

luk(2) P(2).

luk ba, rv. curl up (sleeping child, cat, or dog, snake), lasso, loop (vine), go crooked (planting, hoeing).

luk-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. lassoing.

luk-bain, tv(tv & ncpd). lasso.

luk ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). kick in the shins /scrawny person/.

luka, tv. lasso.

lukaan, tv. lasso /plu/.

lukael, nc. lassoing.

lukahtik. aj. cf. lukul /plu/.

lukan ba, rv. curl up (sleeping child, cat or dog).

lukanahtik, aj. with many horseshoe curves, winding (path).

lukanobil, n4f. cloth used as hammock for child.

lukantik, aj. with many horseshoe curves, winding (path).

lukaob, n1f. lasso.

lukaobil, n1f. cf. lukaob.

luk¢ah, iv. warp, twist (wood), go crooked (planting, hoeing, clearing).

luk¢an, tv. bend /metal, floral arch, wooden frame of straw bull/, curve (path).

luket, av. curled up, moving around /pain/, undulating (snake).

luketah, iv. curl up /to sleep/.

luki, iv. curl up (sleeping child, cat or dog).

lukilan ba, rv. frolic (calf, lamb), writhe (snake), meander (row of planting)

luklah, av. hobbling (emaciated person or horse), weaving or lurching along (drunk) (sing or plu).

luklahet, av. hobbling (scrawny horse), weaving or staggering (drunk).

luklahetik, av. weaving or staggering (drunks).

lukleb, n4d. sleeping place (dog, cat).

luklebin, tv. use as a sleeping place, curl up on.

lukleh, n1f. curled up.

lúklih, av. snaking out suddenly (lasso), undulating suddenly (snake).

luklon, av. dragging self around (emaciated bitch that has just given birth).

lukluk, aj. crooked (branch, path, row).

lukomah, iv. undulate (snake), wriggle excitedly (dog), flash (lightning), thrash in fury (drunk).

lukp’ih, iv. cf. luk¢ah.

lukp’in, iv. cf. luk¢ah.

lukp’inobil, n1f. tool used to bend metal.

lúktelúkte, av. walking about emaciated (bitch or mule), shaking out one after another (lassos).

lukuč teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. hook /for hanging nets, machetes or hats/. var., lukuš teʔ.

lukuk, av. curling up quickly.

lukuket, av. moving around (pain), zigzagging (lightning), crooked (row of hoeing).

lukul, aj. curled up (sleeping child, cat or dog), coiled (snake), crooked (tree).

lukul ta hč’ut. curled up in my lap.

lukul k’amal, ajphr(aj & aj). reeling (drunk).

lukum, n1a. earthworm, tapeworm.

lukuš teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. cf. lukuč teʔ).

lukar

lukar, place. cf. lugar.

lukarto N(Sp, Eduardo).

lukarto, n1d. Edward.

lukasyon N(Sp, educatión).

hlukasyon, agn. school committee member.

lukaš N(Sp, Lucas).

lukaš, n1d. Lucas. var., Kaš /when young/.

lukum N.

lukum, n1a. worm /earthworm, tapeworm/, cf. luk(2).

lukumento N(Sp, documento).

lukumento, n1a. legal document /formerly/. var., lukumyento.

lukumyento

lukumyento, legal document. cf. lukumento.

lula N(Sp, ruda).

lula, n1a. rue Ruta graveolens, #371(1, 2, 3), #2041(3, 17, 18), #2186(1, 3, 4, 19). Highland “plant” (1, 3)-It is grown in yards. The slips are planted in the rainy season. To cause measles to erupt, three shoots are brewed. The shaman bathes the child in the water. It is “hot” To relieve the heat of mahbenal, three or six shoots are gathered or bought and brewed with mexican savory and a pinch of tobacco. One cup is drunk, and the remainder is used to bathe the patient’s arms, legs, chest, forehead, back and sides. It is “hot” A person who has been tormented by the earth lord in his dreams gathers or buys three shoots. They are brewed, and he is bathed with the water for three to eight days. It is “hot”. (5)-To induce a woman’s milk to flow, rue tea is drunk. It is “hot” (16, 17)-As a remedy for stomachache, a handful is brewed. The patient drinks two spoonsful mixed with cane liquor. As a remedy for soul-loss /balamil/, it is ground and rubbed on the body at bedtime for three days. It is “hot” Sometimes it is sold at market. (RML)-For further use, cf. eie poš.

lulse

lulse, candy. cf. lurse.

lulše

lulše, candy. cf. lurse.

lum N.

lum, n1a. earth, earthenware.

ta lum hč’ul-meʔtik. lit., The holy mother is on the earth, i.e.. There is no moon.

lumal, n1b. Ritual speech, oath of office; lit., earth, i.e., body.

mi lok’ tal alumal, mi lok’ tal avač’elal. lit., Has your earth appeared, has your mud appeared? i.e., Have you arrived? Address by people remaining at home to those departing for visit to mountain shrines. hmalatik alumal, hmalatik avač’elal. We will wait for your earth, we will wait for your mud.

lumal, n4d(lp). Zinacantán.

lumal p’in, nphr(n of n)5. place where pottery clay is extracted.

lumal semet, nphr(n of n)5. place where clay for griddles is extracted.

lumal tok, nphr(natt & n)5. fog, mist.

lumal toktik, nphr(natt & n)5. expanse of fog or mist.

lumal toktik ša ssate. lit., His eyes are a cloud of mist, i.e., His eyes are glazed with death.

lumil tok, nphrfnatt & n)5. fog, mist.

lumta, tv. hill /potatoes, cabbage, corn/.

lumtaan, tv. hill /potatoes, cabbages, corn/.

lúmtalúmlaan, tv. hill one after another /potatoes, etc./.

lumtaobil, n4f. hoe.

lumtik. n5. ground, floor.

ta lumtik. on the ground (or) on the floor.

lumtikil č’o, cf. č’o.

šlumil, cf. čenek’.

ʔik’al lum, nphr(aj & n)1a. black earth /used for dying clothes/.

¢ahal lum, nphr(aj & n)5. red earth. It was sold formerly by Zinacantecs

to ladinos, who mixed it with lime to make plaster.

¢ahal lumtik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of red earth /eroded land/.

lumero N(Sp, número).

lumero, n1a. number.

lumpisera N(Sp, lombricera).

lumpisera, n. macawood Platymiscium dimorphandrum, #301(2, 3). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fieldhouse roof poles, fence posts, and firewood.

luna N(Sp, luna).

luna, n1e. moon.

ʔ0 slunail hsat. I have a twitch in my eye.

luneš N(Sp, lunes).

luneš, n1e. Monday.

luneš” k’ak’al, nphr(n type n)5. Carnival Monday.

luneš’ santo, nphr(n & aj)5. Monday of Holy Week.

lup(1) T.

lup, tv. draw /water/, scoop up /corn, beans/ /in gourd, spoon or shovel/.

lupan, tv. draw a lot of /water/.

lupanan, tv. cf. lupan.

lúpanlúpan, tv. scooping out one after another /handful of mud from well/.

lúpanlúpanan, tv. cf. lúpanlúpan.

lupel, nc. scoop /with cup/.

lupilan, tv. keep playing with /dust, water/.

lupilanan, tv. keep playing with a lot of /dust, water/.

luplahet, av. scooping up repeatedly /squash, corn gruel/ (plu).

luplahetik, av. cf. luplahet.

luplon, av. scooping up repeatedly /squash, corn gruel/.

lupob, n1f. container for scooping up /corn gruel/ or drawing /water/.

lupobil, n1f. cf. lupob.

lúptelúpte, av. moving about /burning pain in stomach/.

hlup_______, agn(tv & ncpd). person drawing or scooping up_______ /water, corn gruel, cooked squash/.

lup(2) X.

lupet, av. feeling pain /in stomach/.

lupup, av. feeling pain /in stomach/.

lupupet, av. burning /pain in stomach/.

lupa N(Sp, Guadalupe).

lupa, n1d. Guadalupe.

luranko

luranko, peach, cf. turasnu.

lurse N(Sp, dulce).

lurse, n1a. candy.

lulse, n5. Baby talk; candy, var., lulše.

lulse, n5. cf. lulse.

lursein, tv. take candy.

lus(1) N(Sp, luz).

lus, n1e. light, electricity, rocket flare.

lus(2) P.

lusahtik, aj. cf. lusul /plu/.

lusan ba, rv. droop, wilt (leaf, flower).

lus¢ah, iv. droop.

lus¢an, tv. bend down /hat brim/, make droop /flower/.

luset, av. drooping, wilted (flower, leaf), limp (drunk).

lusetik, av. cf. luset (plu).

lusi, iv. droop, wilt (leaf, flower).

luslah yalel, vphr(av & dr). drooping (candles), slumping (drunk or person mortally wounded).

luslus, aj. floppy (hat brim).

lusp’ih, iv. wilt, droop (hat brim, candle).

lusp’in, tv. cf. lusean.

lústelúste, av. drooping or wilted here and there (leaves, trees).

lusul, aj. floppy (hat brim), wilted.

lusulik, aj. cf. lusul /plu/.

lusus yalel, vphr(av & dr). slumping /from standing position/, drooping (candle).

lus(3) N(Sp, Luz).

lus, n1d. Luz /infr/.

luš X.

luš mut, nphr(x type n)5. unidentified highland bird /Pat ʔOsil/.

lut P(2).

hit, iv. form a rib /improperly woven cloth/.

hit, nc. rib /improperly woven part of cloth/.

lut ba, rv. form a rib /improperly woven cloth/.

lutahtik, aj. forming ribs (improperly woven cloth).

lutan ba, rv. quiver (skin).

lutantik, aj. with ribs in several places /improperly woven cloth/.

lutemal, n4f. rib /improperly woven part of cloth/.

lutet, av. with quivering eyelash or skin.

lutlahct, av. quivering throughout body.

lutlih, av. quivering suddenly.

lutlon, av. quivering (eyelash, skin).

lutlut, n5. Male joking speech; vagina.

lutlut, aj. scarred.

lutukil, n4f. with ribs in several places /improperly woven cloth/.

lutul, aj. scarred.

lutulik, aj. badly scarred.

lútullútul, n4f. each of many ribs /improperly woven cloth/.

lututet, av. quivering /eyelash, skin/.

lut’ P(2).

lut’, tv. baste, sew stitches far apart.

lut’, nc. stitch /widely-spaced/.

lut’ahtik, aj. cf. lut’ul /plu/.

lut’an ba, rv. sit with bowed head, sit inertly (sick person or chicken).

lut’antik, aj. with widely spaced stitches.

lut’benal, n4f. stitching /of capon’s wound/.

lut’¢ah, iv. become gathered (scar).

lut’¢an ti? ba, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n3d/). frown.

lut’¢anvan, iv. scar person.

lut’el, nc. basting.

lut’et, av. huddling, sitting inertly.

lut’etik, av. cf. lut’et (plu).

lut’i, tv. step over. If a woman steps over a murderer’s face three times it is believed that the victim will not be seen in the murderer’s eyes.

lut’i, iv. crouch (rabbit), sit inertly (sick person).

lut’ivan, iv. step over person (woman).

lut’lah, av. hopping (buzzards), walking doubled over (people in cold).

lut’lahet, av. hopping (rabbits, buzzards), walking doubled over (people in cold).

lut’lahetik, av. walking doubled over (people in cold).

lut’leb, n4f. perch.

lut’leh, n1f. sitting or crouched.

lut’lon, av. hopping (buzzard), quivering (eyelash), walking doubled over (person in cold).

lut’lonah, iv. hop (buzzard), quiver (eyelash).

lut’lut’, nc. single stitch /1 only/.

lut’lut’, aj. gathered (scar).

lut’p’ih, iv. cf. lut’eah.

lut’p’invan, iv. scar person, cause person to stay at home (sickness).

lút’telút’te, av. hopping about (buzzard, rabbit), walking about with scar.

walking about doubled over (person in cold).

lut’ul, aj. crouched with head bowed (person, cat, rabbit), sitting inertly with bowed head (sick person or chicken).

lut’ulik, aj. cf. lui’ul /plu/.

lut’ullút’ul, n4f. each of many sections basted or sewn with widely spaced stitches.

lut’ut’et, av. huddling and shivering.

hlut’ieh-be č’o, cf. č’o.

M

m

m, please, cf. mc(1).

ma Pt.

ma, pt. Intensifying particle, cf. me.

pero k’u ma yuʔun. But why? ma replaces me in interrogative phrases in polite speech.

maʔn kaʔn, ptphr: pt(pt & ncpd/contr of ʔuʔun/) & x(x/prob contr of “škal/ & ncpd/contr of ʔuʔun/). I thought /incorrectly/, I supposed, cf. ma.

maʔuk, pt. it isn’t, they aren’t.

maʔuk yeč smelol čak tahe. It isn’t like that.

maʔuk, pt. man, pt. Interrogative particle implying that speaker disapproves.

man me t sabat. šo you’re going?

man ka t šabat. I thought you were going.

maʔ(1) A, P(2).

maʔ ba, rv. droop (eyelids) /with sleep/.

maʔ-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with lids drooping or nearly closed /after beating, or with blindness/.

maʔ-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. ’blind bird’, white-tipped brown jay Psilorhinus mexicanus, yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus, mangrove cuckoo Coccyzus minor, cf. ʔora mut.

maʔaʔet sat, vphr(av & n4d). with lids constantly drooping /eye disorder/.

maʔahtik, aj. cf. maʔal /plu/.

maʔal, aj. with lids drooping or nearly closed /with sleep, from swelling/.

nwal hsat ihta ti hmule. lit., With my eyes almost closed I sinned, i.e., I sinned without knowing what I was doing.

ma’alik, aj. cf. maʔal /plu/.

maʔet sat, vphr(av & n4d). with lid closed /from blow/.

maʔlah sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking blindly in the dark, being unaware of alleged crime.

maʔlahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). with lids drooping or nearly closed (sick chicks).

maʔleh, n5. with drooping eyelids.

maʔmaʔ, aj. with lids drooping or nearly closed /congenital eye condition/.

maʔmon sat, vphr(av & n4d). with lids closed (person, sick chicks), walking blindly in dark, being unaware of alleged crime.

máʔtemáʔte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with drooping lids /congenital condition/.

maʔub, iv. go blind.

amʔ(2)

maʔ, it isn’t, there aren’t, cf. ma.

maʔ(3) prob O.

maʔlahet, av. cf. maʔmon (plu).

maʔmon, av. miaowing.

maʔ(4) X.

maʔ-čuih, iv(x & ivcpd). stop nursing (child whose mother has died or whose milk has run dry).

maʔl X.

maʔlta, tv. sprinkle, water, var., malta.

maʔltaan, tv. sprinkle or water /plu/.

maʔltaeh-ʔitah, vn(tv & ncpd)5. watering of cabbage.

maʔltaeh-ničim, vn(tv & ncpd)5. watering of flowers.

máʔltamáʔltaan, tv. sprinkle or water one after another.

maʔltaob, n1f. watering can.

maʔltaobil, n1f. cf. maʔltaob.

maʔltavan, iv. sprinkle person.

hmaʔltavaneh, agn. person who sprinkles another.

ma¢ prob P or P(2).

ma¢a¢, av. growing drowsy.

ma¢aeet, av. between sleep and wakefulness /half-dreaming/.

ma¢al, aj. drowsy.

ma¢et, av. between sleep and wakefulness /half-dreaming/.

š’ma¢et ssat balamil. There is barely enough light to see by.

ma¢etik, aj. barely dreaming.

yalal maeal, ajphr(aj & aj). beautiful (girl’s eyes), peeping forth (young squashes, gourds, chayotes or corn ears).

ma¢’(1) P(2).

maer’ahtik, aj. mired, embedded, jailed /plu./.

ma¢’al, aj. stuck /in tree or ravine/, mired (car), embedded (thorn in foot), jailed.

tihil mae’al ?o. tight-fitting.

ma¢’alik, aj. jailed /plu/.

má¢’almáe’al, n4f. each of many embedded /thorns, nails/.

mae’an, tv. embed /axe in tree, sandal in mud/.

isma¢’an ta čukel li hun leʔe. He stuck that guy in jail.

ma¢’an ba, rv. become stuck or mired.

ma¢’anan ta čukel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). jail /plu/.

ma¢”aneh-bail ta čukel, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & vn5). mutual jailing.

ma¢’anvan ta čukel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). jail person.

ma¢’¢ah, iv. become mired.

ma¢’¢an ba, rv. become mired, founder.

ma¢’ean komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave mired /car/.

ma¢’et, av. foundering /in mud/.

ma¢’i. iv. stick (sandal in mud, axe head in trunk of tree).

ma¢’lah, av. becoming embedded or mired, foundering (sing or plu).

ma¢’lahet, av. foundering /in mud/.

ma¢’lahetik, av. cf. mae’lahet.

ma¢’leh, n4d. imprisonment /use restricted to 3s, 3p/.

má¢’luh, av. piercing suddenly /foot/ (thorn).

hma¢’anvaneh ta čukel, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who has another jailed.

ma¢(2) T.

ma¢’, tv. chew /chewing gum, maguey, sugarcane/.

lek ismae¢ poš volhe. lit., He chewed cane liquor well yesterday, i.e.,

He got thoroughly drunk yesterday.

ma¢’, n1a. skin of corn kernels, posol.

muk’ul pah ma¢ a lot of sour posol /said by dudes when they go to drink com gruel with straw bull/.

ma¢’, nc. bite /dog, horse/.

ma¢’ ʔe, vphr(tv / / n). bite one’s lip (angry person wishing to harm enemy).

ma¢’ baik ta tfrel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). nibble each other (horses).

ma¢’an-¢o¢, nphr(x & n)1a. son sapote Licania platypus, # 1705(14). Low land “tree” (5)-As a remedy for dysentery, the pit is brewed to make a tea. To calm whooping cough, a decoction of son sapote pits and walking stick insects is drunk. The fruit is “medium”, cf. tieompi.

ma¢’benal, n3b. chewings, pulp that has been spit out /sugarcane/.

mae’el, nc. bite /dog, horse/, bite of sugarcane.

ma¢’mon 9e, vphr(av & n4d). stinting oneself /in food/, craving /food, drink/.

ma¢’obil, n4f. molars.

má¢’temáe’te 9e, vphr(av & n4d). walking about stinting oneself /in food/.

ma¢’ulan, tv. keep chewing /chewing gum, sugarcane, lip/, nibble.

ma¢’ulanan, tv. nibble /plu/.

ma¢’ulanvan ta thel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep nibbling (horses, donkeys).

ma¢’van ta ti?el, vphr(iv & prep & n5). nibble (horses, donkeys nibbling each other affectionately).

ma¢’(3) I.

ma¢’, iv. dry out partially (clothes, wood), dry up partially (mud, wound, skin disease).

ma¢’ebal, n5. moment before drying out.

ma¢’a¢’et lubel, vphr(av & vn5). hungry and thirsty after hard labor.

ma¢’et lubel, vphr(av & vn5). hungry and thirsty after hard labor.

ma¢’ul N.

ma¢’ul, n. see below.

k’ak’al ma¢’ul, nphr(aj & n) or nphr(n type n). ’hot ma¢’ul or ’sun ma¢e’ul or ’day ma¢’ul, railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa, # 1472(11, 12). Highland “plant”

mač(1) prob P or P(2.)

mačač, av. growing drowsy.

mačačet, av. between sleep and wakefulness /half-dreaming/.

mačal, aj. drowsy.

mačet, av. between sleep and wakefulness /half-dreaming/.

mačlah, av. walking hesitantly /in dark/, walking hatless and without shoulder bag /sing or plu/.

mačlahet, av. walking hesitantly /in dark/(plu).

mačlahetik, av. cf. mačlahet.

mačmon, av. walking with faltering step (sick person), walking hesitantly /in dark/, walking with leaden feet /in dream/.

mačtemáčte, av. walking about without burden (woman who has lost her only child), walking about angrily.

yeč noš šmáčtemáčte ta viʔnal. She is just walking about hungrily.

mač(2)

mač, basket, cf. moč(1).

mačit

mačit, machete, cf. mačita.

mačita N(Sp, machete).

mačita, n1a. machete.

mačita ʔak’, nphr(n type n). ‘machete vine’, wild jack bean Canavalia villosa, #402(1, 3). Highland “vine”, jack bean Canavalia hirsutissima, #1232(1, 3, 4, 5), #2555(1, 4). Temperate “vine”, jack bean Canavalia glabra, #2158(11). Temperate “vine”, wild yam bean Pachyrhizus strigosus, #1571(1, 3, 11, 12). Temperate “vine”. Rhynchosia longeracemosa, #1910(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Temperate “vine”.

k’oš mačita ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Centrosema pubescens, #2091(1). Temperate “vine”.

yaš’al mačita ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild yam bean Pachyrhizus strigosus, #2628(1, 3). Lowland “vine”

mačita teʔ, nphr(n type n). ‘machete tree’, flamboyant tree Delonix regia,#852(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”, giant senna Cassia emarginata, #1676(7). Lowland “tree”. Caesalpinia pukherrima, #2626(21). Lowland “tree”. Bauhinia pauletia, #2891(14). Lowland “tree”. It is used for firewood.

k’oš mačita teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Caesalpinia exostemma, #245(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree’.

mačit, n5. Baby talk; machete.

mačitain, tv. take machete.

maču N(Sp, macho).

maču, n1a. male mule.

smačual. runty /peaches/.

mačura A(Sp, machorra).

mačura, aj. barren (woman).

mač’op A.

mač’optik, aj. shriveled up (corn kernel, bean pods, beans).

mač’ul N.

mač’ul, n. see below.

k’ak’al mač’ul, nphr(aj & n) or nphr(n type n). ’hot mač’ul or ’sun mač’ul or ’day mac’ul’, railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa, #2368(20). Highland “plant”

sakil mač’ul, nphr(aj & n). Tagetes filifolia, #2372(20). Highland plant”.

mač’ul ¢’wlel, nphr(n type n). see below.

k’anal mač’ul ¢iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Dyssodia papposa, #2371(20). Highland “plant”. It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle.

magre N(Sp, madre).

magre, n1d. nun.

mah(1) T.

mah, tv. hit, strike, beat, flail.

mah, nc. flailing /com, beans/.

mah ba, rv. flagellate or strike self /on Holy Saturday Eve or Easter/.

mah-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. beating, scuffle.

mah-¢’iʔal, vn(tv & ncpd)1d. Joking speech; lit., dog-beating office, i.e., office of constable.

mah-sik, vn(tv & ncpd)5. sickness caused by over-heating /sweating/.

mah-soroal, vn(tv & ncpd)1d. Joking speech; lit., skunk-beating office, i.e., office of constable.

mah-tani, tv(tv & ncpd). whitewash.

mah-voal, vn(tv & ncpd)1d. Joking speech; lit., fly-swatting office, i.e., office of constable.

mail an, tv. hit or flail /plu/.

mahan an, tv. cf. mahan.

máhanmáhan, tv. hit or flail one after another.

máhanmáhanan, tv. cf. máhanmáhan.

mahbe čak, vphr(tv & n4d). fornicate.

mahben, n4b. sickness caused by supernatural punishment.

smahben ʔue koloʔ sickness caused by witch.

smahben totil mʔl (or) smahben htotik hmotik. sickness caused by tutelary gods.

smahben kahvaltik. sickness caused by sun.

smahben pukuh. cf. smahben iue koloi.

smahben c’ulelal (or) smahben ?anima. sickness caused by ghost.

smahben balamil. sickness caused by earth lord.

smahben k’ak’al. sickness caused by sun when sick person goes out into hot sun.

mahbenal, n1e. sickness caused by supernatural punishment, cf. mahben.

mahebal, n5. moment before flailing is finished.

mahel, nc. flailing.

mahob, n1d. flail, threshing net.

mahob ʔik’al, nphr(n of n). ‘wind beater’, bracelet-wood Jacquinia auran

liaca, #2687(15, 21). Lowland “tree’. (15)-As a remedy for “wind”, a branch is cut and used to beat the affected part until it bleeds.

mahob ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). bracelet-wood Jacquinea aurantiaca, #241(1, 2, 3, 5), #995(3), #2687(1, 3). Lowland “tree”. As a remedy for wind”, three or four branches are used to beat the affected part until it bleeds. Then a rag, soaked in alcohol or turpentine, is bound around it. It is “hot”

mahob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)4b. branches used to strike earth to bring back lost soul /Quercus rugosa, yellow or montezuma pine/.

mahob voʔ, nphr(n of n)5. propeller /seen on lexicographer’s boat/.

mahobil, n4b. cf. mahob-bail.

mahobil, n1f. cf. mahob.

mahomah, iv. full /cloth/.

mahulan, tv. flail, keep beating or shrinking.

mahvan, iv. hit, strike or beat someone.

hmah-ʔišim, agn(tv & ncpd). flailer of corn.

hmah ¢oʔ kaʔ, agn: vphr(tv & nphrcpd/n of n/)5. person who breaks up horse manure for fertilizer.

hmah-k’ok”, agn(tv & ncpd). fire beater, cabbage boiled very briefly before it is served.

hmah-nukul, agn(tv & ncpd). Joking speech; lit., skin beater, i.e., drummer.

hmahvaneh, agn. person who hits another.

moh, nc. In reference to; blow, planting /1-2/, meal, rainfall, curing ceremony, look.

ta h-moh. forever.

mu šibat ta h-moh. I am never going.

mu h-mohuk i čamele. There is more than one kind of sickness.

mu h-mohikotik. We are not all alike.

kool šci’Nik h-moh t šibat ?une. I am going once and for all.

moh moh, nc. single time /blow, rainfall /I only/.

mah(2) P(2).

mahah yalel, vphr(av & dr). sagging (broken branch).

mahahtik, aj. swinging loosely, dangling (legs).

mahal, aj. limp (dead chicken or person), dangling (penis).

mahan, tv. dangle.

ismahan yok ta ba meša. He sat with legs dangling at the head of the table /bride’s ritual tutor waiting for gifts/.

mahan ba, rv. droop head (baby).

maheah, iv. droop, (dying creature, leaves in strong sun or frost).

mahean yalel, vphr(tv & dr). droop /head/ (baby).

mahet, av. in stupor (drunk or sick person), dangling (penis, mucous), sagging (drunk on horse).

mahetik, av. cf. mahet (plu).

mahk’uh, iv. nod loosely (head of dying creature), hang loosely (broken wrist).

mahk’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. mahean yalel.

mahlah, av. walking rapidly and swinging arms (plu).

mahlahet, av. walking rapidly and swinging arms (plu), nodding with sleep (plu), swinging (legs of children or of corpse carried strapped to chair).

mahlahetik, av. cf. mahlahel.

mahleh, n1f. with legs dangling.

mahluh, av. dangling suddenly (broken finger).

mahmon, av. dangling (horse tail, broken leg of dog, broken arm), nodding (head with sleep). smahmon yok ta nekebal. Her legs are dangling over the shoulders /woman in intercourse/.

mahp’uh, iv. cf. mahk’uh.

mahp’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. mahean yalel.

mail N.

mail, n1a. watermelon squash. See below, var., mayil.

mailtik, n5. field of watermelon squash.

čih-čon mail, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ’striped snake maiT or ’gopher snake maiF, watermelon squash Cucurbila ficifolia, #2708(1, 4). Highland “vine” Same use as sakil mail. (RML)-This is a streaked variety.

sakil mail, nphr(aj & n). watermelon squash Cucurbila ficifolia, #2706(1, 4). Highland ’vine’ It is grown by many Zinacantecs in their corn fields. It is planted in the beginning of the rainy season. Five or six seeds are placed in each hole, with sheep manure. The harvest is in November. It is sold at market. The tender shoots are boiled and eaten. Young squashes are boiled and seasoned with chili, coriander and salt. Ripe squashes are boiled with brown sugar and orange peel. They are “hot” For use during the Posadas, cf.č’um.

yašal mail, nphr(aj & n). watermelon squash Cucurbila ficifolia, #2707(1, 4). Highland ’vine” Same use as sakil mail.

mail e’iolel, nphr(n type n). creeping bluets Houstonia serphyliacea, # B95 32(5, 5a), #9(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant” Children play with the berries.

mail čon, nphr(n type n)5. lit., watermelon squash animal, i.e., nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinclus /infr/. cf. kapon čon. Term of reference substituted for the usual name when hunting armadillos lest the meat taste bad.

mail tʔ, nphr(n type n). cotton tree Pseudobombax ellipticum, #183(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”.

mak T.

mak, tv. close, cover, pin, shield, sign up, contract, retail, herd or drive /animals/, stop up.

ta hmak ta be. I will wait for him.

mak, iv. close, become constipated.

mak, n1d. apron.

mak________ habil, vphr(tv & num & n5). be engaged for_______ year(s).

mak ʔabtel, vphr(tv & n4d). sign up for religious post.

mak ʔahnil, vphr(tv & n4d). become engaged /at petition ceremony/.

mak ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d). give hush money to.

mak ʔe, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be struck dumb, be silent (birds in rainy season).

mak ʔoʔOn, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be winded.

mak ʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). be afraid /to ask favor/.

mu šmak yo’ton. He isn’t afraid /to speak up/.

makʔok, vphr(iv & n4d). bar /animals from field/.

mu šmak yok. lit., She does not bar her feet, i.e., She is forever visiting.

mak ʔok, nphr(n4f of n4f). cloth that covers feet of saints when carried in procession.

mak ʔosil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). cloud over.

mak ʔuliʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). strap of slingshot.

mak ba ʔoʔon, vphr(rv & n4d). get out of breath.

mak ba ta na, vphr(rv & prep & n5). hide in house.

mak-bail ta na, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & n5). hiding in house.

mak-bail ta na, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & n5). hiding in house.

mak čikin, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). grow deaf.

mak eč’el, vphr(iv & dr). go out of sight.

mak kantela, nphr(n of n)1b. each of three tips of pine placed at foot of candles at shrines /yellow or montezuma pine/.

mak k’ešlal, vphr(tv & n4d). hide one’s shame.

mak k’op, vphr(tv & n5). avoid the subject.

mak limete, nphr(n1f of n1d). bottle cap.

mak mok, nphr(n1f of n1d). branches used to make fence impenetrable.

mak mulil, vphr(tv & n5). conceal another’s guilt, exonerate unjustly.

mak na, vphr(n1f of n1d). door.

mak nukul, nphr(n type n)1b. apron.

mak nuk’, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). suffer throat congestion or bronchitis, lose one’s voice.

mak p’in, nphr(nIf of n1d). lid.

mak sat, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). go blind.

mak sat, nphr(n of n)1d. mask.

mak sat, nphr(n1f of n1d). horse blinders.

mak šonobil, nphr(n1f of n3d). tongue of ceremonial sandal.

mak ta be, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n5). be held up or delayed (order, letter).

mak ta k’ob, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). fret /stringed instrument/.

mak tiʔ na, nphr(n1f of nphr/nlf of n1d/). door.

mak tiʔ tak’in, vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n of n/5). be silenced (church bells from Maundy Thursday to 10 p.m. Holy Saturday).

mak ventana, nphr(n1f of n1d). shutter.

makahtik, aj. cf. makal /plu/.

makak ʔosil, vphr(av & n5). clouding over suddenly.

makal, aj. closed, enclosed, covered.

makal ta ʔik’, lit., closed by “wind” i.e., constipated or unable to urinate or break wind.

makal ʔosil, nphr(aj & n5). overcast.

makalik, aj. cf., makal /plu/.

makan, tv. close /plu/, close up /holes in fence/.

makanan, tv. cf. makan.

mákanmákan, tv. close up one after another /holes in fence/, close one after another /doors/.

mákanmákanan, tv. cf. mákanmákan.

makbe ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d). muffle, conciliate or pacify with token gift.

makbe ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). get underfoot or in way.

makbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). conceal another’s guilt, exonerate unjustly.

makbe niʔ, vphr(tv & n4d). head off /deer/.

makbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). act behind someone’s back, close another’s eyes /corpse/. The eyes of a dead person are closed lest he take one of the living along with him.

makbe sat ʔu¢ koloʔ, vphr: tv & nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/)5. make offering in order to blind witch.

makbe sat balamil, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). make offering to earth lord for house or field ceremony.

mak¢ah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d). get out of breath.

makebal ʔosil, nphr(n of n)5. moment before becoming overcast.

makebal eč’el, nphr(n5 & dr). moment before going out of sight.

makel, vn5. constipation.

makel, nc. stretch of land to be cleared or hoed simultaneously by row of workers.

makes, tv. constipate.

makesvan, iv. cause constipation /cushaw that is too hot, many potatoes/.

maket, av. herding, driving.

maket ʔosil, vphr(av & n5). cloudy, overcast.

maketah, iv. cloud over.

maketik, av. leading /prisoners to jail/.

maki, tv. Ritual speech, curing prayer; share.

ta smaki ta skevu ti yo l alekile ti yo l avu¢ile ti yo l avalabe ti yo l anič’nabe. Thy lowly child of man, Thy lowly child of woman will share, will enjoy Thy lordly goodness, Thy lordly beneficence.

Ritual speech, curing prayer; hč’amuntik tal hmakitik tal ti yo I alanilike ti yo l asikilike. Let us borrow, let us share Thy assuagement, Thy coolness.

makibe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). share punishment /person apprehended with criminal and arrested unjustly as accomplice/.

makita, tv. share leftover food and drink.

makita mulil, vphr(tv & n5). share punishment.

makitaan mulil, vphr(tv & n5). share punishment of people.

maklah, av. moving partially concealed /behind trees/ (sing or plu).

maklahet, av. moving partially concealed (in weeds or underbrush).

maklahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). stuttering, stammering /also said of person with rudimentary knowledge of Spanish/.

maklahet ʔosil, vphr(av & n5). clouding over and clearing repeatedly.

maklahetik, av. cf. maklahet (plu).

makleh, n1f. imprisonment, closing.

makmon ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). desiring unattainable object or girl.

makob ʔaʔal, vphr(n1f & n4d). fence around well.

makob ʔik’, nphr(n of n)5. ceremony to prevent wind from destroying corn field.

makob čamel, nphr(n of vn)5. ceremony to prevent epidemics, to blind witch, or to appease earth lord.

makob hʔak’-čamel, nphr(n of agn/tv & ncpd/)5. tobacco or garlic used to blind witches.

makob k’ak’al satil, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/)5. amber charm worn by infants and young children to protect them from evil eye.

makob voʔ, nphr(n1f of n5). fence around well.

makobil, n1f. cf. makob čamel.

makobil ʔaʔal, nphr(n1f of n4d). cf. makob ʔaʔal.

makobil ʔe, nphr(n4f of n4d). hush money, present given to person to prevent him from talking.

makobil ʔik’, vphr(n4f of n5). branches or straw mat set up to shield candles from wind.

makobil čamel, vphr(n4f of vn5). cf. makob čamel.

makobil niʔ čih, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4d of n1d/). sheep runway between corn fields to corral.

makobil sat ʔu¢ kolo, nphr: n4f of nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/5). candles or ceremony to ward off envious people /term may be applied to any private ceremony/.

makobil sat balamil, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n5/). garlic or tobacco buried where person has fright and rubbed on body at bedtime, camphor placed in bag and hung around neck at bedtime.

makobil voʔ, nphr(n1f of n5). cf. makob voʔ.

makol, n4f. apron, fence.

máktemákte, av. driving here and there /animals/.

makulan, tv. keep driving, covering or pinning.

makulan ba, rv. keep hiding behind.

makulan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). keep avoiding the subject.

makulan ta be, vphr(tv & prep & n5). keep accosting /girl/.

makulan ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). keep being held up or delayed (order, letter).

makulanan, tv. keep closing /plu/.

makulanan ta be, vphr(tv & prep & n5). keep accosting /plu/.

makulanvan ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). keep accosting person (boy, whip-poor-will).

makvan ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). attack person on road.

makvan ta na, vphr(iv & prep & n5). attack person in house.

hmak ______, agn(tv & ncpd). driver, herdsman of _________ /sheep, etc./.

hmak-ʔokol, agn(tv & ncpd). child or adult who obstructs progress of walking people.

hmak-ʔosil, agn(tv & ncpd). squatter.

hmak-ʔul, agn(tv & ncpd). person who moves from place to place when corn gruel is being distributed so that he will be served more than once.

hmakbalamil, agn(tv & ncpd). squatter.

hmak-be, agn(tv & ncpd). assassin, highwayman.

hmak-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). person who conceals another’s guilt or who exonerates another unjustly.

hmak-rekwa, agn(tv & ncpd). muleteer.

hmak tiʔ na, agn: vphr(tv & nphrcpd/n of n/). person or persons during petition who guard door to make sure that family of intended bride does not escape.

hmakbalal, agn. single official assistant serving religious dignitary /except constable, cantor, captain/.

hmakol, agn. driver /of game/.

mok, n1d. fence.

mok, nc. group of soldiers, highwaymen, blow /with Mexican coyote brush to remove “wind” from leg/, cf. mok(2).

mokmokallik, n5. many fences.

mokmoktik, n5. many fences.

mokokil, n4f. many blows /to remove “wind” from legs/.

moktil, n5. extent of fence.

makina N(Sp, máquina).

makina, n1a. machine /typewriter, tractor, mill/.

makoʔ N.

makoʔ, n1a. cockroach.

teʔtikal makoʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. forest cockroach.

teʔtikil makoʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. teʔtikal makoʔ.

makom N.

makom, n1a. blackberry Rubus adenotrichus, #2223(19). Highland “vine”. As a remedy for dysentery, a small bunch of the fruit is crushed in the hand and mixed with cold water and sugar. A cup is drunk. It is “medium”.

makomaltik, n5. large blackberry patch.

makomtik, n5. blackberry patch.

ba¢’i makom, nphr(aj & n). blackberry Rubus irasuensis, #370(1, 2, 4).

Highland “vine” The berries are eaten by people and birds. They are “cold”

¢ahal makom, nphr(aj & n). wild blackberry Rubus humistralus, #609(1, 3). “Highland vine” The berries are “cold”

č’ail makom, nphr(aj & n). ‘bitter blackberry’, wild blackberry Rubus fagifolius, #703(1, 2, 3, 5). “Highland plant”

kašlan makom, nphr(aj & n). wild blackberry Rubus sapidus, #89(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant” The berries are eaten by people and birds. They are “cold” To relieve heartburn /meʔ vinik/, the berries are mashed in a cup of cold water, sweetened with refined sugar. One cup is drunk, blackberry Rubus coriifolius, #1384(3). Temperate “vine”. #2284(3, 4). Highland “vine”. Same use as above.

muk’ta kašlan makom, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Rubus sp., #749(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. It grows in yards and fencerows.

The fruit is sold at market. Same use as kašlan makom.

k’oš makom, nphr(aj & n). mock strawberry Duchesnea indica, #2381(20). Highland “plant”. The fruit is eaten by mice.

pahal makom, nphr(aj & n). ‘sour blackberry’, blackberry Rubus irasuensis, #705(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant” It grows in fencerows. The berries are eaten by birds.

tanal makom, nphr(aj & n). ‘gray blackberry’, blackberry Rubus adenotrichus, #1873(16). Highland “vine”

tušum makom, nphr(n type n). blackberry Rubus coriifolius, #1384(7).

Temperate “vine”

#2284(19). Highland “vine”. The berries are “cold”

makom ʔak’, nphr(n type n). Buettneria aculeata, #2598(22). Temperate “vine”

makom ʔuč, nphr(n of n). ‘opossum blackberry’, jimson weed Datura stramonium, #1025(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant” It grows in rubbish heaps and in fencerows.

makom ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). mock strawberry Duchesnea indica, #20(1, 3, 4), #971(1, 3), #2381(3, 4). Highland “plant”. It grows in fencerows. Children eat the fruit.

makom č’iš, nphr(n type n). ‘blackberry bramble’, mimosa Mimosa albida, #1835(1, 4). Temperate “vine”. Buettneria aculeata, #1609(1, 3, 11, 12, 13), #2598(1, 3). Temperate “vine”. #2822(3, 4, 11, 12). Lowland “vine”. Gouania pofygama, #830(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”.

yašal makom č’is, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Buettneria aculeata. #2598(15, 20, 21). Temperate “vine”

makom roša, cf. roša.

makom vet, nphr(n of n). ‘fox’s blackberry’, blackberry Rubus adenotrichus, #1873(1), #2223(1, 3, 4). Highland “vine”

makuliškuat N(Sp, macuilisguate from N, macuili and cuahuitl).

makuliškuat, n. Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabrura, # 1697(7). Lowland “tree”. The bark is used to lash pole walls and fences.

mak’(1) prob P or P(2).

mak’ak’et sat, vphr(av & n4d). rolling whites of eyes.

mak’al, aj. with only whites of eyes showing.

mak’el, aj. with only whites of eyes showing.

Reproach of person to another’s child who watches people eating; k’u t šapas ta mak’el asat. What are you doing looking through half-closed eyes.

mak’¢ah, iv. close halfway (eyes) /from hunger or sickness/.

mak’et sat, vphr(av & n4d). with only whites of eyes showing.

mak’lah, av. moving quickly and indistinguishably (sing or plu).

mak’lahet, av. moving indistinguishably or partially concealed.

mak’lahetik, av. cf. mak’lahet (plu).

mak’leh, n4d. nearly closed (eyes of dying person).

mak’luh, av. rushing past allowing only a glimpse of self.

mak’mon ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). longing unrealistically for something.

mak’mon sat, vphr(av & n4d). peering out (prisoner).

yeč šmak’mon ssat. lit., Her eyes are just half open, i.e., She is just moping around.

mák’temák’te, av. rushing about when barely visible (deer).

mak’(2) X.

mak’lan, tv. board, provide food or food and lodging. Ritual speech; cf. yayin.

mu š’a buč’u šmak’lanon. There is no one to support him. var., mak ’lin.

mak’lan ba, rv. reciprocate food and lodging (religious official), support one another (orphaned brothers and sisters).

mak’lanan, tv. provide food for many /laborers/.

mak’lantas, tv. provide food or food and lodging.

mak’lantasan, tv. provide food for /laborers/.

mak’lantasvan, iv. feed person /one’s laborers/.

mak’lanvan, iv. support person.

mak’lin, tv. cf. mak’lan.

hmak’lanvaneh, agn. woman who comes to relieve wife of domestic chores in time of sickness. Denunciatory speech, parents referring to youngest daughter who elopes, or to youngest son who does not marry and therefore brings no woman to help his mother; provider.

haʔ ša hmak’lanvaneh haʔ ša hyayinvaneh ti yečuke. She would have been the provider, the supporter.

hmak’lantasvaneh, agn. cf. hmak’lanvaneh.

mal(1) T.

mal, tv. spill /liquid/, cause to overflow.

mal, iv. set (sun), overflow, spill.

mal ša, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt). late in the afternoon.

mal ša k’ak’al, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt & n5). late in the afternoon.

malan, tv. spill many times.

malanan, tv. cf. malan.

málanmálan, tv. spill one after another.

málanmálanan, tv. cf. málanmálan.

maleb k’ak’al, nphr(n of n)5. West.

malebal, n5. Ritual speech, addressing sun in afternoon; hour of setting.

malebal eč’el č’ayebal eč’el 1 aničimal ba 1 aničimal sate tot kahval.

It is the hour for Thy flowery visage, Thy flowery face to set, to be lost, father, my lord.

malel, vn4f. the whole day.

ta smalel ʔo k’ak’al ʔun bi. on the very same day.

males k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n5). work from dawn to dusk.

malesob k’ak’al, nphr(n of n)5. very small amount of work.

malesobil k’ak’al, nphr(n4f of n4d). a little extra work before sunset.

malet k’ak’al, vphr(av & n5). in the late afternoon.

malk’uh, iv. spill, overflow.

malk’un ʔok ʔ, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). open floodgates.

malk’unan ʔok voʔ, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). open wide floodgate.

malk’unvan, iv. spill person (canoe), leave person stranded (flood).

mallahet, av. spilling over (bubbling water, river), streaming (tears), filled to the brim.

mallahetik, av. spilling (children).

málluh, av. spilling suddenly.

malmon, av. trickling down (a few tears), spilling.

malob tanil voʔ, nphr(n1f of nphr/natt & n/ld). place where lime water is thrown out.

malobil tanil voʔ, nphr(n1f of nphr/natt & n/ld). cf. malob tanil voʔ.

máltemálte, av. spilling over here and there (river).

malulan, tv. keep spilling.

hmal tanil voʔ, agn: vphr(tv & nphrcpd/natt & ncpd/). person who pours out lime water.

šmal, n5. afternoon. Ritual speech, prayer; dusk.

ta hun šmal ta hun ssakab. at dusk, at dawn.

šmalmal, n5. slightly later in the afternoon.

šmalmaltik, n5. very little later in the afternoon.

mal(2)

mal, sprinkle, cf. maʔl.

mal(3)

mal, Mary. cf. manič.

mal(4)

mal, age. cf. mul(1).

mal(5)

mal, marry, cf. malal.

mala T.

mala, tv. wait.

mal avaʔi. Wait and see! /threat implied/.

mal avil. Wait and see!

smala smala yalel muyel ti ssate. He waited and waited, casting his eyes up and down.

mala ba, rv. wait.

malaan, tv. wait for /plu/.

malaob, n1f. food or drink given to person while waiting, place where animal habitually feeds or drinks, place where person waits.

malaobil, n4f. cf. malaob.

malavan, iv. await person.

hmalavaneh, agn. person waiting for another.

malal N.

malalil. n3d. husband.

malalin, tv. marry /man/.

malih, iv. marry (woman).

t šbat ta malihel. She is getting married.

malate N(Sp, maleta).

malate, n1a. suitcase, var., malete.

maláyo E(Sp, mal haya).

maláyo, excl. Female scolding speech, mother to child, or male scolding speech, now archaic; Dammit!

maláyo muk’ bu šabat. Dammit you aren’t going!

malete

malete, suitcase, cf. malate.

malkuʔ N(Sp, marco).

malkuʔ, n1a. threshold.

maltil N(Sp, Martín).

maltil, n1d. Martin, var., Til /when young/.

maltisyon N(Sp, maldicíon).

maltisyon, n1d. evil deed, crime.

maluk N(Sp, maluco).

maluk, n1e. Genipa sp., # 1331(1, 3, 4, 5, 8). Lowland “tree”. Some Zinacantecs eat the fruit. It is “cold”, calabash tree Crescentia cujete, #874(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” (RML)-Probably a misidentification.

malva N(Sp, malva).

malva, n. shrubby four o’clock Mirabilis jalapa, # 1017(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant” It grows in fencerows. A person suffering from a black eye brews three or four shoots and bathes the bruise with the decoction.

bik’it malva, nphr(aj & n). shrubby four o’clock Mirabilis jalapa, #734(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. It grows in rubbish heaps.

sakil malva, nphr(aj & n). wild heliotrope Heliotropium indicum, #792(1, 2). Lowland “plant”

malvarisko N(Sp, malvarisco).

malvarisko, n. shrubby four o’clock Mirabilis jalapa, # 1441(1). Lowland and highland “plant”. To cure facial burns, women brew the shoots and rub them on the burn. They are “hot”. #1793(4). Highland “plant” The flowers are rubbed on a black eye to remove the bruise.

mam(1) E.

mam, excl. c’mon! /exclamation of parent to toddling child, encouraging it to walk/.

mamčoč, excl. c’mon!

mam(2)

mam, grandchild, cf. mom.

mamal N(Tze, mamal).

mamal, n5. dude /each of two characters in festivities of Christmas season played by the senior stewards/ /Tzeltal term of address/.

mampo N(Sp, manflor).

mampo, n5. man who never has sexual relations.

mamasita N(Sp, mamacita).

mamasita, n5. Male speech, intimate term of address to wife or mistress; lit., little mother.

man(1)

man, so! cf. ma.

man(2) T.

man, tv. buy.

manbil ta tak’in. bought with money /hangover/.

man ba, rv. be lucrative (corn or beans that are bought and sold at a profit).

man ba ta tak’in, vphr(rv & prep & n5). buy release from jail, spend money for doctor.

man-bail ta tak’in, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/5 & prep & n5). purchase of release from jail.

manan, tv. buy /plu/.

mananan, tv. cf. manan.

mánanmánan, tv. buy one after another.

mánanmánanan, tv. cf. mánanmánan.

manbalal, aj. purchased (adopted child, sheep).

manbalal ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5. purchased land.

manebal, n5. moment before bride enters groom’s house.

manel, nc. buying.

manlahet, av. cf. manmon (plu).

manlahetik, av. cf. manmon (plu).

manmon, av. arriving frequently to make purchases.

manob ______, nphr(n of n)5. money for specific purpose.

manob bek’et. money to buy meat.

manobil, n4f. money.

manolah, iv. purchase.

manulan, tv. keep buying.

manulan ba, rv. keep being lucrative (corn, beans).

manvan ta tak’in, vphr(iv & prep & n5). pay bride price in lump sum.

hman-loria, agn(tv & ncpd). Ritual speech; lit., buyer of glory, i.e., Christ, specif., The Entombed Christ.

č’ul-hman-vinahel, č’ul-hman-loria. holy buyer of heaven, holy buyer of glory.

hman-vinahel, agn(tv & ncpd). Ritual speech; lit., buyer of heaven, i.e., Christ, specif., the Entombed Christ, cf. hman-loria.

hmanolahel, agn. customer.

hmanvaneh, agn. Ritual speech; Christ. Christ is believed to have bought our souls /č’ulel/ from Our Savior and given them to us.

č’ul-hmanvaneh, č’ul-htohvaneh. holy purchaser of persons, holy payer of persons.

mana A or N.

mana ʔok(1), nphr(x type n4d)1d. see below.

mana ʔok(2), nphr(x type n). see mana ʔok(1), var. /Na Čih/.

mana ʔoktik, nphr(x type n4f)5. expanse of mana yok.

eahal mana ʔok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/). Cantharellus sp., #58(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom” It is boiled and seasoned with mexican tea and chili. It is “cold”.

č’iš mana ʔok, nphr(n type nphr/x type n4f/). see below.

k’anal č’iš mana ʔok, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/x type n4f/). hedgehog fungus Hydnum repandum, #53(1, 4). Highland “mushroom” It is boiled, seasoned with mexican tea and chili, false chanterelle Clitocybe aurantiaca, #98(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom” Same use as above.

k’anal mana ʔok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/). orange-brown lactarius Lactarius volemus, #185(1, 4, 7). Highland “mushroom”. It is boiled, seasoned with mexican tea and chili. It is “cold”. Lactarius sp., #51(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. Same use as above. Clitocybe sp., #99(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. It may be mixed with k’abiš toh, yisim čih, and č’iš mana yok, boiled, and eaten. Collybia sp., #92(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. It is not eaten.

sakil mana ?ok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/). Lactarius sp., #128(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. It is sliced, boiled and seasoned with mexican tea and chili. It is “cold”.

manavel

manavel, Emanuel. cf. manvcl.

mam-ana N(Sp, manzana).

maneana(1), n1a. adam’s apple.

maneana(2), n1a. apple. See below.

maneanailtik, n5. large apple orchard.

maueanatik, n5. apple orchard.

ʔit’iš maneana, nphr(n4f of n5). Amelanchier denticulata, #1778(16). Temperate “vine”. The fruit is edible.

ba¢’i maneana, nphr(aj & n)5. apple Malus pumila, #579(1, 3). Highland “tree”. It is grown by a very few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The seeds are planted at the beginning of the rainy season, one to a hole, or seedlings are transplanted. The harvest is in August. Apples are sold at market. They are “cold”

kamosa maneana, nphr(aj type n). ‘suede apple’, apple Malus pumila, #584(1). Highland “tree”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The harvest is in September. Same use as bae’i maneana.

kašlan maneana, nphr(aj & n)1d. apple Malus pumila, #521(1, 2, 3). Highland “tree”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The seeds are planted or slips are grafted onto bae’i maneana. Same use as bae’i maneana.

perota maneana, cf. perote maneana.

perote maneana, nphr(n type n)). ‘perote apple’, apple Malus pumila, #520(1, 2, 3). Highland “tree”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. Same use as bae’i maneana. var., perota maneana.

tanhero maneana, nphr(aj & n). ‘foreign apple’, see below.

eahal tanhero maneana, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). apple Malus pumila, #574(1, 4). Highland “tree” It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. Same use as bae’i maneana.

sakil tanhero maneana, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). apple Malus pumila, #591(1, 3). Highland “tree”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The seedlings are transplanted in the rainy season or slips are grafted onto bae’i maneana. Same use as bae’i maneana.

maneana ʔak’, nphr(n type n). Tournefortia volubilis, #856(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine”.

maneana kinya, cf. kinya.

maneana teʔ, nphr(n type n). service berry Amelanchier nervosa, #46(1, 2, 3), #2261(3, 4). Highland “tree”. It is used for firewood, yellow oleander Thevetia ovata, #1681(14), Lowland “tree”.

maneanilya N(Sp, manzanilla).

maneanilya, n1a. may weed Anthemis cotula, #588(1). Highland “plant”.

It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The seeds are sown in the rainy season. The flowers are sold at market in Chamula and San Cristóbal. As a remedy for cough, two stalks are brewed together with basil, brown sugar and tallow. Alternately, they may be brewed with basil and a shot of cane liquor. One cup is drunk. It is “hot”. As a remedy for “wind” and diarrhea, two stalks are brewed. The tea is mixed with cane liquor in which camphor is soaked. One cup is drunk before breakfast for three days. It is “hot”. For ritual use, cf. eahal ničim. var., maneaninya /Htek-lum/.

maneanilyatik, n5. expanse of may weed.

maneaninya

maneaninya, cf. maneanilya.

mančuk Pt.

mančuk, pt. if it weren’t that, even though.

mančukuk šʔelan lapase lek lak’ot ta lok’el bi aʔa. If that hadn’t happened to you it would have turned out well for you.

mančuk lubemone t sibat. Even though I am tired I am going.

manko N(Sp, mango).

manko, n1a. mango Mangifera indica, #205(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”. It grows in groves in lowland towns. The seed is planted, one to a hole.

in April. The harvest is in May. The fruit is sold at market. It is eaten by everyone. It is “hot” The trunk is used for firewood. A wooden mango is kept by the senior steward of Our Lady of the Rosary in his coffer. It is removed and washed on Saint Rose Day.

mankoaltik, n5. large mango grove.

mankotik, n5. mango grove.

mankornal N(Sp, mancornar).

mankornal, n1a. yoke, pair of oxen.

mankornal k’anal, nphr(n type n)5. pair of shooting stars.

manšo A(Sp, manso).

manšo, aj. good-natured (person), docile, good-natured (mule).

mansoib, iv. become docile or good-natured (mule).

mansoibtas, tv. tame /mule/.

mansotik, aj. rather good-natured (mule, dog).

manta N(Sp, manta).

manta, n1d. muslin.

mantal N(Sp, mandar).

mantal, nib. advice, order, epidemic.

ta smantal. representing him (or) on his part, smantal kahvaltik. sickness caused by gods /requires only minor curing ceremony/.

smantal pukuh, smantal hʔak’-čamel, (or) smantal ʔuč koloʔ. sickness caused by witch.

hmanlal, agn. person sent on errand.

mantikat N(Sp, manteca).

mantikat, n1a. lard.

mantreš N(Sp, manteles).

mantreš, n1a. table cloth, cloth used to wrap candles.

mantreš k’uʔul, nphr(n type n)1a. woolen tunic /archaic/.

manuʔ(1) N.

manuʔ, n5. cat, vagina.

manuʔ(2) N(Sp, Manuela).

manuʔ, n1d. Emma /infr/.

manvel N(Sp, Manuel).

manvel, n1d. Emanuel. var., Manavel, Vel /when young/.

manya(1) N(Sp, maña).

manya, n1d. hobble.

manya ʔek’el, nphr(n type n)1d. shackle.

ʔak’ manya, vphr(tv & 4d). climb with aid of climbing loop /formerly people climbed a greased pole on the fiesta of St. Lawrence/.

manya(2) N(Sp, maña).

manya, n5. wicked /thief, rapist/.

ʔak’ manya, vphr(tv & n5). show.

kom ta manya, vphr(iv & prep & n5). get used to, /acting improperly/, be spoiled (person).

komilan ta manya, vphr(tv & prep & n5). keep being spoiled or getting used to.

manya(3) N(Sp, manía).

manya čenek’, cf. čenek’.

manyoso A(Sp, mañoso).

manyoso, aj. cunning (animal, thief).

mar N(Sp, mar).

mar, n5. ocean.

Ritual speech, curing prayers; č’ul-maretik č’ul-ʔahvetik. the holy oceans, the holy elders.

mararo

mararo, purple, cf. moraro.

marčante N(Sp, marchante).

marčante, n1d. merchant, mistress or lover of a long time’s standing, reciprocal term of address used between highland ladino merchants and Indian customers.

marimpa N(Sp, marimba).

marimpa, n1d. marimba.

markarita N(Sp, margarita).

teʔel marimpa, nphr(n of n). ‘marimba tree’, onion cordia Cordia alliodora, #3007(11). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for making marimbas, house mainposts, doors, corn bins, lamp stands, chairs, table legs, coffers, crosses, gunstocks, slingshots, gates, and fence posts.

markarita N(Sp, margarita).

markarita, n1a. see below.

markaritailtik, n5. large field of markarita.

markaritatik, n5. field of markarita.

eahal markarita, nphr(aj & n). Gaillardea cf. lanceolata Michx. (cult.), #903(1, 3). Lowland “plant” It is grown by ladinos, in their yards. The flowers are sold at market. They are put in altar vases.

k’oš markarita, nphr(aj & n). ox eye daisy Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, #381(1, 2). Highland “plant”. Same use as muk’ta markarita.

muk’ta markarita, nphr(aj & n). ox eye daisy Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, #382(1, 2), #599(1). Highland “plant”. It is grown by some Zinacantecs, in their yards. The seeds are planted by men and boys in the rainy season. The flowers are sold at market in San Cristóbal, Tuxtla, and Arriaga. They are put in altar vases by people begging pardon in church. (RML)-Ox eye daisies, carnations, calla lilies, dahlias, gladiolas, and geraniums are the major commercial flowers. For ritual use, see kartučo.

pino markarita, nphr(aj & n). ’fine daisy’, ox eye daisy Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, #620(1, 2, 4). Highland “plant” Same use as muk’ta markarita.

markariton, n1a. ox eye daisy Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, #599(5).

Highland “plant”. Same as muk’ta markarita.

markaritontik, n5. field of ox eye daisies.

markarita ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). china pink Dianthus chinensis, # 622(10).

Highland “plant”.

markariton N(Sp, margaritón).

markariton, ox eye daisy, cf. markarita.

markuš N(Sp, Marcos).

markuš, n1d. Mark, var., Kuš /when young/.

maro N(Sp, marro).

maro, n1a. sledgehammer.

marso(1) N(Sp, mazo).

marso, n1a. maul /used to tamp down earth of fresh grave or to strike chisel/.

marso teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. maul.

marso(2) N(Sp, marzo).

marso, n5. March.

marteš N(Sp, martes).

marteš, n1e. Tuesday. Tuesdays are considered the best days for holding curing ceremonies for women.

marteš k’ak’al, nphr(n & aj)5. Carnival Tuesday.

marteš santo, nphr(n & aj)5. Tuesday of Holy Week.

martil N(Sp, mártir).

martil, n5. Ritual speech; lit., martyr, i.e., St. Sebastian.

č’ul-martil, č’ul-piarol. holy martyr, holy creditor.

martil, n5. Church of St. Sebastian in Htek-lum.

martio N(Sp, martilla).

martio, n1a. hammer, hammer /firearm/.

martomo N(Sp, mayordomo).

martomo, agn. steward or mayordomo /religious official of the first level of the religious hierarchy, man in charge of waterhole renewal ceremonies/.

martomo ʔane, agn(nphr/n type n/5). steward or mayordomo of Vcʔ-bie.

martomo rey, agn(nphr/n type n/5). steward-royal or mayordomo rey /most prestigious official of the first level of the religious hierarchy/.

manič N(Sp, María).

maruč, n1d. Mary, var., Mal, Luč /when young/.

maruč ʔitah, nphr(n type n) 1 a. ‘mary greens’, pokeberry Phytolacca octandra, #627(1, 2, 3). Highland “plant”. Some Zinacantecs eat the tender shoots after they have been boiled. They are “cold” cf. ʔob.

maruč ¢’i’rʔel ʔob, cf. ʔob.

maryan N(Sp, Mariano).

Maryan, n1d. Mariano, var., Ran /when young/.

mas(1) A(Sp. más).

mas, aj. more.

mas hutuk. less.

mas ta. more than.

mas minor, better.

masmastik, aj. a little more than, a little over.

mas(2) T.

mas lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). remove solid from liquid, pick out or take out of /meat, cabbage, nixtamal, sand, or person fallen into water/.

masan, tv. take out a lot of /meat/ from liquid.

masanan, tv. cf. masan.

másanmásan, tv. take out one after another from liquid /meat in broth/.

másanmásanan, tv. cf. másanmásan.

masas, av. floating swiftly (laundry).

masaset, av. floating (algae).

masel, nc. removing solid from liquid /nixtamal//1-3/.

maset, av. floating.

maslah, av. swimming, floating (branches).

maslahet, av. floating, submerged, cf. masmon (plu).

maslahetik, av. cf. masmon (plu).

másluh, av. surfacing suddenly.

masmon, av. moving in or on water, swaying back and forth slowly in water, removing solid from liquid /nixtamal, etc./.

masob, n1f. spoon used to take solid food out of liquid.

masobil, n1f. cf. masob.

mástemáste, av. floating about.

masulan, tv. keep removing solid from liquid /nixtamal, meat, cabbage, sand/, dip /hair in water/ (woman).

maš(1) N.

maš, n5. geoffroy’s spider monkey Ateles geoffroyi, howler monkey Alouatta villosa. Monkeys are not eaten. Howler monkey skins are used for hats by Chamula Carnival characters. An earlier stage of man is believed to have been transformed into monkeys when they climbed into trees at the time of the flood. There are reputed to be individuals, referred to as maš, who, by looking at a woman in late pregnancy, can transfer her baby to another woman who gives birth shortly thereafter.

maš, agn. monkey character of Chamula Carnival.

maš(2) prob A.

mašal sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with beautiful face.

mašil, n4f. smallness and cuteness /baby’s hand/.

maš(3) prob P or P(2).

mašahtik, aj. stirring (legs or arms of foetus).

mašalik, aj. cf. mašahtik.

mašaš, av. floating swiftly (laundry).

mašet, av. floating along, ballooning /in water/, stirring (three-four month foetus).

mašetik, av. floating along, ballooning /in water/(plu).

mašlah, av. fording, swimming, floating (logs).

mašlahet, av. cf. mašmon (plu).

mašlahetilc, av. paddling about, thrashing about (people in water).

mášluh, av. floating suddenly.

mašmon, av. paddling or thrashing about /dog or mouse in water/.

máš’temáš’te, av. floating about (duck).

maš(4) prob P or P(2).

maš-niʔ ʔane, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. woman who always appears angry.

maš-niʔ vinik, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. man who always appears angry.

maš-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd)1a. corn stubble rake.

mašahtik, aj. visible (footprints in mud).

mašal niʔ, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). looking down nose /in anger/.

mašalik, aj. cf. mašahtik.

mašel niʔ, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). looking down nose /in anger/.

mašleh, n1f. looking down nose /in anger/.

mašmaš niʔ, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). looking down nose /in anger/.

máštemašte niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). walking about looking down nose /in anger/.

mášluh, av. looking down nose suddenly /in anger/.

mašil N.

mašil, n1d. gossip, conversation.

mašilah, iv. converse.

mašilta, tv. gossip about.

maštro

maštro, teacher, cf. mayštro

mašuʔ N.

mašuʔ, n1a. cat /Voʔ-bie/.

matal N(Sp, Magdalena).

matal, n1d. Magdalene, Miriam.

matal ʔak’, nphr(n type n). ‘magdalene vine’, Gonolobus sp., #2670(21). Lowland “vine” (RML)-It is said that the ill effects resulting from contact with this vine can be cured by returning to the vine and telling it to exchange its name with yours.

matan

matan, gift, present, cf. moton.

matapalo N(Sp, matapalo).

matapalo, n. Oreopanax capitatus, #155(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “tree”

matas N.

matas, n1e. railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa, # 104(1, 2, 4, 5), #978(1, 3), #1716(15, 16), #2192(19). Highland “plant”. (1)-It grows in yards and corn fields. It is eaten by sheep. #329(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant” It grows in corn fields, perennial beggarticks Bidens oslruthioides, #490(1, 2). Highland “plant”. It is eaten by sheep, cattle, mules, and asses, golden beggarticks Bidens aurea, # 1469(3). Highland “plant”.

matastik, n5. field of beggarticks.

ʔit’iš matas, nphr(n4f of n5). perennial beggarticks Bidens ostrulhioides, #1804(1, 4). Highland “plant”. It grows in yards. It is eaten by sheep. Bidens cf. triplinervia, #70(2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. Same use as above. Bidens ferulifolia, #985(1, 3). Highland “plant” Same use as above. Bidens chrysanthemifolia, # 1430(1), # 1788(4).

Highland “plant”. Same use as above.

eoein matas, nphr(aj & n). ’hairy matas’, golden beggarticks Bidens aurea, #993(1, 3). Highland “plant”. It grows in yards.

k’anal matas, nphr(aj & n). perennial beggarticks Bidens oslruthioides, #117(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. It grows in yards. It is eaten by sheep and mules.

muk’ta k’anal matas, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Bidens triplinervia var. mollis, #2388(3, 4). Highland “plant”.

k’oš” matas, nphr(aj & n). railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa, # 1431(1).

Highland “plant”. Melampodium linearilobum, #1317(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland“plant”.

sakil matas, nphr(aj & n). railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa, # 1472(3).

Lowland, temperate, and highland “plant”. It grows in corn fields.

It is used as horse fodder. #1716(3), #2040(3, 17), #2492(4). Highland “plant”.

k’oš sakil matas, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa, #2368(3, 4). Highland “plant”

matas ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa, #2040(18). Highland “plant”.

matasil be e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/natt & n/ type n). ’trail matas plant’, golden beggarticks Bidens aurea, #1168(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”

matasil teʔtik, nphr(natt & n). ’forest matas’, perennial beggarticks Bidens ostruthioides, #1851(1, 16). Highland “plant”

matyo N(Sp, Mateo).

matyo, n1d. Matthew.

mat’ prob P or P(2).

mat’ahtik, aj. cf. mat’at /plu/.

mat’al, aj. unbecomingly tight (pants).

mat’el, aj. unbecomingly tight (pants).

mat’et veš, vphr(av & n4d). unbecomingly tight (pants).

mat’lah, av. unbecomingly tight (pants) (plu).

mat’lahet veš, vphr(av & n4d). unbecomingly tight (pants) /plu/.

mat’leh, n4f. unbecomingly tight /pants/.

mat’mat’, aj. unbecomingly tight (pants).

mat’mon veš, vphr(av & n4d). walking with unbecomingly tight pants.

mát’temat’te veš, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with unbecomingly tight pants.

mau O.

mau, onom. meow.

máuluh, av. meowing suddenly.

máutemáute, av. walking about meowing.

mauʔ N.

mauʔ, n1a. cat /Voʔ-bie/.

may(1) P or P(2).

mayahtik, aj. worn down (tips of branches dragged on ground).

mayal, aj. worn thiri (toe of sandal), with eyes glazed over.

mayalik, aj. glazed (eye with exhaustion).

mayay eč’el sat, vphr(av & dr & n4d). with lids drooping.

mayayet sat, vphr(av & n4d). struggling to keep eyes open.

mayeah, iv. have corners worn off (hoe).

mayean, tv. grade, bevel.

mayel, aj. heavy-lidded.

mayet sat, vphr(av & n4d). with lids barely open.

mayetah, iv. become heavy-lidded (eyes).

mayi, iv. be heavy-lidded (eyes).

mayk’uh, iv. wear thin (sandal), become heavy-lidded /eyes with death/.

mayk’un, tv. wear thin /sandal/, bevel, grade.

mayleh, n1f. heavy-lidded.

maymay, aj. beveled, worn thin (sandal).

mayp’uh, iv. cf. mayk’uh.

mayp’un, tv. cf. mayk’un.

máytemáyte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about heavy-lidded.

may(2)

may, tobacco, chewing tobacco, cf. moy.

mayil

mayil, cf. mail.

mayo N(Sp, mayo).

mayo, n5. May.

mayotik, n5. sometime in May.

mayol N(Sp, mayor).

mayol, agn. constable or mayor /lowest ranking official of lowest grade of religious hierarchy who acts as errand boy and policeman for civil authorities/, tithing man or mayor /dignitary who brings salt from Voʔ-bie to the chapel of Lord Esquipulas/, religious functionary /member of curing party who aids shaman, each of two assistants of cantors who serve from Carnival Friday to Carnival Tuesday, carrying banners from Carnival Saturday to Carnival Tuesday, and candles on Carnival Monday and Thursday/, hummingbird incarnation of messenger of tutelary gods, hummingbird incarnation of witch’s messenger.

tal hmayolal. the constables came for me.

mayol, n5. ear of corn with middle section lacking kernels.

k’ošil mayol, agn(nphr/n4f of n5/). eighth and lowest ranking constable.

mayštro N(Sp, maestro).

mayštro, agn. teacher, musician /formerly/, var., maštro.

maytin N(Sp, maitin).

maytin, n5. evening of first day of fiesta.

me(1) Pt.

me, pt. please /desiderative particle/.

Mu me šabat. Please don’t go.

m, pt(contr). please.

me(2)

me, if. cf. mi.

meʔ(1) O.

meʔ, onom. baa, meow, bleat.

meʔeʔ, av. moving and bleating (goat, lamb).

meʔeʔet, av. bleating (goat, V2: 17).

meʔlah, av. cf. meʔeʔ (plu).

meʔlahet, av. bleating, meowing (plu).

méʔlahetik, av. baaing.

meʔluh, av. meowing suddenly.

meʔmon, av. meowing greedily.

méʔteméʔte, av. meowing, bleating or baaing here and there.

méʔ(2) N.

meʔ, n5. Term of address to mother, step-mother, grandmother, aunt, great aunt, older sister, older female cousin, mother-in-law, older sister-in-law, wives of fiancé’s petitioners, older female relatives and non-relatives of one’s husband’s parents who attend the house-entering ceremony and/or the wedding, older female relative and non-relatives of the wedding godparents who attend the wedding, godmothers of baptism, confirmation and marriage, wife of the ritual tutor who instructs a couple during husband’s term of office as steward, steward-royal, publican, ensign-bearer, tithing man of Voʔ-bi¢.

meʔ_______, nphr(n type n)5. term of address to older woman, term of reference to older woman when speaking with her kin; Mother _______ /personal name/.

meʔ, nphr(n1d of n1d). female _______ /animal/.

meʔ čih. ewe, doe.

meʔ baka. cow.

meʔ ʔač’el, nphr(n of n)5. ‘mud mother’, spotted sandpiper A ctitis macularia, killdeer Charadrius vociferus. cf. ʔač’el mut. They are eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. They are “cold”

meʔ ʔalak’, nphr(n4d of n4d). hen.

smeʔ kalak’. my hen.

meʔ ʔik’ nphr(n of n)5. mother wind. This evil female spirit is believed to be the embodiment and origin of wind. With her hair a tangle of leaves and twigs, she is said to emerge from caves, when mist and drizzle are especially thick, to steal the soul of corn.

meʔ ʔišim, nphr(n1f of n1d). corn with two ears inside one husk.

meʔ ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d). big toe.

meʔ ʔol, nphr(n4d of n4d). afterbirth.

smeʔ kol. The afterbirth of my child.

meʔ ʔunen, nphr(n1d of n5). afterbirth. The afterbirth is wrapped in rags and buried by the midwife in the front yard or next to the house. If the mother wishes to delay the next conception, the afterbirth is either buried at the far edge of the yard or is buried deep in the ground. If the first child is a girl a piece of the father’s pants or shirt is buried with the afterbirth to ensure that the next baby will be a boy.

meʔ ʔus, nphr(n of n)5. mexican beaded lizard Heloderma horridum. The mexican beaded lizard is believed to spit on people, causing instant death. To jump over its bones reputedly will also bring instant death.

meʔ čamel, nphr(n of n)5. evil female spirit causing sickness.

meʔ č’ekč’ek, nphr(n1d of n1d). hen with chicks.

smeʔ hč’ekč’ek. the mother of my chicks.

meʔ kašlan, nphr(n type n)5. hen.

meʔ kavilto, nphr(n of n)5. person who takes many disputes to court.

meʔ k’ak’al sik, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/). aquatic hair-like object believed to be the cause of malaria.

meʔ k’inubal, nphr(n of n)5. ‘origin of the noreaster’, rainbow, temperate and lowland worms occurring in clusters on ground. The rainbow is believed to be a cold Chamula female devil that steals corn’s soul (č’ulel), prevents rain from passing by it, and causes stomachache. To prevent the rainbow from following a person it is considered effective to spread chewing tobacco around, urinate or exhibit oneself to it. A child should not point at the rainbow lest his finger rot away, nor should he stare at it, lest his belly button rot away.

meʔ k’is, nphr(n of n)5. leaf-cutter ant. This term refers to the ants when they sprout wings and swarm in June. cf. k’is. They are toasted and eaten. They are “medium”

meʔ k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d). thumb.

meʔ lus, nphr(n of n)5. power plant.

meʔ nikel, nphr(n of n)5. volcano.

meʔ poš, nphr(n of n)5. starter for cane liquor /yeast/.

meʔ šenen, nphr(n of n)5. crane fly.

meʔ taiv, nphr(n of n)1e. ‘origin of frost’, highland worm. It occurs in clusters on the ground. It is said to have been a Chamula woman who brought a mirror that told where treasure was, but which then caused the frost to fall.

meʔ tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. treasure, shooting star /seen after midnight/. Where shooting stars land, treasure reportedly can be found.

meʔ vinik, nphr(n1d of n1d). chest pain.

smeʔ hvinik. the pain in my chest.

meʔ voʔ, nphr(n of n)5. distant rainy season thunder, toad Bufo valliceps, leopard frog Rana pipiens. cf. ʔamuč, rana.

meʔ yakil voʔ, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/)5. starter for chicha /charred corncob or charred piece of sugarcane/.

meʔ yi, nphr(n of n)1e. half-grown corn /when ear is half-grown/.

meʔ yitik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of half-grown corn /fourteenth developmental stage when ear is half-grown/.

meʔ yoket, nphr(n1f of n1d). main hearthstone /it is never moved/.

meʔel, agn. old woman, widow, religious functionary /old woman who serves stewards, elders, ensign-bearers of the Holy Cross, St. Lawrence, or St. Dominic/.

meʔel, aj. old /woman/.

meʔel ¢eb, nphr(aj & n)5. spinster.

meʔel čon(1), nphr(n type n)1e. ‘old woman animal’, raccoon Procyon lotor. Raccoons are eaten, seasoned with coriander. Their flesh is “cold”. They are notorious for scratching up young corn plants. Raccoons are companion animal spirits of scrawny, ugly people, especially of Chamulas whose companion animal spirits are said to be more on the loose because of the ineffectiveness of their tutelary gods and their spirit corrals.

meʔel čon(2), cf. čon.

méʔelméʔel, aj. rather old (woman).

meʔelub, iv. age (woman).

meʔil, n3d. mother.

meʔil, n5. center strip of woman’s blouse.

meʔin, tv. Ritual speech, prayer; mother, care for as a mother.

laʔuk to me htotin laʔuk to me hmeʔin ti hmotone ti kaboltayele. May I still father, may I still mother, my gift (child), my travail.

meʔin, iv. be produced (cane liquor), become habitual (drunkenness), become chronic (sickness).

t šmeʔin ta hk’ob. lit., It is being produced by my hand, i.e., I am prospering.

meʔintas, tv. make habitual or chronic.

meʔintasan, tv. make habitual or chronic for many people.

meʔlal, n4d. wife /rather derogatory/.

meʔlahet, av. cf. meʔmon (plu).

meʔmon, av. calling “mother” persistently.

meʔobtakil, n3d. Ritual speech; female incense tender for elders and stewards, supernatural female assistant for tutelary gods.

meʔtik, n5. ma’am /term of address to older woman/.

meʔtikin, tv. address as “ma’am”

ʔak’ meʔ k’ob, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). impress fingerprint.

ʔav meʔ k’ob, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/). fingerprint.

memeʔ, n5. Baby talk; term of address for mother or grandmother.

hmemeʔtik, n4d. lady.

meʔan

meʔan, poverty, misery, grief, widow, widower, be orphaned, be impoverished, howl, bay. cf. meʔon.

meʔčun N(Tze, meʔčun).

meʔčun, n5. dame /each of two characters representing the dude’s wife and played by the junior stewards//Tzeltal term of address/.

meʔon N.

meʔon, n1d. orphan, poor person. Ritual speech; cf. muʔnat.

meʔonil, n5. adoption.

meʔonin, tv. adopt.

meʔanah, iv. be orphaned.

meʔanah-ʔok’, vphr(iv & ivcpd). howl (child), bay (dog, V2: 19).

meʔanal, n1a. poverty, misery, grief.

ssaʔ smeʔanal. He is earning a living.

meʔanal ʔan¢, nphr(aj & n)5. widow. When a widow dies her soul /c’ulel/ is believed to join that of her first husband.

meʔanal vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. widower.

meʔantas, tv. impoverish.

meʔantasvan, iv. impoverish.

hmeʔanlasvaneh, agn. sickness that impoverishes person.

me¢ P.

me¢ahtik, aj. cf. me¢el /plu/.

me¢an, tv. set down /wood, sugarcane, pine tip, pencil, candle, rifle/.

me¢an ba, rv. lie down briefly /to sleep/.

me¢anan, tv. set down much /wood, etc./.

mé¢anmé¢anan, tv. set down one after another /wood, etc./.

me¢e¢et, av. zigzagging (lightning), undulating (snake), whirling (tornado).

sme¢e¢et sk’ušul hč’ut. my belly aches.

me¢el, aj. lying (wood, sugarcane, knife, scissors, pencil, bottle, flashlight).

me¢et, av. lying (wood, sugarcane, pencil, flashlight).

me¢i, iv. lie (wood, sugarcane).

me¢lahet, av. cf. me¢el (plu).

me¢leh, n4f. lying (wood, etc.).

mé¢luh, av. twitching suddenly /in sleep/.

mé¢mon. av. wriggling (dog’s tail on ground, snake), struggling and unable to get up (drunk, sick person).

mé¢temé¢te, av. lying about (machete, etc.).

me¢’ N.

me¢’ta, tv. incapacitate, prevent, cast evil eye, sanitize, protect, cure or empower by magic. To incapacitate a devil or a snake, tobacco or garlic is thrown at it. When corn is stolen from a field, the owner may make a cross of the corn stalks that have been stripped of ears and stand it in the center or in a corner of the field so that Our Lord will punish the robber with poverty and death. The same effect may be produced by drawing a cross on the footprints of the robber. To prevent the flesh of a charcoal-cruncher or yalem bek’et from re-adhering, salt is rubbed on it. To prevent a weasel that has crossed one’s path from shortening one’s life, and to ensure that it will die in its den, three crosses are made on the path with one’s foot. To cause hail to stop falling, three pans of embers, three loom bars and three bodkins are flung at the hail. To ensure that a jaguar will not toss back one’s bullets, a person sleeping in the woods will wrap the wad with three pubic hairs and three hairs from his arm pit and insert it in the rifle barrel, or he will simply break wind on the rifle. To make an enemy’s field of corn die, a person sprinkles tobacco on it. To make an enemy’s peach tree die, a stick of pine is buried at its foot. If the wife of the owner of an avocado tree is pregnant, she must take three bites out of three avocados lest the fruit be spoiled. When a religious official or groom has a bull slaughtered their assistants bite the raw meat three times lest it be contaminated by the pregnancy of the wife or mistress of one of the party. To tame a mean mule its neck is rubbed three times with a broom. To rid a corn field of raccoons, a naked boy and a naked girl walk around the edge of the field three times or an adult scatters garlic and tobacco around the edge. Opossums and raccoons reportedly can be prevented from entering the corn field by preparing a bed of straw for them six inches long placed on each side of the field. Raccoons may also be discouraged from entering the corn field if the farmer constructs a platform in the trees at the edge of the field, lies down on it, and calls out to the raccoons, “Let’s sleep together.” To rid a corn field of June bug grubs a man may take a greasy, old skirt of an old woman and, holding it aloft like a flag, walk around the field three times. Alternatively, he may take two grubs and place them head to head or one across the other and bury them in one of their tunnels in that position. To prevent wind damage, a strip of the palm fronds distributed on St. Peter Martyr Day is tied to the corn plants at the four corners of the field. To protect a corn field in high wind, the owner will call out, “¢o¢an me kunen čob mu me šalomik ʔun” /Be strong my little corn fields please do not fall down/. If a pregnant woman sleeps alone she will keep her husband’s shirt or pants in the bed lest a monkey come to steal her baby. A person with gas on his stomach puts three crosses of ashes on it and says, “tamo be Tušta, tamo be Soktom” /Take the Tuxtla road, take the Chiapa road/ so that the “wind” will leave. To cure a mule of wind” its belly is struck three times with a woman’s sash, its tail is cropped in a cruciform design and a copper coin is passed over the tail. To cure a person of a yellow spot on his eye, thirteen black beans, variously three or thirteen silver five cent pieces, together with white salt are placed outside overnight to let the dew fall upon them. Then they are applied to the eye to reduce the “heat”. Poslom is cured by rinsing one’s leg with a woman’s urine, rubbing it with tobacco and garlic and then binding it with a piece of an old skirt. To ensure that a rifle fires well, thirteen chilis are put in the barrel which is then held over the fire until the chilis are roasted.

mé¢’taan, tv. sanitize a lot /raw meat by biting it/.

mé¢’tamé¢’taan, tv. sanitize one after another /raw pieces of meat by biting them/.

me¢’tavan, iv. incapacitate /devil or snake by throwing tobacco or garlic at it/. If a Chamula laborer becomes angry when his Zinacantec employer works faster than he does, the Chamula may see to it, by mysterious means, that his employer cannot keep up the pace.

me¢’ul, n4f. insignificant official post /constable/, insignificant meal.

me¢’ultas, tv. give insignificant post to.

me¢’ultasan, tv. sanitize a lot /raw meat by biting it/.

me¢’ultasvan, iv. weaken person by witchcraft.

hme¢’lavaneh, agn. person who confounds or dazes another through witchcraft.

meč P.

meč-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted leg (person, horse).

meč-k’ob, n(aj of ncpd)5. with twisted head.

mečan ba, rv. stand or project crookedly (corn that has been beaten down by wind, broken leg or arm).

meč¢ah, iv. twist (leg, arm, tree), go crooked (end of row during planting).

meč¢an ba, rv. twist (tree).

mečel, aj. twisted (leg, arm), crooked (stick).

mečel k’amal, ajphr(aj & aj). reeling (drunk).

mečet, av. standing with twisted (arm, leg).

mečk’uh, iv. cf. mečeah.

mečk’un, tv. twist /leg/.

mečlah. av. stumbling (drunk) (smg or plu).

mečlahet, av. cf. mečet (plu).

mečleh, n4f. twisted (leg, arm).

méčluh, av. turning suddenly (ankle, wrist).

mečmeč, aj. twisted (leg, arm), crooked (stick).

mečmon, av. hobbling with twisted (leg).

mečp’uh, iv. cf. mečk’uh.

méčteméčte, av. walking about with twisted arm or leg.

meča N(Sp, mecha).

meča, n1a. wick.

mehikáno N(Sp, mexicano).

mehikáno, n1d. silver money.

mehiko N(Sp, México).

mehiko, n5. Mexico City.

mehikoal vakaš, nphr(aj & n)5. brahman cow.

hmehiko, agn. inhabitant of Mexico City, Aztec /of mythic times/.

mehor A(Sp, mejor).

mehor, aj. better, var., mihor.

mek(1) X.

mek, nc. time /archaic/.

ta h-mek. very much, ever.

mu šʔeč’ ta h-mek. It never ends.

ta ba¢’i h-mek. forever.

mu h-mekuk t šabat 90. Don’t go forever.

mek(2) prob P or P(2).

mekahtik, aj. crooked (sticks).

mekel k’amal, ajphr(aj & aj). reeling (drunk)

meko A(Sp, meco).

meko, aj. white, fair-complexioned, albino (person, horse, dog).

mekotik, aj. rather fair-complexioned.

mek’ O.

mek’, onom. snarl /cat/.

mek’ek’et, av. croaking (tree frog), snarling (cat).

mek’lah, av. walking and mewing (kittens).

mek’lahet, av. mewing (kittens).

mék’lahetik, av. rasping (people playing fiddles improperly).

mék’luh, av. snarling suddenly (cat).

mek’mon, av. snarling, crying (kittens), rasping (fiddle), wailing (baby).

mék’temék’te, av. mewing here and there (kitten).

mek’es N.

mek’es, n5. highland black snake with a white belly. It rarely bites and is not considered dangerous. It is thought to be the earth lord’s whip.

mel P(2).

mel, tv. distribute evenly /corn gruel or meat when offered communally/.

mel-vok’, tv(aj & tvcpd) hoe /leaving no rows unfilled/.

melahtik, aj. forming lines (moustaches).

mel¢ah, iv. make, settle, set one’s affairs in order, build.

mel¢ah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d). restore one’s spirits.

mel¢ahebal, n5. moment before being settled, moment before finishing building or making.

mél¢anmél¢anan, tv. prepare, build or make one after another.

mel¢an, tv. make, settle, set one’s affairs in order, build, prepare, bake, cut up /chicken/, fix.

smel¢an k’op. He settles the dispute /legal case/.

smel¢an yot. She prepares toasted tortillas.

smel¢an tal yišim. He harvests a little of his corn.

mel¢an ba, rv. settle /dispute/, arrange, tidy /clothing, hair/, be well-dressed.

lek smel¢an sba ššanav. He is well-dressed.

Denunciatory speech; ba hmel¢an hbatik ba htohobtas hbatik. lit.,

Let us settle our differences, let us settle our dispute, i.e., Let us take our dispute to court.

mel¢aneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. settlement.

mel¢anob, n1f. half gourd in which gunpowder is mixed.

mel¢anobil, n1f. Ritual speech; courthouse /where disputes are settled/. cf. mel¢anob.

mel¢anan, tv. make, settle /disputes/.

mel¢anvan, iv. settle case for person.

melel, aj. certain, true, forming a line (moustache).

ta melel k’op. It’s true.

melel, excl. Of course! Really! Undoubtedly!

melelik, aj. forming a line (moustache).

melet, av. moving in an even line (workers).

mellahet, av. creeping in a long even line (brush fire).

melmel, aj. forming a line (moustache).

melmon, av. creeping in an even line (brush fire).

melmon ʔoʔn, vphr(av & n4d). musing /when half asleep/.

melol, n4b. proper or traditional way.

haʔ yeč smelol. That’s the truth.

mu yečuk smelol. It is wrong (or) It doesn’t make sense.

mu yečuk smelol ti stoh mas li prove vinike. It is not fair (or) just for the poor man to pay more.

ba¢’i smelol ša. really sick.

muk’ smelol li mu k’ope. It is an ugly language.

muk’ smelol li sk’u-ʔe. His clothes are ruined (or) in tatters.

Ritual speech, outgoing official to assistants, ritual tutor and musicians; lah ti smelole lah ti stohole ti č’ul-k’ine ti č’ul-paskwae. The true celebration of the holy fiesta is finished, the true way is ended, the holy fiesta.

melolah, iv. distribute evenly, become sensible or well-reasoned (argument).

méltemélte, av. advancing rapidly in even line (brush fire).

meluh, iv. walk holding on to support (child learning to walk).

hmel-ʔul, agn(tv & ncpd)5. corn gruel distributor /one woman is chosen for each of the St. Sebastian characters and for each of the incoming and outgoing ensign-bearers. She must be familiar with the people of Htek-lum so that no one can get away with taking extra turns/.

hmel¢aneh-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). litigant.

hmel¢aneh-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). lawyer /Indian/, native authority.

hmel¢aneh-pan, agn(tv & ncpd). baker.

hmel¢anvaneh, agn. native authority.

ʔaʔibe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). pay attention, heed.

ʔalbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). tell the whole story, tell the true story, tell one’s version, make a declaration, give a speech.

ʔič’ melol, vphr(tv & n4f). know right from wrong /occurs only in negative/.

ʔič’be melol, vphr(tv & n4f). learn to behave, learn the right way.

čanbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f). learn the proper way /to behave, or perform action/.

melaria N(Sp, medalla).

melaria, n1d. scapular medal /formerly worn by women and buried with them/.

melkuleš N(Sp, miércoles).

melkuleš, n1e. Wednesday.

melkuleš santo, nphr(n & aj). Wednesday of Holy Week.

melon N(Sp, melón).

melon, n1a. musk melon Cucumis melo, #798(1, 2). Lowland “plant”. It is grown by ladinos, in their yards. The seeds are planted in November, four to a hole. The harvest is in March. Musk melons are sold at market. They are “cold”. (5)-They are “medium”. To reduce fever, the seeds are ground and mixed with water. A cup is drunk. It is “medium” To cure sick chickens, the seeds are ground and mixed with sweetened water that is administered to them.

melonaltik, n5. large field of musk melons.

melontik, n5. field of musk melons.

memela N(Sp, memela from N, mimilli).

memela, n1d. tortilla with hole in center/ given to children who are slow in learning to talk/.

memela teʔ, nphr(n type n). copey clusia Clusia rosea, #539(1, 3). Temperate “tree” The mother of a lazy girl who does not want to make tortillas gathers three leaves. The leaves are placed on the griddle. When piping hot, they are put in the girl’s hands and her hands are pressed together. It is considered to be an effective punishment. #1247(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland and temperate “tree”

ʔit’iš memela teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/). Oreopanax obtusifolius, # 1132(1, 4). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used by corn farmers for firewood.

meno N.

meno, n. feather top Pennisetum setosum, #326(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “grass”.

mentes N(Sp, Mendez).

mentes, n1e. gopher /term of reference used lest the gophers multiply/. cf. ba(1).

meria N(Sp, media).

meria, n1a. pint, pint bottle.

¢ahal meria, nphr(aj & n)1d. brown beer bottle.

meriaš N(Sp, medias).

meriaš, n1a. woolen socks /worn by ensign-bearer, captain, cantor, angel, k’uk’ul čon, kaʔbenal, and sak-hol/.

merikáno A(Sp, americano).

merikáno č’o, cf. č’o.

merio N(Sp, medio).

meno, n1a. half real.

Ritual speech, sick person requesting a shaman to pulse him and offering token payment; ʔak’o pertonal h-siluk yo hmerio. Pardon this lowly mite.

merio ¢’ʔlel, nphr(n type n). peperomia Peperomia campylotropa, #1756(15). Highland “plant”

merio čoy, nphr(n1e of n5). fish scale.

merio nahelil, nphr(n of n)5. eighty cards /wool/.

merio poš, nphr(n type n). ’merio medicine’, wild dichondra Dichondra argentea, # 1780(16). Highland “plant”. As a remedy for fever /k’ok’/, a bunch is crushed and mixed in cold water. One cup is drunk three times a day for two days. It is “cold”.

menneho N(Sp,?).

mermeho, n1d. honey bee Melipona sp.. cf. kačmpa pom.

merokotom N(Sp, melocotón).

merokotom, peach, cf. turasnu.

mersel N(Sp, Mercedes).

mersel, n1d. Mercedes /infr/.

merta

merta, shit. cf. myerta.

mes T.

mes, tv. sweep, banish /anger, fear, or exhaustion with a drink/, rub with elderberry branches or eggs /child suffering from ill effects of evil eye/. It is believed that to sweep the house and discard the refuse in the afternoon brings bad luck.

mes, iv. be swept.

mes, nc. sweeping.

mes ba, rv. “sweep” self with elderberry, etc.

mes-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. “sweeping” body with elderberry, etc.

mes semet, nphr(n of n)5. griddle broom.

mes teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. ‘broom tree’, mexican coyote brush See below.

mes teʔaltik, nphr(n type n). large thicket of mexican coyote brush.

mes teʔtik, nphr(n type n)5. thicket of mexican coyote brush.

ba¢’i mes teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). mexican coyote brush Baccharis vaccinioides, #B9265(5, 5a), #B9478(5, 5a), #158(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “tree”. The trunk is used for firewood. The branches are used to wrap bundles of flowers sold commercially. Formerly the branches were used for brooms. To transfer “wind” from a patient’s body to another person, branches are rubbed on his body and left on a trail.

sakil mes teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). mexican coyote brush Baccharis vaccinioides, #597(1). Highland “tree”.

meshob ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). ‘broom plant’, Stevia connata, #2589(21, 22). Lowland “plant”.

mesob hol bakal, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). ‘corncob broom’, indigo herb Marina scopa, #262(1, 2, 3, 5), #2745(1, 4). Lowland “plant”. It grows in corn stubble. Five plants are tied together to make a broom to sweep the corn cobs off the threshing platform.

mesan, tv. sweep /plu/.

mésanmésan, tv. sweep up everywhere.

mesehob, n1d. broom.

meses, av. sweeping away /anger, exhaustion or fear with drink/.

meseset, av. refreshing self /with drink/.

meset, av. refreshing self /with drink/.

meslahet, av. cf. mesmon (plu).

meslahetik, av. cf. mesmon (plu).

mésluh, av. sweeping away suddenly /anger, exhaustion or fear with drink/.

mesmon, av. sweeping slowly and ineffectively, sweeping /ground with fringe of robe, with dog’s or horse’s tail/.

mesob, n5. broom.

mesob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. absorbent /eggs, white salt or elderberry branches used to “sweep” patient, and thereby absorb sickness/.

mesob hol bakal, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/)5. broom used to sweep bits of corn cob off corn that has fallen through leather sieve during threshing.

mesobil, n1d. absorbent, broom.

mesobil hol bakal, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/). cf. mesob hol bakal.

mesobil lok’el č’ič’el, nphr(n4f & dr & n4d). purgative /tea of Hecubaea scorzoneraejolia and leaf cup roots drunk by woman after childbirth to flush system of blood/.

mesomah, iv. sweep.

Ritual speech, song, prance; t šk’iomah t šmesomah. He prances, he dances.

mésteméste, av. sweeping away /anger, exhaustion or fear with drink or heat with drink of cold water/.

mesuh lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). appear (moon, sun).

mesuh tal, vphr(iv & dr). appear (moon, sun).

mesulan, tv. keep sweeping.

mesulanan, tv. keep sweeping a lot.

mesvan, iv. “sweep” /child/ with elderberry branches, white salt, or eggs.

hmes, agn. religious functionary; male who changes floral decorations at mountain shrines in preparation for visit.

hmes-na, agn(tv & ncpd). person who sweeps inside of house.

hmesom, agn. sweeper.

hmesvaneh, agn. shaman who “sweeps” child suffering from ill effects of evil eye.

meskero N(Sp,?).

meskero, n. feather top Pennisetum seiosum, #2888(1, 4). Lowland “plant”.

meskla N(Sp, mezcla).

meskla, n1a. cement.

meša N(Sp, mesa).

meša, n1a. table. Ritual speech; cf. sovrero.

mesa ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). ‘table plant’, Kallstroemia rosei, # 1629(14). Lowland “plant”. Euphorbia densiflora, #2871(14). Lowland “plant”

mešon N(Sp, mesonero).

mešon, agn. publican or mesonero /each of two officials of the first level of the religious hierarchy/.

met N(N, metl).

met, n1a. maguey, agave, century plant. See below.

metaltik, n5. long row of magueys.

mettik, n5. row of magueys.

či met, nphr(n type n). guatemalan agave Agave aff. huehueteca, #494(1, 2). Highland “tree” The inflorescence stalk is roasted and eaten by some Zinacantecs. It is “cold” The stalk is split and used for corral posts, bulb stem yucca Yucca elephantipes, #2007(17). Lowland “tree”

hič’il met, nphr(aj & n). ‘slender agave’, Agave sp., #1066(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”.

loʔbalal met, nphr(aj & n). guatemalan agave Agave cf. huehueteca Standl. & Steyerm., # 1264(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “tree”. The inflorescence stalk is roasted and eaten by some Zinacantecs. It is “cold” The inflorescence stalk also is split and used for corral posts. Chamulas roast the heart. They dig a hole, pile wood on the bottom, make a layer of stones on top, and then put in the stump that has been well-wrapped with leaves so no dirt will enter. The wood is lit. When a good fire is burning, earth is piled on top. The stump is roasted for three days and three nights. Chamulas bring it for sale to Htek-lum on major fiestas. It is “hot”. Agave sp.,#638(1, 2, 3). Highland tree”

muk’ta met, nphr(aj & n). century plant Agave cf. americana, #1260(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “tree”. It grows in fencerows. The young plants are transplanted at the beginning of the rainy season. Some Zinacantecs roast the inflorescence stalk and eat it like sugarcane. The stalk is split also and used as posts to enclose vegetable patches. The leaves are used as candle holders. Square holes are cut in a row down the center of the leaves that are placed at the foot of the altar. The stewards of the Holy Cross provide four dozen leaves for the fourth Lenten Friday and for Holy Week. (23)-A dozen leaves are provided by the junior steward of St. Sebastian for the fiesta of St. Sebastian. A dozen are provided by the stewards of the Holy Cross and a dozen by the cantors for Holy Week. A similar number is provided by the stewards of St. Anthony and by the stewards of the Sacrament for the fiesta of St. Lawrence.

muk’tik met, nphr(aj & n). century plant Agave cf. americana, #504(2, 3, 5). Highland “tree” Same as muk’ta met.

metabel N(Sp, betabel).

metabel, n1d. beet Beta vulgaris, #2952(1, 16). Highland “plant” It is grown by many Chamulas, but by few Zinacantecs. (1)-The seed is sown in June. The harvest is in September. It is “cold”. (16)-Beets are planted by Chamulas in May and harvested in October. They are “cold”. The greens are eaten by sheep.

metro N(Sp, metro).

metro, n1a. meter, span from fingertips to opposite shoulder, meter stick.

meuʔ O.

meuʔ mut, nphr(x type n)5. ‘meow bird’, white-throated robin Turdus assimilis.

mey T(2).

mey, tv. embrace, hug, encircle /tree with arms/, put arm around shoulder or waist, fold /arms/, cross /legs/, hold knee in one’s hands, have front legs bound /dog to prevent it from eating corn/.

mey baik, rv. grapple or struggle with, embrace or hug each other.

mey-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. embracing, hugging.

meyan, tv. embrace /plu/.

meyanan, tv. cf. meyan.

méyanméyanan, tv. embrace one after another in greeting (ladinos).

meybe nuk’, vphr(tv & n4d). lock person’s neck in arms /when fighting/. meyel, aj. with arms folded or legs crossed resignedly (woman who has just lost baby or whose daughter has married and left, lazy woman).

Ritual speech, prayer after losing possession; meyel i koke meyel i hk’obe. My legs are crossed, my arms are folded.

meyet, av. strolling in embrace.

meyetik, av. cf. meyet (plu).

meylahet, av. embracing (many men embracing one woman).

meylahetik, av. cf. meylahet.

meymon, av. embracing.

méyteméyte, av. strolling about embracing each other.

meyulan, tv. keep embracing or hugging.

meyulanan, tv. keep embracing or hugging /plu/.

meyvan, iv. embrace or hug person.

hmeyvaneh, agn. person who embraces or hugs another.

mi Pt.

mi, pt. if, whether, interrogative particle.

mi šačam. Are you sick? var., me.

mi…ʔo mi, pt…n5 & pt. either…or.

mi t šavak’bon ʔo mi t sahmah. Either you give it to me, or I will hit you.

mi haʔuk, ptphr(pt & pt). not even, nor even, neither.

č’abal to ʔoš yahnil mi haʔuk slekom. He hadn’t had a wife nor even a fiancée.

ʔa leʔe mi haʔuk ʔo bu sk’an ivʔ. He did not want to eat either. mi haʔuk ta hun ta hun (or) mi haʔuk hun mi haʔuk hun. neither one nor the other.

mi…mi, pt…pt. either…or.

mi ta šut mi ta smah. Either he scolds or he hits.

mi…mu, pt…pt. not even.

mi sbakeluk mu š’ak’ hk’uš. She did not even let me gnaw the bone.

mi h-set’ mi huteb mu škuč’. I won’t drink a bit, not even a drop.

miʔn, pt(contr of mi & yu7un). if it means, if it is because.

mu hnaʔ miʔn t šačam. I don’t know if it means you will die.

mo mi, ptphr(pt/contr of mi & io/& pt). would it be better, should.

mo mi t šibat. Should I go?

miʔ O.

miʔ, onom. bleat of lamb.

miʔ X.

miʔet, av. bleating (lamb).

miʔetah, iv. bleat (lamb).

miʔetik, av. cf. miʔet (plu).

miʔiʔet, av. bleating repeatedly (lamb).

miʔlah, av. bleating (plu).

miʔlahet, av. bleating (plu), mewing (plu).

miʔlahetik, av. calling sheep (plu).

míʔluh, av. mewing suddenly.

miʔmon, av. mewing, calling sheep.

míʔtemíʔte, av. bleating or mewing here and there.

mimiʔ, n1d. lamb.

mič’ P, P(2).

mič’, tv. squeeze in one’s fist or hands, stem flow of blood with fingers, tighten sash /fast for three days, making repentance/.

mič’, nc. handful /greens, flowers, sticks, lead tree pods, pine kindling/.

mič’ahtik, aj. cf. mič’il /plu/.

mič’an, tv. set down in handfu.

mič’anan, tv. set down in handfuls.

mič’anmi’c’an, tv. grab one handful after another.

mič’anmíč’anan, tv. cf. míč’anmíč’an.

mič’be k’ob, vphr(tv & n4d). shake hands.

mič’et, av. lying in handfuls

mič’et č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). hungry.

mič’i, iv. lie in handful or in small pile.

mič’ič’et č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). very hungry.

mič’ikil, n4f. in many handfuls.

mič’il, aj. in handful, in small pile.

mič’ilik, aj. cf. mič’il /plu/.

mič’ilmíč’il, n4f. each of many handfuls.

mič’lahet č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). cf. mič’mon č’ut (plu).

mič’leh, n4f. lying in handfuls.

mič’mič, nc. single handful /greens, flowers/ /I only/.

mič’mon ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). with constricted heart /pain/.

mič’mon č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). hungry.

míč’temíč’te č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hungrily.

mič’ulan, tv. keep squeezing in one’s fist or hands.

mič’van, iv. make person hungry.

minor

mihor, better, cf. mehnr.

mik

inik, Michael, cf. mikel.

mikel N(Sp, Miguel).

mikel, n1d. Michael, var., Mik /when young/.

mikul(1) N(Sp, Miguela).

mikul, n1d. Michaela.

mikul(2) N(Sp, Nicolása).

mikul, n1d. Nicole.

mikiilaš N(Sp, Nicolás).

mikulaš, n1d. Nicholas.

mikulaš ʔitah, nphr(n type n). ‘nicholas greens’, Gonolobus sp., #2670(15, 22). Lowland “vine”. (15)-The vine and leaves are gathered in the corn field. They are boiled. They are “medium”. Cynanchum sp., #1273(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “vine”. The stalks are cut off in the corn fields during the weeding season. They are boiled and eaten. They are “hot”.

#2670(15, 22). Lowland “vine”. (15)-The vine and leaves are gathered in the corn field. They are boiled. They are “medium”. Cynanchum sp., #1273(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “vine”. The stalks are cut off in the corn fields during the weeding season. They are boiled and eaten. They are “hot”.

mik’(1) prob P or P(2).

mik’-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with eyes barely open /permanent condition/.

mik’ahtik, aj. cf. mik’il /plu/.

mik’el, aj. heavy-lidded.

mik’et, av. with lowered lids (sleepy person, drunk).

mik’ik’et, av. heavy-lidded (sleepy person).

mik’il, aj. heavy-lidded.

mik’ilik, aj. cf. mik’il.

mik’leh, n5. heavy-lidded.

mik’mik’, aj. heavy-lidded.

mik’mon, av. heavy-lidded (sleepy person).

mik’temík’te, av. walking about with eyes barely open.

mik’(2) N.

mik’, n1e. fish scale /archaic/.

mil(1) X(Sp, mil).

mil, nc. thousand.

mil(2) T.

mil, tv. kill. Ritual speech; cf. čames.

mil ba, rv. commit suicide, kill self /from overwork, drunkenness, hunger, sexual excess/.

mil-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. killing.

milk’ešolil, vn(tv & ncpd)5. sacrifice /chicken/.

mil-santo, vn(tv & ncpd)5. St. Rose Day, August 30.

milan, tv. kill /plu/.

milanan, tv. cf. milan.

mílanmílan, tv. kill one after another /chickens/.

mílanmílanan, tv. cf. mílanmílan.

milob č’o, nphr(n of n). ’rat killer’. See below.

k’oš milob č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Diphysa puberulenta, #247(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”.

milob č’o to, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’rat-killer tree’, Gliricidia sepium, #226(1, 2, 3, 5).

milob k’ešolil, nphr(n of n)5. cane liquor served when chicken is sacrificed.

milob vakaš, vphr(n of n)5. slaughterhouse /cattle/.

milobil, n4f. vital part of body /jugular vein, testes, heart/.

milolah, iv. slaughter.

milomah, iv. slaughter.

milulan, tv. keep killing /snake/.

milvan, iv. kill person, murder. A murder victim is buried without benefit of a day-long wake or grave goods. It is thought that his soul goes to heaven.

hrmil______, agn(tv & ncpd). ______slaughterer /cow, pig, chicken/.

hmilkašlan. chicken killer /restricted to child who kills chickens with slingshot/.

hmil-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). person who kills or attempts to kill another.

hmilvaneh, agn. murderer, killer /sickness/. A murderer is believed to assume the sins of his victim. It is thought that after his death the devils will put him in the hell fire, eat, digest and excrete him whole, replace him on the fire in an endless cycle.

mil(3) P or P(2).

mil, nc. chopped area /or tree or trees/, notch.

mil-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with featherless neck /chicken/.

mil-nuk’, n(aj & ncpd)5. scarfless or hatless and scarfless, scrawny-necked.

milahtik, aj. constricted (water gourd or cushaw neck, necks of hatless people in distance). milantik, aj. with widely spaced ax or machete blows /sloppy chopping/.

mileah, iv. be top-heavy (tree trunk that has been cut nearly through), become scrawny (neck).

mileanbe nuk’, vphr(tv & n4d). cut all the way around tree trunk.

milet nuk’, vphr(av & n4d). walking scarfless or scarfless and hatless (child), walking with unfeathered neck (chicken).

mili nuk’, vphr(iv & n4d). become scrawny-necked /sickness, hunger/.

milil, aj. constricted, thin (neck from sickness or hunger, chicken with featherless neck), cut all the way around (tree trunk).

mililet, av. running scarfless or scarfless and hatless (child), running with unfeathered neck (chicken).

mililik, aj. cf. milil /plu/.

mílilmílil, n4f. each of many chopped areas /of tree or trees/.

millah, av. running with unfeathered neck (chicks), running hatless and scarfless (people).

millahet, av. walking with unfeathered necks (chicks).

milleh, n1d. scarfless or hatless and scarfless, scrawny-necked.

milmil, aj. constricted, thin, cut all the way around.

milmon, av. walking with unfeathered neck (chicken), walking without scarf or hat.

míltemílte, av. walking slowly about with unfeathered neck (chicken), walking about without scarf or without scarf and hat.

mimiʔ

mimiʔ, lamb. cf. miʔ.

minaš N(Sp, mina).

minaš, n1a. mine, hoard of money.

ministerio N(Sp, ministerio).

ministerio, n1a. district attorney’s office.

mis N(Sp, miz).

mis, n1d. Male speech; cunt.

mis č’iʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’dog’s ass vine’, morning glory Ipomoea suffulta, #1560(1, 3). Temperate and highland “vine”.

mismo N(Sp, mismo).

mismo, n5. same thing.

mistela N(Sp, mistela).

mistela, n1a. cane liquor flavored with nance fruit or hog plums /Spondias purpurea, Spondias mombin/.

miš(1) T.

miš, tv. mix solid with water /posol, corn gruel/.

mišan, tv. mix a lot of solid with water /posol/.

mišanan, tv. cf. mišan.

míšanmíšan, tv. mix one bowl after another /posol, corn gruel/.

míšanmíšanan, tv. cf. míšanmíšan.

mišebal, n5. moment before finishing mixing posol or corn gruel.

mišel, nc. mixing of solid with water.

mišob, n1f. gourd or cup in which posol or corn gruel is mixed.

mišobil, n1f. cf. mišob.

mišulan, tv. keep mixing solid with water /posol, corn gruel/.

mišulanob, n1f. cf. mišob.

mišulanobil, n1f. cf. mišob.

miš(2) prob O.

mišet, av. whispering.

mišetik, av. cf. mišet (plu).

mišlah, av. walking and whispering (plu).

mišlahet, av. whispering (plu).

mišlahetik, av. cf. mišlahet.

mišmiš k’op, nphr(aj & n5). whisper.

mišmiš-k’opoh, iv(aj & ivcpd). mutter to self, whisper.

mišmiš-k’opon, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper.

mišmiš-k’oponan, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper a lot.

mišmiš-k’oponvan, iv(aj & ivcpd). whisper to person.

mišmiš-k’opta, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about.

mišmiš-k’opta baik, rv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about something to each other.

mišmiš-k’optaan, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about a lot.

mišmiš-k’optaan baik, rv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about a lot to each other

mišmiš-k’optaeh-bail, vn(vn/aj & tvcpd/ & rpncpd)5. whispering session

mišmiš-k’optavan, iv(aj & ivcpd). whisper about something to person

mišmon, av. muttering or mumbling to self.

mišmon ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). thinking to one’s self.

mišmon ta ʔoʔon, vphr(av & pt & n4d). praying under one’s breath.

míštemíšte, av. walking about muttering or talking to self.

miša N(Sp, misa).

miša, n1a. mass, wedding mass, requiem mass.

mišail, n4d. wedding or requiem mass.

mišatik, n5. Posadas /mass is celebrated every evening/.

hmišavil, agn. person who attends mass.

mišik’ N.

mišik’ pom, cf. pom.

mišik’il, n3d. navel, belly button, umbilical cord.

mišto N.

mišto, n1d. Sahia sp., #1353(1, 3). Highland “plant”. It is grown by ladinos and some Zinacantecs, in their yards. For a woman in difficult labor, a handful is brewed. One or two gourdfuls of the tea are drunk. It is “hot” The flower is put in altar vases, var., mištwʔ, ništo /Htek-lum/.

mištuʔ

mištuʔ, cf. mišto.

mit’ T(2).

mit’, tv. bind securely /broken wrist/, wrap around /neck/, wrap tightly/head in neckerchief/ (steward, holy elder, person with headache), strangle, choke, lash /roof purlin to rafter/.

mit’, iv. be bound or wrapped tightly.

mit’, nc. fastening /knot/.

mit’-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. constricted in the middle or with tapering top (cushaw, water gourd).

mil’ahtik, aj. constricted (necks of water gourds), binding (rope around neck of animal), lyrate (leaf).

mit’an, tv. bind securely or strangle /plu/.

mít’anan, tv. bind securely /plu/.

mít’anmí’t’an, tv. bind one after another /bags/.

mít’anmít’anan, tv. bind one after another /bags/, lash one after an other /roof poles, etc./.

mit’antik, aj. bound in several places.

mit’benal, n5. place where object has been bound.

mil’eah, iv. be pressed down tightly (hair by rope used to carry burden), be constricted (cushaw, water gourd).

mit’el, nc. fastening /action/.

mit’et, av. wrapped (head, leg), tightly bound /with rope/.

mit’ikil, n4f. with many constrictions /sausage/.

mit’il, aj. strangled, constricted (neck of water gourd).

yeč ša mit’il sč’ut. He is just thin-bellied now /from sickness/.

mit’ilik, aj. cf. mit’ahtik.

mít’ilmí’t’il, n4f. each of many objects tied up /sausage links/.

mit’it’et, av. binding (tumpline, rope, sandals).

mit’leh, n1f. bound, constricted.

mit’mit’, nc. single knot /1 only/.

mit’mit’, aj. constricted (neck or belly of water gourd or cushaw).

mit’mon, av. slipping (knot).

mit’ob, n1f. rope.

mit’obil, n1f. cf. mit’ob.

mít’temít’te, av. walking about with head, leg, or arm wrapped tightly or bound.

mit’ulan, tv. keep wrapping tightly or binding securely.

mit’van, iv. bind person’s forehead /when rope rather than tumpline is used to carry burden/.

miuʔ O.

miuʔ, onom. meow.

míuʔlih, av. meowing suddenly.

míuʔtemí’uʔte, av. walking about meowing.

mo

mo, should, cf. mi.

moioč(1) N.

moʔoč, n5. highland black and white snake. It is considered inoffensive, var., mokoč.

moʔoč(2) N.

moʔoč, n5. scarlet macaw Ara macao. Macaws are not eaten. Tail and wing feathers are kept by the steward of St. Sebastian. For their ritual use, cf. kartučo.

moʔoh Pt.

moʔoh, pt. no, on the contrary.

mʔ moʔhe. or else (or) if not (or) otherwise.

moʔoh sil aʔa. too bad /sarcastic/.

mo’ohtik, pt. not really.

moenb N.

moeob, excl. eyebrow! This is uttered three times when caterpillars are found in the house. They are buried immediately under live coals. Failure to take this precaution is believed to produce throat congestion.

moeobil, n3d. eyebrow.

moe’ T.

moe’be, tv. thrust in intercourse.

moe’el, nc. thrust /intercourse/.

mo¢’ilan, tv. keep thrusting in intercourse.

mo¢’ilan ba, rv. rock buttocks /in sexual intercourse/.

mo¢’ilan čak, vphr(tv & n4d). thrusting rump back and forth (dog in intercourse, Ladino dancing).

moe’lahet, av. thrusting back and forth in intercourse (dogs, people).

moelahetik, av. thrusting back and forth in intercourse (people).

moe’lih, av. thrusting suddenly.

moe’mon, av. thrusting back and forth in intercourse (man, dog, ram, stallion).

moe’oeet, av. thrusting back and forth in intercourse.

moč(1) N.

moč, n1d. basket.

moe, n4f. breast of chicken.

moč teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. ladder.

baei’ teʔ moč, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)1d. basket used for divining.

hak’ ta moč, vphr(tv & prep & n5). divine. A scissor blade is inserted in the bottom of a basket. The basket is raised and suspended upside down from scissors. Correct prognostication is indicated by the basket’s falling.

k’el ta moč, vphr(tv & prep & n5). divine.

mačal, n4f. basket, constellation /88 and 90 of Taurus/.

mačal pom, nphr(n1f of n4d). basket set over incense for censing clothes.

moč(2) P, P(2).

moč, tv. knot.

moč, iv. be knotted.

moč, nc. knot.

moč ba, rv. become knotted or snarled.

moč-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. nestled /in sleep/.

močahtik, aj. curled up, doubled up (dead or sleeping people in cold weather), knotted.

močan, tv. knot /plu/.

močan ba, rv. curl up (person in cold).

močanan, tv. cf. močan.

móčanmoóčn, tv. knot one after another.

móčanmóčanan, tv. cf. móčanmóčan.

močantik, aj. knotted in many places.

močbenal, n4f. knot.

močeah, iv. curl up (person with cold).

močebal, n3d. shawl.

močel, nc. knotting.

močemal, n3d. cf. močebal.

močet, av. curled up and shivering /cold and sleeping alone/.

močetik, av. cf. mocet (plu).

moči, iv. curl around (cat or dog at feet).

močilan, tv. keep knotting.

močilan ba, rv. snarl.

močilanan, tv. keep knotting /plu/.

močin, tv. put on shawl.

močk’ih, iv. become permanently cramped (hand).

močlah, av. walking huddled over (plu).

močlahet, av. walking feebly (sick person or emaciated dog), huddled over /with cold/.

močlahetik, av. knotting.

močleh, n1f. curled up, cramped.

močmoč, nc. single knot /1 only/.

močmoč, aj. knotted (rope).

močmon, av. walking huddled over (poor person insufficiently clothed).

močobil, n4f. knot /after lashing/.

močoč, av. walking huddled over (sleepy woman).

močočet, av. writhing (dying snake), becoming knotted (wet rope).

močokil. n4f. in many knots.

močol, aj. emaciated (person, dog), coiled (snake)., cf. močahtik /sing/.

močolik, aj. curled up, doubled up (dead or sleeping people).

móčolmóčol, n4f. each of many knots.

močp’ih, iv. be bedridden (sick person).

móčtemóčte, av. walking about childless (woman), walking about emaciated.

moč’ P, P(2).

moč’, tv. draw up tightly /legs of child carried between two people, feet of bird in flight/.

moč’, n5. pain, tightening in limbs.

moč’ ba, rv. double up /legs/, curl up (bean pods, leaves, stale tortillas), wrinkle (clothing).

moč’-k’ob, n(aj & ncpd)5. deformed arm /wrist twisted inwards/.

moč’ahtik, aj. cf. moč’ol /plu/.

móč’an, tv. lay back /ears of angry mule/.

moč’an ba, rv. curl up /in cold/, double over, huddle, wilt.

móč’anmóč’an, tv. lay back every few minutes /ears/ (horse).

móč’anmóč’anan, tv. cause one after another to curl up /stale tortillas put on fire/.

moč’antik, aj. curled up (patches in clothing).

moč’eah, iv. curl up /with cold/, curl up (stale tortilla), wither (flowers).

moč’eanvan, iv. cause person to double up (sickness).

moč’el aj. doubled up (shivering child sleeping alone).

moč’et, av. doubled up /shivering with cold/, wriggling (caterpillar in fire).

raoc’etik, av. doubled up (people shivering with cold).

moč’ilan, tv. wrinkle or crumple /paper/, lay back /ears of mule, deer, or rabbit/, bend /hat brim/.

moč’k’ih, iv. double up (arms and legs in sickness), gnarl (arthritic hand).

moč’k’in, tv. cause to double up (sickness).

moč’c’invan, iv. cf. moč’eanvan.

močlah, av. walking huddled over /with cold/ (plu).

močlahet, av. walking doubled over /with cold/ (plu).

moč’lahetik, av. cf. moč’lahet.

moč’leh, n1d. huddled over.

moč’moč’, av. huddling over /fire/.

moč’moč’, aj. cramped (arthritic hand, arm or leg).

moč’moč, av. walking huddled over (poor person insufficiently clothed).

moč’oč’, av. creeping over.

moč’oč’et, av. doubling over /with malaria, stomachache or cold/, curling (dry leaves), shrivelling (tripe or jerked meat in fire), cringing (dog, child).

moč’ol, aj. doubled up, curled up (sleeping person, bean pods, stale tortillas, leaves), curled over (ear), laid back (ear of mule, deer or rabbit), cramped (hand with arthritis).

moč’olik, aj. cf. moč’ol /plu/.

moč’olmóč’ol, n4f. each of many curled up /tortillas/.

moč’oltik, aj. rather huddled up.

moč’p’ih, iv. cf. močk’ih.

moč’p’in, tv. cf. moč’k’in.

moč’p’invan, iv. cf. moč’eanvan.

móč’temóč’te, av. walking about huddled over (poor person with insufficient clothing), walking about childless.

moč’van, iv. cause person to double over (bite of red spider, sickness).

hmoč’eunvaneh, agn. sickness that causes person to double over.

hmoč’k’invaneh, agn. cf. hmočeanvaneh.

hmoč’p’invaneh, agn. cf. hmočeanvaneh.

hmoč’vaneh, agn. sickness that causes person to double over.

moh

moh, time, kind, blow. cf. mah(1).

mohan N.

mohan, n5. pochote ceiba Ceiba aesculifolia, #2998(11). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood.Ceiba sp., #328(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The fruit and flower are eaten by deer.

mohon N(Sp, mojón).

mohon. n1a. boundary marker.

mok(1) mok, fence, group, blow. cf. mak.

mok(2) prob P or P(2).

mok, nc. piece of snake, rope, wire or worm, bunch of mexican coyote brush left on trail, cf. mak.

mok-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5. tailless, bobtailed, wearing short pants or skirt.

mok-hol, n(aj & npcd)5. with shoulder length hair (boy, girl, woman).

mok-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. snub-nosed, with nose amputated, blunt-tipped (machete, billhook).

mok-niʔ ʔič, cf. ʔič.

mokahtik, aj. with tops cut off (grass or corn eaten by horse).

mokeah čak, vphr(iv & n4d). wear short skirt.

mokean, tv. decapitate, top /com/ (horse).

mokel, aj. decapitated.

moket čak, vphr(av & n4d). with limbs amputated, bobtailed, tailless, wearing short pants or skirt.

moket hol, vphr(av & n4d). with shoulder-length hair (boy, girl, woman).

moket niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). with nose amputated, snub-nosed.

moklah hol, vphr(av & n4d). running hatless /plu/.

moklahet hol, vphr(av & n4d). hatless /plu/.

moklahetik, av. walking with short skirts.

mokleh, n5. hatless.

mokmok, aj. short (woman’s hair), in bangs, long (boy’s hair), stubby (tail of dog or rabbit), bobbed (tail), amputated (nose).

mokmon, av. walking short-haired (woman), walking with long hair (boy), wearing short skirt, walking with stubby (tail).

mokol, aj. decapitated, with amputated limb, tailless, bobtailed.

mokolik, aj. cf. mokahtik.

móktemókte cak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with amputated limb, bobtailed, tailless or wearing short pants, moktemokte hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with short hair (woman), walking about with long hair (boy).

móktemókte niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with nose amputated, or snub-nosed.

mokan N.

mokan, n1a. straw mat used to wrap salt cakes.

mokete N.

moketeil, n3a. man’s shirt, var., mokite.

mokite mokite, shirt, cf. mokete.

mokoč

mokoč, snake, cf. moʔoč(1).

mol(1) A.

mol, n1d. elder, man, husband.

mol, aj. old, large.

hmol čitomtikótik. our old pig.

mol k’ahben. field planted for five or more years.

mol trampol. larger of the two standard drums.

mol kitara. large guitar used by musicians of the ensign-bearers.

mol______, nphr(aj & n4d). eldest______ /brother, son, brother-in-law, uncle/, old ______ /father/.

hmol ʔi¢’intak. the eldest of my younger brothers.

mol ʔalkalte, nphr(aj & n)5. grand alcalde.

mol ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5. heavily-timbered land.

mol ʔosiltik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of heavily-timbered land.

mol bolom, cf. bolom.

mol k’anal, nphr(aj & n)5. Venus.

molal, n1d. old age.

molal, n4d. husband.

molet, av. growing old in bachelorhood, growing old without serving in religious office.

moletah, iv. grow old in bachelorhood, grow old without serving in religious office.

moletik, av. cf. molet (plu).

moletik, agn. elders /religious officials of the two highest levels; alcaldes and prefects considered as a unit/, Female speech; affectionate term of reference by mother to her male children especially when they are watching over the house in her absence.

molib, iv. age.

molibel, vnld. senility.

molibtas ba, rv. feign greater age.

molibtasvan, iv. age man (sickness).

hmolibtasvaneh, agn. sickness that ages man.

muk’ta mol, nphr(aj & n)5. chewing tobacco.

malub, iv. age (man, woman, animal).

malubtas, tv. age /person/ (sickness).

malubtasvan, iv. age person.

mol(2) X.

mol-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. barefoot.

molet ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). walking barefoot.

mollah, av. barefoot.

mollahet ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). cf. molet ʔok (plu).

molmon ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). walking barefoot.

mololet ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). running barefoot.

móltemólte ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). walking about barefoot.

molino N(Sp, molinilloʔ).

molino teʔ, nphr(n type n). Poeppigia procera, #1162(1, 4). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for fieldhouses, fence posts, gates, and beds.

molte N(Sp, molde).

molte, n1a. mold /for adobe, tile, brick or brown sugar/.

Male joking speech; sok sa smolteal. Its mold is ruined, i.e., woman is no longer sexually satisfying.

mom N.

momil, n3d. grandchild.

mamob, n4d. Female speech; grandchild /use restricted to plural/.

hmamobtak. my grandchildren.

momoʔ

momoʔ, posol. cf. ʔuč’(2).

moniʔ N.

moniʔ, n1a. Agaricus sp., #1(1, 3, 5), #78(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland, temperate, and highland “mushroom” It is gathered by children, in the beginning of the rainy season. It is toasted on the coals, folded in a tortilla and toasted on the griddle. It may also be boiled, seasoned with mcxican tea and chili. It is “cold”.

moniʔtik, n5. expanse of moniʔ.

muk’ta moniʔ, nphr(aj & n). field mushroom Agaricus campestris, #49(1, 3). Highland “mushroom” Same use as above.

montanya N(Sp, montaña).

montanya, n5. heavy forest, rain forest.

montanyatik, n5. expanse of heavy forest or rain forest.

monton N(Sp, montón).

monton, n1d. pile.

mor X.

moret, av. tightly braided (rope).

moretik, av. rather tightly braided (rope).

mororet, av. tightly braided (rope).

mora N(Sp, mora).

mora, n. fustic tree Chlorophora tinctoria, #881(1, 2, 3, 5), #1328(1, 3, 4, 5, 8), #1678(1, 4). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fieldhouse mainposts, doors, lintels, common rafters, shelves, chests, coffers, chairs, tables, benches, metate platforms, bobbins, axe and billhook handles, slingshots, crosses, gates, fence posts and rails. Ladinos use the wood also for draw poles for their oxcarts.

mora teč, nphr(n type n). fustic tree Chlorophora tinctoria, #1678(11, 12). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for gunstocks.

moral N(Sp, morral).

moral, n1a. leather shoulder bag.

Male joking speech, roadworkers discussing their pay; sk’an smnralil li tak’ine. There is so much money that we need a leather shoulder bag.

moralin, tv. take shoulder bag.

eahal moral, nphr(aj & n)1d. large shoulder bag used by finca laborers.

moraro N(Sp, morado).

moraro, n1e. purple, var., mararo.

moraro, aj. purple, var., mararo.

morarotik, aj. purplish.

morio N(Sp, morillo).

morio, n1a. crossbeam, roof rod.

moro A(Sp, moro).

moro, n4e. curliness (chicken feathers).

moro, aj. curly (chicken feathers) /permanent condition/, curled up (leaves of diseased peach tree).

moro hol teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ’kinky-haired tree’, Davilla aspera var. matudae, # 1682(7). Lowland “tree”. It is used for firewood.

moroib, iv. curl up (leaves of diseased bean plants, peach tree or cabbage, burnt hair).

morotik, aj. rather curly (chicken feathers, burnt hair), curled up (leaves of diseased peach tree, etc.).

moroč’

moroc’, kinky, curl up. cf. muruč’.

mos N.

mos, n1e. gangrene.

moso N(Sp, mozo).

moso, n3d. servant.

Ritual speech, referring to religious official; li smosoe li skeleme li kahvaltike. the servant, the boy of Our Lord.

mosoil, n5. servant.

mosoin, tv. employ as a servant, reduce to subjection (ladino, earth lord).

mosote N(Sp, mozote from N, mozotl ʔ).

mosote, n. sand bur. See below.

mosotealtik, n5. large field of sand burs.

mosotetik, n5. field of sandburs.

bik’it mosote hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). sand bur Cenchrus brownii, #1839(15, 16). Temperate “plant”. (16)-It is eaten by horses and cattle.

č’iš mosote, nphr(aj & n). ’spikey mosote’, sand bur Cenchrus brownii, # 1574(1, 3). Lowland and temperate “plant”. #1839(1, 4). Temperate “plant” #2023(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Lowland “plant”

sakil mosote, nphr(aj & n). sand bur Cenchrus brownii, #2299(3, 4). Highland “plant”.

mosote hobel, nphr(n type n). ’mosote grass’, hairy sand bur Cenchrus pilosus, #1303(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant” It grows in com fields.

mostasa

mostasa, black mustard, cf. mustisya.

mošan N.

mošaml, n5. Ritual speech, prayer referring to shrine of Mušul Vie.

mošanil č’ul-totil, mošanil č’ul-meʔil. Mušul Vie holy father, Mušul Vie holy mother, /archaic; meaning unknown/.

mošit N.

mošit, n1d. cat.

moto N(Sp, motor), mo to, n1e. bulldozer.

Moton N.

moton, n4d. gift, present /freq referring to cane liquor/.

yuʔun bae’t amoton ta tael lo k’ulehal. lit., It is a real gift for getting wealth, i.e., It is a great opportunity for getting rich. Ritual speech; hmoton kaboltayel. my present, my travail /child/.

matanal, n1e. gift, present /freq cane liquor/.

matanal ʔosil, nphr(n3d type n5). ejido land. inherited land.

matantas, tv. do a favor.

matantasan, tv. do favors.

matantasvan, iv. do person a favor.

mot’ prob P or P(2).

mot’-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5. bobbed-tailed (mule, dog, rabbit, donkey), with very short cotton or wool tunic, pants or skirt riding high in back.

mot’ahtik, aj. cf. mot’ol /plu/.

mot’el, aj. with very short wool or cotton tunic.

mot’et čak, vphr(av & n4d). with very short pants, wool or cotton tunic or skirt.

mot’lah, av. running with bobbed tail (dogs).

mot’lahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. mot’et cak. (plu).

mot’leh, n1d. bobbed-tailed.

mot’mon čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with bobbed tail (dog), hopping with bobbed tail (rabbit).

mot’mot’, aj. bobbed-tailed (dog, mule, donkey), with very short wool or cotton tunic, with very short pants or shirt.

mot’ol, aj. bobbed-tailed (dog, mule, donkey), with very short wool or cotton tunic, with very short pants or skirt.

mot’olik, aj. cf. mot’ol /plu/.

mot’temot’te čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with bobbed tail (dog).

moy N.

moy, n1a. tobacco, chewing tobacco. Tobacco is considered to be a guardian, both of the individual and of his home. If a person scolds tobacco or says thanks for it when it is offered to him, Zinacantecs believe that his belly will swell or that he will become stupid. Tobacco may be given, but not sold, lest the plant die. Tobacco is sprinkled on the ground to calm a violent storm. Should a ladino foreman on the coffee plantations not let his workers rest, they may sprinkle tobacco on his back when he is asleep. This is reputed to cause him nausea and diarrhea, laying him up for at least a day. See below.

moytik, n5. expanse of tobacco.

ʔanal moy, nphr(n4f of n5). ’tobacco leaf, tobacco Nicotiana labacum, #368(1, 2). Highland plant” It grows in yards, next to houses. The leaves are pounded together with lime, camphor and orange rind. The mixture is chewed by old men. Shamans bury the powder in the ground at the spot where a person has suffered soul-loss. They also spit tobacco juice on the ground to scare the witch off. Tobacco juice is spat at snakes to paralyze them. A person who is frightened rubs his body with tobacco at bedtime. As a remedy for a swollen stomach /pumel/, a person chews tobacco or rubs it on his stomach. A mule suffering from wind’ in its legs is forced to drink hot water or cane liquor in which tobacco has been sprinkled. It is “hot”. For further uses, cf. mee’ta.

k’os sakil ʔanal moy, nphr: aj & nphr/aj & nphr/n4f of n5/). Cerastium vulcanicum, #1236(7). Temperate and highland “plant”

sakil moy, nphr(aj & n). tobacco Nicotiana labacum, # 524(2, 3, 5). Temperate “plant”. As a remedy for “wind”, a handful of tobacco leaves are pounded on the underside of a log stool, together with lime. The powder is eaten or drunk in warm water. It is “hot”.

moy teʔ, nphr(n type n). Solatium erianthum, #2159(11, 14). Temperate “tree”.

vietikal moy teʔ nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/). ’temperate tobacco tree’, Solatium erianthum, #2159(7). Temperate “tree”.

mayal, n4f. tobacco, chewing tobacco.

mu(1) A.

mu, aj. delicious, fragrant, disgusting.

li mu vinike. the disgusting man.

li mu šuleme. the disgusting buzzard.

mueb, n4f. herb or orange rind used to flavor cane liquor.

muebin, tv. flavor.

muet, av. delicious, fragrant.

muet, av. fragrant.

šmuet ta ničim. lit., fragrant in the flowers, i.e., person who has entered ceremonial bed.

muetah, iv. be fragrant (person who has been censed).

muetik, av. sweet-smelling (cane liquor, women who have powdered themselves).

muib, iv. become fragrant.

te t šmuib ta k’un, pero bu t šavak’ yuʔ van ta hč’ay ʔun. The flavor will improve slowly, but where can it be put, I can’t throw it out /unsavory dish/.

muibtas, tv. flavor.

muil, n4b. flavor, aroma.

muil, aj. delicious, fragrant.

muil teʔ, nphr(aj & n). ’fragrant tree’, gold shower Galphimia glauca, #2092(7). Temperate “tree”.

mumu, aj. rather fragrant or tasty.

mumutik, aj. rather fragrant or tasty.

muyubah, iv. be elated, thrilled, excited or relieved. Ritual speech; cf. ničimah.

hmuyubahel, agn. delighted person.

mu(2) Pt.

mu, pt.not.

mu generally contrasts with muk’, implying speaker’s unwillingness to carry out action; mu šibat. I will not go.

muk’ šibat. I am not going.

When occurring with interrogative particle, mu implies speaker’s desire that person addressed carry out action; mi mu šabat. Won’t you go?

mi muk’ šabat. Aren’t you going?

mu ʔaʔibah, ajphr(pt & aj) it is not known.

mu ʔaʔibah mi štal. It is not known if he will come.

mu ʔaltikuk, vphr(pt & tv). in vain, needlessly, unnecessarily.

mu me ʔaltikuk sibat. Don’t make me go for nothing.

mu ʔohtikinbah, ajphr(pt & aj). he or it is not known, I, etc., did not recognize him or it.

mu k’u ʔal, vphr(pt & pt & tv/3s/). don’t mention it, he does nothing.

mu k’u čaʔal, ptphr(pt & pt & pt). it is nothing. for no reason.

k’u čaʔal? mu k’u čaʔal. Why? For no reason.

mu k’u saʔ, vphr(pt & pt & tv/3s/). It is worthless! It is useless!

mu … mi, pt … pt. not even.

mu šbat mi hunuk. Not even one is going.

mu patob ʔoʔniluk, nphr(pt & nphr/n of n/5). it is not certain, it is not known.

mu ta ʔoʔniluk, nphr(pt & prep & n5). pay no attention to.

mu taʔluk ʔaʔi, vphr(pt & tv/3s/ & tv). be dissatisfied with.

muʔn, pt(contr of mu & yuʔun). because (I, etc.) am not…

muʔn t šibat. because I am not going.

muʔn no, ptphr(pt & pt). maybe not.

muʔn no šbat. Maybe he won’t go.

muʔ noš, ptphr(contr of mu & ʔonoš. never.

muʔ noš yuʔunuk haʔ stak’in. It never was his own money.

muʔnuk, pt(contr of mu & yuʔun & -uk. cf. muʔn.

muʔyuk, pt(contr of mu & ʔoy & -uk. not, no, none.

mi ʔoy 1 avišime, muʔyuk. Have you any corn? No.

muʔyuk ve’el, vphr(pt/pred/ & n5). no meal /name of 3rd day of fiesta of St. Sebastian, January 21st.)

muk’, pt(contr of mu & yui & -uk) no, not. cf. mu.

muk’ kišim. I have no corn.

muk’ bu, nphr(pt/contr of mu & yui & -uk/ & n5). never.

muk’ buy liʔay. I never went.

muk’ bu mas, nphr(pt/contr of mu & yui & -uk/ & n5 & aj). not very much, not very often.

muk’ bu mas liʔipahe. I did not get sick very often.

muk’ k’oplal, vphr(pt/contr of mu & yui & -uk/ & n4f). it makes no difference.

muk’ k’oplal ʔuʔun, vphr(pt/contr of mu & yui & -uk/ & n4f & n4d). cf. muk’ ta talel ʔuʔun.

muk’ ta ʔalel ʔuʔun.

muk’ ta ʔalel, vphr(pt/contr of mu & muʔ & -uk/& prep & vn5). never mind, who cares, forget it.

muk’ ta ʔalel ʔuʔun, nphr(pt/contr of mu & yuʔ & -uk/& prep & vn5 & n4d). it makes no difference to /me, etc./ or (I, etc.) do not care.

muk’ ta ʔoʔon, nphr(pt/contr of mu & yuʔ & -uk/& prep & n4d). be indifferent, not care.

muʔ(1) N.

muʔil, n3d. sister-in-law /wife’s sister, male’s brother’s wife, husband’s brother, female’s sister’s husband/ /archaic/.

muʔ(2)

muʔ, no, not, never, none. cf. mu(3).

muʔnat N.

muʔnat, n1d. leftovers, scraps. Ritual speech, prayer; illegitimate or unwanted child.

ti yo l ameʔonone ti yo l amuʔnatone. I am Thy wretched orphan, I am Thy wretched foundling.

buy amuʔnat ata tal. Where did you find these scraps?

mu¢ P, P(2).

mu¢, tv. shrink /new clothing/, shorten /tumpline/, draw up /legs/, hug to body /arms/.

mu¢, iv. shrink (clothing, sandal).

mu¢ ba, rv. curl up (person sleeping in cold, caterpillar), shrivel up (penis or testicles in cold).

mu¢ahtik, aj. shriveled up (caterpillars).

mu¢an, tv. shrink /plu/.

mu¢an ba, rv. shrivel (pupating caterpillar).

mú¢anmú¢an, tv. shrink one after another.

mú¢annmú¢anan, tv. cf. mú¢anmú¢an.

mu¢benal, n4f. part of clothing that has shrunk.

mu¢ebal, n5. moment before finishing shrinking.

mu¢el, nc. shrinking.

mu¢es, tv. reduce /tarea/.

mu¢esobil, n4f. soap used when shrinking new clothes.

mu¢et, av. huddling, curling up (sleeping person), ducking.

mu¢etik, av. cf. mueet (plu).

mu¢etah, iv. draw up (legs).

mu¢i, iv. be curled up.

mu¢ilan, tv. keep shrinking /new clothing/, drawing up /legs/ or hugging to body /arms/.

mu¢ilan ba, rv. inch (caterpillar).

mu¢ilanan, tv. keep shrinking /new clothes/.

mu¢lah, av. inching rapidly (korio eukum) (plu).

mu¢lahet, av. twitching /in sleep/, inching (caterpillar).

mu¢lahetik, av. ducking (plu).

mu¢leh, n1b. curled up, shrunken.

mu¢lih, av. recoiling /from fear/, flinching, twitching /in sleep/.

mu¢mon, av. inching (caterpillar).

mu¢mu¢, aj. drawn up (pupa, penis).

mu¢ob, n1f. rock on which new woolen clothes are fulled.

mu¢obil, n1f. cf- mueob.

mu¢om, n3d. clothes that are to be fulled.

mu¢omah, iv. full /beat clothes on rocks to shrink them/.

mu¢omahebal, n3d. rock on which new woolen clothes are fulled /infr/.

mú¢temú¢te, av. inching along (caterpillar), shrinking /with fear/ one after another.

mu¢u¢. av. recoiling, withdrawing.

mu¢u¢et, av. curled up shivering (person in cold), contracting (rubber of slingshot), shrinking /with fear/.

mu¢ul, aj. drawn up (arms, legs, caterpillar).

hmu¢om, agn. fuller.

hmu¢omahel, agn. fuller.

mu¢’ T(2).

mu¢’, tv. close or shut /eyes/.

mu¢’, iv. be closed (eyes of corpse).

mu¢’, nc. catnap /1-2/.

mu¢’ ba, rv. close (eyes).

mu¢’-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with nervous blink.

mu¢’-sati, tv(tv & ncpd). shut eyes.

mu¢’ahtik, aj. cf. mu¢’ul /plu/.

mu¢’an, tv. close both /eyes/.

mu¢’anan, tv. close both /eyes/ (plu).

mu¢’antik, aj. with eyes closed every few minutes.

mu¢’ebal, n5. moment before falling asleep.

mu¢’el, nc. catnap / l only/.

mu¢’el, aj. closed (eyes).

mu¢’et sat, vphr(av & n4d). with puffed eye (black eye).

mu¢’ilan, tv. blink.

mu¢’ilanan, tv. blink repeatedly.

mu¢’lahet, av. with closed eyes (children playing).

mu¢’leh, n1f. closed /eyes from sleepiness or black eye/.

mú¢’lih, av. flickering out suddenly (light, candle), tightening suddenly (anus with fear).

mu¢’mon, av. blinking nervously or sleepily.

mu¢’mu¢’, nc. single catnap / l only/.

mu¢’mu¢’, aj. nearly closed /congenital eye condition/.

mú¢’temu¢’te, av. walking about blinking nervously.

mu¢’u¢’, av. with closed eyes (sleepy person).

mu¢’u¢’et, av. blinking /with fear, from bright light/.

mu¢’ul, aj. closed (eyes).

mu¢’ul ti hsat ihta ti hmule. lit., With my eyes closed I was found guilty, i.e., I have been slandered.

Ritual speech, slandered person praying; yeč mu¢’ul ti hbae mu¢’ul ti hsate ihta ti hmule ti hkoloʔe. With my eyes closed, with my eyes shut, I was found guilty, I was condemned.

mu¢’ulik, aj. closed (eyes of newborn animal).

muč P, P(2).

muč ba, rv. curl up (person).

mučahtik, aj. cf. mučul /plu/.

mučan ba, rv. curl up.

mučet, av. curled up /sleeping/.

mučetik, av. cf. mučet (plu).

muči, iv. curl up, huddle /in sleep/.

mučlah, av. running huddled over (plu).

mučlahet, av. cf. mučet (plu).

mučleh. n1f. curled up.

mučmon, av. huddled over (poor person insufficiently clothed).

múčtemúčte, av. walking about huddling over /insufficiently clothed/.

mučuč, av. curling up stealthily /beside woman/.

mučučet, av. curling up and shivering /with cold/.

mučul, aj. curled up (person, stale tortilla, leaf, leaf of seared corn plant), coiled (snake).

mučulik, aj. cf. mučul /plu/.

mučačo N(Sp, muchacho).

mučačo, n1d. boy /priest’s helper/.

muč’ P, P(2).

muč’, tv. draw up tightly /legs of child carried between two people, feet of bird in flight/.

muč’ ba, rv. curl up tightly /with cold/, curl up (leaves), make fist.

muč’ahtik, aj. cf. muč’ul /plu/.

muč’an, tv. lay back /ears/ (angry mule).

muč’anan, tv. cf. muč’an.

múč’anmúč’an, tv. lay back both /ears/ one after another (mule).

múč’anmúč’anan, tv. cf. múč’anmúč’an.

muč’et, av. curled up tightly /in cold/.

muč’etik, av. cf. muč’et (plu).

muč’ilan, tv. crumple, wrinkle /cloth, paper/, bend /hat brim to test if properly stiff/, lay back /ears of mule, deer or rabbit/.

muč’k’ih, iv. curl up (arm or leg from sickness).

mučlah, av. walking huddled up (plu).

muč’lahet, av. twitching (mule’s or dog’s ears when alerted).

muč’lahetik, av. curled up tightly /in cold/ (plu).

muč’leh, n5. huddled over and shivering.

muč’mon, av. walking shivering and huddled over.

muč’muč’, aj. curled up (hand, foot).

muč’p’ih, iv. cf. muč’k’ih.

múč’temúč’te, av. walking about huddled over and shivering.

muč’uč’et, av. shivering and huddled over, cringing (child, dog).

muč’ul, aj. curled up tightly (person sleeping in cold), coiled (snake), laid back (ear of mule, deer or rabbit).

muč’ulik, aj. cf. muč’ul /plu/.

muč’u

muč’u, who, who? cf. buč’u.

muh O.

muh, onom. moo.

muhet, av. mooing (cow EKL 252: 1-14).

muhetah, iv. imitate mooing (children).

muhetik, av. cf. muhet (plu).

muhlah, av. mooing (plu).

muhlahet, av. mooing (plu).

muhlahetik, av. mooing, imitating mooing.

muhmon, av. imitating mooing.

múhtemúhte, av. mooing here and there.

muhuh, av. mooing.

muhuhet, av. mooing (angry cow).

pas muh, vphr(tv & onom). stand on all fours and imitate cow (child).

muk(1) N.

mukil, n3d. female’s younger sibling.

muk(2) T(2).

muk, tv. bury, sink, plant /potato, pit/, put in /water/.

muk, iv. sink, be buried.

muk, nc. sinking.

muk ba, rv. sink /in mud, water/, bury self /in blanket/.

muk-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. burial.

muk k’op, vphr(tv & n5). keep a secret.

muk mulil, vphr(tv & n5). conceal another’s guilt, exonerate unjustly.

muk ta k’ok’, vphr(tv & prep & n5). roast /in ashes/.

mukahtik, aj. buried, sunk /plu/.

mukan, tv. bury or plant /plu/.

mukanan, tv. cf. mukan.

múkanmúkan, tv. plant or bury one after another.

múkanmúkanan, tv. cf. múkanmúkan.

mukbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). conceal another’s guilt, exonerate unjustly.

mukbil ta tan, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). roasted on the coals.

muk¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). sink.

muk¢an, tv. make sink.

muk¢an ba, rv. sink.

muk¢anvan, iv. make person sink /in mud/ (heavy burden).

mukebal, n5. moment before ending funeral.

muk el, nc. sinking / 1 - 3/ /person in water/, dip /when wading/.

mukenal, n5. cemetery.

mukes yalel, vphr(tv & dr). drop inadvertently /into water/.

muket, av. buried /in blankets/, buried (lime in ground), hidden.

šmuket yalel ta čak vot. sinking to the bottom of the well.

šimuketotik ʔo. We are being concealed i.e., corn has grown over our heads /ninth developmental stage of corn, also called šhašet la hholtik/.

muketah, iv. bury self in blankets (child in daytime).

muketik, av. buried /in blankets or tall corn/ (plu).

mukilan, tv. plant slip /apple, elderberry Synardisia venosa /, keep covering /head with shawl/.

mukilan ba, rv. roll /in mud, dust, leaves/, keep covering head in shawl.

mukilanan ba, rv. keep rolling /in mud, dust or leaves/.

muklah, av. becoming mired (plu).

muklahet, av. becoming mired (plu), wrapped in blankets.

muklahetik, av. taking dust baths (chickens).

mukleh, nib. buried /in blankets/.

múklih, av. being buried or mired suddenly.

muklomah, iv. bury /person/.

muklomal, n5. burial.

mukmon, av. becoming stuck or buried /in mud, dust/, taking dust bath (chicken).

mukob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. cane liquor, chicken, corn or money needed for funeral.

mukobil, n4f. money for burial expenses.

mukolah, iv. take dust bath (birds), take mud bath (pig).

mukp’ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. mukeah yalel.

mukp’in, tv. cf. mukean.

mukp’in ba, rv. sink.

mukp’invan, iv. cf. mukeanvan.

múktemúkte, av. sticking one foot after other /in mud/.

mukuk, av. burying self /in blankets/.

mukuket, av. sinking repeatedly /in mud/.

mukul, aj. buried, sunk, secret, hidden.

mukul _____, tv(aj & tvcpd). secretly _____.

ismukul-ʔelk’an. He stole it secretly.

ismukul-¢eʔin. He smiled.

ismukul-čon. He sold it secretly.

ismukul-č’ikbe. He slipped it to him secretly.

ismukul-k’an. He asked for it secretly.

ismukul-mah. He hit it secretly (or) He nudged him.

mukul _____, iv(aj & ivcpd). secretly _____.

imukul-milvan. He murdered someone secretly.

t šmukul-k’elvan. He is watching /her/ on the sly.

mukvan, iv. bury person /pay funeral expenses/.

t šmukvan t špišvan. He buries /him/, he shrouds /him/.

hmuk-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). person who conceals another’s guilt or who exonerates another unjustly.

hmuklomahel, agn. person who is constantly involved in brawls.

hmuklomal, agn. person who attends funeral.

hmukvaneh, agn. person who pays funeral expenses.

Ritual speech, parent referring to youngest child who remains in home; htoyvaneh, hk’ečvaneh, hmukvaneh, hpisvaneh. lifter, carrier, burier, shrouder.

mukumu N(Ch,?).

mukumu, n. shrubby spurge Euphorbia leucocephata, # 2962(16). Temperate “tree”. The flower is sold at market in Tuxtla. Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases.

sakil mukumu, nphr(aj & n). shrubby spurge Euphorbia leucocephala, #2965(16). Temperate “tree”. Same use as above.

muk’(1) A.

muk’, aj. large.

muk’ meʔil, nphr(aj & ncpd)3d. cf. muk’ta meʔil.

muk’-totil, nphr(aj & ncpd)3d. cf. muk’ta tolil.

muk’et, av. very slightly improved (sick person) /infr/.

muk’etah, iv. improve very slightly (sick person).

muk’ib, iv. grow up (person), become serious, critical, or grave (quarrel, sickness, situation, crime), increase in size (house with addition, corn, clothes of growing child).

muk’ibtas, tv. enlarge /house/, intensify /quarrel, guilt/.

ismuk’ibtas ša eč’el ta loil. He embroidered the story.

muk’ibtasan, tv. intensify /quarrels/.

muk’ibtasvan, iv. care for or accompany person (spouse).

muk’muk’ hutuk, vphr(aj/pred/ & aj/pred/). rather large.

muk’muk’tik, aj. rather large.

muk’ta, aj. large.

muk’ta ʔalkalte, agn(aj & agn). grand alcalde /most prestigious position of fourth grade of religious hierarchy/.

muk’ta ʔalmul, cf. ʔalmul.

muk’ta ʔik’, cf. čenek’.

muk’ta be, nphr(aj & n5). highway.

muk’ta h-likel, nphr(aj & n/num & nccpd/). roughly an hour’s time.

muk’ta hkašlan, cf. hkašlan.

muk’ta hšinulan, cf. hšinulan.

muk’ta htoy-k’in, cf. htoy-k’in.

muk’ta k’anal, nphr(aj & n5). Venus.

muk’ta k’anal pepen, cf. pepen.

muk’ta k’ok’, nphr(aj & n)5. typhoid fever.

muk’ta k’on, cf. ʔišim.

muk’ta moil, nphr(aj & n)3d. grandmother /maternal, paternal/, aunt /maternal, paternal, wives of maternal and paternal uncles/, female cousin older than ego. Ritual speech, prayer; tutelary god.

muk’ta mol, cf. mol.

muk’ta ničim, cf. ničira.

muk’ta pom, nphr(aj & n)5. honeycomb, cf. ʔaha-pom.

muk’ta sak, cf. ʔišim.

muk’ta totil, nphr(aj & n)3d. grandfather /maternal, paternal/, uncle /maternal, paternal, husbands of maternal and paternal aunts/, male cousin older than ego, jaguar. Ritual speech, prayer; tutelary god.

var., muk’-totil /Naben Čauk/.

muk’tik _____, nphr(aj & n)1e. heavy (forest), large (boulders, buildings, trucks).

muk’tikil, n4e. size /plu/.

muk’ul, n4e. size. To indicate the height of a child a person bends his right hand upwards, holding his index finger straight up.

muk’ul ʔoʔ, nphr(n4f of n4d). thigh muscle.

muk’ultas, tv. put on a grand display /food, large gathering/, celebrate.

muk’ultasel, n1d. Ritual speech, song; glorification.

stoyel, smuk’ultasel. his celebration, his glorification /veneration of coffer/.

muk’ultasvan. iv. do a thing grandly for person, hold big celebration for person.

hmuk’ibtasvaneh, agn. person who cares for or accompanies another (spouse).

hmuk’ta-totik, agn(aj & ncpd). jaguar.

hmuk’ultasvaneh, agn. wise old man.

muk’(2)

muk’, no, not, never, cf. mu.

mul(1) N.

mulav, iv. rape, commit adultery.

mulavil, aj. sinful.

Joking speech, to older man who has not released” younger man; mi šavak’ amulavil k’obe. Will you give me your sinful hand?

mulil, n3a. crime, sin, misconduct, guilt, blame. Hostile prayers and the lighting of candles are said to have no effect upon a guiltless person.

Ritual speech, shaman referring to his patient; ssaʔoh smul ssaʔoh skoloʔ He sought crime, he sought evil.

mulilal k’op, nphr(natt & n5). rape.

mulin, tv. bear guilt, sin.

k’usi amulin. Why were you sentenced?

hmul, agn. male lover /occurs only with an. poss./.

hmulavil, agn. sinner /every person/, rapist, adulterer.

hmulavil ʔane, nphr(agn type n)5. adulteress, prostitute.

makita mulil, vphr(tv & n3d). share another’s guilt unjustly.

ta mul, vphr(tv & n4d). be guilty, sin, commit crime.

mul(2) I, T(2).

mul, tv. dip /hair, water jug, water gourd, or stick in water, cloth in dye, fingers or stirring rod in food/, poke /pine in fire/.

mul, iv. be dipped (water jug, water gourd, or stick in water, cloth in dye.

mul, nc. dips /head in water/.

mulahtik ta k’ok’, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt & n5). cf. mulul ta k’ok’ /plu/.

mulan, tv. poke a lot of /pine in fire/.

mulanan, tv. cf. mulan.

múlanmúlan, tv. poke one after another /sticks of pine into fire/.

múlanmúlanan, tv. cf. múlanmúlan.

mulbe, tv. poke. Male joking speech, dip /penis/.

ismulbe stahal. He poked the pine in /fire/.

mulel, nc. dipping /into water/.

mules, tv. poke, dip.

mulilan, tv. keep dipping or putting in.

mullahet, av. poking /pine in fire/ (plu).

mullahetik, av. cf. mulmon (plu).

múllih yalel, vphr(av & dr). sink suddenly /into water/.

mulmon, av. poking /pine in fire/. Male joking speech; dipping (penis).

mulul ta k’ok’, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). burning with fever.

mululik ta k’ok’, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt & n5). cf. mulul la k’ok’ /plu/.

mula N(Sp, mula).

mula, n1d. mare /mule/.

mulinero N(Sp, molinero).

hmulinero, agn. miller.

mulino N(Sp, molino).

mulino, n1a. mill /corn grinder, gasoline-driven corn mill, water mill/.

hmulinoahel, agn. person going to, at or coming from corn mill.

multa N(Sp, multa).

multa, n1a. fine.

mum N.

mum, n1a. wasp grub /ʔakov/, yellow jacket grub. They are eaten, roasted or boiled. They are “cold”. But pregnant women should not eat them lest their pregnancy last a full year.

mumun N.

mumun, n1a. bean tamale, Piper sp., #2428(1, 20). Lowland and temperate “tree”. It is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The leaves are boiled and eaten as greens, used to flavor beans and snails, and used as wrapping for bean tamales. They are “cold” They are sold at market. #2690(1, 3, 15, 20, 21, 22). Lowland “tree”. Same use as above.

mumunaltik, n5. large grove of mumun trees.

mumuntik, n5. grove of mumun trees.

munisyon N(Sp, munición).

munisyon, n1a. shotgun pellets.

munyeka N(Sp, muñeca).

munyeka, n1d. doll.

muruč’ A(Sp, morocho).

muruč’, aj. kinky (hair, pubic hair), var., moroč’.

muruč’ ʔitah, cf. ʔitah.

muruč’ ¢ib, cf. ¢ib.

muruč’ib, iv. curl up (leaves of bean plants or cabbage with sickness, burnt hair), var., moroč’ib.

muruč’ibtas, tv. make curly /hair/, var., moroč’ibtas.

muruč’tik, aj. rather kinky, var., moroc’tik.

mus(1) T.

mus niʔ, vphr(tv & n4d). sniff (person, dog).

musbe vayel, vphr(tv & vn5). breathe loudly in sleep.

musilan niʔ, vphr(tv & n4d). keep sniffing.

muslah niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). walking and breathing heavily (exhausted mules).

muslahet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). cf. musmon niʔ /plu/.

muslin niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). sniffing suddenly.

musmon niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). breathing through nose /in sleep/, sniffing (person, dog), snivelling, snuffling.

mustemuste niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). sniffing about.

mususet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d) breathing through nose /in sleep/.

tnus(2) prob P or P(2).

mus-ʔsim, n(aj & ncpd)5. downy-haired.

musahtik, aj. with downy hair /plu/.

muset ʔisim, vphr(av & n4d). walking with downy hair.

musmus, aj. with downy hair, barely sprouting.

musul, aj. with downy hair (face of adolescent boy or girl, pubes of adolescent girl), barely sprouting (weeds).

musulik, aj. cf. musul /plu/.

musika N(Sp, musica).

musika, n1a. band music, marimba.

musika, n1d. harmonica.

musikero N(Sp, musico).

hmusikero, agn. musician /in band/.

mustisya N(Sp, mostaza).

mustisya, n1a. black mustard Brassica juncea, # 1727(3, 15, 16). Highland “plant”. It grows in yards. The greens are boiled. They are “hot”. They are sold at market, var., mostasa /Htek-lum/.

č’ulul mustisya, nphr(aj & n). ’smooth mustard’, black mustard Brassica juncea, #569(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. It grows in yards. The greens are boiled. They are “hot”.

muš prob P or P(2).

muš, n1d. Male joking speech: vagina.

muš-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. toothless.

muš-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. snub-nosed (girl), blunt-tipped (machete, billhook).

mušahtik, aj. snub-nosed, toothless /plu/.

mušel, aj. snub-nosed, toothless.

mušet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). wrinkling up nose with suppressed laughter.

mušet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). wrinkling up nose with suppressed laughter.

mušlahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). cf. mušel ʔe (plu).

mušlahet niʔ vphr(av & n4d). cf. mušel niʔ (plu).

mušlahetik, av. chewing toothlessly.

mušmon ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). chewing toothlessly.

mušmon niʔ vphr(av & n4d). chewing toothlessly, nibbling (rabbit, person nibbling food secretively).

mušmuš, aj. snub-nosed, toothless, with sunken lips.

muštemušte niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). walking about wrinkling up nose with suppressed laughter.

mušuk’, n1d. Male joking speech; vagina.

mušul, aj. snub-nosed /mark of beauty/, blunted (tip of billhook), toothless, with sunken lips.

mušulik, aj. toothless /plu/.

mut N.

mut, n1a. bird, penis /of little boy/. Form of reference or address for the band-tailed pigeon used by hunters lest its flesh taste bitter.

ʔoč smutal. birds have entered /cornfield/ (or) buzzards have arrived /at corpse/.

mut bolom, nphr(n of n)5. ’jaguar’s bird’, large lowland owl /unidentified/. It is believed to guide jaguar to prey of snails and crabs.

mut kahvaltik, nphr(n4f of n5). Male joking speech; penis.

mutal vah, nphr(natt & n)1a. wedding bread /bird-shaped/.

mntut N.

mutut, n5. wild fig Ficus cotinifolia, #1627(1, 3, 11, 12, 13). Lowland and temperate “tree” (1)-To stop bleeding, the bark is cut, sap is collected on a leaf and poured on a cut. It is “medium”. An unattested variety is used for fence posts, wild fig Ficus cotinifolia, #2574(21, 22). Temperate “tree” It is used for firewood.

mututtik, n5. grove of wild fig trees.

¢ahal mutut, nphr(aj & n). wild fig Ficus cookii, #303(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”.

sakil mutut, nphr(aj & n). wild fig Ficus cotinifolia, #755(1, 2), #2574(1, 4). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for firewood by the people of Čobtik. (4)-Three leavesful of sap are poured on a cut to stop bleeding. It is “hot”.

mat’ P, P(2).

mut’ahtik, aj. cf. mut’ul /plu/.

mut’an, tv. leave exposed /ass, when asleep/.

mut’be, tv. draw closed /mouth of bag/.

mut’el, aj. pursed (ass), Male joking speech, referring to vagina; pursed.

mut’ilan čak, vphr(tv / / n). buck repeatedly.

mut’ilanbe, tv. keep drawing closed /mouth of bag/.

mut’uCet, av. shying /from fear/.

mut’lah, av. shying (mules with fear).

mut’lahet, av. starting (person with nightmare), having spasms (flesh of recently slaughtered animal), walking gropingly.

mut’lahetik, av. bucking (plu).

mut’leh, n5. pursed /ass/.

k’u t sapas ta mut’leh a£ak. lit., What are you doing with your ass pursed?, i.e., What are you doing lying in bed?

mút’lih, av. starting suddenly.

mut’mon čak, nphr(av & n4d). bucking, shying.

mut’mut’, aj. Male joking speech, referring to vagina; pursed.

mut’ul, aj. pursed (ass with fear from nightmare), drawn closed (mouth of bag).

mut’ulik, aj. drawn closed (mouths of bags).

muy(1) N.

muy, n1a. chico sapote Manilkara achras, # 2821 (3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12). Lowland “tree”. (4)-The fruit is “hot”. It is sold at market. (12)-The fruit is “cold”. (7)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood.

muytik, n5. grove of chico sapote trees.

muy(2) I.

muy, iv. climb, rise.

imuy tal. He came up /to Zinacantán center from one of the hamlets/.

imuy ta shol. lit., It climbed to his head, i.e., He got drunk (or) He became infatuated.

muy, aj. recent.

li muy k’ak’al tale, the recent past /one to two months/.

lavi muy ʔora tale, the recent past.

muyan meʔel, nphr(impv/iv/ & n)1e. ’climb on, woman’, wasp Vespula sp.. cf. ʔicil ʔakov.

muyan meʔel havlan mol. Climb on, woman, lie down, man! /uttered so that wasp will abandon nest, leaving honey/.

muyebal, n3d. ladder.

muyebaltik, n5. ascent.

muyel, nc. row /of work/.

muyel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing motion upwards.

muyel muyel, nphr(vn5 & vn5). rising frequently (debt).

muyeltik, vn5. ascent.

muyes, tv. raise /price/, lift up on, postpone /religious post/.

muyes ba, rv. climb up by oneself.

muyesan, tv. lift /plu/.

muyesob, n1f. net for hanging corn in.

muyesobil, n1f. cf. muyesob.

muyesvan, iv. lift person.

muyilan, iv. keep climbing.

muymuy, iv. rise slightly (price).

muymuyes, tv. lift slightly /burden/.

muymuytik, iv. rise slightly (price).

hmuyel, agn. person or people climbing /path, or into truck/ /no plu/.

muy(3)

muy, elated, thrilled, excited, relieved, cf. mu(1)

myerta N(Sp, mierda).

myerta, n5. Scolding speech; shit, var., merla.

batan ta myerta. Go to shit!

N

na(1) N.

na, n1a. house, home, domestic group /one or more localized patrilineages/, building.

ta hnatik. at home /in one’s house or community/.

ik’ot t sna. He arrived home.

Ritual speech; yo hna yo hk’uleb. my humble home, my humble treasury.

na _____, nphr(n of n)5. _____ house /chicken, dog/, birdcage, pigsty, sheepfold /for rainy season/, stable.

na _____, nphr(n1f of n1d). _____ sheath /knife, machete/.

na ʔakov, nphr(n of n)5. wasp nest.

na ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d). stocking.

na ʔom, nphr(n of n)5. cobweb.

na ba, nphr(n of n)5. gopher burrow.

na ¢ukum, nphr(n of n)5. tent caterpillar nest.

na čon, nphr(n of n)5. worm hole /sugarcane worm/.

na holol, nphr(n1f of n3d). cap.

na hpol-be, nphr(n4f of agn/tv & ncpd/). roadworkers’ camp.

na hpoštavaneh, nphr(n4f of agn). clinic, doctor’s office.

na k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d). glove.

na k’onom, nphr(n of n)5. June bug burrow.

na loktor. nphr(n4f of agn). clinic, doctor’s office.

na pale, nphr(n4f of n5). priest’s house, convent in Htek-lum.

na pistola, nphr(n1f of n1d). holster.

na pišalal, nphr(n1f of n3d). rain hat.

na pom, nphr(n of n)5. beehive /only of cliff or cave-dwelling bees/.

na p’iliš, nphr(n of n). ’grasshopper house1, pitcher sage Lepechinia schiedeana, #1395(4). Highland “plant”.

na šinič, nphr(n of n)5. ant nest.

na vonon, nphr(n of n)5. bumblebee burrow.

na vonon te?, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’bumblebee burrow tree’, senna A cassia skinneri, #1600(11, 12). Temperate “tree”.

nail, n1e. house, home.

nail ʔabtehebal, nphr(n att & n5). tool shed.

nail čobtik, nphr(natt & n5). sleeping hut near lowland corn field.

nail čukel, nphr(natt & vn5). jail.

nail č’en, nphr(natt & n5). cave.

nail kaʔ, nphr(natt & n5). place where one always hitches horse /in another village/.

nail kasolina, nphr(natt & n5). service station.

nail trago, nphr(natt & n5). cantina.

nail voʔ, nphr(natt & n5). cantina /archaic/.

nain, tv. reside in house of another person.

ʔik’al na, nphr(aj & n)5. unlighted or empty house.

na(2)

na, just, only, scarcely, cf. naka

naʔ T.

naʔ, tv. know, remember, miss, calculate, realize, regret, be accustomed to, think.

mi šanaʔ stiʔel čitom. Do you eat pork?

mu ša k’u hnar I have nothing to worry about.

mu šanaʔ ša ta yolon ta yak’ol ?un bi ?a. Then you do not remember anything at all!

mi yeč šanai. Do you think so?

mi ihmahbe anaʔoh. Do you think I hit him?

anaʔoh amanya atuk. It’s you yourself who does that! /retort after being accused of doing something bad/.

naʔ ʔahval, vphr(tv & n4d). lit., remember His Lord, i.e., be properly attentive to the gods, use restricted to third person singular.

naʔ baik, rv. miss each other (people, animals).

naʔ-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. missing each other.

naʔ kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). be a believer /Catholic/.

isnaʔ kahvaltik. lit., He remembered Our Lord, i.e., He prayed when in danger.

naʔ rioš, vphr(tv & n5). be a believer /Catholic/.

naʔ ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). take pity on, be compassionate, show empathy.

snaʔ ta yoʔon meʔanal. He takes pity on poor (people).

mu snaʔ ta yoʔon čamel. He has no sympathy for sick (people).

naʔaʔet, av. talking endearingly (man and woman).

naʔan, tv. miss /children/.

naʔanan, tv. cf. naʔan.

naʔel, vnld. wisdom, sentiment for absent or dead person.

naʔet, av. grief-stricken.

naʔlahet, av. cf. natnon (plu).

naʔlahetik, av. cf. nainon (plu).

naʔle, tv. criticize, ridicule.

mu šalabanon mu šanaʔleon. Don’t ridicule me, don’t criticize me.

naʔlevan, iv. criticize or ridicule person.

naʔnon, av. longing (parent for dead child).

naʔobil, n4f. inheritance, possessions left by deceased, grief /for deceased/.

naʔulan, tv. keep missing.

naʔulan ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). keep being generous or showing empathy.

naʔulanan, tv. keep missing /children/.

naʔvan, iv. miss person.

hnaʔvaneh, agn. person who misses another.

mu naʔbah, ajphr(pt & aj). not known, never known, impossible to know.

mu naʔbanah, ajphr(pt & aj). cf. mu naʔbah.

nab N.

nab, n1e. river, pond, lake, ocean.

nabil ʔuk’um, nphr(natt & n)5. deep stream, river.

na¢’ N.

na¢’ ʔamuc, nphr(n of n)1e. frog eggs.

na¢’il, n3a. necklace.

na¢’in, tv. wear necklace /given by fiancé/.

nač’ P.

nač’ tal, vphr(iv & dr). appear above horizon (sun, moon, Venus), appear over crest of hill (person), barely emerge (new tooth).

nač’ahtik, aj. cf. nač’al /plu/.

nač’al, aj. peeking, peering (person, frog in water, animal in burrow).

nač’alik, aj. cf. načal /plu/.

nač’an ba, rv. peek (person), peep out (corn plant that barely emerges before dying), peer (prisoner).

nač’an hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). peek.

nač’an tačukel, vphr(tv & pt & vn5). jail.

nač’aneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. peering out (prisoner).

nač’¢ah tal, vphr(iv & dr). appear above horizon (sun, moon, Venus), appear over crest of hill (person), barely emerge (new tooth).

nač’¢an lok’el hoi, vphr(tv & dr & n4d). lift head /above water/.

nač’el, aj. peering, peeking.

nač’es tal hč’ul-meʔtik, vphr(tv & dr & agn/aj & ncpd/). make the moon appear (fetus born precisely one lunar month late).

nač’et, av. peering, spying on, peeking.

nač’etah, iv. peer, peek, spy on.

nač’etik, av. cf. nač’et (plu).

nač’i, iv. peek.

nač’ita, tv. peer or peek at.

nač’itaan, tv. peer or peek at /plu/.

nač’itavan, iv. visit person frequently.

nač’lah, av. peering, looking in all directions /plu/.

nač’lahet, av. cf. nač’non (plu).

nač’lahetik, av. cf. nač’non (plu).

nač’leh, n1d. peeking, peering.

nač’luh, av. peering out suddenly.

nač’non, av. peering, looking in all directions, peering in or looking in daily (dog, visitor, lover).

nač’p’uh tal, vphr(iv & dr). poke out (thorn).

nač’ta, tv. peer or peek at.

nač’ta baik, rv. peek at each other.

nač’taan, tv. peer or peek at /plu/.

nač’taeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. peeking at each other.

nač’tanač’taan, tv. peer or peek at one after another.

nač’taob, n4d. window or peephole through which one is observed.

nač’taobil, n1f. cf. nač’taob.

nač’tavan, iv. peek at or spy on person.

nač’tenač’te, av. peering or looking in here and there /searching from door to door/.

hnač’itavaneh, agn. frequent visitor.

hnač’tavaneh, agn. person who is peering or peeking at another.

nan

nah, spin. cf. no

nailo N(Sp, nylon from E, nylon).

nailo, n1a. plastic /sheets used for rain capes, particularly by women/.

nak P, P(2).

nak očel, vphr(tv & dr). drag into /boulder, bag of com/.

nak ba lok’el, vphr(rv & dr). push person aside to secure seat, evict person from land.

nak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. eviction.

nak lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). evict, drag off /heavy pot on fire/.

nakahtik, aj. cf. nakal /plu/.

nakak yalel, vphr(av & dr). sinking slowly or settling (water jug in well).

nakaket sat, vphr(av & n4d). glaring angrily.

nakaket yalel, vphr(av & dr). sinking slowly or settling (water jug in well).

nakal, aj. residing, dwelling, at home.

mi liʔote mi nakalot to. Are you here, are you still at home? /standard greeting when paying visit/.

ti mi muk’ ʔoš nakalone. … in case I’m not at home.

ʔa li ʔanee liʔ nakale. The woman lives here (or) The woman is from here.

nakalik, aj. cf. nakal /plu/.

nakan, tv. give permission for temporary settlement on one’s land, steady /one’s legs when carrying heavy burden/, tighten /burden/, hold firmly /butt of rifle against shoulder/, hang /door/, set firmly /stone, log/.

nakan ba, rv. stay at home /to keep appointment with visitor/, sit /on ground refusing to budge/.

nakanan, tv. give permission to people for temporary settlement on one’s land.

nakaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. staying at home /to keep appointment/.

nákannákan, tv. give permission to one person after another for temporary settlement on one’s land.

nákannákanan, tv. cf. nákannákan.

nakav, iv. meaning unclear; occurs only as t šbak’ t šnakav: She bustles about.

nakbal, aj. sitting; restricted to bak’bal nakbal: lit., moving, sitting, i.e., tossing and turning (sick person).

nakeah, iv. stay at home /waiting for person/.

nakean, tv. seat /with force/.

nakean ba, rv. stay at home, sit /on ground refusing to budge/.

naket, av. dwelling, remaining permanently.

šnaket ta pikel li ʔišime. The corn supply is never depleted.

šnaket li ʔabtele. The work is endless.

naket sat, vphr(av & n4d). glaring angrily, staring dazedly (drunk, very sick person).

šnaket no ʔoš ssakil ssat. He is just glaring out of the whites of his eyes.

naketah, iv. be at home.

naketik, av. cf. naket (plu).

naki, iv. live, dwell, reside.

naklahet, av. cf. naknon (plu).

nakiahetik, av. cf. naknon (plu).

nakleb ʔoʔ, nphr(n4f of n4d). rump /section of slaughtered chicken/.

nakleb čuk, nphr(n4f of n5). pole plate.

naklebal, n3b. mat where woman sits.

nakleh, n1d. residing. nakleta, tv. stay at home /to keep appointment/.

nakletavan, iv. stay at home for person /to visit/.

naklomah, iv. reside permanently.

nákluh, av. falling suddenly on one’s rear end.

naknon, av. sitting unable to rise (drunk).

nakp’uh, iv. slide, slip (earth, boulder).

nakp’un, tv. slide, move /earth, boulder/.

nakp’un ba, rv. sit helplessly.

náktenákte, av. living in one house after another, sitting down time and again (person on trail).

nakulan ba, rv. sway back and forth on one’s seat (enraged woman or drunken man).

nakulan čak, vphr(tv & n4d). sway on one’s seat (drunken woman).

nakulanan čak, vphr(tv & n4d). keep swaying on one’s seat.

nakvan lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). evict person.

hnaklomal, agn. resident.

hnakvaneh, agn. evictor.

naka Pt.

naka, pt. just, only, nothing but, simply, hardly, scarcely, as soon as. var., na.

naka č’entik. There are nothing but cliffs.

mu šavak’ t avoʔon naka noš Ioʔil. Don’t pay attention to it, it’s simply a lie.

naka to ʔoš ilok’ik eč’el k’alal ital voʔe. They had hardly left when the rain began.

naka to liyul. I just arrived.

naka haʔ, ptphr(pt & pt). nothing else, that is all /implies a great quantity of one kind of thing, or frequency of one type of action/.

naka haʔ t škiltik. That is all we could see.

naka me ______, nphr(pt & pt & vn5). hurry up and ______.

naka me pasel. Hurry up and do it.

naka to, ptphr(pt & pt). just.

naka to liyul. I just arrived.

naka to ʔoš, ptphr(pt & pt & pt). had scarcely, had just.

naka to ʔoš liyul. I had just arrived.

na, pt. cf. naka.

nak’ T(2).

nak’, tv. keep, store, hide.

nak’, iv. be stored.

nak’, nc. stored object.

nak’ ba, rv. hide.

nak’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. hiding.

tahinkotik ta nak’-bail. Let’s play hide and seek!

nak’ahtik, aj. stored /plu/.

nak’al, aj. stored (new clothes), hidden (person, object).

nak’alik, aj. hiding /plu/.

nak’an, tv. keep, store or hide /plu/.

nak’an baik, rv. hide selves.

nak’anan, tv. cf. nak’an.

nák’annák’an, tv. hide or store one thing after another.

nák’annák’anan, tv. cf. nák’annák’an.

nak’balal čon, nphr(aj & n)5. Male joking speech, lit., hidden animal, i.e., vagina.

nak’ebal, n5. moment before storing away.

nak’el, nc. stored object.

nak’et, av. stored.

nak’et ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d). kept at home /daughter/.

nak’lahetik, av. cf. nak’non (plu).

nak’leh, n1d. hiding, stored.

nak’nak’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. stealthy searching /for something to steal/, furtive watching /amorous boy/.

nak’non, av. hiding things.

nak’ob, n1f. storage place for money or new clothing, nak’ob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)1d. place of ambush.

nak’ob k’uʔ pale, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4d of n5/). wardrobe for priest’s vestments.

nak’obal, n1a. shade, shadow, reflection. To sit in the shadow of the cross is thought to expose oneself to sickness, var., nak’ubal.

Ritual speech, prayer referring to tortillas; ti yo l ašohobale ti yo l anak’obale kahval. Thy humble sunbeam, Thy humble shade, My Lord.

Ritual speech, prayer referring to cane liquor; ti yo l ae’uhulale ti yo l anak’obale kahval. Thy humble dew, Thy humble shade, My Lord.

nak’obal krus, nphr(n of n)5. lit., cross’ shadow, i.e., illegitimate child.

nak’obal šiulem, nphr(n of n)5. lit., buzzard’s shadow, i.e., illegitimate child.

nak’obil, n1f. cf. nak’ob.

nak’obil k’uʔ pale, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4d of n5/). cf. nak’ob k’uʔ pale.

nák’tenák’te, av. hiding in one place after another /stolen goods/.

nak’ubal, n1a. cf. nak’obal.

nak’ubal ʔus, nphr(n of n). ’gnat’s shadow’. See below.

yašal nak’ubal ʔus, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Ageratum corymbosum, #1783(16). Highland “plant”.

nak’ulan, tv. keep hiding.

nak’ulan ba, rv. keep hiding /from house to house, behind one tree after another/.

nak’ulanan, tv. keep storing or hiding /plu/.

nak’ulanvan, iv. keep hiding person.

nak’van, iv. hide person.

hnak’ʔane, agn(tv & ncpd). person who elopes with girl and hides her in his house.

hnak’-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd)5. person in hiding.

hnak’-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). person who conceals guilt.

hnak’-tak’in, agn(tv & ncpd). person who guards money left over from fiesta expenses.

hnak’ulanvaneh, agn. person who keeps hiding another.

hnak’vaneh, agn. person who hides another.

nam

nam, walking-stick, staff, move away, move aside, remove, emigrate, distance, cf. nom.

nan Pt.

nan, pt. perhaps, cf. van.

t šibat nan. Perhaps I will go.

nanal N.

nanal, n1e. shade, shadow /in daylight only/.

nanalih, iv. seek shade.

nanalihebal. n3d. person’s place in the shade.

nanaltik, n5. expanse of shade.

naneiʔ N(N, nantzi).

naneiʔ, n1a. nance Byrsonima crassifolia, #322(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts, and for firewood. As a remedy for loose teeth, the bark is brewed and the tea held in the mouth, or the bark is chewed raw. It is “hot”. As a remedy for bloody dysentery, nance bark tea is drunk. It is medium The fruit is sold at market. It is “hot”. It is used to flavor cane liquor.

naneiʔaltik, n5. long row of nance trees.

naneiʔtik, n5. row of nance trees.

nankeo

nankeo, cf. nankipu.

nankipo nankipo, cf. nankipu.

nankipu N(Ch, nanguipo).

nankipu, n. Cordia dentata, #789(1, 2), #1660(1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 14), #2685(1, 3). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for hoe and pick handles, gunstocks, fence rails and posts. var., nankeo /Sek’emtik/, nankipo /ʔElan Voʔ/, nankipuʔ /Hok’ Č’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/, nankito /Htek-lum, Na Čih, Voʔ-bie/.

muk’ta nankipu, nphr(aj & n). Cordia dodecandra, #865(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. It is grown by ladinos in fencerows. The pit is planted in the rainy season. The trunk is used for benches, slingshots, and fence posts. Ladinos use it for house mainposts. Cordia sebestena, #1669(1, 4). Lowland “tree”.

nankipu toʔ, nphr(n type n). Cordia dentata, #2685(15, 20, 22). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for hoe, pick, and billhook handles, digging sticks, and fence posts.

nankipuʔ

nankrpuʔ. cf. nankipu.

nankito

nankito, cf. nankipu.

nantai N.

nantaʔ, n. pochote ceiba Ceiba aesculifolia, #2998(1, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”. It is used for benches, fence posts, and firewood.

nap N.

nap, n1d. coyol Acrocomia mexicana, # 759(1, 2). Lowland and temperate “tree”. It is grown by ladinos in their yards. It is planted in June, one seed to a hole. The harvest is in January. The fruit is sucked as a candy, and the nut is broken and eaten. It is “medium”. Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases.

naptik, n5. grove of coyol trees.

napač N(Sp, mapache).

napač, n1e. raccoon Procyon lotor, Villista. cf. meʔel čon.

napačtik, n5. era of the Villistas.

napalu prob A or N(Sp,ʔ).

napalu, cf. ʔišim.

napuš N(Sp, rábano).

napuš, n1a. field mustard Brassica campestris, #1462(3, 11, 12). Temperate and highland “plant”. #2061(18). Highland “plant”. It is grown by many Zinacantecs, in their corn fields. The seeds are sown in May. The leaves, flowers, and shoots are boiled. They are eaten by everyone. They are “hot”.

napušaltik, n5. large expanse of field mustard.

napuštik, n5. expanse of field mustard.

bae’i napuš, nphr(aj & n). field mustard Brassica campestris, #2203(19). Highland “plant”.

č’is napuš, nphr(aj & n). ’prickly napuš, field mustard Brassica campestris, #29(1, 3, 4). Temperate and highland “plant”. #1745(3, 15, 16,), #2061(3, 17), #2203(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. For use, see napuš.

č’is napušaltik, nphr(aj & n)5. large expanse of field mustard.

č’is napuštik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of field mustard.

nap’ P, P(2).

nap’, tv. stick.

nap’, iv. be stuck to.

nap’ eč’el, vphr(iv & dr). stick close to, follow close behind (animal, wife).

nap’-ʔus ¢’iilel, nphr(n/tv & ncpd/ type n). ’gnat sticking plant’, Croton ciliato-glanduliferus, #875(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”.

nap’ ba, rv. adhere to. A tortilla sticking to the griddle is thought to indicate that the cook will be falsely accused.

nap’ahtik, aj. cf. nap’al /plu/.

nap’al, aj. stuck to, immediately behind, hanging around.

Ritual speech, ritual assistant; nap’alon tal nočolon tal ta spat ta sšokon ta htote hmʔe. I come immediately behind, standing close to my father, my mother.

nap’aUk, aj. cf. nap’al /plu/.

nap’an, tv. make false accusation of paternity to enable girl to marry, add one’s sheep to another’s herd if one has only one or two sheep, follow close behind.

Ritual speech, petitioners addressing girl’s parents; ta hnap’an ta hnocan ta yo l apatik ta yo l ašokonik yo hkrem yo hč’amaltikotik. I will trail, I will follow Thy lordly backs, Thy lordly sides with our son, our child.

nap’an ba, rv. claim /falsely/ to have had sexual relations with, follow close behind.

nap’an eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). join /other group/.

nap’aneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. staying close behind /religious official behind companion/, hanging around.

náp’annáp’an, tv. glue one after another.

náp’annáp’an ba, rv. deceive one girl after another.

náp’annáp’anan, tv. cf. náp’annáp’an.

nap’anvan, iv. stay close to person (entering religious official staying close to his ritual tutor).

nap’ap’, n. see below.

yašal nap’ap’, nphr(aj & n). Cuphea leptopoda, # 1621(11, 12). Temperate “plant”.

nap’ap’, aj. sticky.

nap’ap’ ʔon teʔ, cf. ʔon teʔ.

nap’ap’ eiʔlel, nphr(aj & n)1e. ’sticky plant’, velvet bur Priva lappulacea, #827(1, 2, 3, 5), #1326(1, 3, 4, 5, 8). Lowland “plant”, firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #1230(7), #2287(19). Temperate “plant”. Stevia lucida, #414(1, 2, 3). Temperate “plant”. To speed the mending of a broken bone, three shoots are warmed on the griddle and bound to the break. Siegesbeckia jorullensis, #116(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), #1039(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. It sticks to one’s clothes. Ageratum houstonianum, #693(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. Bastardia viscosa, # 1103(1, 3). Lowland “plant”. Cuphea leptopoda, # 1621(1, 3). Temperate “plant”. Gnaphalium sp., #1399(3). Temperate “plant”. Mentzelia aspera, #2602(15, 20, 21, 22). Temperate “plant”. Sahia misella, #2816(7). Lowland “plant”.

nap’ap’ ¢’iʔleltik, nphr(aj & n). expanse of nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlet.

ʔik’al nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). velvet bur Priva lappulacea, #1980(16, 17). Lowland “plant”.

k’anal nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, uphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). see below.

muk’ta k’anal nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Mentzelia aspera, #2602(1, 3). Temperate “plant”.

k’oš nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). velvet bur Priva lappulacea, #1634(11, 12, 14). Lowland and temperate plant”. Salvia misella, #256(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant” It sticks to one’s clothing. Galium sp., #1911(1, 3, 4). Temperate plant”. Galium uniculatum ssp. obstipum, #2336(3, 4, 19). Highland “vine”

muk’ta nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Gnaphalium sp., #411(1, 3), #1040(1, 3). Highland “plant” To speed healing of a cut, one to four leaves are applied once a day for three days. They are not as efficacious as the smaller variety. They are medium. Conyza chilensis, #1021(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant” Mentzelia aspera, #1978(1, 3, 4), #2841(3, 4, 5, 8). Lowland “plant”.

sakil nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Gnaphalium sp., #1040(5), #1358(1, 3). Highland “plant”.

yašal nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). velvet bur Priva lappulacea, #1634(1, 4). Lowland and temperate “plant” #1980(1, 3, 4). Lowland “plant”

nap’ap’ nic, nphr(aj & n). ’sticky flower’, firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #1534(11, 12). Temperate and highland “plant”

nap’ap’ nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #2170(11). Temperate plant”.

nap’ap’ pošil ʔik’, cf. pošil ʔik’.

nap’ap’et, av. sticky.

nap’et, av. following immediately behind (dog, constable, wife, child who receives cane liquor for incense bearers).

nap’etah. iv. follow immediately behind.

nap’etik, av. cf. nap’et (plu).

nap’i, iv. stick, follow close behind.

Ritual speech, ritual tutors of entering religious officials to musicians;t šnap’i ta yo l apat t šnap’i ta yo l ašokon. He stands at thy humbleback, he stands at thy humble side.

Bride’s ritual tutor to groom’s ritual tutor; šavalbe k’op šavalberason li hmotone li kaboltayele ta šnap’i ta yo l apatik ta šnap’i tayo l ašokonik kumale hmeʔ kumale hkašayil. You will talk to her, you will advise her my present, the fruit of my suffering, she will stand at thy humble backs, she will stand at thy humble sides, comadre my mother, comadre my ancient mother.

nap’kan, iv. stick to person’s clothing (weeds).

nap’lahet, av. cf. nap’non (plu).

nap’lahetik, av. cf. nap’non (plu).

nap’leh, n1d. hanging around.

nap’non, av. sticky, hanging around /behind house or back fence/ (woman’s lover).

nap’ob, n1f. glue, paste.

nap’obil, n1f. cf. nap’ob.

náp’tenáp’te, av. staying at one house after another (orphan).

nap’ulan, tv. keep sticking, keep mending /threadbare clothes/.

nap’ulan ba, rv. keep sticking to.

hnap’anvaneh ta mulil, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who unjustly shares another’s guilt.

naranha N(Sp, naranja).

naranha, n1a. orange Citrus sinensis, #564(1, 3). Highland “tree”. See below.

naranhatik, n5. orange grove.

č’ulul pat naranha, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ’smooth-skinned orange’, orange. Highland “tree”. It is planted in the rainy season by Tenejapanecs. The fruit is “hot”.

hayal pat naranha, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ’thin-skinned orange’, orange. Same as č’ulul pat naranha.

pimil pat naranha, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ’thick-skinned orange’, orange Citrus sinensis, # 564(3). Highland “tree”. A few Zinacantecs grow oranges in their yards. Seeds or seedlings are planted in the rainy season. The harvest is in December. Oranges are sold at market.

These oranges are sweeter than the thin-skinned variety. They are “hot”. Poor people substitute orange leaf or rind tea for coffee. It is “hot”. The rind is brewed with aztec marigold and elderberry flowers for cough medicine. It is also used to flavor cane liquor. (23)-Thirty stemmed oranges are provided by the senior steward of the Holy Sacrament on the Seventh Posada, to decorate the Christmas trees.

naranha lima, cf. lima.

naš A.

naš, aj. earlier today.

mi našot. lit., Are you earlier today, i.e., Have you been waiting long for me?

naš ʔak’ubal, nphr(aj & n5). late at night /10-11 p.m./.

našil, n4f. earlier today.

našnaš, aj. a little while ago /more recent than nás /, rather late at night /9 p.m./.

našnaštik, aj. cf. našnaš.

našub, iv. grow late /at night/.

naštok

naštok, again, too. cf. noštok.

nat A.

nat, aj. deep (cave, hole, bullet, well, river), long (hair, legs, rope), tall (person), high (mountain), far (object swept along by river).

nat to stimbe eč’el. It will take a long time /to finish/.

mu ša natuk ibat. He didn’t last long /after having ominous dream/.

nat ʔora, vphr(aj/pred/ & n1d). lit., have long hour, i.e., be long-lived.

natih, iv. lengthen (day).

natihes k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n5). postpone.

natik, aj. long (hair, trees, logs, mud hole), tall (people), deep (cave).

natikil, aj. deep (caves), long (ropes).

natikil ʔalavanuš, cf. ʔalavanuš.

natikil kinya, cf. kinya.

natikil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a. rafter, fence rail.

natil, n4b. depth, length, height /person, sun/.

snatil k’ak’al. long days /January-June/.

natil, aj. deep, long, tall (person).

natil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a. fence rail, rafter.

natil vešal, cf. veš(3)

natilah, iv. become more infrequent (sickness, beating), be widely separated /in time/.

natnat, aj. rather long or deep.

natnattik, aj. cf. natnat.

natub, iv. grow long (legs), grow spindly (unweeded corn, beans or potatoes).

natubtas, tv. lengthen.

snatubtas sveš. He puts his pant legs down (or) He wears long pants.

snatubtas yorail. He lengthens his hour, i.e., talking saint lengthens petitioner’s life-span.

natubtasan, tv. wear long /pants/.

hnat-veš, agn(nphr/aj & ncpd/) person wearing long pants.

hnatikil hol, agn(aj & n)5. Lacandon, long-haired devil, cf. hvalapat-ʔok.

nativirat N(Sp, natividad).

nativirat, n5. ensign-bearer of Our Lady of the Nativity.

nav

nav, spin, purr. cf. no.

navašaš N(Sp, navajas).

navašaš, n1a. straight razor, penknife.

naviiyaka N(Sp, nauyaca from N, nahui and yacatl).

navuyaka, n5. fer-de-lance Bothrops atrox. The fer-de-lance reportedly wraps itself around a person, bites him and stabs him with the blade at the end of its tail until its victim falls. Immediate swelling and death within a half hour is considered to be inevitable.

ne N.

ne bolom, nphr(n of n). ’jaguar tail’, Selenicereus sp., #842(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”

ne ¢’iʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’dog tail plant’, club moss Lycopodium taxifolium, #132(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. (RML)This name is included as a tribute to the inventiveness of my principal collector whose artfully suppressed smile was not matched by his colleagues. This was, to my knowledge, the first of perhaps many inventions, but it was not a far-fetched one, for club moss has been called in English, fox tail, lamb’s tails, and toad’s tail. It is used for thatch and as a fixer for daub.

ne čuč, nphr(n of n). ’squirrel tail’, feather grass. See below.

ne čučtik, nphr(n of n). field of feather grass.

ne čuč hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’squirrel tail grass’, feather grass Stipa ichu, #576(1), #2240(1, 3, 4, 19)- Highland “plant”

ne kotom, nphr(n of n). ’coati tail’, giant bamboo Chusquea sp., #149(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland (1, 4, 5)-“vine” or (2, 3)-“tree”. The trunk is used for loom bars. #1876(1, 16). Highland “tree”. Lasiacis sorghoidea, #2807(12). Lowland “plant”

ne kotomtik, nphr(n of n)5. grove of giant bamboo.

k’oš ne kotom, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). tibisee Lasiacis divaricata, # 1218(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”.

ne kotom ničim, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’coati tail flower’, Acalypha hispida, #2692(15). Lowland “tree”.

ne sibak, nphr(n of n)1d or (n1f of n1d). rocket /archaic/, var., nelsibak /infr/.

neil, n3b. tail, fringe.

neʔ(1) P, P(2).

neʔ ba hol, vphr(rv & nib), go crooked (end of row during planting), wag head to side (baby).

neʔahtik hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4f). crooked (end of row).

neʔan ba, rv. duck head sideways.

neʔan ba muyel, vphr(rv & dr). grow upwards (com that has been knocked down and seeks light).

neran hol, vphr(tv & n4d). let head fall (drunk), tilt head (person turning head to look).

neʔeah, iv. become crooked (end of row), fall to side (head).

neʔeanbe hol, vphr(tv & n4f). let end of row go crooked.

neʔeʔ tal, vphr(av & dr). toppling forwards (tree).

neʔel hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & nib), with head sagging to side (drunk), with head tilted sideways (person with tumpline turning head to look), tilted (roof), crooked (end of row, top of stump).

neʔelik hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4f). cf. neʔahtik hol.

neʔet hol, vphr(av & n4d). with head wobbling to side (baby, drunk).

neʔetik, av. wobbling heads to side.

neʔi hol, vphr(iv & n4d). droop to side (baby’s head when sleeping).

neʔlah tal hol, vphr(av & dr & n4d). approaching with wobbling heads (drunks).

neʔlahet hol, vphr(av & n4d). cf. neʔnon hol (plu).

neʔleh, n4f. crooked (end of row).

neʔleh, n1f. tilted or drooping to side /head/.

néʔluh bat hol, vphr(av & iv & nib), ducking head suddenly to side, rebounding suddenly (punching bag at fair).

neʔneʔ hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & nib), with head sagging to side, with head tilted sideways, tilted (roof), crooked.

neʔnon hol, vphr(av & n4d). with head bobbing sideways (baby, drunk, sick person on horseback).

neʔp’uh, iv. cf. neʔeah.

neʔp’unbe hol, vphr(tv & n4f). cf. neʔeanbe hol.

néʔtenéʔte, av. toppling one after another (trees).

neʔulan, tv. keep wobbling /head/ (drunk).

neʔulanan, tv. keep wobbling /heads/ (drunks).

neʔ(2) prob O.

neʔeʔet, av. wailing (newborn baby).

neʔlahet, av. cf. neʔnon (plu).

neʔlahetik, av. cf. neʔnon (plu).

neʔnon, av. wailing (newborn baby).

neč P(2) or T(2).

nečeč tal, vphr(av & dr). dinning of approaching religious officials and musicians, dinning of spooks during Carnival.

nečečet, av. shaking (house in earthquake), quaking (weeds), blaring (cow horns), buzzing (cicadas), shivering, shouting, applauding, clamoring (people EKL 255:1-11), talking in background (people EKL 255: 2-9).

nečečin, tv. cause to shake (malaria).

nečel hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n1f)- with tilted roof.

nečet, av. buzzing (fiesta), dinning (people V2: 6).

nečetik ta k’evuh, vphr(av & prep & n5). singing (drunks).

nečlahet, av. quaking /with fear/, shivering (plu), shaking (house).

neílahetik, av. quaking /with fear/, shivering (plu).

néčluh, av. shaking suddenly (house or ground in earthquake).

nečneč hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n1f). with tilted roof.

nečnon, av. quaking (house, earth, person with fear), shivering, shaking (bed).

nečp’uh hol, vphr(iv & n1f)- have roof tilt (collapsing house).

néčtenéčte, av. walking about shivering, walking about creating a din (many people).

nečulan, tv. shake /tree/.

nečulan ba, rv. jiggle (child).

nekeb N.

nekebal, n3b. shoulder /person, animal, hill, bottle, fiddle, guitar/.

hnekebtik eč’el. shoulder-high /eighth developmental stage of com/.

nek’ prob O.

nek’ek’et, av. gasping and crying (baby V2: 9).

nek’lah, av. howling (newborn babies, babies at baptism, babies on mothers’ backs).

nek’lahet, av. cf. nek’non (plu).

nek’lahetik, av. cf nek’non (plu).

nék’luh, av. howling suddenly (newborn baby, baby at baptism).

nek’non, av. howling (newborn baby, baby at baptism), screeching (fiddle).

ʔék’teʔok’te, av. howling here and there (baby on mother’s back).

nel(1) I, T.

nel, tv. iron, flatten /corn field/, sweep along broadside /logs/ (river).

nel, iv. die, end (work).

Ritual speech, outgoing official; inel i¢u¢ ti yo kabtele ti yo hpatane.

It has ended, it is finished, my lowly work, my lowly contribution.

nelan, tv. flatten a lot of /com field/.

nélannélan, tv. iron one after another.

nelebal, nib. moment when work or religious post ends, moment of death, cf. ¢u¢¢bal.

nelel, nc. ironing.

neles, tv. finish /work/, complete /week of official duty, term of office/.

nelesobil, n1d. Ritual speech, outgoing official to assistants, musicians, and ritual tutor.

snelesobil ša me seueesobil ša me ti yo kabtele ti yo hpatane. Now it is the end of my humble work, now it is the end of my humble offering.

nelesvan, iv. make person die (sickness).

nellahet ta k’u’ʔul, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. nelnon (a k’uʔul (plu).

nellahetik ta k’uʔul, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. nelnon ta k’uʔul (plu).

nelnon ta k’uʔul, vphr(av & prep & n5). ironing endlessly.

nelob, n1f. iron.

nelobil, n1f. cf. nelob.

nelomah, iv. iron.

nelulan, tv. keep ironing.

nelvan, iv. kill person (car).

hnelom, agn. ironer.

hnelvaneh, agn. car that kills person.

nel(2) P.

nel-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. cross-eyed.

nelan sat, vphr(tv & n4d). glare angrily out of comer of eye.

nelel, aj. cross-eyed.

nclelet sat, vphr(av & n4d). glaring angrily out of corner of eye.

nelet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cross-eyed.

neletah sat, vphr(iv & n4d). glare angrily out of corner of eye.

neliš, n5. cross-eyed person.

nellah sat, vphr(av & n4d). glaring angrily out of corner of eye (plu).

nelnel, aj. cross-eyed.

néltenélte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about glaring angrily out of corner of eye.

nel(3)

nel, rocket, cf., ne.

nelub N.

nelub, n1a. reflex pain in thigh or armpit.

nen N.

nen, n1a. mirror.

Ritual speech, referring to scribes who are credited with special visual powers; toh nen. pine, mirror.

nen sat, nphr(n4e of n4d). pupil /eye/, glasses.

neneʔ N(Sp, nene).

neneʔ, n1d. baby, term of adress for unweaned child.

neneʔ ______, nphr(n type n)1d. baby______ /mammal, bird, snake/.

neneʔ eu, cf. eu.

neš(1) A.

neš, aj. blond (hair).

nešneštik, aj. rather blond.

nešneštik ʔisim čih, cf. ʔisim čih.

nešneštik ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn/3s/). rather blond.

neš(2) N.

neš, n. see below.

kilahtik neš, nphr(aj & n). ’long neš’, see below.

¢ahal kilahtik neš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Boerhaavia diffusa, #795(1, 2). Lowland “plant”.

vaʔahtik neš, nphr(aj & n). ’erect neš, spiderling Boerhaavia erecta, #906(1, 3), #1672(1, 4). Lowland “plant”

net P, P(2).

net-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with twisted head. netahtik, aj. twisted (chayote roots, heads of sick chickens), cf. netel /plu/.

netan, tv. tilt one’s head.

netanvan, iv. bow person’s head /by burdening heavily, as in former times when Indians were compelled to serve as porters/.

neteah, iv. droop (head of person carrying heavy burden, head of dying chicken).

netean ba hol, vphr(rv & n4f). make end of row go crooked /planting/.

netel, aj. tilted (head of person with tumpline who turns to look), overturned (car), tilted (roof), bent (neck of gourd, neck of sick chicken).

netelik, aj. tilted (heads of people with tumpline).

netet, av. bending to side (head or neck under heavy load).

netetah, iv. bend to side (neck or head under burden).

netetet, av. twisting repeatedly (head or neck under heavy load).

netetik, av. cf. netet (plu).

neti, iv. tilt (head) to look.

netk’uh, iv. cf. neteah.

netk’unbe hol, vphr(tv & n4f). cf. neteanbe hol.

netlah, av. walking twisting /heads/ to side.

netlahet, av. cf. netet (plu).

netlahetik, av. cf. netet (plu).

netleh, n1f. with tilted head.

nétluh, av. ducking suddenly to side (head).

netnet, aj. permanently tipped or twisted to side (roof, neck of person, chicken, or gourd).

netnon, av. twisting to side (head or neck under heavy burden).

netp’uh, iv. cf. neteah.

netp’unbe hol, vphr(tv & n4f). cf. neteanbe hol.

néttenétte, av. twisting to side (head or neck under heavy burden) while walking about.

netulan, tv. keep tossing /head/ (playful child).

netulan ba, rv. keep tossing one’s head (playful child).

netulanan ba, rv. keep tossing one’s head (playful child, drunk).

net’ T.

net’, tv. push, press with side of hand /tortilla, dough/, crush, mend /clothing/, catch up with /person/, make sag /fence/, extend /boundaries of one’s land illegally/, push open /door/.

snet’oh t šik’ot batel. I was pushed down again and again.

net’ očel ta čukel, vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5). jail.

net’ ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). wash down /food/.

net’ baik, rv. shove each other.

net’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. shoving each other around, squeezing people /into room/.

net’an, tv. push /people/.

nét’annét’an, tv. make sag in one place after another /fence/ (mule), move in one after another /boundary markers/.

net’bil eč’el, vphr(aj & dr). pursued.

net’el, nc. massage /1-3/.

net’luh, av. heaving /against door that refuses to budge/.

nét’net’ ba, rv. keep shoving each other.

net’non, av. pushing, pressing /tortillas/.

šnet’non ta ʔosil. He is extending his land /illegally/.

net’ob, n1f. press /for making tortillas/.

net’obil, n1f. cf. net’ob.

net’u, tv. pin to ground, slip under.

net’ulan, tv. strain to push open /door/, keep moving in /boundary marker/ (neighbor extending his property stealthily), press in /heart/ /press fingers against stomach when there is pain below chest/.

net’ulanan, tv. strain to push open in many places /fence/ (mule).

net’ulanbe mo vinik, vphr(tv & nphr/nld type n1d/). keep massaging /chest when suffering from pain/.

net’uob, n1f. paper weight.

net’uobil, n1f. cf. net’uob.

net’uvan, iv. crush person (falling house or cliff).

net’van, iv. push person, return insufficient change, demand return of more money than was actually borrowed, pin person to ground (person, tree).

hnet’vaneh, agn. person who illegally extends boundaries of his land, person who pushes another.

ni(1)

ni, the, the fact that. cf. li.

ni(2) T.

ni, tv. wrap thread around warping bar.

ni, iv. wrap around warping bar (thread).

nian, tv. wrap a lot of thread around warping bar.

nianan, tv. cf. nian.

níannían, tv. wrap one /hank/ after another around warping bar.

níanníanan, tv. cf. níannían.

niel, nc. wrapping thread around warping bar /1-3/.

niob, n1f. warping bar.

niobil, n1f. cf. niob.

niolah, iv. wrap thread around warping bar.

niom, n1d. wrapping of thread around warping bar.

niomah, iv. wrap thread around warping bar.

niulan, tv. keep wrapping around warping bar.

niulanan, tv. keep wrapping a lot around warping bar.

hniom, agn. person who wraps thread around warping bar.

hniomahel, agn. person who wraps thread around warping bar.

niʔ(1) P, P(2).

niʔ ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). sag (branch).

niʔ yalel, vphr(tv & dr). pull down /branch/.

niʔahtik, aj. cf. niʔil /plu/.

niʔan ba, rv. bend over (slender tree).

niʔeah, iv. slump forward (drunk).

niʔeah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). bend down (branch) /laden with fruit/.

niʔean yalel, vphr(tv & dr). pull down /branch/.

niʔet, av. bending down (slender tree), swaying (heavily laden branch), rocking back and forth slumped forward (drunken woman, person on horse).

niʔetah, iv. slump forward (drunk).

niʔetik, av. slumped forward (drunks).

niʔi yalel, vphr(iv & dr). bend down slowly (branch).

niʔiʔ yalel, vphr(av & dr). bending down slowly (slender tree, branch), toppling slowly (tree).

niʔiʔet, av. sagging greatly and swaying (heavy-laden branch on the point of breaking).

niʔil, aj. bent down (slender tree, branch), bent over (sleeping person).

niʔilik, aj. cf. niʔil /plu/.

niʔlahet, av. bending down (slender trees, branches).

niʔleh, nib. bent over, slumped forward.

niʔluh yalel, vphr(av & dr). bending down suddenly (branch).

niʔnon, av. nodding forward (sleepy person, drunk).

niʔobil, n4f. pole used to pull down branches to reach fruit.

niʔp’uh, iv. bend down (tree, slender branch).

niʔp’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). pull down /branch/.

niʔp’unvan, iv. cause to bend down within reach (fruit).

míʔteníʔte yalel, vphr(av & dr). toppling here and there (trees).

niʔulan, tv. shake up and down /branch/ /holding on to tip/.

niʔulan ba, rv. rock back and forth (drunken woman singing), toss from side to side (self-conscious girl walking), frisk (lamb, colt).

niʔ(2) N.

niʔ, n1b. nose, clitoris, tip, top /tree/, peak /mountain/, beak /turtle, bird/, point /pencil, knife, machete/, muzzle /animal/, scroll /fiddle/.

Ritual speech, prayer referring to one’s enemy; haʔal sniʔ haʔal sčikin. lit., His nose is tilted, his ears are tilted, i.e., He is rebellious or haughty.

niʔ ʔič’akil, nphr(n1f of n3d). fingernail, toenail, tendril.

niʔ ʔoʔonil, nphr(n1f of n3d). tip of sternum.

niʔ ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d). toe.

niʔ ʔok’, nphr(n1f of n4d). clitoris.

niʔ e’iʔ, nphr(n of n). ‘dog nose’, bomarea Bomarea hirtella, #2323(19). Highland “vine”.

niʔ čuʔul, nphr(n1f of n3d). nipple /hol čuʔul more freq/.

niʔ k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d). finger.

niʔ yihil bikil, nphr(n1f of nphr/aj & n/5). appendix.

niʔniʔ teʔtik, nphr(n of n)5. tree tops.

Iiʔeč’ ta niʔniʔ teʔtik yilel. I seemed to pass over the tree tops /in dream/.

ʔoʔlol niʔ k’ob, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n4d/). middle finger.

ni-nab, n(n/contr of niʔ/ & ncpd)1f. spring, headwaters.

Ritual speech, fiesta of the Holy Cross ceremony, rain petition ceremony, ceremony for soul-loss when shaman prays at spring; č’ul-ni-nab voʔ č’ul-ni-nab nab. holy wellspring, holy headwaters.

niʔ(3) N.

niʔ-meʔelil, n(n & ncpd)3d. male’s mother-in-law.

niʔ-meʔelin, tv(n & ncpd). become man’s mother-in-law.

niʔ-meʔelinvan, iv(n & ivcpd). make woman a man’s mother-in-law.

niʔ molil, nphr(n of n)3d. male’s father-in-law.

niʔ-molin, tv(n & tvcpd). become a man’s father-in-law.

niʔ-molinvan, iv(n & ivcpd). make man a man’s father-in-law.

niʔal, n1d. child’s spouse’s parents /formerly term of address between both sets of parents/.

niʔil, n3d. son-in-law.

niʔin, tv. become a son-in-law.

niʔinvan, iv. make man a son-in-law.

nib(1) T(2).

nib, tv. anoint, smear, mash /beans and corn with hands to make bean tamales/, plaster.

nib, iv. be mashed (corn, beans).

nib ba, rv. smear substance on self.

nibahtik, aj. smeared.

niban, tv. plaster /plu/.

nibanmban, tv. plaster one after another /cracks/.

nibantik, aj. smeared here and there (egg shell with blood).

nibbenal, n4f. smear.

nibebal, n5. moment before finishing painting.

nibel, nc. painting.

nibet, av. slippery (mud).

nibib, av. slippery (mud).

nibibet, av. slippery (mud).

nibilik, aj. smeared.

nibluh, av. slipping suddenly.

nibnon, av. plastering /house/.

nibob, n5. cloth on which corn and beans for bean tamale are mashed.

nibobil, n1f. cf. nibob.

níbteníbte, av. slipping and sliding about /in mud/.

nibulan, tv. keep smearing /mud on clothes/, keep mashing /com and beans/.

nibulan ba, rv. keep smearing substance on self.

nib(2) prob P or P(2).

nib-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. thin-faced.

nibil, aj. drawn (face with sickness or exhaustion).

nibnib, aj. thin (faced).

nibak N.

nibak, n5. Ixtapa.

hnibak, agn. Ixtapanec.

hnibakahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from Ixtapa.

nič N.

nič, n1b. flower, strength /cane liquor/.

An. poss. restricted to Ritual speech; ti yo l aniče, ti yo l ak’elome.

Thy flower, Thy sprout /patient/.

nič hoh, nphr(n of n). ‘raven’s flower’, zephyr lily. See below.

sakil nič hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). zephyr lily Zephyranthes aff.

brevipes, #666(4). Highland “plant”. Children play with the flowers.

nič k’in, nphr(n of n)5. dog days, butterfly that appears in great numbers during the dog days.

nič k’intik, nphr(n of n)5. around the time of the dog days.

nič k’ok’, nphr(n of n)5. spark.

nič nab, nphr(n of n). ‘lake flower’, see below.

nič nabtik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of nič nab.

ʔalavena nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). ‘mint nič nab’, stalky berula Berula erecta, #1166(1, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

bero nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). ‘watercress nic nab’, bittercress Cardamine flaccida, #628(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. (5)-Sheep that eat bittercress become dangerously ill.

bik’it nič nab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild valerian Valeriana sorbifolia, #2401(20). Highland “plant”. It is poisonous. (RML)-Probably a misidentification.

kokoʔon nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). dotted smartweed Polygonum punctatum, #629(1, 2, 3), #2031(3), #2179(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”, stalky berula Berula erecta, #1457(3). Highland “plant”. Aster exilis, #2467(4). Highland “plant”.

kučara nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). ‘spoon nič nab’, wild violet Viola nannei, #2764(1, 4). Highland “plant”. (5)-If eaten, it is fatal to sheep.

k’anal nič nab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Ludwigia peploides, #947(1, 3). Highland “plant”.

peč’e-ʔok nič nab, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/n of n/). ‘flat-stemmed nič nab’, blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium scabrum S. & C, #619(4), #2181(1, 3, 4), #2355(3, 4), #2471(4). Highland “plant”.

nič pok’, nphr(n1f of n1d). pom-pom of scarf.

nič pok’ ʔuloʔ, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ of n). ‘Chamula’s scarf tassel’, Lamourouxia viscosa, #2095(7, 14). Temperate “plant”.

nič šokon k’uʔul, nphr(n1f of nphr/nlf of n3d/). tassel of cotton tunic.

nič tokail e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘shawl tassel plant’, Bouvardia leiantha, #1912(16). Temperate “plant”.

ničim, n1a. flower /inan. poss. restricted to the dead and the gods/, “flower water” /to bathe patient, sacrificial chicken and steward’s coffer/, embroidery. Ritual speech; cane liquor.

Ritual speech, midwife referring to baby; mu me šatubtabekon, mu me šašetabekon ti ʔunen ničime ti ʔunen lavalina. Please, for my sake do not spit on the little flower, please for my sake, do not spit on the little pink.

ničim ʔanima, nphr(n 1 f of n5). flower used to decorate grave on All Souls’ Day /aztec marigold, dahlia/.

ničim ʔanima, nphr(n of n). ‘corpse flower’, shrubby spurge Euphorbia Ieucocephala, #2810(11). Lowland “plant”.

ničim ʔoʔon, nphr(n5 type n4d). lit., flower heart, i.e., rejoicing /over death of enemy/.

ničim ʔuč, nphr(n of n). ‘opossum’s flower’, dawn flower Orthosanthus chimborascensis var. centroamericanus, #1392(9). Highland “plant”.

ničim č’o, nphr(n of n). ‘mouse’s flower’, Schrankia leptocarpa, # 1677(7). Lowland “plant”.

ničim č’ulelal, nphr(n of n). ‘ghost’s flower’, bloodflower milkweed Asclepias curassavica, #1381(7). Temperate “plant”.

ničim hč’ul-meʔtik, nphr(n4d of agn/aj & ncpd/). ‘virgin’s flower’, fever few chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum parthenium, #1466(11, 12). Highland “plant”. #2445(20). Temperate “plant”. As a remedy for stomachache, six shoots are brewed. The tea is drunk before breakfast and supper. It is “hot”

ničim hč’ul-meʔtik, valalupa, nphr: n of nphr(agn/aj & ncpd/ type n). ‘flower of Our Lady of Guadalupe’, jubas bush Iresine celosia, #497(1, 2, 3). Highland “plant”. Ladinos infrequently put the flowers in altar vases on the fiesta of Our Lady of Guadalupe.

ničim hharal-meʔtik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/). ‘virgin’s flower’, fever few chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum parthenium, #460(1, 2, 3), #1466(3), #1748(3). Highland “plant” It is grown by Zinacantecs, in their yards. The seeds are planted at the beginning of the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases, cf. hharal-meʔtik.

ničim hoh, nphr(n of n). ‘raven’s flower’, ladies’ tresses Spiranthes cinnabarina, #1440(7). Highland “plant”.

ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan ničim hoh, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/). zephyr lily Zephyranthes carinata, #706(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”, zephyr lily Zephyranthes brevipes, #748(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”

sakil ničim hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). zephyr lily Zephyranthes off. brevipes, #666(1, 2, 3). Highland “plant” Children play with the flowers.

ničim meʔeletik, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘ladies’ flower’, Anthurium aff. fortinense, #1599(11, 12). Temperate “plant”. For use, see pamal habnal. (11)-Six leaves are needed to wrap candles.

ničim meʔeletik, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘gentlemen’s flower’, Epidendrum ibaguense, #2784(7). Temperate “plant”.

ničim ninyo, nphr(n of n). ‘Christ child’s flower’, shrubby spurge Euphorbia leucocephala, #2869(1, 4). Lowland “plant”.

ničim ninyo, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘Christ child’s flower’, moss Thuidium delicatulum, #1362(7). Highland “plant”.

ničim rioš, nphr(n4f of n5). ‘god’s flower’, ladies’ tresses Spiranthes aurantiaca, #1380(7). Temperate “plant”.

ničim san-lukaš, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/). ‘flower of San Lucas’, peruvian zinnia Zinnia pemviana, #2437(20). Highland “plant”. Stewards occasionally put these zinnias in altar vases, var., šan-lukaš /Htek-lum/, šan-tukaš /Htek-lum/. common zinnia Zinnia elegans, #1646(1, 4).

Lowland “plant” The ladinos of San Lucas plant zinnia seeds in the beginning of the rainy season. They put the flowers in altar vases. Zinnias are also grown for sale.

ničim san-lukaš, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/5). ‘flower of San Lucas’, common zinnia Zinnia elegans, #2663(1, 3). Lowland “plant”. Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases.

muk’ta ničim san-lukaš, nphr: aj & nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/)5. bush sunflower Tithonia rotundi folia. #2612(1, 3). Lowland “plant” The flowers are put in altar vases. They are sold at market.

ničim santo, nphr(n of n). spurge Euphorbia hypericifolia, #782(1, 2).

Lowland “plant”, spurge Euphorbia hirta, #1307(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”, spurge Euphorbia graminea, #2537(1, 4). Temperate “plant”.

eahal ničim santo, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). shrubby spurge Euphorbia Ieucocephala, #2962(1). Temperate “tree”.

muk’ta ničim santo, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). spurge Euphorbia gramigraminea, #2093(1). Temperate “plant”, shrubby spurge Euphorbia Ieucocephala, #2592(1, 3). Temperate “tree” The flower is gathered by ladinos to put in altar vases and for All Souls’ Day wreaths.

sakil ničim santo, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). see below.

k’oš sakil ničim santo, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). spurge Euphorbia biformis, #1047(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”.

ničim hsoktom, nphr(n4d of agn). ‘Chiapanec’s flower’, gold shower Galphimia glauca, #2417(20). Highland “tree”, shrubby spurge Euphorbia Ieucocephala, #2810(7, 12). Lowland “plant”. Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases. They are sold at market.

ničim valalupa, nphr(n of n). ‘flower of Guadalupe’, jubas bush Iresine celosia, #1494(1, 3), #2068(3, 4). Highland “plant”

ničimah, iv. Ritual speech, curing prayer; rejoice.

muyubahanik tal ʔun ničimahanik tal ʔun. Come elated, come rejoicing!

ničimal, n4d. altar flower.

ničimal, aj. Ritual speech, song, prayer; flowery, beautiful.

ničimal vinik ničimal hkašlan. beautiful man, beautiful ladino /saint/.

ničimal ʔut k’obol, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n3d/). palmar lines.

ničimal k’in valalupa, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/). ‘Guadalupe Day flower’, jubas bush Iresine celosia, #B9515(5, 5a), #82(2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. The flowers are put in altar vases on Guadalupe Day.

ničimaltik, n5. large expanse of cultivated flowers.

ničimtik, n5. expanse of cultivated flowers.

ničimtik, aj. decorative (embroidery, carving, floral decorations, beautiful cloud formations).

ničin, tv. flower.

ʔoʔlol ničim, nphr(n of n)5. lit., half flower, i.e., minor curing ceremony. It requires visits to only two mountain shrines.

muk’ta ničim, nphr(aj & n)5. major curing ceremony. It requires large quantities of “flowers” and visits to at least four mountain shrines and the three churches of Htek-lum.

nič’on N.

nič’onil, n3a. child of man /archaic/, calf /that grows up to become as dangerous as the deceased bull that sired it/.

Ritual speech, blessing of meal; bentisyon bae’i rioš totil, bentisyon bae’i rioš nič’onil, bentisyon bae’i rioš ʔespíritu sánto kahval. blessing Very God the Father, blessing Very God the Son, blessing Very God the Holy Ghost, My Lord.

nič’onin, tv. be adopted.

nič’nab, n1d. child of man /archaic/, absolute form occurs only in Ritual speech; ʔalab nič’nab: child of woman, child of man, i.e., bride and groom.

nič’nah, iv. be fertile (man).

nih P, P(2).

nihahtik, aj. cf. nihil /plu/.

nihan, tv. duck /head of unruly horse/, bow /head of person in greeting or prayer/, tilt low /hat/. Ritual speech; bow. cf. čiman.

nihan ba, rv. listen attentively or respectfully, bow head, sit with head bowed pensively, acquiesce.

lek snihan sba šaʔibe smelol rason. He listens respectfully to his advice.

te isnihan sba h-likel iskuš ʔo. Then he bowed his head for a while /to sleep and/ to sober up.

nihaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. bending over and listening respectfully /at courthouse/. Ritual speech; cf. čimaneh-bail.

míhanmíhan, tv. tilt low one after another /hats to avoid being recognized/.

nihanobil, n4f. Ritual speech, song; bending place, cf. čimanobil.

nihantik, aj. bowed over here and there (corn plants).

niheah, iv. bow, become obedient, respectful, nod /in sleep/.

nihean, tv. bend or pull down /branch/, cause to bow one’s head /in shame or drowsiness/.

te snihean ta ʔutel. Then he made him bow his head with the rebuke, nihean ba, rv. bow one’s head.

niheanvan, iv. make person obey or be respectful.

nihet, av. with bowed head /drunkenness, shame/, respectful, obedient.

nihetik, av. cf. nihet (plu).

nihi, iv. bow (head in greeting to older person, head of mule that has been broken in).

nihih eč’el, vphr(av & dr). weaving head /after receiving blow/.

nihih yalel, vphr(av & dr). slumping over /with sleep or drunkenness/.

nihil, aj. with head bowed, obedient (girl), lowered (eyelids).

nihilul, n4d. Denunciatory or Ritual speech; bowing place /for repentence/.

nihk’uh, iv. bow.

nihk’un yalel, vphr(rv & dr). push down face first.

nihk’unvan yalel, vphr(iv & dr). push down person face first.

nihlah, av. walking with bowed heads (horses).

nihlahet, av. cf. nihnon (plu).

nihlahetik, av. cf. nihnon (plu).

nihleh, n1d. with head bowed.

nihluh, av. nodding suddenly.

nihnon, av. nodding /in sleep/.

nihomal, n4d. Denunciatory or Ritual speech, shaman referring to, and interceding for erring patient; lit., bowing place or neck, i.e., respectfulness.

ʔoy anihomal ʔoy apušomal. You have a bowing place, you have a bending place, i.e., you have a neck to bow and knee to bend, in respect.

nihomal ________, nphr(n type n)5. respectful ________ /girl, boy/.

nihp’uh, iv. cf. nihk’uh.

nihp’un ba, rv. slump over.

nihp’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. nihk’un yalel.

nihp’unvan yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. nihk’unvan yalel.

nihtenihte, av. nodding head from place to place /in one house after another/.

nihulan, tv. keep lowering head /batter assailant’s head on ground repeatedly/, nod /head up and down in agreement/.

hnihk’unvaneh, agn. one who pushes another person face down.

hnihp’unvaneh, agn. cf. hnihk’unvaneh.

nik I, T.

nik, iv. shiver /with cold/, tremble /with fear/, quake (earth), be ripe (avocados or white sapote whose pits rattle when ripe), din, buzz (fiesta, market), ripple (water).

t šnik statal. The mud is stirred up (or) The dregs are stirred up. nikemik ša. lit., They are stirred up now, i.e., The eggs have been incubated for three or four days and the chicks are developing. inik sčinab. His brains shook (person riding in car on bumpy road).

muk’ šinik tal. I didn’t get stirring.

mu šnik t šk’opoh. He is reticent.

nikba, rv. gather (clouds), develop (egg), thunder here and there, bubble up here and there (springs).

nik-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. assembly /of entire community/.

nikah, iv. rush, hurry.

nikan ba, rv. be developing (eggs), gather (people).

nikav., iv. nod /with sleep/.

nikavah, iv. nod /sleep/.

nikebah, iv. nod /with sleep/.

nikebal, n1d. nodding /with sleep/.

nikel., vnle. earthquake. Earthquakes are believed to be caused by the movement of the pillars which support the world. An earthquake occurring during the day is thought to forecast famine while a nocturnal earthquake forecasts an epidemic. Earthquakes are also thought to indicate a change of climate and to cause rabies among dogs.

nikes, tv. stir, stir up /mud/.

nikesan, tv. shake or stir /plu/.

nikesvan, iv. make person tremble /with cold or fear/.

niket, av. dinning, resounding (musical instruments, singing or talking people).

šniket yalel. Everyone is talking about it.

niketik ta k’evuh, vphr(av & prep & vn5). singing /plu/.

nikiket, av. buzzing (cicadas), tooting (cow horns), trembling (grass or weeds in wind).

nikil, aj. abundant (fruit on tree).

niklahet, av. quaking severly (earth), moving back and forth (high weeds through which people are walking).

níkluh, av. clamoring suddenly, stirring up suddenly (mud in water).

šníkluh seeʔntael. The laughter is suddenly spreading /about person/.

šníkluh yalel. The talk is suddenly spreading /about person/.

nikniktik, iv. hurry.

niknon, av. shaking (house), quaking (earth, person with fear), feeling faint, trembling (mud), shivering.

nikobal, n1d. nodding /with sleep/.

níkteníkte, av. walking about creating a din (many people), swirling about (mist from cave).

nikulan, tv. shake /tree, liquid/.

hnikavel, agn. nodding person.

hnikebahel, agn. nodding person.

hnikesvaneh, agn. sickness or cold that makes person tremble.

nimproniš N(Sp, membrillo).

nimproniš, n1a. quince Cydonia oblonga, #355(1, 2). Highland “tree”.

Slips are planted by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards, and in gullies, during the rainy season. They are planted by old men and women, lest younger people die from planting quinces. The trunk is used for sir spook’s walking stick and for the walking sticks of the other Carnival spooks. Stewards use the trunks for tamale platforms when tamales /pisil vah/ are cooked for the change of office. Stewards-royal use the trunks similarly every other Saturday for the visit of the tithing man. The fruit is harvested in August. It is eaten raw or roasted. It is “cold”. It is sold at market in San Cristobal. Quince confection is made by ladinos. The grand and petty ladinos buy the confection and distribute it to the other players at the fiesta of St. Sebastian. Quinces are also used to flavor cane liquor.

nimpronišaltik, n5. large grove of quince trees.

nimproništik, n5. grove of quince trees.

nimúruš E(Sp, ni modos).

nimurúš, excl. Male joking speech; who cares, forget it!

nin X.

nin, aj. oversensitive (child who cries when scolded slightly), fine (paste, corn dough).

nin čakil, nphr(aj & n)3d. pope’s nose.

Scolding speech, mother to child who cries when scolded; toh nin čak kašlanot. You are just the pope’s nose.

ninet, av. oversensitive (child who cries when scolded slightly).

ni-nab

ni-nab, spring, headwaters, cf. niʔ(2)

oinyal N(Sp, niñal).

ninyal, n1e. women’s penitentiary, room in Htek-lum where female prisoners were once detained /constables formerly were permitted sexual license with female prisoners/.

ninyo N(Sp, niño).

ninyo, n1a. gecko Coleonyx elegans. It is considered inoffensive.

ninyo, n5. Christ Child.

ništo

ništo, cf. mišto.

nišyo N(Sp, Dionisio).

nišyo, n1d. Dennis.

nit P, T(2).

nit, tv. pull /ear, hair/, stretch /holding on with hands/, lead /mule, drunk/, set example for /workers/, count /objects, persons, animals, units of time/, massage /with downward motion, or towards extremities/.

nit, iv. be counted.

nit, nc. In reference to: bean vine, large rip /in clothing/, patch of sloppy weeding.

h-nit heak. in shreds /clothing/.

nit ba, rv. become drawn (face).

nit-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. leading each other /across river/.

nit-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with drawn face, scar-faced.

nitahtik, aj. cf. nitil /plu/.

nitan, tv. set example for /workers/, lead /mules, drunks/, count a lot.

nitan ba, rv. cling (bean vine).

nitanan, tv. count a lot.

nítannítan, tv. lead one after another /mules/.

nítannítanan, tv. cf. nítannítan.

nitantik, aj. widely spaced (bean plants).

nitbe bala, vphr(tv & n5). pull trigger, shoot.

nitbe čikin, vphr(tv & n4d). pull by the ear /disobedient child/.

nitbe niʔ, vphr(tv & n4d). pull by the muzzle /mule to stop it from eating or to make it walk/.

niteah, iv. become drawn (face).

nitel, nc. pull /sheep pulling off leaves, dogs pulling off pieces of flesh/, nitel, aj. drawn (face).

nitet, av. drawn (face), being led (animal), kept engaged /by task that doesn’t end/.

šnitet ta k’op (or) šnitet ta reštikoal. The argument (or) case is becoming drawn out (or) dragging on.

nitetah, iv. be about to congeal (chicken broth), be about to drag on (argument).

nitetik, av. kept engaged /by task that doesn’t end/ /plu/.

nitil, aj. drawn (face), clinging (vines, infant who clings to mother’s blouse and refuses to be set down, bean plants).

nitil ta hyuʔel. employed by the government.

nitil ta kavilto. employed in the civil government.

nitil ta č’ay-k’ak’al. occupied wasting time /scribes who are not paid for their services/.

nitilik, aj. cf. nitil /plu/.

nítilnítil, n4f. each of many blobs of phlegm /mixed with blood/, each of many bean plants.

nititet, av. dripping (mucous, honey), stretching (chewing gum), curdling (corn gruel, squash, beans), congealing (broth), racked /with cough or vomiting/.

nititub, iv. curdle (corn gruel), congeal (broth). If corn gruel is touched with finger when cooking, it is believed that it will curdle.

nititubtas, tv. curdle /corn gruel/, make congeal /broth/.

nitlah, av. in shreds (clothing).

nitlahet, av. drawn (faces), pulling /rope/ (many people).

nitlahetik, av. pulling /rope, handles/.

nitleh, n5. drawn /face/.

nítlub, av. biting suddenly (snake, dog).

nitnit, nc. single piece of torn clothing worn everyday /I only/.

nitnit, aj. in shreds (clothing), with skin of cheek and jaws adhering to skin of neck.

nitnon, av. tearing at /flesh/, hiking /pants/, being led (drunk).

nitob, n1f. hoe, rake or rope used to drag branches, rope to drag sheep, cow, dog, or pig.

nitobil, n1f. cf. nitob.

nitp’uh, iv. become drawn /face with age/.

nitp’un, tv. cause to adhere /skin of cheek and jaws to skin of neck/ (tuberculosis).

nitp’unvan, iv. cause to adhere /skin of cheek and jaws to skin of neck/ (tuberculosis).

níttenítte, av. leading away here and there /stolen animals/, walking about with drawn face (drunk).

nitulan, tv. tug /vine/.

nitulanan, tv. tug /vines/.

nitulanbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). pull person’s hair (drunk).

nitulanvan, iv. keep tugging at person /woman tugging at drunken husband/.

nirvan, iv. lead /person/ /with hand or holding onto horse’s rope when crossing river/, last for a long time (corn).

hnitol, agn. counter.

hnitulanvaneh, agn. person who keeps tugging at another.

hnitvaneh, agn. person leading another /with hand/.

nivel N(Sp, nivel).

nivel, n1a. carpenter’s level.

no(1) Pt.

no, pt. just, simply.

muʔn no hnaʔ. I simply do not know.

no ʔoš, ptphr(pt & pt). just.

haʔ no ʔoš yeč. just the same.

noš, pt(contr of no & ʔoš). just.

no(2) N.

no, n1d. thread.

no ¢ekil, nphr(n type n)1d. cotton skirt.

nahebal, n3d. bowl in which spindle is turned.

nahelil, n3d. spinning.

nahomah, iv. spin.

navu, tv. spin.

navuan, tv. spin a lot.

navuh, iv. spin, purr.

navul, n4f. thread.

navun, tv. spin.

navuob, n1f. bobbin.

navuobil, n1f. cf. navuob.

hnahom. agn. spinner.

noʔčiʔ n.

noʔčiʔ, n1d. yellow sapote Pouteria campechiana. var., noči. cf.k’anaste1).

noč P.

noč, nc. patch.

h-pak’ h-noč. badly patched clothes.

nočahtik, aj. cf. nočol /plu/.

nočan, tv. follow close behind, set on top of /small burden/.

Ritual speech, petitioners addressing girl’s parents; ta hnap’an ta hnočan ta yo l apatik ta yo l ašokonik yo hkrem yo hč’amaltikotik.

I will trail, I will follow Thy lordly backs Thy lordly sides with our son, our child.

nočan ba, rv. live with (orphan), follow close behind, claim /falsely/ to have had sexual relations with.

yeč isnočan sba ta hun eeb. He claimed he had laid the girl.

nočanan, tv. incriminate /plu/.

nočanhe, tv. follow close behind, set on top of /small burden/.

bik’it isnočanbe yikae skaʔ. He set small burdens on his mule.

isnočanbe eč’el sčiʔil. She had her sister follow close behind.

nočet, av. walking (insect), sticking to (child always following parent, man following girl).

nočetik, av. walking (children sticking to parents).

noči, iv. stand (insects) /close to surface/.

nočleb buluk’ sat, nphr(x & n,). ‘hornworm perch’, bush sage Salvia titliaefolia, #1443(1), #1518(1, 3), #1735(3, 15, 16), #2059(3), #2364(3, 4), #2481(4). Highland “plant”.

nočleb e’unun, nphr(n of n). ‘hummingbird perch’, nettle sage Salvia urica, # 1367(7). Temperate “plant”.

nodeb e’unun e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). cigar flower Cuphea aequipetala, #1435(7). Highland “plant”.

nočleb p’iliš, nphr(n of n). ‘grasshopper perch’, pitcher sage Lepechinia schiedeana, #2225(19). Highland “plant”

nočlcb vonon, nphr(n of n). ‘bumblebee perch’, cigar flower Cuphea aequipetala, #507(2, 3, 5), #964(1, 3), #1397(3), #1435(1), #1449(3), #1715(3, 15, 16), #2034(3, 18), #2351(3, 4), #2463(4). Highland “plant”. (5)-A handful of flowers is rubbed seven or eight times on a dark scar or on the black patches that appear on some women’s faces after childbirth. They are “medium”. (3)-As a remedy for diarrhea, a handful is brewed. One cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast and lunch. It is “hot”. (15)-As a remedy for dysentery /sakil sim-nak’al/, the plant, together with its roots, is brewed. A cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast for three days. It is “hot”. (16, 17)-To cure a child of stomachache, a small bunch is brewed. A half cup is drunk before breakfast. It is “hot”.

nočleb vonontik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of nočleb vonon.

ʔit’iš nočleb vonon, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). cigar flower Cuphea aequipetala, #2463(21, 22). Highland “plant”. As a remedy for nightmares, a small bunch is brewed by the shaman. A cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast for three days. It is “hot”.

bik’it nočleb vonon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Castilleja integrifolia, #2403(20). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta nočleb vonon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Gaura hexandra, #618(1, 2, 4). Highland “plant”. Justicia clinopodium, #1903(1, 3, 4, 16). Highland “plant” (16)-As a remedy for diarrhea, a bunch is brewed and a half cup is drunk once a day for three days. It is “hot”. Cuphea pinetorum, #2404(20).. Highland “plant”.

As a remedy for dysentery, a handful is brewed. The tea is drunk three or four times a day for two days. It is “hot”. Lopezia hirsute, #2936(1). Highland “plant”.

yašal nočleb vonon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Buchnera pusilla, #1240(7). Temperate and highland “plant”.

nočleb vonon e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). cigar flower Cuphea aequipetala, #2351(20). Highland “plant”. As a remedy for diarrhea, a small bunch is brewed. The tea is drunk three times a day until relief has been found. It is “hot”.

nočleh, n4d. standing (insect).

nočnon, av. walking (insect).

nočočet, av. going sour (corn dough).

nočol, aj. standing (insect).

Ritual speech, ritual assistant; nap’alon tal nočolan tal ta htote hmeʔe. I come immediately behind, standing close to my father, my mother.

nočolik, aj. cf. nočol /plu/.

nočtenóčte, av. flying and alighting here and there (insect), walking about (insect).

hnočol, agn. low creature.

Denunciatory speech, woman denying affair; mu ʔuʔ škik’ ti hpak’ale ti hnočole. I cannot marry the low creature, the base creature.

noči

noči, yellow sapote. cf. noʔčiʔ.

noč’ P.

noč’, n5. distant place.

Ritual speech, prayer of man drafted into army /formerly/; mu šavak’bon ta hun nom mu šavak’bon ta nun noč’. Do not leave me far away, do not abandon me in a distant place.

noč’ahtik, aj. cf. noč’ol /plu/.

noč’an, tv. place /insect on tree, object on branch/.

noč’an ba, rv. cling /to tree trunk/.

noč’et, av. shinnying, climbing (child, squirrel, woodpecker, iguana).

noč’etah, iv. shinny.

noč’etik, av. cf. noč’et /plu/.

noč’i, iv. stand (insect, fungus, snail, squirrel, woodpecker, iguana, lizard, person cringing to tree trunk).

noč’ih muyel, vphr(iv & dr). shinny up.

noč’ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). shinny down.

noč’lah muyel, vphr(av & dr). cf. noč’non (plu).

noč’lahet, av. cf. noč’non (plu).

noč’lahetik, av. shinnying climbing (plu).

noč’leh, n1d. clinging to /tree trunk, heap of bags of corn/.

nóč’lih, av. landing suddenly (blow on face).

noč’noč’, aj. small (hat).

noč’non, av. climbing (woodpecker).

yeč ta šnoč’non. lit, It is just climbing, i.e., It is unproductive /rooster or pig that does not breed/.

noč’oč’ muyel, vphr(av & dr). scrambling up (animal, person).

noč’ol, aj. clinging /to tree trunk or cliff/.

noč’olik, aj. cf. noč’ol /plu/.

nóč’tenóč’te, av. climbing about (squirrel, monkey or woodpecker on tree trunk).

nodyembre N(Sp, noviembre).

nodyembre, n1e. November, var., novyembre, noyempre.

nodyembretik, n5. sometime in November.

noh I.

noh, iv. fill, flood.

noh, aj. full.

noheb, n4f. amount needed to fill container.

nohebal, n5. moment when person or thing is almost full, moment before flooding.

nohebin, tv. fill with.

nohel, vnlf. flood.

nohes, tv. fill, fill in /ground/.

nohesan, tv. fill /plu/.

nohesob, n 1 f. amount needed to fill container, earth needed to make floor of house even.

nohesobil, n1f. cf. nohesob.

nohesvan, iv. fill person /with food, drink/, flood out people.

nohilan, iv. keep filling.

nohnoh, iv. flood slightly.

nohnoh, aj. rather full.

nohnohes, tv. fill or fill in slightly.

nohnohtik, aj. rather full.

nohnohtik, iv. flood slightly.

hnohesvaneh, agn. heavy rain that falls for several days.

nok N.

nok, n1e. alder Alnus ferruginea, #1478(11, 12), #2363(20), #2480(21, 22). Highland “tree”. (20)-The bark is used to tan hides. It is put both above and below the hides, in a large pot, and covered with water. It is left to stand for ten days. (21, 22)-To induce an abortion, the husband gathers three alder cones. They are brewed. The decoction is drunk once. It is “cold”. The trunk is used for firewood, var., šnok /Voʔ-bie/. alder Alnus arguta, #1870(16). Highland “tree”.

noktik, n5. grove of alders.

eahal nok, nphr(aj & n). alder Alnus ferruginea, # 14(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “tree”. The bark is used by Zinacantecs to dye the jaguar costumes, and by Chamulas to dye leather chin straps. A large net of the inner bark is pounded and soaked in a large pot of cold water. The trunk is used for the jaguar tree on the fiesta of St. Sebastian. (23)-It is provided by the jaguar and spook players.

sakil nok, nphr(aj & n). alder Alnus ferruginea, #658(1, 2, 3, 4), #1478(3), #2039(3, 17), #2185(1, 3, 4, 19), #2347(3, 4, 19), #2363(3, 4), #2480(4). Highland “tree”. (3)-It grows in yards, and along streams. The trunk is used for roof purlins, common rafters, and steambath rafters. A handful of the bark is boiled and used to dye the jaguar costumes. Chamulas use it similarly to dye hat straps yellow. (19)-The trunk is used for firewood, alder Alnus arguta, #1870(1), #2924(1, 3). Highland “tree”.

šnok, cf. nok.

nok’ol A or N.

nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(x & n)1e. mistletoe Struthanthus tacanensis, #147(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “vine”. To speed the mending of a bone break, three leaves are wilted on the griddle and bound to the break for three days, var., nop’ol sik’ol /ʔApas, Hok’ Č’enom, Htek-lum, Muk’ta Hok’, Na Čih, Naben Čauk/. mistletoe Struthanthus marginatus, #B9261(5, 5a). Highland “vine”, flowering mistletoe Psittacanthus calyculatus, #1322(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “vine”. #1628(1, 3, 11, 12, 13). Temperate “vine”. #1990(1, 3, 4), #2683(21). Lowland “plant”, mistletoe Phoradendron nemosum, #1917(16). Temperate “plant”.

k’anal nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/). leafless mistletoe Arceuthobium globosum, # 1165(3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. (5)-The leaves of an unattested variety are boiled with ¢on-t¢ʔal krus. The tea is drunk for whooping cough. It is “hot”. The leaves are also used in the steam cure, mistletoe Phoradendron nertosum, #2021(1, 3, 4). Lowland “plant”, flowering mistletoe Psittacanthus cafyculatus, #2683(1, 3, 22). Lowland “plant”

k’oš nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/). flowering mistletoe Psittacanthus cafyculatus, #1990(16, 17). Lowland “plant”

muk’ta nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/). mistletoe Phoradendron nervosum, #1917(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”.

muk’tik nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/). mistletoe Phoradendron nervosum, #1917(17). Temperate “plant”.

nok’ol sik’ol hʔik’al, nphr(nphr/x & n/ of agn). ‘spook’s mistletoe’, flowering mistletoe Psittacanthus cafyculatus, #1322(8). Highland “vine”.

nom A.

nom, n5. Ritual speech; distant place, cf. noč’.

nom, aj. far, distant.

mu nomuk šk’ot. It will not be long before it comes true /dream/.

nom ʔil baik, vphr(aj & rv). live at a distance from each other.

nom teʔel ʔakan, vphr: ajphr(aj & aj/pred/) & n4d. at arm’s length, at a distance.

nomnomah, iv. move to a distance.

nomnomtik, aj. a short distance away.

nam-tal, aj(aj & ivcpd). foreign, distant (relative with same surname, but relationship unknown).

snam-tal čiʔil. his distant cousin.

nam-tal-k’el tv(aj/aj & ivcpd/ & tvcpd). scan the horizon, watch from a distance.

nam-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd)1e. top bar or handle /harp/.

nam-teʔ mol, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). ‘elder’s walking stick’, yellow crown beard Verbesina, cf. perymenioides, #316(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” It is used for walking sticks, crown beard Verbesina gigantoides, #2674(21). Lowland “tree”.

¢ahal nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). crown beard Verbesina gigantoides, #2151(1, 7, 11, 14). Temperate “tree” crown beard Verbesina turbacensis, #2534(1, 4).

k’oš nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). Eupatorium cf. eriocarpum Rob., #2994(1, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”.

muk’ta nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). crown beard Verbesina gigantoides, #2674(1, 3). Lowland “tree” It is used for walking sticks when the trail is slippery, and for firewood.

sakil nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). crown beard Verbesina gigantoides, #2674(22). Lowland “tree”, crown beard Verbesina turbacensis, #2534(21, 22). Temperate “tree”, crown beard Verbesina virgata, #2746(1, 4). Lowland “tree”.

yašal nam-te? mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n). crown beard Verbesina gigantoides, #2674(20). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for house walls.

nam-teʔal, n(aj & ncpd)3a. walking stick, shaman’s or official’s staff.

nam-teʔin, tv(aj & ncpd). walk with aid of walking stick, walk with shaman’s or official’s staff.

namah, iv. move away, move aside, become more distant (wells in dry season), become less severe (diarrhea, labor pains), occur less frequently (fiestas).

namahes ba, rv. emigrate.

namahes eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). remove, take to a distance.

namahesvan, iv. make person move to a distance.

namal, n1f. distance. Ritual speech; mortification.

smakobil sk’ešlal, smakobil snamal. the mask for their shame, the mask for their mortification, i.e., corn gruel given by religious officials, which, in its abundance, permits no feelings of shame.

Denunciatory speech, person complaining before magistrate, of wife’s or other person’s behavior; t šič’ hambel sk’ešlal snamal.

Her shame, her mortification should be exposed.

namal, aj. distant.

nam¢ah, iv. move away /infr/.

nam¢an, tv. move away.

hnam-tal kriščano, agn: nphr(aj/aj & ivcpd/ & n5). stranger, foreigner.

nómbre N(Sp, nombre).

ńombre, excl. in the name /of God/.

nómbre, n5. Ritual speech, prayer; name, var., nómpre /more freq/. ʔen ʔel nómbre č’ul-rioš Hesu-krísto kahval. in the name of the Holy God, Jesus Christ, My Lord.

nompra N(Sp, nombrar).

nompra, n 1 d. presentation of coffee /by ensign-bearers on the first day of fiesta/.

ʔak’ nompra, vphr(tv & n4d). serve coffee (ensign-bearers on the first day of fiesta).

nómpre

ńompre, name. cf. nómbre.

nop(1) I, T.

nop, tv. think, appoint, elect.

nop, iv. become accustomed to.

nop ʔaʔi, vphr(tv / / tv). decide.

nop avaʔi. Think it over!

nop ʔaʔi, vphr(iv / / tv). be accustomed to.

nop ʔoʔon, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4d). desire, want.

snopohbe to ʔoš yoʔon ti t šbate. He had intended to go.

snop yoʔon t šʔabteh. He wants to work.

snop yoʔon li kaʔ leʔe. He wants that mule.

snop yoʔon vinik. She desires a man.

nop ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). think up, think out, be able to think effectively, lie, become accustomed to person or person’s home, feel at home.

inop yuʔun ti k’usi sk’an yoʔon smel¢ane. He thought out what he wanted to make.

mu šnop yuʔun ti k’usi t spase. He can’t think what to do.

nop ba, rv. decide among oneselves.

nop hun rason, vphr(tv & num & n5). judge or reason well.

nop k’op, vphr(tv & n5). lie.

nop-k’op, n(tv & ncpd)5. he.

nop ta ʔaʔyel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). calculate.

nop ta hol, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). decide.

isnop ta shol ti šuʔ šbat ta tavanehe. He decided that he could go live matrilocally.

k’un to snop tal ta shol ti haʔ lek ta slahesbe yooon ta lekil k’op ti buč’u smahohe. Eventually he decided it would be a good idea to apologize properly to the person he had hit.

nopan, tv. lie about /plu/.

nopanan, tv. cf. nopan.

nópannópan, tv. he about one thing after another, think of one thing after another.

nópannópanan, tv. lie about one thing after another.

nopbil biil, nphr(aj & n)5. nickname.

nopbil k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. lie that has been told.

nopes, tv. accustom, make accustomed.

nopesan, tv. make many accustomed /by feeding another’s chickens or cats so they will change homes/.

nopesvan, iv. make person feel at home.

nopet, av. thinking or pondering ineffectively.

nopilan, iv. be unable to feel at home /in other’s house/.

nopilan, tv. plot, desire, want, keep lying.

ta snopilan ʔelek’. He wants to steal.

isnopilan t špah. He planned to stay.

nopilan ba, rv. keep pretending /that one is a god/.

nopilanan, tv. plot /evil deeds/.

noplahetik, av. cf. nopet (plu).

nopnon, av. thinking or pondering ineffectively.

nopnop, iv. become rather used to.

nopnop-k’op, n(tv & ncpd)5. pure lies.

nopnoptik, iv. become rather used to.

nopob kumpareil, nphr(n of n)5. second round of cane liquor, coffee and bread served by groom’s family to bride’s family during groom’s formal entrance into bride’s home /at this time all adults present become ritual kin/.

nopobil kumpareil, nphr(n4f of n5). cf. nopob kumpareil /infr/.

nopolah, iv. consider together (plu).

nóptenópte, av. wandering about thinking or pondering ineffectively.

nopvan, iv. grow well under one’s care (plants), be broken in (mule).

hnop-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). liar.

hnopesvaneh, agn. person who makes another feel at home.

hnopvaneh, agn. scribes and elders who appoint people to office.

nop(2) P(2)or T(2).

nop ba, tv. draw near (other animate being).

Male joking speech, referring to couple; snop sbaik sčakik tana.

Their asses will draw near together now.

nopahtik, aj. cf. nopol /plu/.

nopleta, tv. approach stealthily.

noplita, tv. approach stealthily.

nopoh, iv. approach /in space or time/.

nopohel, vn5. meeting.

nopohes, tv. bring near.

nopohes ba, rv. come near.

nopohesan, tv. bring near /plu/.

nopohesvan, iv. let person in.

nopol, aj. near, soon.

nopolib, iv. be approaching.

nopolik, aj. cf. nopol /plu/.

nopoltik, aj. rather near or soon.

nop’ T(2).

nop’, tv. relight /fire, by rearranging wood and blowing/, flash /flashlight/.

nop’, iv. be relit (fire).

nop’, nc. relit /fire/ /1-3/.

nop’ahtik, aj. cf. nop’ol /plu/.

nop’an, tv. relight /fires/.

nop’anan, tv. cf. nop’an.

nóp’annóp’an, tv. relight one /fire/ after another.

nóp’annóp’anan, tv. cf. nóp’annóp’an.

nop’antik, aj. burning in widely spaced patches.

nop’ebal, n5. moment before relighting.

nop’et, av. glowing (firefly, cigarette), shining (flashlight).

nop’ilan, tv. keep relighting /fire, by rearranging wood and blowing/.

nop’ilanan, tv. keep relighting /fires/.

nop’lah, av. gleaming (lights of car, torches being carried).

nop’lahet, av. glowing, flashing, burning (fires, blows, bites, stings).

nop’leh, n4f. burning (fire, spark that has jumped onto clothing).

nóp’lih, av. stinging suddenly /cut, sting, spark, whip blows/, flashing (flashlight, spark), glowing (eyes in the dark), burning (strong cane liquor).

nop’non, av. glowing.

nop’nop’, nc. single relit fire / 1 only/.

nop’ob, n1f. kindling for relighting fire.

nop’obil, n1f. cf. nop’ob.

nop’okil, n4f. in many fires.

nop’ol, aj. glowing, flashing (flashlight).

nop’olik, aj. glowing well.

nop’olnop’ol, n4f. each of many relit fires.

nop’op’, av. gleaming (Venus, lights of moving car, lantern, spark, flashlight, firefly).

nop’op’et, av. shining brightly (headlights, forest fire).

nóp’tenóp’te, av. flashing about (flashlight), flashing one after another (headlights).

hnop’-k’ok’, agn(tv & ncpd). person who relights fire.

nop’ol

nop’ol, mistletoe, cf. nok’ol.

noštok Pt.

noštok, pt. again, another time, too. var., štok /less freq/, nastok /least freq/.

not’ prob O.

not’et, av. colicky, praying softly in nasal voice /with fear/.

not’etik, av. cf. not’et (plu).

not’lahet, av. cf. not’et (plu).

not’lahetik, av. cf. not’et (plu).

not’ot’et, av. colicky, praying softly in nasal voice /with fear/.

noventa Num(Sp, noventa).

noventa, n1e. ninety.

noventatik, n5. by or in nineties, every ninety.

novyembre

novyembre, November, cf. nodyembre.

noy T(2).

noy, tv. grind a second time /corn/, crush /person struck by car/.

noy, iv. be ground a second time /corn/.

noy ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). crush underfoot, squash.

noyahtik, aj. cf. noyol /plu/.

noyan, tv. grind a lot of /corn/ second time.

noyanan, tv. cf. noyan.

nóyannóyan, tv. grind quantity /corn/ second time, one after another.

nóyannóyanan, tv. cf. nóyannóyan.

noybenal, n4f. leftover corn that has been ground twice.

noy¢ah ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). squash underfoot.

noyebal, n5. moment before reaching proper consistency /daub/.

noyet ta tek’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). squashing underfoot.

noyilan, tv. keep grinding for second time /corn/, make squishy /daub/.

noyilanan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep squashing underfoot /plu/.

noyilanobil, n4f. hoe for mixing daub.

noyk’ih ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). cf. noy¢ah ta tek’el.

noylahet ta tek’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. noyet ta tek’el (plu).

noylahetik, av. cf. noynon (plu).

noyleh, n4f. squashed (fruit).

nóylih, av. squashing suddenly.

noynon, av. grinding slowly for second time /corn/.

noyob, n1f. metate.

noyobil, n1f. cf. noyob.

noyol, aj. squashed, squishy (mud).

noyolik, aj. cf. noyol /plu/.

noyomah, iv. grind for second time /corn/.

noyoyet ta tek’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). slippery underfoot (mud).

noyp’ih ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). cf. noy¢ah ta tek’el.

nóytenóyte ta tek’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). slipping about.

noyvan ta tek’el, vphr(in & prep & vn5). stamp on person (drunk).

hnoyom, agn. person who grinds corn for second time.

hnoyomahel, agn. person who grinds corn for second time.

hnoyvaneh ta tek’el, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who stamps on another.

noyempre

noyempre, November, cf. nodyembre.

nu¢ T.

nu¢, tv. chase.

nu¢ baik, rv, chase each other.

nu¢-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. eviction, playing tag.

nu¢ lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). chase out, evict.

nu¢an lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). chase out /plu/.

nu¢anan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. nu¢an lok’el.

nú¢annú¢an, tv. chase one after the other.

nú¢annú¢an lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). chase out one after another.

nú¢annú¢anan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. nú¢annú¢an lok’el.

nu¢ebal, n5. moment before being chased.

nu¢et ʔuʔun ta ʔanil, vphr(av & n4d & prep & vn5). fleeing rapidly from person (mule, spook being chased by constable during Carnival).

nu¢ilan, tv. keep chasing /chicken/, keep playing tag.

nu¢ilan baik, rv. chase each other /playfully/.

nu¢ilaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. playing tag.

nu¢lahetik ta kaʔ), vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. nu¢non ta kaʔ (plu).

nu¢non ta kaʔ, vphr(av &prep & n5). chasing mules repeatedly /out of corn field/.

nu¢nu¢ baik, rv. chase each other rapidly.

nu¢obil, n4f. hunting dog.

nu¢ol, n5. drive /deer, rabbit/.

nu¢olah, iv. track (dog), drive /deer/.

nú¢tenú¢te ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d). fleeing from place to place, running here and there from person.

nu¢van, iv. chase person.

hnu¢el, agn. fugitive.

htakel hnu¢el. lit., the sent one, the chased one, i.e., constable /constable is sent on the run by magistrate/.

hnu¢vaneh, agn. pursuer, evictor.

nuh P.

nuh-pat čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. beetle, sowbug, turtle.

nuhahtik, aj. cf. nuhul /plu/.

nuhan, tv. place upside down /pot, bowl/, place right side up /hat/.

nuhan ba, rv. lie face down.

nuhanan, tv. place upside down /pots, gourds, bowls/.

núhannúhan, tv. turn one after another face down /gourds, pots/.

núhannúhanan, tv. cf. núhannúhan.

nuhanob, n1f. shelf, place where pots and dishes are set.

nuhanobil, n1f. cf. nuhanob.

nuhanvan, iv. murder person.

nuh¢ah, iv. lie upside down.

nuh¢an komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave face down /murder victim/.

nuh¢anvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person face down /murder victim, drunk/.

nuhet, av. lying face down or upside down, lying right side up (hat), walking with face down (armadillo, possum, etc.), walking with floppy or bent ears (mule).

nuhetik, av. walking or working with lowered faces (people).

nuhi, iv. be face down (person), be upside down (pot).

nuhk’ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). fall head first.

nuhk’in, tv. turn upside down violently, chugalug.

nuhk’in yalel, vphr(tv & dr). push down head first.

nuhk’invan yalel, vphr(iv & dr). push person down head first.

nuhlah, av. falling face down (plu), scurrying face down (armadillos).

nuhlahet, av. walking or working bent over, walking with face down, walking with floppy ears (plu).

nuhlahetik, av. lying face down, walking or working bent over (plu).

nuhleh, nib. lying face down or upside down.

núhlih, av. falling suddenly face down.

nuhnon, av. walking bent over /with heavy load/, walking with face down (armadillos, skunks, ground doves, raccoons, opossums, pigs rooting for food, people), walking with floppy ears, working bent over.

nuhnuh, aj. floppy (front and back of hat brim, ears).

nuhp’ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. nuhk’ih yalel.

nuhp’in, tv. cf. nuhk’in.

nuhp’in yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. nuhk’in yalel.

nuhp’inan, tv. knock over /pots/.

núhtenúhte, av. walking about with head down (pig, armadillo, raccoon, opossum, skunk, ground dove).

nuhuh, av. falling face down, scurrying face down (armadillo).

nuhuhet, av. walking face down (armadillo).

nuhul, aj. face down (drunk), upside down (pot), right side up (hat).

nuhulik, aj. cf. nuhul /plu/.

hnuhanvaneh, agn. murderer.

nukul N.

nukul, n1a. pelt, skin /of animal/. Male joking speech; vagina, drum.

nukul pat, nphr(n type n). ’leather bark’, cypress Cupressus lusilanica, #B9545(5, 5a), #64(2, 4, 5), #2399(3, 4), #2513(4, 21, 22). Highland “tree”. A few Zinacantecs grow them in their yards. Old men or women transplant the young trees, digging a hole two and a half handspans deep. Young people do not plant cypresses, lest they themselves die. The trunk is used for house mainposts, rafters, doors, jail doors, lintels, balcony railings, courthouse posts, chests, coffers, coffins, chairs, tables, benches, metate platforms, shelves, lecterns, harp handles, and bell stocks. It is also used for gates, fence posts, corn bin posts, sheep corral posts, graveyard crosses, crosses at the entrance to the churches, telephone and electricity posts, staves of the stewards-royal and the publicans. The branches are used to enclose the walls of the créche. They are sold in Tuxtla for decoration, juniper Juniperus gamboana, #1496(11). Highland “tree”, chiapas white pine Pinus chiapensis, #B 14274(5). Highland “tree”.

nukul pattik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of nukul pat trees.

nukul pat teʔ, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). mexican hackberry bush Trema micrantha, #2624(20). Temperate “tree”. The bark is used for lashing fieldhouses.

nukul vešal, nphr(n1f type n3a). leather breeches /worn by sir spook, spooks at fiesta of St. Sebastian, dudes/.

nukulal, nib. skin /of person/.

hnukulal. my skin.

snukulal hsat. the skin of my face.

nukulal ʔat, nphr(n1f of n1d). foreskin.

nukulal _______, nphr(n type n). leather _______/sandal, shoulder bag/.

nuk’ N.

nuk’ ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d). ankle.

nuk’ čih, nphr(n of n)1d. ‘deer neck’ or ‘sheep neck’, shrub blackberry Rubus trilobus, #484(1, 2), #933(1, 3), #1869(1, 16), #2227(1, 3, 4, 19). Highland “tree” Women gather the trunks for loom bars and shuttles. For loom bars the ends are cut even and the bark is stripped. For shuttles, the bark is stripped and the ends are flattened and forked. The trunk is also used for shepherds’ switches. The fruit is edible. It is “medium”

nuk’ čihtik, nphr(n of n)5. patch of bush blackberries.

nuk’ čil ʔuloʔ, nphr(n of nphr/n4d of n5/). ‘neck of a Chamula’s huipu’, firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #2170(14). Temperate “plant”.

nuk’ k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d). wrist.

nuk’il, n3b. neck, throat /person, gourd, bottle, water jug, pitcher/, eaves or roof-ledge /house/, fingerboard /fiddle, guitar/, collar /shirt/, tuning /music/, section of trunk that has been chopped all the way around.

ʔoč ta nuk’ na. It entered under the eaves.

muk’ snuk’. It is low-pitched /music/, (or) He has a low voice.

bik’it snuk’. It is high-pitched /music/, (or) His voice is high-pitched.

sk’an snuk’. It needs /the ribbon/ for the collar.

nuk’ul, n1a. lymphatic gland, mumps.

nuk’ulal čamel, nphr(natt & vn)5. mumps.

bakel nuk’ul, nphr(n1f of n3d). neck vertebrae.

k’ak’-nuk’ul, n(aj & ncpd)Id. mumps.

nul P(2).

nul, tv. gnaw silently, eat clean /bone, corncob, mango pit/, chop /with dull axe that does not bite/.

nul, nc. In reference to: sheep, horse, chicken.

yo h-nul li h¢ebe. I have only one daughter /but many sons/.

nulahtik, aj. standing close to ground (mules seen in distance).

nulan, tv. gnaw silently /plu/.

núlannúlan, tv. gnaw silently one after another.

nulbenal, n4f. gnawed section (corncob).

nulet, av. running close to ground (small car, weasel, rat), dribbling.

nuletah, iv. run close to ground.

nuli, iv. stand close to ground (rat).

nulilan. tv. keep gnawing or eating clean /bone, corncob, mango pit/, keep chopping at (with dull axe or billhook).

nulk’ih, iv. slip.

nullahet, av. cf. nulet. (plu).

nullahetik, av. cf. nulet. /plu/.

núllih, av, sliding or slipping suddenly /in mud, or dry leaves/, dribbling suddenly, running off (drop of water).

nulnon, av. gnawing silently (dog eating bone), chopping at /weeds with dull hoe/, grinding ineffectively /in sexual intercourse/.

nulnul, nc. single (chicken, daughter) / 1 only/.

nulp’ih, lv. cf. nulk’ih.

nulp’in, tv. slide /standing tree/ /infr/.

núltenúlte, av. running along close to ground (small car, weasel, rat).

nulul, aj. standing close to ground.

yo h-kotuk nulul. I have only one /chicken./

nulul, av. sliding, running close to ground.

nululet, av. running close to ground (small car, weasel, rat).

nululih, iv. slip (person, tree), slide (child using maguey leaf as sled).

nululihes, tv. shed /rain, water/ (rain cape, feathers, canvas).

nululihes yalel, vphr(tv & dr). slide down /board of attic floor boards/, push down /log/.

nululihesob, n1f. roller.

nululihesobil, n1f. cf. nululihesob.

nululik, aj. cf. nulul /plu/.

nululin, tv. slide /standing tree/.

nup P(2) or T(2).

nup, tv. meet, touch to lips /without drinking/ /bottle, shot glass/.

nup ʔanima ba, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4d & rpn/). lit., have a meeting of souls, i.e., be in love. Ritual speech; cf. nup č’ulel ba.

nup ba, rv. meet, join.

nup ba ʔuk’um, vphr(rv/3s/ & n5). juncture of rivers.

nup ba be, vphr(rv/3s/ & n5). crossroads.

nup ba ta be, vphr(rv & prep & n5). meet on the road (people, animals).

nup-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. meeting, encounter.

nup č’ulel ba, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4d & rpn/). lit., have a meeting of souls, i.e., be in love.

Ritual speech, petitioner to parents of girl; isnup sč’ulel sbaik isnup yanima sbaik. They are in love, they are in love.

nup hpetom, nphr(n4d of agn). godmother of wedding couple.

nup kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). worship.

Ritual speech, when person leaves companions, entering church to pray; hnupban kahvaltik. I am going to worship, first.

nup kantela, vphr(tv & n5). venerate candles /curing ceremony, house dedication, fiesta of the Holy Cross/.

Ritual speech, following veneration of candles; lah hnupban kantela totik. I have revered the candles first, sir.

nup-kantela, vn(tv & ncpd)5. veneration of candles.

nup k’obol, vphr(tv & n5). bow formally, make formal appearance as shaman.

nup rioš, vphr(tv & n5). worship.

nupan, tv. meet /plu/.

nupanbe k’ob, vphr/tv & n4d/. bow to /plu/.

núpannúpan, tv. pray to one /saint/ after another.

nupbe k’ob, vphr(tv & n4d). bow formally to.

nupil, n3b. companion /religious officer who shares same post/, mate /sandal/, garment /of set/. Ritual speech; spouse, mate. cf. čiʔilil.

nupilan, tv. keep touching lips /to bottle/, keep meeting each other.

nupilan baik, rv. bow to each other (banners or saints before procession).

nupilanan, tv. keep meeting /plu/.

nupilanan baik, rv. bow to each other (banners or saints before procession).

nupin, tv. suit /food/ (herbs), fit (clothes, handle), accompany /in office/, be suitable (land for crop).

nupinah, iv. Ritual speech, wedding song; join, marry.

šnupinah ʔo me li yokik bi, šnupinah ʔo me li sk’obik bi. Their feet will surely be joined, their hands will surely be joined.

šnupinah ʔo me li ʔalab bi, šnupinah ʔo me li nič’nab bi. The child of woman is surely marrying now, the child of man is surely marrying now.

nupleh, n4d. married couple, pair /sandals/.

nupob ʔornamentu, nphr(n of n)5. place where visiting saint is greeted.

nupob k’obol, nphr(n of n)5. greeting by fiancée’s family to suitor’s family, establishing ritual kin ties between the two families at house entrance ceremony.

nupob k’uʔul, nphr(n of n)5. place where new clothes of saint are received.

nupobil ʔornamentu, nphr(n of n)1f. cf. nupob ʔornamentu.

nupobil k’uʔul, nphr(n of n)1f. cf. nupob k’uʔul.

nupol, n5. trip made to the outskirts of the town to greet visiting saint, mutual greeting of banners in the Church of St. Lawrence prior to the lenten processions.

nupolah, iv. direct assembling of banners (first sacristan) /inside church door prior to procession/.

nupolahel, vn5. assembly of saints in church following procession.

nuptan, tv. befall.

Ritual speech, prayer; mu me k’u hpas mu me k’u hnuptan bu šišanav bu šibein. May nothing harm me, may nothing befall me where I walk, where I travel.

nuptan palta, vphr(tv & n5). have misfortune.

nuptanan, tv. befall many times.

nupul, n4b. companion /religious officer who shares post/, mate /person, bird, coyote, spotted skunk, sandal/, garment /of set/.

nupulik, aj. married.

Denunciatory speech, parent of daughter who has eloped; nupulik ša ¢’ahalik sa, hun ša yoʔonik, ¢eʔehik ša, loʔilik ša yan li voʔone mu ša bu yilohon yilel. They are married now, they are joined now, happily they laugh and talk now, but as for me they never seem to have seen me.

nupultas, tv. finance wedding.

nupultasan, tv. finance many weddings /of one’s children/.

nupultasobil, n4f. money for financing wedding.

nupultasvan, iv. finance person’s wedding.

nupun, iv. have church wedding.

nupun ta ʔekliša, vphr(iv & prep & n5). have church wedding.

nupun ta pale, vphr(iv & prep & n5). have church wedding.

nupun ta sivil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). have civil wedding.

nupunaheb, n4f. money for financing wedding.

nupunahebal, n5. wedding huipil.

nupunvan, iv. marry person.

nupvan, iv. meet /person/.

nom šnupvan yik’. Its odor travels far (factory).

hnup-kantela, agn(tv & ncpd). person who venerates candles.

hnup-rioš, agn(tv & ncpd). worshipper.

hnupol, agn. person who goes to meet another or who goes to meet visiting saint.

hnupolahel, agn. member of group that accompanies visiting saint.

hnupultasvaneh, agn. priest who marries couple.

hnupunel, agn. bride, groom.

hnupvaneh, agn. person who meets another.

nup’ T(2).

nup’, tv. fold /beans in tortilla, hands in prayer or death/, close loosely, draw together /double door, edges of cloth to be sewn together/.

nup’, iv. cover completely (thatch or tile on newly built roof, daub on freshly plastered wall).

nup’ ba, rv. close (door), mend (wound, broken bone).

nup’-k’ob, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. ‘folded hands’, praying mantis.

nup’ahtik, aj. cf. nup’ul /plu/.

nup’an, tv. fold /beans in tortilla/.

nup’anan, tv. cf. nup’an.

núp’annúp’an, tv. fold one after another /beans in tortilla/.

nup’be sat, vphr(tv & n4d). close another’s eyes /corpse/, cf. makbe sal.

nup’benal, n4f. seam, crack where top edge of box meets lid, where door meets jamb.

nup’ebal, n5. moment before thatch or tiles cover new roof, or before daub covers new wall.

nup’et, av. with (hands) folded in prayer, swinging to and fro (door).

nup’ilan, tv. move together /edge of cloth to be sewn/, keep folding or closing.

nup’ilan ba, rv. keep closing (door in wind).

nup’ilanan, tv. move together in many places /edge of cloth to be sewn/.

nup’lahet, av. cf. nup’et (plu).

nup’lahetik, av. cf. nup’non (plu).

nup’leh, n1f. folded (hands), ajar (door).

niip’lih, av. swinging shut suddenly (door).

nup’non, av. swinging to and fro slowly (door), moving (murmuring lips), folding slowly /beans in tortilla/.

nup’ob, n5. needle and thread.

nup’obil, n1f. cf. nup’ob.

núp’tenúp’te k’ob, vphr(av & n4d). moving from shrine to shrine folding hands in prayer.

nup’ul, aj. drawn closed (door, lid, seam), folded (hands in prayer), wilted.

Ritual speech, prayer wondering if person is praying for one’s death; mi nup’ul van ti yoke, mi nup’ul ti sk’obe. Is he kneeling, are his hands folded?

nup’ulik, aj. cf. nup’ul /plu/.

nup’up’, av. swinging shut slowly (door).

nup’up’et ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). moving lips (fish).

nuš P.

nuš, n5. swimming.

nušahtik, aj. cf. nušul /plu/.

mu snaʔ nuš. He doesn’t know how to swim.

nušan, tv. set down /insect, snail, dead lizard/.

nušan ba, rv. lie (dying insect).

núšannúšan, tv. put down one after another /caterpillars/.

nušet, av. walking slowly (insect, lizard, snail, rat, turtle), swimming (fish, duck, turtle, tadpole, aquatic insect).

nušetah, iv. walk (insect, rat), swim (fish, etc.).

nušetel čon, nphr(vn type n)5. crawling animal /general term comprising insects and snails/.

nušetel tuil čon, cf. tuil čon.

nušetik, av. cf. nušet. /plu/.

nuši, iv. stand (insect, lizard /on upright/, snail).

nuših, iv. swim (person, insect, frog, duck, dog).

nušinah, iv. swim (person, dog) /not habitually/.

nušlah, av. cf. nušuš (plu).

nušlahet, av. cf. nušet (plu).

nušleh, n4d. standing (insect, snail, lizard), floating (insect).

núšlih, av. darting (insect, rat, fish).

nušnon, av. walking slowly (insect, rat), dragging self along ground, swimming (dog, horse), rocking ineffectively /sexual intercourse/.

núštenúšte, av. walking about (insect, rat), swimming about (fish).

nušul, aj. standing (insect, snail, lizard), floating (insect, frog).

nušulik, aj. cf. nušul /plu/.

nušuš, av. scurrying (spider, scorpion, rat), swimming (fish, duck, aquatic insect, frog).

nušušet, av. dragging self on ground (dying insect, lizard), walking rapidly (flea, sowbug, centipede).

nutiʔ N(M-Z, nutiʔ).

nutiʔ), n1a. net.

nutiʔal ʔai, nphr(natt1f & n1d). scrotum.

O

očel

očel. in. cf. ʔoč.

P

paʔ(1) X.

paʔ-muk’ta, tv(x & xcpd). spy from afar /for premeditated reason/.

paʔ-muk’tavan, iv(x & xcpd). spy on person from afar /for premeditated reason/.

paʔi, tv. spy from afar.

paʔivan, iv. spy on person from afar.

paʔuta, tv. spy from afar.

paʔutavan, iv. spy on person from afar.

hpaʔivaneh, agn. person who spys on another from afar /robber, lover/.

hpaʔ-muk’tavaneh, agn(x & xcpd). person who spys on another from afar /for premeditated reason/.

hpaʔutavaneh, agn. person who spys on another from afar /robber, lover/.

paʔ(2) A or N.

paʔ ʔitah, nphr(x type n)1d. spider flower Cleome magnifka, #2920(1, 3, 16). Highland “tree” (1, 3)-The leaves are boiled and eaten as greens. They are “cold”. They are sold at market. (16)-It is planted by some Zinacantecs, in the rainy season. It is “medium”. (RML)- This is one of the most frequently mentioned famine foods.

pa¢ P, P(2).

pa¢ ba, rv. become snarled, be tangled (wool).

pa¢-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. snarly-haired (sick woman).

pa¢-hol ničim, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ‘snarly-haired flower’, Alternanthera laguroides, # 1976(16, 17). Lowland “plant” It grows in corn fields.

pa¢a¢, av. walking slowly with snarled /hair/ (sick woman).

pa¢ahtik, aj. cf. pa¢al /plu/.

pa¢al, aj. snarled (hair), tangled (wool).

Scolding speech; pa¢al ahol čak meʔ ʔik’. Your hair is long and dirty like Mother Wind’s.

pa¢alik, aj. cf. pa¢al /plu/.

pa¢an, tv. tangle or mat /wool, hair/.

pa¢¢ah, iv. become snarled.

pa¢el, aj. snarled (hair).

pa¢et, av. walking with snarled /hair/ (sick woman).

pa¢etah, iv. walk with snarled /hair/.

pa¢i, iv. be snarled (hair).

pa¢k’uh, iv. cf. pa¢¢ah.

pa¢lah, av. cf. pa¢a¢ (plu).

pa¢lahet, aj. cf. pa¢et /plu/.

pa¢leh, n1d. snarled /hair/.

pa¢pa¢, aj. snarled (hair), tangled (wool).

pa¢pon, av. walking slowly with snarled /hair/.

pá¢tepá¢te, av. walking about with snarled /hair/ (sick woman).

pa¢’ P(2) or T(2).

pa¢’, tv. conceal /guilt of other person/.

pa¢’, n1d. corn lamale /wrapped and divided in middle by corn leaf/.

Male joking speech; vagina.

pa¢’-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with frontally depressed head.

pa¢’ mulil, vphr(tv & n5). conceal person’s guilt, exonerate unjustly.

pa¢’-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. narrow-nosed.

pa¢’ ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). squash underfoot, stand on /end of rope, person/.

pa¢’a¢’ yalel, vphr(av & dr). flattening (tin can underfoot).

pa¢’ahtik, aj. cf. pa¢’al /plu/.

pa¢’al, aj. flattened (fence), squashed.

pa¢’alik, aj. cf. pa¢’al /plu/.

pa¢’anahtik, aj. cf. pa¢’al /plu/.

pa¢’anbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). suppress or conceal person’s guilt many times.

pa¢’be mul, vphr(tv & n4d). conceal another’s guilt, exonerate unjustly.

pa¢’¢ah, iv. flatten, be flattened (wrecked car), squash (fruit).

pa¢’¢an, tv. flatten.

pa¢’et, av. walking with frontally depressed (head) or narrow (nose), lying flattened and abandoned (tin can).

pa¢’k’uh, iv. cf. pa¢’¢ah.

pa¢’k’un, tv. cf. pa¢’¢an.

pa¢’k’unan, tv. flatten /fences/.

pa¢’k’unobil, n4f. flattening instrument /tortilla press/.

pa¢’k’unvan, iv. flatten person (landslide, automobile).

pa¢’leh, n4f. crushed, flattened.

pa¢’lehkil., n4f. flattened (many partially full bags).

pa¢’ob, n1f. story told to conceal person’s guilt.

pa¢’obil, n1f. cf. pa¢’ob.

pa¢’pa¢’, aj. frontally depressed (head).

pá¢’tepá¢’te, av. walking about with frontally depressed (head) or narrow (nose).

pa¢’ulan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). stamp on.

pa¢’ulanan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). stamp on a lot.

pa¢’ulanvan ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). stamp on person.

pa¢’van ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). stamp on person.

hpa¢’-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). person who conceals another’s guilt or who exonerates another unjustly.

hpa¢’ulanvaneh ta tek’el, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who stamps on another.

hpa¢’vaneh ta tek’el, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who stamps on another.

pač P, P(2).

pač, tv. hold /basket, bowl/.

pača. n1d. lowland corn /thin kernel; black, white/.

pača, aj. concave (bottle), thin (corn kernel, stone slab).

pačahtik, aj. cf. pačal /plu/.

pačal, aj. sitting (basket, bowl), served (meal), couchant (moon) /crescent or gibbous moon with horns perpendicular to the horizon, reportedly indicating a dry season/.

pačalik, aj. cf. pačal /plu/.

pačan, tv. put in /basket, bowl/.

pačan ba, rv. sit in /basket/ (child).

pačanan, tv. put in /bowls, baskets/.

pačanob, n5. large bowl, depression in ground where bowl can be set.

pačanobil, n1f. cf. pačanob.

páčanpáčan, av. serve one after another /bowls/.

páčanpáčanan, tv. put in one /bowl, basket/ after another.

pačbenal, n4f. part of bowl held on to.

pačet, av. sitting (basket, bowl, food).

pačetah, iv. sit (wool in basket).

pači, iv. sit (basket, bowl, meal).

pačleh, n4f. carried /in basket/, served /food on table/.

pačob, n1f. basket.

pačobil, n1f. cf. pačob.

pačolah, iv. serve as wedding petitioner.

pačomal ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d). arch of foot.

pačomal k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d). palm of hand.

pačpač, aj. concave (scales), shallow and wide (bowl, basket).

páčtepáčte, av. being set down one after another (bowl of food, gourd of corn gruel).

pačulan, tv. keep holding /basket/.

hpačol, agn. wedding petitioner. There are two, junior and senior; perhaps so named because they are believed to carry the souls of the bride and groom to the church.

hpačvaneh veʔelil, agn(nphr/vn of vn/). religious functionary /woman chosen by religious official to direct the preparation of food on ceremonial occasions/.

pač’(1) P.

pač’ahtik, aj. cf. pač’al /plu/.

pač’al, aj. flat (land, stone, board, floor, roof).

pač’alaltik, n5. wide expanse of flat land.

pač’alik, aj. cf. pač’al /plu/.

pač’altik, n5. plains, flat land.

pač’alubtas, tv. level /ground/, plane /log/.

pač’an, tv. set down /flagstone/.

pač’leh, n4f. flatness, level.

pač’omal ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d). sole of foot.

pač’pač’, aj. flat (land, roof, stone).

pas ta pač’al, vphr(tv & prep & aj). level /ground/.

pač’(2) prob O.

pač’ač’et ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). dabbling /movement and sound of duck’s bill/.

pač’lahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). cf. pač’pon ʔe (plu).

pač’pon ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). eating /movement and sound/, chomping (horse eating salt, pig V4: 3).

pah(1) P(2).

pah, tv. fix /post in ground/.

pah ba, rv. upset stomach (cane liquor).

pah-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5. tall-crowned (hat of Chamulas) /formerly/.

pah-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. Joking speech; long-headed.

pah-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-nosed (pig, man).

pah-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-faced (dude’s mask).

pahahtik, aj. fixed (posts, stares), embedded (thorns, knives), pointed (noses, heads, corn kernels), stiff (legs from exhaustion).

pahal, aj. fixed (post), embedded (thorn, knife), steep, long and pointed (nose, head, corn kernel).

pahal lubel. stiff with exhaustion /legs/.

pahalik, aj. cf. pahal /plu/.

pahaltik, n5. steep slope.

pahaltik, aj. rather steep.

pahan, tv. fix many /posts in ground/.

pahanan, tv. cf. pahan.

páhanpáhan, iv. fix one after another /posts/.

páhanpáhanan, tv. cf. páhanpáhan.

pahbe, tv. stab /with knife/, insert /penis/, prick (needle, thorn).

Sčolding speečh to bothersome čhild, batan naka me hpahbot lok’el

xupet k’ok’: Get out, or I will stick a firebrand through you.

ispahbe ša ʔOVOI. He has already planted.

pahbe k’ok’, vphr(tv & n5). set fire to /house/.

pahčuč teʔ, nphr(n1f of n1a). wedge.

pahel, nc. sticking in /digging stick/.

pahet, av. standing in ground (walking stick, digging stick), staring fixedly, glaring angrily.

pahi, iv. be fixed (post).

pahlah, av. walking with cane or staff /plu/.

pahlahet, av. with prickly sensation (hair in clothes following haircut).

pahlahetik, av. planting with digging sticks /plu/.

pahleh, n4f. fixed /posts/.

páhluh, av. becoming embedded suddenly (thorn in flesh, knife).

pahpah, aj. long and pointed (thatch roof, mountain, dude’s mask, beak, tight pants), narrow and deep (pot, water jug).

pahpahtik, aj. rather narrow or tall (pot or water jug).

pahpon, av. walking /with cane/.

páhtepáhte nam-teʔ, vphr(av & n/aj & ncpd/4d). walking about with cane.

páhtepáhte no, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with long face, walking about glaring or staring fixedly.

páhtepáhte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with long face, walking about glaring or staring fixedly.

pahulan, tv. keep fixing /fence posts/.

pahulanan, tv. keep fixing /fence posts/.

pahulanbe, tv. keep stabbing /with knife/, keep inserting or pricking.

ispahulanbe shol ta lum. He pushed his face in the ground (child).

pah(2) I.

pah, iv. stop, cease (rain, pain), be cancelled /trip/.

pah¢ah, iv. stop /arguing/, stop growing (corn).

pah¢ah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d). assuage or pacify /sexual appetite, desire for alcoholic beverage/.

pah¢an, tv. delay /person/.

pah¢anan, tv. delay /people/.

pah¢anob, n1f. medicine to stop vomiting or diarrhea.

pah¢anobil, n1f. cf. pah¢anob.

pah¢anvan, iv. delay person.

paheb, n4f. end (edge of world).

t spaheb ša noš yeč čak tahe. That is the first time a thing like that has happened.

t spaheb ta h-mek ¢o¢ ti hun vinike. He was the last man to be so strong.

pahebal, n5. moment before ending /hail storm/.

pahes, tv. prevent /departure/, stop /work, horse/, end /pain/.

pahesan, tv. prevent /departure/ of many.

pahesbe k’ob, vphr(tv & n4d). prevent person from working.

pahesvan, iv. delay person.

pahet, av. stopping every few minutes (tired mule).

paheuk, av. delaying, postponing.

pahpon, av. delaying, postponing.

pahulan, iv. keep delaying or postponing.

hpah¢ahel. agn. corn plant that has reached full height, /eleventh developmental stage of corn, also called balalik ša hu-huntik and t šbik’tah sniʔ hu-huntik/.

hpah¢anvaneh, agn. person who delays another.

hpahesvaneh, agn. person who delays another.

pah(3)

pah, sour, ferment, chicha. cf. poh.

pak P, P(2).

pak, tv. double over /cornstalk/, repay in kind, answer back, fold /clothing/.

pak, nc. In reference to; folded /suit of clothing, canvas, mat, tortilla/.

pak ʔahval, vphr(tv // n). answer back, fight back, retaliate.

t spak yahval kere. lit., Boy, it retaliates! i.e., weak cane liquor that nevertheless goes to one’s head.

pak baik, rv. do reciprocal work.

pak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. reciprocal work.

pakahtik, aj. cf. pakal /plu/.

pakakil, n4f. many folded suits of clothing.

pakal, aj. folded (clothing, money, document).

pakalik, aj. cf. pakal /plu/.

pákalpákal, n4f. each of many folded suits of clothing.

pakan, tv. set down folded.

pakan, tv. double over /cornstalks/, fold a lot of /clothing/.

pakan baik, rv. do reciprocal work.

pakanob, n1f. place where clothing is folded and stored, mat and basket where ceremonial clothes are placed /of dudes, players, cantors, holy elders, sir spook, ensign-bearers and elders/.

pakanobil, n1f. cf. pakanob.

pákanpákan, tv. set down one after another.

pákanpákanan, tv. cf. pákanpákan.

pakav ʔok, nphr(n4f of n4d). underside of knee joint (person, animal).

pakbe, tv. throw back, repay /labor/.

ispakbe sutel. He threw it back.

ispakbe sk’ak’al. He repayed him for his days /of work/.

pakbenal, n4f. cuff, top of skirt folded over sash.

pakel, nc. folding /clothing, canvas, or mat/.

paket, av. walking and carrying folded clothing or mat, sitting folded.

paki, iv. be folded.

paklahet, av. cf. pakpon (plu).

paklahetik, av. cf. pakpon (plu).

pakleh, n4f. folded.

paklu, tv. fell /by cutting trunk only partially so that fallen tree can serve as fence/.

pakluan, tv. fell /plu/.

pakluh, iv. fell.

pákluh, av. falling suddenly.

pakol, n4f. reciprocal gift. Ritual speech; cf. helolil.

mu škuč spakol. I cannot reciprocate /drink/, I cannot tolerate the reciprocal gift /person whose constitution cannot tolerate cane liquor/.

pakpak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. reciprocal offering /of cane liquor by the cupbearers of each ensign-bearer on fiesta of St. Sebastian/.

pakpak voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. cane liquor offered reciprocally by ensign-bearers and their cooks on major fiestas /St. Sebastian, Carnival, St. John’s Day/.

pakpon, av. folding slowly.

páktepákte, av. walking about carrying folded clothing or mat.

pakulan, tv. keep doubling over /cornstalks/ or folding /clothing/.

pakulan baik, rv. do reciprocal work frequently. Male joking speech, referring to two men; have sexual relations with each other.

pakulaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. frequent reciprocal work.

pakvan ta ʔabtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). reciprocate work.

pok, nc. suit of clothing, sheaf /official documents/ /archaic/.

pokahtik, aj. cf. pokol /plu/.

pokan, tv. set down folded.

pokanob, n1f. place where clothing is folded and stored, mat and basket where ceremonial clothes are placed.

pokanobil, n1f. cf. pokanob.

pokleh, n4f. in pile /tripe/.

pokokil, n4f. many folded suits of clothing.

pokol, aj. folded (clothing, money, document).

pokolik, aj. cf. pokol /plu/.

pókolpókol, n4f. each of many suits of clothing.

pokpok, nc. single suit of clothing /1 only/.

pakaʔ N.

pakaʔ, n1a. lead tree. cf. ʔolnob.

pak’ P, P(2).

pak’, tv. mend /clothing/, plaster /house wall with daub/, hang on wall.

pak’, n4f. daub /mud and pine needles/, patch, bandage.

pak’ ba, rv. become matted (wool), become hard (hoed ground), become firm (cracked earth that is stamped on to cover the cracks), become stuck tight.

pak’ čak, nphr(n of n). ‘bottom patch?’, broom jute Sida rhombifolia, #1552(11, 12). Temperate “plant”, mallow Malva parviflora, #1726(15, 16). Highland “plant” mallow Malva nicaeensis, #2210(19). Highland “plant” To relieve constipation, a small bunch is brewed. One cup of the tea is drunk in the morning and in the afternoon. It is “hot”.

bik’tal pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). mallow Malva nicaeensis, #73(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. It grows in yards. To speed the mending of a cut, three shoots are brewed and the cut is washed with the decoction three times for one day. It is “hot”

hič’il ʔanal pak’ čak, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/). ‘slender leaved pak’ čak’, broom jute Sida rhombifolia, #1355(7). Highland “plant”

k’anal pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). broom jute Sida rhombifolia, #2365(20). Highland “plant”

k’oš pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). mallow Malva nicaeensis, #573(1), #2210(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. It grows in yards. To relieve constipation a small handful of shoots is brewed. One cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast. The leaves are brewed and the decoction used to bathe festering cuts, mallow Malva parviflora, #2392(3, 4). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). false mallow Kearnemalvastrum lacieum, #613(1, 2, 3). Highland “tree” #1775(16). Highland “plant” The bark is used for rat traps, cf. pe¢’.

muk’tik pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). false mallow Kearnemalvaslrum lacteum, #1775(4, 5). Highland “plant” Same use as muk’ta pak’ čak.

sakil pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). verbene Verbena Carolina, #2353(20). Highland “plant”.

pak’ čak ¢iʔlel nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). broom jute Sida rhombifolia, #1468(11, 12). Highland “plant”

pak’ čak vešal, nphr(n1f of nphr/nlf of n3d/). patch /used to cover open seam in seat of new pair of pants/.

pak’-čikin, n(aj & ncpd)5. deaf.

pak’-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. deaf and stuttering.

pak’ na, nphr(n of n)5. wall.

pak’-sim, n(aj & ncpd)1e. mosquito larva.

pak’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap, strike /with fist/.

pak’ ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). stamp on (drunk), kick (mule).

pak’ahtik, aj. cf. pak’al /plu/.

pak’ak’, av. wafting (odor).

pak’ak’et, av. too closely spaced (corn plants in row), closely spaced (teeth of comb).

pak’al, aj. lying (clothing), low-lying (mist), flattened (corn field), too closely spaced (corn plants), hanging on wall (picture), bedridden, lying on ground (dead animal or person, hoe, axe, knife, empty burlap bag, sandal, paper), hiding, stuck.

pak’al sčikin. He pays no attention.

soban me mi pak’al ta šuč’ 1 ačake. Hurry up, is your ass stuck in resin? /to person who won’t get up/.

pak’al _______, nphr(n1f of n1d). bag /in which salt, sugar, or bread is put when purchased/ or /in which money is cached/.

pak’al ʔeal, nphr(n1f of n3d). lip.

pak’al ʔot, nphr(n4f of n4d). tortilla bag.

pak’al ʔual, nphr(n1f of n1d). bag in which chaplet is stored or carried.

pak’al kantela, nphr(n1f of n1d). cloth used to wrap candles.

pak’al vah, nphr(n of n)5. tortilla bag.

pak’alik, aj. cf. pak’al /plu/.

pak’alin, tv. offer /object, daughter/.

pak’alinan, tv. offer for low price /plu/.

pak’alin ba, rv. offer self (boy who insists on being engaged to girl who does not love him, boy who needs work, woman).

pak’alinob, n4f. small gift of liquor given to man to learn whether he will give his daughter away.

pak’alinvan, iv. offer daughter /in common-law marriage/.

pák’alpák’al, n4f. each of many sheets /of paper/.

pak’altas, tv. Denunciatory speech before magistrate; cover.

ihk’uʔultas, ihpak’altas. I clothed him, I covered him.

pak’altasobil, n4f. Denunciatory speech, parent to eloped daughter; clothing.

spak’altasobil sk’uʔultasobil ačak. the covering, the clothing for your ass /provided by parent/.

pak’altasvan, iv. cover or clothe person.

pak’an, tv. mend /clothing/, mend /house wall with daub/, accuse falsely

pak’an ba ta mulil, vphr(rv & prep & n5). blame self unjustly, take the blame for.

ispak’an sba ta mulil sčiʔuk hun ¢eb ʔak’ ʔo mi mu šk’ane. He took the blame for the girl’s condition even though she didn’t love him.

pak’anan, tv. mend /clothes/.

pak’anob, n1f. banana leaf, strip of plastic or stool /on which tortilla is patted/.

pak’anobil, n1f. cf. pak’anob.

pák’anpák’an, tv. pat one after another /tortillas/.

pák’anpák’anan, tv. cf. pák’anpák’an.

pak’anvan, iv. accuse person falsely.

pak’ayom, n1a. young bean pod.

pak’bal, n4f. daub, wall.

pak’bal na, nphr(n type n)5. wattle and daub house.

pak’bal na, nphr(n of n)5. wall.

pak’be baik, rv. slap each other. Male joking speech; have mutual sexual relations (two men).

pak’be vun, vphr(tv & n4e). acquire authoritative legal order /in San Cristóbal/.

pak’benal, n1f. patch.

pak’bentik, aj. patched.

pak’¢ah, iv. be laid low /with sickness/.

pak’¢an yalel, vphr(tv & dr). stamp down /pile of stubble/.

pak’¢anvan, iv. lay person low (sickness).

pak’et, av. lying (clothing, paper), in the air (odor), too closely spaced (corn plants in row).

pak’lah, av. slapping (running sandaled feet).

pak’lahet, av. clouting, pounding, (running feet of children).

pak’lahetik, av. patting /tortillas/.

pak’leh, n1f. lying on ground /clothes, corpse/.

pák’luh, av. slapping hard suddenly, falling with slapping sound, exploding (young corn stalk or horse manure heated under fire, taken out and struck with rock /child’s game/, rifle bore V3: 16).

pak’ob, n1f. daub.

pak’obil, n1f. cf. pak’ob.

pak’pom, onom. kaboom /sound made by rifle when percussion cap fires first and main charge later/.

pak’pon, av. patting /tortillas/, hoeing ineffectually /tall weeds/, pounding (running feet of child).

pak’ta, tv. accuse person falsely.

pak’ta ba, rv. sham /sickness, wealth/, borrow money on behalf of undisclosed party.

t spak’ta sba ta č’om-tak’in (or) t spak’ta sba ta pial. He borrows money /on behalf of undisclosed party/.

t spak’ta sba ta čamel. He shams sickness.

pak’ta baik, rv. accuse mutually.

t spak’ta sbaik ta ʔak’-čamel. They accuse each other of witchcraft.

pak’taan, tv. accuse falsely /plu/.

pak’tan, n5. tortilla /archaic/.

pak’tanih, iv. pat tortillas.

pak’tavan, iv. accuse person falsely.

pák’tepák’te, av. tossing about /clothing/ (child), running along pounding (feet of child).

pák’tepák’te čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about narrow-hipped (woman).

pak’uh, onom. slap /sound/.

pak’ulan, tv. keep patching.

pak’ulan ʔok, vphr(tv // n). stamp.

pak’ulan ba, rv. be tamped down repeatedly (earth).

pak’ulan k’ob, vphr(tv // n). clap.

pak’ulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slapping or striking /with fist/.

pak’ulan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep stamping on.

pak’ulanan, tv. keep mending in many places.

pak’ulanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slapping or striking /plu/ /with fist/.

pak’van ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). stamp on person (drunk), kick person (mule).

hpak’alinvaneh, agn. person who offers daughter to another.

hpak’altasvaneh, agn. person who clothes another /wife, mother/.

hpak’tan, agn. person who pats tortillas.

hpak’tavaneh ta ʔak’-čamel, agn: nphr(vn5 & prep & vn/tv & ncpd/5). person who makes false accusation of witchcraft.

hpak’tavaneh ta ʔelek’, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who falsely accuses another of robbery.

hpak’vaneh ta ʔek’el, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn/5). person who stamps on another, horse that kicks person.

špak’in teʔ, nphr(n4f of n5). evil female spirit. She is believed to be able to take the appearance of one’s wife to lure a hapless drunk into a clump of magueys. The back of her head is hollow. Her hair is made of poisonous caterpillars /č’išal toh/. When the drunk touches her sexual parts they turn into excrement. When he strikes her she turns into a tree. /cf. Florentine Codex, book 5, chap. 13/.

Scolding speech; va¢el ahol čak špak’in teʔ. Your hair is as messy as špak’in teʔ’s.

¢’il pak’al, nphr(aj & n)4f. red striped turban.

pok’ n1a. neckerchief, scarf, material, clothing, inan. poss.; usu. bag /for tortillas, bread, salt, candles or chaplet/.

pok’ čih, nphr(n type n)1d. large cotton cloth /used by women to carry child or laundry/.

pok’ k’uʔul, nphr(n type n)1d. man’s cotton tunic.

pok’ močebal, nphr(n type n)1d. cotton shawl.

pok’in, tv. take neckerchief.

¢ahal pok’, nphr(aj & n)1a. red turban /worn by ritual tutors, governors, ensign-bearers/.

¢ahal pok’, nphr(aj & n)5. red canopy that covers Christ on Good Friday.

¢’il pok’, nphr(aj & n)1d. red striped turban /worn by elders, ensign-bearers, ritual tutors/., cf. ¢ahal pok’.

yašal pok’, nphr(aj & n)5. blue cloth with white cross hung behind cross on Good Friday.

pal prob P or P(2).

pal-veš, n(aj & ncpd)5. with overly long short pants.

palahtik, aj. cf. palal /plu/.

palal, av. walking fast with long straight tail.

palal, aj. overly long (skirt, cotton or wool tunic.)

palalet, av. walking fast with long straight tail (dog, squirrel, fox).

palalik, aj. cf. palal /plu/.

palet, av. walking with long straight tail (dog, squirrel, fox), walking with overly long skirt, cotton or wool tunic.

pallahet, av. cf. palet (plu).

palpal, aj. with overly long skirt.

palpon čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with meagre buttocks and overly long skirt, walking with overcoat.

páltepálte, av. walking about with long straight tail, with overly long skirt, overcoat, cotton or wool tunic.

pala N(Sp, pala).

pala, n1a. shovel.

pala makina, nphr(n type n)1e. steamshovel.

pala teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. oar, bread paddle.

palánka N(Sp, palanca).

palánka teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. lever.

palas N(Sp, Francisco).

palas, n1d. Francis. Male joking speech; penis. Term of address for skunk so it will not spray person.

pale N(Sp, padre).

pale, n5. priest.

palma N(Sp, palma).

palma, n1d. sabal palm Sabal sp., #953(3). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts, stiles, and bridges. The fronds are used for thatch. Children play with the nuts. The shoots are split and folded and used as reinforcements for Zinacantec men’s hats. The fronds are used for the hats of religious officials of other Tzotzil and Tzeltal towns. They were used for the high-peaked hats once worn by Chamulas.

pahnatik, n5. grove of sabal palms.

ba¢’i palma, nphr(aj & n). sabal palm Sabal sp., #953(3). Lowland “tree” Same as palma.

palom

palom, white dog or chicken, cf. paloma.

paloma N(Sp, paloma).

paloma, n1e. domestic pigeon, white-winged dove, band-tailed pigeon, pentecostal dove /hung in church for 10 days/.

Ritual speech, shaman when bathing sacrificial chicken; t šba vinahuk t šba ʔosilahuk h-kot yo sk’ešol h-kot yo shelol, h-kot yo ʔik’al paloma, h-kot yo sakil paloma. It will become visible, it will be heard, his one lowly substitute, his one lowly replacement, one lowly black dove, one lowly white dove.

palom, n1d. white dog or chicken.

palta N(Sp, falta).

palta, n5. deficiency, fault, trouble, problem.

mu k’u palta t šaʔi. He has no problems.

palta to. short, missing /object, person/.

isnuptan palta. He had an accident (or) a misfortune.

k’usi palta. What is wrong?

palta, aj. thieving, loose (girl).

pam

pam. cense, incense, cf. pom(2).

pan(1) N(Sp, pan).

pan, n1a. bread.

pan(2) T.

pan, tv. put on fire, boil /“flowers“, wool thread, palm frond, squash, corn on the cob/.

pan, iv. be boiled, boil (person in sun).

pan ba, rv. ripen /fruit that is wrapped in pine needles and set in sun/.

panan, tv. boil pots of.

pananan, tv. cf. panan.

pananet ʔut na, vphr(av & nphr/n4f of n5/). stuffy inside.

pananet balamil, vphr(av & n5). muggy.

pánanpánan, tv. boil one pot after another of /corn/.

pan¢ah, iv. ripen, cf. pan ba.

panebal, n5. moment before being finished boiling.

panel, nc. boiling /1-4/, boiling of wool /generally twice, with black earth/.

panin, n1a. nixtamal /corn boiled in lime to remove skins/.

panob, n1f. pot for boiling “flowers”, palm fronds, wool thread or corn on the cob.

panobil, n1f. cf. panob.

panolah, iv. boil /wool thread only/.

panulan, tv. keep boiling /“flowers”, etc./.

panvan, iv. induce perspiration (hot sun, fire /not sweatbath/).

hpan-ničim, agn(tv & ncpd)5. religious functionary /woman who brews “flowers” for steward’s coffer/.

pana N.

pana, n1f. outside, /prob contr of pal na/.

pana, n1d. Denunciatory speech; neighbor.

muk’ bu škut hpana hšokon na. I never criticized my neighbor.

panaih, iv. go outside.

panain, tv. have a neighbor.

hpanahel, agn. person who is outside, an poss.; patient.

pansuro A(Sp, pansudo).

pansuro, aj. paunchy.

pansurotik, aj. rather paunchy.

panyo N(Sp, paño).

panyo, n1a. ladino neckerchief.

panyo, n4e. ribbon used to decorate ceremonial robe.

panyo vešal, nphr(n type n)1d. green velveteen knee pants /worn by ensign-bearers when entering and leaving office, and by judge ordinary, cantor, k’uk’ul čon, groom, angel/.

papaʔ

papaʔ, tortilla, cf. vah(1).

papausa N(Sp, papausa).

papausa, n1a. ilama Annona diversifolia, #808(1, 2). Lowland “tree” It is grown by ladinos in their yards and along the river’s edge. Slips are planted in the rainy season. The fruit is harvested in August. It is sold by ladinos at market. It is “cold”

papaya N(Sp, papaya).

papaya, n1a. papaya Carica papaya, #800(1, 2). Lowland “plant” It is grown by ladinos, in their yards. The seeds are planted in the rainy season, one to a hole. The fruit is harvested in January. Papayas are eaten by people and birds. They are sold at market. They are “cold”.

papayatik, n5. papaya grove.

k’oš papaya, nphr(aj & n). wild papaya Carica cauliflora, #2799(12). Temperate “tree”

teʔtikal papaya, nphr(natt & n). ‘wild papaya’, wild papaya Carica cauliflora, #2799(7). Temperate “tree”.

papaya mut, nphr(n of n)1a. ‘bird’s papaya’, wild papaya Carica cauliflora, #259(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. Some Zinacantecs eat the fruit. It is “cold” #2799(3, 4, 5). Temperate “tree”

papyan N(Sp, Fabián).

papyan, n1d. Fabian, /common only in Óobtik/.

parahel N(Sp, paraje).

parahel, n1e. hamlet.

hparahel, agn. hamlet-dweller.

paraiso N(Sp, paraíso).

paraiso teʔ, nphr(n type n). ‘paradise tree’, china berry Melia azedarach, #863(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”.

parče N(Sp, parche).

parče, n1a. sticking-plaster, var., parči.

parči

parči, sticking plaster, cf., parče.

pareho A(Sp, parejo).

pareho, aj. similar, together.

pareho stuč’el. cut evenly (tree, salt).

pareho t šbat. lit., It goes together, i.e.. The musicians (or singers) are together.

parehotik, aj. rather similar.

parke N(Sp, parque).

parke, n5. park, central square.

partamento N(Sp, departamento).

partamento, n5. Department of Indian Affairs /Departmento de Asuntos Indígenas/.

parte A(Sp, parte).

parte, aj. unassociated, separate, different.

pártepárte, aj. each different.

partil N(Sp, partida).

partil, n5. drove /cattle, pigs, sheep/.

parto N(Sp, parte?).

parto, n1a. straw mat /folded and sewn to make bag for storing corn or beans/.

pas T.

pas, tv. do, become, make, be harmed. Ritual speech; be harmed, cf. nuptan.

pas avil. See if it will work!

pas avaʔi proval. Taste it!

pasbat tal. made for someone else /tortillas commissioned by other person/.

pas, iv. ferment (chicha).

pas ʔabtel, vphr(tv & vn5). hold religious post.

pas ʔabtel, vphr(tv & vn4d). murder, steal.

pas ʔapostal, vphr(tv & n5). bet.

pas ʔil, vphr(tv & n4d). run into debt.

pas ʔora, vphr(tv & n5). wait.

pas ba, rv. pretend to be, act as if, make a show of being.

vinik spas sba. He pretends to be very manly /man who has deceived a girl/.

pas ba ta _______, vphr(rv & prep & n5). transform self into _______, disguise self as _______.

pas baik ta preva, vphr(rv & prep & n5). struggle, fight.

pas bolil, vphr(tv & n5). behave unwisely, steal girl.

pas ¢a¢al, vphr(tv & n5). prevail.

pas čob, vphr(tv & n4d). work in corn field /clear, plant, weed, harvest/.

pas čopolal, vphr(tv & n5). blunder, botch.

pas č’ul-karira, vphr(tv & n/aj & ncpd/)5. Ritual speech, prayer; lit., perfórm the holy charity, i.e., save person’s life.

pas č’ul-pavor, vphr(tv & n/aj & ncpd/)5. Ritual speech, prayer of patient expressing gratitude for recovery; lit., grant the holy favor, i.e., save person’s life.

kol aval ʔun htot, kol aval ʔun kahval apas ti č’ul-pavore, apas ti č’ul-karira. Thank Thee My Father, thank Thee My Lord, Thou hast granted the holy favor, Thou hast performed the holy charity.

pas hamparoal, vphr(tv & n5). be greedy or lustful, exceed one’s authority.

tol spas hamparoal slahes ta ʔora srasyon loʔbol. He is so greedy that he eats his share of the fruit right off.

ispas hamparoal islahes stuk loʔbol li k’oše. The child was greedy and ate up the fruit himself.

ispas hamparoal ba svok’ ta na li ʔan¢e. He was lustful and broke into the woman’s house.

pas kanal, vphr(tv & n5). win, make a profit, look for work, render good harvest (lowland corn and kidney bean).

pas kasto, vphr(tv & n5). expend money for /funeral, wedding, house/.

pas koloʔ, vphr(tv & n4d). commit carnal crime.

pas kompišyon, vphr(tv & n5). make confession.

pas kwenta, vphr(tv & n5). realize, count.

paso kwenta. It can be seen (or) It is clear that.

pas k’in, vphr(tv & n5). hold private fiesta (ladino), celebrate fiesta, get drunk and shout in the house, complain constantly to authorities.

pas k’op, vphr(tv & n5) get embroiled in an argument.

pas k’ošoš, vphr(tv & n5). make toasted tortillas.

pas muh, vphr(tv & n5). stand on all fours imitating cow (child).

pas mul, vphr(tv & n4d). commit carnal crime, quarrel, have sexual relations.

pas na, vphr(tv & n5). construct house.

pas palta, vphr(tv & n5). have misfortune or accident.

pas pavor, vphr(tv & n5). grant a favor.

pas pletu, vphr(tv & n5). quarrel.

pas preva, vphr(tv & n5). taste, try.

pas prošišyon, vphr(tv & n5). process (saints).

Joking speech, referring to person wandering about aimlessly; yeč

spas prošišyon. He is just parading about.

pas proval, vphr(tv & n5). cf. pas preva.

pas rason, vphr(tv & n5). advise, be wise.

lek spas rason ta yalkalteal. As a judge he gives good counsel.

mu snaʔ spas rason. He is foolish.

pas resal, vphr(tv & n5). pray /in church, at bedtime/.

pas sibak, vphr(tv & n5). make gunpowder.

pas sonsoal, vphr(tv & n5). do something foolish or illadvised.

pas ta kriščano, vphr(tv & prep & n5). become an adult, assume human form.

pas ta mantal, vphr(tv & prep & n5). send on errands.

pas ta pač’al, vphr(tv & prep & aj). level /ground/.

pas ta pareho, vphr(tv & prep & aj). level /land/, balance /burden/, plane /beam/.

pas torial, vphr(tv & vn5). act out bullfight (straw bull of Christmas season, dude).

pas trago, vphr(tv & n5). bootleg.

pas trate, vphr(tv & n5). make a deal, make a pact.

pas vah, vphr(tv & n5). make toasted tortilla.

pas veʔelil, vphr(tv & n5). prepare meal.

pasan, tv. make /plu/.

pasan preva, vphr(tv & n5). try many times.

pasan veʔelil, vphr(tv & n5). prepare large meal.

pasanan, tv. cf. pasan.

pásanpásan preva, vphr(tv & n5). try one after another /women, bowls of chicha/.

pasaset, av. fermenting.

pasbe senya, vphr(tv & n5). make signs /to girl/.

pasel, vn4g. creation.

Denunciatory speech, dispute over patrimonial land; ta spasel č’ul-ʔosil, ta spasel č’ul-balamil. when the holy earth was created, when the holy world was created.

pasel, nc. toasting of toasted tortillas /1-2/.

paset, av. fermenting.

pasetik, av. fermenting.

pasob ʔabtel, nphr(n1f of n5). house of religious official.

pasob ʔabtel, nphr(n4d of n5). house of religious official, ceremonial robe.

pasob ʔot, nphr(n4f of n4d). cf. pasob vah.

pasob kanal, nphr(n of n)5. hoe, special knowledge or ability permitting one to win.

pasob kasto, nphr(n of n)5. religious post, object lost just after being bought, object that one does not want to buy.

pasob kompišyon, nphr(n of n)5. white flowers and ribbons as well as candles taken to confession, confessional booth.

pasob kwenta, nphr(n of n)5. paper on which list is written.

pasob k’in, nphr(n of n)5. clothes worn by spooks during Carnival, by players, angels, captains, and sir spook.

pasob k’ošoš, nphr(n1f of n1d). large griddle used for making toasted tortillas.

pasob mulil, nphr(n of n)5. broken engagement.

pasob na, nphr(n1f of n1d). money for constructing house.

pasob pavor, nphr(n of n)5. liquor given when requesting favor.

pasob pletu, nphr(n of n)5. act or object which only causes quarrels.

pasob preva, nphr(n of n)5. sample of chicha, test to see whether person can work well or whether shaman can return sickness.

pasob prošišyon, nphr(n of n)5. flower petals strewn on processional path, processional trees.

pasob proval, nphr(n of n)5. large gourd of corn gruel presented by ritual tutors of incoming and outgoing ensign-bearers to stewards, ensign-bearers, elders, and civil officials during change of office of each ensign-bearer. The outgoing ensign-bearer presents corn gruel early on the second day of the fiesta, the incoming ensign-bearer early on the third day.

pasob rason, nphr(n of n)5. brain.

pasob resal, nphr(n of n)5. rosary, candles given when praying, bread given by stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary, Our Lady of Guadalupe, St. Sebastian, the Holy Sacrament, St. Lawrence, and St. Dominic to ladinas who are asked to pray.

pasob sibak, nphr(n1f of n1d). half gourd used for making gunpowder.

pasob trago, nphr(n of n)5. shack where bootlegger’s still is hidden.

pasob trate, nphr(n of n)5. gift of liquor to ensure deal, gift of ribbons, etc. to girl to win her favors.

pasob vah, nphr(n1f of n5). firewood or griddle for making toasted tortillas.

pasob veʔelil, nphr(n of n)5. frying pan.

pasobil ʔabtel, nphr(n1f of n5). house of religious official.

pasobil ʔot, nphr(n4f of n4d). firewood or griddle for making toasted tortillas.

pasobil kanal, nphr(n of n)5. very narrow stretch of trail where woman who has rebuffed all advances can be siezed.

pasobil kompišyon, nphr(n1f of n5). cf. pasob kompišyon.

pasobil kwenta, nphr(n1f of n5). cf. pasob kwenta.

pasobil k’ošoš, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. pasob k’ošoš.

pasobil na, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. pasob na.

pasobil prošišyon, nphr(n1f of n5). cf. pasob prošišyon.

pasobil proval, nphr(n4f of n5). corn bought by middleman as sample.

pasobil sibak, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. pasob sibak.

pasobil vah, nphr(n1f of n5). cf. pasob vah.

paspon, av. doing same stupid thing day after day.

paspastik, iv. ferment slightly.

pasulan, tv. keep doing.

pasulan ba, rv. keep pretending to be.

pasulan bolil, vphr(tv & n5). keep behaving unwisely or having affairs.

pasulan ¢a¢al, vphr(tv & n5). keep prevailing.

pasulan čob, vphr(tv & n4d). keep working in corn field.

pasulan hamparoal, vphr(tv & n5). keep being greedy or lustful.

pasulan kanal, vphr(tv & n5). keep earning money, but not providing for family.

pasulan kompišyon, vphr(tv & n5). keep making confession.

pasulan kwenta, vphr(tv & n5). keep counting.

pasulan k’in, vphr(tv & n5). keep getting drunk and shouting in the house.

pasulan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). keep getting embroiled in fights or arguments.

pasulan k’ošoš, vphr(tv & n5). make toasted tortillas.

pasulan mul, vphr(tv & n4d). keep committing carnal crime with same person, assault repeatedly, keep quarreling.

pasulan na, vphr(tv & n4d). keep building house.

pasulan palta, vphr(tv & n5). keep having misfortune.

pasulan pavor, vphr(tv & n5). keep doing favors.

pasulan pletu, vphr(tv & n5). keep causing quarrels.

pasulan preva, vphr(tv & n5). keep trying, keep having sexual relations with girls.

pasulan prošišyon, vphr(tv & n5). keep parading about aimlessly.

pasulan proval, vphr(tv & n5). cf. pasulan preva.

pasulan sibak, vphr(tv & n5). make gunpowder.

pasulan sonsoal, vphr(tv & n5). keep doing something foolish or illadvised /having illicit affairs, refusing to give away daughter/.

pasulan trago, vphr(tv & n5). keep bootlegging.

pasulan trate, vphr(tv & n5). keep making deals in vain.

pasulan vah, vphr(tv & n5). make toasted tortillas.

pasulan veʔelil, vphr(tv & n5). prepare meal ineffectually.

pasulanan k’ošoš, vphr(tv & n5). make toasted tortillas.

pasulanan preva, vphr(tv & n5). keep trying many times.

pasulanan proval, vphr(tv & n5). cf. pasulanan preva.

pasulanan vah, vphr(tv & n5). make toasted tortillas.

pasulanbe senya, vphr(tv & n5). keep making signs /to girls/.

pasulanobil mul, nphr(n4f of n1d). cane liquor that keeps making person commit crime.

pasvan ta preva, vphr(tv & prep & n5). test person’s strength.

hpas-ʔabtel, agn(tv & ncpd). religious official /general term/.

hpas-balamil, agn(tv & ncpd). creator god /vašak-men/, lit., earth-maker.

hpas-kahon, agn(tv & ncpd). coffinmaker.

hpas-kanal, agn(tv & ncpd). job-hunter.

hpas-k’ak’al, agn(tv & ncpd). Our Lord who takes account of our daily sins, lit., day-maker.

hpas-k’in, agn(tv & ncpd). person who finances minor fiesta.

hpas-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). civil official /general term/.

hpas-k’ošoš, agn(tv & ncpd). maker of toasted tortillas.

hpas-na, agn(tv & npcd). builder.

hpas proval ʔan¢, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ of n). Don Juan.

hpas-rason, agn(tv & ncpd). wise person.

hpas-resal, agn(tv & ncpd). worshipper.

hpas-sibak, agn(tv & ncpd). gunpowder maker.

hpas-šonobil, agn(tv & ncpd). sandal maker.

hpas-trago, agn(tv & ncpd). bootlegger.

hpas-vah, agn(tv & ncpd). maker of toasted tortillas.

hpas-vinahel, agn(tv & ncpd). creator god /vašak-men/, lit., heaven-maker.

hpas-voʔ, agn(tv & npcd). religious functionary /each of two women who prepare corn gruel for each ensign-bearer and each of the elders/.

yan pas ʔoʔon, vphr(aj & tv/3s/ & n4d). feel sick.

pasaro A(Sp, pasado).

pasaro, n5. disinfectant /human excrement rubbed on wound to prevent infection if thorn cannot be extracted/.

pasaro, aj. former (religious official).

pasaro mol. ancient man (or) man who as passed through entire religious hierarchy.

pasaro meʔel. ancient woman.

pasensya E(Sp, paciencia).

pasensya, excl. So what!, What can you do?

paskuʔ

paskuʔ, cf. paskwa..

paskwa N(Sp, pascua).

paskwa, n5. Christmas Eve, Christmas Day. Ritual speech; feast day.

lah ti smelole lah ti stohole ti č’ul-k’ine ti č’ul-paskwae. The true celebration of the holy fiesta is finished, the true way is ended, the holy feast day.

paskwa čenek’, cf. čenek’.

paskwatik, n5. Christmas season /period from December twentieth to twenty-sixth/.

ba-k’el paskwa, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/). Christmas Day.

paskuʔal čenek’, cf. čenek’.

pasmo N(Sp, espasmo).

pasmo, n1e. malaria, var., pasmu.

pasmu

pasmu, malaria, cf. pasmo.

pašak’ N.

pašak’, n1a. pineapple Ananas comosus. Lowland “plant” The fruit is eaten raw and used to flavor the chicha that is drunk at the fiesta of St. Sebastian and Carnival. It is “medium”. wild pineapple Bromelia plumieri, #3003(11). Lowland “plant”. The fruit is sold at market. It is “medium”

pašak’iltik, n5. large field of pineapples.

pašak’tik, n5. field of pineapples.

ba¢’i pašak’, nphr(aj & n). same as pašak’.

čimpo pašak’, nphr(x type n)5. wild pineapple Bromelia hemisphaerica, #859(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant” The fruit is eaten by squirrels, rats and people. It is “cold”. Eating it in great quantities will cause one’s mouth to bleed.

hol ʔitahil pašak’, nphr(nphr/n of natt/ & n)5. ‘cabbage head pineapple’, same as čimpo pašak’.

kinya pašak’, nphr(n type n)5. ‘banana pineapple’, wild pineapple Bromelia pinguin, #858(1, 2, 3, 5), #1318(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”. The fruit is eaten by squirrels, rats, magpie jays, and people, but if eaten in quantities one’s mouth will bleed. The fruit is eaten raw, roasted or boiled. It is “cold”. It is sold at market, wild pineapple Bromelia hemisphaerica, #2889(1, 4, 14). Lowland “plant”. Same use as above.

potpot pašak’, nphr(aj & n). ‘clustered pineapple’, wild pineapple Bromelia plumieri, #893(1, 2, 3, 5), #3003(1, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”. (1)-The fruit is eaten, after rubbing off the down with leaves. It is “cold”. (4)-It is “hot”

setom pašak’, nphr(n type n). ‘round pineapple’, same as potpot pašak’.

setomal pašak’, nphr(natt & n). ‘round pineapple’, same as potpot pašak’.

pašamum N.

pašamum, n. brush cherry Eugenia acapulcensis, #2142(11), #2443(1).

Temperate “tree” (11)-The fruit is eaten, viburnum Viburnum elatum, #2946(1). Highland “tree”.

ʔit’iš pašamum, nphr(n4f of n5). brush cherry Eugenia acapulcensis, #2142(14). Temperate “tree” The fruit is eaten.

muk’ta pašamum, nphr(aj & n). sweet leaf Symplocos vernicosa, #1543(1, 3). Temperate and highland “tree”. The trunk is used for hoe and billhook handles, digging sticks, and fence posts, sweet leaf Symplocos limoncilla, #2730(1, 4). Highland “tree” brush cherry Eugenia acapulcensis, #2443(20). Temperate “tree”. The fruit is “cold”. Ardisia escallonioides, #2686(1, 3). Lowland “tree” Same use as sweet leaf.

pašamum teʔ, nphr(n type n). viburnum Viburnum elatum, #949(1, 3).

Highland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts. The fruit is “hot”. Eugenia yunckeri, #1650(1, 4). Lowland “tree”. Ardisia escallonioides, #2686(15, 22). Lowland “tree”.

paškuʔ N(Sp, Pascua).

paškuʔ, n1d. Pascua /feminine name/.

paštol N(Sp, pastor).

paštol, n1d. Christmas figurine /clay animal, angel or shepherd used by children and for créche/.

pašy X(Sp, pasear).

pašyah, iv. go hunting, take a walk, divert self /on streets, in market/, be carried in procession (saint).

pašyahebal, n3d. Polite speech; area of yard used for defecation.

pašyan, tv. go hunting, take a walk, divert self /on streets, in market/, be carried in procession (saint).

pašyanan, tv. divert self in many places.

pašyanobil, n4f. unsuccessful trip.

pašyanvan, iv. hunt down murderer or eloped girl, hunt down person (murderer).

hpašyal, agn. hunter.

bat ta pašyal, vphr(iv & vn5). go hunting, take a walk, divert self /on streets, in market/. Polite speech; go to defecate. A man returning successfully from a hunt may tack the animal’s skin head down on a fence post by the house to ensure continued good luck.

pašet, av. taking a walk, diverting self, hunting, walking around /inside yard to check for trespassers/.

pašetah, iv. hunt lazily, amble around /in market, in yard, on paths/.

pašetik, av. cf. pašet (plu).

páštepášte, av. walking about diverting self.

pašyon N(Sp, pasión).

pašyon, agn. cantor or pasionero /official of the first level of the religious hierarchy/.

pašyonal, n4d. post of cantor. Ritual speech, prayer; lit., passion, i.e., money.

h-sil yo 1 akrus h-sil yo 1 apašyonal. a splinter of Thy lordly cross, a sliver of Thy lordly passion.

pat P, P(2).

pat, tv. mold with mud or soft substance /pot, water jug, griddle, adobe, tile/.

ispat vah. She made bean tamales.

pat, iv. be made (pot, water jug, griddle, adobe, tile).

pat hol, nphr(n1f of n1f). butt.

spat shol ʔek’el. blunt end of axe head.

pat hol ʔasaluna. top of hoe blade.

pat holol, nphr(n1f of n3d). back of head.

ihč’ay ta spat hhol. I forgot it completely.

patahtik, aj. cf. patal /plu/.

patal, aj. sitting bowed over, lying face down, setting (hen), standing (lizard, turtle, rabbit, frog, mouse), lying down (dog, tiger).

patal ta balamil. buried in mist.

Ritual speech, prayer; kehelon tal patalon tal. I come kneeling, bowing low.

patalik, aj. cf. patal /plu/.

pátalpátal, aj. crouched low /when walking or running/.

patan, tv. mold /pots, etc./.

patan, n1g. annual tax /on ejido landowners to support federal forest service/.

Ritual speech, stewards, ensign-bearers and elders transmitting offices to successors; ikil ta yo hba ikil ta yo hsat ti yo kabtele ti yo hpatane. I have seen with my humble sight, I have seen with my humble eyes, my lowly work, my lowly contribution.

patan ba, rv. bow to ground /in prayer/, lie face down, lie down, stand (lizard, frog, turtle, mouse, rabbit).

patan k’op, nphr(n type n)5. constable /archaic/.

patanob ʔalak’, nphr(n4f of n4d). broken pot used as nest for setting hen.

patanob kašlan, nphr(n5 of n5). cf. patanob ʔalak’.

patanobil ʔalak’, nphr(n4f of n4d). cf. patanob ʔalak’.

patanobil kašlan, nphr(n1f of n5). cf. patanob ʔalak’.

pátanpátan, tv. make one after another /tile, adobe, etc./, lay one after another /egg/ (chickens).

pátanpátan, tv. pátanpátanan, tv. lay one after another (chickens).

patat, av. approaching and lying down.

patatet, av. walking doubled over /with pain/.

patbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). concede, mollify, give partial gratification to.

yuʔun lek spatbe yoʔon kriščanoetik ta sčonbe hu-hun kwarto yišim ti mi č’abal ša yišim li yane. He kindly gives the people partial gratification; he sells a quart of corn to each when they have no more corn.

ba spatbe yoʔon hayibuk k’ak’al. She went and gratified him only a few days /girl who returns home soon after marriage/.

ispatbe yoʔon hayib. He mollified him with a few (pesos) /when religious official requests a loan/.

patbe hol, vphr(tv & n4d). mold head of newborn child with hands or log stool.

patebal, n5. moment before finishing being made.

patebal koʔon. lit., My heart is almost made., i.e., My son is almost old enough to help me work.

patet, av. sitting bowed over, lying face down, setting (hen), standing (lizard, etc.), lying down (dog, tiger).

patet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). happy.

ba¢’i škušet ša yoʔon špatet ša yoʔon. He was very happy, very happy.

patetik, av. lying face down /plu/.

pati, iv. sit bowed over, lie face down, bow low /in prayer/, set (hen), stand (lizard, etc.).

patil, n3c. back /house, chair, person, hand, arm, leg, fiddle, guitar/, flat side /machete/, shell /egg/, far side /griddle, pot/, far end /harp/, rind /fruit/, bark /tree/, pod /bean/, shell /snail, turtle/, armor /armadillo/, empty nest /wasp/.

spatilal ša leʔe aʔa. He is the last in the line of command (or) He is at the very bottom.

ta patil. at the end, behind, right behind, immediately afterwards. Ritual speech, prayer; hpat, hšokon. lit., my back, my side, i.e., my body.

patiš, n1e. whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus sp., Ameiva sp. Although this lizard does not bite, by walking across one’s food it is thought to leave behind a fatal poison.

patk’uh, iv. stumble (person, horse), sag (house, fence), collapse.

patk’un ba, rv. stumble, collapse.

patk’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). push face down.

patk’unvan, iv. push person face down, make person collapse (burden).

patlah, av. stumbling /sing/.

patlahet, av. taking many tumbles, (child, drunk), taking dust bath (chickens).

patlahetik, av. taking many tumbles, (children, drunks).

patleb, n4d. nest of setting hen.

patlebin, tv. lie face down on.

patleh, n1f. lying face down, sitting bowed over, setting /hen/, standing /lizard, etc./.

pátluh, av. falling face down suddenly.

patob, nphr(n1f of n1d). bottom of old pot, water jug or griddle on which new form is built.

patob ʔoʔoniL nphr(n of n)5. certainty.

Use restricted; mu patob ʔoʔoniluk. It is not certain (or) it is not known.

patob šamit, nphr(n1f of n1d). adobe mold.

patob teša, nphr(n1f of n1d). tile factory, tile mold.

patob vah, nphr(n5 of n5). cloth on which bean tamales are prepared.

patobil _______, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. patob _______.

patobil ʔoʔon, nphr(n4f of n4d). palliative /small toy given to child to placate it until better toy can be bought/.

patobil šamit, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. patob šamit.

patobil teša, nphr(n1f of n1d). tile mold.

patobil vah, nphr(n1f of n5). cf. patob vah.

patolah, iv. make earthenware vessels.

patomah, iv. make earthenware vessels.

patpat, aj. slightly pitched /roof insufficiently pitched and permitting leakage/, behind /implies movement behind, as behind house or fence/.

patpon, av. taking dust bath (chicken).

páttepátte, av. setting in one place after another (hen).

patulan, tv. keeping making /pots, griddles, adobes, water jugs/.

patulanan, tv. keep making /adobes/.

hpat _______, agn(tv & ncpd). maker of /pots, jugs, griddles or adobes/.

hpat-vah, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /each of two women, senior and junior, who prepare bean tamales for wedding/.

hpatan, agn. Ritual speech, ritual tutor to steward when departing to receive chaplet, to ensign-bearer when departing to receive corn gruel; contributor.

ʔa yaya tot ʔahvetik ʔoyuk yo 1 avokolik ʔoyuk yo 1 avik’tiʔik, ¢oblanik eč’el lotlanik eč’el, ta smeʔanal na ta smeʔanal k’uleb li yahʔabtele li yahpatane. Oh Beloved Father, Ancients, wilt Thou bear the hardship, wilt Thou endure the suffering, leave together, depart together, depart together for the house of poverty, the house of wealth of His laborer, His contributor.

hpatk’unvaneh ta ʔač’el, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who pushes another down in the mud.

hpatlom, agn. setting hen.

hpatol, agn. censer maker, candlestick maker.

hpotob, agn. potter, censer maker, candlestick maker.

ta pat, nphr(prep & n3b). behind.

isnak’ sba ta pat mak na. He hid behind the door.

ta patil, nphr(prep & n5). at the end, the last /person in line/.

patara N(Sp, patada).

patara, n5. kicking, kick.

pataš N.

pataš, n. oleander. See below.

k’oš pataš, nphr(aj & n). oleander Nerium oleander, #719(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. Ladinos grow oleanders in their yards. They put the flowers in altar vases.

pataš čenek’, cf. čenck’.

pataš ničim, nphr(n type n). ‘pataš flower’, nosegay frangipani. See below.

¢ahal pataš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). nosegay frangipani Plumeria rubra, #791(1, 2). Lowland “tree”. Ladinos grow frangipanis in their yards. Slips are planted in the rainy season. The flowers are used by the people of San Lucas, Chiapa, Chiapilla, and Acala to decorate the graves on All Souls’ Day, and to put in altar vases. The people of Chiapa and Chamula thread the flowers on strings for church decorations during Holy Week.

k’anal pataš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). nosegay frangipani Plumeria rubra, #802(1, 2). Lowland “tree” Same use as ¢ahal pataš ničim.

moraro pataš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). nosegay frangipani Plumeria rubra, #778(1, 2). Lowland “tree”. Same use as ¢ahal pataš ničim.

sakil pataš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). white frangipani Plumeria alba, # 202(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “tree” Same use as ¢ahal pataš ničim.

patašet, cf. čenek’.

pativil N.

pativil, n1a. white shawl /worn by ensign-bearers on the Fourth Friday, of Lent, Wednesday of Holy Week, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, worn by sak-holetik or grooms, worn by prefects on Good Friday/.

patron N(Sp, patrón).

patron, n1d. boss, employer.

patróna N(Sp, patrona).

patróna, n1d. female employer.

pav N(Sp, pavo).

pav, n1d. peacock. One tail feather is used to adorn the hats worn by the ensign-bearers when they enter and leave office, var., pavo, pava /Hok’ Č’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/.

pava

pava, peacock, cf. pav.

pavav N.

pavav, n5. highland and lowland katydid or cricket that makes sudden sharp hissing sound at night. The singing of this insect near one’s house is believed to cause sickness, var., špav, špavav.

pavlu N(Sp, Pablo).

pavlu, n1d. Paul /infr except in Čobtik/.

pavo

pavo, peacock, cf. pav.

pay(1) P(2) or T(2).

pay, tv. muster /for lynching/.

pay čamel, vphr(tv & vn5). cast a spell (witch of neighboring town), announce one’s death (owl, whippoorwill, etc.).

payahtik, aj. cf. payal /plu/.

payal, aj. assembled (mob for lynching).

payan, tv. muster a mob /for lynching/.

páyanpáyan, tv. muster one after another /for lynching/.

paybalal čamel, nphr(aj & vn)5. sickness caused by spell.

payulan čamel, vphr(tv & vn5). keep casting spells or announcing deaths.

hpay-čamel, agn(tv & vncpd). animal of ill-omen. Owls and other animals that announce one’s death may not be sent directly by a witch, but are thought to have overheard the names of a witch’s prospective victims. They then, reportedly, call upon those who are the weakest and have the shortest life span.

poy, n1d. murder accomplice.

pay(2) prob P or P(2).

payahtik, aj. cf. payal /plu/.

payal, aj. uneven (ground, sole).

payalik, aj. cf. payal /plu/.

pay¢ah, iv. become uneven (land after slide, sole).

payč’uh, iv. disappear below horizon (sun), disappear down trail.

payk’uh, iv. cf. pay¢ah.

paypay, aj. uneven.

paypon, av. walking with one side of sole worn down, walking with overly long skirt or with tunic that is not fastened on the sides.

páytepáyte, av. jumping out of sight one after another.

pay(3)

pay, candle-bearer, cf. poy(2).

pe¢ P, P(2).

pe¢, nc. tree, plant.

pe¢ lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). dig up /tree, plant/.

pe¢ahtik, aj. cf. pe¢el /plu/.

pe¢ahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n). ‘erect grass’, Cyperus sp., #1474(11, 12). Highland “plant”.

pe¢an, tv. set on ground /tree, plant/.

pe¢an ba, rv. sit cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself (woman).

pe¢an lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). dig up /trees, plants/.

pe¢anan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. pe¢an lok’el.

pe¢anob ničim, nphr(n1f of n1d). flowerpot.

pe¢anobil ničim, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. pe¢anob ničim.

pé¢anpé¢anan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). dig up one after another /trees, plants/.

pe¢antik, aj. sparse, too widely spaced (plants, trees).

pe¢e¢an, tv. dig up /trees, plants/.

pe¢ekil, n4f. many trees or plants.

pe¢el, aj. sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself (woman), standing (tree, plant).

pe¢elik, aj. cf. pe¢el /plu/.

pé¢elpé¢el, n4f. each of many trees or plants.

pe¢et, av. sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself (woman).

pe¢etah, iv. sit cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself (woman).

pe¢etik, av. cf. pe¢et (plu).

pe¢i, iv. sit cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself (woman), stand (tree, plant).

pe¢kantik, aj. sparse, too widely spaced (plants, trees).

pe¢lah, av. waddling /plu/.

pe¢lahet, av. cf. pe¢pon (plu).

pe¢lahetik, av. cf. pe¢pon (plu).

pe¢eh, nib. sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself, entirety /tree or plant/.

pe¢obil, n4f. hoe, pick.

pe¢pe¢, nc. single /tree, plant/ /1 only/.

pe¢pe¢, aj. stocky (person), low and heavily foliaged (tree).

pe¢pon, av. swaying from side to side (woman dancing or sitting and singing), waddling (duck, fat woman).

pé¢tepé¢te, av. walking about holding saplings, sitting here and there swaying from side to side (drunken woman).

pe¢’ P(2).

pe¢’, n1a. trap /for rat or dog/. To trap rats, a rock a handspan and a half in length, and a handspan and four fingers in width is rubbed on the ground to smooth it. A stake is planted at one end of the rock. False mallow bark is tied to the top of the stake and to a bunch of weeds at the far end of the rock. Corn kernels that have been roasted to add fragrance are tied to the bark. The rock is rested on the bark and, if necessary, a second rock is placed on top of it. More corn kernels are blown under the rock. When the rat cuts the bark, the rock falls on top of it.

pe¢’ ba, rv. sag (top of fence).

pe¢’ ba, rv. pez’ahtik aj., cf. pe¢’el /plu/.

pe¢’antik, aj. sagging here and there (top of fence).

pe¢’¢ah, iv. sag (fence).

pe¢’¢an, tv. make sag /top of fence/.

pe¢’¢an ba, rv. sag (top of fence, mule’s back).

pe¢’¢anan, tv. make sag in many places /fences/.

pe¢’¢anvan, iv. crush person (burden).

pe¢’e¢’ yalel, vphr(av & dr). sinking down (top of fence, heavily laden truck).

pe¢’e¢’et, av. giving way underfoot (top of fence), sagging (truck being loaded).

pe¢’el, aj. crushed (basket), sagging (top of fence).

pe¢’elik, aj. cf. pe¢’el /plu/.

pe¢’et yalel, vphr(av & dr). sagging (fence).

pe¢’k’uh, iv. sag (top of fence).

pe¢’k’un, tv. make sag /top of fence/, crush.

pe¢’k’un ba, rv. be crushed /by burden/.

pe¢’k’unan, tv. cf. pe¢’¢anan.

pe¢’k’unvan, iv. cf. pe¢’¢anvan.

pe¢’lah, av. staggering /under burden/ /plu/.

pe¢’lahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. pe¢’pon čak (plu).

pe¢’lahetik, av. staggering /under heavy burdens/.

pe¢’leh, n4f. sagging (top of fence).

pe¢’lehikil, n4f. cf. pe¢’leh /plu/.

pé¢’luh yalel, vphr(av & dr). giving way suddenly (top of fence).

pe¢’pe¢’, aj. sagging (top of fence).

pe¢’pon čak, vphr(av & n4d). staggering /under heavy burden/.

pé¢’tepé¢’te čak, vphr(av & n4d). staggering about /under heavy burden/.

pe¢’ulan, tv. make sag /top of fence by jumping on it/.

pe¢’ulanan, tv. make sag in many places /top of fence by jumping on it/.

peč P, P(2).

peč, tv. hold wide-brimmed container in one or both hands /bowl, basket, half gourd/, hold flat object face up in one or both hands.

peč, n4e. last child.

peč, nc. In reference to: board, rind, crackling, bowl, basket, stale tortilla, toasted tortilla, metate platform, tile, adobe, honeycomb.

peč ba, rv. warp.

peč čakil, nphr(n1f of n3d). buttock, spine and pope’s nose /section of slaughtered chicken/.

pečahtik, aj. sitting (wide-brimmed containers, upside down hats), served (meals), sticking out (ears of person listening), with wide flakes curled up at the edge (dried mud).

pečan, tv. set down /meal, bowl, basket, half gourd/, put in /bowl, crown of hat/.

pečan, aj. clumsy (person who stumbles).

pečanan, tv. set down /bowls/.

pečanob, n1f. tortilla gourd, gourd, basket.

pečanobil, n1f. place where bowl is set, tortilla gourd, gourd, basket.

pečantik, aj. widely spaced (honeycombs).

péčanpéčanan, tv. set down one after another /bowls, baskets/.

pečeč, n5. last child.

pečeč, av. moving with wide-brimmed hat (sombrerón).

pečeč, aj. broad and shallow (basket).

pečeč teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1d. forked stake for holding pots, etc.

pečečet, av. bobbing (kite), quaking (earth), bouncing (board carried on head).

pečekil, n4f. many /pesos, honeycomb/.

pečel(1), n4f. round /peso/.

naka spečel pešu. just round pesos, i.e., silver pesos.

pečel(2), aj. sitting (wide-brimmed container, upside down hat), served (meal), sticking out (ears of person listening).

pečelik, aj. cf. pečel(2) /plu/.

péčelpéčel, n4f. each of many boards, bowls, baskets, etc.

pečet, av. sitting (meal, wide-brimmed container), jutting (chin), bouncing (board carried on head), carrying about /tortilla/ (child).

peči, iv. be served (meal).

pečk’uh, iv. warp, twist (foot).

pečk’un, tv. twist /foot/.

pečlah, av. stumbling, jolting (car) /sing/.

pečlahet, av. jolting (car), jouncing (loose bridge planks), tripping.

pečlahetik, av. tripping (plu).

pečleh, n4f. served /meal/, entirety /world, township/.

ta spečleh balamil. in the whole world.

spečleh htek-lum. community-wide (entire township).

péčluh, av. twisting suddenly (foot).

pečob, n1f. container /plate, gourd/.

pečobil, n1f. cf. pečob.

pečpeč, nc. single /board, tile, rind, adobe, etc./ / 1 only/.

pečpeč, aj. warped, excessively broad-brimmed (hat, basket), wide (leaves), twisted to side (foot).

pečpon, av. jouncing (loose bridge plank, bed), teetering (seesaw).

péčtepéčte, av. distributing one after another /bowls of corn gruel meal/, carrying about /bowl, basket/.

pečulan, tv. keep jouncing /board/, keep jiggling /wide-brimmed container/.

hpečaneh-veʔelil, agn(vn & ncpd). religious functionary /woman who attends each of the elders, ensign-bearers when meal is offered, and stewards when coffer is venerated/ /one for each official/.

peč’ P(2), T(2).

peč’, tv. tie in bundle /thatch, flowers/, braid /hair/, tie /mouth of bag/, bind /leg/.

peč’, iv. be fastened (bag, burden).

peč’, n1a. duck /general term referring to both domestic ducks raised by ladinos and to wild ducks/. Teal and other wild ducks are hunted occasionally for food. They are “cold”.

peč’, n1f. braid.

peč’, nc. two cardfuls /of wool, considered as a unit/ /1 - 5/. cf. lik.

peč’ ʔantaš, nphr(n of n)1e. long strip of cloth used to tie saint to litter.

peč’-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd). cf. peč’e-ʔok.

peč’ ba, rv. become matted (woman’s hair, wool).

peč’ halal, nphr(n of n)1a. braided headdress /worn by bride, snup hpetom, candle bearer, and kaʔbenal/.

peč’-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. highland black and white snake. Its bite is considered dangerous. A “hot” tea of chili water in which thirteen slivers of pine have been boiled is drunk, and the limb is bound to prevent the pain from reaching one’s heart.

peč’ahtik, aj. cf. peč’el /plu/.

peč’ahtik ʔuč’ul voʔ, cf. ʔuč’ul voʔ.

peč’ahtik ¢ahal hobel, cf. ¢ahal hobel.

peč’ahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n). ‘flat grass’, blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium scabrum S. & C, #619(1, 2, 3). Highland “plant”. golden-eyed grass Sisyrinchium angustissimum, #646(1, 2), #1031(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. dawn flower Orthosanthus chimborascensis var. centroamericanus, #680(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”.

peč’an, tv. tie in bundles.

peč’anan, tv. cf. peč’an.

péč’anpéč’an, tv. tie one bundle after another.

péč’anpéč’anan, tv. cf. péč’anpéč’an.

peč’benal, n1f. braid.

peč’bentik, aj. bound together (legs, two sticks).

peč’e-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd). ‘flat stem’, golden-eyed grass Sisyrinchium convolutum, #1544(1, 3, 11, 12). Temperate “plant”. var., peč’-ʔok /Hok’ Č’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/.

k’anal peč’e-’ʔok, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). golden-eyed grass Sisyrinchium tinctorium, #901(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. ladies’ tresses Spiranthes aurantiaca, #1142(1, 4). Temperate “plant”. It is eaten by cattle and horses.

peč’e-ʔok ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). golden-eyed grass Sisyrinchium angustissimum, #1458(11, 12). Highland “plant”. golden-eyed grass Sisyrinchium convolutum, #2150(11). Temperate “plant”.

peč’e-ʔok hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ‘flat stem grass’, golden-eyed grass Sisyrinchium angustissimum, #646(3). Highland “plant”. golden-eyed grass Sisyrinchium convolutum, #2150(1, 7, 14). Temperate “plant”. dawn flower Orthosanthus chimborascensis var. centroamericanus, #1392(3), #1502(1, 3), #2935(1). Highland “plant”. knotgrass Paspalum distichum, #1174(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. beard grass Andropogon glomeratus, #189(16, 17). Lowland “plant”. (16)-It is eaten by horses and cattle. Carex donnell-smithii, # B9544(5, 5a), #B9547(5, 5a). Highland “plant”.

k’anal peč’e-ʔok hobel, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). golden-eyed grass Sisyrinchium convolutum, #1143(1, 4). Temperate “grass”. It grows in corn fields.

peč’e-ok nič nab, cf. nič nab.

peč’ebal, n5. moment before finishing braiding or tying in bundle.

peč’ekil, n4f. in many bundles /flowers/.

peč’el, aj. bound (prisoner), tied in bundle (thatch, firewood, flowers), braided (hair), tied (mouth of bag), flat (duck’s bill and feet, stem).

peč’el halal, ajphr(aj & aj). tangled (weaving).

peč’elik, aj. cf. peč’el /plu/.

péč’elpéč’el, n4f. each of many bundles.

peč’et, av. braided (hair), bound (wound), matted (hair).

peč’i, iv. be matted (hair), be braided (headdress of bride).

peč’lahet, av. cf. peč’pon (plu).

peč’lahetik, av. cf. peč’pon (plu).

peč’leh, n4f. braided, tied.

peč’ob, n1f. rope.

peč’obil, n1f. cf. peč’ob.

peč’peč’, nc. single two carding brushful unit /1 only/.

peč’peč, aj. matted (wool, hair), flat (duck’s bill and feet, stem).

peč’pon, av. fastening burden slowly and ineffectively.

speč’pon sniʔ t šveʔ. He is eating slowly.

péč’tepéč’te ʔok, vphr(av & dr). waddling about (duck).

peč’ulan, tv. keep tying in bundle /thatch, flowers/, braiding /hair/, tying /mouth of bag/ or binding /leg/.

peč’ulan ba, rv. keep binding each other (children).

peč’ulanan, tv. keep lashing /plu/.

peč’ulanobil, n4f. rope for tying bundle.

peč’van, iv. truss person /prisoner/.

hpeč’vaneh, agn. person who trusses another.

peh(1) P, P(2).

peh-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. with lame leg.

peh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cause to limp (person).

pehahtik, aj. sitting helplessly (people, mules).

pehan ba, rv. sit down and be unable to walk (person, mule).

peh¢ah, iv. become lame, be unable to run (car with flat).

pehel, aj. sitting helplessly (person, mule, car with flat tire).

pehelik, aj. cf. pehahtik.

pehet, av. sitting helplessly.

pehi, iv. be unable to walk (person, horse), be unable to travel (car).

pehk’uh, iv. cf. peh¢ah.

pehk’un, tv. lame.

pehk’unvan, iv. lame person (sickness, other person).

pehlah, av. limping /sing/.

pehlahetik, av. cf. pehpon /plu/.

pehleh, n1b. lameness.

péhluh, av. limping suddenly.

pehpeh, aj. permanently lame.

pehpon, av. limping.

pehponah, iv. limp.

péhtepéhte, av. limping about.

hpehk’unvaneh, agn. sickness or person who lames another.

peh(2) P(2) or T(2).

pen lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). dislodge /stone, stump, tethering post/ /with hoe or axe head/.

pehahtik, aj. large (corn kernels), buck (toothed).

pehan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). dislodge /stones, stumps, tethering posts/.

péhanpéhan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). dislodge one after another /stones, stumps, tethering posts/.

péhanpéhanan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. péhanpéhan lok’el.

pehelik, aj. cf. pehahtik.

pehobil, n4f. hoe /to dislodge stone, etc./.

pek’ P or P(2).

pek’, n1a. tumpline.

pek’ meʔel, nphr(n of n). ‘woman’s tumpline’, jack bean Canavalia glabra, #2158(7). Temperate “vine”. #2286(19). Highland “vine”. Ladinos and Zinacantecs use it for lashing roof crests, purlins, and fences. Ladinos use it for lashing cattle corrals, jack bean Canavalia hirsutissima, #1232(7). Temperate “vine”. Rhynchosia discolor, #2453(20). Temperate “vine”. It is used to lash roof poles, beams, and fence posts.

balahtik pek’ meʔel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). ‘round pek’ mefeP, Gouania polygama, #1625(1, 3, 11, 12, 13). Lowland, temperate, and highland “vine”.

eahal pek’ meʔel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Heteropteris beecheyana, #1968(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Lowland “vine”. (17)-It is used to lash purlins and fence posts.

k’anal pek’ meʔel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Rhynchosia discolor, #2453(1). Temperate “vine”.

k’oš pek’ meʔel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Turbina corymbosa, #228(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine”. Serjania sp., # 1573(1, 3). Temperate “vine”.

sakil pek’ moel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Serjania sp., # 1154(1, 4, 5), #1259(1, 3, 4, 5, 7). Temperate “vine”. Turbina corymbosa, #1833(1, 4). Temperate “vine”. Galactia striata, #1136(1, 4). Temperate “vine”.

yašal pek’ me?el, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). see below.

hič’il yašal pek’ meʔel, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). ‘slender blue pek’ metel’, Solanum dulcamaroides, #1285(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland vine”.

pek’ahtik, aj. low /plu/.

pek’eah, iv. descend very low (wounded bird, plane), be flattened (fence) /not quite so flat as pae”eah/.

pek’ean, tv. flatten /fence/.

pek’eanan, tv. flatten in many places /fence/.

pek’el, aj. short (person), small (horse), low (chair, table, roof, tree, clouds, low-flying plane, number, fruit).

pek’elik, aj. cf. pek’el /plu/.

pek’elub, iv. descend very low (bird, plane).

pek’elubtas, tv. place at lower level.

pek’eš, aj. short (person, animal, tree).

pek’i, iv. descend, become low.

pek’lah, av. running (children).

pek’lahet, av. cf. pek’pon (plu).

pek’lahetik, av. cf. pek’pon (plu).

pek’leh, n4f. low height /plane, bird/.

pek’pek’, aj. short (person), small (horse), low (roof, table, chair, house, tree).

pek’pon, av. walking (short person, person bowed low under burden).

pek’tepék’te, av. walking about (short person).

pek’ul, n4f. tumpline.

peleš N(Sp, peras).

peleš, n1a. pear.

pelešaltik, n5. large pear orchard.

peleštik, n5. pear orchard.

bae”i peleš, nphr(aj & n)5. pear Pyrus communis, #352(1, 2). Highland “tree”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. It is planted by old men or women, in the rainy season, for if a young person were to do the planting he might die. The trunk is used for firewood. The fruit is harvested in August. It is sold at market in San Cristóbal and Tuxtla. It is “cold”.

kašlan peleš, nphr(aj & n)1a. pear Pyrus communis, #351(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “tree”. It is grown by most Zinacantecs in their yards. Steins are cut and placed at an angle in the ground, to be transplanted later in the rainy season. The harvest is in September. The fruit is sold at market in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. It is “cold”.

peron, n. pear. Same as kašlan peleš.

pelota N(Sp, pelota).

pelota, n1d. ball.

peltre N(Sp, peltre).

peltre, n1d. enamelware pot.

pem(1) prob P or P(2).

pemahtik, aj. with small amount of liquid covering bottom of containers.

pemel, aj. tearful, with small amount of liquid covering bottom of container or well.

pemelik, aj. cf. pemahtik.

pemet, av. teary, with small amount of liquid covering bottom of container.

pemlahet, av. swaying (small amount of liquid on bottom of containers).

pemleh, n1f. tearfulness, small amount of liquid standing in container.

pempon, av. swaying (small amount of liquid on bottom of container).

pem(2) A or N.

pem k’ulub, nphr(x & n). verbene Verbena littoralis, #2249(3, 4), #2361(3, 4, 20). Highland “plant”. (1)-The parents of a rebellious child crush a handful of the plant in cold water, or brew it. The child is forced to drink a cupful so that he will vomit his evil. It is “cold”. (5)-As a remedy for malaria, the plant is brewed. The tea is “hot”. (20)-To cure diarrhea a handful is brewed. A cup is drunk before breakfast. It is “hot”, verbene Verbena Carolina, #1448(3), #2460(21, 22). Highland “plant”. (21, 22)-As a remedy for madness /čuvah/, a small bunch is brewed. A spoonful of the brew is forced down the person’s nose once a day for three days. It is “hot”.

sakil pem k’ulub, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/). Borreria laevis, #2374(20). Highland “plant”. As an antidote for jimson weed poisoning, the leaf is ground on a stone and mixed with water. The water is administered to the poisoned dog.

pendého N(Sp, pendejo).

pendého, n5. stupid or awful person, jerk, var., penteho /more freq/, pénteho.

penteho

penteho, stupid or awful person, jerk. cf. pendého.

penton N(Sp, pendón).

penton, n5. each of two banners of cantors.

pepen N.

pepen, n1e. butterfly.

iʔoč spepenal li ʔitahe. The cabbage has been ruined by cabbage worms.

pepen h’lak’-pohol, nphr(n type n/tv & ncpd/)5. cabbage butterfly.

ʔik’al pepen, nphr(aj & n)5. highland and lowland butterfly /two varieties/.

k’anal pepen, nphr(aj & n)5. see below.

k’oš k’anal pepen, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. highland and lowland sulphur.

muk’ta k’anal pepen, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. highland and lowland tiger swallowtail.

yašal pepen, nphr(aj & n)5. morpho Morpho sp.. The person who catches and keeps one of these butterflies reportedly will never go hungry.

pepen ʔak’, nphr(n type n). ‘butterfly vine’, Stigmaphyllon humboldtiana, #2905(1, 4). Lowland “vine”.

pepen čuč, flying squirrel, cf. čuč.

pepen č’o, cf. č’o.

pepen soe¢, cf. so¢”.

pepen htiʔ-čih, nphr(n type agn/tv & ncpd/)5. vampire bat Desmodus rotundus.

periko N(Sp, perico).

periko, n5. parrot.

perminso

perminso, permission, permit, cf. permiso.

penniso N(Sp, permiso).

permiso, n1e. permission, permit, var., perminso.

pero Pt(Sp, pero).

pero, pt. but.

perol N(Sp, perol).

perol, n1a. caldron /for distilling cane liquor/.

peron N(Sp, perón).

peron, n. pear Pyrus communis, #351(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “tree”. Same as kašlan peleš.

peron eu, cf. eu.

perota N(Sp, Perote).

perota maneaaa, cf. maneana.

perote N(Sp, Perote).

perote maneana, cf. maneana.

persa

persa, strength, necessity, biceps, semen, cf. pwersa.

pertis N(Sp, perdiz).

pertis mut, nphr(n type n)5. rufescent tinamou Crypturellus cinnamomeus.

It is hunted for food. It is “hot”.

pertonal N(Sp, perdonar).

pertonal, n5. forgiveness, type of curing ceremony. The patient begs forgiveness, offering candles, but no flowers. Occasionally an unrepentant patient is whipped with tumpline or pine bough before each shrine to bring forth tears.

Ritual speech, prayer; ʔoyuk č’ul-pertonal ʔoyuk č’ul-lesensya. May there be holy pardon, may there be divine forgiveness.

poserente

peserente, magistrate, president, presidente. cf. preserente.

pešu N(Sp, peso).

pešu, n1a. peso.

pet(1) T.

pet, tv. embrace, caress, carry in one’s arms /child, puppy, cat/, hold in one’s lap.

pet baik, rv. embrace or carry each other.

pet-bail, vn(tv&rpncpd)5. embracing or carrying each other.

petan, tv. carry /children, stones/.

petanan, tv. cf. petan.

pétanpétan, tv. carry one after another /children, stones/.

pétanpétanan, tv. cf. pétanpétan.

petbalal, n1d. godchild.

petbe čuʔ, vphr(tv&n4d). fondle breast.

petet ʔuʔun, vphr(av&n4d). carrying /child, puppy, cat/.

petetik, av. carrying in arms /children, puppies, kittens/.

petlahet, av. cf. petpon (plu).

petlahetik, av. cf. petpon (plu).

petleh, n4f. held, carried.

petomah, iv. hold child during baptism.

lek šč’i špetomah. He holds child well during baptism so that it grows up.

petomal, n1d. baptism, an. poss.; godchild.

petpon, av. trying in vain to lift heavy object, holding in one’s arms or lap /child, woman/.

péttepétte, av. walking about carrying in arms /child, puppy, cat/.

petulan, tv. keep carrying /child/, try in vain to lift /heavy object/.

petulan baik, rv. keep embracing or carrying each other.

petulanan, tv. keep carrying /puppies/.

petulanvan, iv. keep embracing or carrying person.

pel van, iv. carry person in arms, hold person on lap, embrace, caress, hold child during baptism (godparent).

hpetim, agn. godfather, cf. hpetom /less freq/.

hpetom, agn. godfather of wedding couple and woman who substitutes for godmother, godfather and godmother of baptism, each of male and female assistants of tutelary gods who care for companion animal spirits. Barren women are thought to be the female assistants of the tutelary gods.

hpetulanvaneh, agn. person who keeps embracing or carrying person.

hpetvaneh, agn. person who is holding child or adult in arms or on lap.

pet(2) P(2).

pet ba, rv. swell (bite).

petahtik, aj. cf. petel /plu/.

petan ba, rv. swell in many places (bites).

petantik, aj. with widely spaced swellings (bites).

peteah, iv. swell (bite).

petel, aj. raised (bites).

petelik, aj. cf. petel /plu/.

petet, av. raised (bites).

peti, iv. rise (bite).

petleh, n4f. raised /bites/.

petet N.

petet, n1a. spindle.

petet te1ʔ, nphr(n type n). ’spindle tree’, Perymenium nelsonii, # 1545(1, 3).

Temperate and highland “tree”. The trunk is used for house mainposts, wattle, corn bin posts, and fence posts. #2442(1). Highland “tree”.

#2545(1, 4). Temperate “tree”.

k’oš petet teʔ, nphr(aj&nphr/n type n/). Zexmenia frutescens, #2148(1). Temperate “tree”.

petok N.

petok, n 1 d. prickly pear Nopalea sp., # 243(1, 2, 3, 5), #342(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “agave”

petokaltik, n5. large expanse of prickly pears.

petoktik, n5. expanse of prickly pears.

ʔik’-loʔan petok, nphr(aj/aj&Ucpd/&n). prickly pear Opuntia sp., #1010(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant” It grows in yards. Ladinos plant the slips in the dry season or the rainy season. The fruits are harvested in August. They are eaten after the spines are rubbed off with weeds. They are “cold”

eahal petok, nphr(aj&n). prickly pear. Same as ʔik’-loʔan petok.

loʔbalal petok, nphr(aj&n). prickly pear Opuntia sp., #642(1, 2). Highland “plant”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs. The leaves are planted in April. The fruits are harvested in August. They are “cold”. To make whitewash, the leaves are chopped up finely and mixed with the lime so that it will stick.

toʔikil petok, nphr(natt&n). prickly pear Opuntia sp., #640(1, 2). Highland “plant”. The fruits are eaten by birds.

petʔ N(Sp, Petrona).

petuʔ, n1d. Petrona.

petul N(Sp, Pedro).

petul, n1d. Peter.

pev prob P or P(2).

pev-ʔe, n(aj&ncpd)5. with twisted mouth (Dr. Evans.)

pevahtik, aj. warped, crooked /plu/.

pevel, aj. twisted (mouth), warped, crooked (board).

pevelik, aj. cf. pevahtik.

pevet, av. walking with twisted (mouth).

pevpev, aj. twisted (mouth), warped, crooked (board).

pevrero N(Sp, febrero).

pevrero, n5. February.

pevrerotik, n5. sometime in February.

Pi

pi¢t, av. whistling, whistling at person, whistling (gourd), tooting (whistle EKL 255: 2-2), honking (car V 3: 9), wailing (siren V 3: 11).

pi¢tik, av. cf. piet (plu).

pi¢tah, iv. whistle.

pilah, av. whistling /plu/.

pilahet, av. cf. pipon (plu).

pilahetik, av. cf. pipon (plu).

pipipet, av. tooting (car V 3: 9, whistle for school children).

pipipi, onom. call to turkeys.

pipita, tv. call /turkeys/.

pipon, av. whistling, whistling at person, peeping (baby turkey), singing (mockingbird EKL 255: 1-9), calling turkeys (person).

piu, tv. whistle at.

piuan, tv. whistle at /plu/.

piulan, tv. keep beeping (car), peeping (turkey) or calling turkeys (person).

piu, tv. whistle at.

piuan, tv. whistle at /plu/.

piulan, tv. keep beeping (car), peeping (turkey) or calling turkeys (person).

piuta, tv. whistle at.

piutaan, tv. whistle at /plu/.

piutavan, iv. whistle at person, whistle at girl.

hpiutavaneh, agn. person who whistles at another.

pial N(Sp, fiar).

pial, n1d. object bought on credit.

plarol N(Sp, fiador).

hpiarol, agn. creditor.

Ritual speech, prayer; č’ul-martil, č’ul-piarol. holy martyr, holy creditor, i.e., St. Sebastian.

pi¢ T.

pi¢, tv. dig up /rock, plant/, pull /tooth/.

pi¢, iv. be uprooted, be pulled (tooth).

pi¢, n4e. runt of litter, last child.

pi¢ lok’el, vphr(tv&dr). dismantle /house so as to move it to new location/.

pi¢an, tv. dig up /rocks, plants/.

pi¢anan, tv. cf. pi¢an.

pí¢anpí¢an, tv. dig up one after another /rocks, plants/ (person), root up one after another /plants/ (pig).

pí¢anpí¢anan, tv. cf. pí¢anpí¢an.

pi¢el, nc. digging up /to transplant/.

pi¢lahet, av. aching (teeth).

pi¢lahetik, av. digging up /rocks/ (plu).

pi¢ob, n1f. crowbar, pick.

pi¢obil, n 1 f. cf. pi¢ob.

pi¢olah, iv. root (pig, armadillo, skunk).

pi¢pon, av. uprooting /potatoes/ (pig), aching (tooth), digging up /rocks/.

pí¢tepí¢te, av. walking about digging up /boundary markers/.

pí¢ulan, tv. keep uprooting.

pi¢ulanan, tv. keep uprooting /plu/.

pi¢van lok’el, vphr(iv&dr). evict person.

hpi¢vaneh lok’el, agn(nphr/vn5&dr/). evictor.

pi¢ak

pi¢ak, clover, cf. pi¢ak’.

pi¢ak’ N.

pi¢ak’, n1e. wild clover Trifolium amabile, #1744(3, 15, 16), #2032(3, 17), #2362(3, 4). Highland “plant”. Same use as muk’tapi¢ak’. (5)-To find a four-leafed clover reputedly brings good luck, var., pi¢ak /Htek-lum/. white clover Trifolium repens, #1746(15, 16). Highland “plant” Medicago polymorpha, #2208(19). Highland “plant”.

pi¢ak’iltik, n5. large field of clover.

pi¢ak’tik, n5. field of clover.

¢ahal pi¢ak’, nphr(aj&n). see below.

muk’ta eahal pi¢ak’, nphr(aj&nphr/aj&n/). Medicago polymorpha, #2208(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”.

k’oš pi¢ak’, nphr(aj&n). wild clover Trifolium amabile, #2462(4).

Highland “plant”.

muk’ta pi¢ak’, nphr(aj&n). white clover Trifolium repens, #8(1, 2, 3, 4), # 1746(3). Highland “plant”. Children mash the roots and roll them into pellets. Two are dropped into an elderberry stem. The stem is pounded on the ground, “exploding” one of the pellets to the height of a rooftop. The leaves are eaten by sheep,.

pi¢¢ak’ čitom, nphr(n of n). ’pig’s clover’, wild clover Trifolium amabile, #2362(20), #2462(21, 22). Highland “plant”.

pi¢ak, n1e. same as pi¢ak’.

pi¢(1)’d) P(2), T(2).

pi¢’, tv. wring /laundry/, milk /cow/, blow /nose/, squeeze /orange/, squeeze out /pus/, grind /sugarcane/.

pi¢’, iv. be milked (cow), wring /laundry/.

pi¢’ ba očel, vphr(rv&dr). squeeze one’s way in.

pi¢’-bail, vn(tv&rpncpd)5. crowding, jostling.

pi¢’ahtik, aj. soaked /plu/.

pi¢’an, tv. wring much /laundry/.

pi¢’anan, tv. cf. pi¢’an.

pí’¢’anpi’¢’an, tv. wring out one after another /wet clothes/.

pí¢’anpí¢’anan, tv. cf. pí¢’anpí¢’an.

pi¢’¢ah, iv. become soaked (clothing, person).

pi¢’¢an, tv. soak, get wet.

pi¢’¢an ba, rv. get soaked in vain.

pi¢’¢aneh-bail, vn(tv&rpncpd)5. vain soaking /of person/.

pi¢’¢anvan, iv. soak person (rain).

pi¢’el, nc. wringing, milking, grinding /sugarcane/, blowing of nose.

pi¢’et, av. squishing (fruit underfoot), walking with soaked /clothing/, sopping wet (floor).

pi¢’i, iv. become soaked.

pi¢’i¢’, av. squirting (pus), squishing (fruit underfoot).

pi¢’i¢’et, av. squishing (fruit underfoot) /sound/.

pi¢’il. aj. overcrowded (church, house, courthouse) /permitting no one else to enter/, soaked or sopping wet (clothing, floor).

pi¢’ilik, aj. soaked.

pí’¢’ilpí¢’il, n4f. each of many wrung out pieces of laundry.

pi¢’k’uh, iv. cf. pi¢’eah.

pi¢’k’un, tv. cf. pi¢’¢an.

pi¢’k’un ba, rv. cf. pi¢’¢an ba.

pi¢’k’unvan, iv. cf. pi¢”eanvan.

pi¢’leh, n4f. soaked.

pí¢”luh, av. squishing or squirting suddenly (fruit underfoot) /sound/.

pi¢’omah, iv, wring out /laundry/, milk /cow/.

pi¢’pi¢’ ¢aʔnel, nphr(aj&vn)5. watery diarrhea.

pi¢“pon, av. spitting frequently (drunk).

pi¢“ulan, tv. keep wringing /laundry/, milking /cow/, blowing /nose/, squeezing /orange/, squeezing out /pus/, or grinding /sugarcane/.

pi¢van, iv. squeeze one’s way between people.

hpi¢¢anvaneh, agn. person who soaks another, shower that only serves to soak person.

hpie’kunvaneh, agn. cf. hpi¢’¢anvaneh.

pi¢’(2) O.

pi¢’, onom. cheep.

pi¢’ ta tek’el, vphr(tv&prep&vn5). step on /chick/ (mother hen).

pi¢’anpíe’an, tv. step on one after another /mother hen stepping on chicks causing them to cheep/.

pi¢’lah, av. cheeping (hungry chicks).

pi¢’lahet, av. twittering (birds EKL 252: 1-16), cf. pi¢’pon (plu).

pi¢’lahetik, av. cf. pie’pon (plu).

pi¢’luh, av. cheeping suddenly (baby chick), squelching suddenly /in intercourse/.

pi¢’pon, av. cheeping (hungry or cold chick), tooting (flute), farting.

pi¢’tepíe’te, av. cheeping about (hungry or cold chick), tooting about (flute).

pi¢’o¢’ N.

pi¢’o¢’ n. Monnina xalapense, #B9275(5, 5a), #57(2, 3, 4, 5). Highland plant” Women crush the berries on their palms, for three or four days, to cure laundry hands /ʔesel k’obol/. They are “hot”. The berries are eaten by birds. The leaves are eaten by sheep. #1231(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate and highland “plant”. #1907(3, 4, 16, 17). Temperate “tree”. #1390(3), #807(16), #2079(3, 4, 17), #2248(3, 4). Highland “tree”.

pi¢’o¢’tik, n5. expanse of pi¢’o¢’.

eahal pi¢’o¢’, nphr(aj&n). firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #1534(1, 3). Temperate and highland “plant”.

muk’ta pi¢’o¢’, nphr(aj&n). Fuschia boliviano, #1188(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

pi¢’o¢’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). see below.

k’anal pi¢’o¢’ ¢i’ʔlel, nphr(aj&nphr/n type n/). Lithospermum calycosum, #1007(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”.

pič(1) X.

pičič lok’el, vphr(av&dr). squirting (urine) /man/.

pičičet, av. urinating (man).

pičičin, tv. urinate (man).

píčluh, av. bubbling up suddenly (spring).

pí¢tepíčte lok’el tal, vphr(av&dr&dr). bubbling up here and there (spring).

pič(2) O.

píčípíči, onom. call for puppy or pig.

pičit, onom. call for puppy or pig.

pičita, tv. call /puppy, pig/.

pičlahet, av. cf. pičpon (plu).

pičlahelik, av. cf. pičpon (plu).

pičpon, av. calling puppy or pig.

píčtepíčte, av. walking about calling puppy or pig.

pič’(1) P, P(2).

pič’ tv. make lump /mud, lime, corn dough, corn and bean tamale/, set /broken limb/, massage pregnant woman’s stomach (midwife; once a month from fifth or sixth month on).

pič”, iv. set (bone).

pič’, nc. lump /mud, corn dough/.

pič’ ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be tantalized by, long for.

yeč t špič’ yoʔon ti k’usi šile č’abal stohol yuʔun. In vain he longs for what he sees -- he hasn’t the money for it.

yeč t šak’ pič’-ʔoʔon t šlah čamuk. For nothing he inspires longing; then dies /baby/.

pic’ ba, rv. harden (blood, mud), cluster or swarm (bees), become matted (wool).

pič’ahtik, aj. in lumps, wads or balls.

pič’an, tv. set down lump of /corn dough, mud/, set down wad or ball of /clothes, paper/.

pič’anan, tv. set down lumps of /corn dough, mud/, set down wads or balls of /clothes, paper/.

pič’anpíč’an, tv. make one lump after another /corn dough, lime/, set down one wad after another /laundry/.

pič’anpíč’anan, tv. cf. píč’anpíč’an.

pič’antik, aj. widely spaced (tents of tent caterpillars).

pič’el, nc. making into lump /dough, lime/, setting /bone/, massage.

pič’et, av. enervated, exhausted (person), lying abandoned in lump (corn dough), ball or wad (clothing), wrapped around (suitcase with rope).

pič’et “ʔoʔon, vphr(av&n4d). longing for.

pič’i, iv. sit in lump (corn dough, mud), lie in wad or ball (clothes, paper), in thick clusters (fruit, flowers, tents of tent caterpillars).

pič’ič’, av. becoming exhausted.

Ritual speech, curing prayer; ti hun pic’ile ti hun lubulc. the exhaustion, the infirmity.

pič’il, aj. in thick clusters (fruit, flowers), in lump (mud, corn dough), bag-shaped (tent of tent caterpillars), in wad (clothes), in ball (wool), crumpled in ball (paper, paper money).

pič’il li balamile. I (etc.) am exhausted.

pič’ilik, aj. hanging in lumps (mud or sheep’s wool), in wads, crumpled in balls, exhausted.

píč’ilpíč’il, n4f. each of many lumps of dough or wads of wool.

pičiahet, av. making mud pies (plu).

pič’lahetik, av. cf. pic’lahet.

pič’leh, n1f. in lump or wad, matted.

pičiehikil, n4f. sitting /many caterpillars/.

pič’luh, av. falling suddenly (crumpled money, clothes, lump of dough).

pič’ob, n1f. tobacco leaves and thorn apple leaves used to bandage broken bones.

pič’ob-bail, n(n&rpncpd)5. cf. pič’ob.

pič’obil, n1f. cf. pič’ob.

pič’omah, iv. twist wool thread in one’s fingers /archaic/.

pič’pič’, nc. single lump or wad / I only/.

pič’pič’, aj. wadded.

pič’pon, av. setting (broken limb), making mud pies.

píč’tepíč’te balamil, vphr(av&n5). feeling fatigue in every limb or ravished by thirst.

pič’ulan, tv. keep making lumps /mud, lime, corn dough, corn and bean tamale/, keep setting /broken limb/, keep massaging pregnant woman’s stomach (midwife; once a month from fifth or sixth month on), keep testing /unripe fruit with fingers/.

pič’ulanan, tv. cf. pič’ulan /plu/.

pič’van, iv. weaken or exhaust person (sickness, hangover, work), massage person.

hpič’vaneh, agn. masseuse /midwife/.

pič’(2) X.

pič’ mut, nphr(x type n)5. white-lored gnatcatcher Polioptila albiloris.

pič’(3) N.

pič’, n. pepper weed Lepidium virginicum var. pubescens, # 28(1, 3). Highland “plant”. It grows in yards. Some Zinacantecs boil the leaves and eat them as greens, but they cause stomachaches if eaten in quantities. They are cold”.

k’oš pič, nphr(aj&n). pepper weed Lepidium virginicum var.

pubescens, #896(1, 2, 3, 5), Highland “plant”. It grows in yards.

pič’ ʔitah, nphr(n type n). ’pič’ greens’, same as pič’.

pič’ ¢’ʔtlel, nphr(n type n). same as pič’.

pič’ tuluk’, nphr(n of n). turkey’s pič”, same as pič’.

muk’ta pič’ tuluk’, nphr(aj&nphr/n of n/). Conyza parva, #1290(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

pik T.

pik, tv. touch, use, spend /money/.

pik, nc. touching, using /objects/.

pik ʔuʔun, vphr(iv&n4d). govern /mule/.

pik ba, rv. finance.

pik-bail, vn(tv&rpncpd)5. caressing /illicit/.

pik-bail ta tak’in, nphr(vn/tv&rpncpd/&prep&n5). costly enterprise.

pik č’ič’, vphr(tv&n5). pulse. If a shaman on his own initiative offers to pulse a person, it is thought that his intention is to steal the person’s soul.

pik na, vphr(tv&n5). break into house in owner’s absence.

pikan, tv. use many, spend much.

pikanan, tv. cf. pikan.

píkanpíkan, tv. touch or use one thing after another.

píkanpíkanan, tv. cf. píkanpíkan.

pikbalal tak’in, vphr(aj&n)5. spending money.

pikbe, tv. use another person’s belongings.

ispikbe smeʔtal. He committed adultery (or) He fondled his wife.

pikebal, n5. moment before touching, using or spending.

pikel, nc. pulsing.

piket, av. being spent rapidly (money).

piketik, av. constantly using /mule without letting it rest/.

piklahetik, av. cf. pikpon (plu).

pikobil čak, nphr(n4f of n4d). Scolding speech; lit., instrument for touching one’s ass, i.e., hand.

pikpik, nc. single use /I only/.

pikpon, av. touching repeatedly, picking up repeatedly /without buying/, fondling woman repeatedly.

špikpon ta stak’in. He keeps spending his money.

píktepíkte, av. spending money time and again.

pikulan, tv. keep fondling /another person’s wife/, keep using or touching.

pikulanan, tv. keep using /plu/.

pikulanobil čak, nphr(n4f of n4d). Scolding speech; lit., instrument for repeatedly touching one’s ass, i.e., hand.

pikvan, iv. fondle person, pulse person.

hpik-č’ič’, agn(tv&ncpd). pulser.

hpikvaneh, agn. person who fondles another, pulser.

piko N(Sp, pico).

piko, n1a. pickaxe.

piko ʔasaluna, nphr(n type n)5. hoe with pick at one end /used formerly/.

pikot N(Sp, pickup from E, pickup).

pikot, n1a. pickup truck.

pik’(1) prob P or P(2).

pik’, n1d. Male joking speech; vagina.

pik’ahtik, aj. cf. pik’il /plu/.

pik’et ʔe, vphr(av&n4d). toothless.

pik’il, aj. toothless.

pik’in, n1d. Male joking speech; vagina.

pik’in tʔ, nphr(n type n). copey clusia Clusia rosea, # 1247(7). Lowland and temperate “tree”.

pik’iš, aj. with food spilled on front of clothes, grease-stained.

pik’iš vinik, nphr(aj&n)5. loquacious or mendacious man.

pik’ištik, aj. with food spilled completely over front of clothes, grease-stained.

pik’pik’, aj. toothless.

pik’tepii’te ʔe, vphr(av&n4d). walking about toothless.

pik’(2) A or N.

pik” šan, cf. šan.

pik’ok’ N.

pik’ok’, n1a. morning glory lpomoea tyrianthina, #928(1, 3), #2317(3, 4). Highland “vine”. Men pull up the vines for lashing roof poles. Ten to fifteen rolls are needed. The vine is used for dog leashes. Children lasso each other with morning glory vines, morning glory lpomoea purpurea var. purpurea, #2493(21, 22). Highland vine”, morning glor lpomoea sp., #1728(15, 16), #1703(3, 15, 16), #2050(3, 17, 18), #2194(1, 3, 4, 19). Highland “vine”. (15, 16, 17)-It is used to lash roof poles and fences. (19)-It is used to lash corrals #1905(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Temperate “vine”.

pik’ok’tik, n5. expanse of morning glories.

¢o¢iron pik’ok’, nphr(aj&n). ’downy pik’ok”, morning glory lpomoea tyrianthina, #2317(19). Highland “vine”. It is used to lash corrals.

k’oš pik’ok’, nphr(aj&n). morning glory lpomoea sp., #1728(3). Highland “vine”, morning glory lpomoea purpurea var. diversifolia, #2321(3, 4). Highland “vine”, morning glory lpomoea purpurea var. purpurea, #2493(4). Highland “vine”.

sakil pik’ok’, nphr(aj&n). Operculina pinnatifida, #877(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine”.

pik’ok’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n). morning glory lpomoea sp., #2157(14). Temperate “vine”. It is used for lashing roof poles and sheep corrals.

k’anak pik’ok’ ʔak\ nphr(aj&nphr/n type n/). Operculina pteripes, #2615(22). Temperate “vine”.

k’oš pik’ok’ ʔak’, nphr(aj&nphr/n type n/). morning glory lpomoea seducta, #2292(19). Temperate “vine”.

pil(1) N(Sp, Felipa).

pil, n1d. Philippa, Liana.

pil(2) N(Sp, Felipe).

pil, n1d. Philip.

pil(3) prob P or P(2).

pilahtik, aj. cf. pililik.

pilet sat, vphr(av&n4d). staring vacantly (baby).

piletik sat, vphr(av&n4d). cf. pilet sat.

pililik, aj. with oval eyes /mark of beauty/.

pilpoc, av. opening eyes wide (baby).

pila N(Sp, pila).

pila, n5. baptismal font.

ʔik’al pila, nphr(aj&n). horn of plenty Craterellus cornucopoides, #190(3). Highland mushroom”.

piliš N.

piliš’, n1e. golden eye Viguiera dentata, #2793(3, 4, 5, 12), #2883(1, 4).

Lowland and temperate “plant”. The stems are sold by the people of Laguna Grande to the fireworks makers, for rocket stems, var., p’iliš /Hok’ Č’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/.

pilištik, n5. expanse of piliš.

k’oš piliš, nphr(aj&n). bush sunflower Simsia sanguinea, #2959(1). Highland “plant”. Melampodium divaricatum, #834(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”

sakil piliš, nphr(aj&n). golden eye Viguiera dentata, #261(1, 2, 3, 5).

Lowland “tree”. Aldama dentata, #201(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”.

The stems are sold in bundles by the people of Totolapa to the fireworks makers in San Cristobal. A handful of stems may be tied together in the middle and used as a torch.

piliš ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). golden eye Viguiera dentata, #2883(14). Lowland “plant”.

piliš teʔ, nphr(n type n). golden eye Viguiera dentata, # 2793(11). Temperate and lowland “plant”.

p’iliš, cf. piliš.

pim A.

pirn, aj. thick (sole, tortilla, weeds, hair, fog, gourd, pottery, bottle, rind, bark), crowded, stubborn, covered with (flowers, fruit, rocks), heavy (undergrowth, frost, forest, cloth),

pim t šalik ti ʔoy smule. Everyone says he is guilty.

pimah, iv. sprout thickly (weeds, underbrush, feathers).

pimih, iv. sprout thickly.

pimihes, tv. make thick /fence/, resole /sandal/.

pimihesan, tv. make impassible in many places /fence/.

pimihesob, n1f. branches used to make fence impassible.

pimihesobil, n1f. cf. pimihesob.

pimil, n4b. great quantity /of fruit on tree, people/, thickness, stubborness.

pimil, aj. thick, disobedient, stubborn, heavy (undergrowth), robust (man).

pimil ʔanal, nphr(aj&n)1a. ’thick leaf, stone crop Sedum praealtum, #575(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The seedlings are transplanted in the rainy season. Each steward provides half a large basket of sedum on the First Posada, to adorn the litters of Joseph and Mary, and to decorate the churches of St. Lawrence and St. Sebastian. A small basket is gathered to decorate each steward’s altar. For the Seventh Posada half a large basket is provided by each steward to decorate the creche. The plants are tied in vertical strips on the roof, alternating with geraniums, and mountain palm or holly fern. The plants are bought from those few Zinacantecs who grow them. To cure fever sores, a handful is chewed before breakfast for (4)-one to two days, or (3)-nine days. It is “cold”.

pimil ʔanaltik, nphr(aj&n)5. expanse of stone crop.

k’oš” pimil ʔanal, nphr(aj&nphr/aj&n/). stone crop Sedum guatemalensis, #1865(16). Highland “plan”

pimil pat čikin-ib, cf. čikin-ib.

pimil pat lima, cf. lima.

pimil pat naranha, cf. naranha.

pimil sat, cf. ʔišim.

pimil pat toh, cf. toh.

pimilaltik, n5. large expanse of heavy growth.

pimpimtik, aj. rather thick (weeds, crowd), rather stubborn.

pimub, iv. become stupid (child who has been struck on the head).

pimubtas, tv. make thick or impenetrable /fence/.

pimubtasan, tv. make impassible in many places /fence/.

pimubtasob, n1f. branches used to make fence impassible, resole.

pimubtasobil, n1f. cf. pimubtasob.

pimubtasvan, iv. make person stupid /parent by constantly beating child/.

pimenta N(Sp, pimienta).

pimenta, n1a. pepper. vdit.,pimilta /Čaynatik/, piminta /Htek-lum, Sek’- emtik/.

pimenta e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). ’pepper plant’, peperomia Peperomia campylotropa, #1438(7), #1756(4, 5). Highland “plant”. Ocimum micranthum, #1633(14). Lowland “plant”.

pimenta teʔ, nphr(n type n). ’pepper tree’, Parathesis leptopa, #530(2, 5).

Temperate “tree”. Parathesis chiapensis, #1964(1, 3, 4). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for house mainposts and fence posts.

pimentail ʔul, nphr(natt & n)1a. large pepper berry, an. or inan. poss.;

corn gruel flavored with pimentail ʔul. It is “hot.” It is used to flavor sakil ʔul.

kašlan pimenta, nphr(aj&n) la. small pepper berry. It is “hot.” It is used to flavor chicken and pamal ʔul. cf. pimenta.

pimero

pimero, first, at first, cf. primero.

pimilta

pimilta, pepper.

piminta

piminta, pepper, cf. pimenta

pinka N(Sp, finca).

pinka, n1a. lowland coffee ranch.

hpinkahel, agn. person who goes to coffee ranch as a laborer.

pino A(Sp, fino).

pino, aj. fine, good.

pino bukaro, cf. bukaro.

pino dalya, cf. dalya.

pino klavel, cf. klavel.

pino markarita, cf. markarita.

pintero N(Sp, pintado).

pintero, n1a. black and white palm strip on hat.

pinto N(Sp, pinto).

pinto, n1a. spotted /dog, cow, horse or corn/.

ʔoy spintoal. He is spotted /by pinta/.

pinto, aj. spotted (dog, cow, horse, corncob with black, white and yellow kernels).

pinto teʔ, nphr(aj & n). ‘spotted tree’, bittersweet bush Wimmeria pubescens, #1706(1, 4), #1986(1, 3, 4, 16), #2673(1, 3), #2887(1, 4). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for hoe and billhook handles, for digging sticks, flails, fence posts, and firewood.

pintotik, aj. with small spots.

pintol N(Sp, pintor).

hpintol, agn. religious functionary /each of three people who paint straw bull of Christmas season/.

pinyon N(Sp, piñón).

pinyon, n. barbados nut Jatropha curcas, #764(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. It is planted in fencerows around the corn fields. Birds eat the nuts.

pip O.

pip, onom. beep /car/.

pipet, av. beeping (car).

pipip, av. beeping and moving rapidly (car).

pipipet, av. beeping and moving rapidly (car).

piplah, av. cf. pipip (plu).

píptepípte, av. beeping one after another.

pipiʔ N.

pipiʔ, n5. Baby talk; bug, insect.

pipiš

pipiš, hat. cf. piš.

pirik’ A(Sp, biricúʔ).

pirik’, n1d. grey basket-weave shawl /archaic/.

piruk’, aj. speckled (bean) /Hok’ Č’enom/.

piruk’tik, aj. speckled (bean) /Hok’ Č’enom/.

piritu N(Sp, espíritu).

piritu, n1a. patent medicine /bought in San Cristóbal, rubbed on child’s veins to protect it from earth lord/.

pirnk’

piruk’, speckled, cf. pirik’.

pis P, P(2).

pis, tv. wind up /cotton, wool thread, string/, coil /woven palm strip/.

pis, iv. be wound up (string, thread), be coiled (palm strip).

pis, n4d. round rump of baby chick.

pis, nc. ball /thread, string/.

pis ba, rv. become large and round (buttocks of girl).

pis-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. round-topped.

pisahtik, aj. cf. pisil /plu/.

pisan, tv. set down in ball /wool, thread, cotton, string/.

pisanan, tv. wind up a lot of /yarn/.

písanpísan, tv. wind into one ball after another.

písanpísanan, tv. cf. písanpísan.

pisantik, aj. in widely spaced balls (thread).

pisbenal, n1f. ball /thread, string/.

pisebal, n5. moment before finishing winding thread into ball.

pisel, nc. winding into ball /thread/.

piset, av. winding into ball (cotton, wool, string, thread).

pis¢ah, iv. become bald.

pisi, iv. be in ball (cotton, wool, string, thread).

pisil, aj. in ball (cotton, wool, string, thread), shaven (head).

pisil vah, nphr(aj & n)1a. corn tamale. cf. pa¢’.

pisilik, aj. round and firm (breasts of adolescent girl).

písilpísil, n4f. each of many balls /thread/.

pisis, av. running hatless (boy).

pisis boč, nphr(aj & n)1a. ceremonial coffee gourd.

pisiset ta anil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running very fast (boy).

pislah tal hol, vphr(av & dr & n4d). approaching hatless (boys).

pislahet, av. cf. piset (plu).

pislahetik, av. cf. piset (plu).

pisleh, n4f. ball /thread, string/.

písluh, av. dashing suddenly (rabbit, small dog, sheep).

pisob, n1f. swift or winding frame /for winding off skein/.

pisobil, n1f. cf. pisob.

pisolah, iv. wind thread into ball.

pisomah, iv. wind thread into ball.

pispis, nc. single ball /thread/ /1 only/.

pispis, aj. in ball (cotton, wool, thread, string), shaven (head).

pispon, av. walking hatless (boy), winding slowly into ball.

pístepiíste, av. running about hatless (boy).

pisulan, tv. keep winding up /cotton, etc./ or coiling /palm strip/.

hpisolahel, agn. person who winds thread into ball.

hpisom, agn. person who winds thread into ball.

hpisomahel, agn. person who winds thread into ball.

pistola N(Sp, pistola).

pistola, n1d. pistol.

piš P(2), T(2).

piš, tv. shroud, wrap /tamale/, cover /head, newborn baby, patient so that he cannot be seen/, cover /face/ (girl).

piš, iv. be covered (face).

piš, nc. In reference to: bean, corn, or pork tamales.

piš ba, rv. cover self /with blanket/.

piš-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. covering each other /in bed/.

pišahtik, aj. cf. pišil /plu/.

pišalal, n1e. hat, head /nail/, glans.

pišan, tv. wrap /tamales/.

pišanan, tv. cf. pišan.

píšanpíšan, tv. wrap one after another /tamales/, cover one after another /burdens with canvas, bags of corn with blankets, etc., to hide them from view of person coming to borrow corn/.

píšanpíšanan, tv. cf. píšanpíšan.

pišebal, n5. moment before finishing wrapping tamales.

piši, iv. be covered (tortillas to preserve warmth).

pišikil, n4f. many tamales /pisil vah, pa¢’, pitavul/.

pišil, aj. wrapped, covered.

pišilik, aj. cf. pišil /plu/.

píšilpíšil, n4f. each of many tamales.

pišlahet, av. cf. pišpon (plu).

pišlahetik, av. cf. pišpon (plu).

pišleh, n1f. wrapped, covered.

pišob, n1f. covering /tamale, baby, patient, corpse/.

pišobil, n1f. cf. pišob.

pištol, n4b. hat.

pišol kelem, nphr(n of n). ‘boy’s hat’ or ‘rooster’s hat’, red hypomyces Hypomyces lactifluorum parasitic on Russula sp., #117(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

pišol tak’in, nphr(n type n)1d. loudspeaker /archaic/.

pišolah, iv. wrap /tamales/.

pišolin, tv. take possession of hat, use as a hat.

pišolito, n. see below.

¢o¢in pišolito, nphr(aj & n). ‘downy pišolito’, see below.

sakil ¢o¢in pišolito, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Lactarius sp., #178(4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

k’anal pišolito, nphr(aj & n). Hygrophorus sp., #129(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

sakil pišolito, nphr(aj & n). Lactarius sp., #24(1, 3), #145(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

pišomah, iv. wrap /tamales/.

pišpiš, nc. single tamale / 1 only/.

pišpon, av. wrapping slowly /tamales/.

píštepíšte, av. walking about wrapped in blanket (child).

pišulan, tv. keep wrapping /tamales/.

pišulanan, tv. keep wrapping many /tamales/.

pišvan, iv. wrap or cover person, shroud person.

ʔik’al pišalal, nphr(aj & n)1a. black felt hat /worn by ensign-bearers, elders, cantors, judge ordinary, carried by bridegroom/.

hpišolabel, agn. person who wraps tamales.

hpišom, agn. person who wraps tamales.

hpišomahel, agn. person who wraps tamales.

hpišvaneh, agn. person who finances funeral.

Ritual speech, parent referring to youngest child who remains in home; htoyvaneh hk’ečvaneh hmukvaneh hpišvaneh. lifter, carrier, burier, shrouder.

pipiš, n5. Baby talk; hat.

piškal N(Sp, fiscal).

piškal, agn. each of four sacristans.

k’ošil piškal, agn(nphr/n4f of n5/). fourth sacristan.

pit(1) P or P(2).

pit-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. shaven-headed.

pit-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. wide-eyed /with fear/.

pit-sat ʔul, cf. ʔul.

pitahtik, aj. wide-eyed /staring/.

pitavul, n1a. corn and fresh bean tamale.

pitel, aj. bare (rumped), wide (eyed) /staring/, shaven (head).

pitet, av. walking with bare (rump), with wide (eyes) /staring/ or with shaven (head).

pitet ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running hatless (child).

pitetah hol, vphr(iv & n4d). walk hatless.

pitetik ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. pitet ta ʔanil (plu).

piti, iv. be shaven-headed.

pitil, aj. bare (rump), wide (eyed) /staring/, shaven (head), sticking up (small rock).

pitilik, aj. wide-eyed /staring/.

pitit, av. running hatless.

pitk’uh, iv. slip /in mud/.

pitk’uh ʔuʔun, vphr(iv & n4d). slip out of one’s grasp.

pitk’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). fall, slip down (burden).

pitk’un, tv. make fall or slide down, abort.

pitk’unan, tv. abort /children/.

pitk’unvan yalel, vphr(iv & dr). push person down.

pitk’unvan ta čukel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). free prisoner secretly.

pitlah, av. walking hatless /plu/, running (children).

pitlahet, av. feeling lumpy (corn gruel), cf. pitpon (plu).

pitleh, n1f. wide-(eyed) /staring/, bare-(headed, rumped), shaven-(headed), hatless.

pítluh, av. starting up and fleeing suddenly (person, rabbit, dog), slipping suddenly (foot).

špítluh ibat. It slipped down easily (pill).

Male joking speech; špítluh iʔoč. It slipped in suddenly (penis).

pitpit, aj. bare (rump), wide-(eyed) /staring/, shaven (head), sticking up (small rock).

pitpon, av. walking wide-(eyed) /staring/, walking hatless or shaven-headed, dangling (dog, pig, or horse testes), swaying (woman’s rump).

píttepítte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about wide-eyed.

píttepítte ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running about (hatless person, rabbit, small dog).

hpitk’unvaneh ta čukel, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). person who secretly frees prisoner.

pit(2) N.

pit, n1e. ear pod tree Enterolobium cyclocarpum, #275(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for dugouts, fence posts, corral posts, and firewood. The fluff that surrounds the seeds is used for soap. The seeds are roasted and eaten. They are “medium”. For medicinal use, cf. ¢’oban.

plaso N(Sp, plazo).

plaso, n1e. period of time before deadline.

plata N(Sp, plata).

plata, n1d. silver /money/.

platin

platin, latin, cf. latin.

plato N(Sp, plato).

plato, n1a. plate.

sk’an splatoal li k’ešolile. A plate is needed for the sacrificial chicken.

pulatu, n1a. bowl, var., pulitu, pulutu /less freq/.

pletu N(Sp, pleito).

pletu, n5. quarrel, dispute, war. cf. ʔil(3); ʔil.

ploho A(Sp, flojo).

plóho, aj. lazy, unable to carry load, unwilling to have sexual relations.

plohoib, iv. become lazy or weak, become unwilling to have sexual relations.

plohoibtasvan, iv. weaken person (sickness, liquor).

plohotik, aj. rather lazy, etc.

hplohoibtasvaneh, agn. witch who weakens person.

poʔon N.

poʔon, n1a. hog plum.

poʔonaltik, n5. large grove of hog plums.

poʔontik, n5. grove of hog plums.

ʔat čitom poʔon, nphr: nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5) type n. ‘pig’s penispoʔon’, hog plum Spondias mombin, #337(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. Same as teʔtikal poʔon.

ba¢’i poʔon, nphr(aj & n). hog plum Spondias purpurea, #336(1, 2, 3, 5), #805(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. It is grown by ladinos and a few Zinacantecs. The stem is stuck in the ground. The fruit is harvested in April and sold at market. It is eaten raw or used to flavor cane liquor. It is “cold”.

¢’unbalal poʔon, nphr(aj & n). ‘cultivated poʔon’, same as ba¢’i poʔon.

k’anal poʔon, nphr(aj & n). hog plum Spondias purpurea, #848(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The fruit is eaten by birds and people. It is “cold”.

teʔtikal poʔon, nphr(natt & n). ‘wild poʔon’, hog plum Spondias mombin, #337(1, 2, 3, 5), #806(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” The fruit is eaten by birds and people. It is eaten raw or used to flavor cane liquor. It is “cold”.

yašal poʔon, nphr(aj & n). hog plum Spondias purpurea, #849(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” The fruit is eaten by birds.

poʔon č’iš, nphr(n type n). ‘poʔon thorn’, tallow wood Ximenia americana, #436(1, 2, 3). Temperate “tree”.

poʔon teʔ, nphr(n type n). Trichilia sp., #3010(11). Lowland “tree”. It is used for firewood.

poʔot N.

poʔot, n5. almost, about to.

poʔot štal li k’ine (or) poʔot ša li k’ine. The fiesta is almost here, poʔot svaʔleh. He (or) she is almost mature /physically/, i.e., teenager /16-17 years/.

poʔotah, iv. be on the verge of completion (work).

poʔottas, tv. be on the verge of completing /work/.

po¢ P, P(2).

po¢, tv. fold /food in tortilla/, hold with pot holder /corn husk/.

po¢, iv. be folded (food in tortilla).

po¢, aj. double (bloom).

po¢, nc. food folded in tortilla / 1-3/.

po¢ ba, rv. cover self /with blanket/, open (flower).

po¢-nič hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ‘thick flower grass’, windmill grass Chloris virgata, #1575(1, 3, 11, 12). Lowland and temperate “plant”. #1838(1, 4). Temperate “plant”.

po¢ahtik, aj. folded in tortilla (food), double (blooms of aztec marigold or geranium), wrapped /in robes/.

po¢alal ničtm, nphr(natt & n)5. geranium /archaic/.

po¢an, tv. wrap.

po¢an, tv. fold much /food in tortillas/.

po¢an, n. see below.

k’anal po¢an, nphr(aj & n). aztec marigold Tagetes erecta, #2411(20). Highland “plant”. The flowers are put in altar vases on All Souls’ Day. Verbesina crocata, #2700(20). Lowland “plant”. The flowers are put in flower vases.

po¢an teʔ, nphr(n type n). see below.

k’anal po¢an teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). yellow crown beard Verbesina perymenioides, #2414(20). Highland “tree”. It is eaten by sheep, horses, and cattle.

po¢an baik, rv. dress up.

po¢anan, tv. fold much /food in tortillas/.

pó¢anpó¢an, tv. fold in one tortilla after another.

pó¢anpó¢an baik, rv. dress up one after another.

pó¢anpó¢anan, tv. cf. pó¢anpó¢an.

pó¢anpó¢anan baik, rv. cf. pó¢anpó¢an baik.

po¢¢ah, iv. open (flower).

po¢emil, n3d. food folded in tortilla.

po¢et, av. lying folded (tortilla).

po¢et sik, vphr(av & n5). feeling chilled.

po¢etah, iv. walk wrapped in robe.

po¢i, iv. be wrapped /wounded leg in piece of old straw mat/.

po¢ik ničim, nphr(aj & n). ‘double flower’, Verbesina crocata, #2802(7). Lowland “plant”. The flowers are put in altar vases.

po¢lahet, av. folding repeatedly in tortilla (plu), foaming (soap in river).

po¢leh, n1f. wrapped (food in tortilla, neck or leg in bandage).

pó¢lih, av. feeling sudden chill /from fear/.

po¢ob, n1f. tortilla in which to wrap food, anthurium leaf to wrap candle.

po¢ob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. leaf for wrapping broken bone.

po¢obil, n1f. cf. po¢ob.

po¢o¢ tal sik, vphr(av & dr & n5). becoming cold.

po¢o¢et, av. feeling slightly chilled, having goose pimples.

po¢okil, n4f. many large or double /marigolds/.

po¢ol, aj. enveloped (patient) /bed surrounded with “flowers”/, double (bloom of aztec marigolds, geranium), well-dressed /at fiesta/.

po¢olik, aj. enveloped /plu/, sprouting (corn) /second developmental stage when sprouts are two inches high/ /plu/.

pó¢olpó¢ol, n4f. each of many folded tortillas.

po¢po¢, aj. double (bloom of aztec marigold or geranium).

po¢po¢-vokan, iv(aj & ivcpd). have spittle form around mouth (drunk).

po¢pon, av. folding repeatedly in tortilla, foaming (spittle of drunk).

pó¢tepó¢te, av. feeling chilly here and there.

po¢van, iv. cover person /with blanket/.

po¢van ta ničim, vphr(iv & prep & n5). place patient in bed of “flowers”.

hpo¢vaneh ta ničim, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). shaman who places patient in bed of “flowers”.

po¢’ P.

po¢’-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. with sunken cheeks.

po¢’-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with sunken eye.

po¢’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & n5). bash /with fist/.

po¢’ahtik, aj. with depressions (ground, floor), sunken (eyes with anger), dented (eggs, cans).

po¢’an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). bash /plu/ /with fist/.

po¢’anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. poe”an la mahel.

pó¢’anpó¢’an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). bash one after another /with fist/.

pó¢’anpó¢’anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. pó¢’anpó¢’an ta mahel.

po¢’antik, aj. with widely spaced depressions (floor).

po¢’be _______, vphr(tv & n5). strike with _______ /rock, stick/.

po¢’¢ah, iv. become sunken (eye), sink (mud underfoot).

po¢’¢an komel, vphr(tv & dr). impress footprint on /fresh adobe/.

po¢’el, aj. sunken (eye).

po¢’et sat, vphr(av & n4d). with sunken eye.

po¢’i, iv. be sunken (eye).

po¢’ilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep bashing /with fist/.

po¢’ilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep bashing many /people with fist/.

po¢’k’ih, iv. cave in (earth), become depressed (roof, wall), be dented (egg, metal, fruit).

po¢’k’in, tv. cave in /earth/, cause depression in /roof, wall/, dent.

po¢’k’inan, tv. cave in in many places /earth, roof/.

po¢’lah sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking with sunken eye.

po¢’lahet mahel, vphr(av & vn5). bashing each other /sound/.

po¢’lahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. po¢’et sat (plu).

po¢leh. n4f. dent /egg, can/, caved in area /land/.

po¢’leh, n1f. sunken /eye/.

pó¢’lih, av. caving in suddenly, being slugged suddenly.

po¢’o¢’, av. sinking (foot in mud).

po¢’o¢’anbe _______, vphr(tv & n5). strike repeatedly with _______ /rock, stick/.

po¢’o¢’anbe mahel, vphr(tv & n5). bash repeatedly /with fist/.

po¢’o¢’et, av. sinking slowly (mole hill underfoot).

po¢’ol, aj. sunken (eye), dented (egg, can), caved in (land), sunken (grave).

po¢’olik, aj. sunken (eyes), impressed (footprint).

po¢’po¢’, aj. sunken (eye), dented (egg), caved in (land), dug out (pine trunk).

po¢’pon, av. slugging /sound/, sinking slowly.

pó¢’tepó¢’te sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with sunken eye.

po¢’van ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). bash person /with fist/.

hpo¢’vaneh ta mahel, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/)5. person who bashes another /with fist/.

poč P, P(2).

poč, nc. chip /bark, pine, incense/, leaf /corn husk/.

poč-čikin, n(aj & ncpd)5. big-eared (dog, cow).

poč lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). split off /pine chips from standing tree/.

poč lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). flake off (scab, bark, fingernail, toenail), shuck /corn/.

poč ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). bat at /moth/.

počahtik, aj. cf. počol /plu/.

počahtik ʔanal ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ‘broad-leaved plant’, bitter dock Rumex obtusifolius ssp. obtusifolius, #33(1, 2, 3, 4), #34(1, 3, 4), #34(1, 3, 4), #2472(4). Highland “plant”. It grows in yards. The leaves are gathered occasionally and sold to butchers in San Cristóbal to wrap meat, plantain Plantago hirtella, #2029(17). Highland “plant”. Myriocarpa longipes, #533(2, 5). Temperate “plant”.

počan, tv. set down /flat object; hat, sandals, flattened can, basket on side/.

počan, aj. idle, useless, stupid (man only).

počan hmak-k’ak’al. lit., idle obscurer of the sun, i.e., person equated with buzzard sunning self with outstretched wings.

počan ba, rv. hold out wings (buzzard sunning self, sick chicken).

počan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). split off many /pine chips/, shuck much /corn/.

počanan, tv. set down /hats, sandals, shoulder bags/.

počanan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. počan lok’el.

počanil, n4d. stupidity, clumsiness.

póčanpóčan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). shuck one after another, remove bark from one after another.

póčanpóčan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). bat at one after another.

póčanpóčanan, tv. set down one after another /hats, sandals/.

póčanpóčanan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. póčanpóčan lok’el.

počantik, aj. lazy, stupid.

počet, av. lying (flat object; hat, sandals, etc.), idling (lazy person, man too old to work).

početah, av. lie (hat, sandals, etc.), live idly.

početik, av. cf. počet (plu).

poči, iv. lying (hat, flattened can, basket on side).

počih, onom. flap, slap, thump, thud /sound of flapping wings, of tumpline used as whip, of falling can or gourd/.

počilan, tv. twitch /ears/ (mule or dog that feels gnats), flake off, keep swatting /hat/.

počilan, iv. twitch (horse’s, dog’s or pig’s ears).

počilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep batting at /with hat/.

počilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep batting to the ground many times /hat/ (drunk).

počlah, av. stumbling (old horse, drunk), rattling (wheel barrow) /sing/.

počlahet, av. lying (flat objects; hats, etc.), flapping (wings, banners) /sound/, thumping or bumping /sound/.

počlahetik, av. idling (lazy people), bumping or thumping (plu).

počlan, aj. Female scolding speech; lazy, clumsy.

Mother scolding child who falls; počlan kaʔ. lit., Clumsy mule! i.e., Clumsy ox!

počleh, n1f. lying /flat object; hat, etc./, idleness /person/.

póčlih, av. flapping up suddenly (bird).

počob, n1f. axe used to split chips off pine.

počobil, n1f. cf. počob.

počoč, av. flapping slowly.

počočet, av. flapping spasmodically (wings of dying chicken) /sound/.

počokil, n4f. many chips /incense, pine/.

počol, aj. lying (flat object; corn husk, sandal, flattened carcass or tin can, hat, basket on side, wide leaf), empty (house, car, basket, corn storage pot), wide (leaf), blushing (face).

počolik, aj. big (ears of brahman or dog, leaves of arrow root or healthy corn plant).

póčolpóčol, n4f. each of many chips.

počpoč, nc. single chip /bark, incense/ / 1 only/.

počpočpoč, onom. flap, flap /sound of rooster flapping wings when crowing/.

počpon, av. flapping (wings, banner) /sound/, twitching (horse’s, dog’s or pig’s ears) /sound/, clopping (ceremonial sandals), thumping (heart, drum), idling (lazy person).

špočpon ša meʔ vinik. His heart is thumping /with fear, exhaustion or sickness/.

póčtepóčte, av. wandering about idly.

počvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). bat at person /with hat/.

hpočvaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who bats at another /with hat/.

poč’ X.

poč’i baik, rv. peck each other (chickens, turkeys).

poh(1) A.

poh, aj. sour.

pohpohtik, aj. slightly sour.

pah-ʔul, n(aj & ncpd)1d. ‘sour corn gruel’, sumac Rhus schiedeana, #53(1, 2). Temperate and highland “tree”. The trunk is used for house mainposts, gate posts, fence posts, and pack rope cleats. The leaves are chewed to cure fever sores. They are “cold”. #1401(3), #1539(11, 12). Highland “tree”. (3)-The trunk is used also for digging sticks, hoe and billhook handles. The fruit is eaten by birds and by people when they are hot. (12)-The fruit is “cold” sumac Rhus terebinthifolia, #2162(1, 11). Temperate “tree”.

k’oš pah-ʔul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). sumac Rhus terebinthifolia, #1900(16, 17), #2271(19). Highland “vine”. #2523(1, 4). Temperate “vine”. Amelanchier denticulata, #1778(4). Highland “tree”.

sakil k’oš pah-ʔul, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). sumac Rhus terebinthifolia, #2162(7). Temperate “tree”

pah-ʔul ʔak’, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). sumac Rhus terebinthifolia, #429(1, 2, 3). Temperate “vine”.

pahahet, av. fermenting for a long time.

pahal, n4f. sourness.

pahal ʔul, cf. ʔul.

pahal čičol, cf. čičol.

pahal makom, cf. makoui.

pahal pil, nphr(aj & n)5. ‘sour Philippa’, western kingbird Tyrannus verticalis. cf. č’ituriʔ.

pahal voʔ, nphr(aj & n)1d. chicha.

pahal voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. stomach juices that rise to mouth when person is nauseated.

pahayom, n1a. ear of corn with corn smut/slightly sour/. It is said that the person who eats corn that has had smut cleaned off it will change his mind.

pahet, av. fermenting.

pahetah, iv. ferment, go sour.

pahlahet, av. fermenting (plu).

pahub, iv. become sour.

pahubtas, tv. ferment.

pahubtasan, tv. ferment large quantity.

poh(2) T(2).

poh, tv. take away, dispossess.

poh, iv. peel (skin), be dispossessed, be taken away.

pohahtik, aj. cf. pohol /plu/.

pohan, tv. confiscate or dispossess /plu/.

pohanan, tv. cf. pohan.

póhanpóhan, tv. confiscate one after another.

pohbalal ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)1a. ejido land.

pohilan, tv. keep taking away or dispossessing.

pohilanan, tv. keep confiscating much /land/.

pohol, aj. empty (house, pot, car when owner is absent).

poholik, aj. cf. pohol /plu/.

pohpoh, iv. be dispossessed of a small amount.

pohpohtik, iv. be dispossessed of a small amount.

pohpon ta mačita, vphr(av & prep & n5). confiscating people’s machetes constantly (ladino land owner).

hpoh-ʔosil, agn(tv & npcd). ejido owner.

poh(3) T.

poh, tv. defend.

lek spoh ta čamel. lit, He defends /people/ well in sickness; i.e., He is a capable shaman.

poh, nc. brood of chicks, litter of pigs, pups or kittens.

poh ʔuʔun, vphr(iv & n4d). be able to save or rescue.

muk’ špoh yuʔun ta k’ok’ li smeʔe te k’ak’. He was not able to save his mother from the fire, she burnt up.

poh ba, rv. defend self.

poh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual defense.

pohantik, aj. widely spaced in time (brood, litter).

pohel, nc. defense.

pohob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)4d. weapon for defense.

pohobil, n4f. makeshift emergency curing ceremony when patient is too ill to visit shrines /upon patient’s partial recovery, full ceremony is performed/.

pohpoh, nc. single litter or brood /1 only/.

póholpóhol, n4f. each of many broods.

pohvan, iv. defend person.

pohvan ta čamel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). defend person in sickness (shaman).

hpohvaneh, agn. person who defends another.

poh(4) O.

poh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). break down /door/.

pohih, onom. crash /falling object or shattered door/, bang /rocket/.

pohilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep breaking down /door/.

pohlah, av. rattling (cans being carried, truck).

pohlahet, av. bumping around /sing/, banging (rockets), banging away (rifles V1: 1), crackling (rifles V1: 2).

pohlahetik, av. bumping around (people).

póhlih, av. banging suddenly, blasting suddenly (rocket V3: 15, blasting iron), crashing suddenly (shattered door, falling object), cracking suddenly (rifle V3: 15).

pohol čak’al, ajphr(aj & aj). crashing about (drunk).

pohpon, av. crashing /sound of breaking in house/, thumping (heart).

poh(5) N.

poh čak, nphr(n4f of n4d). ilium /chicken/.

pohol N.

pohol, n1e. black wooly bear.

pohov N.

pohov, n1e. pus. inan. poss.; pus, milky sap.

pobov ʔak’, nphr(n type n). morning glory Ipomoea pauciflora, #2795(7).

Temperate “vine”. It is used to lash fences. Mandevilla tubiflora, #2098(11, 14). Temperate “vine”. Sarcostemma bilobum, #2143(11). Temperate “vine”.

k’oš pohuv ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). chile jasmine Mandevilla subsagittata, #2002(16, 17). Lowland “vine”.

pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). spurge Euphorbia graminea, #1227(7), #2302(3, 4). Highland “plant”. #2093(11), #2537(21, 22). Temperate “plant”, bloodflower milkweed Asclepias curassavica, #1694(11, 12).

Lowland “plant”. Euphorbia heterophylla, #1594(11, 12). Temperate “plant”. #2054(17, 18). Highland “plant”. Euphorbia dentata, #1888(16, 17). Temperate “plant”. Euphorbia francoana, #1645(7, 11, 12, 14). Lowland and temperate “vine”. Begonia plebeja, #2806(7). Lowland “plant”.

kilkil pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Euphorbia densiflora, #2871(1, 4). Lowland “plant”

k’oš pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Euphorbia dentata, #1888(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”. Euphorbia heterophylla, #2054(3). Highland “plant”.

muk’la pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Euphorbia heterophylla, #2003(16, 17). Lowland “plant”.

sakil pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). shrubby spurge Euphorbia leucocephala, #2592(15, 20). Temperate “tree”. (20)-The flowers are put in altar vases. They are sold at market in Tuxtla.

yašal pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Euphorbia sp., #2599(20). Temperate “plant”.

pok T(2).

pok, tv. wash /person, watermelon squash, cushaw, summer squash, objects other than clothing, wool, food and containers for food and drink/.

pok ba, rv. wash self.

pok-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. bathing of person.

pok levil, nphr(n1f of n3d). water used by woman to wash her groin, then added to posol of agressive or violent husband to render him tame and stupid.

pokan, tv. wash /plu/.

pokanan, tv. cf. pokan.

pókanpókan, tv. wash one after another.

pókanpókanan, tv. cf. pókanpókan.

pokbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). reform person /loose woman or lecherous man who mends her or his ways after marriage/.

pokel, nc. washing, bathing /wound/.

pokil, aj. used (water).

pokilan, tv. keep washing /self, etc./.

pokilanan, tv. keep washing /plu/.

poklahet, av. cf. pokpon (plu).

pokob, n1f. wash basin (gourd used to wash hands before meal), “flower” water used to bathe patient or sacrificial chicken.

pokob ʔek’en, nphr(n1f of n1d). water used to rinse off metate and metate platform. Rinse water is used to soothe burn. Children should not drink rinse water lest they grow up to be lazy and irresponsible.

pokobil, n1f. cf. pokob.

pokpon, av. washing /leg, arm, face/.

pokvan, iv. bathe person /child, patient/.

hpokvaneh, agn. shaman who bathes patient, person who washes corpse.

poket N.

poket, n1a. wide-mouthed, large handleless bowl used for squash and com gruel.

pokoʔ A.

pokoʔ, aj. old (clothes, tools, house), outgoing (elders and civil officials).

skwenta pokoʔ ša habil ʔun bi. That was last year’s affair!

t šʔoč kantela skwenta pokoʔ habile, lit., Candles enter for the old year, i.e., A ceremony is held for the year’s end /last of the three year renewal ceremonies/.

pukoʔ ʔeklišya, nphr(aj & n)5. lit., old church, i.e., nave of former church that now stands as a wing of the church of St. Lawrence in Htek-lum.

pokoʔ mol, nphr(aj & n)5. grand or petty alcalde of previous year.

pokoʔib, iv. become old in appearance (clothes, tools, house).

pokoʔibtas, tv. make appear old /clothes, tools, house/.

pokoʔibtasan, tv. make many appear old /clothes, tools, houses/.

pokoʔtik, aj. rather old.

pokok(1) N.

šipokok, n1e. frog, toad /archaic/.

pokok(2)

pokok, mexican malanga. cf. pok’ok’.

pok’(1) P, P(2).

pok’-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5. with long baggy pants.

pok’-čikin vakaš, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)1a. brahman.

pok’-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. flabby-faced.

pok’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug.

pok’ahtik, aj. cf. pok’ol /plu/.

pok’an, tv. slacken /rope, wire/.

pok’an, tv. set down /clothing/.

pok’an ba, rv. sit (woman).

pok’an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /plu/.

pok’anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. pok’an ta mahel.

pók’anpók’an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug one after another.

pók’anpók’anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. pók’anpók’an ta mahel.

pok’¢ah, iv. become wet (clothing), shrink (cooked greens).

pok’et, av. wet (clothing).

pok’et čak, vphr(av & n4d). sitting (woman, man with baggy pants).

pok’et čikin, vphr(av & n4d). walking slowly with large floppy ears.

pok’etik, av. sitting (women).

pok’i, tv. sit (woman), be slack (rope, wire).

pok’ilan, tv. twitch /ear/ (horse, pig or dog that feels gnats).

pok’ilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging.

pok’ilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging /plu/.

pok’ilanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep slugging person.

pok’lahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. pok’pon čak (plu).

pok’lahet čikin, vphr(av & n4d). cf. pok’pon čikin (plu).

pok’lebal, n4f. old mat on which lazy woman sits.

pok’leh, n1f. sitting /woman/.

pók’lih, av. falling suddenly and thudding (hat, clothing), thudding suddenly (blow).

pok’ol, aj. large and floppy (ear of mule, dog, or cow), baggy (pants), wet (clothing), squashed (fruit), slack (rope or wire, string between two points).

yeč te pok’ol sčak ta na. She just sits idly at home.

pok’olik, aj. wet (clothing).

pok’pok’, aj. large and floppy (ear of mule, cow, dog), baggy (pants), too long and slack (rope, wire).

pok’pon čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with long baggy pants.

pok’pon čikin, vphr(av & n4d). twitching ear or ears (mule, dog or pig that feels gnats).

pók’tepók’te čak, vphr(av &’ n4d). walking about with large rear (fat woman, man with long baggy pants).

pok’tepok’te čikin, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with large floppy ears (animal).

pok’van ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slug person.

hpok’vaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who slugs another.

pok’(2) prob O.

pok’et niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). snoring (person V4: 8).

pok’lahet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d/3p/). cf. pok’et niʔ (plu).

pok’ok’et niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). snoring loudly.

pok’(3)

pok’, neckerchief, cf. pak’.

pok’ok’ N.

pok’ok’, n1e. mexican malanga Xanthosoma mexicanum, #1333(1, 3, 4, 5, 8), #1659(11). Lowland “plant”, var., špokoʔ /Muk’ta Hok’, Sek’emtik/, špokok /Htek-lum/, pokok /Htek-lum/, špok’ok’ /Hok’ Č’enom, Htek-lum/.

pok’ok’tik, n5. expanse of mexican malanga.

k’oš pok’ok’, nphr(aj & n). mexican malanga Xanthosoma mexicanum, #1659(12). Lowland “plant”.

pol P(2) or T(2).

pol, tv. clean /ditch/, level, straighten /road/, break /trail/.

primero ta spol eč’el be leʔe. lit., He will be the first to break the trail, i.e., He will die first.

pol, nc. wide stripe /edge of cotton tunic/, lane, ditch.

pol ec’el, vphr(iv & dr). be cleared (road).

pol be hol, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). part one’s hair.

pol-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. with every other row hoed.

polahtik, aj. stretching away (lanes, trails), forming broad streaks (cirrus clouds).

polan, tv. clean /ditches/, level or straighten long stretch of /road/.

pólanpólan, tv. clear one after another /breaches, ditches/.

polantik, aj. forming widely spaced broad streaks (cirrus clouds).

polav, n4f. line /separating ribs of cushaw/.

polav k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d). palmar lines.

polel, nc. clearing /road, ditch/.

polet, av. stretching away (trail, road).

polilan, tv. keep cleaning /ditch/, leveling, straightening /road/ or breaking /trail/.

pollahet ta be, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. polpon ta be (plu).

pollahet ta be-oʔ, vphr(av & prep & n/n of ncpd/5). cf. polpon ta be-oʔ (plu).

pollahetik ta be, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. polpon ta be (plu).

pollahetik ta be-oʔ, vphr(av & prep & n/n of ncpd/5). cf. polpon ta be-oʔ (plu).

póllih, av. streaming suddenly (diarrhea).

polob, n1f. hoe or pick for clearing road or ditch.

polobil, n1f. cf. polob.

polokil, n4f. many streaks /clouds/.

polol, av. leave behind streamer (airplane).

polol, aj. stretching away (lane, ditch, trail), parted (hair).

pololet, av. leaving single visible trail (armadillo, robber or leaf-cutter ant), stretching away (path).

pololet eoʔ, vphr(av & n4d). dribbling down (cow manure, diarrhea).

pólolpólol, n4f. each of many rows, each of many dirty creases.

polpol, nc. single row, single track /armadillo/ /1 only/.

polpol, aj. parted (hair).

polpon, av. parting /hair/, stretching away (path).

špolpon sbe. His trail is visible (robber).

špolpon yaʔlel ssat. His tears are streaming down.

polpon eoʔ, vphr(av & n4d). streaming diarrhea (child).

polpon ta be, vphr(av & prep & n5). clearing road.

polpon ta be-oʔ, vphr(av & prep & n/n of ncpd/5). clearing ditch.

póltepólte, av. stretching away (path).

póltepólte eoʔ, vphr(av & n4d). walking about defecating (cow) or streaming diarrhea (person).

hpol ________, agn(tv & ncpd). roadworker, ditchdigger, one who cuts path.

poloe’ N.

poloe’, n1a. Cyclanthera langaei, #1187(1, 3, 4, 5), #2390(3, 4). Highland “vine”. For use, cf. č’upak’.

poloe’tik, n5. expanse of poloe’.

pom(1) O.

pom, onom. bong.

pomilan, tv. beat /laundry on rocks/.

pomilanan, tv. beat a lot of /laundry on rock/.

pomlah, av. rushing and roaring (flood).

pomlahet, av. rushing and roaring in many places (rivulet), beating /clothes on rocks/ (plu).

pomlahetik, av. beating /clothes on rocks/ (plu).

pómlih, av. cracking suddenly (rifle fire), blasting suddenly (explosive, blasting iron).

pompon, av. beating /clothes on rocks/, bonging (vespers), tolling (bell EKL 255: 2-6).

pom(2) N.

pom, n1d. incense, inan. poss., spamal.

Ritual speech, prayer; h-p’eh me yo spom h-p’eh me yo sč’ail. a chunk of his incense, a cloud of his smoke.

pomtik, n5. grove of bursera trees.

ʔač’el pom, nphr(n type n). ‘mud incense’, large leaved bursera Bursera cf. diversifolia, #776(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. The fruit is eaten by white-winged doves. The trunk is used for incense. Three splinters are brewed as a basic ingredient of “flower water” for bathing patients and coffers. For swelling, thirteen splinters are brewed with gunpowder. One cup of the decoction is drunk before breakfast. It is “hot”. For a loose tooth, thirteen splinters are brewed together with thirteen splinters of eahal tulan. A cup is drunk before breakfast. It is “hot”. The resin is used to plug cavities. It is applied once a day for three days. It is also used on fiddle strings, small leaved bursera Bursera bipinnata, #1639(1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 14), #B14263(5). Lowland “tree”. (7, 11, 12, 14)-The trunk is used by everyone for incense and firewood.

ʔač’el pomtik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of ʔač’el pom trees.

bae’i pom, nphr(aj & n). hairy bursera Bursera tomentosa, #846(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for incense. An elder, when entering office, should have six burlap bags of incense. It is burned three times daily by his wife. Stewards and stewards-royal need eight bagsful. One basket is required by the official in charge of each Holy Cross Day ceremony. One basket is needed for a curing ceremony. It is “hot”, large leaved bursera Bursera excelsa, #B14262(5), #1658(1, 4, 7, 11, 12). Lowland “tree”. (7, 11, 12, 14)-The trunk is used for incense. It is cut into slivers fifteen centimeters long and then chopped into chips. (5)-The resin is used to plug cavities. It is “hot”.

bae’i pomtik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of bae’i pom trees.

kačimpa pom, nphr(n type n)1e. ‘pipe honey’, honey bee Melipona sp..

Temperate and lowland stingless bee whose honey is gathered. Its wax is used to mend broken gourds and water jugs. cf. mermeho.

mišik’pom, nphr(n type n)1e. ‘belly button honey’, honey bee. Temperate and lowland bee whose honey can only be reached, it is said, by the person who can put his hand behind his back, reach around and touch his belly button.

ton pom, nphr(n type n)1e. ‘rock honey’, honey bee Trigona sp.. This lowland stingless bee has no edible grubs. It has a little honey which is difficult to secure because the bees swarm on the gatherer, pinching him.

pom e’unun, nphr(n of n)5. ‘hummingbird incense’, bush sage Salvia excelsa, #1467(11, 12), #1725(15, 16), #2058(18). Highland “plant”.

Salvia chiapensis, #542(1, 3). Temperate “plant”. Salvia coccinea, #996(3). Lowland “plant”. Salvia holwayi, #B9264(5, 5a). Highland “plant”.

pom e’ununaltik, nphr(n of n)5. large expanse of pom e’unun.

pom e’ununtik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of pom e’unun.

ʔik’al pom e’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5. bush sage Salvia tilliaefolia, #2659(17). Lowland “plant” wild sage Salvia polystachya, #2217(19). Highland “plant” bush mint Hyptis urticoides, #1766(15). Highland “plant”. #1908(1, 3, 4, 16). Temperate “plant”. Castilleja integrifolia, #1501(1, 3), #2171(1). Temperate “plant”. #1802(1, 4), #2403(1). Highland “plant”. Salvia purpurea, #1924(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Temperate “plant”. Priva aspera, #2141(14). Temperate “plant”. Lamourouxia lanceolata, #2969(1). Temperate “plant”.

ʔik’al pom e’ununtik, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5. expanse of ʔik’alpom e’unun.

ʔit’iš ʔik’al pom e’unun, nphr: n4f of nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Stachys coccinea, #92(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. A large handful is used as one of the ingredients of the steam cure. cf. eelo-pat.

k’anal ʔik’al pom e’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Castilleja integrifolia, #1803(1, 4). Highland “plant”.

k’oš ʔik’al pom e’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild sage Salvia polystachya, 2217(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”, bitter bush Picramnia tetramera, #2520(1, 4). Temperate “plant”. Castilleja integrifolia, #2250(3, 4). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta ʔik’al pom e’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild sage Salvia polystachya, #2276(3, 4). Highland “plant”

eahal pom e’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #1071(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. #1230(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”, bush sage Salvia excelsa, #2045(3, 17), #2058(17), #2502(4). Highland “plant”. Salvia cinnabarina, #B9256(5, 5a). Highland “plant”. Salvia chiapensis, #2562(21, 22). Temperate “plant”. Salvia purpurea, #2703(1, 3, 15, 20). Lowland “plant”. Homelia patens, #999(3). Lowland “plant”. Prim aspera, #1523(1, 3). Highland “plant”. Kohleria elegans, #1810(15, 16). Highland “plant”.

eahal pom e’ununtik, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5. expanse of eahal pom e’unun.

bik’it eahal pom e’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Salvia cinnabarina, #119(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

k’oš eahal pom e’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Salvia chiapensis, #2526(1, 4). Temperate “plant”.

muk’ta eahal pom e’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). bush sage Salvia excelsa, #2058(3), #2382(3, 4). Highland “plant”. Salvia holwayi, #2075(17). Highland “plant” Lamourouxia viscosa, #1583(1, 3). Temperate “plant”. Priva aspera, #1837(1, 4). Temperate “plant”

č’iš pom e’unun, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). ‘prickly hummingbird incense’, wild sage Salvia polystachya, #2276(19). Highland “plant”.

k’anal pom e’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #1387(3), #1424(3, 5), #2074(3, 4). Highland “plant”. #1954(1, 3, 4), #2287(3, 4), #2517(1, 4). Temperate “plant”.

muk’ta k’anal pom e’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Lopezia langmaniae, #2291(3, 4). Temperate and highland “plant”

muk’ta pom e’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). bush sage Salvia excelsa, #2502(21, 22). Highland “plant”, bitter bush Picramnia tetramera, #2520(21, 22). Temperate “plant”. As a remedy for “wind”, a small bunch is heated and bound to the affected part. It is “hot”. Salvia holwayi, #2945(1). Highland “plant”. Lamourouxia viscosa, #2095(1). Temperate “plant”. Priva aspera, #2141(11). Temperate “plant”.

yašal muk’ta pom e’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Hyptis mutabilis, #1817(1, 4). Highland “plant”

puh-ʔakan pom e’unun, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/n of n/). ‘hollow stemmed hummingbird incense’, Priva aspera, #2141(1). Temperate “plant”.

sakil pom e’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). bush sage Salvia excelsa, #1467(3), #1725(3). Highland “plant”. bush mint Hyptis urticoides, #2086(17). Highland “plant”, shrubby spurge Euphorbia leucocephala, #2592(21, 22). Temperate “tree”. red dahlia Dahlia coccinea, #1941(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Temperate “plant”. Hyptis tomentosa, #194(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”.

yaš-ʔulan pom e’unun, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/). nettle sage Salvia urica, #1367(3). Temperate “plant”.

yašal pom e’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild sage Salvia polystachya, #B9496(5, 5a). Highland “plant”. nettle sage Salvia urica, #1889(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”. Salvia rubiginosa, #556(1, 3). Temperate “plant”. Salvia purpurea, #2703(22). Lowland “plant”.

k’oš yašal pom e’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). bush sage Salvia tilliaefolia, #2364(20). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta yašal pom e’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Salvia purpurea, #2703(1, 3). Lowland “plant”.

pom e’unun teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). see below.

eahal pom e’unun teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Fuschia microphylla ssp. quercetorum, #1376(3). Temperate “tree”.

pom č’a-teʔ, cf. č’a-teʔ.

pom rioš, nphr(n of n). ‘god’s incense’, large leaved bursera Bursera excelsa, #1658(14). Lowland “tree”. Same use as bae’i pom.

pamal, n4d. incense /when possessed by saint/.

pamal ʔul, nphr(natt & n)1a. corn gruel flavored with sugar, chili and pepper /drunk by everyone on Maundy Thursday, by players on fiesta of St. Sebastian, by stewards when counting chaplets/.

pamal habnal, cf. habnal.

pamal kokov, nphr(natt & n)1a. powdered cocoa, chocolate /archaic/.

pamta, tv. cense.

pamtaan, tv. cense /plu/.

pamtaluh, iv. cense.

pamtaob, n5. basket over which clothes are censed.

pamtaobil, n1f. cf. pamtaob.

pamtavan, iv. cense person /during curing ceremony or each of three year renewal ceremonies/. Joking speech; break wind.

hpamtavaneh, agn. person who censes another.

pom(3) prob O.

pomet, av. streaming (urine of drunk who urinates in pants, rivulet).

pomom, av. streaming (rivulet).

pomomet, av. streaming (rivulet, urine).

pómtepómte, av. streaming here and there (urine of drunk).

pomos N.

pomos, n5. see below.

pomosaltik, n5. large expanse of pomos bushes.

pomostik, n5. expanse of pomos bushes.

ʔik’al pomos, nphr(aj & n). wild lilac Ceanothus coeruleus, #B9480 (5, 5a), #674(1, 2, 3, 4), #967(1, 3), #2341(3, 4). Highland “tree”. The branches are used for brush fences. They are planted in a circle around flower plants to shelter them from wind and rain. The trunk is used for firewood.

ʔit’iš pomos, nphr(n4f of n5). Spiraea cantoniensis, #22(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “tree”. It grows in yards. The flowers are put in altar vases.

eahal pomos, nphr(aj & n). cream bush Holodiscus argenteus, #600(1), #2234(1, 2, 4). Highland “tree” The trunk is cut by women to make loom bars, and stirring rods. It is cut by men for wattle. It is also used for firewood.

eahal pomostik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of cream bushes.

k’oš pomos, nphr(aj & n). cream bush Holodiscus argenteus, #2234(19). Highland “tree”.

sakil pomos, nphr(aj & n). cream bush Holodiscus argenteus, #152(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “tree”. It is used for firewood, wild lilac Ceanothus coeruleus, #1403(3), #2341(19). Highland “tree”. (3)-The trunk is used for wattle and stirring rods. (19)-It is used for firewood. Gymnopodium floribundum var. antigonoides, #309(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for firewood.

pop N.

pop, n1d. straw mat.

popin vayuk, vphr(tv & iv). go to bed.

papal, n4f. straw mat.

papal ʔae’am, nphr(n1f of n1d). straw mat in which salt is wrapped.

papal ʔual, nphr(n1f of n1d). straw mat in which chaplet is wrapped.

papal ničim, nphr(n1f of n1d). straw mat on which “flowers” for curing ceremony are placed.

poraso N(Sp, porazo).

poraso, n5. blow /fist/.

poréso E(Sp, por eso).

poréso, excl. that is why!

porištéro N(Sp, forastero).

porištéro, n1e. vagrancy, var., poroštéro.

hporištéro, agn. vagrant, foreigner, homeless person who begs food from house to house, var., hporoštéro.

porkatorio N(Sp, purgatorio).

porkatorio, n5. purgatory, var., porkitario.

porfce Pt(Sp, porque or por qué).

porke, pt. because, why?

porkiríya N(Sp, porquería).

porkiríya, excl. Female speech; How stupid! How disgusting!

porkiríya, n5. Female speech, referring to quarrelsome man or child; disgusting person.

porkiríya, aj. Female speech; disgusting.

porkiríya mol mu sč’un mant. il. The disgusting man does not behave /woman decrying husband to her children/.

porkitario

porkitario, purgatory, cf. porkatorio.

poro N(Sp, forro).

poro, n1a. rubberized or plastic rain hat. var., foro.

poroin, tv. steal rain hat.

poroštéro

poroštéro, vagrancy, vagrant, cf. porištéro.

portin N(Sp, fortín).

portin, n1d. fort, barracks.

portuna N(Sp, fortuna).

portuna, n1d. treasure.

posara N(Sp, posada).

posara, n5. lodging for the night.

poslom N.

poslom, n1e. sickness in leg, falling star seen at dusk. The soul of an evil person may take the form of a shooting star or a fire. If it is met on the trail before midnight, one’s leg is reported to swell and become watery. The sickness is treated by bloodletting and by washing the leg with a woman’s urine, rubbing it with garlic and tobacco and binding it with an old skirt.

poso N(Sp, pozo).

poso, n1a. well.

posporo N(Sp, fósforo).

posporo, n1a. match, matchstick.

posvelo N(Sp, pozuelo).

posvelo, n1a. large glass.

poš N.

poš, n1a. cane liquor.

pošil, nib. medicine, seasoning.

č’abal ša spošil. lit., There is no more medicine for it, i.e., the argument cannot be settled amicably and person is jailed.

pošil ʔaha-čon, nphr(n type n/aj & ncpd/). ‘rattlesnake medicine’, unicorn plant Martynia annua, #2684(21). Lowland “plant”.

pošil ʔane e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘woman’s medicine plant’, firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #1424(7). Highland “plant”

pošil ʔapon, nphr(n of n). ‘shame medicine’, pink evening primrose Oenothera rosea, #66(2, 4, 5), #1453(3, 11, 12), #1711(3, 15, 16), #2036(3, 17, 18), #2354(3, 4), #2470(4, 21, 22). Highland “plant”. (5)-It grows in yards and along fences. It is a remedy for infants whose mother has been shamed or who themselves have been shamed or embarrassed, and subsequently suffer attacks of diarrhea and nausea. A handful is mashed in a gourd of warm or cold water to which salt has been added. The water is drunk and the plants are rubbed on the infant’s body. It is “cold”. (15)-A small bunch is boiled and a half cupful of the tea is drunk before breakfast for three days to counteract the effects of “evil eye”. It is “cold”. (17)-Both infants and adults suffering from “evil eye” may be cured by crushing a handful of the plant in salt water and drinking the water twice a day. The infant’s head is washed with this water twice a day. The shaman also sprays it on the elderberry branches he uses to “sweep” the child. It is “cold”. (21, 22)-The child’s mother crushes a small bunch in her hand, mixes it with water and gives the water to her child to drink twice a day. It is “cold”

pošil ʔapontik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of evening primroses.

eahal pošil ʔapon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). pink evening primrose Oenothera rosea, #2354(3, 4). Highland “plant”. Same use as pošil ʔapon.

muk’ta pošil ʔapon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). white evening primrose Oenothera kunthiana, #2089(3, 4). Highland “plant”.

pošil ʔeal, nphr(n of n). ‘mouth medicine’, butter wort Pinguicula moranensis, #398(1, 2, 3), #942(1, 3). Highland “plant”. As a remedy for fever sores a child chews three or four leaves once a day for two days.

They are “cold”, sumac Rhus terebinthifolia, #2523(21, 22). Temperate “vine”. As a remedy for fever sores, a few of the berries are chewed. They are “cold”, bitter dock Rumex obtusifolius ssp, obtxisifolius, #2472(21, 22). Highland “plant”. Begonia biserrata. #1235(4). Temperate and highland “plant”.

pošil ʔik’, nphr(n of n). ‘wind medicine’, Stevia polycephala, #2265(19). Highland “plant”. As a remedy for “wind”, five stalks are brewed. A large cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast for two days. It is “hot”. #2918(16). Temperate “plant”. A bunch of the stalks are boiled and the water used to bathe the affected part once daily for three days. It is “hot”.

nap’ap’ pošil ʔik’, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). ‘sticky wind medicine’, Stevia lucida, #2516(21). Highland “tree”. As a remedy for wind, the shaman beats the patient’s body with a handful of branches once a day for four days. They are “hot”.

pošil ʔobal, nphr(n of n)5. ‘cough medicine’, lavender sage Salvia lavanduloides, #B9268, #118(2, 3, 4, 5), #2452(1). Highland “plant”. As a remedy for coughing, three entire plants are brewed. The tea is drunk before breakfast for three days. It is “hot”. #2527(1, 4). Temperate “plant”. (1)-A handful of the plant is brewed with may weed. A cup is drunk before meals for two days. It is “hot”, pitcher sage Lepechinia schiedeana, #1805(1, 4). Highland “plant”.

pošil ʔul hʔalnom, nphr: n4f of nphr(n4d/3s/ of agn). ‘seasoning for a post-partum mother’s corn gruel’, st. John’s wort Hypericum uliginosum, #1383(7). Highland “plant”.

pošil balamil, nphr(n of n). ‘earth medicine’, indian paintbrush Castilleja arvensis, #1942(16). Temperate “plant” As a remedy for soul-loss, two or three stalks are brewed. A half cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast. It is “hot”.

pošil eaʔnel, nphr(n of vn). ‘diarrhea medicine’, cutleaf broom baccharis Baccharis serraefoha, #44(1, 2, 3), #1520(1, 3), #1815(1, 4). Highland “plant”. It grows in yards. As a remedy for diarrhea, a small handful of leaves is brewed. The tea is “hot”. #2939(1). Highland “tree”, firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #2517(22). Temperate “plant”.

To stop diarrhea, a small bunch is brewed. The tea is drunk before breakfast for two days. It is “cold”, black foot Melampodium montanum, #1422(16). Highland “plant”. Borreria laevis, #1890(16, 17).

To cure diarrhea, a bunch is brewed with yisim be. A half cup of the tea is drunk twice a day. It is “hot”.

pošil čakal, nphr(n of n). ‘boil medicine’, jubas bush Iresine celosia, #1484(11, 12). Highland “plant”. #2114(7). Temperate “plant”. Eryngium ghiesbreghtii, #1901(16, 17). Temperate and highland “plant”, (16)-As a remedy for boils, a small bunch is brewed. The warm water is used to bathe the affected part three times daily for two or three days. It is “hot”. Pinaropappus roseus, #2072(17). Temperate “plant”.

pošil čin, nphr(n of n). Arenaria altorum, #1434(7). Highland “plant”.

pošil čin, nphr(n of n). ‘čin medicine’, leaf flower Phyllanthus mcvaughii, #2550(21, 22). Temperate “tree” Echeveria prob. mucronata, #1493(11, 12). Highland “plant”. (11)-As a remedy for čin skin disease, a bunch of leaves are ground and applied to the affected part once each morning for three days. They are “cold”. Perymenium purpusii, #2915(16). Highland “plant”. As a remedy for čin, three or four stalks are ground, mixed with lemon juice and soot, and applied to the affected part until healed. They are “hot”. Villadia sp., #481(1, 2). Highland “plant”.

pošil čuvah, nphr(n of n)5. ‘madness medicine’, milkwort Polygala costaricensis, #1604(1, 3, 11, 12). Lowland and temperate “plant”. It grows in cornfields. To cure madness, the plant is burned over the fire while the patient is forced to inhale the smoke. If this is not effective, the patient is held down, and warm water, in which the plant has been crushed, is poured down his nostrils. It is “hot”. #1933(1, 3, 4, 17), #2106(1). Temperate “plant”, buttercup Ranunculus geoides, #2349(3, 4). Highland “plant”, wild basil Satureja brownii, #2490(21, 22). Highland “plant”, fresh water snail Stenophysa nitens, USNM 678745. It is ground alive and the juice drunk to cure rabies. It is “cold”.

pošil č’en šok, nphr(n of nphr/n type n/). ‘chigger medicine’, Habenaria sp., #1635(7). Lowland “plant”.

pošil č’ic’, nphr(n of n). ‘blood medicine’, firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #2517(21). Temperate “plant”

pošil č’ic’ eaʔnel, nphr(n of nphr/n type n/). ‘bloody diarrhea medicine’, firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #1424(10). Highland “plant”.

pošil č’o e’i’ʔtel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘rat poison plant?’, Drymaria multiflora, #1437(7). Highland “plant”.

pošil haval ʔkol, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/). ‘cracked foot medicine’, tree bocconia Bocconia arborea, #2576(1, 4). Temperate “tree” (1)-The sap of young shoots is applied to the affected part every two or three days. It is “hot”. Bocconia frutescens, #1798(4). Highland “tree”.

pošil hik’ik’ul ʔbal, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/). ‘whooping cough medicine’, lavender sage Sahia lavanduloides, #118(1). Highland “plant”.

For use, cf. pošil ʔobal.

pošil hol šaluʔ, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). ‘cat’s head medicine’, Gnaphalium sp., #1358(7). Highland “plant”.

pošil holol, nphr(n of n). ‘hair medicine’, Anoda cristata, #1471(11, 12). Highland “plant”. #1568(11, 12). Temperate “plant” To induce their hair to grow longer, women grind the shoots on a rock and mix them with cold water. They are “cold”

pošil holol, nphr(n1f of n3d). brilliantine.

pošil k’ak’al ʔoʔon, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). ‘anger medicine’, Drymaria multiflora, #1370(7). Temperate “plant”.

pošil k’ak’al sik, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/). ‘malaria medicine’, white lantana Lantana hirta, #1500(1, 3), #1897(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”.

To cure malaria, a large handful of shoots are brewed in a covered pot. A large cup of the tea is drunk once daily for three days. It is “hot”. #2260(3, 4). Highland “plant”.

pošil k’ak’et, nphr(n of n). ‘burn medicine’, shrubby four o’clock Mirabilis jalapa, #1793(16). Highland “plant” To heal burns, a bunch of the entire plants is brewed. The burns are bathed with the water three times daily until healed. It is “medium”. Justicia sp., #2818(7). Lowland “plant” A small bunch of the plant is ground on a rock and applied to burns once daily for three days. It is “cold”.

pošil k’ok’, nphr(n of n). ‘fever medicine’, wild dichondra Dichondra argentea, #1365(7). Highland “plant”, wild basil Satureja brownii, #1452(11, 12). Highland “plant”, plantain Plantago hirtella, #2029(18). Highland “plant” Loeselia mexicana, #B9512(5, 5a), #485(1, 2), #943(1, 3). Highland “plant”. To allay fever, a handful is crushed in cold water. One cup is drunk before breakfast. It is “medium”. Alternatively, a handful of shoots may be brewed and a cup of the tea drunk before breakfast. It is “medium”.

k’anal nič pošil k’ok’, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/). spot flower Spilanthes americana, #2028(17). Highland “plant”

muk’ta pošil k’ok’, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Salvia holwayi, #2075(3, 4). Highland “plant”.

sakil pošil k’ok’, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild dichondra Dichondra argentea, #1356(7). Highland “plant”.

pošil mahbenal, nphr(n of n). plantain Plantago hirtella, #1714(11, 12). Highland “plant”. (11)-To reduce the heat of mahbenal, six leaves are ground and mixed with cold water. A half cup of the water is drunk once in the morning or afternoon. It is “cold”. Only shamans administer this medicine.

pošil makoʔ, nphr(n of n). ‘cockroach poison’, Haplophyton cinereum, #1666(1, 4, 11, 12, 14). Lowland and temperate “plant” To rid the house of cockroaches, a bunch is ground with corn dough. The dough is placed under the eaves for the cockroaches. It is “hot”.

pošil makoʔ čon, nphr(n of nphr/n type n/). ‘cockroach poison’, Haplophyton cinereum, #1666(7). Lowland and temperate “plant”. Same use as pošil rnakof.

pošil meʔ vinik, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). senna Cassia hispidula, #1122(1, 4, 5) Lowland and temperate “plant”. To ease the pain of meʔ vinik, men in the lowlands crush a handful in water. A cup is drunk once or twice. It is “cold”.

pošil nuk’ul, nphr(n of n). ‘mumps medicine’, milkweed Asclepias oenotherioides, #291(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”. To cure the mumps, milkweed leaves are crushed and bound to the neck. They are “cold”.

Echeveria off. acutifolia, #558(1, 3). Temperate “plant”. Same use as above. Echeveria sessiliflora, #945(1, 3). Highland “plant”. Same use as above. Echeveria prob. mucronata, #1493(1, 3). Highland “plant”.

pošil pat kaʔ, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). ‘mule’s back medicine’, wild coffee Psychotria sp., #771(1, 2). Temperate “plant”. To cure pack sores, the leaves are burned on the griddle and ground into powder. The powder is applied to the sore. It is “hot”. #1329(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”. Same use as above, but “medium” #2134(1). Temperate “tree”.

pošil poslom, nphr(n of n). ‘poslom medicine’, Chimaphila umbellata, #1850(16). Temperate “plant”

pošil sal-¢’iʔ, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/). ‘sal-¢’ii medicine’, spot flower Spilanthes americana, #2465(21, 22). Highland “plant”. To cure sal-¢’iʔ blemishes, a small bunch is ground and applied to the affected part once daily for two days, bonytip fleabane Erigeron karwinskianus, #B9513(5, 5a), #75(2, 4, 5), #936(1, 3), #1503(1, 3, 11, 12), #2067-(3, 4, 17). Highland “plant” To remove blemishes, a few flowers are rubbed on the affected part. They are “hot”, aster Aster moranensis, #1740(3, 15, 16). Highland “plant”. (15)-To cure blemishes, a leaf is applied to the affected part. It is “medium”. Aster exilis, #2467(21, 22). Highland “plant”

pošil sal-¢’i’ʔik, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/)5. expanse of pošil sal-¢’it.

pošil sal-¢’iʔ ʔak’, nphr: nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/) type n. bomarea Bomarea hirtella, #1509(11, 12). Temperate and highland “vine”. To remove blemishes, the berries are rubbed on the affected part. They are “medium”.

pošil satil, nphr(n of n). ‘eye medicine’, Diastatea micrantha, #2538(21, 22). Temperate “plant”. To cure pink eye, a shoot is cut and three drops of the sap are placed in the eye once daily for three days. It is “cold”. Drymaria multiflora, #2497(21, 22). Highland “plant”, pošil sep’, nphr(n of n). ’mange medicine’, buttercup Ranunculus geoides.

#1712(15, 16), #2464(4). Highland “plant”, plantain Plantago alismatifolia, #2461(21, 22). Highland “plant”. To rid oneself of mange, a small bunch is ground and bound to the affected part once daily for three days. It is “cold”, self heal Prunella vulgaris, #2030(18). Highland “plant”. Croton ciliato-glanduliferus, #1601(11, 12). Temperate “plant”.

pošil sim-nak’al, nphr(n of n/n & ajcpd/). ‘dysentery medicine’, firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, #2074(17). Highland “plant”. As a remedy for dysentery, a small bunch is brewed. One cup of the tea is drunk in the afternoon for two days. It is “hot”. Hamelia patens, #212(1, 2, 3, 5), #836(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”. To cure “white dysentery”, a handful of shoots are brewed. The tea is drunk before breakfast and in the evening. To cure bloody dysentery, the shoots are crushed in cold water and the water drunk as above. It is “medium”. #1577(1, 3, 11, 12). Temperate “tree”. Dalea versicolor, #2518(21). Temperate “plant”. To cure “white dysentery”, a small bunch is brewed. A cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast for two days. It is “cold” Gomphrena decumbens, #796(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”. It is grown by ladinos in their yards. They put the flowers in altar vases. A handful of the plant is bought by Zinacantecs suffering dysentery. It is brewed and a large bowlful drunk before breakfast. It is “hot”. Krameria revoluta, #2697(21). Lowland “plant”.

pošil tanal ʔeal, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). ‘tooth medicine’, box-briar Randia aculeata, #1238(5). Lowland, temperate, and highland “tree”.

pošil tiʔben lukum, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). spurge Euphorbia glomerifera, #689(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. To cure sores on the bottom of one’s toes, a handful of shoots are crushed and bound to the affected part. They are changed every three days until the sores are healed. They are “hot”.

sakil pošil tiʔben lukum, nphr: aj & nphr(n of nphr/n of n/). spurge Euphorbia hypericifolia, #1566(1, 3). Lowland and temperate “plant”.

pošil t’ahel(1), nphr(n of vn). ‘abrasion medicine’, snowberry Symphoricarpus microphyllus, #668(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. Women whose legs are chafed by their skirts when they walk to Chamula or San Cristóbal rub the berries on the affected part two or three times for three days. They are “hot”.

pošil t’ahel(2), nphr(n of vn). ‘crack medicine’, Fomes sp., #122A(3, 4, 5), #183A(1, 3, 4, 5, 8). Highland “mushroom”. To cure cracked heels, three mushrooms are rubbed on one’s heels. They are “hot”.

k’anal pošil t’ahel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Trametes sp., #123A(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. Same use as above.

pošil vayičil, nphr(n of n). ‘dream medicine’, wild geranium Geranium seemannii, #2501(21, 22). Highland “plant”. Crotalaria sagittalis, #2547(21, 22). Temperate “plant” To relieve nightmares, a bunch is brewed and the patient’s body is bathed withthe water twice a day.

pošil voʔan, nphr(n of n). ‘voʔan medicine’, jubas bush Iresine celosia, #2114(14). Temperate “plant”.

pošil yayihel, nphr(n of vn). ‘cut medicine’, spurge Euphorbia hypericifolia, #1566(11, 12). Lowland and temperate “plant”. (11)-The sap is applied to minor cuts. It is “medium”, morning glory Ipomoea pauciflora, #2872(14). Lowland “vine”. The sap is applied to cuts for three days. It is “cold”

pošil yayihemal(1), nphr(n1f of n1d). ‘cut medicine’, Perezia relkulala, #2577(1, 4). Temperate “plant”. (1)-To speed the healing of cuts, the wooly down at the ends of the shoots is put in the cut for two or three days. Then the cut is washed with hot water and new down applied. It is “hot”.

muk’ta pošil yayihemal, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Gnaphalium sp., #1020(1, 3, 5), #2224(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant” #2579(1, 4). Temperate “plant”. (1)-The leaves are brewed and applied to cuts. They are “hot”.

pošil yayihemal(2), nphr(n of n)5. ‘cut medicine’, puff ball. The powder of an unattested variety is applied to wounds to stop bleeding. Puff balls are called čolčol when fresh.

pošil yerva, nphr(n of n). ‘tarantula medicine’, wild verbene Elytraria imbricata, #325(1, 2, 3, 5), #2015(1, 3, 4). Lowland “plant”. To cure mules that have been bitten by a tarantula, the entire plant is brewed together with a plant with leaves similar to geranium leaves. The decoction is given to the mule to drink once. It is “hot”. As a remedy for snakebite, it is brewed with the roots of mexican tea and kururin.

jimson weed Datura stramonium, #2473(21, 22). Highland “plant”. Tridax procumbens, #250(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”. The plant is brewed and the tea given once to mules suffering from tarantula bite. It is “hot”.

pošilin, n4d. medicinal herb.

pošin, tv. treat self with tobacco; anoint body for swelling /pumel/, anoint body /at bedtime after receiving fright on trail so that earth lord will not steal one’s soul/.

pošta, tv. administer medicine, prepare /chewing tobacco by adding lime to the tobacco/.

pošta ba, rv. take medicine.

pošta baik, rv. cure each other. If a snake has been cut in two it is believed that another appears to revive it/.

poštaan, tv. administer medicine to many.

poštaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual curing.

poštaluh, iv. visit doctor.

poštavan, iv. administer medicine to person (doctor), cure person.

hpošil, agn. drinker.

lek litik’bat ta hpošil. I was forced to drink.

hpošlal, agn. Ritual speech, shaman.

hpoštavaneh, agn. nurse, doctor.

pošital N(Sp, depositor).

poštal, n5. women’s prison in San Cristóbal /archaic/.

t šbat ta pošital. lit., She goes to the women’s prison, i.e., hen that abandons her chicks and goes to another house, presumably to regain youth.

pot(1) P, P(2).

pot, tv. gather together in pile /rocks, wood, stubble, pine needles, earth, corn, salt/, build /field house/.

pot, iv. be gathered in pile.

pot, nc. small pile, brood /chicks/, motionless group closely clustered /cows, sheep, chickens, people/, cluster /houses/.

potahtik, aj. in small piles, in motionless groups, orphaned.

potan, tv. put in pile, build /field house/.

potan baik, rv. cluster together (people to make decision or to eat, sheep, mules).

potanan, tv. put in piles.

potanob, n1f. place where corn, etc., is to be piled.

potanobil, n1f. cf. potanob.

pótanpótan, tv. make one small pile after another.

pótanpótanan. tv. cf. pótanpótan.

potantik, aj. in widely spaced piles.

potel, nc. gathering together.

potet, av. walking in small group (people, animals), lying in pile.

potetah, iv. cluster together (animals).

potetik, av. gathered together walking (people, animals).

poti, iv. be in small pile.

potilan, tv. keep gathering together in pile /rocks, etc./, keep building /field house/.

spotilan k’ok’. He kept the fire well piled up.

potilanan, tv. keep gathering a lot together /sheep/, keep building /field houses/.

potleh, n1f. gathered together.

potob ničim, nphr(n1f of n1d). circle of stakes for supporting cultivated flowers.

potob tak’in, nphr(n type n)1d. metal-tipped walking stick of Chamulas.

potobil ničim, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. potob ničim.

potokil, n4f. many piles /rocks, earth, corncobs/.

potol, aj. in cluster (houses), in small pile, in motionless group (people, animals).

potolik. aj. in small piles, in motionless groups, orphaned.

pótolpótol, n4f. each of many small piles /corn, plants, rocks/.

potot, av. running in group (people, animals).

pototet, av. running in group (people, animals).

potpot, nc. single brood / 1 only/.

potpot, aj. in cluster (houses), in pile, low (hip-roofed house lacking tall center post).

potpot pašak’, cf. pašak’.

póttepótte, av. walking about in group (people, animals).

pot(2)

pot, potter, censer maker, candlestick maker, cf. pat.

potosoara N.

potosoara, n. bittersweet bush Wimmeria pubescens, #2887(14). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for hoe handles, flails, fence posts and firewood.

potov N(M-Z, potov).

potov, nia. wild guava Psidium guineense, #404(1, 2). Temperate “tree”.

The fruit is “cold”. It is sold in Htek-lum. The leaves and bark are brewed as a remedy for dysentery. One or two gourdfuls of the tea are drunk. It is “cold”, guava Psidium guajava, #696(1, 2, 3, 5). Temperate “tree”. #917(1, 3), #1993(16, 17). Lowland “tree”. (1)-The fruit is sold by ladinos. It is “cold”. (16, 17)-The fruit is boiled. It is “hot”.

bae’i potov, nphr(aj & n). wild guava Psidium guineense, #25671, 4). Lowland, temperate, and highland “tree”. The fruit is “cold”. (1)-As a remedy for dysentery, a handful of leaves is brewed. One cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast and, if necessary, before lunch and supper for two or three days. It is “medium”.

kaslan potov, nphr(aj & n). guava Psidium guajava, #1532(11, 12).

Lowland, temperate, and highland “tree” (11)-The fruit is “cold”.

The trunk is used for firewood. #1993(1, 3, 4). Lowland “tree”.

k’os potov, nphr(aj & n). guava Psidium guajava, # 1377(3). Temperate “tree” The fruit is “cold”. It is bartered by the people of Voʔ-bi¢ for cabbages and tomatoes. #1436(1). Highland “tree” #1532(1, 3). Lowland, temperate, and highland “tree"

sakil potov, nphr(aj & n). wild guava Psidium guineense, #2567(21).

Lowland, temperate, and highland “tree” The fruit is sold at market.

teʔtikil potov, nphr(natt & n). ’wild guava’, guava Psidium guajava, #1377(7). Temperate “tree"

potrero N(Sp, potrero).

potrero, n1a. pasture.

potrerotik, n5. large pasture.

potro N(Sp, potro).

potro, n1a. stallion.

povlano A(Sp, poblano).

povlano, cf. ʔišim.

povre A(Sp, pobre).

povre, aj. poor /financially/, miserable, var., prove.

povretik, aj. rather poor.

poy(1)

poy, murder accomplice, cf. pay.

poy(2) P(2) or T(2).

poy eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). carry off on shoulder /long tree, corpse/.

poyahtik, aj. ribby.

poyan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). carry off many on shoulder /long trees/.

poyanan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. poyan eč’el.

póyanpóyan eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). carry off one after another on shoulder /long trees/.

póyanpóyanan ʔeč’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. poyanpoyan ec’el.

poy¢ah, iv. be gouged out (land) /by rivulets/, be ribby.

poyet, av. being carried on shoulder (long tree).

poylahet, av. cf. poyet (plu).

poyol, aj. lying crosswise (salt trough for animals), ribby.

poyolik, aj. ribby.

hpayol-meʔel, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /woman who carries candles for the elders on Lenten Fridays, Tuesday of Holy Week through Good Friday, and for the ensign-bearers of St. Dominic and the Holy Cross on Fourth Friday in Lent and Tuesday of Holy Week through Good Friday/ /one woman serving each official/.

poyoy N.

poyoy, n1e. skunk /general term/, hooded skunk Mephitis macroura. cf. sak-pat. Skunks are eaten seasoned with coriander. Their flesh is “hot”. Their scent is drunk to heat the body. They are notorious chicken thieves. Skunks are said to be companion animal spirits of insignificant people and Chamulas. When smelling a skunk a person should not spit, lest his hair turn white /cf. Florentine Codex, book 5, chap. 9/.

k’oš poyoy, nphr(aj & n)1d. southern spotted skunk Spilogale angustifrons. It is eaten, seasoned with coriander. Its flesh is “very hot”. Cold water should not be drunk after eating skunk meat lest one’s burps have a skunky odor.

prasil

prasil, cf. brasil.

prental N(Sp, prendar).

prental, n1a. pawn /object left as security/.

hprcntal, agn. girl who works as servant in San Cristobal.

preserente N(Sp, presidente).

preserente, agn. magistrate or presidente. var., peserente.

preserente ʔu’ʔun čan-vun, agn: n of nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/5). president of school committee.

preserente ʔunʔun lekliša, agn: n of nphr(n4f of n5). church president.

preserente ʔuʔun k’in, agn: n of nphr(n4f of n5). president of fiesta committee.

preserente hunta, agn(nphr/n of n/5). president of fiesta committee.

preserente lukasyon, agn(nphr/n of n/5). president of school committee.

preserente ta Mehiko, agn(nphr/n & prep & n/). President of the Republic.

presko N(Sp, refresco).

presko, n1a. soft drink, large glass of cane liquor /served at steward’s entrance into office and at veneration of his coffer/. Polite speech; beer.

preva N(Sp, prueba).

preva, n5. attempt, proof, var., preval /infreq/, proval.

paso preva. Try it!

ba¢’i provaluk kik. Try it if you want.

primero A(Sp, primero).

primero, aj. at first, the first, var., pimero.

primero ʔalkalte, agn(nphr/aj & n/). first justice of the peace.

primero rehirol, agn(nphr/aj & n/). first prefect, first alderman.

primon N(Sp, primoʔ).

primon, n1e. cardinal flower Lobelia laxiflora, #B9481(5, 5a). Highland plant”. (5)-The sap is applied to an embedded thorn to cure infection, white milkweed Asclepias similis, #959(1, 3). Lowland “plant”. Lamourouxia viscosa, #2535(21, 22). Temperate “plant"

primonaltik, n5. large expanse of primon.

primontik, n5. expanse of primon.

bik’it primon, nphr(aj & n). cardinal flower Lobelia laxiflora, #2960(16). Highland “plant”. It is eaten by sheep.

k’anal nič primon, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). Castilleja integrifolia, #1803(15, 16). Highland “plant”.

k’oš primon, nphr(aj & n). cardinal flower Lobelia laxiflora, #2960(1). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta primon, nphr(aj & n). white milkweed Asclepias similis, #1498(1, 3). Temperate “plant”.

muk’tik primon, nphr(aj & n). candy fuschia Fuschia splendens, #B949 4(5, 5a), #123(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

prin

prin, burlap bag. cf. brin.

priškuʔ N(Sp, prisco).

priškuʔ, peach, cf. turasnu.

prošišon

prošišon, procession, cf. prošišyon.

prošišyon N(Sp, procesion).

prošišyon, n5. procession /of saints inside and outside church on Epiphany, Lenten Fridays, Palm Sunday, Tuesday of Holy Week to Holy Saturday, St. John’s Day, fiesta of St. Lawrence, and the Posadas/, var., prošišon.

proval

proval, attempt, proof, cf. preva.

prove

prove, poor, miserable, cf. povre.

pu¢ P(2) or T(2).

pu¢, n1d. lights /lungs/.

pu¢ahtik, aj. cf. pueul /plu/.

pu¢an, n1d. lights /lungs/.

pu¢¢ah, iv. puff up (tortilla).

pu¢et, av. swelling slightly.

pu¢ilan, tv. make spring up and down, bounce up and down on /tree, car seat/.

pu¢ilanan, tv. make spring up and down /plu/.

pu¢lahet, av. fluffy (bread).

puú¢lih, av. suddenly breaking wind quietly, exploding suddenly but too quietly (blasting iron), thudding suddenly (fruit).

pu¢pon, av. bouncing, springy (seat, marsh weeds underfoot).

pu¢puč pos“, nphr(aj & n). ’puffy medicine’, puff ball Lycoperdon sp., #74(1, 3, 4, 5), # 109(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. The powder is used to stanch wounds. It is “hot”.

k’anal pu¢pu¢ poš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). puff ball Calvatia sp., #135(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

pú¢tepú¢te, av. becoming slightly swollen in several places (leg).

pu¢u¢, n1d. lights /lungs/.

pu¢u¢et, av. springy, bouncing up and down (branch, car seat, marsh weeds underfoot)

pu¢ul, n1a. lady slipper Cypripedium irapeanum, # 1134(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”. The flowers are gathered for sale by men and women.

Children turn the flower inside out and inflate it.

k’oš pu¢ul, nphr(aj & n). Calceolaria tripartita, #1792(4). Highland “plant"

pu¢ul, aj. hollow (tortilla), slightly swollen (leg, arm, face), fluffy (bread, nap), large (tassel).

pu¢ul ʔunctik. nphr(n of n). ’children’s pueul’, yellow evening primrose Oenothera laciniata, #1429(7). Highland “plant”

pu¢ul ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). firecracker flower Cuphea cyanea, # 1765(4, 5). Highland “plant”. #1828(1, 4). Temperate “plant”. Calceolaria tripartita, #1792(16). Highland “plant”

pu¢ul čičol, cf. čicol.

pu¢ul čičol ʔak’, cf. čičol ʔak\

pu¢ul cih, nphr(n of n). ’sheep’s pueut or ’deer’s pueuP, wild senna Cassia

biflora, #2560(1, 4, 21, 22). Lowland and temperate “tree”, yellow trumpet bush Tecoma stans, #1536(1, 3, 11, 12, 13), #2266(3, 4, 19). Highland “tree” (11)-It is used for firewood. #2541(21, 22). Temperate “tree” As a remedy for skin disease /čin/, a small bunch of leaves is toasted on the griddle and ground into powder which is applied to the affected part. It is “cold” #2621(1, 3, 15). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts, digging sticks, hoe, billhook, and pick handles, and for firewood.

pu¢ul čihtik, nphr(n of n)5. grove of pueul čih trees.

k’anal pu¢ul čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). yellow trumpet bush Tecoma stans, #2621(22). Lowland “tree’.

muk’ta pueul čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). yellow trumpet bush Tecoma stans, #2621(20). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts, house walls, hoe and pick handles.

pu¢ul čih e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Turnera ulmifolia, #1313(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”.

pu¢ul čih teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). yellow trumpet bush Tecoma stans, # 192(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts, digging sticks, hoe and billhook handles. #1536(1, 2, 11, 12). Highland

“tree”

pu¢ul ničim, nphr(aj & n). ’hollow flower’, spiderling Boerhaavia erecta, # 1627(7). Lowland “plant”.

pu¢ul sahoʔ, cf. saho?.

pu¢ulah, iv. inflate pueul flower (child).

pu¢ulal tulan, nphr(natt & n)5. oak hedgehog gall.

pu¢ulik, aj. slightly swollen (limbs).

pu¢ultik, aj. with big fluffy decoration /on Chamula woman’s huipil/.

pu¢kuy N.

pu¢kuy, n5. yellowsilk shellseed Cochlospermum vitifolium, # 196(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree’. Branches are planted in the dry season to make fences. The trunk is used, one under each side of the leather sieve to keep the corn from spilling when it is flailed.

pu¢kuytik, n5. grove of yellowsilk shellseed trees.

pu¢’(1) P(2) or T(2).

pu¢’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /on back or side/, flail /corn/.

pu¢’ ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). kick or stamp on.

pu¢’ahtik, aj. cf. pue’ul /plu/.

pu¢’an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). flail a lot hurriedly, slug /on backs or sides/.

pu¢’anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. pue’an ta mahel.

pu¢’anpú¢’an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug one after another /on back or side/, flail one after another hurriedly /ears of corn/.

pú¢’anpú¢’anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. pú¢’anpú¢’an ta mahel.

pu¢’et, av. spongy (swelling), soft (earth, rotten flesh).

pu¢’ilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging /on back or side/, keep flailing /corn/.

pu¢’ilan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep kicking or stamping on.

pu¢’ilanan ta mahel., vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging /people on back or side/.

pu¢’ilanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep slugging person /on back or side/.

pu¢’ilanvan ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep kicking or stamping on person.

pu¢’k’ih, iv. dent (egg, fruit, metal).

pu¢’lah, av. thumping (log, rock) /sing or plu/.

pu¢’lahet, av. thudding (falling fruit or stone, drunk falling frequently), clopping, stamping /dancers, drunks/.

pu¢’lahetik, av. thudding (footsteps).

pu¢’leh, n4f. dent (fruit, egg, metal).

pú¢’lih, av. thudding suddenly (person thrown or falling to ground).

pu¢’pon, av. stamping (dancer, drunk), thumping (drum, tamping of earth on grave, person slugging another), springy (seat, mud, weeds).

pú¢’tepú¢’te, av. spreading from place to place (swelling), springy here and there (mud underfoot).

pu¢’u¢’ yalel, vphr(av & dr). sinking (foot in mud).

pu¢’u¢’et, av. springy, spongy.

pu¢’ul, aj. spongy (swelling).

pue’ulik, aj. cf. pue’ul /plu/.

pu¢’an ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slug person /on back or side/.

pu¢’an ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). kick or stamp on person.

hpu¢’vaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who slugs an other /on back or side/.

pu¢’(2) N.

pu¢ ta, tv. spray /patient or sleepy musician with cane liquor, enemy with tobacco powder, child with water/, spit out /cane liquor/, recall soul, foam over (coca cola, beer, chicha). A shaman sprays salt water on the floor of the house of a deceased person and calls on his soul to depart.

pu¢’ta baik, rv. spray each other.

pu¢’taan, tv. spit out many times /cane liquor/.

pu¢’taob šavon, vphr(n1f of n4d). bubble pipe.

pu¢’taob šavon k’ošetik, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ of n). ’children’s soap blower’, dandelion Taraxacum officinale, #2(1, 2, 3), #2176(1, 3, 4), #2459(4). Highland plant”. Children bruise the stem and flower in cold water, producing a foam that they blow at each other.

pú¢’tapú¢’ta, tv. spit out one time after another /blood when struck in mouth/.

pu¢’tavan, iv. spray person /mexican beaded lizard with venom, shaman or witch with cane liquor, water and white salt, tobacco powder to cure person or cause sickness/, foam over on person (chicha). t špu¢’tavan ta poš k’al tol vayele. He sprays the sleepy person with cane liquor /child is sprayed in eyes as a punishment for sleeping late/.

hpu¢’tavaneh, agn. person who sprays another /witch/.

puč’ P, P(2).

puč’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hack at sloppily /weeds or grass with billhook/.

pučS’ahtik, aj. cf. puč’ul /plu/.

puč’an, tv. lay or set down /baby, log/.

puč’an ba, rv. lie down (person, mammal).

puč’an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cut sloppily /weeds, grass/.

puč’anobil, n4f. place where baby is laid.

puč’anobil kristo, nphr(n4f of n5). table on which Christ figure is laid on

Good Friday.

púč’anpúč’anan, tv. lay down one after another /drunks/.

puč’anvan, iv. cause person to be bedridden (sickness, shaman who detains patient in bed too long).

puč’¢ah, iv. be bedridden.

puč’¢an, tv. cause to be bedridden.

puč’¢ananan, tv. cause to be bedridden /plu/.

puč’¢anvan, iv. cause person to be bedridden.

puč’el, aj. bent over (person’s ear).

puč’et, av. lying down (person, mammal).

puč’etah, iv. lie down.

puč’etik, av. lying down (people).

puč’i, iv. be lying down (person, mammal).

Ritual speech, invalid’s prayer; t šipuč’i t šitaʔi. I lie, I lie immobile. puč’ilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep cutting sloppily /weeds, grass/.

puč’ilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep cutting sloppily a lot

of /weeds, grass/.

puč’k’ih, iv. tumble (person, horse).

puč’k’in, tv. push down, stamp.

puč’k’inan, tv. push down /corn plants/.

puč’k’invan, iv. make person collapse (heavy burden).

puč’lah, av. stumbling, staggering /sing or plu/.

puč’lahet, av. stumbling or staggering (drunk, mule).

puč’lahetik, av. stumbling or staggering (people).

puč’lebal, n3d. place where one sleeps /absolute form refers to place where animal sleeps/ /deer, dog, sheep, mule/. Ritual speech, shaman referring to patient’s bed; cf. tačlebal.

puč’lebin, tv. lie on.

puč’lebinan, tv. lie on /corn plants/.

puč’leh, nib. lying down.

puč’lih, av. stumbling suddenly.

puč’pon, av. walking with tip of ear bent forward (horse, dog), lying unable to stand (sick sheep or horse, drunk).

puč’puč’, aj. bent over (horse’s or dog’s ear).

púc’tepúč’te, av. stumbling or staggering about (person, horse).

puč’uč’ yalel, vphr(av & dr). lying down.

puč’ul, aj. lying down (person, mammal, tree trunk)

hpuč’¢¢nvaneh, agn. sickness that causes person to be bedridden.

hpuč’k’invaneh, agn. person who pushes another to ground.

pub(1) 1(2).

puh, iv. puff up (tortilla), swell /skin from sting or from contact with yaw root, stomach from gas/, bloat /from drinking too much water/, blister.

puh, n1a. Scirpus validus. #2496(21, 22). Highland plant”

puhtik, n5. expanse of cattails or bullrushes.

ʔan¢il puh, nphr(natt & n). ’female puh’, cattail Typha domingensis, #85(2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”, cattail Typha latifolia, # 1480(3). Highland “plant”. Some women who wish to make their hair grow longer pull up the plant, pound it on a rock and mix it with the water for washing their hair. They wash their hair with this water once daily for five days. It is “cold”. California bullrush Scirpus californicus, #1743(15, 16). Highland plant”.

vinik puh, nphr(n type n). ’male puh’, California bullrush Scirpus californicus, #1743(3). Highland plant”.

puh-ʔakan hobel, nphr(n/aj & n/ type n). ’hollow-stemmed grass’, witch grass Panicum maximum, #2672(22). Lowland “grass”. Arundinella deppeana, #2575(21, 22).Temperate and highland “plant”. It is eaten by horses. Lasiacis ruscifolia, #2614(22). Lowland “plant”.

puh-ʔ’akan pom ¢’unun, cf. pom ¢#x2019;unun.

puh-ʔik’ih, iv(aj & ivcpd). swell (weevil-eaten beans when cooking).

puh-ʔut ʔic, cf. ʔič.

puh-ʔut hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ’hollow grass’, Arundinella deppeana, #3024(11). Temperate “plant”.

puh-ʔut teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. hollow tree.

puhahtik, aj. cf. puhul /plu/.

puhan, aj. baggy, ballooning.

puhantik, aj. slightly baggy or ballooning.

puh¢ah, iv. balloon.

puh¢an očel, vphr(tv & dr). hollow out /cliff, bank/.

puh¢anan očel, vphr(tv & dr). hollow out in many places /cliff, bank/.

puh¢anvan, iv. cause swelling in person (sting, yaw root).

puhebal e¢’el, nphr(n5 & dr). moment before balloon sails away.

puhel, aj. hollow.

puhel a¢oʔ lit., Your excrement is hollow, i.e., You have a big belly.

puhes, tv. inflate /balloon/, bloat /with water/.

puhes ba, rv. bloat self /with water/.

puhesobil, n4f. hat used to fan air into balloon.

puhesvan, iv. cause swelling in person.

puhet, av. baggy (clothes), ballooning.

puhetah, iv. balloon.

puhkan, aj. baggy or ballooning (clothes).

puhkan ʔič, cf. ʔič.

puhkantik, aj. slightly baggy or ballooning.

puhleh, n1f. hollowness, ballooning /skirt/.

puhpuh, iv. swell or bloat slightly.

puhpuh, aj. baggy (clothes), inflated, hollow.

puhpuhtik, iv. swell or bloat slightly.

puhuhet, av. ballooning.

puhul, aj. hollow (cave, tree trunk, burrow).

puh(2) O.

puh, tv. smash in /door/.

puh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). kick /door/, slug /on back or side/. ispuh ta mahel stiʔ yočon. He struck his chest with his fist /drunk to prove his strength/.

puh ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). kick, kick in.

puhan baik, rv. shove each other.

puhan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /plu//on back or side/.

púhanpúhan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug one after another.

puhih, onom. thump, thud.

puhilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging /back or side/.

puhilan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep kicking or kicking in.

puhilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging /plu//on side

or back/.

puhilanan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep kicking or kicking in many times.

puhilanvan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep kicking person.

puhlah, av. thumping, thudding, staggering and falling (drunk)/sing// implies sound of feet also/.

puhlahet, av. roaring (blasting iron), thumping /in bed/, thudding (blows), staggering and falling (drunks), clopping.

puhlahetik, av. staggering (drunks) /implies sound/.

púhlih, av. thudding suddenly (falling drunk, rock), roaring suddenly (blasting iron), smashing suddenly (V3: 9).

puhobil, n4f. rock or log used to break open door.

puhpon, av. smashing in /door/, thudding (earth being stamped on top of grave), thumping (heart, drum), thumping /on door VI: 13/.

puhvan ta ʔutel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). scold person.

puhvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slug person /on back or side/.

puhvan ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). kick person.

hpuhvaneh ta ʔutel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who scolds another.

hpuhvaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who slugs another /on back or side/.

hpuhvaneh ta tek’el, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who kicks another.

puk P, T(2).

puk, tv. distribute evenly to everyone /corn gruel, cigarettes, food, palm fronds/.

puk, iv. be distributed.

puk ba, rv. become crumbly (soil).

puk k’oplal, vphr(iv & n4f). be spread afar (gossip, news).

puk-sat balamil, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. crumbly soil.

puk vun, vphr(tv & n5). distribute announcements of assignments of religious posts and fireworks group (constables).

pukahtik, aj. widely distributed (loans).

pukan, tv. distribute a lot to everyone.

pukanan, tv. cf. pukan.

púkanpúkan, tv. distribute one after another.

púkanpúkanan, tv. cf. púkanpúkan.

pukel, nc. distribution / 1-3 /.

puket k’oplal, vphr(av & n4f). spreading (gossip).

puki, tv. scatter.

Ritual speech, prayer; ta htani ta hpuki ti yo 1 asohobale ti yo 1 anak’obale. 1 strew Thy lordly sunbeams, I scatter Thy holy shade, i.e., I exhaust my corn supply rapidly.

puki ba, rv. scatter (ants, pursuers).

pukih, iv. scatter (corn, ashes), broadcast (news), irrigate, spread (pain).

pukilta, tv. scatter far apart.

pukiltik, aj. scattered far apart.

púklih, av. scattering suddenly (people, objects), being grabbed up (fruit), rising suddenly (dust), spilling suddenly (com kernels).

pukolah, iv. distribute evenly to everyone /corn gruel, food/.

pukpon, av. sliding (dust).

púktepúkte, av. distributing around /food, loans/.

pukuk, n1a. dust, an. poss. restricted to Ritual speech, prayer.

ti yo 1 atanon, ti yo 1 apukukon. I am but Thy lowly ashes, I am but

Thy lowly dust.

pukukaltik, n5. large stretch of dusty land.

pukuket, av. sliding (dust, corn in pile).

pukuktik, n5. dusty stretch.

pukuktik, aj. dusty.

hpuk________, agn(tv & ncpd). distributor of _______ /corn gruel, cigarettes, food/.

hpuk-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). gossip.

hpukol, agn. distributor /of food or corn gruel/infr/.

hpukolahel, agn. distributor /of food or corn gruel/.

tan puk, nphr(n & n)5. corn or beans scattered around the house /by chickens/.

pukuh N.

pukuh, n1e. devil, witch, demon.

pukuh, aj. dangerous, devilish, evil (person, animal), mean, ill-tempered.

pukuhal, aj. evil, dangerous.

pukuhib, iv. become mean or nasty.

pukuhibtas, tv. make feisty /young ram/.

pukuhibtasan, tv. make feisty /rams/.

pukuhil, n4d. evilness, meanness.

avil ti hpukuhile. You see how mean I am /apology of person who is unable to fulfill another’s request/.

pukuhil, aj. evil.

pukuhta, tv. bewitch /infr/.

pukuhtavan, iv. catch person by surprise, cut person’s life span (owl, tree alligator lizard, cricket).

ʔay pukuhtavanuk kriščanoetik. He went to catch the people by surprise /petitioner/.

pukuhtik, aj. rather evil or nasty.

hpukuhtavaneh, agn. person who catches another by surprise /petitioner

who breaks into house of girl/, animal that cuts person’s life span /owl, etc./.

puk’ T(2).

puk’, tv. mix in water /handfuls of corn gruel, posol, mud/.

puk’, iv. be mixed with water (corn gruel, posol, mud).

puk’, nc. lump of dough for corn gruel or posol.

puk’, onom. splash.

puk’ ba, rv. become miry (muddy stretch of trail), wallow.

puk’-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd). toothless.

puk’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). Male joking speech; fornicate.

puk’ahtik, aj. rotten.

puk’an, tv. mix a lot in water /handfuls of corn gruel, posole or mud/.

puk’anan, tv. cf. puk’an.

púk’anpúk’an, tv. mix one after another /bowls of corn gruel or posol/.

púk’anpúk’anan, tv. cf. púk’anpúk’an.

puk’be eč’el ʔač’eltik, vphr(tv & dr & n5). slosh through mud.

puk¢ah, iv. become sunken (cheeks), become thick (mud), become mushy (fruit), become fat (spinster).

puk’¢anbe, tv. knock person’s teeth out.

puk’ebal, n5. moment before finishing mixing /corn gruel, posol/.

puk’el, nc. mixing /corn gruel, posol//1-3/.

puk’et, av. becoming squishy (mud, rotten fruit).

puk’et -ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). with sunken cheeks (toothless person).

puk’ilan, tv. keep slapping /water/.

puk’ilan ba, rv. keep becoming miry (muddy stretch of trail), keep wallowing.

puk’ilanan, tv. keep slapping /plu/.

puk’ilanan baik, rv. keep wallowing (pigs, children).

puk’ilanobil, n4f. pot for mixing mud for plaster.

puk’lah, av. splashing /sing or plu/.

puk’lahet, av. splashing /through water/, ripe (fruits).

puk’lahetik, av. splashing /through water//sound/(plu).

puk’leh, n4f. mushiness.

piik’lih, av. splashing suddenly (person, rock).

Male joking speech; špúk’lih iʔoč. It entered with a splash /penis in large vagina/.

puk’ob, n1f. pot in which corn gruel or posol is mixed.

puk’obil, n1f. cf. puk’ob.

puk’olah, iv. wallow, splash self (person, bird).

puk’om tan, nphr(n of n)1d. pot in which lime is mixed.

puk’omah, iv. mix with water /corn gruel, posol, mud/.

puk’p’ih, iv. become toothless.

puk’pon, av. splashing, splashing self.

púk’pon ʔe, vphr(av & n4d) talking or eating with sunken cheeks (toothless person).

púk’púk’, nc. single lump /com gruel, posol//1 only/.

puk’tepuk’te ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with sunken cheeks (toothless person).

puk’uk’et, av. very thick (mud).

puk’ul, aj. toothless, thick (mud), ripe and soft (fruit), mushy (rottenness), fat (woman).

puk’ulah, iv. wallow, splash self (person, bird).

puk’ulik, aj. toothless, ripe and soft, swollen or flabby (face), rotten.

púk’ulpúk’ul, n4f. each of many lumps /com gruel, posol/.

puk’um tan, nphr(n of n)1d. pot in which lime is mixed.

pul T(2).

pul, tv. draw /water/, scoop up in spoon or gourd /broth, com gruel/, scoop up /hoarded coins, com, beans//often to exchange secretly for cane liquor etc./.

Polite speech; hpulban ka?al. I am drawing my water first.

pul, nc. valley / 1-4/.

pul, iv. sprout thickly (weeds, underbrush, feathers), grow densely (sheep’s coat).

pul-ʔosil, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. valley.

pul balamil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). become misty or rainy.

pul k’uč, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). become heavily feathered (chick).

pul-šik’ čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/5 type n)1e. gnat. cf. val-šik’ čon.

pul-tan, n(aj & ncpd)1e. ashes that fly into air when water spills on fire.

pul-tani, tv(iv & ncpd). make ashes fly into air. Formerly, when parents of prospective bride refused to consent to engagement, petitioners would toss water on fire to make ashes fly into the air.

pul-tanih, iv(iv & ncpd). fly into the air (ashes when water spills on fire).

pulahtik, aj. cf. pulul /plu/.

pulan, tv. scoop up or draw a lot of.

pulanan, tv. cf. pulan.

lah spulanan lok’el yišim. lit., He finished scooping out a lot of his com., i.e., He is spending his resources on cane liquor.

púlanpúlan, tv. scoop up or draw one after another.

púlanpúlanan, tv. cf. púlanpúlan.

pulantik, aj. widely spaced valleys.

pulav, n1f. valley.

pulebal, n5. time before becoming thick /weeds/.

pulel, nc. drawing /water/, scooping /com, beans, corn gruel/ /1-3/.

pulet, av. pouring down noisily (cow manure, diarrhea), puffing (ashes when water spills).

pulilan, tv. keep drawing /water/, keep scooping up /com, etc./.

pulilanan, tv. keep scooping up a lot /com or beans secretly to exchange for cane liquor, etc./.

pulin voʔ, nphr(n of n)1a. deep gourd for storing tortillas.

pullahet ta ʔul, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. pulpon ta ʔul (plu).

pullahetik ta ʔul, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. pulpon ta ʔul (plu).

púllih, av. gushing down suddenly (diarrhea, blood).

pulob, n1f. container for drawing water or for scooping up beans or corn.

pulobil, n1f. cf. pulob.

pulolah, iv. scoop out /corn gruel/.

pulpon, av. streaming down and being sniffed up (mucous).

pulpon ta ʔul, vphr(av & prep & n5). scooping up corn gruel every few minutes (child).

pulpul, aj. shallow with sloping rim (bowl, frying pan, hat crown), depressed or uneven (land).

púltepúlte, av. walking about defecating noisily (cow), walking about with runny nose.

pulukil, n4f. many valleys.

pulul, aj. dribbling (mucous).

pululet, av. streaming down noisily (diarrhea), puffing (water on ashes).

pululik. aj. cf. pulul /plu/.

púlulpúlul, n4f. each of many valleys.

pulum voʔ, nphr(n of n). deep tortilla gourd, gourd Lagenaria siceraria, #2885(1, 4, 14). Lowland “vine” (14)-The gourds are used to store tortillas. They are sold at market. They are prepared by making a hole in the top and burying them in the ground until the pulp rots. Then they are dug up, washed and dried.

pulun ¢oʔ, nphr(n of n)5. glutton /child/.

pulun voʔ, nphr(n of n)1a. deep gourd for storing tortillas.

hpul_______, agn(tv & ncpd). drawer /of water/, person who scoops up corn, beans, etc.

hpulolahel, agn. woman who scoops out corn gruel.

hpulom, agn. woman who scoops out corn gruel.

ʔak’ pulun voʔ, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/). gourd Lagenaria siceraria, # 1997(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Lowland “vine” The seeds are planted in the corn field. The gourds are harvested in November and December. They are sold at market. They are used to store tortillas.

ʔak’ pulun voʔaltik, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/)5. large field of gourds.

ʔak’ pulun voʔtik, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/)5. field of gourds.

pulatu

pulatu, bowl. cf. plato.

pulitu

pulitu, bowl. cf. plato.

pulivok N.

pulivok, n1d. inca dove Scardafella inca, ground dove Columbigallina passerina. cf. soltaro mut, toltora. They are hunted and eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. They are cold”.

pulkatorio

pulkatorio, purgatory, cf. porkatorio.

pulutu

pulutu, bowl. cf. plato.

pum I, P, P(2).

pum, iv. have gas on the stomach.

pum ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug.

pumahtik, aj. lying on ground (drunks, corpses).

puman, tv. set down /log, baby/.

puman ba, rv. lie down.

puman ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /plu/ /on back, etc./.

pumanan, tv. set down /logs/.

pumanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. puman ta mahel.

pumanob, n1f. place where large log is always set on the fire.

pumanobil, n1f. cf. pumanob.

púmanpúman, tv. set down one after another /logs/.

púmanpúman ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug one after another /on back, etc./.

púmanpúmanan, tv. cf. púmanpúman.

púmanpúmanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. púmanpúman ta mahel.

pumanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person sitting /drunk on path/.

pum¢ah, iv. become mute and immobile.

pum¢an, tv. set down /log/.

pum¢anan, tv. set down /logs/.

pum¢anvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person sitting /drunk on path/.

pumel, vnld. gas on the stomach.

t šak’ pumel li kukaye. The lightning bug causes gas on the stomach /when it flies over person/.

pumes, tv. bloat.

pumet, av. lying (log, drunk).

špumet svayel. He is slumbering.

pumetik, av. lying on ground (drunks).

pumi, iv. be lying down (person, log).

pumih, onom. crash /falling drunk, blow on back/.

pumilan, tv. keep beating /clothing on rocks/.

pumilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging.

pumilanan, tv. keep beating a lot of /laundry/.

pumilanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep slugging person.

pumlah, av. roaring (torrent, flooded river), crashing (rolling boulder) /sing or plu/.

pumlahet, av. roaring (river), popping (guns), thrashing helplessly (fallen animal, overturned beetle), thumping (snake in death throes).

pumlahetik, av. knocking clothes against rocks (women), lying trussed up (prisoners), falling (drunk).

pumleh, n1f. lying down.

púmlih, av. thudding suddenly (falling person, rock, or log), roaring suddenly (blasting iron).

pumpon, av. knocking clothes against rocks (woman), thrashing helplessly (fallen animal, overturned beetle), trussed up (prisoner), thumping (drum, stamping of earth on grave.)

pumpum, aj. fat (stomach, belly of pot or gourd), thick (log).

pumpumtik, iv. be rather protruding (child’s tummy).

púmtepúmte č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with a paunch.

pumul, aj. lying down (person, pig, baby, log, cow), stretched out and

immobile (large snake).

pumulik, aj. fluffy (bread).

pumum, av. roaring (river).

pumumet, av. roaring (torrent).

pumvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). strike person /on back, etc./.

punto N(Sp, punto).

punto, n1e. aim, inan. poss., gunsight.

punyal N(Sp, puñyal).

punyal ¢’i’ʔlel, nphr(n type n). ’dagger plant’, Sesbania emerus, #2639(20). Lowland plant"

pur O.

pur, onom. snort /mule/.

puret čak, vphr(av & n4d). defecating noisily.

puret eč’el, vphr(av & dr). whirring away (hummingbird, tinamou).

puret niʔ), vphr(av & n4d). snorting (mule).

puretik, av. defecating noisily.

purlah, av. whirring, snorting (mule) /plu/.

purlahet, av. whirring (doves).

púrlih, av. whirring up suddenly (bird), making sudden sound of defecation (chicken, turkey, person), snorting (horse).

purpon niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). snorting (horse).

purpur, onom. whir /bird/.

púrtepúrte, av. whirring here and there.

purur, av. whirring.

pururet eč’el, vphr(av & dr). & whirring away (bird).

pururet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d) & snorting (horse), snoring.

purkuvič’

purkuvič’, whippoorwill. cf. kurkuvič’.

puro N(Sp, puro).

puro, n1a. cigar.

púro(1) Pt(Sp, puro).

púro, pt. just, only. cf. naka.

púro(2) A(Sp, puro).

púro vešal, nphr(aj & n)3d. tight-fitting pants.

pus N.

pus, n1a. steam bath. Joking speech; jail.

pus ton, nphr(n type n) 1e. steam cure. To reduce swelling, and following bloodletting, thirteen brown river pebbles are heated red hot. The pebbles are put in a round hole dug in the floor. On top of the pebbles are placed a variety of plants. A large gourd of urine (half the contents from one of the male assistants and half from one of the female assistants) is poured over the rocks. For further description cf. čan-¢elav ¢ele-pat.

pusal, n4f. incriminating evidence /stolen object, weapon/ /infr/.

pusan, n1a. lights /lungs/.

puset, av. steaming hot (house, world).

pusil, n4e. incriminating evidence /stolen object, or weapon/.

pusiltas, tv. take steam bath. Joking speech; put in jail.

pusiltasan, tv. Joking speech; put in jail /plu/.

pusiltasobil, n4f. incriminating accusation.

pusin, iv. take steam bath. Joking speech; enter jail.

pusinah, iv. ripen (fruit buried in pine needles and set in sun).

puslahet, av. hissing (gas escaping from slaughtered pig’s or cow’s stomach).

púslih, av. hissing suddenly (gas escaping from slaughtered pig’s or cow’s stomach).

puspon, av. hissing (gas escaping from slaughtered cow’s stomach, air from ball when stepped on).

pústepúste, av. hissing in several places (gas escaping from slaughtered pig’s or cow’s stomach).

pusuk’, n1a. lights /lungs/.

pusus, av. hissing (gas escaping from slaughtered pig’s or cow’s stomach).

pususet, av. steaming hot (house, world).

hpusivil, agn. person who takes sweat bath.

hʔič’-pus, agn(tv & ncpd). person taking sweat bath.

puš T(2).

puš, tv. fold /tortilla/, bend /stalk/, double over /rope, corn/.

ta hpuš kot. lit., I am folding my tortilla, i.e., I am going to eat.

Ritual speech, shaman; tal hkaʔbe tal hpušbe ti smule ti skoloʔe t avalabe t anič’nabe. I have come to double over, bend, the sin, the evil of Thy child of woman, of Thy child of man.

puš, nc. fold, doubling.

tab to čaʔ-puš ik’ot. He landed over there doubled up.

puš ba, rv. crease, become dog-eared.

pušahtik, aj. with edges bent over (tortilla, money, clothes), wrinkled (clothes), creased.

pušan, tv. fold /tortillas, clothes/.

pušanan, tv. cf. pušan.

púšanpúšan, tv. fold one after another.

púšanpúšanan, tv. cf. púšanpúšan.

pušantik, aj. wrinkled.

pušbenal, n1f. wrinkled seam, crease.

puš¢ah, iv. wrinkle.

pušel, nc. folding.

pušet, av. walking with folded tortilla.

pušk’ih, iv. bend (hoe blade).

pušk’in, tv. bend /nail, clitoris/.

pušk’inan, tv. bend /nails/.

pušk’inobil, n1f. hammer.

pušlahetik ta vah, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. pušpon ta van (plu).

pušleh, n4f. fold.

pušli, tv. fell /by cutting trunk only partially so that fallen tree can serve as fence/.

pušlian, tv. fell /plu//by cutting trunk only partially so that fallen trees can serve as fence/.

pušlih, av. bending suddenly (edge of blade).

pušob, n1f. food that is folded in tortilla. Ritual speech, shaman in pertonal ceremony when drinking cane liquor so that guilt of patient will be folded over, i.e., reduced; cane liquor.

pušobil, n1f. Ritual speech, shaman in pertonal ceremony when drinking cane liquor so that guilt of patient will be folded over, i.e., reduced; cane liquor, cf. pušob.

ʔoy to yo h-set’ ʔoy to yo huteb skaʔobil spušobil ti yo smule ti yo skoloʔe. There is still a sip, there is still a drop for bending down, for folding over his lowly guilt, his lowly evil.

pušomal, n1d. Denunciatory speech; lit., folding place, i.e., joint. Ritual speech; cf. kehomal, nihomal.

muʔyuk skaʔomal muʔyuk spušomal. He has no bending place, he has no folding place, i.e., He does not know how to show respect.

pušpon ta vah, vphr(av & prep & n5). folding tortillas every few minutes (child).

pušpuš, nc. single fold /I only/.

pušpuš, aj. with edge folded over (tortilla, money, clothes).

pušukil, n4f. many folds.

pušul, aj. with edge folded over (tortilla, money, clothes), doubled (rope), turned up (cuff).

pušulik, aj. cf. pusul /plu/.

ʔoš-pušin, tv(num & tvcpd). fold over three times /bridal headdress, rope/.

čaʔ-pušin, tv(num & tvcpd). fold in two (paper, mat), double over /with blow/.

čaʔ-pušin ba, rv(num & rvcpd). become folded in two or doubled, kneel and bow low.

čaʔ-pušin, tv(num & tvcpd). double over so as to make four /rope/.

púta N(Sp, puta).

púta, n1d. whore.

púta, excl. sonofabitch! /exclamation expressing surprise or amazement/, var., húta, hútale /esp. Pasteʔ and ʔElan Voʔ/.

pútail, n4d. stupidity.

puv prob P or P(2).

puvel ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). grimacing /child just before crying/.

puvet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). grimacing /child just before crying/.

puvul ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). grimacing /child just before crying/.

puy N.

puy, n1a. river snail Pachychilus indiorum Morelet USNM 677631. It is eaten, especially in Lent. It is “hot"

puyal ʔuk’um, nphr(natt & n)5. fresh water snail Stenophysa nitens Philippi USNM 678745. It is ground alive and the juice is drunk for rabies. It is “cold”.

puypuy, aj. too small-based (pot that doesn’t sit properly).

puypuytik, aj. rather small-based (pot).

ʔik’al puy, nphr(aj & n)5. river snail, cf. puy.

šok puy, nphr(n type n)1d. small-bodied snail. It is “hot”. It is not desirable for eating.

yašal puy, nphr(aj & n)5. river snail, cf. puy.

puyaʔ N.

puyaʔ, n1a. metal tip of walking stick of Chamulas, etc., extended to mean walking stick.

puyuʔ N.

puyuʔ, n1e. morning glory Ipomoea seducta, #2292(3, 4). Temperate “vine”, morning glory Ipomoea sp., #2298(19). Temperate “vine”. Merremia aegyptia, #2859(12). Lowland “vine”.

puyuʔaltik, n5. large field of puyuʔ.

puyuʔtik, n5. field of puyuʔ.

ʔik’-loʔan puyuʔ, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). see below.

muk’ta ʔik’-loʔan puyuʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ type n). breedlove’s morning glory Ipomoea breedlovei, #2797(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”.

ʔik’al nič puyuʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). morning glory Ipomoea hederacea, #2836(7). Lowland “vine”. It is eaten by mules.

¢ahal puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n). breedlove’s morning glory Ipomoea breedlovei, #2676(1, 3). Lowland “vine” Breedlove’s morning glory is used together with ground whippoorwill bones in a love potion. The bird is killed on a Thursday and hung in a tree top for exactly two weeks. If the bones are clean they are taken down, burned, and ground into powder, together with the morning glory. Taking the powder with him when he goes to talk to a girl, the boy should toss it at her or rub it on her neck or back when he embraces her. The following Thursday he should talk to her, because no matter how obstinate she has been, she can not, it is claimed, fail to fall in love and elope with him. Valeriana scandens, #2228(1, 3, 4). Highland “vine”

k’anal puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n). Operculina pteripes, #2800(3, 4, 5, 11, 12). Lowland “vine”

muk’ta k’anal puyuʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Merremia umbellata, #267(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine” Operculina pteripes, #2615(1, 3). Temperate “vine”.

k’oš puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n). morning glory Ipomoea sp., #1360(1, 3). Highland “vine”. #2779(7). Temperate “vine”, morning glory Ipomoea lindenii, #2099(1). Temperate “vine”. Jacquemontia pentantha, #2866(1, 4). Lowland “vine”. Merremia aegyptia, #2859(11). Lowland “vine”

muk’ta puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n). breedlove’s morning glory Ipomoea breedlovei, #2797(11). Lowland “vine”.

muk’tik puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n). breedlove’s morning glory Ipomoea breedlovei, #2797(12). Lowland “vine”

sakil nič puyuʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). Merremia aegyptia, #2798(11). Temperate “vine”.

sakil puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n). morning glory Ipomoea alba, #315(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine”. Merremia aegyptia, #2798(12). Temperate “vine”.

muk’ta sakil puyuʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). morning glory Ipomoea pauciflora, #2795(3, 4, 5). Temperate “vine”.

yaš-ʔulan puyuʔ, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). morning glory Ipomoea hederacea, #2836(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”

yašal puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n). morning glory Ipomoea lindenii, #2305(3, 4).

Highland “vine” morning glory Ipomoea hederacea, #2836(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”

k’oš yašal puyuʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Jacquemontia pentantha, #2296(3, 4). Temperate “vine”

puyuʔal čobtik, nphr(natt & n). ‘corn field puyuʔ’, Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urban, #2859(7). Lowland “vine” It is eaten by mules.

puyuʔal vi¢fik, nphr(natt & n). ‘temperate puyuʔ’, morning glory Ipomoea signata, #1813(1, 4). Temperate and highland “vine”.

puyuʔ ʔak’, nphr(n type n). see below.

k’oš puyuʔ ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). morning glory Ipomoea sp., #242(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine” It grows in corn fields.

pwersa N(Sp, fuerza).

pwersa, n1c. strength, necessity, biceps, semen, var., persa.

ta pwersa. it is essential, imperative, or obligatory.

mu pwersauk šibat. I don’t have to go.

hpwersa. my strength /extended to mean the food necessary for subsistence/.

ʔak’ pwersa, vphr(tv & n5). strive.

pwes Pt(Sp, pues).

pwes, pt. Male speech: well, then.

pwesto N(Sp, puesto).

pwesto, n1d. market booth.

pyesa N(Sp, pieza).

pyesa, n1e. song/popular ladino music/, var., pyesta.

pyesta

pyesta, song. cf. pyesa.

P’

p’ah(1) I.

p’ah, iv. fall /from height/.

p’ah ši sk’ušul ta ʔora. Her pain ended immediately (woman in childbirth).

p’ah, nc. drop /liquid/.

p’ahakil, n4f. many drops /blood/.

p’áhalp’áhal, n4f. each of many drops /blood/.

p’ahebal, n5. moment before rain falls or before object falls.

p’ahel, nc. drop /liquid/ /I - 3/.

Ritual speech, offering liquor; h-p’ahel me t ave h-p’ahel me t atiʔ. a drop for your mouth, a drop for your lips.

p’ahes, tv. drop.

p’ahesan, tv. drop /plu/.

p’ahesanan, tv. cf. p’ahesan.

p’ahesbe voʔ ta ʔe, vphr(tv & n5 & prep & n4d). put drops of water in mouth /of corpse on way to cemetery/.

p’ahesob, n1f. geranium bloom used to sprinkle water in mouth of corpse on way to cemetery.

p’ahesobil, n1f. cf. p’ahesob.

p’ahesobil ʔunen, nphr(n4f of n5). medicine to induce labor.

p’ahesvan, iv. drop person /child/, drop /fruit for person standing beneath tree/, throw person (horse).

p’ahlahet, av. dripping in many places (water, blood).

p’ahleh, n4f. fallen.

p’áhluh, av. falling suddenly.

p’ahp’on, av. dripping (water, blood).

p’áhtep’áhte, av. falling here and there (wounded soldiers), falling one after another /from sickness/.

hp’ahesvaneh, agn. horse that throws person.

hp’ahesvaneh ta teʔ, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person dropping fruit for another standing beneath tree.

p’ah(2) T.

p’ah, tv. refuse /gift, request/, disobey /order/.

p’ahbil ta kahvaltik. rejected by Our Lord. If a man refuses cane liquor or any gift, it is believed that when forced by his wife’s death to seek her replacement, he will never find her.

p’ah ba, rv. have all that one desires.

p’ah baik, rv. wrangle (spouses).

p’ah-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. falling-out /between spouses/.

p’ahan, tv. refuse /gifts, requests/, disobey /orders/.

p’ahan ba, rv. have all that one desires.

Female scolding speech; lah sp’ahan sba li tak’ine. lit., The money has disdain for itself, i.e., The man has enough money so that he has no inclination to earn more.

p’áhanp’áhan, tv. refuse one after another.

p’ahulan, tv. keep refusing or disobeying.

p’ahulanan, tv. keep refusing /gifts/ (girl).

p’ahulanvan, iv. keep refusing to accept person.

p’ahvan, iv. refuse to accept person (ritual tutor, road foreman).

hp’ahvaneh, agn. person who refuses another’s request to become compadre, in-law, etc.

p’al I, T.

p’al, iv. flake (scab, dirt).

p’al ba lok’el, vphr(rv & dr). flake off.

p’al lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). flake off, scrape off /tortilla stuck to griddle/.

p’alalet, av. gazing vacantly (eyes of pretty girl, eyes of baby).

p’alan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). flake or scrape off /tortillas, scabs/.

p’alanan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. p’alan lok’el.

p’álanp’álan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). flake off one after another /scabs/.

p’álanp’álanan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. p’alanp’alan lok’el.

p’al¢ah lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). flake off.

p’al¢an lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). flake off.

p’ales lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). flake off (medicine).

p’alesan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). flake off /scabs/ (medicine).

p’alesanan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. p’alesan lok’el.

p’alesobil, n4f. medicine to make scabs fall off.

p’alet lok’el, vphr(av & dr). flaking off.

p’alet sat, vphr(av & n4d). gazing vacantly, staring off into space /pretending not to notice that all except oneself are giving gifts that should be presented by everyone in group/.

p’allahet lok’el, vphr(av & dr). cf. p’alet lok’el (plu).

p’allahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. p’alet sat (plu).

p’alp’aš, n1e. pine bark.

p’alp’aštik, aj. flaky /skin, dried mud/.

p’alp’on sat, vphr(av & n4d). gazing vacantly.

p’áltep’álte lok’el, vphr(av & dr). flaking here and there (scabs).

p’alulan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). keep flaking off.

p’alulanan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). keep flaking off /plu/.

p’as T(2).

p’as, tv. cut into short lengths /tree, snake, sugarcane, chicken bones/.

Scolding speech to recalcitrant child; ta hp’as anuk’. I will cut your head off.

p’as, iv. be cut into short length.

p’as, nc. piece /snake/, short length /log/.

p’as ʔok k’uʔul, nphr(n1f & nphr/n4f of n3d/). border at base of cotton tunic.

p’as ba, rv. slash self.

p’as baik, rv. slash each other.

p’as-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual slashing /with machetes/.

p’as be, vphr(tv & n5). cut across one’s path.

p’asahtik, aj. cut into short sections.

p’asakil, n4f. many short sections /wood, sugar cane, sausage/.

p’asal, aj. cut into short sections.

p’asal teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a. shim.

p’ásalp’ásal, n4f. each of many short lengths /sausage/.

p’asan, tv. cut into lengths /plu/.

p’asanan, tv. cf. p’asan.

p’ásanp’ásan, tv. cut into one short length after another /wood/.

p’ásanp’ásanan, tv. cf. p’ásanp’ásan.

p’asantik, aj. cut into short widely separated sections.

p’asas, n1d. pork sausage.

p’asas-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. barred-legged (horse).

p’asasil, n4f. horizontal stripes, bars.

p’asastik, aj. with horizontal stripes /stripes at right angles to top or head/, barred.

p’asbenal, n4f. end of log.

p’asebal, n5. moment before finishing cutting into short sections.

p’aslahetik, av. cf. p’asp’on (plu).

p’asleh, n4f. cut /tree/.

p’asluh, iv. be cut into short lengths.

p’asluh, av. cutting suddenly in two.

p’asob teʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). wide-bladed axe.

p’asobil, n4f. machete, axe, billhook.

p’asp’as, nc. single short section /wood, sugar cane, sausage/ /I only/.

p’asp’as teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a. short log, log stool.

p’asp’on, av. cutting /wood/.

p’asulan, tv. cut into many short lengths, keep cutting in short lengths.

p’asulanan, tv. keep cutting into many lengths.

p’asulanluh, iv. be cut into many pieces.

p’asvan ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). cut across person’s path.

p’asvan ta mačita, vphr(iv & prep & n5). slash at person.

hp’as-holol, agn(tv & ncpd). assassin.

hp’asvaneh ta mačita, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who slashes at another with his machete.

p’os, nc. short length /wood/, roll /paper/.

h-p’os veʔelil. each of eight longitudinal sections of leg of slaughtered cow or each of two horizontal sections of drumstick.

p’osahtik, aj. thick (young cornstalks), lying (short logs), chubby (legs of child or girl).

p’osantik, aj. lying far apart (short logs).

p’oset, av. lying (short log).

p’osi, tv. trip over.

p’osian, tv. trip over many times.

p’osianan, tv. cf. p’osian.

p’oslah, av. tripping /sing/.

p’oslahet ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). tripping.

p’oslahetik, av. tripping (plu).

p’osokil, n4f. many short lengths /wood/.

p’osol, aj. chubby (child’s leg), lying (short log).

p’osolik, aj. cf. p’osahtik.

p’ósolp’ósol, n4f. each of many short lengths /wood/.

p’osp’on, av. walking with chubby (legs).

p’osp’os, nc. single short length /log//l only/.

p’osp’os, aj. chubby (child’s leg), stubby (log).

p’osp’os teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a. short log, log stool.

p’óstep’óste ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with chubby legs (child).

p’at T.

p’at, tv. grind hurriedly first time /corn/.

Polite speech, man requesting assistance when all the women of his household are ill; ʔabolahan p’atbon hpanin. Please grind my corn hurriedly.

p’at, iv. split open (bean or lead tree pod, improperly ground corn).

p’atan, tv. grind hurriedly a lot of /corn/.

p’atanan, tv. cf. p’atan.

p’átanp’átan, tv. grind hurriedly first time one after another /quantity of corn/.

p’átanp’átanan, tv. cf. p’átanp’átan.

p’atatet, av. pounding (horse V4: 2) /galloping hoofbeats/.

p’atlahet, av. splitting open (bean or lead tree pods).

p’átluh, av. splitting open suddenly (bean or lead tree pods).

p’atob, n1f. metate.

p’atobil, n1f. cf. p’atob.

p’atp’on, av. grinding ineffectively first time /corn/, pattering (deer, lamb).

p’áttep’átte, av. splitting open one after another (bean pods), pattering about (colt, lamb).

p’átuhtip’átuhti, onom. pounding (horse V4: 2) /galloping hoofbeats/.

p’atulan, tv. keep grinding hurriedly first time /chicken feed/.

p’atulanan, tv. keep grinding first time a lot of /corn/.

p’av prob O.

p’avav tal ʔe, vphr(av & dr & n4d). approaching and gnashing teeth (wild boar).

p’avavet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). gnashing teeth (peccary, pig), chattering teeth /with cold/.

p’avlahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). cf. p’avp’on ʔe (plu).

p’avp’on ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). chomping (horse, pig, sheep, dog eating dry corn on the cob).

p’ávtep’ávte ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). walking about chomping (pig eating peach pits).

p’eh P, P(2).

p’eh, nc. In reference to: spherical or cubic object, lunar month / I only/, lump of posol dough, hair, mountain, salt, house, coffer, flower, leaf, wire, fruit, rope, ribbon, finger’s breadth /I only/.

h-p’eh panin. lit., one /bag/ of corn dough, i.e., bag of corn that is destined for immediate consumption rather than for storage or sale.

h-p’eh be šbat. The road has no turnoffs.

Ritual speech, prayer, referring to child; h-p’eh ti yo hmotone hp’eh ti yo kaboltayele. I have one humble present, I have one lowly fruit of suffering.

Ritual speech, curing prayer before offering incense; haʔ ša me makal haʔ ša me kečel ti h-p’eh pome ti h-p’eh č’aile. It is covered, it is unfinished, the piece of incense, the cloud of smoke.

p’eh ba, rv. be full (moon).

p’ehahtik, aj. cf. p’ehel /plu/.

p’ehan, tv. set down /money, coffer, spherical object; water jug, head, orange, rock/, build /house/.

p’ehanan, tv. set down /rocks, fruits, etc./, build /houses/.

p’ehanob, n1f. place where object is to be set /pot, money, etc./, table on which coffer rests.

p’ehanobil, n1f. cf. p’ehanob.

p’éhanp’éhan, tv. set down one after another /rocks, etc./.

p’éhanp’éhanan, tv. cf. p’éhanp’éhan.

p’ehantik, aj. widely spaced (fruit, rocks, etc.).

p’ehanvan, iv. Joking speech; set person down /groom setting bride down on bed/.

p’eh¢ah, iv. become full (moon).

t šp’eh¢ah lek sk’oplal. The facts of the matter are becoming clear.

p’eh¢an, tv. identify, make clear.

isp’eh¢anbe lek sk’oplal. He clarified the matter.

isp’eh¢an lek ti buč’u yalohe. He identified properly the one who had said it.

p’eh¢an ba, rv. reveal one’s identity.

p’eh¢anobil, n4f. talking saint, divination that clarifies matter.

p’eh¢anvan, iv. give information about person, identify person.

p’eheh, av. rolling (ball), running (child).

p’ehehet č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). running with bulging tummy (child, puppy).

p’ehekil, n4f. many /fruits, lumps of posol dough, packages, salt/.

p’ehel, n5. Ritual speech, prayer; child, person.

ti p’ehele ti lučule. lit., the round ones, the perched ones, i.e., the people.

p’ehel, aj. sitting (money, chest, pot, orange, maguey, rock), standing (church, mountain), full (moon), well-reasoned (argument).

mi muk’ bu p’ehel avuʔun hayibuk hč’amuntik. Haven’t you a few (pesos) piled up for me to borrow?

p’ehel lučul, ajphr(aj & aj). lit., sitting and perching, i.e., young and old.

p’éhelp’éhel, n4f. each of many spherical objects, etc.

p’ehet, av. full (moon, sun), running (hatless, child), sitting (spherical object, etc.).

šp’ehet shol ta malkuʔ k’al šyakube. His head lies on the threshhold when he gets drunk.

p’ehet ta ʔak’ot, vphr(av & prep & vn5). dancing (woman).

p’ehetah, iv. dance (woman).

p’ehetik ta ʔak’ot, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. p’ehet la ʔak’ot (plu).

p’ehi, iv. be standing or sitting (money, house, coffer, spherical object; water jug, head, orange, rock).

p’ehlahet, av. donating /money for fiesta/(plu).

šp’ehlahet t štahinik. They are playing /children/.

p’éhlebp’éhleb, n4f. each measured word.

p’ehleh, n4f. whole /head, barrel, etc./.

p’ehp’eh, nc. single /eye, testicle, child, egg, tooth/ /I only/.

p’ehp’on, av. donating /money for fiesta/, standing (sun).

p’éhtep’éhte, av. donating in one place after another /money/.

hp’eh¢anvaneh, agn. person who gives information about another.

p’el prob P or P(2).

p’el, nc. word, shout, call, cry.

Polite speech; haʔ noš t šakalbe h-p’el čaʔ-p’eluk. I am just going to have a word or two with you.

sčaʔ-p’elel yok’el kašlan. second crowing of roosters, i.e., two a.m.

yoš-p’elel yok’el kašlan. third crowing of roosters, i.e., three a.m.

h-p’el ti k’u kale. I said one word, i.e., I meant what I said.

ta h-p’el noš k’op. over a slight matter.

¢o¢ iʔavan h-p’el. He gave a loud shout.

p’elantik, aj. few /words/.

p’elp’el, nc. single word /I only/.

h-p’elp’el ša ʔavan. He let out just one scream.

p’en P.

p’en-č’ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. with protruding tummy (puppy).

p’enahtik, aj. cf. p’enel /plu/.

p’enan, tv. set down /small pot/.

p’enan ba, rv. sit (dog, child).

p’enel, aj. protruding (child’s tummy).

p’enen, av. running with protruding tummy (child, puppy).

p’enenet, av. running with protruding tummy (puppy).

p’enet, av. running (child), trotting (puppy).

p’enetik, av. running (children).

p’eni, iv. be protruding (tummy).

p’enlah, av. cf. p’enen (plu).

p’enlahet, av. cf. p’enp’on (plu).

p’enlahetik, av. cf. p’enp’on (plu).

p’enp’en, aj. protruding (child’s tummy).

p’enp’on, av. trotting (child).

p’éntep’énte, av. walking about with protruding belly (child, puppy).

p’ep’

p’ep’, sit down. cf. p’eš.

p’eš P.

p’ešahtik, aj. cf. p’ešel /plu/.

p’ešan, tv. set down /child/.

p’ešan ba, rv. sit down (child).

p’ešel, aj. sitting (child).

p’ešeš, av. trotting (child, puppy).

p’ešešet, av. trotting rapidly (child, puppy).

p’ešet, av. running (child), trotting (puppy).

p’ešetah, iv. run (child).

p’ešetik, av. cf. p’ešel (plu).

p’eši, iv. be sitting (child).

p’ešlah, av. cf. p’ešeš (plu).

p’ešlahet, av. trotting (children, puppies).

p’ešleh, n1f. seated.

p’ešp’on, av. trotting (children, puppies).

Ritual speech, song, referring to female censer bearers and female assistants of stewards; šp’ešp’on ša me li hmeʔobtak, šp’ešp’on ša me li hč’uleltak. Now my ladies are trotting, now my souls are trotting.

p’éštep’éšte, av. walking about (child, puppy).

p’ep’eš, iv. Baby talk; sit down, sit down!

p’ev P(2).

p’ev ba, rv. Denunciatory speech; leave parental or husband’s home.

sč’ak sba sp’ev sba. They are separated, they are rent asunder.

p’ev eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). make path through, open a crack.

p’evahtik, aj. with many gaps (fence, wall).

p’evan, tv. open a crack /door/.

p’evan ba, rv. open a crack (door).

p’evantik, aj. with widely spaced gaps (wall, corral).

p’ev¢an, tv. break through /fence/.

p’ev¢anan, tv. break through in many places /fence/.

p’evel, aj. open (fly), gaping (genital region of either sex), with gap (wall), open a crack (door), widely-spaced (corral posts).

p’evelik, aj. with gaps (wall).

p’evet, av. walking with open (fly).

p’evev, av. opening a crack (door).

p’evi, iv. be ajar.

p’evk’un, tv. cf. p’evean.

p’evk’unan, tv. cf. p’eveanan.

p’evleh, n1d. open a crack /door/, open /fly/.

p’évluh, av. opening a crack suddenly.

p’evp’ev, aj. open (fly), gaping (genital region of either sex), with gap (wall), open a crack (door), widely spaced (corral posts).

p’evp’on, av. walking with open (fly), opening and closing (window).

p’évtep’évte, av. walking about with open fly.

p’iʔ P.

p’iʔahtik, aj. cf. p’iʔil /plu/.

p’iʔan, tv. perforate.

p’iʔan ba, rv. be open (small hole).

p’íʔanp’íʔan čak, vphr(tv & n4d). open one’s ass again and again (nymphomaniac).

p’iʔantik, aj. with widely spaced small holes.

p’iʔel, aj. open (ass).

p’iʔet, av. lying with open ass.

p’iʔetik, av. cf. p’iʔet (plu).

p’iʔi, iv. be open (small hole).

p’iʔil, aj. with open ass.

Scolding speech, usually referring to drunk; te p’iʔil ivay ta tiʔ k’ok’.

He slept by the fire with his ass showing.

p’iʔilik, aj. open (eyes of newborn puppy).

p’iʔlahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. p’iʔpon čak (plu).

p’íʔluh čak, vphr(av & n4d). breaking wind suddenly (mule, dog, person).

p’iʔp’iʔ, aj. with small opening.

p’iʔp’on čak, vphr(av & n4d). breaking wind (mule).

p’íʔítep’íʔte čak veš, vphr(av & nphr/n4f of n4d/). walking about with tear in seat of one’s pants.

p’iʔulan, tv. keep opening (horse’s ass).

p’iʔulan ba, rv. keep opening (horse’s ass).

p’ič T(2).

p’ič lok’el tal, vphr(iv & dr & dr). sprout (corn).

p’ič tal, vphr(iv & dr). produce first flush of the morning (sun).

p’ičahtik, aj. cf. p’ičil /plu/.

p’ičan ba, rv. sprout and wither (corn).

p’ičantik, aj. widely spaced (sprouts).

p’ičbe, tv. flick /palm when weaving/.

p’ičet ta teʔ, vphr(av & prep & n5). holding at arm’s length on stick /snake/.

p’ičil, aj. sprouting.

p’ičilik, aj. sprouting (corn) /first developmental stage when sprouts are one inch high, also called bičilik and lavuštik/ /plu/.

p’i¢lahetik ta teʔ, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. p’ičp’on ta teʔ (plu).

p’ičp’on ta teʔ, vphr (av & prep & n5). flicking away with stick.

p’iču, tv. flick away /with stick, foot/, send flying /with stick, foot, horn/, prick out /thorn/.

p’ičuan, tv. send flying a lot of /earth/ (bull with its horns).

p’ičuanan, tv. cf. p’ičuan.

p’ičulan, tv. keep pricking out /thorn/ or digging out /insects in ground that are eating crop/.

p’ičuob, n5. stick for flicking away undesirable object, needle or thorn for pricking out thorn.

p’ičuobil, n1f. cf. p’ičuob.

p’íčup’íčuan, tv. flick away one after another.

p’ičvan lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). send person flying /with kick/.

p’ih A.

p’ih, aj. clever, smart, intelligent, cunning.

p’ihil, n4d. intelligence, wisdom.

Scolding speech; mu hta ap’ihil. I’m not as smart as you!

hp’ihil nan ʔune. Perhaps it is my cleverness /ironic/.

p’ihil, aj. clever, smart, intelligent.

p’ihp’ihtik, aj. rather clever.

p’ihub, iv. become clever, smart or intelligent, learn.

p’ihubel, n5. near proficiency (child learning in school, girl learning to weave).

p’ihubtas, tv. advise, counsel, teach.

p’ihubtas ba, rv. become wise or smart.

p’ihubtasan, tv. advise, counsel or teach /plu/.

p’ihubtasvan, iv. advise, counsel or teach person.

lek snaʔ šp’ihubtasvan ta k’op. He knows well how to teach people what to say.

ip’ihubtasvan eč’el k’u šʔelan t šk’ot yal ta kaviltoe. He advised the people how to speak in court.

ta šp’ihubtasvan li kahvaltik ti mi hnaʔtike. Our Lord teaches us when we remember /pray to/Him.

hp’ihubtasvaneh, agn. teacher /archaic/.

p’il(1) I.

p’il, iv. pass (time).

p’ilesanbe, tv. let a lot of time pass.

p’ilesbe, tv. let pass /time/.

isp’ilesbe sk’ak’alil. He let the deadline pass.

p’iliš, n5. lowland and highland grasshopper.

p’ilom č’ak, cf. č’ak.

p’ilom teʔ, nphr(n type n)1d. arrow.

p’ilom teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. snare /for rabbits, dogs or quails/.

p’íltep’ílte, av. being postponed time and again /deadline/.

p’il(2) prob P or P(2).

p’ilahtik, aj. cf. p’ilil /plu/.

p’ilel, aj. furry (mouth with thirst).

p’ilet, av. staring (baby’s or puppy’s eyes).

p’ilil, aj. furry (mouth with thirst), gazing vacantly (baby’s or puppy’s eyes).

p’ililet, av. staring (baby’s or puppy’s eyes).

p’ililik, aj. flashing (eyes of girl).

p’illahet, av. cf. p’ilp’on (plu).

p’ilp’on, av. staring (baby, puppy).

p’iliš

p’iliš, cf. piliš.

p’in N.

p’in, n1a. pot.

p’in ¢’iʔ, nphr(n of n)5. lit., dog pot. i.e., pigment on puppy’s belly. If a puppy lacks this pigment at birth, it is not expected to live.

Joking speech; t šač’i nan hal, pero ti ʔoy avunen p’in ʔune. You will live long, but only if you have your little pot.

p’inal, nc. pot.

p’inal _______, nphr(n1f of n1d). pot for _______/cane liquor, chicha, corn gruel, etc./.

p’inantik, n5. pots of food being cooked at long intervals.

p’is T.

p’is, tv. measure, serve /cane liquor, chicha/.

p’is, iv. be measured, be served (cane liquor, chicha).

p’is, n1d. shot glass.

p’is, nc. shot /cane liquor/.

p’is ba, rv. act like, overrate or overreach oneself, boast falsely, try on /clothing/.

t sp’is sba ta vinikal t šal ʔoy ʔep yan¢. He boasts that he is manly; he says he has many mistresses.

sp’is sba ta vinik isk’an yabtel ha1ʔ ʔo ihatav k’alal t šʔoč ša ʔoše. He overreached himself; he petitioned for office, then he fled when he was about to enter.

isp’is sba ta vinik ismel¢an ʔep sčob pero muk’ šlok’ yuʔun ta ʔak’in. He overrated himself; he planted a lot of corn, but he couldn’t weed it all.

t sp’is sba ta totil ta meʔnl. They acted like a father and a mother /man who, together with his wife, gives his sister in marriage if her parents are not alive/.

lek sp’is sba ta vinik. He acts like a man.

sp’is sba tot hʔik’al. Sir spook tries on his clothing /Carnival Friday/.

p’is baik, rv. measure each other.

p’is-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd). measuring to see who is taller.

p’is krus, vphr(tv & n5). swear in the sight of God /hold hand in sign of prayer with forefinger bent behind thumb/.

p’is sat, vphr(tv & n4d). cross self, pray before each saint in the church.

hp’is hsatik vayuk. We cross outselves at bedtime.

p’is ta č’amal, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). adopt.

p’is ta kremil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). adopt, treat as one’s own.

p’is ta kriščano, vphr(tv & prep & n5). Ritual speech; respect, cf. p’is ta vinik.

p’is ta vinik, vphr(tv & prep & n5). respect, show respect for, honor, mu sp’is ta vinik stek-lumal. He has no respect for his town /person who avoids communal labor or taxes, or who carries dispute to authorities in San Cristóbal/.

Ritual speech, acknowledging gift of cane liquor; kol aval ap’ison ta vinik ap’ison ta kriščano. Thank you for respecting me as a man, respecting me as a person.

p’isan, tv. measure or serve a lot.

p’isanan, tv. cf. p’isan.

p’ísanp’ísan, tv. measure or serve one after another.

p’ísanp’ísanan, tv. cf. p’ísanp’isan.

p’isantik, n5. shots drunk at long intervals.

p’isbe krus, vphr(tv & n5). make sign of cross on.

p’isel, nc. measuring.

p’ísilp’ísil, n4f. each of many shots.

p’islahetik ta ʔosil, vphr(av & prep & n5). measuring land (plu).

p’isleh, n4f. shot glassful.

p’isob, n1f. cord used to measure land, measure for corn or beans, glass for measuring strength of cane liquor.

p’isobil, n1f. cf. p’isob.

p’isol, nib. measurement /of clothes, grave, steward’s altar/.

sp’isol krus. face.

p’isol, n4f. shot glass.

p’isomah, iv. measure /corn, beans/.

p’isp’is, nc. single shot / l only/.

p’isp’on, av. measuring slowly /com, beans/.

p’ístep’í’ste, av. measuring one place after another.

p’isulan, tv. keep measuring.

p’isulan ba ta vinikal, vphr(rv & prep & n5). keep overreaching oneself.

p’isulanan, tv. keep measuring a lot.

p’isulanan ba ta vinikal, vphr(rv & prep & n5). keep overreaching oneself many times.

p’isvan ta ______, vphr(iv & prep & n5). consider person as ______.

accuse person of being ______.

t šp’isvan ta vinik. lit., He measures person as a man. i.e., He respects person.

tol t šp’isvan ta ʔak’-čamel. He is always accusing people of being witches.

hp’is-voʔ, agn(tv & ncpd). cupbearer or drink-pourer.

p’it I.

p’it, iv. jump (person, animal, spark, chip of wood or rock), bounce, ricochet.

p’itel, nc. jump, bounce.

p’ites, tv. kick out or away, make jump, bounce.

p’itesan, tv. make a lot jump /corn or beans being flailed/.

p’itesanan, tv. cf. p’itesan.

p’itesobil, n4f. snare /for dogs, rabbits or quail/.

p’itesvan, iv. kick person out or away.

p’itet ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running and jumping (child).

p’itetah ta ʔanil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). run and jump.

p’itetik ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. p’itet ta ʔanil (plu).

p’itit tal ta ʔanil, vphr(av & dr & prep & n5). approaching by leaps and bounds (child, captain).

p’ititet ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running rapidly (child).

p’itlah tal ta ʔanil, vphr(av & dr & prep & n5). cf. p’itit tal ta ʔanil (plu).

p’itlahet, av. simmering, twitching /sing/, jumping (fleas).

p’itlahetik ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running (children).

p’ítluh, av. starting or twitching /with fright/.

p’itom č’ak, cf. č’ak.

p’itomah, iv. gambol, frolic (child, lamb, calf).

p’itp’on, av. thumping (heart from fear, running or chest pain), throbbing weakly (pulse).

p’itp’onah, iv. thump, throb.

p’íttep’ítte ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). frisking, gamboling or jumping about (child, lamb, colt), running about (constable).

p’itu, tv. jump over or across, skip.

isp’itu komel h-koh sone. He skipped a part of the song (fiddler).

p’itu baik, rv. play leapfrog.

p’ituan, tv. jump over or across /plu/, skip over /plu/.

p’ituanan, tv. cf. p’ituan.

p’itubil šanav, vphr(aj & iv). run and jump.

p’itueh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. leapfrog.

p’itulan, iv. keep jumping.

p’itulan ba, rv. frolic, gambol (lamb, child, colt).

p’ituobil, n4f. narrow stretch of ravine or stream that can be jumped across.

hp’itesvaneh, agn. person who instigates another’s flight.

hp’itueh be c’o, cf. č’o.

p’oʔ prob P or P(2).

p’oʔ-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. hornless (ram, cow), knobby-headed (person).

p’oʔ-hol ʔus, cf. ʔus.

p’oʔ-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. bulbous-nosed.

p’oʔahtik, aj. bulbous.

p’oʔel, aj. knobby (head).

p’oʔet, av. walking with knobby (head).

p’oʔlah, av. cf. p’oʔp’on (plu).

p’oʔlahet, av. cf. p’oʔet (plu).

p’oʔol, aj. knobby (head, stump of branch), large-(headed), puffy (bruise), bulbous (nose), lumpy (čakal, voʔan, goiter).

p’oʔlik, aj. cf. p’oʔol /plu/.

p’oʔp’oʔ, aj. knobby (head, stump of branch), bulbous (nose).

p’oʔp’on hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking hatless.

p’oʔp’on niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). walking with bulbous nose.

p’óʔtep’óʔte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hatless or stupidly.

p’ok P(2) or T(2).

p’ok, n1b. knot, middle of dog’s penis that swells in intercourse preventing withdrawl.

e’akal ta p’ok. locked together /two dogs in intercourse/.

p’ok, nc. knot.

p’ok ba, rv. become knotty (scar).

p’okahtik, aj. knotty (reflex pain in groin or armpit).

p’okan ba, rv. erupt (boil, wart).

p’okantik, aj. with widely spaced knots.

p’okav, n1f. knot, knotty section of tree trunk.

p’okeah, iv. become knotty (scar).

p’okean ba, rv. become knotty (scar).

p’okel, aj. knotty.

p’oko-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd4f). ‘knotty stem’, see below.

k’anal p’oko-ʔok, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd4f/). Russula sp., #59(1, 4). Highland “mushroom"

sakil p’oko-ʔok, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd4f/). Phylloporus sp., #68(1, 3,). Highland mushroom”.

p’okokil, n4f. many knots.

p’okol, aj. knotty, scrawny (neck).

p’okol smaneana t šk’elvan. With a knotty adam’s apple, he is staring at someone.

p’ok’olik, aj. cf. p’ok’ol /plu/.

p’ókolp’ókol, n4f. each of many knots.

p’okp’ok, nc. single knot /l only/.

p’okp’ok, aj. knotty (tree trunk), knotted (rope).

ʔak’ p’ok, vphr(tv & n4f). knot.

p’okoyoʔ N.

p’okoyoʔ, n5. dusky-capped flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer, greater pewee Contopus pertinax, gray silky-flycatcher Ptilogonys cinereus. cf. ʔulišpipiʔ, toe-hol mut. var., p’okoyok.

p’okoyok, cf. p’okoyoʔ.

p’okoyok

p’okoyok, flycatcher, cf. p’okoyoʔ.

p’ol I(2).

p’ol, iv. multiply, proliferate (corn, people, words), increase (cane liquor) /if official cupbearer is lucky/.

p’oles, tv. multiply, proliferate /guilt, corn/.

isp’oles ša eč’el ta loʔil. He embroidered the story.

p’olesvan, iv. be prolific (female animal). Male joking speech; be prolific (woman).

p’olmah, iv. sell commercially.

p’olmal, n1d. merchandise.

p’olol, aj. protruding greatly (skin disease, dog’s anus).

p’ološ, aj. with skin coming off (boiled corn).

p’olp’oltik, iv. multiply or proliferate slightly (dry corn that swells when boiled).

p’óltep’ólte, av. multiplying in one place after another (corn).

hp’olesvaneh, agn. prolific breeder /female animal/. Male joking speech; prolific breeder /woman/.

hp’olmahel, agn. merchant.

p’onkoʔ N.

p’onkoʔ, n1e. lowland cricket.

p’os

p’os, short length, roll, thick, chubby, trip. cf. p’as.

p’oš X.

p’ošet, av. sitting next to fire turning one side and then the other (person, toasted tortilla being toasted, animal smoking on spit).

p’ošetik, av. sitting next to fire (people).

p’ošin, iv. sit next to fire (person, toasted tortilla being toasted, animal smoking on spit).

p’ošintas, tv. set next to fire /toasted tortilla to be toasted, animal to be smoked on spit/.

p’ošintasan, tv. set next to fire /toasted tortillas etc./.

p’ošintasobil, n4f. spit, fire, firewood.

p’ošintasvan, iv. toast person.

p’ošleh, n1d. sitting next to fire.

p’ošoi, aj. sitting next to fire warming self.

p’ot I, T.

p’ot, tv. roast /corn/ /dry corn is first roasted then boiled on cob with watermelon squash/, remove by fire /bark from green wood for hoe handle, etc., hoof from slaughtered cow’s leg, skin from iguana, or armour from armadillo/.

p’ot, iv. be roasted (corn), pop (fever sore), be removed (bark, cow hoof, iguana skin, armadillo armor).

p’otan, tv. roast a lot of /corn/, remove by fire /bark from a lot of green wood/.

p’ótanp’ótan, tv. roast one after another /ears of corn/.

p’ótanp’ótanan, tv. cf. p’ótanp’ólan.

p’otbenal, n3d. lip sore.

sp’otben kahvaltik. lip sore caused by sun after swearing falsely /i.e..

saying yiloh kahvaltik: Our Lord has seen it/.

sp’otben htotik hmeʔtik. lip sore caused by tutelary god.

p’otes, tv. remove by fire /bark from green wood/.

p’otesan, tv. remove by fire /bark from much green wood/.

p’otesanan, tv. cf. p’otesan.

p’otet, av. popping /in fire/, exploding (bullet, rocket), firing (pistol).

p’otetik, av. popping /in fire/ (people).

p’otih, onom. crack /pistol fire/.

p’otilan, tv. keep removing by fire /bark, etc./.

p’otilanan, tv. keep removing by fire /bark from hoe handles/.

p’otlah, av. exploding (rockets)

p’otlahet, av. crackling (fire), cf. p’otet (plu).

p’ótlih, av. popping suddenly /in fire/, exploding suddenly (bullet, rocket), cracking suddenly (whip lash, pistol).

p’otob, n1f. fire for popping corn, fire for removing bark, cow hoof, iguana skin or armadillo armor.

p’otobil, n1f. cf. p’otob.

p’ototet, av. sputtering (pistol fire).

p’otp’on, av. cracking continually (whip).

p’óttep’ótte, av. walking about with cracking (pistol).

p’otvan, iv. cause lip sores (tutelary god).

p’uʔ prob O.

p’uʔet, av. squeaking (flatus).

p’uʔlahet, av. squeaking loudly (flatuses).

p’úʔlih, av. squeaking suddenly (flatus).

p’uʔp’on, av. squeaking (flatus).

p’uʔuʔet, av. squeaking repeatedly (flatuses).

p’uk(1) prob P or P(2).

p’uk-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. with protruding cheeks, with protruding jowls (sheep suffering from swellhead).

p’uket ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). walking with protruding cheeks or with protruding jowls (sheep suffering from swellhead).

p’ukp’on te, vphr(av & n4d). moving protruding cheeks (toothless person eating).

p’úktep’úkte ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with protruding cheeks.

p’uk(2) N.

p’uk, n. ground orchid Govenia superba,# 1064(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. In famine years the tuber was boiled and ground with corn or mixed with potatoes. It is “cold”, wild yam Dioscorea sp.. (RML)-The above is probably a misidentification. The plant collectors were too young to have suffered through the famine years, but Tenejapans who still eat p’uk call wild yam by that name.

p’up’ N.

p’up’, n1a. powder.

p’up’uh, iv. crumble.

p’up’un, tv. crumble /earth, salt/.

p’up’unan, tv. crumble a lot.

p’up’unanan, tv. cf. p’up’unan.

p’up’up’et. av. crumbling, turning to dust.

p’us P or P(2).

p’us-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. hunchback, bent-backed.

p’usahtik, aj. cf. p’usul /plu/.

p’usel, aj. hunchbacked, bowed, hunched over.

p’uset pat, vphr(av & n4d). walking hunchbacked.

p’usetah, iv. bend over (person).

p’usetik, av. bowed (person).

p’usi, iv. be hunchbacked or bowed (person).

p’uslah, av. walking hunchbacked or bowed with age /plu/.

p’uslahet pat, vphr(av & n4d). bowed (people working).

p’usleh, n1f. bent over /person/.

p’usp’on pat, vphrf(av & n4d). walking hunchbacked.

p’usp’us, aj. hunchbacked, bowed or hunched over.

p’ústep’úste pat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hunchbacked or bowed with age.

p’usul, aj. hunchbacked, bowed or hunched over (person).

p’usulik, aj. cf. p’usul /plu/.

p’ut X.

p’utlahet, av. moving silently (stomach gas).

p’utum A.

p’utum, aj. mottled, spotted (fawn, paca, lamb, chickens)

p’utumtik, aj. mottled, spotted (fawn, paca, lamb, chickens), mottled (sky in dry season).

p’uv prob O.

p’uvlahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). cf. p’uvp’on (plu).

p’uvp’on ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). chomping (horse, pig, sheep or dog eating dry corncob).

p’úvtep’úvte ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). walking about chomping (pig eating peach pits).

p’uy T.

p’uy, tv. mash with back of spoon /chili, beans, tomato, potato/.

p’uy, iv. be mashed with back of spoon (chili, beans, tomatoes, potatoes).

p’uyan, tv. mash /chilis, beans, tomatoes, potatoes/.

p’uyel, nc. mashing /chili, beans, tomato, potato/.

p’uyilan, tv. keep mashing with back of spoon /chili, beans, tomato, potato/.

p’uyob, n1f. spoon to mash chili, beans, tomato, or potato.

p’uyobil, n1f. cf. p’uyob.

p’uyp’on, av. mashing /chili, beans, tomato, potato/.

p’uyul, aj. mashed into sauce (chili).

p’uyum, n1a. chili sauce.

p’uyum tašuš, nphr(n type n)5. jerked meat dipped in chili sauce.

p’uyum ton kašlan, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/)5. eggs dipped in chili sauce.

R

ramoš N(Sp, ramos).

ramoš, n1d. large brahea palm fronds distributed on Palm Sunday, tiny cross of fan palm placed on folded hands of deceased while lying in house /when arms are straightened, cross is stuck under sash/.

rominko ramoš, nphr(n of n)5. Palm Sunday.

savaro ramoš, nphr(n of n)5. Saturday before Palm Sunday.

ran

ran, Maryan. cf. maryan.

rana N(Sp, rana).

rana, n1e. leopard frog Rana pipiens. Because leopard frogs call in the rainy season they are considered to be the mvrical instruments of the earth lord /ʔanhel/. They are also called meʔ voʔ. Their legs are eaten occasionally.

rančero N(Sp, ranchero).

rančero, agn. ladino living on lowland farm, var., hrančero.

rason N(Sp, razón).

rason, n1a. sense, wisdom, cf. k’op.

ʔoy srasonal tahe. There is a proper way of thinking about /or doing/ it.

mu rasonuk bu bat. Who knows where he went.

li k’oše rason yaʔuk. The child was right!

muʔyuk srasonal (or) mu snaʔ rason. He is wrong.

rason vinik, nphr(n type n)5. wise or sensible person, person who gives good advice.

ʔaʔi rason, vphr(tv & n5). listen to advice or counsel.

ʔak’ rason, vphr(tv & n5). advise, counsel.

ʔal rason, vphr(tv & n5). advise, counsel.

rasyon N(Sp, ración).

rasyon, n1d. portion, food given to shaman and assistants following curing ceremony. Male joking speech; sexual favor, provided by woman.

naka ta rasyontik. Just “rasyon” candles, i.e., small candles costing a quarter real, formerly used for witchcraft.

Witch referring to his enemy; hun noš ta rasyon kantela leʔ aʔa. He’ll only need one small candle.

rasyon ʔosil, nphr(n of n)1d. inherited land.

raya N(Sp, raya).

raya, n1e. line /for playing marbles/, Guatemalan border.

regla

regla, roof rod. cf. legra.

rehirol N(Sp, regidor).

rehirol, agn. prefect or regidor /each of four officials of the third level of the religious hierarchy/, alderman or regidor /each of six officials of the civil hierarchy/.

rehirol mayol, agn(n5 & aj). first prefect.

________vaʔal rehirol, agn(aj/num & nccpd/4f & n5). prefect or alderman /second - fourth/.

k’ošil rehirol, agn(nphr/n4f of n5/). fourth prefect.

pimero rehirol, agn(nphr/aj & n/). first prefect or alderman. va.r., primero rehirol.

reketo N.

reketo, n5. acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus /Pat ʔOsil, ʔApas/. cf. bah-teʔ mul, lunsakrek, tunsarek.

rekwa N(Sp, recua).

rekwa, n1a. drove /of mules/.

hmak-rekwa, agn(tv & ncpd). muleteer.

reloho N(Sp, reloj).

reloho, n1a. clock, watch, var. lereho.

repente Pt(Sp, depende).

repente, pt. maybe.

ta repente t štal. Maybe he will come.

répo A(Sp,ʔ).

répo, excl. Female speech How wicked! How disgusting!

repoal, n5. dissolution, dissipation.

koʔol shol sčiʔuk li sčiʔil ta repoale. He and his cohort in dissipation are of a like mind.

resal N(Sp, rezar).

resal, n1e. prayer.

hresaletik, agn. family group of worshippers /sing, does not occur/.

hresavil, agn. worshipper.

hpas-resal, agn(tv & ncpd). worshipper.

resinto N(Sp, recinto).

resinto, n5. spiritualist /in Tuxtla/.

respital N(Sp, hospital).

respital, n5. hospital.

rešponšo N(Sp, responso).

rešponše n1e. responsory for the dead /chanted by sacristans at graveside during burial and at each grave on All Souls’ Day in Htek-lum/. var., rešpunšo.

hʔak’-rešponso, agn(tv & ncpd). chanter of responsory for the dead.

rešpunšo

rešpunšo, responsory. cf. rešponšo.

reštiko N(Sp, testigo).

reštiko, agn. witness, person who serves as witness in disputes at town hall.

reštuménru N(Sp, testamento).

reštuméntu, n1d. inheritance.

reštuméntu ʔosil, nphr(n type n)1d. inherited land.

reštuméntuin, tv. inherit.

retrato N(Sp, retrato).

retrato, n1a. picture, picture of saint on family altar.

retrato kahvaltik, nphr(n4a of n5). picture of saint.

reva N(Sp, legua).

reva, n5. league.

revoso N(Sp, rebozo).

revoso, n1d. shawl /worn by ladinas/.

rey N(Sp, rey).

rey, n5. king.

Ritual speech, prayer addressing earth lord; č’ul-rey, č’ul-ʔanhel, č’ul-čon, č’ul-čauk. holy king, holy angel, holy serpent, holy thunderbolt.

rey šulem, cf. šulem.

riata N(Sp, reata).

riata, n1a. lasso.

riko A(Sp, rico).

riko, aj. rich.

rin(1) X.

rinkaštik, aj. torn in many places, bald in many places, var., rinkištik.

rinkištik, cf. rinkaštik.

rin(2)

rin, burlap bag. cf. brin.

rinko

rinko, American, cf. brinko.

rinyon N(Sp, riñón).

rinyon, n1d. kidney.

rioš N(Sp, dios).

rioš, n1a. saint, saint’s image, eucharistic bread.

rioš, excl. god! var., dyos, dyoš, yoʔs, yoʔste, yoʔš, yos, yoste, yoš.

rioš ʔespíritu sánto, nphr(n type nphr/n & aj/)5. God the Holy Ghost.

rioš nič’onil, nphr(n type n)5. God the Son.

rioš totil, nphr(n type n)5. God the Father.

hk’opohel rios, nphr(agn/vn/ type n)5. talking saint.

kusul rioš, nphr(aj & n)1d. talking saint.

riple N(Sp, rifle).

riple, n1a..22 rifle.

rokainc prob A or N(Sp,?).

rokame, cf. ʔišim.

romero N(Sp, romero).

romero, n. Abies guatemalensis, #B2219(4). Highland “tree”

romin N(Sp, Domingo).

romin, n1d. Dominic, var., Turn /Čobtik/.

rominko N(Sp, domingo).

rominko, n1a. Sunday /an. poss. only by stewards-royal and publicans/.

Curing ceremonies and burials should not take place on Sundays. Corn should not be planted on Sunday lest it be afflicted with smut or be eaten by dogs, nor should it be harvested on a Sunday, for the soul /č’ulel/ of the corn is believed to be off amusing itself and bathing.

A person who works on Sundays will not be allowed to rest in the afterlife.

rominko kusel, nphr(n of n)5. Easter.

rominko k’ak’al, nphr(n type n)5. Carnival Sunday.

rominko ramoš, nphr(n of n)5. Palm Sunday.

ron N(Sp, don).

ron, n5. ladino.

ronka A(Sp, ronca).

ronka, aj. lit., hoarse /use restricted to dudes’ song/.

kalarma ronka e’urupik’ ariata. lit., hoarse Catherine, earwig your lasso, i.e., Her vagina makes squelching sounds, var., ronko.

ronko

ronko, hoarse, cf. ronka.

rosa N(Sp, loza).

rosa, n1a. pitcher, pot.

rosa p’in, nphr(n type n)1a. pitcher, pot.

rosario N(Sp, rosario).

rosario, n5. Our Lady of the Rosary, ensign-bearer of Our Lady of the Rosary.

roston N(Sp, tostón).

roston, n1a. fifty centavo piece.

roša N(Sp, rosa)..

roša, n1a. Rose, rose.

rošailtik, n5. large expanse of roses.

rošatik, n5. expanse of roses.

ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan roša, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). see below.

e’unbalal ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan roša, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). rose Rosa chinensis, #631(1, 2). Highland “plant”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. Same use as eahal roša.

eahal roša, nphr(aj & n). rose Rosa chinensis, #663(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “tree” #2511(21, 22). Highland “vine” It is grown by some Zinacantecs, in their yards. The slips are planted by men or women in the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases by people visiting the churches. They are used to decorate graves on All Souls’ Day and when the family lights candles at the graves on the fiesta of St. Sebastian, during Carnival and Holy Week, on St. Peter the Martyr’s Day, St. John’s Day, and the fiesta of St. Lawrence. Each steward and the outgoing cantors provide a small basket of roses and willow groundsel flowers for the Lenten Friday and Holy Week processions. The petals are strewn on the path. Until the practice was discontinued by the priest a few years ago, a small image of Christ was “buried” in roses on Maundy Thursday. Each steward provided a large basket of roses of all colors for this ceremony, rose Rosa sp., #2052(17, 18), #2193(19). Highland vine’.

bik’tal eahal roša, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). see below.

e’unbalal bik’tal eahal rosa, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). rose Rosa sp., #675(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “vine” It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. Same use as eahal rosa.

k’oš eahal roša, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). rose Rosa sp., #385(1, 4), #920(1, 3), #2052(3), #2213(1, 3, 4, 19). Highland “vine” It grows along fences. It is planted by ladinos. Same use as eahal roša.

sak-vayan eahal roša, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). see below.

k’oš sak-vayan eahal roša, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). rose Rosa sp., #2193(1, 3, 4). Highland “vine” Same use as eahal roša.

e’unbalal rosa, nphr(aj & n). ‘cultivated rose’, see below.

sak-vilan e’unbalal roša, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/). rose Rosa chinensis, #607(1, 4). Highland “tree” It grows in yards and along fences. Same use as eahal roša.

k’anal roša, nphr(aj & n). see below.

k’oš k’anal roša, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). rose Rosa banksiae, #103(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “vine” Same use as eahal roša.

makom roša, nphr(n type n). ’blackberry rose’, rose Rosa sp., #958(1, 3). Lowland “vine”

sak-pak’an roša, nphr: aj(aj & P P/2/cpd) & n)., rose Rosa sp., # 1734(15, 16). Highland “vine”

sak-vayan roša, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). rose Rosa chinensis, #36(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “vine” Same use as eahal roša. As a remedy for fever sores, the flowers are dried on the griddle and the powder rubbed on, twice a day for two or three days. It induces salivation. It is “cold”

sak-vilan roša, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). rose Rosa chinensis, #2511(4). Highland “vine” Same use as eahal roša.

sakil roša, nphr(aj & n). see below.

e’unbalal sakil roša, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). roše Rosa chinensis, #660(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “tree”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. Same use as eahal roša.

muk’ta sakil roša, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). roše Rosa chinensis, #407(1, 3). Highland “vine” It grows along fences. Same use as eahal roša. After taking a store-bought purgative, water may not be drunk for one day. Instead a cup of rose tea is drunk before breakfast and following the purgative. It is “cold” to counterbalance the heat of the purgative.

rošio A(Sp, rosillo).

rošio, aj. blue grey (sheep).

rošiotik, aj. rather blue grey (sheep).

ru N.

ru, n5. blue-crowned motmot Momotus momota, russet-crowned motmot Momotus mexicanus /Pal ʔOsil/. cf. kul, turn.

ruron, av. hooting (blue-crowned motmot, russet-crowned motmot).

rweda N(Sp, rueda).

rweda, n5. ferris wheel.

S

saʔ T.

saʔ, tv. search, look for.

saʔbil. He deserved it /punishment/.

mu k’u ssaʔ It is worthless (or) It is useless.

saʔ ______, vphr(tv & n1d). obtain, gather, or seek ______/firewood, pine needles, greens, fruit, cane liquor from Chamula, money, i.e., by selling or working/.

saʔ ʔil, vphr(tv & n4d). get in debt, be destructive (horse that breaks fence, dog that eats eggs, drunk who breaks his possessions).

saʔ ba, rv. pick a fight.

ʔak’o ssaʔ sba baʔyuk. Let him be the first one to pick a fight.

tol ssaʔ sba yeč’o ti t sta mahele. He picks a lot of fights, that’s why he is beaten up.

saʔ-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. looking for each other.

saʔ hoi, vphr(tv & n5). provoke.

yuʔun yalal issaʔ hol. He provoked him on purpose.

saʔ k’op, vphr(tv & n5). pick a fight, stir up trouble, quarrel.

tol ssaʔ k’op šyakub. He picks a lot of fights when he gets drunk.

saʔ mul, vphr(tv & n4d). commit crime, misbehave, get into trouble.

tol ssaʔ smul šyakub. He gets into a lot of trouble when he gets drunk.

saʔan, tv. search for /plu/.

saʔan hoi, vphr(tv & n5). bother or molest people.

saʔan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). quarrel or look for fight with people.

saʔan mul, vphr(tv & n5). commit crimes, misbehave frequently.

saʔanan, tv. cf. saʔan.

sáʔansáʔan, tv. look for one after another.

sáiansáoan mul, vphr(tv & n5). commit one crime after another, misbehave one time after another.

sáʔansáʔanan, tv. cf. sáiansáian.

saʔbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). provoke.

t ssaʔbe shol hyakubel. He is provoking the drunk.

issaʔbe shol li e’iʔe isten. He threw the dog to provoke it.

saʔbentik, aj. depleted (palm for decoration or for hats, trees for house construction).

saʔel, nc. search.

saʔet, av. picking fight.

saʔet balamil, vphr(av & n5). picking fight in vain.

saʔet hol, vphr(av & n4d). picking fight, shaking head in rage (bull).

saʔet ta k’op, vphr(av & prep & n5). picking fight.

saʔetik, av. cf. saʔet (plu).

saʔlahet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). cf. saʔet hol (plu).

saʔlahetik, av. cf. saʔet (plu).

sáʔluh hoi, vphr(av & n4d). picking a fight suddenly, losing one’s temper suddenly.

saʔob, n1f. place where one searches.

saʔobil, n1f. cf. saʔob.

saʔolah, iv. search /restricted to hen searching for place to lay/.

saʔomah, iv. search (hen).

saʔsaʔ-k’op, vn(tv & ncpd)5. quarrelling.

sa-ʔson, av. bothering, molesting.

saʔonah, iv. molest.

sáʔtesáʔte, av. searching about.

saʔulan, tv. keep looking for.

saʔulan ba, rv. keep getting into trouble.

saʔulan hol, vphr(tv & n5). keep bothering or molesting.

saʔulan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). keep quarreling or looking for fight.

saʔulan mul, vphr(tv & n4d). keep misbehaving or committing crime.

saʔulanan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). keep picking fights.

saʔulanan mul, vphr(tv & n4d). keep getting into trouble over many things.

saʔulananbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). keep bothering people.

saʔvan, iv. search for person.

hsaʔ________, agn(tv & ncpd). person hunting ________/rabbits, squirrels, deer, etc./.

hsaʔ-ʔabtel, agn(tv & ncpd). job-hunter.

hsaʔ ʔaha-pom, agn: vphr(tv & n/n & ncpd/cpd)5. honey-gatherer.

hsaʔ-ʔikaeil, agn(tv & ncpd). porter.

hsaʔ-holol, agn(tv & ncpd). molester, nuisance.

hsaʔ-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd). quarreler, wrangler, troublemaker.

hsaʔ-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). criminal, wrongdoer.

hsaʔ-ničim, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /male who gathers flowers, plants and pine boughs used in curing ceremonies and as decorations for crosses, altars, and churches/.

hsaʔ-veʔelil, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /person who goes to lowlands to locate cow to be slaughtered for marriage or for fiesta/, one of the supernatural assistants of tutelary gods who hunts food for animal companion spirits.

hsaʔvinik, agn(tv & ncpd). nymphomaniac.

hsaʔsonahel, agn. molester, nuisance.

hsawaneh, agn. pursuer /of criminal/.

sab

sab, hurry, cf. sob.

saben N.

saben, n5. long-tailed weasel Mustek frenala. Weasels are eaten seasoned with coriander. They are “hot” They are notorious chicken thieves. Weasel skins are stuffed and tossed about by the spooks during the fiesta of St. Sebastian. Weasels are said to be companion animal spirits of Chamulas. A weasel that crosses one’s path is believed to shorten one’s life span. cf. Florentine Codex, book 5, chap.6.

yašal saben, nphr(aj & n)5. long-tailed weasel Mustela frenala. This may be the subspecific form goldmani, which is much lighter than Mustela frenata parda that also occurs in highland Chiapas. It is renowned for stealing money, corn, clothes, necklaces, and ribbons that it is said to store in its den. A clever person will kill it in its burrow, retrieve its treasure and make a purse out of its skin. If he puts three meters of green ribbon in his weasel skin purse and goes to where money is being counted, his purse reputedly will steal the money and turn him into a rich man.

sae’(1) N.

sae’, n1e. lowland caterpillar. It is eaten.

sae’(2) A.

sae’, aj. scrawny (person, animal).

sae’al, aj. scrawny (person or animal lying down).

sáe’tesáe’te, av. walking about with scrawny body (person, animal).

sahoʔ N.

sahoʔ, n1a. bush sunflower Simsia amplexicaulis Pers., #111(1, 2, 4, 5), #988(1, 3), #1442(1), #1717(3, 16), #2191(19), #2386(20). Highland “plant” It grows in yards and corn fields. (I)-It is given to mules for fodder, van, sahuʔ /ʔElan Voʔ, Htek-lum, Na Čih, Pasteʔ, Voʔ-bie/.

bush sunflower Simsia foetida, #2300(19). Highland “plant” Melanthera nivea, #2675(1, 3). Lowland “plant”

sahoʔaltik, n5. large field of sahoʔ.

sahoʔtik, n5. field of sahoʔ.

bik’it sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n). golden beggarticks Bidens aurea, #2491(21, 22). Highland “plant” Cosmos crithmifolius, #2578(21). Temperate “plant”

eahal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Simsia foetida, #251(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”. It grows in corn fields. Aspilia purpurea, #1212(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”

č’is sahoʔ, nphr(n type n). ‘prickly sahoʔ’, bush sunflower Simsia foetida, #2875(1, 4, 14). Lowland “plant” (14)-It is eaten by mules, bush sunflower Simsia amplexicaulis, #1717(15). Highland “plant” A bundle is fed to one’s mules three times daily. Hyptis suaveolens, #2647(22). Lowland “plant”. Melanthera nivea, #2675(20). Lowland “plant”. It is eaten by mules and cattle.

k’oš’ č’iš sahoʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Sclerocarpus uniserialis var. frutescens, #2906(1, 4). Lowland “plant”

hič’il ʔanal sahoʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ‘slender leaf sahoʔ’, Bidens ferulifolia, #985(7). Highland “plant”.

kilahtik sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n). ‘long sahoʔ’, Anoda cristata, #1471(3). Highland “plant”.

k’anal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Simsia foetida, #2300(3, 4). Highland “plant”

k’oš k’anal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). spot flower Spilanthes americana, #339(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”

muk’ta k’anal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). bush sunflower Simsia amplexicaulis, #2386(3, 4). Highland “plant”

k’oš sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n). quick weed Galinsoga caracasana, #30(1, 3, 4), #1769(4, 5), #2503(21, 22). Highland “plant” It grows in corn fields. Sanvitalia procumbens, #2641(1, 3). Lowland “plant”. Sclerocarpus uniserialis var. frutescens, #1636(1, 4). Lowland “plant”

muk’ta sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Simsia amplexicaulis, #2191(1, 3, 4), #2476(4, 21, 22). Highland “plant”. Zexmenia strigosa, #2422(20). Temperate “plant” It is eaten by sheep, cattle, and mules.

pueul sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n). ’inflated sahoi’, Eupatoriastrum nelsonii, #1703(1, 4). Lowland “plant” It grows along corn fields.

sakil sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Simsia amplexicaulis, # 1442(10). Highland “plant” Melanthera nivea, #254(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant” It grows in corn stubble. Milleria quinqueflora, #1686(1, 4). Lowland “plant”. Bidens chrysanthemifolia, #2070(17). Highland “plant”.

k’oš sakil sahoʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Bidens chrysanthemifolia, #1788(16). Highland “plant”

muk’ta sakil sahoʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Eupatoriastrum sp., #2597(1, 3). Lowland “plant” #2776(1, 4). Temperate “plant”

voe-sahoʔ, n(aj & ncpd). ’messy sahoi’, Eupatoriastrum nelsonii, #1703(7, 11.12, 14). Lowland “plant”

sahoʔ e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). see below.

muk’ta sahoʔ e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). bush sunflower Simsia amplexicaulis, #1442(11). Highland “plant”

sahoʔal čobtik e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/natt & n/ type n). ‘corn field sahoi plant’, railway beggarticks Bidens pilosa L., #1431(7). Highland “plant”

sahoʔal teʔtik, nphr(natt & n). ‘forest sahoi’, black foot Melampodium montanum, # 1422(1, 3, 5), # 1755(1, 2). Highland “plant”, perennial beggarticks Bidens oslrulhioides, #1804(15, 16). Highland “plant”

č’iš sahoʔal teʔtik, nphr(n type nphr/natt & n/). Zexmenia strigosa, #2422(1). Temperate “plant”

k’anal sahoʔal te’ʔtik, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). black foot Melampodium montanum, # 1895(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”

k’oš sahoʔal teʔtik, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). black foot Melampodium montanum, #1050(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”

sahuʔ, cf. sahoʔ.

sahuʔ

sak-čivan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (bones of dead animal).

sak-čoʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). pale /with fear or cold/.

sak-čohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (empty net).

sak-čunan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (stillbirth).

sak-čuyan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). white (pus, blister).

sak-č’akil, cf. č’akil.

sak-č’alan, aj(aj & Ucpd). pale (thighs, bamboo), white (cliff).

sak-č’aran, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (cliff).

sak-č’ay, iv(aj & ivcpd). disappear.

sak-č’eban, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (monkey face).

sak-č’etan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (hair, skunk fur, person wearing palm raincoat).

sak-č’ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (many rocks).

sak-č’ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (bones of dead mule).

sak-c’ulan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (road, smooth handle, board).

sak-č’ut mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. ‘white-breasted bird’, blue mockingbird Melanotus caerulescens, /ʔApas, Naben Čauk/, cf. k’ub-tot.

sak-halan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (cliff).

sak-haman, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). suffused with white (dawn sky), shining brightly (rising moon, city lights).

sak-hapan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (sky in mountain pass, house /patch seen through door/).

sak-haran, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (limestone cliffs).

sak-haš’an, aj(aj & T(2)cpd). clean (well-swept floor, house emptied of belongings).

sak-hatan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (chicken intestines or heart).

sak-hekan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (legs of slaughtered pigs).

sak-heman, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (corn in large piles).

sak-het’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (scar, face with fear or sickness).

sak-hiʔan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (corn kernels, ears or cobs, dried bean pods, rocks, coins spread out).

sak-hisan. aj(aj & Ucpd). white (two-by-four board).

sak-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. ‘white head’, tayra Eira barbara.

sak-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. holy elder.

sak-hol, agn(aj & ncpd)1d. each of two major players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian /first and second prefects of the previous year/.

sak-huʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (streak).

sak-huban, aj(aj & P o r P/2/cpd). white (child’s excrement).

sak-huč’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (pus caused by contact with sandbox tree sap).

sak-hulan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (barkless trunk, bone).

sak-hušan, aj(aj & Pcpd). bare (land, whiskerless face).

sak-kavan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). white (vagina) /infr/.

sak-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (rainbow).

sak-kunan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (frost, corn, beans).

sak-k’aran, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (mountain, cliff).

sak-k’atan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (eyes with anger).

sak-k’ian, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). gleaming white (expanse of corn, hail, frost, laundry or water).

sak-k’oʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (frost, maggoty meat).

sak-k’oean, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (maggoty meat, bean pods on plant).

sak-k’ohan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (all of person’s hair).

sak-k’olan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). white (beautiful face).

sak-k’učan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). white (newly appearing teeth).

sak-k’uyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (many wasp grubs).

sak-k’uyan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (pus).

sak-laʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (split wood, person with clean clothes).

sak-lahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (expanse of rocks, čin).

sak-laman, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (expanse of frost, rocks, ashes, hail or corn kernels).

sak-lapan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (needle, lance).

sak-lap’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). gleaming white (laundry, clothes, hail, mirror, silver pesos).

sak-lašan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (measles).

sak-lek’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (vagina).

sak-lep’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (pinta).

sak-let’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (spilt corn gruel, semen).

sak-levan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (thighs).

sak-liʔan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (split wood).

sak-lican, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (clothes).

sak-likan, aj(aj & P, T or T/2/cpd)., white (face with fear, cold or sickness).

sak-lisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (laundry).

sak-livan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (wound, flesh of slaughtered pig).

sak-loʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). dirty white (ribbon).

sak-lohan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). white (ripe pineapple on plant), white (berries).

sak-loman, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (expanse of fruit, flowers or trees).

sak-losan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (object on path, face of sick person).

sak-lučan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). white (pimple, pus).

sak-lukan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (coiled Oxybelus aeneus).

sak-lusan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (wilted and faded flowers).

sak-mačan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/ cpd). white (dawn).

sak-mahan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (frost, ashes, bean pods or corn spread out, corn chaff, pig fleas, nits).

sak-mašan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). light-complexioned (nose).

sak-meean, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (lumber, fallen drunk).

sak-mekan, aj(aj & Acpd). white (hair), blond.

sak-mek’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (hair, sheep’s wool).

sak-melan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). white (whiskers).

sak-mesan, aj(aj & Tcpd). gleaming (clean or empty house, rising sun or moon).

sak-mit’an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (welt around waist made by overly tight sash).

sak-močan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (coiled snake).

sak-mok’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (clothes, hair covered with ashes or dust).

sak-morte, cf. ʔič.

sak-mukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (face with ashes, ashen-colored face).

sak-musan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). white (whiskers).

sak-nelan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (eye with anger).

sak-nešan, aj(aj & Acpd). gleaming (woman’s hair).

sak-niban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (stripe on road, stripe of paint).

sak-nič teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. shrub lemon verbena Lippia substrigosa, #B9476(5, 5a), #401(1, 4). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for wattle. Sixteen dozen poles are needed for a small house and twenty-five dozen for a large house. Solatium millense, #B9482(5, 5a).

Highland “tree” Viburnum hartwegii, #1830(15, 16). Temperate “tree”

sak-nič teʔtlk, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. expanse of sak-nič teʔ.

bik’it sak-nič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Lippia chiapensis, #2714(1, 4). Highland “tree”. Lippia cardiostegia, #2153(14). Temperate “tree”. Solanum mitlense, #B9482(5, 5a). Highland “tree”.

k’os sak-nič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Lippia cardiostegia, #2153(1). Temperate “tree”. Lippia chiapensis, #2981(1). Temperate “tree”

sakil sak-nič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Lippia cardiostegia, #2153(7). Temperate “tree”

sak-nikan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). white (many white flowers).

sak-nušan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (piglet, lice).

sak-pakan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (laundry hung up to dry).

sak-pak’an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (face with sickness or fear, inside of unripe watermelon), fair-cornplexioned, faded (skirt).

sak-paran, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (lumber, cliff, rocky field).

sak-paran teʔ, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). cordia Cordia foliosa, #2131(7).

Temperate “tree”

k’os sak-paran teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). Verbesina neriifolia, #2551(21, 22). Temperate “tree”.

muk’ta sak-paran teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ & n). yellow crown beard Verbesina perymenioides, #2591(21, 22). Temperate “tree”

sak-pat, n(aj & ncpd)Id. ‘white back’, hog-nosed skunk Conepatus mesileucus It is eaten, seasoned with coriander. Its flesh is “hot”. Cold water should not be drunk after eating skunk meat lest one’s burps have a skunky odor. Hog-nosed skunks are said to be companion animal spirits of Chamulas. They are notorious chicken thieves.

sak-peean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (many flowering ox-eye daisy, calla lily, or amaryllis plants, silver flag pole).

sak-pečan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white Lentimus lepideus, Pleurotus sp., čečeval ʔon ʔo).

sak-peman, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd. white (partially-filled pot of lime water).

sak-petan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). white (čin).

sak-pie’an, aj(aj & P/2/, T/2/cpd)., white (wet soapy laundry).

sak-pič’an, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). white (pile of laundry).

sak-pič’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (maggots).

sak-pik’an, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). pale (vagina).

sak-pisan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (ball of thread, limestone rock, potato, cabbage, buttocks of person defecating).

sak-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). white (cabbage head, buttocks, thread).

sak-poean, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (soap bubble, foam, double roses, mouth of drunk with spittle).

sak-počan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (frost-bitten leaves).

sak-pohan, aj(aj & Ucpd). light gray (horse, cow), white (cream), whitish (insufficiently dyed skirt or pom-pom).

sak-pok’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (many cordia fruit on tree).

sak-pok’an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (face of sick person).

sak-polan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). white (road).

sak-puhan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (opening of window or door).

sak-pukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (cloud of dust).

sak-puk’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). grayish white (stream, horse, urine).

sak-p’atan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (many cows).

sak-p’atan, aj(aj & Tcpd). white (bean pods).

sak-p’ehan, aj(aj & P. P/2/cpd)., white (house, mountain, church).

sak-p’evan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (open fly).

sak-p’ilan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). white (lips with fear, cracked lips, eyes of sick child).

sak-p’oman, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (all of person’s hair).

sak-p’ošan, aj(aj & Ncpd). white (face of sweating person).

sak-p’uyan, aj(aj & Tcpd). white (many chilis on plant).

sak-saran, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (legs of buzzard or person).

sak-sepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (many warts).

sak-setan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). white (pinta).

sak-set’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). pale (insufficiently dyed pom-pom).

sak-silan, aj(aj & Tcpd). white (sliced melon, split pine).

sak-šet’an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (sliced potato or cabbage).

sak-šokan, aj(aj & Ncpd). white (old iguana).

sak-šup’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (object at night).

sak-tanan, aj(aj & Acpd). white (unwashed leg, lice).

sak-taran, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (large tree trunk).

sak-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd)1a. roof rod of thatched roof /pine preferred/.

sak-teʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (corpse).

sak-telan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). white (lumber, stretched out leg).

sak-tik’an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). white (expanse of water, clouds).

sak-timan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (thighs, face drawn with sickness, cloth on loom).

sak-tinan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (long wool on sheep, hair).

sak-tok’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (clothes).

sak-tolan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). white (squirrel tail).

sak-tukan, aj(aj & Icpd). white (many ox-eye daisies).

sak-tuman, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (leg muscles, neck of laughing falcon).

sak-t’aban, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., gleaming (clean face or clothing, long coat of sheep).

sak-t’ašan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (naked bather).

sak-t’elan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). white (seam).

sak-t’ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (clean water in well).

sak-t’oban, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). light-complexioned (cheeks of pretty girl).

sak-t’o¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (patch on clothing).

sak-t’ohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (corn gruel still lacking sugar).

sak-t’uban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). dirty white (water, chicha), white (dust).

sak-vahan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). white (many ox-eye daisies, hail, frost).

sak-vak’an, aj(aj & Xcpd). white (tunic with few red stripes).

sak-valan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (seared corn plants).

sak-vayan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (seared corn plants), pink.

sak-vayan ničim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). Cosmos bipinnatus, #2315(19). Highland “plant” The flower is put in altar vases.

sak-veʔan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (hair).

sak-veʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (many nits).

sak-velan, aj(aj & Ucpd). white (face of sick person, Pleurotus sp., Lactarius sp.).

sak-vilan, aj(aj & Icpd). white (ribbons), pale (flowers), faded (clothes), pink.

sak-vo¢an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (wool, pubic hair of old woman).

sak-voč’an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (many chilis on plant).

sak-vohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (clusters of fruit).

sak-vokan, aj(aj & Xcpd). white (foam).

sak-volan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (wedding shawl).

sak-voman, aj(aj & P, T/2/cpd)., white (anus, patch of sky seen through door or window, etc.).

sak-vosan, aj(aj & I, Pcpd)., white (drowned corpse).

sak-vučan, aj(aj & I, Pcpd)., white (burn).

sak-yalan, aj(aj & Ucpd). gleaming (thighs, face of baby or saint’s image).

sak-yeman, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., white (kernels, ears, corn in piles, feces).

sak-yoʔan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., white (raised thighs of woman).

sak-yoman, aj(aj & Pcpd). white (face of invalid, flowers, dried weeds).

sakak, av. moving palely and rapidly /in darkness/.

sakaket, av. gleaming palely while moving rapidly.

sakel, aj. white (hair, pubic hair, teeth).

sakel ahol. You are white-haired!

saket, av. moving indistinctly /in darkness/, pale (thighs of seated woman).

saketik, av. pale (thighs of seated woman).

sakil, n4e. whiteness.

ssakilal ʔosil. daylight.

iyil ssakilal balamil. She saw the light of day /mother who has just survived childbirth/.

Ritual speech, prayer; ssakilal aničimal ba ssakilal aničimal sat. The fairness of Thy beauteous eyes, the fairness of Thy beauteous face, i.e., daylight.

sakil, n1a. unattested lowland squash. It is “cold”

sakil, n4f. white /eyes/, egg white.

sakil, aj. white, unfinished (wood).

sakil ʔak’, nphr(aj & n). morning glory Ipomoea pauciflora, #2795(12).

Temperate “vine”, morning glory Ipomoea sp., #2862(14). Temperate “vine”. Jacquemontia nodiflora, #2668(22). Lowland “vine”

sakil ʔapon, nphr(aj & n)5. dandruff.

sakil ʔasuka, cf. ʔasuka.

sakil ʔul, cf. ʔul.

sak

sakil e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n). Krameria revoluta, #1637(14), #2697(15).

Lowland “plant”. Eupatorium schultzii, #2865(14). Temperate “plant”. Eupatorium quadrangulare, #2898(14). Lowland “plant”. Dalea sericea, #2129(11). Temperate “plant”

sakil čoy, cf. čoy.

sakil hobel, nphr(aj & n). Dactyloctenium aegyptium, #1630(14). Lowland “plant” It is eaten by horses.

sakil holol, nphr(aj & n3d). white hair.

sakil k’uʔ pale, nphr(nphr/aj & n/4d of n5). surplice.

sakil nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). Stevia rhombifolia, 1781(4), #2077(3, 4, 17), #2485(4), #2944(1). Highland “plant”. Stevia serrata, #2221(1, 3, 4). Highland “plant”. #2529(1, 4). Temperate “plant”.

sakil ničim, nphr(aj & n). shrubby spurge Euphorbia leucocephala, #2810(3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant” The flower is used on All Souls’ Day to decorate the graves. Eupatorium leucocephalum, #422(1, 2). Temperate “plant” The flowers are put in altar vases. Montanoa speciosa, #2026(1, 4). Lowland “tree” Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases.

sakil ničim teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). arabian jasmine Jasminum sambac, #910(1, 3). Lowland “tree” It is grown by ladinos, in their yards. The slips are planted in the rainy season. Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases. They are sold at market.

sakil pok’, nphr(aj & n)5. white flour bag /used to carry purchases/.

sakil pok’, nphr(aj & n)1a. white head cloth /worn by angels, holy elders, ensign-bearers and sir spook/.

sakil satil, nphr(n4f of n3d). white of eyes.

sakil sik, cf. sik.

sakil sim-nak’al, cf. sim.

sakil šenen, cf. šenen.

sakil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e. box elder Acer negundo var. (mexicanum), #B9277(5, 5a), #154(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “tree”. The trunk is split and used for sheep corrals and fences for vegetable and flower gardens.

Some say that if it is burned for firewood one’s chickens will die. wild lilac Ceanothus coeruleus, #1403(9). Highland “tree” giant senna Cassia emarginata, #1676(14). Lowland “tree”. Lopezia langmaniae, #2101(14). Temperate “tree”

sakil ton, nphr(aj & n)5. limestone.

saklah, av. cf. sakak (plu).

saklahet, av. cf. sakson (plu).

saklahetik, av. cf. sakson (plu).

sákluh, av. gleaming suddenly (lightning, woman’s thighs).

saksaktik, aj. whitish.

sakson, av. moving palely /in darkness/.

sáktesákte, av. moving palely here and there.

sakub, iv. become white, bleach, dawn, awake at dawn.

sakub, n4f. Ritual speech, prayer; dawn. ta hun šmal ta hun ssakub. at dusk, at dawn.

sakubel ʔosil, nphr(vn of n5). dawn.

sakubtas, tv. survive the night (patient), postpone until morning, bleach /hat/.

sakubtasob, n1f. sulphur used to bleach palm for hat.

sakubtasobil, n1f. cf. sakubtasob.

sakaton N(Sp, zacatón).

sakaton, n1a. witch grass Panicum maximum, #1291(1, 3, 4, 5, 7). Lowland “plant” Ladinos broadcast the seeds in the corn fields in the middle of the rainy season. The roots are sold to those who have no seeds. The grass is used as fodder for donkeys, horses, and cattle. Zinacantecs use the grass, together with cane leaves for thatching field houses.

sakatontik, n5. field of witch grass.

ʔoʔlol sakaton, nphr(aj & n). ‘medium-sized sakaton’, witch grass Panicum maximum, #2672(1, 3). Lowland “plant” It is eaten by mules.

bik’it sakaton, nphr(aj & n). witch grass Panicum maximum, #2672(15). Lowland “plant” It is eaten by mules. It is used for thatch.

muk’ta sakaton, nphr(aj & n). witch grass Panicum maximum, #2672(20). Lowland “plant”. It is eaten by mules.

sakil sakaton, nphr(aj & n). witch grass Panicum bulbosum, #1556(1, 3). Temperate “plant” witch grass Panicum maximum, #1984(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Lowland “plant”. (16)-It is fed to mules and cattle.

sakramentu N(Sp, Sacramento).

sakramentu, n5. steward of the Holy Sacrament.

sakramentual ničim, nphr(natt & n)1a. Hecubaea scorzoneraefolia, #678(1, 2, 3, 4), #2466(4, 21, 22). Highland “plant” As a remedy for “wind”, six roots are brewed, and a small cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast. It is “hot”. (5)-The tea is drunk to stop post-partum hemorrhaging. It is “hot”. (21, 22)-The tea is drunk to induce an abortion. It is “hot”. (23)-One small basket, half geraniums and half sak ramentual ničim is provided by each pair of stewards to decorate the churches on Corpus Christi.

sakramentual ničimtik, nphr(natt & n)5. expanse of sakramentual ničim. sakil sakramentual ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Hymenocallis aff. galvestonensis, #956(1, 3)-Lowland “plant”

sal(1) P(2) or T(2).

sal ta mahcl, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap.

salahtik, aj. hatless (plu), having lost one’s clothes (sing).

salal, av. running hatless.

salal, aj. hatless, having lost one’s clothes /drunk at fiesta/, deforested (mountain).

salalet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). dashing hatless.

salalik, aj. cf. salal /plu/.

salan, tv. deforest /mountain/, impoverish (sickness).

salan ba, rv. remove clothes /to fight/.

salanbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). clip hair /child/.

salbe, tv. finish hurriedly /weeding/.

salbe ʔanil, vphr(tv & n5). rush (person).

salel, aj. hatless.

salet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking hatless.

salet noš ʔabtel, vphr(av & pt & n5). working swiftly.

salet ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). rushing (person).

salet ta hatbal, vphr(av & prep & vn5). fleeing (animal, person).

saletik ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. salet ta ʔanil (plu).

saletik ta hatbal, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. salet ta hatbal (plu).

salk’uh, iv. be grazed /with knife/, be impoverished.

salk’un, tv. graze /self with knife, etc./, shear.

salk’unan, tv. shear many /sheep/.

salk’unvan, iv. graze person.

sallah, av. cf. salal (plu).

sallahet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). cf. salson hoi (plu).

salp’uh, iv. cf. salk’uh.

salp’un, tv. cf. salk’un.

salp’unan, tv. cf. salk’unan.

salp’unvan, iv. cf. salk’unvan.

salsal, aj. hatless.

salson hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking hatless.

sáltesálte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hatless.

hsalanvaneh, agn. sickness that impoverishes person.

sal(2) A.

sal, aj. suffering from pinta.

sal-ʔapon, n(aj & ncpd)1e. dandruff.

sal-¢’iʔ, n(aj & ncpd)1e. white blemishes /on face/.

sal-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. ‘scaly tree’, gumbolimbo Bursera aff. simaruba, #840(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” For loose teeth three chips of bark are chewed. They are “hot” As a remedy for dysentery, four chips are brewed. A bowl of the tea is drunk before breakfast for three days. It is medium’

sal-teʔtik, n(aj & ncpd)5. grove of gumbolimbos.

ʔit’is sal-teʔ, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/). Trichilia cuneata, #816(1, 2, 3, 5), #1274(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”. It is used for firewood. Trichilia hirta, #3004(11). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood.

salil, aj. suffering from pinta.

salistre N(Sp, salistre).

salistre, n1a. saltpeter /used to make gunpowder for blasting iron/.

salya N(Sp, zalea).

salya, n1a. sheepskin /used by women to sit on/.

sam(1) X.

samamet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). slightly tipsy.

samet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). slightly tipsy.

sam(2) A(Sp, san).

sam-poro martil, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. St. Peter Martyr, ensign-bearer of St. Peter Martyr.

samel N.

samel, n1e. last night.

san(1) prob P or P(2).

sanal, aj. feverish (face).

sansan, aj. partially dry (firewood).

san(2) A(Sp, san).

san-antonyo, n(aj & ncpd)5. St. Anthony, steward of St. Anthony, ensign-bearer of St. Anthony.

san-antreš, n(aj & ncpd)5. San Andrés Larraínzar.

san-hasinto, n(aj & ncpd)5. St. Hyacinth, ensign-bearer of St. Hyacinth.

san-hose, n(aj & ncpd)5. St. Joseph, ensign-bearer of St. Joseph.

san-torenso, n(aj & ncpd)5. St. Lawrence, ensign-bearer of St. Lawrence.

hsan-antreš, agn(aj & ncpd). inhabitant of San Andrés Larraínzar.

hsan-antrešahel, agn(aj & ncpd). person going to, at or coming from San Andres Larraínzar.

sankre N(Sp, sangre).

sankre, n5. blood.

Ritual speech, prayer; maʔuk to me hmal ʔo č’ič’el, maʔuk to me hmal ʔo sankre. I have not yet drawn blood, I have not yet spilled blood.

sanoria N(Sp, zanahoria).

sanoria, n1a. carrot Daucus carota var. saliva, #2951(1, 16). Highland “plant” (1)-It is grown by many Chamulas. The seeds are broadcast in June. The harvest is in September. Carrots are sold at market. They are “cold”. (16)-Carrots are grown by few Zinacantecs, but by many Chamulas.-The seeds are planted in May. The harvest is in October. Sheep eat the greens. Carrots are “cold”

santa A(Sp, santa).

santa-krus, n(aj & ncpd)5. Holy Cross, steward of the Holy Cross.

santa-roša, n(aj & ncpd)5. St. Rose, ensign-bearer of St. Rose.

santa-roša teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). tonduz senna Cassia tonduzii, #2140(11). Temperate “tree”

santa-rošail teʔ, nphr(natt/aj & ncpd/ & n). tonduz senna Cassia tonduzii, #1834(15, 16). Temperate “tree”

santo N(Sp, santo).

santo, agn. saint.

ʔoy yahsantoal hʔelek’, ʔoy yahsantoal hmilvaneh. There is a saint for thievery; there is a saint for murder /the Risen Jesus/.

santo, n5. All Souls’ Day, All Saints’ Day. Should a person neglect the dead on All Souls’ Day it is believed that they will take him to hell. Some think that those who eat the food that has been offered to the dead will become stupid. The soul of a person who dies within a month of All Souls’ Day is thought to serve as a watchman for the houses of the dead while they are visiting at the cemetery. The soul of a person who dies on All Souls’ Day is thought to carry the fruit back to the dead.

santo rominko, nphr(aj & n)5. St. Dominic, steward of St. Dominic, ensign-bearer of St. Dominic.

santotik, n5. period from October thirty-first to November fourth.

sap(1) T.

sap, tv. rinse /beans, nixtamal, spot or stain on clothes, meat, potatoes, greens, tomatoes, tubers/.

sap ba, rv. wash off self /in river/.

sapan, tv. rinse a lot of /beans, etc./.

sapanan, tv. cf. sapan.

sápansápan, tv. rinse one after another.

sápansápanan, tv. cf. sápansápan.

sapel, nc. rinsing /1-3/.

saplahetik, av. cf. sapson (plu).

sapob, n1f. water or pot used for rinsing.

sapobil, n1f. cf. sapob.

sapomah, iv. rinse /nixtamal/.

sapson, av. rinsing slowly /potatoes, etc./.

sapulan, tv. keep rinsing.

sapulanobil, n4f. stretch of river where people bathe /making water unfit for drinking/.

sap(2) A.

sap-yok, n(aj & ncpd)5. ‘acid trunk?’, oak Quercus candicans, #433(1, 2).

Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The leaves are used to wrap tamales /pisil vah/. They are needed by the stewards-royal every Saturday and by the stewards when changing office.

sap-yoktik, n(aj & ncpd)5. oak grove.

sapap, aj. acid (oak bark, satin bark, apple, nance, mamey sapote).

sapaptik, aj. rather acid.

sapato N(Sp, zapato).

sapato, n1a. shoe.

sap’ 1(2).

sap’, iv. dry, shrink (wood, vine, thatch, beans, corn, potatoes, skin of person).

sap’es, tv. set in the sun to dry.

sap’sap’tik, iv. dry or shrink slightly.

sap’sap’tik, aj. rather lean.

sap’sap’, iv. dry or shrink slightly.

sap’sap’, aj. lean.

sar T.

sar ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike grazing blow, skin /arm/.

sarar, av. whizzing by (rock, blow).

sarlahet, av. grazing repeatedly /blow/.

sárluh, av. whizzing by or grazing suddenly (rock, blow).

sártesárte, av. whizzing by or grazing one after another (rocks), swooshing one after another (buzzards).

sarulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep grazing /with fist/.

sarulanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep grazing person /with fist/.

sarvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). graze person /with fist/.

sarampio N(Sp, sarampion).

sarampio, n5. measles.

sararin A(Sp, sarado?).

sararin, aj. entirely mottled, barred or streaked (chicken, hawk, quail, tinamou, hairy woodpecker).

sararin šik, cooper hawk. cf. šik.

sararintik, aj. rather mottled, barred or streaked (chicken, hawk, quail, tinamou, hairy woodpecker).

sat N.

sat ʔob, cf. ʔob.

sat ʔokol, nphr(n4f of n3d). anklebone.

sat k’obol, nphr(n4f of n3d). wrist bone.

sat mes, nphr(n of n). ‘broom berry ?’, broom jute Sida rhombifolia, #105(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), #1736(15, 16), #2049(18), #2190(19), #2488(21, 22)..

Highland “plant” #1899(17), #2301(19). Temperate “plant”, wild mallow Waltheria americana, #317(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant” yellow indigo bush Dalea lutea var. gigantea, #2940(1). Highland “tree” Dalea leporina, #1773(15). Highland “plant”

sat mestik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of sat mes.

k’anal sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild mallow Waltheria americana, #1308(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”, broom jute Sida rhombifolia, #1468(3), #1736(3), #2049(3, 17), #2083(3, 4, 17), #2190(1, 3, 4), #2365(3, 4), #2488(4). Highland “plant” The plants are cut by boys, tied with a vine and used to sweep the yard, the threshing floor or wherever corn is spread out to dry. #1552(1, 3), #1899(1, 3, 4, 16). Temperate “plant” Sida alba, #2301(3, 4). Temperate “plant”

k’oš sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). broom jute Sida rhombifolia, #1355(1, 3). Highland “plant”. Hybanthus verbenaceus, #1056(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. Cassia cf. slenocarpoides, #1822(1, 4). Temperate “plant”. Marina spiciformis, #2601(21, 22). Temperate “plant”

muk’ta sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild mallow Waltheria americana, #2595(15, 20, 21, 22). Temperate “plant”. (20)-It is used to sweep when no broom is handy. Sida acuta, #2616(21). Lowland “plant”. Turnera ulmifolia, #2001(1, 3, 4). Lowland “plant”

muk’tik sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). yellow indigo bush Dalea lutea var. gigantea, #1931(17). Temperate “plant”

sakil sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild mallow Waltheria americana, #1308(8). Lowland “plant” Sida acuta, #1287(1, 3, 4, 5), #2616(1, 3, 15, 22). Lowland “plant”. Turnera ulmifolia, #2001(16, 17). Lowland “plant”

sat pukuh(1), nphr(n of n). ‘devil’s eye’, shrub nightshade Solanum aligerum, #B9540(5, 5a), #88(1, 2, 4, 5), #1708(3, 15, 16), #2383(3, 4, 20), #2504(4). Highland “plant” The berries are eaten by birds. As a basic ingredient of the steam cure for “wind”/sikil koloʔal ʔik’/, thirteen shoots are required, cf. čan-eelav eelo-pat. shrub nightshade Solanum cervantesii, #1405(3). Highland “plant”, shrub nightshade Solanum cervantesii subsp. gtabrum, #B9471(5, 5a). Highland “plant”, shrub nightshade Solanum brachystachys, #1844(16). Highland “tree”.

sat pukuhtik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of shrub nightshade.

sat pukuh(2), nphr(n of n). ‘devil’s eye’ or ‘devil’s face’, Lycogala epidendrum., #124(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”

ʔik’al sat pukuh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Lycogala sp., #136(3, 4, 5).

Highland “mushroom”

sat pukuh, nphr(n4d of n1f). wart.

sat šela, nphr(n4f of n1d). silk ribbon /man. poss.; ribbon used to fasten shawl and sides of cotton tunic/.

sat tak’in, nphr(n4f of n5). real /formerly/.

čan-lahuneb sat tak’in. $1.75 /formerly/.

sat voʔ, nphr(n4f of n5). small spring.

sat voʔtik, nphr(n4f of n5). stretch of ground with many small springs.

satil, n3c. eye, eyesight, face, pod, burr, bean, berry, kernel, fruit, eyelet, hole /memela/, rust /pine/, sound hole /fiddle, guitar, harp/, mesh /sieve, net/, eye /needle/, needle /pine/, light /lantern, torch, etc./, grain /wood/, strand /rope/, slice /meat/, bead, spring /water/. Ritual speech; face. cf. bail.

iyalbe ta ssat. He told him to his face.

mu šk’ot ssatilal. lit., The eyes for it do not reach, i.e., It is too dark to see.

satil, n5. pink eye.

satin, tv. produce fruit, fruit. When the fruit trees are heavy with young fruit it is said that it will be a “bad year.”

satinbe, tv. Scolding speech; have a face like.

asatinohbe ʔa li stiʔ sčak 1 ameʔlale. You have a face like your wife’s ass.

asatinohbe ssat ti e’iʔe. You have a face like a dog, i.e. You are acting like a dog /woman scolding old man for making a pass/.

šašat, n5. Baby talk; eye, face.

satin N(Sp, satín).

satin, n1a. wax myrtle Myrica cerifera, #2246(19). Highland “tree” (5)-As a remedy for menstrual failure a tea is brewed of the brown roots of wax myrtle. It is “hot”. (23)-The senior steward of Our Lady of the Rosary provides wax myrtle to decorate the side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence on the fiesta of Our Lady of Guadalupe. The constables provide wax myrtle for the Lenten processions.

satintik, n5. grove of wax myrtles.

k’oš satin, nphr(aj & n). wax myrtle Myrica cerifera, #395(1, 3). Highland “tree”.

muk’ta satin, nphrfaj & n). wax myrtle Myrica cerifera, #410(1, 2), #2246(1, 3, 4). Highland “tree” The branches are tied to stakes on either side of the processional path on the Fourth Friday of Lent. They are used similarly for visits from government officials and to decorate the school on Independence Day. The tips are used in the steam cure for “wind”/sikil koloʔal ʔik’/. cf. čaneelav eelo-pat.

savanero N(Sp, sabanera).

savanero, n5. lowland snake Loxocemus sp.. It is considered inoffensive. It is reported to subsist on gnats and ants.

savaro N(Sp, sábado).

savaro, n1a. Saturday /an. poss. only by stewards-royal and publicans/.

savaro kušel, nphr(n of vn)5. Holy Saturday.

savaro k’ak’al, nphr(n of n)5. Carnival Saturday.

savaro ramos, nphr(n of n)5. Palm Saturday.

say X.

sayay yalel, vphr(av & dr). falling lightly (frail person).

saylah eč’el, vphr(av & dr). fleeing weakly (chickens).

saylahet, av. cf. sayson (plu).

saylahetik, av. walking weightlessly (chickens), walking feebly /people/.

sáyluh, av. suddenly falling weakly.

sayson, av, walking feebly (sick person), weightless (tree), walking weightlessly (chicken).

sáytesáyte, av. walking about feebly.

sayavun N.

sayavun, n. see below.

k’oš sayavun, nphr(aj & n). Gaya minuliflora, #1139(1, 4, 5). Lowland and temperate plant”.

sayton N.

sayton, n1e. dog louse, bird louse.

ʔoč ša sayton ta sč’ut. lit., His belly has lice now, i.e., He is lazy now.

sayton č’ut, nphr(n type n)5. louse-covered belly /puppy/.

hsayton-č’ut, agn(n & ncpd). lit., one with a louse-covered belly, i.e..

person who appears as a spook at Carnival.

ʔak’bo h-set’uk yakil voʔ li hsayton-č’ut mučačo. Give the one with a louse-covered belly a little chicha, boy! /said by spooks when begging for chicha from door to door at Carnival/.

seʔ A.

seʔ, aj. uneven, crooked (weaving).

seʔahtik, aj. uneven (cuts in wood).

seʔel, aj. uneven (weaving, cut in wood, planting, hoeing).

seʔtelik, aj. uneven (cuts in wood).

seʔseʔ, aj. uneven (weaving, etc.).

seʔson, av. waddling (duck, fat woman), dipping to one side and then the next (loom).

seʔub, iv. go crooked (weaving, hoeing).

se¢’ N.

se¢’, n1a. pottery bowl.

se¢’, n1f. knee cap.

sekitario

sekitario, town clerk, secretary, cf. sekretario.

sekretario N(Sp, secretario).

sekretario, agn. town clerk /ladino/, secretary /ejido, church, school or fiesta committees/, var., sekitario, sekritario.

sekritario

sekritario, town clerk, secretary, cf. sekretario.

sekub N.

sekub, n1d. liver.

sekub t’ul, nphr(n of n) 1a. ’rabbit liver’, see below. An unattested variety is known to be fatal.

sekub t’ultik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of sekub t’ul.

¢ahal sekub t’ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Boletus sp., #63(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. Leccinum sp., #113(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”

homoč’-ʔut sekub t’ul, nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/n of n/). ’rabbit liver with riddled interior’, Xerocomus subtomentosus, # 19(1, 3). Highland “mushroom” It is eaten by some Zinacantecs. It is toasted on the coals. It is cold”.

k’anal homoč’-ʔut sekub t’ul, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/n of n/). Boletus affinis, # 180(4, 5). Highland mushroom”

k’anal sekub t’ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Suillus sp., #13(1, 3), #115(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. Boletus sp., #131(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

k’oš k’anal sekub t’ul, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Boletus sp., #114(3, 4, 5). Highland mushroom”. It is boiled. It is “cold”

k’oš sekub t’ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Gyroporus castaneus, #122(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”

muk’la sekub t’ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Boletus sp., #123(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom” It is toasted on the coals. It is “cold”.

sakil sekub t’ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Boletus sp., # 116(3, 4, 5), #125(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. It is toasted on the coals, or sliced and boiled, seasoned with mexican tea and chili.

sekub vakaš’, nphr(n of n). ’cow liver’. Boletus sp., #144(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”

sem prob P or P(2).

sememet ni1ʔ, vphr(av & n4d). rotating jaws greatly while eating (cow).

semet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). walking while rotating jaw eating.

semlah, av. walking while rotating jaws eating (plu).

semlahet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). cf. sermon niʔ (plu).

semsem, aj. wide open (jaws of cow).

semson niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). rotating jaws while eating (cow).

semento N(Sp, cemento).

semento, n5. cement.

semet N.

semet, n1a. griddle.

sempal N.

sempal, n1d. tropical mockingbird Mimus gilvus. Mockingbirds are not eaten. It is believed that when a mockingbird sings near a house it is a witch’s messenger, bringing sickness, var., sempal tutu, sempral /Hok’ Č’enom, Muk’ta Hok’/.

sempal tutu, nphr(n type n)5. cf. sempal.

sempral

sempral, tropical mockingbird, cf. sempal.

sempre Pt(Sp, siempre).

sempre, pt. still, always /usu. followed by ʔonoš/. var., syempre /less freq/.

sentavo N(Sp, centavo).

sentavo, n1a. cent, money.

sentavo ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). ’penny plant’, peperomia Peperomia campylotropa, #1191(1, 3), #1438(1), #1756(16). Highland “plant”

seutro N(Sp, centro).

sentro, n1e. circle, circle of light produced by electric light.

senya N(Sp, seña).

senya, n1a. scar, brand, marker /strand of yarn threaded through skin of back of chicken’s head for identification/, sign.

senya ʔosil, nphr(n4f of n1d). boundary marker.

pasbe senya, vphr(tv & n5). make signs /to girl/.

sep P.

sep, nc. In reference to: disc-shaped object /sugar, salt, cheese/.

sepahtik, aj. cf. sepel (plu).

sepal mail, nphr(aj & n1d). sprout and fruit budding from old watermelon squash stalk.

sepan, tv. set down disc-shaped object /sugar, salt, cheese, peso/.

sepekil, n4f. many disc-shaped /pesos, cheeses, drops of blood/, many blotches /pinta/.

sepel, aj. disc-shaped (peso, cheese).

sepelik, aj. round (eyed) /with anger/.

sépelsépel, n4f. each of many discs /sugar, salt, cheese/, each of many blotches /pinta/.

sepleh, n1f. entire disc.

sepsep, nc. single disc /1 only/.

sepsep, aj. round-faced.

septyembre N(Sp, septiembre).

septyembre, n5. September. August and September are considered to be a time of divine punishment; rain, mud and cold, var., setyempre /more freq/.

septyembretik, n5. sometime in September.

sep’ T.

sep’, tv. pinch /finger/, cut off, cut in lengths /tree, snake, paper/, cut /opening for neck of shirt/, saw /salt/, cut in two /watermelon squash, cushaw or summer squash/.

sep’, iv. be cut into small pieces, become caught between or crushed (foot).

sep’, n1e. mange, gangrene.

sep’, nc. gnawed off or cut off piece /ribbon, rope/.

sep’ ba, rv. be crushed or caught between.

sep’an, tv. cut into pieces /plu/.

sep’anan, tv. cf. sep’an.

sép’ansép’an, tv. cut one after another into small pieces /tree/.

sép’ansép’anan, tv. cf. sép’ansép’an.

sep’benal, n4f. cut /tree/.

sep’bentik, aj. shredded, cut in many pieces.

sep’elsep’el, n4f. each of many lengths /barbed wire/.

sep’elul, n4f. scrap, piece /wood/.

sep’ep’et, av. gnawing /infr/.

sep’lahet, av. gnawing (witches).

sep’lahetik, av. cutting into small pieces /wood/ (plu).

sep’ob, n1f. axe, saw, machete.

sep’obil, n1f. cf. sep’ob.

sep’sep’, nc. single small piece /wood, corpse/, single shred /clothing, ribbon/.

sep’son, av. cutting into small pieces /wood/, gnawing (pain in stomach).

stiʔton šsep’son. eating, gnawing (witch).

sep’ulan, tv. cut into small pieces /weeds, wood/, shred /clothing/ (mouse).

sep’ulanan, tv. keep cutting into many small pieces.

sep’van, iv. crush person or person’s hand or foot (tree, rock).

sera N(Sp, cera).

sera, n1a. wax, wax candle.

sera ʔaha-pom, nphr(n4e of n/n type ncpd/5). beeswax.

sera ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). ’wax plant’, Govenia sp., #2546(21, 22). Temperate“plant”

sera kinya, cf. kinya.

serio N(Sp, cerillo).

serio, n1a. match, matchstick.

selo, n5. Baby talk; match, matchstick.

servesa N(Sp, cerveza).

servesa, n1a. beer.

ses T.

sesben, n4f. shreds of wood produced by wood grubs.

sesbentik, aj. shredded, chewed.

sesintik, aj. shredded, chewed.

sesulan, tv. shred /paper/ (mouse), riddle /clothing/ (clothes moth), chew /wood/ (blunt axe).

sesulanan, tv. shred, riddle or chew /plu/.

sesulta, tv. shred /paper/ (mouse), riddle /clothing/ (clothes moth), chew /wood/ (blunt axe).

sesultaan, tv. shred a lot of /paper/ (mouse), riddle a lot of /clothing/ (clothes moth), chew a lot of /wood/ (blunt axe).

sesultaanan, tv. cf. sesultaan.

sesenta Num(Sp, sesenta).

sesenta, n1e. sixty.

sesentatik, n5. by or in sixties, every sixty.

set P(2) or T(2).

set, tv. slice /pineapple, young watermelon squash, cushaw or summer squash, radish/, cut off level with ground /pineapple, maguey, cabbage/, cut /opening for neck of shirt/, gnaw holes in, saw /salt/.

set, nc. In reference to: plot of land, corn field, maguey, pineapple, roll of wire, vine or woven palm, hole /gnawed in clothes/, slice /salt, pineapple/.

set ba, rv. be full (moon).

set baik, rv. surround each other, fence each other in.

setahtik, aj. in rolls (wire, vine, palm), with round spots (costume of jaguar of St. Sebastian fiesta), round (blood stains, leaves).

setahtik ?uč’ul voʔ, cf. ʔuč’ul voʔ.

setahtik višobtakil, cf. višobtakil.

setan, tv. gnaw holes in, cut off level with ground /pineapples/ saw much /salt, wood/, slice /pineapples/.

setanan, tv. saw much /salt, wood/, slice /pineapples/.

sétansétan, tv. slice or saw one after another.

sétansétanan, tv. cf. sétansétan.

setbenal, n1f. roll /woven palm/, width of shirt neck.

setekil, n4f. many round (blood stains).

setel, aj. full (moon), circular (maguey), surrounding.

setelik, aj. with round (eyes) /staring/.

sételsétel, n4f. each of many blood stains, each of many plots of land or corn fields, each of many pineapple plants or slices of pineapple.

setet, av. rolling (tire, hat, hoop, coin).

setetet, av. rolling (tire, hat, hoop, coin), spinning (fireworks wheel), moving in circle (top), dancing in circle (woman).

setetin, tv. roll /hoop, tire/.

setleh, n1f. entire plot of land or corn field.

setleh, n4f. hole /gnawed in clothing/.

setob, n1f. wide-bladed axe, machete, saw, knife, billhook.

setobil, n1f. cf. setob.

setom pašak’, cf. pašak’.

setomah, iv. circle around (hpetom at wedding dance).

setomal pašak’, cf. pasak’.

setset, nc. single plot of land or corn field, single roll of palm or wire, single slice of pineapple or pineapple plant / 1 only/.

setset, aj. round, circular. Male joking speech, referring to vagina.

setson, av. swaying from side to side (woman).

Ritual speech, song; šsetson ša me li hmeʔobtak, šsetson ša me li hč’uleltak. Now my ladies are swaying, now my souls are swaying.

setulan, tv. keep slicing /pineapple, etc./, keep cutting off level with ground /pineapple, etc./, keep cutting /opening for neck of shirt/, keep gnawing holes in, keep sawing /salt/.

setulanan, tv. keep gnawing holes in.

setulanobil, n4f. knife.

setvan, iv. cut person.

setenta Num(Sp, setenta).

setenta, n1e. seventy.

setentatik, n5. by or in seventies, every seventy.

setyempre

setyempre, September, cf. septyembre.

set’ T.

set’, tv. pinch with fingernails, stick fingernail into /squash to test ripeness/.

set’, nc. lit., pinch / 1 only/, i.e., a small amount. Ritual speech, prayer; drop, little bit.

c’ambon i h-set’e, č’ambon i hutebe. Accept for me the drop, accept for me the trifle.

set’ baik, rv. pinch each other.

set’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. pinching each other.

set’an, tv. pinch /plu/, stick fingernails into /squashes/.

set’anan, tv. cf. set’an.

sét’ansét’an, tv. pinch one after another, stick fingernails into one after another /squashes/.

sét’ansét’anan, tv. cf. sét’ansét’an.

set’ben, n4f. mark left by pinch.

set’el, nc. pinching.

set’et, av. constricting (heart with pain), pinching (stomach with hunger).

set’et’et, av. constricting (heart with pain), pinching (stomach with hunger)

set’lahet, av. pinching (ants).

set’lahetik ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv). feeling pestered.

set’luh, av. constricting suddenly (heart with pain)., pinching suddenly (stomach with hunger).

set’set’, nc. very small amount /1 only/.

set’son ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). feeling heart constricted /with pain/.

sét’tesét’te, av. constricting time and again (heart with pain), pinching time and again (hunger).

set’ulan, tv. keep pinching /to awake mate/, keep sticking fingernail into /squash/.

set’ulanan, tv. keep pinching /plu/, keep sticking fingernail into /squashes/.

set’van, iv. pinch person.

hset’vaneh, agn. person who pinches another.

sevulya N(Sp, cebolla).

sevulya, n1a. garden onion Allium cepa, #803(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland“plant”.

It is grown by ladinos, in their yards. The seeds are planted in the Lenten season or in June. One seed is planted to a hole. The onions are harvested in December. They are sold at market. Onions are used to flavor beans. They are“cold"

sevulyatik, n5. field of onions.

seyo N(Sp, sello).

seyo, n1a. seal, official stamp /both mark and instrument/.

si X.

sihel, vn5. fluffing with fingers /wool, formerly cotton/.

sihomah, iv. fluff with fingers.

sivu, tv. fluff with fingers /wool, formerly cotton/.

sivuan, tv. fluff a lot with fingers /wool, formerly cotton/.

sivuanan, tv. cf. sivuan.

sivuh, iv. be fluffed with fingers (wool, formerly cotton).

sivultik, aj. downy, frayed /in middle/.

sivuob, n1f. basket in which wool is fluffed.

sivuobil, n1f. cf. sivuob.

hsihom, agn. person who fluffs wool with fingers.

siʔ N.

siʔ, n1d. firewood.

siʔil, n4f. firewood.

siʔin, tv. take possession of firewood.

siʔiv, iv. gather firewood.

siʔivab, iv. gather firewood.

hsiʔbil, agn. firewood gatherer.

sib X.

sibtas, tv. threaten, frighten, scare, surprise, startle, give a fright to. issibtas hčamel. He frightened the patient (drunk), issibtas sčiʔil ta ʔuk’um. He scared his friend at the stream.

sibtas ba, rv. become frightened.

sibtas baik, rv. threaten each other.

sibtasan, tv. threaten or frighten /plu/.

sibtasanan, tv. cf. sibtasan.

sibtasob, n1f. scarecrow, strips of cloth /to frighten birds away/, shaman’s staff /to ward off dogs/.

sibtasobil, n1f. cf. sibtasob.

sibtasvan, iv. threaten or frighten person.

hsibtasvaneh, agn. person who threatens or frightens another.

sibak N.

sibak, n1a. gunpowder, soot.

si¢’ N.

si¢’ah č’ut, vphr(tv & n4d). snack /because one does not want to spend money/.

si¢’et č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking and snacking.

si¢’il, n1e. food that one craves.

ssi¢’ilal ʔabtel. food that one craves after hard work.

si¢’lahet č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). cf. si¢’et č’ut (plu).

sí¢’tesí¢’te č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about eating snacks /because one does not want to spend money/.

ʔaʔi si¢’il, vphr(tv & n4d). crave food.

ʔak’ si¢’il, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5). cause craving for food.

siglo N(Sp, siglo).

siglo, n5. century.

sih(1)

sih, fluff, cf. si.

sih(2) X.

sihihet, av. feeling sharpening pain /thorn, blister/.

sihlahet, av. feeling sharp pain in several places.

síhluh, av. feeling sudden sharp pain in several places.

sihson, av. feeling sharp pain /thorn, blister/.

síltesíhte, av. spreading through body (pain).

sih(3) A.

sibil, aj. horrible, very.

ši sihil muk’ul. This big!

sihil ʔelan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/). be horrible.

sihi] ʔik’al ʔelan, vphr(aj & aj & iv/3s/). be horribly dirty or black.

sil, n5. all right, very well.

lek ibat ti sile. It turned out very well.

litohob li sile. I did all right.

moʔoh nan sil aʔa. No, that’s fine.

istam ša yok i sil aʔa. He took a journey all right /person gloating over enemy’s death/.

sil, aj. horrible, very.

sil ʔelan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/). be horrible.

yan šayil ʔelan. You are horrible.

sil ʔik’al ʔelan, vphr(aj & aj & iv/3s/). be horribly dirty or black.

yan sihil ʔik’al ʔelan (or) yan sil ʔik’al ʔelan. He is horrible.

yan šayil ʔik’al ʔelan. You are horrible.

ʔo ka toh yan ši ʔik’al ʔelan. Am I so horribleʔ

yan šihil ʔik’al ʔelan (or) yan šil ʔik’al ʔelan. He is horribly dirty (or) horribly black (or) evil.

sil ʔik’al talel, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/aj & vn/5). have disgusting habits. ayihil ʔik’al talel (or) ayil ʔik’al talel. You have disgusting habits (or) you are disgusting /drunk, child who falls constantly and dirties clothes/.

sihom A or N.

sihom k’at’iš, cf. k’at’iš.

sik A.

sik, n2d. Ritual speech, prayer; coolness, cf. lan.

sik, aj. cold,“cold” /food, medicine, illness/,“cold wind"“Cold” foods should not be eaten by women for up to two to three months during the post-partum period.

sik-bahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). freezing cold (metal, face, snake).

sik-čavan, aj(aj & Pcpd). freezing cold (person).

sik-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). cold (empty house).

sik k’ak’, nphr(n4e & n4e). chills and fever.

sik k’ok’, nphr(n type n)5. chills and fever.

sik-laman, aj(aj & Ucpd). weak (cane liquor), tasteless (peach, apple, melon).

sik-lohan, aj(aj & Ucpd). tasteless (squash, chayote).

sik na, nphr(n1e of n3d). area beneath the eaves along the sides and back of house.

sik-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). freezing cold (bare stomach).

sik-po¢an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., numb.

sik-po¢tah, iv(aj & ivcpd). become numb.

sik-pokan, aj(aj & Ucpd). swollen.

sik-takin, aj(aj & ajcpd). cold and dry.

Denunciatory speech, abandoned man bemoaning his empty house before magistrate; sik-takin hna sik-takin hk’uleb. My home is cold and dry, my treasury is cold and dry.

sik-telan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). freezing cold (person).

sik-t’ayan, aj(aj & Pcpd). cold and wet (clothing).

sik-t’ohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). tasteless (corn gruel).

sik-vokan, aj(aj & Xcpd). swollen (eyes of awaking person).

siket, av. cool (air), chilled (heart of person whose murder or beating is imminent or who eats ice on hot day).

siketik ʔosil, vphr(av & n5). cool.

sikik, av. with cool breeze.

sikiket, av. with cool breeze.

sikil, n4c. coldness, inan. poss.; chill /caused by fear or by unsuspected imminence of beating or murder/.

ssikil yok sk’ob totil meʔil. lit., the coldness of the feet and hands of the tutelary gods, i.e.“cold” sickness caused by failure to worship frequently.

sikil, aj. cold.

sikil ʔik’.“cold wind” that causes internal pain.

sikil ʔosilal č’aben, cf. č’aben.

sikil ton, nphr(aj & n)1e. ’cold rock’, Parietaria debilis, #25(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland“plant”. To reduce fever and the heat of mahbenal a large handful is pulled up and crushed in the hands, in cold water. Salt is added and a gourdful of the water is drunk from one to three times. It is ’cold”. (5)-It is“medium”.

sikil tontik, nphr(aj & n)5. expanse of sikil ton.

ʔit’iš sikil ton, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). Galium sp., #1911(17).

Temperate“plant” To cure skin disease /čin /, a bunch is ground and applied to the affected part, once. It is“cold"

sikil voʔ. cold water, weak cane liquor.

sikil voʔ ko?on. I felt as if my heart were cold water /before being struck/.

sikil balamil, nphr(aj & n)5. soul-loss.

sikil koloʔal ʔik’, nphr(nphr/aj & natt/ & n)5. disease /person feels cold in body, aches, has stomachache/.

sikil koloʔal čamel, nphr(nphr/aj & natt/ & vn)5. disease /person feels cold in body, aches, has stomachache/.

síkluh, av. feeling sudden chill.

siksik, aj. rather cold, rather weak (cane liquor).

siksiktik, aj. rather cold, rather weak (cane liquor).

síktesíkte, av. feeling cool throughout body.

sikub, iv. cool, become cold.

Ritual speech, prayer; mi šlah mi šsikub ti hmule ti hkoloʔe. Will it end, will it cool, my crime, my evilʔ

sikubtas, tv. cool, chill, render impotent /man/.

ta ssikubtas shunul na kriščano li haʔk’-čamele. lit., The witch chills the whole house, i.e., the witch kills all the occupants of a house.

sikubtas ba, rv. cool self, become chilled.

sikubtasan, tv. cool a lot of /corn gruel/.

sikubtaseh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. chill, cooling sensation.

sikubtasob, n1f. gourd used to cool water in which“flowers” have been boiled.

sikubtasobil, n1f. cf. sikubtasob.

sikubtasvan, iv. render man impotent /tuil šinič or lime seeds in food/, chill /house/.

isikubtasvan shunleh na li čamele. The sickness chilled the whole house.

hsikubtasvaneh, agn. thunder shower that soaks person.

sikera Pt(Sp, siquiera).

sikera, pt. at least.

sik’al

sik’al, cigarette, cf. sik’ol.

sik’ol N(Sp, cigarro).

sik’ol, n4d. cigarette.

sik’alah, iv. smoke.

sik’alal, n1e. cigarette.

sik’alan, tv. smoke.

sik’alanan, tv. smoke /plu/.

hsik’alahel, agn. smoker.

sil(1) T.

sil, tv. splinter /pine/, slice /melon, watermelon/, split in wide strips /palm strip for tying branches of flowers/, break into sections /citrus fruit/.

sil, iv. be splintered, sliced, split or broken into sections.

sil, nc. slice, splinter, section /citrus fruit/, streak.

Ritual speech, person requesting shaman’s services, offering him token payment; ba¢’i kol aval čeʔe, ba¢’i h-sil yo merio, ba¢’i h-sil yo skrusil rioš. Thank you very much then. Here is just a half a penny, just a splinter of God’s cross.

Ritual speech, praying for prosperity; h-sil akrusil h-sil apašyonal. a splinter of Thy cross, a sliver of Thy passion, i.e., wealth.

sil ʔak’ubal, nphr(x & n5). every night.

sil ba, rv. split (wood in sun).

sil k’ak’al, nphr(x & n5). every day.

sil yalel, vphr(iv & dr). splinter, split (wood in sun).

silahtik, aj. badly split /in many places/, sliced, streaked (egg with blood).

silan, tv. splinter a lot of /pine, incense/, slice /melons, watermelons/.

split /palm strip/, break into sections /citrus fruit/.

sílansílan, tv. slice one after another /melons, watermelons/, splinter one after another /pine, incense/.

sílansílanan, tv. cf. sílansílan.

silbenal, n1f. splinters /of pine/.

silet eč’el, vphr(av & dr). splitting quickly (pine).

silikil, n4f. badly split.

silil, aj. split.

sílilsílil, n4f. each of many cracks, slices or splinters, each of many streaks /blood on chicken egg/.

silob, n1f. machete.

silobil, n1f. cf. silob.

silomal ʔak’ubal, nphr(x & n5). every night.

silomal k’ak’al, nphr(x & n5). every day.

silp’uh, iv. split (overly dry palm strip for hat).

silsil, nc. single slice or splinter, single section /citrus fruit/ /1 only/.

silson, av. slicing, splitting.

silulan, tv. keep splintering /pine/, keep slicing /melon, watermelon/.

keep splitting in wide strips /palm strip for tying bunches of flowers/, keep breaking into sections /citrus fruit/.

silulanan, tv. keep slicing /melons, etc./.

silutik, aj. split in many places.

sil(2)

sil, cf. sih(3).

sila N(Sp, cidra).

sila, n1a. citron Citrus medica, #671(1, 2, 3, 4). Temperate and highland“tree” It is grown by ladinos and by the people of Chenalho, in their yards. The seeds are planted in the rainy season. The fruit is eaten by very few people. The rind is used by ladinos for lemonade. It is medium” or“cold”.

silvera

silvera, cf. sirvela.

silvirate N(Sp, servilleta).

silvirate, n1a. tortilla or posol napkin, inan. poss.; ssihirateil (or) ssilvirateal.

sím N.

sim, aj. with mucous dribbling from nose.

sim-nak’al, nphr(n & ajcpd)1e. dysentery.

sim tuluk’, nphr(n4d of n5). turkey wattle /appendage above beak/.

hun ta ssim tuluk’. lit., the length of a turkey wattle, i.e., ridiculously small penis.

sim tuluk’ ničim, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’turkey wattle flower’, Acalypha hispida, #2692(1, 3). Lowland“tree” Ladinos put the flowers in altar vases.

simal, n1a. mucous, slime /of snail/.

simal ʔobal, nphr(n type n)5. common cold.

simlahet, av. cf. simson (plu).

simson, av. sniveling.

simta, tv. deposit mucous or slime on.

simtavan, iv. flick mucous on person, deposit slime on person.

símtesímte, av. walking about streaming mucous /crying/.

¢ahal sim-nak’al, nphr(aj & n/n & ajcpd/)5. bloody dysentery.

č’ič’ sim-nak’al, nphr(n type n/n & ajcpd/)5. bloody dysentery.

sakil sim-nak’al, nphr(aj & n/n & ajcpd/)5. white dysentery.

simaron A(Sp, cimarrón).

simaron, aj. wild, mean (mule).

simaron bek’et, nphr(aj & n)5. part of ankle /cut of beef/.

simarontik, aj. rather mean (mule).

siinita N(Sp, semita).

simita, n1d. type of bread sold in San Cristóbal.

simyenlo N(Sp, cimiento).

simyento, n1e. brick and mortar construction, pediment /cross/, abutment /bridge/.

sin N(Sp, cine).

sin, n5. movie, var., sine.

ʔak’ sin, vphr(tv & n5). show movie.

sine

sine, movie, cf. sin.

sinko N(Sp, cinco).

sinko, n1a. five cents, five pesos.

Polite speech, response of magistrate, etc., upon receiving money for favor; te nan sinkouk stohol hsik’ol tun. Perhaps there are five cents for buying my cigarettes.

sinkwenta Num(Sp, cincuenta).

sink wen ta. n1e. fifty.

sinkwentatik, n5. by or in fifties, every fifty.

sinta N(Sp, cinta).

sinta, n1a. ribbon used for collar of man’s wool tunic, door jamb /of thatch-roofed house/.

sintiko N(Sp, síndico).

sintiko, agn. syndic or sindico /second-ranking official of civil hierarchy/.

sinyor N(Sp, señor).

sinyor, n5. sir. Ritual speech, addressing male saint; lord.

Sinyor ʔIskipula. Our Lord of Esquipula, etc.

sinyora N(Sp, señora).

sinyora, n5. Term of address to ladina; ma’am.

Ritual speech, addressing female saint or female mountain; č’ul-vinahelal ʔan¢, č’ul-vinahelal sinyora. holy heavenly woman, holy heavenly lady.

sinyorita N(Sp, señorita).

sinyorita, n5. Term of address to ladina; female teacher, miss.

sip(1) N.

sip, n1e. tick /three kinds; one infesting cattle and horses, one infesting sheep, one occurring in lowland woods/. The tiny lowland variety swarms over one’s clothing. They will drop off if their host jumps over a fire. The cattle ticks embed their heads in one’s skin. Even if pulled off, their heads remain, causing a fierce itching that reportedly can be calmed only by means of a sweat bath. Scars form where they have been embedded.

sip(2) X.

siplahet, av. cf. sipson (plu).

sipson, av. light, weightless (tree, agave inflorescence stalk).

sipres N(Sp, ciprés).

sipres, n. juniper Juniperus gamboana, #1496(1, 3). Highland“tree”. The trunk is used for house mainposts, chairs, tables, gates, doors, corn bins, steambaths, crosses, and fence posts, cypress Cupressus lusitanica.

#2205(1, 3, 4). Highland“tree”.

siprestik, n5. grove of junipers or cypress.

sirvcla N(Sp, ciruela).

sirvela, n1a. plum. var. silvern.

sirvelailtik, n5. large plum orchard.

sirvelatik, n5. plum orchard.

ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan sirvela, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n). plum Prunus domestica, Highland“tree”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. Seeds or slips are planted in the rainy season, or slips are grafted on peach trees. A piece of the root may be planted. The harvest is in September. The fruit is sold at market. It is cold”.

¢ahal sirvela, nphr(aj & n). plum Prunus domestica, # 578(1, 3). Highland“tree” Same use as ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan sirvela, but harvested in August.

k’anal sirvela, nphr(aj & n). plum Prunus domestica, #589(1, 3). Highland“tree” It is grown by very few Zinacantecs. Same use as ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan sirvela, but harvested in August.

sakil sirvela, nphr(aj & n). plum Prunus domestica, #350(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “tree” It is grown by many Zinacantecs. Same use as ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan sirvela, but harvested in August.

silvera, cf. sirvela.

sisib N.

sisibah, iv. whistle through teeth.

sisibta, tv. whistle through teeth at.

sisibta baik, rv. whistle through teeth at each other (robbers) /giving secret signal/.

sisibtavan, iv. whistle through teeth at person.

sit(1) I(2).

sit, iv. swell (person or animal).

sit, aj. swollen (area of person’s or animal’s body).

sites, tv. cause swelling.

Male joking speech; ta hsites ač’ut. I will make your belly swell, i.e. I will make you pregnant.

sitil, aj. swollen, puffed up.

sitilik, aj. puffed up (bread).

sitsittik, aj. slightly swollen.

situb, iv. become swollen (person or animal).

situbel, vn1d. swelling.

situbtas, tv. cause swelling.

situbtasvan, iv. cause swelling in person.

sit(2) E.

sitlahet, av. cf. sitson (plu).

sitlahetik, av. cf. sitson (plu).

sitson, av. calling psst /to attract someone’s attention/.

st, excl. Psst! /exclamation to attract someone’s attention or to quiet dog/.

sitatorio N(Sp, citatorio).

sitatorio, n1e. summons to appear before judge in San Cristóbal.

sitit N.

sitit, n5. iron weed Vernonia deppeana, #B9511(5, 5a). Highland“tree”.

iron weed Vernonia oaxacana, #207(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Lowland“tree”.

marsh fleabane Pluchea odorata, #3005(11). Lowland“tree”. It is used for firewood.

sitittik, n5. grove of iron weed or marsh fleabane.

¢ahal sitit, nphr(aj & n). marsh fleabane Pluchea odorata, #503(1, 2).

Highland“tree”. It is used for firewood.

sakil sitit, nphr(aj & n). iron weed Vernonia deppeana, #500(1, 2). Highland“tree” It is used for firewood, marsh fleabane Pluchea odorata, #3005(1, 4, 5). Lowland“tree"

sit’ I(2), P, P(2).

sit’, iv. swell (leather, nixtamal in water, beans, belly with gas, belly after drinking water, wood in rainy season).

sit’ ba, rv. swell.

sit’ahtik, aj. swollen (dead animals).

sit’an, tv. distend /stomach/ (mule to prevent burden from being tightly cinched).

sit’es, tv. cause to swell /beans, inflated cow’s bladder used as toy, barrel to prevent leakage/, soak /seed corn/.

sit’esan, tv. soak a lot of /seed corn/.

sit’esob, n1f. hot water used to make barrel swell.

sit’esobil, n1f. cf. sit’esob.

sit’esvan, iv. cause person to swell (too much chicha,“wind” in stomach, tobacco when it is scolded).

sit’et, av. swollen with gas (stomach).

sit’il, aj. distended (stomach with gas), swollen (dead animal).

sit’ilik, aj. swollen (planted kernels).

sit’it’et, av. feeling gas pains (stomach, chest).

sit’lahet, av. swollen with gas (stomach).

sit’leh, n4f. swollen /corpse/.

sit’sit’tik, iv. swell slightly (nixtamal, beans, belly with gas).

sí’t’tesí’t’te, av. feeling gas pains in several places.

siv

siv, fluff, cf. si.

sivil N(Sp, civil).

sivil, aj. civil (marriage).

sivilah, iv. have civil marriage.

hsivilahel, agn. person who has civil marriage.

sob

sob, n5. early morning.

s’atal hunuk sob. Come sometime early in the morning.

sob me. Hurry up please!

soban. Hurry up!

sob, aj. early in the morning.

sobah, iv. hurry.

sobsob, aj. rather early in the morning.

sobsobtik, aj. rather early in the morning.

sabah, iv. hurry.

sobal N.

sobal, n1b. steam /hot liquid, river, body after washing, earth/, breath /when visible/.

Ritual speech, shaman inquiring in prayer if patient has been witched; mi ssobal hun ye mi ssobal hun stiʔ hun ʔue hun koloʔ, yul ta yo spat yul ta yo sšokon. Has the breath of his /witch’s/ mouth, the breath of his lips, the seeming good, the evil, reached his /patient’s/ lowly back, reached his lowly side?

sobaltas, tv. cause to sweat (sickness).

sobaltasvan, iv. cause person to sweat (shaman).

soe’ N.

soe’, n1e. bat /general term/.

so¢’ilahebal, n5. Ritual speech, meaning unclear.

so¢’ilahebal č’ul-totil so¢’ilahebal č’ul-meʔil. ? holy father ? holy mother.

pepen soʔ’, nphr(n type n)5. vampire bat Desmodus rotundus.

soh(1) prob O.

sohet, av. suffering from wheezing cough /tuberculosis/.

sohlahet, av. cf. sohson (plu).

sohohet, av. suffering from wheezing cough /tuberculosis/.

sohom, aj. shrill, reedy (voice).

sohomtik, aj. rather shrill or reedy (voice).

sohson, av. hacking (old man).

sóhtesóhte, av. walking about with hacking /cough/.

soh(2) N.

soh, n. Lagascea helianlhifolia, #2973(16). Highland “plant”

sok(1) T.

sok, tv. ruin, break /machine/.

sok, iv. slip (burden), break (sandals, threads of weaving), break down (car, machine), spoil (food), be ruined (adobe by rain), go crooked (row of planting, weaving), tangle (threads of weaving).

sok ʔe, vphr(iv & n4d). change one’s story inadvertently.

isok ye ta kavilto li hmilvanehe. The murderer made a slip and changed his story at the courthouse.

sok ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d). become sad, disconsolate or depressed, be disgusted by, nauseate.

isok yoʔon ti t šk’oponbat ta yan li slekome. He was sick at heart because his fiancée had an affair with someone else.

isok ʔ0 yoʔon li labal k’opetike. He was disgusted by the constant quarrels.

sok ʔo yoʔon li voʔlile. The meal nauseated him.

sok ba, rv. be ruined, be broken off (engagement).

sok be, vphr(iv & n4d). take wrong trail.

sok hol, vphr(iv & n4d). lose one’s temper, run away (mule, chicken).

sok k’op, vphr(iv & n1d). have situation deteriorate or argument collapse, have an altercation, turn out badly.

isok k’op ta be haʔ li hyakubelike. The discussion broke down as they were drunk.

sok k’oplal, vphr(iv & n4f). have situation deteriorate or argument collapse, have an altercation, turn out badly.

isok sk’oplal yuʔun ta šʔelk’ah. His argument collapsed because he stole.

sok ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). go amiss, miscarry, turn out badly, break down.

isok ta be li k’op ʔune iʔoč ʔut-bail. The discussion broke down and turned into a quarrel.

isok ta be yuʔun yovol. His planting turned out badly.

isok ta be sholob. Her weaving turned out badly.

sokan, tv. ruin /plu/.

sokan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). cause conversation or dispute to take many turns for the worse.

sokanan, tv. cf. sokan.

sokanan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). cf. sokan k’op.

sókansókan, tv. ruin one after another.

sókansókanan, tv. cf. sókansókan.

sokbe hol, vphr(tv & n4d). provoke.

issokbe shol vinik. She provoked the man.

issokbe shol li kreme is¢eʔinta baʔyi. She provoked the boy, she laughed at him first.

issokbe shol vakaš. He provoked the bull.

sokbe hol ʔahval balamil, vphr: tv & nphr(n4d of nphr/n4f of n5/). disorient the earth lord (witch).

sokbe tal hol ʔahval čamel, vphr: tv & dr & nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of vn5/). summon sickness /from afar/.

sokebal, n5. moment before taking turn for the worse (conversation, dispute).

sokes, tv. mess up /bird’s nest, scribe’s lists/.

soket ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). feeling anxious.

soket hol, vphr(av & n4d). being irritable, irritated or grumpy.

soket k’op, vphr(av & n4d). saying the wrong thing.

soket k’op, vphr(av & n5). going awry (dispute, argument).

sokilan ʔabtel, vphr(tv & vn5). hoe or plant crooked rows.

sokilan ʔe, vphr(iv & n4d). have conversation or dispute repeatedly take turn for the worse.

sokilan ba, rv. keep being ruined, keep being broken off (engagement).

sokilan k’op, vphr(iv & n4d). have conversation or dispute repeatedly take turn for the worse.

sokilanan, tv. keep ruining /plu/.

sokilanan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). keep causing conversation or dispute to take many turns for the worse.

sokilanbe hol, vphr(tv & n4d). keep disorienting /man/ (loose woman).

sokilanbe hol ʔahval balamil, vphr: tv & nphr(n4d of nphr/n4f of n5/). keep disorienting earth lord.

soklahet hol, vphr(av & n4d). being quarrelsome (drunks).

soklih hol, vphr(av & n4d). flaring up with anger (person, wasp, bee).

sokok tal hol, vphr(av & dr & n4d). becoming madly enraged.

soksoktik, aj. slightly broken.

sokson hol, vphr(av & n4d). being quarrelsome, irritable or grumpy.

sokson k’oplal, vphr(av & n4f). having frequent breakdowns of a discussion or deterioration of a situation.

sóktesókte hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking about irritably.

sokvan, iv. undo patient’s cure (person who comes to house of patient and scolds someone).

hsokvaneh, agn. person who undoes patient’s cure, improperly woven thread which ruins whole cloth for weaver.

sok(2) N.

sok, n5. cutting /weeds with brush hook/.

soka, tv. cut down undergrowth /with billhook before felling large trees/.

sokaan, tv. cut down /undergrowth/.

sokaanan, tv. cf. sokaan.

sokaob, n1f. billhook.

sokaobil, n1f. cf. sokaob.

soki, tv. cut down /undergrowth/.

soklah, av. rustling (people or horses in corn field).

soklahet, av. rustling (person in corn field).

soklahetik, av. rustling (people in corn field).

sokoket, av. rustling (seared corn plants).

sokolah, iv. cut undergrowth /with brush hook before felling large trees/.

hsokol, agn. person who cuts undergrowth /with brush hook before felling large trees/.

hsokolahel, agn. person who cuts undergrowth.

soktom N.

soktom, n5. Chiapa de Corzo.

hsoktom, agn. Chiapanec.

hsoktomahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from Chiapa de Corzo.

sol 1, N.

sol, iv. drop (pants, skirt, anus /by effects of bloody dysentery/, womb /by carrying heavy object following childbirth/, base of faulty pot or water jug), slip from one’s grasp.

sol yalel, vphr(iv & dr). jump down /from truck/, avalanche.

solebal, n4f. moment when pants, cliff, etc., are about to drop.

solel, nc. blow with fist.

solepal ʔišim, nphr(x & n)5. corn chaff.

soles, tv. drop /pants, skirt/, remove /corncob from husk leaving hust almost intact/ (thief), drop /egg on griddle/.

soles komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave behind /snake skin/.

solesan, tv. drop/ eggs on griddle/, remove /corncobs from husk leaving husk almost intact/ (thief).

solesanan, tv. cf. solesan.

solesbe h-moh, vphr(tv & num & nccpd). strike once /in face with fist/.

solet, av. dropped (pants, skirt), loose /clothing/.

soletik, av. loose /clothing/ (plu).

solil, n4e. corn chaff, snake skin.

solinah, iv. drop off (skin, chaff).

solipal ʔišim, nphr(x & n)5. cf. solepal ʔišim.

sollah yalel, vphr(av & dr). dropping off in many places (fresh daub).

sollahet yalel, vphr(av & dr). dropping off in many places (fresh daub).

sóllih, av. slipping suddenly out of one’s grasp.

solol yalel, vphr(av & dr). dropping off (pants).

solson, av. jogging (person’s rear end when carrying a heavy burden), flopping (loose sandal), dropping down (pants, skirt).

sóltesólte yalel, vphr(av & dr). sliding down in various places (cliff).

solel Pt(Sp, solo).

solel, pt. just, simply.

solel mu šibat. I simply will not go.

soltaro N(Sp, soldado).

soltaro, agn. soldier, var., soltero /less freq/.

soltaro mut, nphr(n type n)5. ‘soldier bird’, inca dove Scardafella inca, ground dove Columbigallina passerina/Naben Óauk/. cf. pulivok, toltora.

soltaro poš, nphr(n type n). ‘soldier medicine’, indian paintbrush Castilleja arvensis, #1776(15). Highland “plant”

soltero

soltero, soldier, cf. soltaro.

som P, P(2).

som, n4b. pine needles for ripening fruit, pine needles spread on floor of steward’s house, leaves slipped between firewood and person’s back to protect him from chafing.

som ʔoʔon, nphr(n4f of n4d). cloth placed on newborn baby’s chest to prevent it from being wetted by saliva.

som ta ʔavel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). plant without weeding or clearing corn stubble /corn, beans/.

somahtik, aj. cf. somol /plu/.

soman, tv. bury /under leaves/.

soman ba, rv. bury self /in weeds or blankets/, wrap self /in blanket/.

somanan, tv. bury /plu/ /under leaves, in weeds/.

somananan, tv. cf. somanan.

somanobil, n4f. blanket.

sómansóman, tv. bury one after another /under leaves, in weeds/.

sómansómanan, tv. cf. sómansóman.

somet, av. buried or wrapped /in blanket or weeds/.

sometik, av. cf. somet (plu).

somi, tv. bury /mamey sapotes or mangoes in pine needles and set in sun to ripen/.

somi, iv. bury or wrap self /in blanket/.

somian, tv. bury /mangoes or mamey sapotes in pine needles to ripen/.

somianan, tv. cf. somian.

somilan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). stamp up and down on springy substance /blanket, wool/ (child).

somilanan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). stamp up and down many times on springy substance /blanket, wool/ (child).

somiob, n1f. pine needles for ripening fruit.

somiobil, n1f. cf. somiob.

somlah, av. moving rapidly concealed /in weeds/ (sing or plu).

somlahet, av. moving concealed /in weeds/.

somlahetik, av. cf. somlahet (plu).

somleh, n1f. lying buried /in blankets/.

sómlih, av. burying self suddenly /in weeds/.

somol, aj. buried, concealed /in weeds/, wrapped /person in blanket, patient in “flowers”, dog in leaves, mouse in wool/.

somolon ta h¢oʔop. lit., I am buried in my nest, i.e., I am cozy.

somol ta ¢’iʔlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). clogged with weeds (corn field).

somolik, aj. cf. somol /plu/.

somomet, av. springy /underfoot/.

somson, av. moving concealed /in weeds or underbrush/, springy /underfoot/.

somsom, aj. thick (weeds, underbrush).

somta, tv. bury /mamey sapotes or mangoes in pine needles and set in sun to ripen/.

somtaan, tv. bury /mangoes or mameys in pine needles to ripen/.

sómtesómte, av. moving about concealed /in weeds or underbrush/.

sompreron N(Sp, sombrerón).

sompreron, n5. big hat, sombreron. It is believed that dwarf ladmos with enormous hats travel about at night frightening people. They are of two kinds: one is the ghost of unbaptised babies, the other, a thunder and lightning transformation of the earth lord. It is said that if, when you meet a big hat, you offer him a hatful of cigarettes, he will fill your hat with money. During the dry season big hats are believed to travel on deer to Guatemala to buy their stock of rockets for the forthcoming rainy season.

son N(Sp, son).

son, n1e. tune, native religious song, traditional music.

t štih to ssonal. The music is still playing /at wake/.

sonso A(Sp, zonzo).

sonso, aj. stupid.

sonso kriščanoon. lit., I am an ignorant person, i.e., I am not shaman.

sonsoal, aj. stupid.

sonsoib, iv. become stupid.

sonsoibtas, tv. make stupid.

sonsoibtasvan, iv. make person stupid.

sonsotik, aj. rather stupid.

soral N(Sp, solar).

soral, n1e. town path /as in Htek-lum or Naben Óauk/.

soraltik, n5. town paths.

sorirat N(Sp, soledad).

sorirat, n5. ensign-bearer of Our Lady of Solitude.

soro N(Sp, zorra).

soro, n1e. skunk., cf. poyoy.

soro teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. ‘skunk tree’, garlic guineahen weed Petiveria alliacea, #2632(1, 3, 15, 20, 21, 22). Lowland “plant” The leaves are warmed and bound to a bone break. As a remedy for “wind”, (1)- the root is ground and mixed with cold water. It is drunk once. It is “hot”. (15)-Two or three roots are ground and mixed with cold water. The water is drunk once a day for three days to cure “wind”. It is “hot”. (3)-Three roots are brewed for “wind”, and three cups of the tea are drunk daily. (20)-The root is brewed and the tea is drunk before breakfast for three days to cure “wind”. It is “hot”, chiapan senna Cassia chiapensis, #1389(9). Highland “plant”

sorto A(Sp, sordo).

sorto, aj. deaf.

sortotik, aj. rather deaf.

sot(1) N.

sot, n1a. rattle /used by wedding guests, ensign-bearers, players other than jaguars and spooks/, rattle of rattlesnake /“hot”, dipped in boiling water, water drunk by person with “wind” in stomach/.

sol(2) T.

sotilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). wrestle.

sotilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). wrestle with many.

sotilanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). wrestle person.

hsotilanvaneh ta mahel, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/). wrestler.

sot’ T(2).

sot’ ba, rv. shrivel up and harden (fruit).

sot’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /person deemed a dried up fruit/.

sot’ahtik, aj. shriveled (fruits).

sot’¢ah, iv. shrivel up and harden (fruit).

sot’el, aj. shriveled (buttocks).

sot’et, av. shriveling up and hardening (fruit).

sot’et čak, vphr(av & n4d). sitting with shriveled buttocks (old person).

sot’ilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging.

sot’k’ih, iv. cf. sot’¢ah.

sot’lahet, av. cf. sot’et (plu).

sot’leh, n1f. shriveled (buttocks) /with sleep/.

sot’ol, aj. shriveled (buttocks, fruit).

sot’olik, aj. cf. sot’ahtik.

sot’ot’, n1d. lights /lungs/.

sot’ot’et, av. soft and shriveled (fruit to the touch).

sot’p’ih, iv. cf. sot’¢ah.

sot’son, av. hard (lowland kačimpa tree that resists axe blade), flexible (ball).

sot’tesót’te čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with shriveled buttocks (old person).

sovra N(Sp, sobra).

sovra, n1a. leftover /food, drink/.

šavak’be h-set’uk sovra. Give him a little of the leftover (cane liquor) /instructions to cupbearer when bottle has not sufficient contents for another complete round/.

sovra, aj. leftover, worthless (person).

sovrero N(Sp, sobrero?).

sovrero, n1d. Ritual speech, shaman praying just prior to adoration of candles, shamans praying at the Chapel of Lord Esquípulas when counting funds for each of the three year renewal ceremonies; table.

č’ul-ba meša, č’ul-ba sovrero. the holy table top, the holy table top /refers simultaneously to supernatural table believed to stand at Kalvario/.

sovrestante N(Sp, sobrestante).

sovrestante, n5. road work inspector.

soy prob P or P(2).

soy, n1d. seed com /hung from rafters/.

soy-pati, tv(aj & ncpd). remove corncob from husk (robber who leaves husk on stalk) /use restricted to past participle/.

soyahtik, aj. cf. soyol /plu/.

soyi, tv. remove corncob from husk (robber who leaves husk on stalk) /use restricted to past participle/.

soyol, aj. with corn husk spread open (ear of corn on stalk that has not been doubled).

soyolik, aj. cf. soyol /plu/.

st

st, psst! cf. sit(2).

sto E.

sto, excl. whoa! /exclamation to calm horse/.

su N.

su, n4e. squash or gourd flower /any variety/, var., suy.

suy, n1e. hard gourd /used for water gourd, half gourd/.

suy ¢u, cf. ¢u.

suy ton, nphr(n type n)1a. flint /archaic/.

suyal voʔ, nphr(natt & n)5. Soyaló.

suh T.

sub, tv. hurry up, make hurry, cluck /to mule/.

suh, iv. hurry.

suh ba, rv. hurry.

suh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. hurrying each other.

suhan, tv. make hurry /mules/.

suhan baik, rv. hurry (people).

suhanan, tv. cf. suhan.

suhanan baik, rv. cf. suhan baik.

súhansúhan, tv. make one after another hurry.

súhansúhanan, tv. cf. súhansúhan.

suhel, nc. hurrying a person /1-3/.

suhem, aj. fast, quickly.

suhilan, tv. keep speeding up.

ta hsuhilanbe sk’ak’al. lit., I am speeding up its heat i.e., I am cutting the weeds quickly so that they will dry out fast.

suhilanan, tv. keep hurrying /people/.

suhilanan baik, rv. keep hurrying (people).

suhlahetik, av. cf. suhson (plu).

suhom, aj. cf. suhem.

suhson, av. telling others to hurry up.

suhsuh, tv(impv). hurry up.

suhvan, iv. hurry person.

hsuhvaneh, agn. person who hurries another.

suil A or N.

suil ʔitah, nphr(x type n). ‘suil greens’, shrubby wound wort Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucum, #343(1, 2, 3, 5). Temperate “tree” The shoots and young leaves are boiled alone or with beans by some Zinacantecs. They are “cold”

suil ʔitahtik, nphr(x type n)5. expanse of suil ʔitah.

k’oš suil ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). Senecio thomasii, #431(1, 2). Temperate “plant”

suk(1) P(2) or T(2).

suk, tv. stopper, plug /hole in fence/, put in /jail/, hide /in weeds/.

suk, n4f. stopper, plug, branches to plug hole in fence.

suk ba ʔoʔon, vphr(rv/3s/ & n4d). feel full /with gas/.

suk-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual jailing.

sukahtik ʔoʔon, nphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. sukul ʔoʔon (plu).

sukahtik ta ¢’iʔlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). clogged with weeds (corn plants).

sukahtik ta ¢’iʔleltik, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). cf. sukul ta ¢’iʔleltik (plu).

sukan, tv. stopper /plu/, plug in many places /fence/, put /plu/ in /jail/, hide /plu/ /in weeds/.

sukanan, tv. cf. sukan.

súkansúkan, tv. plug one hole after another in /fence/, stopper one after another, hide one after another /in weeds/, put one after another /in jail/.

súkansúkanan, tv. cf. súkansúkan.

sukbe komel, vphr(tv & dr). beat or kill person.

suk¢ah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d). be out of breath.

suket, av. stoppered (water jug).

sukilan, tv. keep stoppering, plugging /holes in fence/, putting in /jail/ or hiding /in weeds/.

sukilanan, tv. keep plugging holes in /fence/.

suklah, av. cf. suksuk (plu).

suklahet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). cf. sukson niʔ (plu).

suklahet ta e’Wleltik, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. sukson ta e’nleltik. suklahetik ta ¢’iʔleltik, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. sukson ta ¢’iʔleltik (plu).

sukleh, n1f. concealment /in weeds/.

súklih, av. hidden suddenly (fruit that has fallen into weeds).

sukob, n1f. stopper /stoppers and plugs for bottles traditionally made of corn husk/, plug, branches to plug hole in fence.

sukobil, n1f. cf. sukob.

sukson niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). breathing noisily through nose (person when sleeping or with cold V4: 14), sniffing (dog V4: 14).

sukson ta ¢iʔleltik, vphr(av & prep & n5). moving concealed in weeds.

suksuk, aj. jammed together, too closely spaced (corn plants).

súktesúkte, av. being hidden here and there (fruits that have fallen into weeds).

sukuk, av. moving concealed /in weeds/.

sukuket, av. rustling (corn plants in wind).

sukuket ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). lacking appetite /feeling filled with gas/.

sukul, aj. jammed together, too closely spaced (corn plants).

sukul ʔoʔon, nphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). without appetite /feeling filled with gas/.

sukul ta ¢’iʔlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). clogged with weeds (corn field).

sukul ta ¢’iʔleltik, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). concealed in weeds.

sukulik ta ¢’iʔlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). cf. sukul la ¢’iʔlel /plu/.

sukulik ta ¢’iʔleltik, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5). cf. sukul ta ¢’iʔleltik /plu/.

sukvan ta čukel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). cause person to be jailed.

hsukvaneh ta čukel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who has another jailed.

suk(2) N.

suk, n. see below.

suktik, n5. grove of suk trees.

ʔik’al suk, nphr(aj & n). Lysiloma kellermannii, #2861(1, 4, 14). Lowland and temperate “tree” (1)-The trunk is used for fieldhouse mainposts. (14)-The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. Lysiloma acapulcensis, #2873(1, 4, 14). Lowland “tree” (1, 4)-The trunk is used for benches. (14)-It is used for fence posts and firewood.

ʔit’iš suk, nphr(n4f of n5) Piptadenia biuncifera, #1668(1, 4). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts.

sakil suk, nphr(aj & n). Lysiloma multifoliata, #725(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for house mainposts, common rafters, roof purlins, and fence posts. It is used by Ladinos for cattle corrals, floor boards, and oxcarts. The branches are used for brush fences.

suk’ T.

suk’, tv. rinse out /mouth, bowl, pot, bottle/.

suk’an, tv. rinse out /bowls, pots, bottles/.

suk’an an, tv. cf. suk’an.

súk’ansúk’an, tv. rinse out one after another /bowls, pots, bottles/.

súk’ansúk’anan, tv. rinse out one after another /bowls, pots, bottles/.

suk’el, nc. rinsing out /1-3/.

suk’ilan, tv. keep rinsing out.

suk’ilanan, tv. keep rinsing out /bowls, etc./.

suk’lahet, av. cf. suk’son (plu).

suk’lahetik, av. cf. suk’son (plu).

suk’leh, n4f. rinsed out.

suk’ob, n1f. rinse water.

suk’ob ʔeal, nphr(n1f of n3d). gourd or cup for rinsing mouth.

suk’obil, n1f. cf. suk’ob.

suk’obil ʔeal, nphr(n1f of n3d). toothbrush /used by ladinos/.

suk’son, av. rinsing out slowly /bowls, etc./.

sun N.

sun, n5. bush sunflower Tithonia scaberrima, #427(1, 2). Temperate “plant” bush sunflower Tithonia tubaeformis, #1473(3, 11, 12). Lowland, temperate, and highland “plant” #2212(1, 3, 4, 19). Highland “plant”

suntik, n5. expanse of sun.

¢ahal sun, nphr(aj & n). golden eye Viguiera dentata, #2793(11). Temperate “plant”

čan-¢elav sun, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n). ‘four-ridged sun’, Hyptis suaveolens, #2647(20). Lowland “plant” It is eaten by mules.

k’anal sun, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Tithonia tubaeformis, #2366(20). Highland “plant”.

k’oš sun, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Tithonia tubaeformis, #2484(4). Temperate and highland “plant”.

hič’il ʔanal sun, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ‘slender-leaved sun’, yellow crown beard Verbesina perymenioides, #525(2, 5). Temperate “plant”

muk’ta sun, nphr(aj & n). bush sunflower Tithonia diversifolia, #1836(1, 4). Lowland, temperate, and highland “plant”. #2280(3, 4). Highland “tree”, bush sunflower Tithonia lubaeformis, #2366(3, 4). Highland “plant”, leaf cup Polymnia maculata, #2387(20). Highland “plant” It is eaten by horses, sheep, and cattle.

sakil sun, nphr(aj & n). Lagascea helianthifolia, #2571 (21, 22). Temperate “tree”

supnl N.

supul, n1e. moth /general term/.

ssupulal ʔišim. corn moth.

hʔilavil supul, nphr(agn type n)5. ‘debtor moth’, moth that flies into lanterns at night. It is thought that this moth is doomed to death by fire because it once was a person who had many mistresses and who failed to pay off its debts. The person who kills one is believed to assume responsibility for its crimes.

surko N(Sp, surco).

surko, n1a. row /corn, beans, chili, coffee, sugarcane/.

surto N(Sp, zurdo).

surto, n1e. left hand.

sut I.

sut, iv. return, set (moon), subside (skin disease, smallpox, etc.), shrink (corn kernel), wane.

sutel isut. He retraced his steps.

ssut ša hč’ul-meʔtik. The moon is waning.

isut ša hč’ul-meʔtik. The moon has set.

isut ta be. He returned /before reaching destination/.

sut, n4b. change /money/.

sutbenal, n1f. section of clothing that has been turned upside down and resewn.

sutebal tal, nphr(n5 & dr). moment before return or before reincarnation.

sutel, nc. return trip.

sutel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing action returning towards.

sutel sutel, nphr(vnlb & vnlb). constant returning /newly married wife to house of parents/.

sutemal, n4d. return.

sutes, tv. return /object, spouse/.

sutes ba, rv. recant (witch who is forced to recant in cave).

sutes baik, tv. lit., return each other, i.e.. divorce each other.

sutes kantela, vphr(tv & n1d). return candles /prospective steward accompanied by his ritual tutor, incense-tender, wife, and cupbearer light candles in the three churches of Htek-lum before assuming office/.

sutes k’op, vphr(tv & n5). report change of plans /referring to trip to work or to gather firewood, etc./.

ʔay ssutes k’op ti mu to bu t šbat ta ʔolone. He went to report the change of plans that he wasn’t going to the lowlands yet.

sutes tal, vphr(tv & dr). return, give back, regurgitate (sheep, cow).

sutesan, tv. return /plu/.

sutesan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). go back on one’s word to many people.

sutesanan, tv. cf. sutesan.

sutesanan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). cf. sutesan k’op.

suteseh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. lit., returning each other, i.e., divorcing each other.

sutesob, n1f. reply /letter/, cane liquor and bread taken by petitioners when they return fiancé to his house.

sutesobil, n1f. cf. sutesob.

sutesvan, iv. return person /wife, daughter/.

sutleh, n4f. around /the world/.

ta šk’elvan ta ssutleh č’ul-balamil. He watches the people all around the holy world (sun).

sutlemal, n4f. Ritual speech, prayer; circuit.

ssutlemal aničimal ba, ssutlemal aničimal sat. the circuit of Thy beautiful visage, the circuit of Thy beautiful face.

sutp’ih, iv. regress (child who has lost mother and become more babyish), become senile. Ritual speech; toss. cf. valk’uh.

sutp’in, tv. turn upside down /section of clothing/ /worn out piece is turned upside down and resewn/, reverse /loom/ /short section is woven first then that end is fastened to loom post and weaving is begun at other end and continued until first section is reached/.

sutp’in ba, rv. recant.

sutubah, iv. whirl (dust devil).

sutubal, n4f. whorl /finger/, cowlick. It is believed that if a whirlwind passes over a person with a cowlick it will carry him up into the air.

sutum ʔik’, nphr(aj & n)1e. whirlwind, dust devil, inan. poss.; whorl.

ssutum ʔik’al hk’obtik. the whorls on my fingers.

sutumah, iv. whirl (dust devil).

sututet, av. whirling (wind).

sututet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). feeling nauseous.

hsutesvaneh, agn. one of two petitioners who goes to bride’s house to take groom home after he has fulfilled his bride service.

sut’ T(2).

sut’, tv. wrap tightly /head in neckerchief with ends fastened tightly around neck/, bandage /wound/, put in bag /tortillas or posol/.

yeč issut’ ta shol ¢ahal pok’ mu snaʔ rason. He just wrapped his head in a red turban without knowing anything /ensign-bearer, elder/.

sut’, n4f. leaves used to wrap posol or tamale, bag for tortillas, bandage.

sut’ ba, rv. wrap self /in blanket/.

sut’ahtik, aj. wrapped (heads, tortillas).

sut’an, tv. put in bags /tortillas, posol/.

sut’anan, tv. cf. sut’an.

sút’ansút’an, tv. put in one bag after another /tortillas, posol/.

sút’ansút’anan, tv. cf. sútansútan.

sut’et, av. wrapped (head, wound, tortillas), bundled /in blanket/.

sut’etik, av. bundled (people in blankets).

sut’ilan, tv. bind /wound/, bandage slowly /carefully/.

sut’lahetik, av. bundled /in blankets/ (plu).

sut’leh, n1f. bundled up /in blankets/, bagged.

sut’ob, n1f. bandage, bag for carrying tortillas, edible canna leaves to wrap posol, cloth for protecting new hat when it is stored.

sut’obil, n1f. cf. sut’ob.

sut’son, av. wrapping up slowly /tortillas, child’s head/.

sut’sut’ baik, rv. wrap each other in blankets every few minutes (children).

sút’tesút’te, av. walking about bundled up.

sut’ul, aj. wrapped (head, tortillas, wound).

sut’ulik, aj. bundled (people in blankets).

suy

suy, gourd or squash flower, flint, Soyaló. cf. su.

syempre

syempre, still, always, cf. sempre.

syen Num(Sp, cien).

syen, n1e. hundred.

Š

ša Pt.

ša, pt. already, now.

mi t šabat ša. Are you going now?

šaʔab N.

šaʔab, n5. swamp.

šaʔabtik, n5. swamp.

šac’ P, P(2).

šač’, tv. stretch lengthwise, lead /mule/, carry by arms and legs /prisoner/.

ba hšač’ kok. I am going to stretch my legs /to go for a stroll, convalescent who is now going to walk a bit/.

ta hšač’ hlubel. I am going to stretch out.

šač’e yakan h-set’. lit., His legs have stretched a little, i.e., He has grown a little.

šač’, iv. stretch lengthwise (leather, rope, burden, rubber, net), swell (rice).

šač’, nc. piece of beef /for wedding/ /1-3/.

šač’ ʔika¢, vphr(tv & n4d). lengthen pack line.

šač’ ba, rv. stretch (person, caterpillar, mule, etc.).

šač’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. tugging each other.

šač’ač’, av. stretching lengthwise (chewing gum, snake).

šač’ač’et, av. stretching (rubber, slingshot, chewing gum).

šač’ahtik, aj. stretched out (sleeping or dead person).

šač’akil, n4f. many pieces /beef/, many necklaces.

šač’al, aj. stretched out (sleeping or dead person), long (piece of meat).

šač’alik, aj. long (pieces of meat).

šač’an, tv. lay out /dead rabbit/.

šáč’anšáč’an, tv. stretch one after another /new wool clothing/, lead one after another /mules/.

šáč’anšáč’anan, tv. cf. šáč’anšáč’an.

šač’be čikin, vphr(tv & n4d). pull by the ear /child or dog/.

šač’et, av. stretched out /sleeping/.

šač’etah, iv. stretch out /sleeping/.

šač’etik, av. cf. šač’et (plu).

šač’i, iv. stretch out /sleeping/.

šač’k’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). stretch downwards (heavily loaded net).

šač’k’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr). make stretch downwards /heavily loaded net/.

šač’lah, av. striding (plu).

šač’lahet ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). cf. šač’šon ʔok.

šač’lahetik, av. tugging away (plu).

šač’leh, n1f. stretched, stretched out /person sleeping/.

šáč’luh, av. stretching suddenly.

šač’ob, n1f. tree or post to which rope or wire is tied while being stretched or straightened.

šač’obil, n1f. cf. šač’ob.

šač’omah, iv. stretch /arms and legs/.

šač’šač’, iv. stretch out or grow a little (child).

šáč’son ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). striding.

šáč’tešáč’te, av. striding here and there.

šač’ulan, tv. keep stretching.

lek lišač’ulan. He dragged me around terribly /in fight/.

šač’ulan ba, rv. keep stretching one’s arms and legs.

šač’van eč’el, vphr(iv & dr). carry away while holding by arms and legs.

hšač’-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). person who stretches self.

hšač’vaneh, agn. person who carries another away holding him by the arms and legs.

šak(1) N.

šak-toh, n(n of ncpd)1a. pine needles.

šak(2) X.

šakak, aj. tickling /in throat/.

šakaket, av. with frog in throat.

šakima N(Sp, jáquima).

šakima, n1e. horse’s headstall.

šakita N(Sp, chaqueta).

šakita htoy-k’in, nphr(n of agn/tv & ncpd/)5. ceremonial robe of players /fifth day of fiesta of St. Sebastian, Jan. 23, when players wear only ceremonial robes/.

šakitail, n3a. ceremonial robe, wool tunic /Voʔ-bi¢/.

šakrestia N(Sp, sacristía).

šakrestia, n5. sacristy.

šakristan N(Sp, sacristán).

šakrištan, agn. sacristan.

šakrištan, n5. sacristy.

šalma N(Sp, jalma).

šalma, n5. straw packsaddle used by ladinos.

šalten N(Sp, sartén).

šalten, n1a. frying pan, earthenware casserole, bowl in which chilis are stored.

šalu N(Sp, jarro).

šalu, n1a. chicha pitcher /formerly used for cane liquor when men entered office/, flower vase /for altar/.

šaluʔ N.

šaluʔ, n1a. cat. Male joking speech; vagina, var., šaruʔ.

šam(1) P(2) or T(2).

šam, nc. pile /mud, excrement/.

šam ta tek’el, vphr(tv & pt & vn5). step in /excrement, mud, rotten fruit/.

šamahtik, aj. squashed (excrement)., impressed (footprints in mud).

šamakil, n4f. many piles /mud, excrement/.

šamal, aj. squashed (excrement, fruit).

šamalik, aj. cf. šamahtik.

šamam, av. stepping in /mud, etc./.

šaman ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). step in a lot of /excrement, etc./.

šamanan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. šaman ta tek’el.

šámanšáman ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). step in one time after another /excrement, etc./.

šámanšámanan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. šá;manšáman ta tek’el.

šamantik, aj. smeared here and there.

šarabe eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). sink into /mud/ (feet).

šam¢ah, iv. squash (ripe fruit).

šam¢an, tv. squash.

šam¢anan, tv. squash /plu/.

šamet ta tek’el, vphr(av & pt & vn5). squishy underfoot (excrement, etc.).

šarnit, n1a. adobe.

šamit ʔok, nphr(n type n5). with wide feet.

šamit niʔ, nphr(n type n5). flat-nosed /as a pig/.

šamital na, nphr(natt & n)5. adobe house.

šamk’uh, iv. sink in /mud, etc./.

šamk’un, tv. sink in /mud, etc./.

šamlah, av. stepping in /mud, etc./ (sing or plu).

šamlahet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). cf. šamson niʔ (plu).

šamleh, n5. size /vagina, pile of excrement/.

šámluh, av. stepping in suddenly /mud,’etc./.

šamp’uh, iv. cf. šamk’uh.

šamšam, aj. flat (nose) /pig, cow/, squashed flat (fruit).

šamšon niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). sticking nose in /excrement/ (dog), eating (cow, pig).

šamtešámte niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). sticking nose here and there into /mud, excrement, etc./.

šamulan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep stepping in /excrement, etc./.

šam(2) A(Sp, San)

šam-pilpe teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).‘san felipe tree’, Cochlospermum vitifolium, #1638(7). Lowland “tree”

šan(1) N.

šan, n1a. palm tree. See below.

šan, n1a. palm frond.

ba¢i šan, nphr(aj & n)5. sweet brahea palm Brahea dulcis, #765(1, 2).

Temperate “tree” The shoots are used by Zinacantecs to weave hats, by convicts to make brooms, and by the people of Soyaló to make mats. Zinacantecs boil the shoots and spread them in the sun to bleach. Four hundred and fifty shoots are provided by each of the stewards of the Holy Cross and St. Anthony for distribution on St. Peter the Martyr’s Day. (5)-The fronds were used formerly for rain capes. They are used in sweat baths to fan the steam. From one of the shoots, distributed as above, men weave a narrow strip, terminating in a cross. This is hung from the crown of their hats, with the ribbons. It serves as protection from lightning. A similar strip is tied to the corn stalks nearest each of the four corners of the corn field, as a protection against wind damage. The palm heart is edible.

pik’ šan, nphr(x type n). large brahea palm Brahea prominens, #754(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. The heart is eaten in periods of famine. It is “cold” The sheath is used as a wad for guns. The fronds are used by some people of čobtik, Naben Čauk, ʔElan Voʔ, and Pasteʔ) for thatch. Men from ʔElan Voʔ, appointed by the magistrate, provide a load of fronds to decorate the kiosk on major fiestas when a band has been hired, and also to decorate the school and the court house on Independence Day. Formerly two bundles were provided to decorate the Church of St. Lawrence on major fiestas.

pik’ šantik, nphr(x type n)5. grove of large brahea palms.

šan ʔašibal, cf. ʔaš.

šanil na, nphr(natt & n)5. palm-thatched house.

ʔik’al šan, nphr(aj & n)1a. black-dyed palm /used for edge of brim and top of crown of hat/. Lest it be transformed into a snake, the black palm is removed from a deceased man’s hat and burned.

šan(2) T.

šan, tv. walk a certain distance or certain length of time. Ritual speech, shaman when setting out for mountain shrines; step.

ta htek’ ta hšan ti čanib syalemal avokik ti čanib syalemal ak’obik. I will step, I will walk to Thy four thresholds, Thy four altars.

šanan, tv. walk everywhere.

šanav, iv. walk, act, practice one’s art (shaman), be rampant (smallpox), make progress.

šatambe stuk’il be k’u šʔelan šašanav šak’opoh. lit., Take the straight path in the way you walk and talk, i.e.. Act and speak responsibly, mu ššanav ta bohel ʔosil. He is not making progress in clearing the land.

Ritual speech, prayer; mu me k’u hpas mu me k’u hnuptan bu šišanav bu šibein. May nothing harm me, may nothing befall me where I walk, where I travel.

šanbal, n5. journey, trip.

šaneb, n4d. foot /snail/, customary feeding ground /runaway horse/.

Ritual speech, shaman praying at initiation of new shaman; mi lekil htunel mi lekil hbainel ta yo I a¢’el ta yo 1 avičon k’u yepal avak’ohbe yo sbe yo sšaneb ti yo 1 avalabe ti yo I anič’nabe. Is he a good servant, is he a good perceiver, beside Thee, before Thee? How much hast Thou given Thy child for his path, to Thy child for his journey?

Ritual speech, shaman when offering liquor to person on trail when he is taken home after performing a curing ceremony; ʔo to yo hbe ʔo to yo hšaneb. lit., I still have my lowly path, I still have my lowly journey, i.e., I still have some of the liquor given to me for my return home.

šanebal, n5. cf. šanbal /infr/.

šanet, av. walking around /within yard to prevent trespassing/.

šanšan, n1a. ‘walk a little ?’, club moss Lycopodium complanatum, #2342(3, 4, 19). Highland “vine” (19)-It is tied to the Christ Children’s bed just before they are born. (5)-lt may be tied loosely around a baby’s leg so that it will learn to walk faster. (RML)-Other English common names are: trailing Christmas green, and creeping Jennie.

šanšan link, n5. large expanse of šanšan.

šanšantik, n5. expanse of šanšan.

balahtik šanšan, nphr(aj & n). ‘round šanšan’, club moss Lycopodium clavatum, #688(1, 2, 3.5). Highland “plant”

¢ahal šanšan, nphr(aj & n). Heterocentron subtriplinervium, #1220(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”

kilahtik šanšan, nphr(aj & n). ‘long šanšan’, club moss Lycopodium complanatum, #384(1, 4). Highland plant” The entire plants are used to decorate the litter of the Virgin Mary and the Christ Children’s bed. They are provided by the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary. They are sold in San Cristobal and Tuxtla by Chamulas and the people of San Felipe during the Christmas season.

k’oš šanšan, nphr(aj & n). Pogonatum flexuosum, #1028(3). Highland “plant”.

yašal šanšan, nphr(aj & n). Borreria laevis, #1000(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”

šansan ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). Cyperus hermaphrodites, #1445(10). Highland “plant”.

šanšan hobel, nphr(n type n). ‘club moss grass’, dawn flower Orthosanthus chimborascensis var. centroamericanus, #2935(16). Highland “plant”

šanšanil balamil, nphr(natt & n). ‘ground šanšan’,. See below.

kilahtik šanšanil balamil, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). ’long ground šanšan’, club moss Lycopodium complanatum, # 1225(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”

k’oš šanšanil balamil, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Pogonatum flexuosum, #1028(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”

šanšanil be, nphr(natt & n). ‘path šanšan’, Borreria laevis, # 1890(1, 3, 4).

Temperate “plant” #2374(3, 4). Highland “plant”

¢ahal šanšanil be, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Crusea calocephala, #1507(1, 3). Highland “plant”.

šakil šanšanil be, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). Borreria sp., # 1508(1, 3).

Highland “plant”. Crusea parviflora, #2834(3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”.

šanšanil teʔ, nphr(natt & n). ‘tree šanšan’. See below.

balahtik šanšanil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). ‘round tree sansan’, club moss Lycopodium tuerkheimii, #133(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

šanšanil ton, nphr(natt & n). ‘rock šanšan’, Selaginella pallescens, #1072(1, 3, 5). Temperate “plant”.

šanvil, n5. journey, trip.

hšanvil, agn. traveler, person on the road.

kahšanvil. my traveler /wife referring to husband who has taken trip/.

šonob, n5. Hyades; pi, theta 1 and 2, 70, 71, 75, and 79 of Taurus.

šonob hʔelek’, nphr(n4d of agn). Pleiades.

šonob kaʔ, nphr(n4f of n1d). horseshoe.

šonobit, n3a. sandal. When a man is buried his sandals are mutilated before being placed in the grave lest they turn into bulls and gore his soul /č’ulel/.

šan(3) A(Sp, San).

šan-čavaščan, n(aj & ncpd)5. St. Sebastian, ensign-bearer of St. Sebastian, steward of St. Sebastian.

šantia N(Sp, sandía).

šantia, n1a. watermelon Citrullus vulgaris, #799(1, 2). Lowland “plant” It is grown by ladinos, in their yards and on sandbanks. The seeds are planted with a digging stick after All Souls’ Day. The fruit is sold at market. It is “cold” #1644(1, 4, 7, 11, 12, 14), #2661(1, 3, 15, 20, 21). Lowland “vine” (1)-Four to six seeds are planted to a hole. It is planted in November and harvested in February. (3)-It is harvested in March. (14)-It is harvested in April. (7, 11, 12, 14)-It is grown and sold by the people of Chiapa. var., šančia /Na Čih, Pasteʔ/.

šantiatik, n5. field of watermelons.

šantia ʔak’, nphr(n type n). Melothria pendula, # 1598(11, 12). Temperate “vine”

šantia ʔantivo, nphr(n of n). ‘ancestor’s watermelon’, Melothria pendula, #2097(7). Temperate “vine”

šantia č’o, nphr(n of n). ‘mouse’s watermelon’, west indian gherkin Cucumis anguria, #2627(21). Lowland “vine”.

šap N(Sp, Sebastián).

šap, n1d. Sebastian /infr/.

šaruʔ

šaruʔ, cat, vagina, cf. šaluʔ.

šaš T.

šaš, tv. chew /meat, vegetables, tortillas, chewing gum/, pre-chew /tortilla for infant/.

šaš-bik’, tv(tv& tvcpd). swallow food that has been pre-chewed (puppy, kitten, chick, baby).

šašan, tv. chew a lot.

šašlahet, av. chewing /chicken food/ (child).

šašob, n1f. molars.

šašobil, n1f. cf. šašob.

šašulan, tv. keep chewing, nibble.

šašulanan, tv. nibble a lot.

šoš, nc. bite.

šošokil, n4f. many bites.

šoššoš, nc. single bite /I only/.

šešben, n4d. particle of food that falls from one’s mouth.

šašat

šasat, face, eye. cf. sat.

šašib N.

šašib, n5. prairie acacia Acacia angustissima, #1386(3), #2262(19), #2483(21, 22). Highland “tree”. #1920(16, 17). Temperate “tree”. (16)-To tan leather the bark is soaked with the hides for six days. They are then covered with ashes. (17)-For tanning, the bark is soaked with the hides for fifteen days. The bark is placed both beneath and on top of the hides, large flowered calliandra Calliandra grandiflora, #1425(10). Highland “tree”, puerto rican fairy duster Calliandra portoricensis, #2611(22). Temperate “tree”. Marina procumbens, #1640(14). Lowland “plant”.

šašibaltik, n5. large expanse of šašib.

šašib tile, n5. expanse of šašib.

¢ahal šašib, nphr(aj& n). prairie acacia Acacia angustissima, #1049(1, 3, 5), #2262(3, 4), #2455(20). Highland “tree’ (20)-It is eaten by horses, sheep, and cattle.

k’ik’i sasib, nphr(aj& n). ‘spreading sasib’, Marina procumbens, #1640(11, 12). Lowland “plant”

k’oš šašib, nphr(aj& n). wild indigo Indigofera thibaudiana, #438(1, 2, 5). Temperate “tree”, palmer’s senna Cassia cf. palmeri, # 1120(1, 4, 5). Lowland and temperate “plant”, prairie acacia Acacia angustissima, #1787(16), #2455(1). Highland “tree”. Aeschynomene compacta, #2408(1). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta šašib, nphr(aj& n). prairie acacia Acacia angustissima, #2430(20). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for fenceposts and firewood.

šakil šašib, nphr(aj& n). prairie acacia Acacia angustissima, #745(1, 2, 4, 5), #1485(1, 3, 11, 12), #2073(17), #2283(19). Highland “tree”. (1)-The trunk is used for bean poles, corn stakes, flower stakes, digging sticks, and firewood. (11)-The branches are used for brush fences. The trunk is used for fence posts. #1234(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate and highland “tree”. #1549(11, 12), #1920(1, 3, 4). Temperate “tree” puerto rican fairy duster Calliandra portoricensis, #2611(14). Temperate “tree”

k’oš sakil šašib, nphr(aj& nphr/aj& n/). prairie acacia Acacia angustissima, #1787(4), #2483(4). Highland “tree”.

šašib te1), nphr(n type n). puerto rican fairy duster Calliandra portoricensis, #1226A(7). Temperate “tree”.

¢ahal nic sasib teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj& n/ type nphr/n type n/). large flowered calliandra Calliandra grandiflora, #1425(7). Highland “tree”

šašib č’o, nphr(n of n). ’mouse’s šašib’, see below.

k’oš šašib č’o, nphr(aj& nphr/n of n/). Indigofera miniata, #772(1, 2) Temperate “plant”.

#1008(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”

šavon N(Sp, jabón).

šavon, n1a. soap.

šavon ʔak’, nphr(n type n). ‘soap vine’, Cayaponia attenuata, #905(1, 3), #2808(11, 12). Lowland “vine”. (1)-It grows in corn fields and banana groves. A handful or two of the fruits are gathered by women and pounded on rocks to produce soap for laundering and shampooing.

Cayaponia racemosa, #2742(1, 4). Lowland “vine”. Same use as above.

šavon teʔ, nphr(n type n). ‘soap tree’, Cestrum sp., #214(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts. The berries are mashed and used for laundry soap.

š?ukun

šfrukun, cf. lukun.

še N.

šeil, n3d. vomit.

šen, iv. vomit.

šenebal, n5. purgative.

šenebal poš, nphr(n type n). ‘purgative medicine’, Polyclathra cucumerina, #3012(1, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”. As a remedy for angry rebelliousness, the leaves are crushed and mixed with cold water. The patient is given a small cupful to drink before breakfast, once. It is “hot”.

šenel č’utul, nphr(vn& n)5. nausea and diarrhea, cold” sickness.

šenobal, n5. purgative.

šeta, tv. vomit on. Ritual speech; cf. tubta.

šetaan, tv. vomit on /plu/.

šetavan, iv. vomit on person.

hšenel, agn. vomiter.

hšetavaneh, agn. person who vomits on another.

šek P, P(2).

šek, tv. pick up or carry by holding between thumb and forefinger /basket, bowl, gourd/.

šek-ʔe, n(aj& ncpd)5. scolding.

šek ba, rv. spread wide /old basket, legs when lying down or seated/ /has sexual implication/.

šekahtik, aj. served (meal), widespread (legs).

šekan, tv. serve /meal/.

šekan ba, rv. open legs wide and bend knees.

šekanan, tv. serve to many people /meal/.

šékanšékan, tv. serve to one after another /meal/.

šékanšékanan, tv. cf. šékanšékan.

šekek, av. opening wide /legs/.

šekel, aj. wide open (mouth of crying child), served (meal), widespread (legs), gashed, wide (mouth of pot), torn (clothing).

šeket, av. sitting or lying with legs spread wide and knees raised, torn (clothing).

šeket ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). with mouth agape /lost in thought/ or wide open /shouting/.

šeketik, av. with legs widespread.

šeki, iv. be served (meal).

šeklahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). cf. šekšon ʔe (plu).

šekleh, n4f. served /meal/.

šekob, n1f. bowl for cooking watermelon squash rind.

šekobil, n1f. cf. šekob.

šekom, n1d. large chunk of cooked watermelon squash rind.

šekomal mail, nphr(natt & n)5. large chunks of cooked watermelon squash rind.

šekp’uh, iv. be opened (hole in fence), diverge (rows of corn), break (basket), open (tunic whose cords have broken).

šekp’un, tv. tear open /clothing/, cause to break /basket/.

šekšek, aj. wide (mouth of pot), broken (basket).

šekšon, av. torn open (clothing).

šekšon ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). yelling /scolding, yakking/.

šéktešékte, av. passing one after another /bowls of food/, walking about holding /bowl/.

šektešékte ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). walking about yelling or crying.

šekulan, tv. keep holding between thumb and forefinger /basket, bowl, gourd/.

šekulan ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d). keep yelling /scolding, yakking/.

šekulan ba, rv. keep spreading legs wide with knees bent /in intercourse/.

šel P(2)orT(2).

šel, tv. nick, make a small cut in edge of /clothes, ear of mule suffering from “wind”/.

šel, n5. person with harelip, chipped pot.

šel-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. with chipped rim /pot/.

šel-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. harelipped.

šelahtik, aj. runcinate (leaves), chipped, nicked, uneven (edge of clothing).

šelahtik la, cf. la.

šelantik, aj. shredded (leaves from hail), uneven (edge of clothing).

šelbenal, n1f. place where edge has been slightly torn /neck of shirt that is too small/.

šel¢ah, iv. tear edge slightly, chip (rim of pot).

šel¢an, tv. tear edge slightly, chip.

šelel, aj. torn, harelipped.

šelelik, aj. runcinate (leaves).

šelet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). walking with harelip.

šelk’uh, iv. tear edge slightly.

šelk’un, tv. cf. šel¢an.

šélluh, av. tearing suddenly.

šelob, n1f. scissors.

šelobil, n1f. cf. ʔelob.

šelp’uh, iv. cf. šelk’uh.

šelp’un, tv. cf. šel¢an.

šelsel, aj. with tear (edge of clothing), harelipped, runcinate (leaf).

šelson, av. with torn clothing.

šéltešélte, av. walking about with clothes in tatters.

šelulan, tv. keep nicking.

šela N(Sp, seda).

šela, n1a. ribbon.

šela k’uʔul, nphr(n type n)3d. elaborate woven blouse /worn by young girls, customarily presented to goddaughter/, huipil /worn by candle-bearers on Lenten Fridays, Wednesday of Holy Week, Maundy Thursday and Good Friday/.

šelo

šelo, match, matchstick. cf. serio.

šeat P. P(2).

šem-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. flat-nosed (cow).

šem ta loʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). eat by stretching mouth widely /maguey, white sapote/.

šem ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). step in /excrement, mud, rotten fruit/.

šemahtik, aj. wide, flat (cow or pig’s nose), in piles (cow patties).

šeman, tv. leave in wide pile /excrement/.

šeman ta loʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). eat by stretching mouth widely /maguey, etc./.

šemanan, tv. leave in wide piles /excrement/.

šemanan ta loʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. šeman ta loʔel.

šémanšéman ta loʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). eat one soft substance after another /white sapote/.

šemel, aj. wide, flat (cow or pig’s nose, cow patty).

šemelik, aj. cf. šemahtik.

šemem tal niʔ, vphr(av & dr & n4d). approaching with flat nose (cow, pig).

šemet, av. lying in wide pile (excrement).

šemet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). walking with flat nose (cow, pig).

šemlah tal niʔ, vphr(av & dr & n4d). cf. šemem tal niʔ (plu).

šemlahet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). cf. šemšon niʔ (plu).

šemleh, n4f. in wide pile /excrement/.

šemšem, aj. wide, flat (cow or pig’s nose, cow patty).

šemšon niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). sticking nose in /excrement/ (dogs), eating (cow. pig).

š’émtešémte niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with flat nose (cow, pig).

šemana N(Sp. semana).

šemana, n1a, week, week of duty /justices of the peace, aldermen, prefects, constables, principals, sacristans, scribes, stewards-royal and publicans/.

šen(1) T.

šen, tv. poke /stick in burrow to see if animal is there/, stab /bull, pig, person/.

šenel, nc. sticking in (digging stick).

šenlahetik, av. cf. šenšon (plu).

šénluh, av. slipping in completely or stabbing suddenly.

šenobil, n4f. stick /to poke in animal burrow/.

šenšon, av. poking.

š’enulan, tv. keep poking /twig in ear/ /nervous habit/.

šed(2)

šen, cf. še.

šenen N.

šenen, n1e. mosquito.

šakil šenen, nphr(aj & n)5. lowland and highland mosquito.

yašal šenen, nphr(aj & n)5. lowland and highland mosquito /less common/.

šenšerva N(Sp, gengibre).

šenšerva, n1a. ginger. It is used to flavor corn gruel. It is “hot”

šenšervail ʔul, nphr(natt & n)1d. ginger-flavored corn gruel.

šep’ prob P or P(2).

šep’-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. snub-nosed.

šep’el, aj. snub-nosed (person, cat, dog) /mark of ugliness in person/.

šep’elik, aj. cf. šep’el (plu).

šep’et niʔ, vphrfav & n4d). walking with snub nose.

šep’šep’, aj. snub-nosed (person, cat, dog) /mark of ugliness in person/.

šep’šon niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). moving snub nose /while eating/.

šep’tešép’te niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with snub nose.

šerem A.

šerem nuk’, nphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with cracked voice /person with cough or adolescent boy who has mistress/.

šeremtik nuk’, nphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with cracked voice.

šermun N(Sp, sermón).

šermun, n1d. sermon.

šeš

šes, particle of food. cf. sas.

šet(1) P, P(2).

šet-iok, n(aj & ncpd)5. with hammertoe.

šet ba, rv. open (flower).

šet-k’ob, n(aj & ncpd)5. with fingers permanently curled.

šetahtik, aj. with hammertoes, with fingers permanently curled.

šetan, tv. spread wide /rear end of scarecrow/.

šeteah, iv. spread or open wide (bunch of flowers in hand).

šetel, aj. with fingers permanently curled, with hammertoes, with widespread legs.

šetelik, aj. šetahtik.

šetet čak, vphr(av & n4d). climbing with legs widespread.

šetlah, av. hobbling /with thorn or chigger in foot/ /archaic/ (plu).

šetlahet, av. toddling (baby).

šetšet, aj. with fingers permanently curled, with hammertoes, with widespread legs.

šetšon čak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling /with thorn in foot/.

šet(2) T.

šet, tv. chip /pottery/.

šet, iv. chip.

šet, nc. chunk /squash/.

šetan, tv. chip a lot of /pottery/.

šetanan, tv. cf. šetan.

šétanšétan, tv. chip one after another.

šetbenal, n1f. chip /in pot/.

šet¢ah, iv. chip.

šetelul, n4f. potsherd.

šetk’uh, iv. chip.

šetk’unbe, tv. chip.

šétluh, av. chipping suddenly.

šetp’uh, iv. cf. šetk’uh.

šetp’unbe, tv. cf. šetk’unbe.

šetulan, tv. keep chipping.

šet’ T(2).

šet’, tv. chip /pottery/, break or cut in two /fruit/.

šet’, iv. break in two.

šet’, nc. half /fruit, bread/, piece /pot, log, tile/, chunk /cushaw, watermelon squash/.

šet’-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. harelipped.

šet’ahtik, aj. cut in half, broken in two.

šet’an, tv. chip /plu/, break or cut in two /fruits/.

šet’anan, tv. cf. šet’an.

šét’anšét’an, tv. chip one after another, break or cut one after another in two /fruits/.

šét’anšét’anan, tv. cf. šét’anšét’an.

šet’ebal, n5. moment before finishing slicing fruit in half.

šet’ekil, n4f. many cut in half or broken in two.

šet’el, aj. chipped, harelipped. If a person makes fun of others it is believed that he will be punished by having his child born with a harelip.

šet’elik, aj. cf. šet’ahtik.

šét’elšét’el, n4f. each of many halves /fruit, bread, pot/.

šet’elul, n4f. potsherd, piece of fruit /avocado, orange, squash/.

šet’et, av. lying abandoned (broken pieces of pottery).

šet’lah yalel, vphr(av & dr). breaking off and falling (lower part of cracked pot, piece of tile).

šet’lahet, av. crumbly (tile).

š’et’leh, n4f. halved /fruit/.

šet’obil, n4f. knife.

šet’šet’, nc. single half /fruit, bread, pot/ /l only/.

šet’šet’, aj. chipped, harelipped.

šet’šon, av. splitting (headache).

šet’ulan, tv. chip off /bits of wood, pot, watermelon squash rind/.

šet’ulanan, tv. chip off /pots, watermelon squash rinds/.

šev P or P(2).

šev-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. with one side flattened /rim of improperly formed bowl or basket/, twisted /mouth/.

šev-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5. bowlegged.

ševahtLk, aj. broken (fence), with one side flattened, twisted (mouths).

ševantik, aj. broken in widely spaced sections (fence).

ševel, aj. with one side flattened (rim of improperly formed bowl or basket), boiled until water has evaporated (nixtamal), twisted (mouth).

ševelik, aj. cf. ševahtik.

ševet ʔe, vphr(aj & n4d). with mouth agape /scolding, shouting, yakking/, grimacing /crying/.

ševet muyel čak, vphr(av & dr & n4d). climbing with legs widespread.

ševi, iv. be out of shape (basket).

ševk’uh, tv. break (fence, basket).

ševlah, av. walking bowlegged (sing).

ševlahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). cf. ševšon ʔe (plu).

ševleh, n5. standing or sitting with legs apart, lying ignored (merchandise that is not bought), wide-open (wound).

šévluh, av. splitting suddenly in two.

ševšev, aj. with one side flattened (rim of improperly formed bowl or basket), twisted (mouth).

ševšon ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). opening and closing mouth /scolding, shouting, yakking/.

ševšon čak, vphr(av & n4d). hobbling.

šévtešévte ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). walking about opening and closing mouth /scolding, shouting, yakking/.

ševu N(Sp, cebo).

ševu, n1a. grease, tallow, vernix.

sševual kok. the fat of my foot /visible when badly cut/.

ševu-ʔat vinik, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n)5. lazy man /infr/.

ševu kantela, nphr(n type n)1d. tallow candle.

ši(1) Pt.

ši, pt. like this, this way /demonstrating/. Ritual speech, godfather accepting gift in return for clothes presented to godchild; like this.

mu me k’u šiyak’be mu me k’u šisk’elanbe mu ši yo hhol mu ši yo koʔon ʔun.. He gives me nothing, he presents to me nothing, my lowly head is not like this, my lowly heart is not like this, i.e., He does not say this.

ši me ši me, ptphr(pt & pt & pt & pt). like this and this /demonstrating/.

ši to, ptphr(pt & pt). in this direction /pointing/, in this way, /demonstrating/.

ši vi, vphr(pt & tv/contr of xavil/). look, it’s like this, look, it’s this way /demonstrating/.

šišitik, pt. rather like this.

ši(2)

ši, say. cf. či(2).

šiʔ T.

šiʔ, iv. fear.

šiʔ ʔaʔi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv). feel afraid.

šiʔ baik, rv. be afraid of each other.

šiʔbe, tv. be afraid of.

šiʔel, vnla. fear.

šiʔel ba, nphr(vn5 & rpn/3s/). fear.

ši’ʔet, av. walking fearfully.

šiʔetik, av. cf. šiʔet (plu).

šiʔobil, n4f. Ritual speech, expressing gratitude for, or deprecating formal meal; cause for dread.

sšiʔobil sk’ešobil ti kahvaltike. lit., the cause for dread, the cause for shame of Our Lord, i.e., food and drink presented to Our Lord via consumption by mortals.

šiʔšiʔ, iv. be slightly afraid, be uneasy.

šiʔšiʔtik, iv. be slightly afraid, be uneasy.

šiʔulan, iv. be in constant fear.

šiʔvan, iv. Ritual speech, expressing gratitude for or deprecating formal meal; dread.

sšiʔvan šk’ešvan. He is afraid, he is ashamed /of gifts to Our Lord/.

ʔak’ šiʔel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vnle). be fearsome or frightening, inan. poss., be intimidating, cause misgivings.

hšiʔel, agn. coward.

hšiʔvaneh, agn. person who is afraid of another.

šibnel N.

šibnclal, n3d. female’s elder brother /former term of address used by bride to groom/.

šibnelil, n3d. cf. šibnelal

ših P(2).

ših, tv. ram in /penis/, stab, stamp down /corn in bag/, gulp down /baby chick/ (dog), place in post hole /replacement post/.

ših, nc. ramming /penis/, sticking in /digging stick/.

ših ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). gulp down /baby chick/.

šin-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. looking far off out of corner of eye, cross-eyed.

šihahtik, aj. bulging (sheep’s or horse’s belly, chick’s crop).

šihahtik, aj. xihan, tamp down /corn in bags/.

š’ihanan, tv. cf. šihan.

šituinšíhan, tv. ram in one thing after another in net or shoulder bag.

šihanšílianan. tv. cf. šíhanšíhan.

šihbe, tv. pierce /with needle, nail or knife/.

isšihbe ša ʔovol. He has planted already.

ših¢ah, iv. stare fixedly to one side.

šihel, aj. looking far off out of corner of eye.

šihet sat, vphr(av & n4d). looking far off out of corner of eye.

šihi, iv. be cross-eyed.

šihihet sat, vphr(av & n4d). glaring out of corner of eye.

šihil, aj. looking out of corner of eye /amorously/, bulging (net, sheep’s or horse’s belly, chick’s crop)..

šihilik, aj. bulging (sheeps’ or horses’ bellies, chicks’ crops).

šihk’uh, iv. cf. ših¢ah.

šihleh, n4f. looking out of comer of eye.

šíhluh, av. penetrating suddenly (thorn, nail).

šihobil, n4f. stick used to tamp down corn in bag.

šihp’uh, iv. cf. ših¢ah.

šihših, nc. single ramming /l only/.

šihših, aj. with eye staring fixedly to one side, cross-eyed.

šihšon, av. ramming /intercourse/.

šihšon sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking and staring fixedly.

šihulan, tv. tamp down, keep ramming in /penis/.

šihulanan, tv. tamp down /plu/.

šilvan ʔocčl, vphr(iv & dr). jail person.

šihvan ta k’elel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). look at person out of corner of eye /mockingly/.

hših-sat, agn(aj & ncpd)5. person who stumbles because he doesn’t watch where he is going.

šihil

šhU, horrible, cf. sih(3).

šik(1) N.

šik, n1d. hawk /general term/.

himič’ šik, nphr(n type n)5. ’sling hawk’, sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus, gray hawk Buteo nitidus. These hawks are considered edible. They are “hot” They are notorious chicken thieves. Formerly, when one was killed, it is reported that the man would go from door to door showing off his catch and requesting a reward. He would be given a hearty welcome, a peso, tortillas, or corn. A person who wants to steal should keep both the hawk’s claws in his šhoulder bag to ensure his success.

šakil šik, nphr(aj & n)5. hawk /unidentified/.

šararin šik, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. ’barred hawk’, cooper hawk Accipiter cooperi. It is considered edible. It is “hot”. It is a notorious chicken thief, cf. himič’ šik.

vov šik, nphr(aj & n)1a. ‘rush hawk’, hawk /unidentified/.

yašal šik, nphr(aj & n)5. hawk /unidentified/.

šik(2) prob P or P(2).

šikahtik, aj. standing on end, windblown (wool).

šik¢ah, iv. become mussed up or windblown (hair).

šikel, aj. mussed up, standing on end or windblown (girl’s hair).

šiket, av. moving in wind (girl’s tangled hair, corn stubble).

šikik, av. blowing away (corn stubble, wool).

šikiket, av. cf. šiket.

šikil, aj. mussed up or standing on end, windblown (girl’s hair), awry (thatch roof), standing (person).

šiklahet, av. swaying in several places (thatch roof).

šíkluh, av. blowing away suddenly (corn stubble).

šikp’uh, iv. cf. šik¢ah.

šikšik, aj. mussed up, standing on end or windblown (girl’s hair).

šikšon, av. walking with messy hair (sick person).

šiktešikte, av. walking about with mussed up or windblown hair or with hair standing on end.

šik(3)

šik, Rose. cf. loša.

šikitin N.

šikitin, n1e. lowland cicada.

šik’(1) N.

šik’, n4d. wing, fin.

šik’, n4f. skin /corn kernel/.

šik’ ma¢. nphr(n of n)5. skin /of corn kernels remaining at bottom of strainer when making corn gruel/.

šik’satil, nphr(n1f of n3d). eyelash. It is believed that people once lacked eyelashes, and as a result were miraculthat your mother will die or that you will be beaten to death with a stick.

šik’(2) P.

šik’, nib. prop /for house or heavily laden branch/.

šik’-teʔob, n(aj & ncpd)1f. prop /for house or heavily laden branch/.

šik’-teʔobil, n(aj & ncpd)1f. cf. šik’-teʔob.

šik’ahtik, aj. leaning upright (firewood).

šik’ahtik lubel. stiff /legs/.

šik’an ba, rv. stand up for person /giving orders, advice/, become extremely painful (chest pain, “wind”), become stiff (legs).

šik’an baik, rv. stand up for each other, help each other /in carrying heavy load requiring many people/.

šik’anan baik, rv. stand up for each other.

šik’aneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. steadfast, giving firm orders.

šik’el, aj. stiff (legs).

šik’el avakan. lit., Your legs are stiff, i.e.. Do not stand there, come in and receive your punishment.

šik’et, av. walking a few paces erectly or strongly.

šik’i, iv. stand upright or erect (ladder), be extremely painful (chest pain).

š’ik’ik’et, av. feeling fierce pain (stomach, chest).

šik’il, aj. standing erect (person, hair, penis), questioning (lawyer), be extremely painful (chest pain).

nom šik’il yok. He is keeping his distance.

šik’il lubel. stiff with exhaustion /legs/.

šik’ilik, aj. cf. šik’ahtik.

šik’lah, av. cf. šik’šon (plu).

šik’lahet, av. cf. šik’šon (plu).

šik’leh, n1f. standing.

šik’šon, av. walking erectly or strongly, stepping out, striding.

šik’šon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking with hair standing on end.

šLk’tešik’te, av. walking about erectly or strongly.

šik’tešik’te hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with hair standing on end.

šik’u, tv. prop up.

ta hšik’u h-set’ hč’uttik. lit., We’ll prop up our stomachs a bit, i.e., We’ll eat a little.

šik’uan, tv. prop up in many places.

šik’uanan, tv. cf. šik’uan.

šik’uob, n1f. prop /to support house/.

šik’uob čuk, nphr(n of n)5. each of six props for roof purlins of tile-roofed house.

šik’uobil, n1f. cf. šik’uob.

šik’uobil čuk, nphr(n of n)5. cf. šik’uob čuk.

šill

šil, horrible, cf. sih(3).

šila N(Sp, silla).

šila, n1a. chair.

šila kaʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). saddle.

šilete N(Sp, Gillette from E, Gillette).

šilete, n1a. razor blade

šilim A.

šilim, n1e. food spattered on clothing.

šilim, aj. imprudently.

ton šilim t šk’opoh. He talks imprudently.

šilimtik, aj. spattered with food (child’s clothes).

šimoʔ N.

šimoʔ, n1e. gama grass Tripsacum laxum, #2175(1, 11), #2309(3, 4, 19).

Temperate “plant” (RML)-It is believed to have been the ancestors’ corn, but it was very fussy; always demanding to be weeded, and frequently complaining to Our Savior, until, in exasperation. He banished it to the wilds.

šimoʔtik, n5. field of gama grass.

¢ahal šimoʔ, nphr(aj & n). see below.

k’oš ¢ahal šimo, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). gama grass Tripsacum laxum, #1267(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”

šin A.

šin, aj. rancid, smelly (body odor), acid flavor given to food by metal pot.

šinal, n4b. rancidness, body odor.

Ritual speech, prayer; t škak’ yo htuil t škak’ yo hšinal t aničimal ba t aničimal sat, č’ul-vinahel č’ul-loria. I will leave my lowly stench, my lowly body odor before Thy beautiful visage, before Thy beautiful face, holy heaven, holy glory.

šinal, aj. rancid.

šinal ʔak’, nphr(natt & n). Oxypetalum cordifolium, #2596(1, 3). Lowland “vine”

šinal poš, nphr(aj & n). ‘rancid medicine’, black foot Melampodium montanum, #1895(17). Temperate “plant”

šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & n). ‘rancid tree’, giant senna Cassia emarginata, # 1286(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”, nicaraguan senna Cassia nicaraguensis, #2620(1, 3). Temperate “tree”, wild senna Cassia biflora, #2678(21). Lowland “tree”, sandbox tree Hura polyandra, #1974(1, 3, 4). Lowland “tree”, yellowsilk shellseed Cochlospermum vilifolium, #1638(1, 4). Lowland “tree” Gyrocarpus americanus, #2619(21). Temperate “tree”.

k’anal šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chiapan senna Cassia chiapensis, #2543(1, 4). Temperate “tree”. It is used for fence posts and firewood, senna Cassia skinneri, #2696(1, 3). Lowland “tree”

k’oš šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). chiapan senna Cassia chiapensis, #1896(1, 3, 4). Temperate “tree”

muk’ta šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Gyrocarpus americanus, #2619(1, 3). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood.

šinet, av. lying rancid and forgotten, stinking with body odor.

šininet, av. stinking with body odor.

šinšintik, aj. slightly rancid.

šinub, iv. become rancid, go sour (dough).

šinubtas, tv. make rancid.

šinubtas ba, rv. stink (person who spills fat on self and doesn’t wash).

šinubtasan, tv. make rancid /pots by criticizing them/.

šinubtasanan, tv. cf. šinubtasan.

hšinal-ʔat, agn(aj & ncpd). person of San Cristóbal, lit., stinking penis, i.e., because, unlike traditional Indians, they eat fried food and cover selves with lotions.

šinča N(Sp, cincho).

šinčail, n3a. woven sash /worn by men, women and children/.

šinič N.

šinič, n1e. ant. var., šinič’.

ʔik’al šinič, nphr(aj & n)5. lowland and highland ant. The lowland variety stings. The highland variety is inoffensive.

¢ahal šinič, nphr(aj & n)5. lowland ant.

tuil šinič, nphr(aj & n)5. ’stinking ant’, lowland red ant, highland black ant. The lowland variety is inoffensive, the highland variety stings.

If one of these ants gets in one’s food and is swallowed inadvertently it is said to cause loss of virility and inability to have erections.

šinič’

šinič’, ant. cf. šinič.

š’inulan N(Sp, senora).

hšinulan, agn. ladina.

bik’it hš’inulan, nphr(aj & agn)5. petty Spanish lady /major player of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who was the ensign-bearer of St. Dominic of the previous year/.

muk’ta hš’inulan, nphr(aj & agn). grand Spanish lady /major player of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who was the ensign-bearer of St. Lawrence of the previous year/.

širka A(Sp, sérico?).

širkatah, iv. fray.

širkatik, aj. frayed /ends/.

šišib X.

šišib ton, nphr(x type n)1e. river pebble.

šit’ prob P or P(2).

šit’ahtik, aj. swollen tight (belly of dead animals).

šit’il, aj. swollen tight (belly of dead animal or of well-fed sheep), fully ripe (fruit).

šit’ilik, aj. swollen tight (belly of well-fed sheep), fully ripe (fruit).

šit’it’ eč’el, vphr(av & dr). growing rigid (corpse).

šit’lahet, av. having muscular spasms (legs of dying animal), thrashing (drowning person, epileptic).

šit’leh, n4d. rigidity (dead sheep).

ši’t’luh, av. twitching suddenly /in sleep/.

šit’šit’, aj. swollen tight (belly of well-fed horse).

šit’šon, av. having muscular spasms (legs of dying animal), thrashing (drowning person, epileptic).

telel šit’il, ajphr(aj & aj). thrashing arms and legs (drunk).

šk’un

šk’un, bean, cushaw. cf. čenek’, č’um.

šlumil

šlumil, bean. cf. čenek’.

šmal

šmal, late. cf. mal(1).

šnok

šnok, alder, cf. nok.

šoč’ N.

šoč’, n5. common potoo Nyctibius griseus. Potoos, as witches’ messengers, are not considered edible. In the highlands their call is believed to announce certain death within a few weeks, but in the lowlands, where they are very common, their call rarely is thought to be dangerous.

šoh P.

šoh, tv. spit, thread /needle, thorn apples/, insert, place in post hole /replacement post/.

šoh ba, tv. be spitted or impaled.

šoh hol, vphr(tv / / n). borrow money.

isšoh shol ta balamil. He asked for money from the earth lord.

šohahtik, aj. roped (mules).

šohan, tv. thread /thorn apples, beads, coins/, insert /plu/.

š’ohanan, tv. cf. šohan.

šóhanšóhan, tv. thread one after another /thorn apples, beads, coins/, insert one after another.

šohantik, aj. with many angles (fence, plot of land).

šohbe, tv. spit, thread /needle/, insert, place in post hole /post/, stab, isšohbe ša ʔovol. He has planted already.

šohbe ʔak’il, nphr(tv & n4d). lasso.

h-likel isšohbe yak’il. lit., He roped her quickly, i.e., He married her quickly.

šoh¢ah muyel, vphr(iv & dr). forming a point (corner of plot being weeded or cleared).

šohem vah, n(aj & n)1d. steamed corn tamale.

šohet, av. wearing same old clothes /without changing/.

šohi, iv. be spitted, impaled or threaded.

šohilan, tv. keep inserting /stick in hole, penis/.

šohleh, n4f. spitted, roped, threaded, impaled.

šóhlih, av. impaling suddenly.

šohob(1), n1f. spit.

šohob(2), n5. people of former times who are believed to have been endowed with piercing vision /through dreams, or in everyday life/.

šohob hč’ul-meʔtik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/)5. moonbeam.

šohob hč’ul-totik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/)5. sunbeam.

šohob k’ak’al, nphr(n of n)5. sunbeam.

šohob yan, nphr(n & aj)5. St. Elmo’s fire /bestowing treasure or poslom/.

šohobal, n4d. Ritual speech, prayer; lit., sunbeam, i.e., corn.

ti yo l ašohobale ti yo l anak’obale. Thy lordly sunbeam, Thy lordly shade.

šohobal hč’ul-me’Hik, nphr(n or agn/aj & ncpd/)5. cf. šohob hč’ul-meʔtik.

šohobal hč’ul-totik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/)5. cf. šohob hč’ul-totik.

šohobal k’ak’al, nphr(n of n)5. cf. šohob k’ak’al.

šohobal rioš, nphr(n of n)5. corn.

šohobil, n1f. cf. šohob(1).

šohol, aj. impaled (foot on stick), inserted, roped (horse), threaded (thread, fiddle string), owning single shirt or tunic.

šohol lubel. stiff with exhaustion (legs).

šohol ti yak’il bu t ššanave. lit., When he walked the rope was around him /said of a person who was unexpectedly killed on the path/.

šoholik, aj. stiff.

šoholik lubel. stiff with exhaustion (legs).

šohšoh, aj. forming point (edge of plot of land).

šohšon, av. inserting repeatedly.

ššohšon smoton. inserting her present repeatedly, i.e. inserting his penis.

šóhtešóhte, av. walking about wearing same old clothes.

hč’am šohob k’ak’al, agn(tv & nphrcpd/n of n/). meddler.

šok(1) prob P or P(2).

šokahtik, aj. cf. šokol /plu/.

šokob, iv. be free /unoccupied/, be empty (house, market).

mu ššokob. He is busy.

šokobah, iv. be free.

šokobah komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave empty /house/.

šokobahebal, n5. moment before being unoccupied.

šokobtas, tv. empty.

šokobtas ba, rv. make one’s self available, set aside free day.

šokobtas-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. free time, availability.

šokobtasan, tv. empty /plu/.

šokobtasanan, tv. cf. šokobtasan.

šokol, aj. empty, unoccupied, unmarried, unemployed.

šokol k’ak’al. weekday.

šokol kantela. candles without “flowers” /in curing ceremony/.

šokolib, iv. become empty (tent caterpillar nest).

šokolik, aj. cf. šokol /plu/.

šok(2) A.

šok(1), n5. pinta, person suffering from pinta.

šok(2), aj. spotted /black or white/ (mango, snail, iguana, dog, pot).

šok(2), aj. xok puy, cf. puy.

šokel, aj. spotted /with dirt or pinta/.

šoket niʔ, vphr(av & n4f). lying corroded (knife, axe).

šokib, iv. become afflicted with pinta, become corroded.

šokik, aj. cf. šok(2) (plu).

šokil, n4b. spottedness.

šoklah, av. cf. šokok (plu).

šoklahet, av. cf. šokšon (plu).

šokok, av. walking with spotted (nose).

šokol, aj. spotted /with dirt or pinta/.

šokšoktik, aj. slightly spotted.

šokšon, av. walking with spotted (nose).

šóktešókte, av. walking about with spotted (nose).

č’em šok, nphr(x type n). Tremella sp., # 120(5, 6). Highland “mushroom” var., č’en šok /Htek-lum/.

č’en šok(1), nphr(n type n)1e. chigger.

č’en šok(2), nphr(x type n). cf. č’em šok.

šok(3) X.

šoka, tv. rope /cow, mule/.

šoka ba, rv. rope self.

šoka baik, rv. rope each other.

šokaan, tv. rope /cows, mules/.

šokaanan, tv. cf. šokaan.

šokaob, n1f. rope.

šokaobil, n1f. rope.

šokavan, iv. rope /person/.

šokom N.

šokom, n1a. plaster.

šokon N.

šokon, nib. side, flank.

ta šokon ssat t šk’elvan. He is looking out of the corner of his eye.

šokon sat. beef cheek.

Ritual speech, prayer; ta hpat ta hšokon. at my back, at my side.

š’okon-ʔein, tv(n & ncpd). gulp down hurriedly.

šokon herkail, nphr(n1f of n3d). edge of man’s woolen tunic, cords and tassels of man’s woolen tunic.

šokon k’uʔul, nphr(n1f of n3d). edge of man’s cotton tunic, cords and tassels of man’s cotton tunic.

šokon mok, nphr(n5 type n1d). side fence.

šokon na, nphr(n of n)1d. neighbor.

šokon vinahel, nphr(n of vn)5. North, South, side.

isk’el ta šokon vinahel. He looked to the side.

šokonil, n5. knife tied to one’s sash /infr/.

ta šókonšókon _______, nphr(prep & nphr/n of n/)5. on both sides of _______/road, house/.

šok’ P.

š’ok’ahtik, aj. sitting on haunches.

šok’an, tv. build /field house/, set /trap/, put in crouched position /child so it will defecate/.

šok’an ba, rv. sit on haunches.

šok’anan, tv. set /traps/.

šok’anšók’anan, tv. set one after another /traps/.

šok’anvan, iv. push person onto haunches.

šok’anvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person in the lurch.

šok’¢ah, iv. sit on haunches unable to stand (drunk).

šok’et, av. sitting on haunches /warming self before fire/.

š’ok’etah, iv. sit on haunches.

šok’etik, av. cf. šok’et (plu).

šok’i, iv. be sitting on haunches (person, rabbit, dog, cat).

šok’ih, iv. duck walk.

šok’lah, av. hopping (frogs, toads).

šok’lahet, av. hopping (toads, frogs, rabbits), bending knees (people dancing).

šok’lahetik, av. bending knees /dancing/.

šok’leh, n1f. crouch.

šok’ok’ yalel, vphr(av & dr). crouching on haunches /if burden is too heavy/.

šok’ok’et, av. doubling over /with fierce stomach cramps/, rubbing rump on ground (dog).

šok’ol, aj. sitting on one’s haunches.

stuk šok’ol ikom. lit., He was left alone sitting on his haunches, i.e..

He was abandoned by his wife.

šok’olik, aj. sitting on one’s haunches (plu).

šok’p’ih, iv. crouch unable to stand up (person with burden).

š’ok’šon, av. sitting on haunches, bending knees without lifting feet /dancing improperly/, hopping (toad, frog, rabbit).

š’ok’tešók’te, av. hopping about (toad, frog, rabbit), hopping and squatting here and there (marble players).

šolom N.

šolom, n. see below.

šolomtik, n5. expanse of šolom.

ʔit’iš šolom, nphr(n4f of n5). bloodleaf Iresine angustifolia, #2606(20). Temperate “tree” The leaves are cut and fed to sheep and mules. Eupatorium areolare, #2562(1, 4), #2913(1, 3). Temperate “tree”. It is used for firewood. Montanoa sp., #2941(16). Highland “tree”. It is eaten by sheep.

bik’it šolom, nphr(aj & n). Archibaccharis serratifolia var. paniculala, #2405(20). Highland “tree” It is eaten by horses, sheep, and cattle.

¢ahal šolom, nphr(aj & n). Eupatorium cf. subpenninervium Sch. Bip. #2954(1). Highland “tree”

k’oš šolom, nphr(aj & n). Archibaccharis serratifolia var. paniculata, #2405(1). Highland “tree”

sakil šolom, nphr(aj & n). crown beard Verbesina turbacensis, #2909(16). Lowland “plant”

šom P(2) or T(2).

šomahtilc, aj. cf. šomol /plu/.

šombe veʔel, vphr(tv & vn5). open mouth wide to eat.

šomlahet, av. cf. šomšon (plu).

šomlahetik, av. cf. šomšon (plu).

šomol, aj. gaping wide /sexual implication/.

šomolik, aj. cf. šomol /plu/.

šomšom, aj. gaping wide /sexual implication/.

šomšon, av. opening mouth wide to eat (cow, horse, sheep).

šon(1) N.

šon ʔat, nphr(n of n)5. lit., penis prop, i.e., fool, stupid person.

šon holil, nphr(n5 of n3d). pillow, clothes put under head to serve as pillow.

šon p’in, nphr(n1f of n1d). small stone to steady pot on fire.

šon yoket, nphr(n1f of n1d). small stone lo steady hearthstone.

šon-holin, tv(n & ncpd). put under head /pillow, clothes/.

šon-holin k’ob, vphr(tv/n & ncpd/ & n4d). clasp hands under one’s head.

šoni, tv. put small stone under /hearthstone, pot, etc./.

sšoni sč’ut. lit., He is propping up his stomach, i.e., He is eating.

šonkolil. n3d. cf. šon holil.

šonkolin, tv. cf. šon-holin.

šonšolil, n3d. cf. šon holil.

šonšolin, tv. cf. šon-holin.

šon(2)

šon, sandal, horseshoe, pleiades, hyades. cf. šan(2).

šopa N(Sp, sopa).

šopa, n1d. tortilla soaked in vegetable or meat broth. It is eaten by young children, puppies, old toothless people, person with a bad toothache.

šop’ prob P or P(2).

šop’-k’ob, n(aj & ncpd)5. with hand permanently cramped by arthritis.

šop’ahtik, aj. cf. šop’ol /plu/.

šop’el, aj. cramped (hand).

mi šop’el ak’ob. Is your hand cramped? /said to person who does not take what is passed to him/.

šop’et, av. with cramped (hand).

šop’leh, n4f. cramped (hand).

šop’ol, aj. cramped (hand).

šop’olik, aj. cf. šop’ol /plu/.

šop’šop’, aj. cramped (hand).

šoš

šoš, bite. cf. šaš.

šošep

šošep, Joseph, cf. čep.

šot P, T.

šot, tv. roll /wire, vine/, make arch of /dogwood for frame of floral decoration, for frame of straw bull/.

šot, iv. be rolled (wire, vine).

šot, nc. coil /wire, rope, vine/.

šot-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd). twisted-legged (horse, person), pigeon-toed.

šot ba, rv. curl up (dog), coil (snake, rope).

šot-čak, n(aj & npcd). lit., with twisted bottom (thin old person, basket with bottom falling out).

šot-hol, n(aj & ncpd). with top twisted to side (gourd, cushaw).

šot-k’ob, n(aj & ncpd)5. twisted-armed /unable to throw stones far or chop well/.

šot-nuk’, n(aj & ncpd)5. bent-necked (cushaw).

šotahtik, aj. warped, curled up (stale tortillas), twisted to side (gourd, cushaw).

šotan(1), tv. set down in roll /wire, vine/.

šotan(2), tv. roll a lot of /wire, vine/, bend into arches.

šotan(3), aj. winding (path), clumsy (person who trips).

šotan ba, rv. warp.

šotanan, tv. cf. šotan(2).

šótansótan, tv. roll one after another /wire, vines/.

šotarantik, aj. crooked (trail, stick, metal).

šotbenal, n1f. rolled up /thread/.

šot¢ah, iv. warp.

šotebal, n5. moment before finishing rolling /wire, vine/.

šotel, nc. roll /wire, vine/ / 1 – 3 /.

šotet, av. lying in roll (wire, vine).

šoti, iv. be in roll (wire, vine), be in arch.

šotib, iv. become twisted or warped.

šotilan, tv. roll /wire, vine/, make arch of.

šotilan ba, rv. undulate or writhe (snake).

šotk’ih, iv. warp, become twisted (improperly mended bone), go crooked (row).

šotk’in, tv. bend into arch /floral arch, frame of straw bull/.

šotlah, av. walking bowleggedly (scrawny horse or dog), weaving (drunk), rolling slowly /wire, etc./ (sing).

šotlahet, av. weaving (drunks).

šotlahetik, av. cf. šotlahet.

šotleh, n4f. entire roll.

šótlih, av. undulating suddenly (snake).

šoto-čak, n(aj & ncpd)1a. ‘coiled bottom?’, wild raspberry Rubus eriocarpus, #651(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “plant” The fruit is eaten by people and birds. It is “cold” It is sold at market.

šotob, n1f. forked stick on which wire is rolled.

šotobil, n1f. cf. šotob.

šotokil, n4f. many rolls.

šotokil, aj. cf. šotolik.

šotol, aj. in roll (thread, wire), twisted to one side (neck, hand, foot, hoof, top of gourd or cushaw), curled up (dog, stale tortilla), coiled (snake), warped, sagging (abandoned house), unfinished (thatch-roofed house with roof rods only).

šotolik. aj. in rolls (thread, wire).

šótolšótol, n4f. each of many rolls /wire, vine/.

šotomah, iv. wriggle excitedly (dog) /infr/.

šotp’ih, iv. cf. šotk’ih.

šotp’in, tv. cf. šotk’in.

šotšon ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). walking bowleggedly (scrawny horse or dog), weaving (drunk).

šotšon nuk’, vphr(av & n4d). walking slowly with twisted neck /carrying heavy burden/.

šotšot, nc. single roll /wire, vine/ / 1 only/.

šotšot, aj. warped, crooked (row, stick), undulating (path), twisted to one side (neck, hand, foot, hoof), pigeon-toed.

šóttešótte, av. walking about bowleggedly (scrawny horse, dog), weaving about (drunk), limping about.

šot’ P.

šot’ahtik, aj. curled up (stale tortilla).

šot’an ba, rv. curl up /to sleep/.

šot’el, aj. curled up (penis, buttocks).

šot’et, av. curled up (person sleeping).

šot’etik, av. cf. šot’et (plu).

šot’lah, av. stumbling (scrawny horse, dog or drunk) (sing).

šot’lahet, av. cf. šot’šon (plu).

šot’lahetik, av. cf. šot’šon (plu).

šot’ol, aj. curled up (stale tortilla, old person), scrawny (dog), sitting huddled over (old person).

šot’olik, aj. cf. šol’ahtik.

šot’ot’, av. crawling /into bed/.

šot’ot’et, av. curling up and twitching (person in epileptic fit).

šot’šon, av. stumbling (scrawny horse, dog or drunk).

šót’tešót’te, av. walking about doubled over (old person), walking about (scrawny person or dog).

šov P.

šovahtik, aj. twisted, sagging to one side, lopsided (old baskets, fence, mouth when crying, loose pants).

šovan ba, rv. slump to side (drunk trying to stand).

yeč noš tal ššovan sba. lit., He just came to slump, i.e., He died very young.

šov¢ah, iv. try to stand (baby), sag (basket, fence).

šov¢an, tv. make sag.

šovel, aj. twisted, sagging to one side, lopsided (mouth when crying, loose pants).

šovet, av. sitting abandoned (old person), sagging to one side (old basket, fence, mouth when crying, loose pants).

šovi, iv. be sagging (old basket).

Polite speech; ššovi ša h-set’ kunen na. lit., Now my house is sagging a bit, i.e., I have built my house.

šovk’ih, iv. sag (basket, fence, house), slump (drunk).

šovk’in, tv. make sag /fence/, push over /squatting person/.

šovk’in ba, rv. sag (mule unwilling to be loaded).

šovk’inan, tv. make wobbly /chairs/.

šovk’invan, iv. push person over /squatting person/.

šovlah, av. staggering (sing).

šovlahet, av. toddling, staggering.

šovlahetik, av. cf. šovlahet (plu).

šovleh, n1f. twisted, sagging to one side.

šovol, aj. twisted, sagging to one side, lopsided (old basket, fence, mouth when crying, loose pants).

šovolik, aj. cf. šovahtik.

šovov, av. wobbling (old fence).

šovovet, av. wobbling (old fence, basket), hobbling (dog hit by car), staggering /under burden/.

šovšon, av. staggering, tottering (heavily burdened person, old person).

šovšov, aj. twisted, sagging to one side, lopsided (old basket, fence, mouth when crying, loose pants).

šóvtešóvte, av. tottering about (old person), staggering about (heavily burdened person).

šoy P.

šoyahtik, aj. cf. šoyol /plu/.

šoyan, tv. Polite speech; erect or build /house/.

šoyan ba, rv. sag to side, tag along (old man hoping for drink).

šoy¢ah, iv. sag (old basket, fence).

šoy¢an, tv. push down /old fence/.

šoyet, av. sagging (bottom of basket), sagging to side (fence, old house).

šoyetik, av. cf. šoyet (plu).

šoyi, iv. be sagging.

šoyk’ih, iv. cf. šoy¢ah.

šoyk’in, tv. cf. šoy¢an.

šoylah, av. staggering (drunk) (sing).

šoylahet, av. cf. šoyet, šoyšon (plu).

šoylahetik, av. cf. šoyšon (plu).

šoyol, aj. sagging (bottom of basket), sagging to side (fence, old house).

šoyolik, aj. cf. šoyol /plu/.

šoyoy, av. sagging to side (fence, old house).

šoyoyet, av. swaying back and forth when touched (old basket).

šoyp’ih, iv. cf. šoy¢ah.

šoyp’in, tv. cf. šoy¢an.

šoyšon, av. staggering /under burden/.

šoyšoy, aj. sagging (bottom of basket), sagging to side (fence, old house).

šóytešóyte, av. tottering about (old person).

špak’in

špak’in, supernatural female figure, cf. pak’.

špav

špav, katydid, cf. pavav.

špavav

špavav, katydid, cf. pavav.

špokoʔ

špokoʔ, mexican malanga. cf. pok’ok’.

špokok

špokok, frog, toad. cf. pokok.

špok’ok’

špok’ok’, mexican malanga. cf. pok’ok’.

štalah

štalah, antlion. cf. talah.

šteʔ

šteʔ bean. cf. čenek’.

štok

štok, again, too. cf. noštok.

št’er

št’er, jesus Christ lizard, cf. t’er.

šuʔ

šuʔ, be able, can. cf. yuʔ.

šuč’ N.

šuč’, n1e. resin /pine resin used to mend water jugs and to cure split heels/, incense, sap /wild fig, gumbolimbo/.

šuč’a, tv. light /torch/.

šuč’aan, tv. light /torches/.

šuč’aanan, tv. cf. šuč’aan.

šuč’ah, iv. exude (resin).

šuč’ahtik, aj. cf. šuč’ul.

šuč’lah, av. walking with perspiring (foreheads, heads).

šuč’lahet, av. exuding (pine kindling), perspiring (plu).

šuč’šon, av. exuding (pine kindling), perspiring (forehead, head), turning into soot.

šuč’šuč’tik, aj. covered with resin (torch stand) /formerly/.

Male joking speech, referring to woman who has gone to the lowlands; šuč’šuč’tik slev. Her thighs are sticky.

šuč’tešúč’te, av. walking about with perspiring (forehead, head).

šuč’uč’, av. exuding (resin of pine, etc.).

šuč’uč’et, av. exuding (pine resin).

šuč’ul, aj. wet with perspiration (forehead, head), sooty.

šuč’ulik, aj. resinous (pine).

šuh T.

šuh, tv. push /person, sheep, exhausted mule, leaning tree, car, wheelbarrow/.

šuh očel ta čukel, vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5). jail.

šuh ba, rv. push /in, out/.

šuh baik, rv. push each other (adults, children in cart).

šuh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. pushing each other.

šuhan, tv. push /plu/.

šuhanan, tv. cf. šuhan.

šuhbe k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n4d). incriminate.

šuhel, nc. push.

šuhet, av. pushing.

šuhetah, iv. push.

šuhilanbe, tv. keep poking /stick in hole/.

šuhlahet, av. cf. šuhel (plu).

šuhlahet ta k’ok’, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. šuhšon ta k’ok’ (plu).

šuhlahet ta k’op, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. šuhšon ta k’op (plu).

šuhlahetik, av. cf. šuhet (plu).

šuhlahetik ta k’ok’, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. šuhšon ta k’ok’ (plu).

šuhlahetik ta k’op, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. šuhšon ta k’op (plu).

šuhob, n1f. lever.

šuhobil, n1f. cf. šuhob.

šuhšon ta k’ok’, vphr(av & prep & n5). informing against, denouncing frequently.

ššuhšon ta k’ok’t stik’be smul sčiʔil. Denouncing him frequently, he implicates his friend falsely.

šuhšon ta k’op, vphr(av & prep & n5). informing against frequently.

ššuhšon ta k’op t stik’be k’op šciʔil. Informing against him frequently, he implicates his friend falsely.

šúhtešúhte, av. pushing about.

šuhvan, iv. push person.

hšuhvaneh, agn. person who pushes another.

šuit N.

šuit, n1e. worm /infesting fruit or corn/, maggot, var., šuvit.

šuk’(1) X.

šuk’, nc. bend (river).

šuk’ahtik, aj. uneven (edge of road or river), forming corner.

šuk’av, n5. corner /house, land plot/, ridge descending from mountain peak, sharp bend /river, road/.

šuk’omil, n3d. elbow.

šuk’omta, tv. elbow.

šuk’omtaan, tv. elbow /people to notify them secretly/.

šuk’suk’, aj. bending sharply, forming corner.

šuk’ubta, tv. elbow /infr/.

šuk’ubtaan, tv. elbow /people to notify them secretly/.

šuk’ul, aj. bending sharply, forming corner.

šuk’ulik, aj. forming corner (cliffs).

šuk’umil, n3d. cf. šuk’omil.

šuk’umin, tv. elbow.

šuk’umta, tv. elbow.

šuk’umtaan, tv. elbow /plu/.

šuk’umtavan, iv. elbow person.

šuk’(2) O.

šuk’šon, av. hiccupping.

šuk’šuk’, onom. hiccup.

šul P(2) or T(2).

šul, tv. poke upwards /fruit on branch so it will fall/.

šul, n1a. roof pole of thatched roof, horizontal wattle.

šul ta vah, vphr(tv & prep & n5). scoop up /food in tortilla/.

šul ton, nphr(n type n)1a. deep blister.

šulahtik, aj. uneven (edge of road or river), of unequal length (roof poles, horizontal wattle), cf. šulul (plu).

šulal na, nphr(natt & n). ‘house wattle’, clammy hopseed bush Dodonaea viscosa, #2127(7). Temperate “tree” rapanea Rapanea myrieoides, #2783(7). Temperate “tree”

šul¢ah, iv. be stripped of leaves (corn field by sheep).

šul¢an eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). make diverge /row of work/.

šulel, nc. quick meal.

šuli, tv. poke upwards /fruit on branch so it will fall/.

šulian, tv. poke upwards /fruits on branch so they will fall/.

šulianan, tv. cf. šulian.

šulilan, tv. keep poking upwards /fruit on branch so it will fall/.

šuliob, n1f. stick used to poke fruit so it will fall.

šuliobil, n1f. cf. šuliob.

šullahet, av. cf. šulšon (plu).

šulob, n1f. thorn or needle used to extract snail from shell.

šulobil, n1f. cf. šulob.

šulšon, av. poking upwards /fruit on branch so it will fall/.

šulšul, aj. forming point (cleared patch), with ends of branches lopped off, with widow’s peak.

šulub, n5. horn /cow, sheep, goat/, antler. Only married women are entitled to wear their hair braided on the top of their head so that both ends stick up to form “horns”

šulub čih, nphr(n of n). ‘deer antler’, fairy club Clavaria sp., #60(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom” An unattested variety is edible.

Xylaria sp., # 184A(1, 3, 4, 5, 8). Highland “mushroom”.

šulub čon, nphr(n type n)5. subterranean horned serpent /thought to have caused earthquakes when it emerged/. If the sun or moon die it is thought that animals with four horns will emerge to kill the people.

šulub vakaš, nphr(n of n). ‘bull’s horn’, (Godmania aesculifolia), #841(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood.

šulub vakaš ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Prestonia mexicana, #270(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine”.

šulul, aj. poking upward (corn plant stripped of leaves by sheep).

šululik, aj. cf. šulul /plu/.

šulultas, tv. apply starch /on woven cloth where weak/.

šulultasan, tv. apply starch in many places /on woven cloth where weak/.

šulvan, iv. gore person (cow).

hšulvaneh, agn. ram or bull that gores person.

šulem N.

šulem, n1e. buzzard /general term/. A buzzard landing near one’s house portends death. If an unmarried woman becomes pregnant it is jokingly explained that conception was caused by a buzzard’s shadow falling on her. Laziness is also ascribed to contact with a buzzard’s shadow.

šulem k’ok’, nphr(n type n)5. Male joking speech; airplane.

šulem vinik, nphr(n type n)5. buzzard-man. This is a mythical figure, believed to have traded his clothes and his identity with a buzzard.

šulemal, n5. assumption of buzzard nature.

ibat ta šulemal. He turned into a buzzard.

rey šulem, nphr(n type n)1e. ‘king buzzard’, king vulture Sarcoramphus papa.

¢ahal hol šulem, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. ‘red-headed buzzard’, turkey vulture Cathartes aura. The turkey vulture, seen only in the dry season, is believed to be a transformation of the armadillo.

¢ahal niʔ š’ulem, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. ‘red-beaked buzzard’, turkey vulture Cathartes aura. cf. ¢ahal hol šulem.

ʔik’al hol š’ulem, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. ‘black-headed buzzard’, black vulture Coragyps atratus. Its feet or heart are boiled and the broth is drunk for swelling. The same ailment may be treated by smoking the patient with the smoke of a black vulture’s bones, wax myrtle, butterfly bush, sage, and Eupatorium ligustrinum. It is “very hot” To avoid aggravating the illness, for one month after treatment the patient must not drink cold water, or be allowed to feel cold.

ʔik’al šulem, nphr(aj & n)5. black vulture Coragyps atratus. cf. ʔik’al hol šulem.

šun N(Sp, Juan).

šun, n1d. John.

šunkaʔ N(Sp, Juana).

šunkaʔ, n1d. Jane.

šup N.

šup, n4e. youngest child, runt /of litter/, inan. poss.; sšupil.

šupet N.

šupet k’ok’, nphr(n of n)1e. firebrand.

šk’an sšupet k’ok’al. A firebrand is needed.

šupet teʔ, nphr(n type n)1e. extinguished firebrand.

šupet toh, nphr(n type n)1e. extinguished firebrand.

šupetal k’ok’, nphr(natt & n)5. cf. šupet k’ok’.

šupetal teʔ, nphr(natt & n)5. cf. šupet teʔ.

šupetal toh, nphr(natt & n)5. cf. šupet toh.

šup’ P.

šup’ahtik, aj. with caps drooping (old mushrooms), bent in many places (blade).

šup’an ba, rv. stand dumbly.

šup’antik, aj. bent in many places (blade).

šup’¢ah, iv. squash (hat, basket, can), bend (blade).

šup’¢an, tv. squash /hat, basket, can/, bend /blade/.

šup’¢anan, tv. bend in many places /blade, hat brim/.

šup’et, av. walking with hat brim turned down /old hat/, stupid.

šup’i, iv. be squashed flat (hat, basket, tin can).

šup’k’ih, iv. cf. šup’¢ah.

šup’k’in, tv. squash /hat, basket, can/, turn down /hat brim/, bend /blade/.

šup’lah, av. walking with hat brims turned down.

šup’lahetik, av. cf. šup’et (plu).

šup’leh, n1d. standing dumbly waiting.

šup’šon, av. walking with hat brim turned down, stupid.

šup’šup’, aj. with brim turned down (hat), with rim flattened (improperly made pot), squashed flat (hat, basket, can), splayed (end of crowbar).

šúp’tešúp’te, av. walking about with hat brims turned down.

šup’ul, aj. with brim turned down (hat), with flattened rim (pot), squashed flat (hat, basket, can), standing dumbly, screwed up (nose with anger), with cap drooping (old mushroom).

šup’ulik, aj. cf. šup’ahtik.

šušub N.

šušuh, n5. whistle.

šušubah, iv. whistle a tune.

šušuhal, n3d. whistling.

šušubta, tv. whistle at.

šušubtaan, tv. whistle at /plu/.

šušubtavan, iv. whistle at person.

hšušubahel, agn. whistler.

hšušubtavaneh, agn. person who whistles at another.

šut(1) P(2) or T(2).

šut, tv. break into pieces /tortilla/.

šut, nc. half /tortilla/, piece /fried egg or bread/.

Polite speech; veʔan h-šutuk kot. Eat a half or so of my tortilla.

šntahtik. aj. cf. šutul /plu/.

šutan, tv. break into pieces /tortilla/.

šutanan, tv. cf. šutan.

šútanšútan, tv. break one after another into pieces /tortillas/.

šútanšútanan. tv. cf. šútanšútan.

šutbenal, n4f. place from which piece of tortilla has been torn.

šut¢ah, iv. break in half (tortilla that sticks to griddle).

šutilan, tv. keep breaking into pieces /tortilla/.

šutilanan, tv. keep breaking into pieces /tortilla/.

šutlahet ta vah, vphrfav & prep & n5). cf. šutšon ta vah (plu).

šutleb, n4f. with piece torn off (tortilla).

šutšon ta vah, vphr(av & prep & n5). tearing tortilla into pieces (child).

šutšut, nc. single half /tortilla/, single piece /fried egg, bread/ /1 only/.

šutubal, n3d. little finger.

šutukil, n4f. many halves /tortilla/.

šutul, aj. sitting (piece of tortilla).

šutul vah, nphr(aj & n)1d. piece of tortilla.

šutulik, aj. cf. šutul /plu/.

šútulšútul, n4f. each of many halves /tortillas/, each of many pieces /bread, fried egg/.

šut(2) N.

šut, bean. cf. čenek’.

šut(3) N.

šut, n5. youngest of the three suns /in mythic times/.

šutaš N(Sp, Judas).

šutaš, n1a. scarecrow, Judas effigy /hung on bell tower on Maundy Thursday, burnt at midnight on Holy Saturday/.

šutaš čihil teʔ cf. čihil teʔ.

šuti N.

šuti, n1a. river snail Pachychilus indiorum Morelet USNM 677631., cf. puy.

šut’ T.

šut’, tv. pinch /with fingers/.

šut’ ba, rv. pinch self, /with fingers/.

šut’ baik, rv. pinch each other /with fingers/.

šut’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. pinching each other /with fingers/.

šut’an, tv. pinch /plu/ /with fingers/.

šut’anan, tv. cf. šut’an.

šút’anšút’an, tv. pinch one after another /with fingers/.

šút’anšút’anan, tv. cf. šút’anšút’an.

šut’el, nc. pinch.

šut’ilan, tv. keep pinching /with fingers/.

šut’ilanan, tv. keep pinching /plu/ /with fingers/.

šut’van, iv. pinch person /with fingers/.

hšut’vaneh, agn. person who pinches another /with fingers/.

šuv P(2) or T(2).

šuvahtik, aj. sagging (baskets), bent in many places (blade).

šuvantik, aj. bent in many places (blade), sagging in many places (basket).

šuv¢ah, iv. bend (hot blade).

šuv¢an, tv. dent /pail/, break /basket/.

šuvet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). grimacing /starting to cry/.

šuvetah, iv. grimace /starting to cry/.

šuvk’ih, iv. cf. šuv¢ah.

šuvk’in, tv. cf. šuv¢an.

šuvlah, av. cf. šuvuv (plu).

šuvlahet, av. cf. šuvšon (plu).

šuvlahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). cf. šuvet ʔe (plu).

šuvp’ih, iv. cf. šuv¢ah.

šuvp’in, tv. cf. šuv¢an.

šuvšon, av. falling apart, sagging when touched (old basket).

šuvšuv, aj. with one side flattened (rim of bowl, basket, pail).

šúvtešúvte ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). walking about grimacing.

šuvul, aj. sagging (basket), grimacing.

šuvulik, aj. cf. šuvahtik.

šuvuv, av. collapsing (old basket), grimacing.

šuvuvet, av. falling apart, sagging when touched (old basket), grimacing /starting to cry/.

šuvit

šuvit, maggot, worm. cf. šuit.

švel N.

švel, excl. exclamation of St. Sebastian players and ensign-bearers during fiestas. It purportedly means. It’s fine., cf. taves.

švet’

švet’, bean. cf. čenek’.

T

t(1)

t, among, as, at, before, by, from, in, to. cf. ta(1).

t(2)

t, will, shall, cf. ta(3).

t(3)

t, the, that, the fact that. cf. ti(1),

ta(1) Pt.

ta, prep, among, as, at, before, by, from, in, to.

iyul ta voʔ. She returned from the well.

hup’eh ta na. as big as a house.

iʔay ta k’el-kaʔ. He went to watch /his/ horses.

mančuk mu šikušiotik ta bolom. If it were not for that, we would not survive /the attacks/ of the jaguars.

vašakib ta mula. eight mule loads.

bat ta pukuh. He was taken off by the devils.

ta bik’it ta muk’. lit., for the small and the large, i.e., for everyone.

ta takel ta nu¢el. lit., sent and chased /constable ordered to run errand/.

lah ta yayihesel. He died from his wounds.

tame ta ʔuk’um. swept away by the river.

ta bu no ʔoš k’alal. as much as possible, as much or as completely as you can imagine.

t, prep(contr of ta). among, as, at, before, by, from, in, to.

ta(2) T.

ta, tv. reach, get, find, discover, happen, catch up to.

ista ʔora. the time came to … (or) He died.

ista kavilto. It reached the town hall /dispute that could not be settled out of court/.

t šasta k’ok’. The fire will reach you.

ista sveʔel. He found his meal (or) It found its meal /i.e., predatory animal/.

k’usi van sta ʔo li ʔoy t šič’ milel hun vinik ba¢’i lek yoʔone. How could it happen that such a good man was killed?

tael isk’an. He demanded matrilocal residence.

staoh yav. It is unchanged (or) it is stalled.

štae ta na. She was found at home /by murderer or lover/.

štae ta vinik. She was used by a man (or) She was raped.

štae ta čamel. He got sick.

štae ta be. He was overtaken.

nom sta. at wide intervals /in time or space/.

htatik ʔol k’ak’al, totik. It is noon, sir /Formerly said customarily with appropriate bowing ritual when people were gathered together and noon bell struck. Now seldom said except among gathered office holders/.

htatik ʔorisyon, totik. It is dusk, sir. /cf. above/.

ta baik, rv. meet each other.

ta-bail ta vayel, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/5 & prep & vn5). accompanying each other at night /women, one of whose husbands is absent, child who accompanies single woman/.

ta č’ut, vphr(tv / / n). be full (person).

ta ta ʔutel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). scold.

ta ta č’ič’, vphr(tv & prep & n5). lit., find in the blood., i.e., discover by pulsing.

ta ta na, vphr(tv & prep & n5). confront at one’s house (drunk to shout insults at owner).

ta ta naʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). worship.

taan, tv. reach, get or find /plu/.

taanan, tv. cf. taan.

táantáan, tv. get one after another.

táantáan ta ʔutel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). scold one after another.

táantáanan ta ʔutel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. táantáan ta ʔutel.

tael tael, nphr(vn5 & vn5). getting sick frequently, confronting frequently /drunk going to person’s house to revile him/.

taob, n1f. bucket.

taobil, n1f. cf. taob.

tátetáte, av. walking about picking /large ears of corn/, walking about looking for best place to graze (sheep, horse).

taulan ba, rv. undulate or writhe (snake).

taulanan mul, vphr(tv & n4d). keep getting into trouble.

taulanan ta ʔutel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep scolding on many counts.

tavan, iv. meet person.

tavan ʔaʔi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv). be bored with or tired of, be sick of, get on one’s nerves.

tavan šaʔi ti čamele. The sickness gets on his nerves.

tavan šaʔi ʔabtel. He is bored with work.

tavan šaʔi labal saʔ-k’op. He is sick of constant quarreling.

tavan šaʔi ʔit’išanel li ʔan¢e. The woman is tired of (his) jealousy.

tavan ta vayel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). sleep together (woman or child who accompanies single woman at night).

tavan vayel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5). be unable to get to sleep.

tavaneh, vn5. malrilocal residence.

htavaneh ta na, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). murderer /who enters house/.

htavaneh ta vayel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). child or woman who accompanies single woman at night.

htavanel, agn. boy who goes to live matrilocally.

mu tabah, ajphr(pt & aj). sold out, unattainable.

mu tabah ʔe, vphr(pt & aj/pred/ & n4d). talk endlessly.

ta(3) Pt.

ta, pt. will, shall /form indicating incompletive aspect/.

ta šibat. I will go.

ta ka, vphr(pt & x). I thought I, he, etc. was not …

taʔ noš, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of ta & ʔonoš/). still.

taʔ noš šibat. I am still going.

t, pt(contr of ta). shall, will.

ta(4)

ta, father, gentleman, sir. cf. tot(2).

taʔ(1) P.

taʔaʔet, av. straightening up back (person, horse with burden), gliding (snake).

taʔahtik, aj. sloping in several places.

taʔal, aj. lying stretched out, immobile /face up, on side/.

taʔalik, aj. cf. taʔahtik.

ta’an komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave stretched out /log, corpse/.

taʔanan, tv. set down many /logs, dead game/.

taʔet, av. straightening up back (person, mule with burden), sleeping, running along hillside (road).

taʔetik, av. cf. taʔet (plu).

taʔi, iv. Ritual speech, patient when being confined to bed; immobile. t šipuč’i t šitaʔi. I lie, I lie immobile.

taʔlahet, av. cf. taʔton (plu).

taʔlahetik, av. bedridden (plu).

taʔlebal, n3d. Ritual speech, shaman referring to patient’s bed; place where one lies face up.

spuč’leb staʔleb ti yo hčamele ti yo hlahele. There where he lies, there where he lies face up, the lowly patient, the lowly invalid.

taʔleh, n1d. asleep, lying immobile.

taʔtaʔ, aj. sloping.

taʔton, av. immobile (patient), wriggling (grub, centipede, large caterpillar).

taʔ(2) I.

taʔah, iv. be ripe, be sufficiently cooked, be sufficiently baked (tortilla).

taʔahebal, n5. moment before being cooked or before being ripe.

taʔahes, tv. cook, ripen.

taʔahesan, tv. cook many.

taʔahesanbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). give black eyes to.

taʔiahesbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). give black eye to.

taʔahesob, n1f. firewood.

taʔahesobil, n1f. cf. taʔahesob.

taʔ(3) X.

taʔet, av. fed up, exasperated.

taʔlo, aj. That’s enough /declining second serving of food/.

taʔlo ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv). feel full, be fed up with.

mu taʔluk ʔaʔi, vphr(pt & aj & tv). be dissatisfied with.

taʔ(4)

taʔ, still, cf. ta(3).

tab(1) N.

tab, n5. horned guan Oreophasis derbianus. The horned guan is reported to have lived in Naben Čauk over fifty years ago before the forest was cut down.

tab(2) N.

tab-pat, n(x & ncpd)1a. backstrap of backstrap loom.

tab-patin, tv(x & ncpd). make into backstrap.

tabolta, tv. have illegitimate child (woman).

tabul, n4f. pack line, cinch that serves as tumpline.

tabulta, tv. fasten and adjust on back /burden/.

tabasko N(Sp, Tabasco).

tabasko, n5. Tabasco.

ta¢’ P.

ta¢’-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. swaybacked (horse, sheep).

ta¢’a¢’, av. moving stretched out (snake).

ta¢’a¢’et, av. arching back (person) /with pain/.

ta¢’ahtik, aj. cf. ta¢’al /plu/.

ta¢’al, aj. lying stretched out (dog, iguana, snake), large (cow), sagging (roof), swaybacked (horse, sheep).

ta¢’alik, aj. cf. ta¢’ahtik.

ta¢’an ba, rv. sag its back (mule rejecting burden).

ta¢’i, iv. lie stretched out (dog, iguana), be large (cow).

ta¢’lah, av. walking with strong backs (mules).

tá¢’luh, av. arching back suddenly (person with pain), sagging suddenly (balky mule).

ta¢’ta¢’, aj. lying stretched out (dog, iguana, snake), large (cow), sagging (roof), swaybacked (horse, sheep).

ta¢’ton, av. lying moribund (person).

tah(1) A.

tah, aj. that, there.

tah vinik tahe čopol shol t škaʔi tahe. I think that man is evil.

tah ta Hobele. there in San Cristóbal.

tan toe. over there /place not visible/.

tah(2) prob I.

tahimol, vn5. game, ball game.

tahimol kelem, nphr(vn of n)5. cock fight.

tahin, iv. play, frolic (child, dog, young animal), wrestle, fight.

tahin k’ešolil, vphr(iv & n3d). lit., His (etc.) substitute plays, i.e., The sacrificial chicken flops in its death agony.

Ritual speech, shaman praying while sacrificial chicken flops in its death agony; t štahin ti yo sk’ešole t štahin ti yo slok’ole, ti yo l avalabe ti yo l anič’nabe. The lowly substitute of Thy humble child is playing, the lowly image of Thy humble child is playing.

tahinebal, n3d. basketball court, hoop.

tahinta, tv. ruin, torment (witch), take advantage of, wrestle, play with (dog).

lek istahinta komel čobtik li ʔik’ ʔun aʔa. The wind certainly laid waste to the corn field.

lek t šistahinta li hkobele muʔnuk sčiʔilikon ta č’iel. The fucker is taking advantage of me; it isn’t as if we grew up together.

tahintaan, tv. play with /people/ (dog).

htahimol. agn. player, child.

htahintavaneh, agn. deceiver.

tahčuč N.

tahčuč, n1a. scaly lentinus Lentinus lepideus, #2(1, 3, 5). Temperate and highland “mushroom”. It is toasted on the coals or boiled, seasoned with mexican tea. It is “cold”.

tahčučal k’aʔ-teʔ, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). Lentinus sp., #150(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

taiv N.

taiv, n1e. frost, ice.

ʔik’al taiv, nphr(aj & n)5. killing frost that is not visible.

tak(1) T.

tak, tv. send to person /greetings, letter/, summon.

tak baik, rv. send each other off, separate (husband and wife when unhappy together).

tak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. sending each other off, separation /husband and wife when unhappy together/.

tak ta ʔalel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). send person to notify another.

tak ta ʔik’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). summon /send constable to bring person to town hall/.

tak ta k’anel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). summon /send constable to bring person to town hall/.

takan, tv. send or summon /plu/.

takanan, tv. cf. takan.

tákantákan, tv. send or summon one after another.

tákantákanan, tv. cf. tákantákan.

takbalal vinik, nphr(aj & n)1d. person assigned to communal labor.

taket, nc. summoning, ordering to leave.

taket, av. summoning, sending.

taklahetik, av. cf. taket (plu).

takton, av. summoning, ordering, sending.

takulan, tv. keep sending or summoning.

takulanan, tv. keep sending or summoning /plu/.

takulanvan, iv. keep summoning person.

takvan, iv. send person /on mission or errand/.

takvan ta ʔik’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). send constable to bring person /to town hall/.

takvan ta k’anel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). send constable to bring person /to town hall/.

takvan ta mantal, vphr(iv & prep & n5). summon person.

htakbalal, agn. person sent on an errand.

htakel, agn. constable.

Use restricted to; htakel hnu¢el. lit., the sent one, the chased one, i.e., constable.

htakulanvaneh, agn. person who sends another repeatedly.

htakvaneh, agn. person who sends another.

tak’i, tv. send, order, summon.

tak(2) A.

taki _______, n(aj & ncpd)5. bony, fleshless _______/chicken, hen, rooster, dog, cat, sow, mule/.

taki-balamil, n(aj & ncpd)5. dry land.

taki-bi¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). stretched out (sleeping person, dry excrement).

taki-¢inan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). dried up (fruit), firmly fixed (post that cannot be budged).

taki-čamel, n(aj & vncpd)5. sickness that causes person to become fleshless.

taki-č’ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). dried up (food whose juice has been evaporated by overcooking).

taki-havan, aj(aj & Pcpd). dehydrated and immobile (drunk, sick child)

taki-lah, iv(aj & ivcpd). become emaciated.

taki-lukan, aj(aj & Pcpd). bony, emaciated (person, animal).

taki-moč’an, aj(aj & P P/2/cpd)., stale and curled up (tortilla), dry and curled up (leaf, bean pod).

taki-pečan, aj(aj & P P/2/cpd)., stale and curled up at the edges (tortilla).

taki-p’ilan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). furry (mouth with thirst), bone dry (well).

taki-seran, aj(aj & Ucpd). dry and worn (leather).

taki-sot’an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). dried up (fruit).

taki-šit’an, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). rigid (corpse, dead animal).

taki-šotan, aj(aj & P P/2/, T/2/cpd)., emaciated, bony (person, animal).

taki-šot’an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). emaciated, bony (person, animal).

taki-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. dry wood.

taki-tiʔil, n(aj & ncpd)5. thirst.

taki-vah, n(aj & ncpd)5. stale tortilla.

taki-večan, aj(aj & Pcpd). curled up and dried out (mushroom).

taki-votan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd). leathery (burnt flesh).

takiyeman, aj(aj & P P/2/cpd)., dried out (large pile of human excrement).

takih, iv. dry out (clothes, wood), dry (meat smoked over fire or dried in sun in lowlands), dry off (person).

takih tiʔ, vphr(iv & n4d). be thirsty.

takihebal, n5. moment before drying out.

takihes, tv. dry /clothes, wood, meat/.

takihes ba, rv. dry (clothes on person).

takihesan, tv. dry a lot of /clothes, wood/.

takihesanan, tv. cf. takihesan.

takihesob, n1f. mat for drying corn or beans.

takihesobil, n1f. cf. takihesob.

takin, n4e. scab, dryness of earth.

mu h-p’ehuk stakinal. There is not a dry spot /on clothes soaked by rain/.

takin, aj. dry.

takintik, aj. rather dry.

táktetákte čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with narrow hips (ugly woman).

tako N(Sp, taco).

tako, n1a. henequen wad for shot.

takopal N.

takopal, n1b. body /person, horse, sheep, cow, pig/, principal /money/, var., takupal.

lek nat stakopal. lit., Its body is good and long i.e., It is good-sized (horse, cow, pig).

lek hamal stakopal. lit., Its body is good and wide, i.e., It has a good growth of wool.

takupal

takupal, body, principal, cf. takopal.

tak’ T.

tak’, tv. answer, reply.

tak’, tv. be able, be possible.

stak’ t šibat. I can go.

mu šatak’ čiʔnel. You aren’t good company.

tak’ krasya, vphr(tv & n5). return thanks (ritual tutors to ensign-bearers, stewards, elders when kissing rosaries of ritual tutors).

tak’an, tv. answer or reply to /plu/.

ták’anták’an, tv. give one answer after another.

tak’av, iv. answer.

tol t štak’av ave. You sass too much.

tak’be ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d). answer back (person) /call of bird/.

tak’be rason, vphr(tv & n4d). follow person’s advice.

tak’ob krasya, nphr(n1f of n). cane liquor served when ritual tutor is greeted.

tak’obil krasya, nphr(n1f of n5). cf. tak’ob krasya.

tak’tik, tv/3s/. be rather easy.

tak’ulan, tv. keep answering.

tak’ulananbe, tv. keep replying many times.

htak’avel, agn. lit., answerer, i.e., official counselor, cf. tolil meʔil.

tak’an

tak’an, ripeness, cf. tok’on.

tak’in N.

tak’in, n1a. money, metal, bell.

hun tak’in. real /twelve and 1/2 cents/.

čib tak’in. twenty cents.

lahuneb tak’in. one peso and 20 cents.

tak’in ʔantivo, nphr(n of n)5. ‘ancestor’s money’, brown-backed solitaire Myadestes obscurus. cf. ora mut, ʔorisyon mut.

tak’in čikinil, nphr(n4e of n3d). earring.

tak’in na¢’il, nphr(n4e of n3d). coin on necklace.

tak’in p’in, nphr(n type n)1d. enamelware pot, cauldron.

tak’inah, iv. make profit /from sales/.

tal I.

tal, iv. come, arrive /here/.

t štal ša k’ak’al. The sun has risen.

ta štal kastiko. /Divine/ punishment will fall.

tal, dr. auxiliary verb expressing motion towards or back.

talebal, n5. moment of arrival.

talebal ša li voʔe. The rainy season is about to begin.

talel, vnlb. soul/č’ulel/, custom.

ta stalel ta slikel. lit., from the arrival, from the beginning, i.e., according to custom.

talel, dr. auxiliary verb expressing motion towards or back.

talel batel, nphr(vn & vn)5. reciprocal visiting.

talel talel, nphr(vnlb & vnlb). arriving frequently /orders, visitors/, returning frequently /pain/.

tales ʔaʔlel čuʔ, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). cause milk to flow.

tales ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). Ritual speech, lit. return one’s heart, i.e., reform, cf. tales č’ulel.

tales č’ulel, vphr(tv & n4d). awaken /another person/, bring understanding (godfather, wedding godfather), come to, become responsible, act maturely. Ritual speech, prayer; return one’s soul.

talesbon i hč’ulele talesbon i koʔone kahval. Return my soul for me, return my heart for me, My Lord, i.e., Reform me.

istales sč’ulel hyakubel. The drunk came to.

lik stales sč’ulel ʔun lik sčan ʔabtel. He began to act maturely; he began to learn how to work.

talesan č’ulel, vphr(tv & n4d) awaken /plu/.

talesob čuʔul ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ‘milk inducing plant’, Gnaphalium sp., #2579(21, 22). Temperate “plant”.

talesobil ʔaʔlel čuʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/). rue tea drunk to cause woman’s milk to flow.

talesobil ʔoʔon, nphr(n4f of n5). religious office.

talesobi] č’ulel, nphr(n4f of n5). religious office.

taltal, iv. approach slightly, return slightly (soul), awaken a bit (soul).

taltaltik, iv. approach slightly, return slightly (soul), awaken a bit (soul).

táltetálte, av. coming one after another (bowls of corn gruel).

talulan, iv. keep coming or returning.

ʔik’al talel, nphr(aj & n)1d. persistence of evil habits.

yihil ʔik’al talel, nphr(aj & aj & n)1d. persistence of evil habits into old age.

ta taltik, xphr(prep & x). right away.

talah N.

talah, n1e. antlion. cf. ʔararo. var., štalah.

tam T.

tam, tv. lift, pick up, take, begin, get /sickness/, deliver /midwife delivering newborn child/.

istam ša be. He mended his ways.

mu šatam šokon be. Don’t be irresponsible.

lek tuk’ stam be. He is responsible.

istam tuk’ be li kaʔe. The mule kept to the path.

istam yok. He journeyed a great distance (or) He died.

Polite speech; htamban yo hsiʔ. I am taking my lowly firewood first.

istam ša veʔel. He began to eat /solids/ (baby, patient).

istam ta ʔač’ li k’ope. The dispute was renewed.

šuʔ šatam eč’el stuk h-p’eh noš li be liʔe. You can continue on this same path, it has no turnoffs.

tam ba, rv. pick oneself up (drunk), get back on one’s feet (patient), gain influence.

istam sba hsaʔ-k’opetik. The troublemakers gained influence.

tam baik, rv. escort each other.

tam-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. escorting each other /elders escorting ensign-bearers to the Chapel of Our Lord of Esquípulas/.

tam be, vphr(tv / / n). set out, take to the road.

tama, tv. acquire, get.

istama ʔora bi. He died.

taman, tv. take or lift /plu/.

taman, aj. too widely spaced (plants, teeth), sparse (corn, plants, hair, pubic hair, trees).

tamanan, tv. cf. taman.

támantáman, tv. pick up one thing after another (wife taking her possessions home to her parents, robber).

támantámanan, tv. cf. taámantáman.

tamantik, aj. too widely spaced, sparse.

tambalal, n4d. midwife’s child /person who was delivered by particular midwife/.

tambalal _______, nphr(n type n)1d. object that has been picked up somewhere.

tambalal ʔunen. illegitimate child.

tambe _______, vphr(tv & iv). begin _______

tambe ʔanil, vphr(tv & n5). begin running.

tambe ʔik’ ʔok, vphr(tv & nphr/n4e of n4d/). follow the scent of.

tambe ʔok’el, vphr(tv & vn5). begin crying.

tambe ʔov, vphr(tv & n5). begin shouting.

tambe hatbal, vphr(tv & n5). begin fleeing.

tambe šanbal, vphr(tv & n5). begin journeying.

tamebal, n5. moment before taking /chaplet to church/.

tamel, nc. trip made to escort person /1–3/.

tamet eč’el, vphr(av & dr). being depleted rapidly (money, corn).

tamkan, aj. sparse (pubic hair, corn plants).

tamkantik, aj. sparse.

tamlah, av. walking in sudden staggering spurts (drunk) (sing).

tamlahetik, av. cf. tamton (plu).

támluh, av. flouncing out (wife running home to parents).

tamobil, n4f. gift accompanying request for shaman’s presence.

tamolah, iv. deliver (midwife), scratch (chicken).

támtetámte, av. being depleted, running out of time and again (money, corn).

tamton, av. picking up many things.

tamulan, tv. keep picking up, lifting or taking.

tamulan baik, rv. keep escorting each other.

tamulanobil, n4f. cane liquor for escorting religious officials repeatedly.

tamvan, iv. escort person (elders escorting entering ensign-bearers to the Chapel of Lord Esquípulas).

tamvan ta ʔak’ot, vphr(iv & prep & n4d). escort person to dance (ritual tutor escorting incoming and outgoing stewards when steward enters, or escorting steward when his coffer is honored, wedding godfather escorting wedding guests, ritual tutor and incense-tenders of the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary escorting steward of Voʔ-bi¢).

tamvan ta ʔutel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). approach and revile.

htam-hʔilol, agn(tv & agncpd). person who escorts shaman to house of patient and escorts him home.

htam šutul vah, agn: vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5). lit., person who takes a piece of tortilla, i.e., incapable person who eats another’s food (ritual assistant, scribe).

htamlahel ta čamel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). convalescent.

htamol, agn. midwife.

htamvaneh, agn. person who escorts another (elders escorting ensign-bearers to the Chapel of Lord Esquípulas).

htamvaneh ta ʔak’ot, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). ritual tutor, etc., who escorts people to dance.

htamvaneh ta ʔutel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who constantly reviles others.

mu tambah, ajphr(pt & aj). not picked up or loaned, never picked up or loaned, impossible to pick up or loan.

mu tambanah, ajphr(pt & aj). cf. mu tambah.

toh tamlahel, nphr(aj & vn)5. just take off (corpse) /to cemetery/, just get on one’s feet (patient).

tamaliʔ N(N, tamalli).

tamaliʔ, n1a. tamale /pork tamales are presented by the stewards to the sacristans on Pentecost/.

tamarin N(Sp, tamarindo).

tamarin, n1a. tamarind Tamarindus indica, #861(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” It is grown by ladinos, in their yards. The pits are planted in the rainy season. The fruit is used by ladinos for cold beverages. It is soaked in sweetened water. It is “cold”. As a remedy for dysentery the fruit is brewed. The tea is “medium”

tampo N(Sp, tambo).

tampo, n1a. oil drum.

tampol N(Sp, tambor).

tampol, n1a. drum. The head of the drum is made of dog or deer skin, var., tampor, trampol.

tampolero N(Sp, tamborero).

htampolero, agn. drummer.

tampor

tampor, drum. cf. tampol.

tan(1) N.

tan, n1a. lime, ashes, inan. poss.; pollen.

Ritual speech, prayer; yo tanon yo pukukon. I am but lowly ashes, I am but lowly dust.

tan-ʔakan, n(aj & ncpd)5. ashen-legged /person who does not wash legs, buzzard, boat-tailed grackle/.

tan-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. ashen-legged /person who does not wash legs, buzzard, boat-tailed grackle/.

tan ʔus, cf. ʔus.

tan ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n). ‘gray plant’, nettle-leaved goose foot Chenopodium murale, #2391(3, 4, 20). Highland “plant” (20)-It is eaten, boiled, as greens. It is “cold”. It is sold at market, sun rose Helianthemum glomeralum, #1394(9), #2348(19). Highland “plant”, verbene Verbena littoralis, #2249(19). Highland “plant” Isocarpha oppositifolia, #2817(3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”

tan ¢’ul ʔitan, cf. ¢’ul ʔitah.

tan kaʔ, nphr(n of n). ‘horse’s ash?’, tick clover Desmodium skinneri, #432(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for firewood. The bark is applied to wounds. It is “medium”, tick clover Desmodium chiapense, #1554(1, 3, 11, 12). Lowland, temperate, and highland “plant” #2120(1, 7, 11, 14). Temperate “tree”. #2308(3, 4, 19). Temperate “plant”, tick clover Desmodium orbiculare, #1829(15, 16), #1929(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Temperate “tree”. (I6)-It is eaten by horses, tick clover Desmodium maxonii, #2956(1), Highland “tree”.

ʔit’iš tan kaʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). tick clover Desmodium maxonii, #2532(1, 4). Temperate “plant”, It is eaten by sheep and horses, tick clover Desmodium amplifolium, #2910(16). Temperate “plant”. It is eaten by sheep.

k’oš tan ka1ʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n of a/), tick clover Desmodium maxonii, #2532(21, 22). Temperate “plant” #2956(16). Temperate “tree”. It is eaten by mules and sheep.

muk’ta tan kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). tick clover Desmodium amplifolium, #2447(1). Highland “tree” #2525(1, 4, 21, 22). Temperate “tree”. #2910(1, 3). Temperate “plant”

tan kaʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Nissolia fruticosa, #1969(16, 17). Lowland “vine”.

tan-mukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). covered with ashes (cat, woman’s skirt), gray (smoky hill, bank), ashen /from sickness/, covered with dust, covered with pollen.

tan poš, nphr(n type n)1a. sun rose Helianthemum glomeralum, #394(1, 2, 3, 5), #1394(1, 3), #2348(3, 4). Highland “plant”. As a remedy for diarrhea, a handful of sun roses is brewed together with st. john’s wort. The tea is “hot”. As a remedy for “white” dysentery the plant is brewed. The tea is “medium”. As a remedy for bloody dysentery, the plant is crushed in cold water. A small cup is drunk. It is “medium”. For other medicinal uses, cf. ¢i¢ poš.

muk’ta tan poš, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Krameria revoluta, #1637(1, 4). Lowland “plant”.

tan poš ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). see below.

muk’ta tan poš ¢’iʔlel, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). Lithospermum distichum, #1427(7). Highland “plant”

tan puk, nphr(n & n)5. corn or beans scattered around the house /by chickens/.

tan-salan, aj(aj & Acpd). ashen (face of child who has lost mother), dry and scaly (skin, bark).

tan-saran, aj(aj & Ucpd). dry and scaly (skin, bark), ashen (face of child who has lost mother).

tan sat, nphr(aj & n)5. Chamula carnival figure, cf. maš.

tanal, aj. ashen (face of sick person).

tanal makom, cf. makom.

tanan tal, vphrfav & dr). approaching in scattered group.

tananet, av. scattering (children, sparks), spilling (corn, lime, blood), falling lightly (drizzle).

tanet k’oplal, vphr(av & n4f). spreading gossip.

tanetah, iv, spill, scatter.

tanetik ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & vn5). scattering and running.

tani, tv. plant /corn, beans/, scatter, distribute (religious official distributing food).

Ritual speech, prayer; ta htani ta hpuki ti yo l ašohobale ti yo l anak’obale. I strew Thy lordly sunbeams, I scatter Thy holy shade, i.e., I exhaust my corn supply rapidly.

tani ba, rv. scatter (sheep, people).

tanian, tv. scatter a lot of /corn, beans/.

tanianan, tv. cf. tanian.

tanih, iv. spill (corn, beans, potatoes, nixtamal, wool), overflow (water).

tanihes, tv. spread /gossip/.

tanil voʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a. lime water /for nixtamal/.

taniltik, aj. scattered.

taniob, n1f. old mat or basket used to discard rubbish.

taniobil, n1f. cf. taniob.

tanlah tal, vphr(av & dr). approaching in scattered group.

tanlahet, av. scattering (children playing).

tanlahetik, av. cf. tanlahet.

tánluh, av. spilling or scattering suddenly.

tantan, aj. ashen (face of sick person).

tántetánte ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running about.

tanton eč’el, vphr(av & dr). leaving and taking nothing (wife returning to parent’s home).

tanub, iv. become ashen, become an orphan.

tanubtas, tv. make ashen (sickness, buzzard that has rock thrown at it).

tanubtasvan, iv. make person ashen (sickness, buzzard that has rock thrown at it).

htanubtasvaneh, agn. sickness that makes person ashen, buzzard thought to make person turn ashen if he throws a rock at it.

tan(2)

tan, tooth, stone, cf. ton(1).

tana N.

tana, n5. today, now /future time within same day/.

tana, excl. sure!, certainly!

tanhero A(Sp, extranjero).

tanhero, aj. foreign, imported, introduced, var., tranhero.

tanhero ʔasaluna, cf. ʔasaluna.

tanhero ʔis-ak’, cf. ʔis-ak’.

tanhero čitom, cf. čitom.

tanhero havas, cf. čenek’.

tanhero kašlan, cf. kašlan.

tanhero luk’, cf. luk’.

tanhero man¢ana, cf. man¢ana.

tanhero vakaš, cf. vakaš.

tanke N(Sp, tanque).

tanke, n1e. swimming pool, water tank.

tapaho N(Sp, tapaojo).

tapaho, n1a. horse blinders, horse whip.

tararan N.

tararan, n1e. turkey vulture Cathartes aura. cf. ¢ahal hol šulem.

taria N(Sp, tarea).

taria, n1d. unit of work. Male joking speech; twelve acts of intercourse a night /said to be demanded by some wives/. For hoeing: 2 × 20 arm spans if land is unbroken, 5 × 10 arm spans if land has been hoed previously. For weeding; 5 × 20 arm spans. For planting; a day’s work /the amount of corn seeded varies according to desire of workers/.

taro N(Sp, tarro).

taro, n. common bamboo. See below.

taroaltik, n5. large bamboo grove.

tarotik, n5. bamboo grove.

k’anal taro, nphr(aj & n). common bamboo Bambusa vulgaris, #324(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”

tas(1) T(2).

tas, tv. pick out of, take out of, remove from container /ear of corn, chayote, stopper/, take off /tortilla from griddle/, pull out /branches from fence/, remove solid from liquid.

tas-ʔik’i, tv(tv & ncpd). sniff the air, breathe in (person who has fainted).

tasal, aj. hanging out (tongue of rabid dog or dead rabbit).

tasan, tv. spoon out /plu/, take off /tortillas/.

tasanan, tv. cf. tasan.

tásantásan, tv. spoon out one after another, take off one after another /tortillas from griddle/.

tásantásanan, tv. cf. tásantásan.

tasaset, av. flicking (snake’s tongue).

taset, av. untucked (woman’s blouse), flicking (snake’s tongue).

taslah, av. panting (plu).

taslahet, av. spooning out, pulling out /food/, panting (animals).

taslahetik, av. panting, spooning out, pulling out /food/, panting (people).

tasob, n1f. spoon used to lift food out of boiling water so that it can be picked up in the hand.

tasobil, n1f. cf. tasob.

tastas, aj. hanging out (tongue of rabid dog or dead rabbit).

taston, av. panting and gasping (person V4: 4), spooning out, pulling out /food/ (child), panting with tongue hanging out (dog), heaving (mule). Male joking speech; drawing out /penis/.

tasulan, tv. keep picking out of, taking out of or removing from container /ear of corn, etc./, keep taking off /tortillas from griddle/, keep pulling out /branches from fence/.

tasulanan, tv. keep pulling out many /branches from fence/.

tasulanbe, tv. keep drawing out /penis from vagina/.

tas(2) N.

tas čak ʔol, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4d of n4d/). diaper.

tas čak ʔunen, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4d of n5/). diaper.

tas kaʔ nphr(n1d of n1d). saddle blanket.

tasil, n1a. cloth lain on top of straw mat to serve as mattress, cloth placed between burden and back to prevent chafing.

tasa N(Sp, tasa).

tasa, n1a. metal cup, metal bowl for measuring corn /1.67 metric liters/.

tasa boč, nphr(n type n)1a. metal cup.

tasalul N.

tasalul, n4d. way of life, customs.

tašuš N(Sp, tasajó).

tašuš, n1a. jerked beef.

tat(1)

tat, mud, thickness, cf. tot(1).

tat(2)

tat, gentleman, father, sir. cf. tot(2).

taval Pt.

taval, pt. later.

taval to t šibat. I am going later.

Female speech, mother telling child to wait; taval tana, later!

Farewell speech, people of Voʔ-bi¢ and Čobtik; taval to me. (See you) later!

tavarnako N(Sp, tabernáculo).

tavarnako, n1c. tabernacle /box in which saint’s image is carried on visits/.

taves E.

taves, excl. Exclamation of players at fiesta of St. Sebastian and of ensign-bearers during fiestas. It purportedly means, It’s fine - a corruption of está bueno.

tavlon N(Sp, tablón).

tavlon, n1a. plot of land 100 × 25 arm spans or 50 × 50 arm spans, or land on which 1 liter of seed corn can be planted.

tay

tay, height. cf. toy.

te N.

te, n5. then, there, var., tey.

te t šibat. I am going then.

te ta Hobel. It is there in San Cristóbal.

te ša mu teuk ti koʔone. I was distraught (or) I was upset.

te ta yoʔon. It is harbored in his heart /resentment/.

tek, n(contr of te & -uk)5. alright, agreed.

tete, n5. continuing.

tetetik, n5. there is a lttle.

teuk, n5. alright, agreed.

teʔ(1) N.

teʔ, n1f. tree /woody plant that can be used for firewood/, billy, staff of office, walking stick, stick, wodden quarter measure /kwarča teʔ/. inan. poss.; steʔel.

teʔ, nc. stick /4 only/.

čan-teʔ mok. fence with four horizontal bars.

teʔ-ʔak’, n(aj & ncpd). ‘woody vine’ or ‘stiff vine’, jack bean Canavalia glabra, #2158(14). Temperate “vine”. Hiraea reclinata, #817(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine” Chodanthus puberulus, #1584(1, 3). Temperate “vine”. Heteropteris beecheyana, #1642(14). Lowland and temperate “Vine”. Petastelma patelliferum, #2631(15). Lowland “vine”. Gouania polygama, #2812(11, 12). Lowland “vine” Antigonon flavescens, #2645(15). Lowland “vine”. Quassia amara, #1295(8). Lowland “vine”. Adenocalymna calderonii), #2649(21). Lowland “vine”. The fruit is edible. It is sold in Acala, Chiapa, and San Cristóbal. It is “cold”

¢ahal teʔ-ʔak’, nphr(aj & n). Heteropteris beecheyana, #2623(1, 3). Lowland “vine”.

sakil teʔ-ʔak’, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Combretum fruticosum, #197(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine” Petastelma patelliferum, #2631(1, 3). Lowland “vine”.

teʔ ʔalak’, nphr(n1f of n4d). chicken roost.

teʔ bolom, nphr(n of n)5. jaguar tree of St. Sebastian fiesta.

teʔ bolom, cf. bolom.

teʔ kašlan, nphr(n1f of n5). chicken roost.

teʔ la, cf. la.

teʔ limon, cf. limon.

teʔ nuk’ul, nphr(n1f of n3d). neckbone.

teʔ-pat č’um, cf. č’um.

teʔan komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave stretched out and immobile /murder victim/.

teʔel, n4f. tree, stick.

teʔel, nc. unit of dry measure; three units are equivalent to one and 1/2 fanegas, five units are equivalent to two and 1/2 fanegas. /3, 5 only/. nom teʔel yakan. He is keeping out of arm’s reach (or) He is keeping his distance.

teʔel _______, nphr(n1f of n1d). _______ tree /orange, lime, lemon, gourd, avocado, etc./.

teʔel ʔakanil, nphr(n1f of n3d). leg bone.

teʔel ʔalampre, nphr(n1f of n1d). fence post /of barbed wire fence/.

teʔel ʔelamoniš, cf. ʔelamoniš.

teʔel ʔuliʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d). forked stick /slingshot/.

teʔel ʔuliʔ, nphr(n of n)5. lowland rubber tree.

teʔel ʔut, nphr(n4f of n4f). sounding post /fiddle/.

teʔel čenek’ul vah, nphr(n1f of nphr/n type n/1d). pieces of wood placed in pot to separate layers of tamales.

teʔel č’ohon tak’in, nphr(n of nphr/n type n/)5. telephone post.

teʔel kantela, nphr(n1f of n1d). stick to which new candles are bound to keep them from breaking when being transported.

teʔel lima, cf. lima.

teʔel marimpa, cf., marimpa.

teʔel na, nphr(n1f of n1d). rafter.

teʔel pisil vah, nphr(n1f of nphr/aj & n/ld). sticks placed in pot to separate layers of tamales.

teʔel pišalal, nphr(n1f of n3d). palm woven into hat for reinforcement.

teʔel pom, nphr(natt & n)1e. wood incense.

teʔel trampol, nphr(n1f of n1d). drumstick.

teʔel vob, nphr(n1f of n1d). peg of stringed instrument.

teʔlal, n1b. felled trees, cleared field /before or after burning/.

teʔlal k’ahben, nphr(n of n)1d. field that has been cleared the previous year.

teʔlaltik, n5. expanse of felled trees, cleared field /before or after burning/.

teʔleh, n1f. lying stretched out and immobile (sleeping person).

teʔtik, n5. forest, also used to refer to Pat ʔOsil, C̸eleh Tohtik.

teʔtikal čih, cf. čih.

teʔtikal čitom, cf. čitom.

teʔtikal čon, nphr(n att & n)5. forest animal, hamlet dweller.

teʔtikal č’oliv, cf. č’oliv.

teʔtikal kantela čenek’, cf. čenek’.

teʔtikal makoʔ, cf. makoʔ.

teʔtikal papaya, cf. papaya.

teʔtikal poʔon, cf. poʔon.

teʔtikil ʔunen mu, cf. ʔunen mu.

teʔtikil čih, cf. čih.

teʔtikil čitom, cf. čitom.

teʔtikil čon, nphr(n att & n)5. cf. teʔtikal čon.

teʔtikil makoʔ, cf. makoʔ.

teʔtikil petok, cf. petok.

teʔtikil potov, cf. potov.

teʔtikil tuiš, cf. tuiš.

hteʔtikahel, agn. person coming from, going to, or in woods for the purpose of gathering patient’s “flowers”

šteʔ-pat, cf. čenek’.

teʔ(2) P.

teʔ ba, rv. become rigid (corpse, penis).

teʔ-¢inan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). hard (banana that will not ripen, penis), stuck (axe), constipated, unable to urinate, immobile (foetus that won’t descend).

teʔ-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. hard-skinned (cushaw, beans).

teʔ-šik’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). stiff (penis, canvas, mud-covered clothing).

teʔ-vak’an, aj(aj & Xcpd). stiff (clothing with dried blood, hair with resin).

teʔahtik, aj. stiff (leather).

teʔahtik ʔakan, nphr(aj & n4d). keeping out of arm’s reach /chicken/.

teʔan ba, rv. become rigid (corpse).

teʔ¢ah, iv. become rigid (penis).

teʔeʔ, av. becoming erect (penis).

teʔeʔet, av. erect (penis).

teʔel, aj. rigid, stiff (neck), unable to be bended (leg, arm), stretched out stiffly (drunk).

teʔel ʔatil, nphr(aj & n3d). erect penis.

teʔet, av. strolling happily or healthily, being held erect, erect (penis).

šteʔet sne ¢’iʔ. The dog is holding its tail erect.

hun yoʔon šteʔet ta k’in li mole. The gentleman is strolling about happily at the fiesta.

teʔetah, iv. walk vigorously.

teʔetik, av. use restricted to; hun yoʔon šteʔetik: They are walking about idly.

teʔi, iv. be rigid (leg, penis).

teʔin, tv. own trees, own staff of office.

teʔlah, av. walking erectly and strongly (people, mules).

teʔlahet, av. use restricted to; hun yoʔon šteʔlahet: They are walking about idly.

teʔlahetik, av. cf. teʔlahet.

téʔluh, av. becoming rigid suddenly (leg).

teʔom, n1e. warp.

teʔteʔ, aj. rigid, stiff (arm, leg), tough (cabbage).

téʔtetéʔte, av. walking about vigorously.

teʔton, av. walking stiff-legged, walking vigorously, striding, stepping out.

teʔub, iv. become rigid (penis).

teʔubtas, tv. stiffen /penis/.

teʔubtasvan, iv. stiffen person’s penis (peanuts when eaten).

teč’ P.

teč’-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. matted-haired.

teč’ahtik, aj. matted (wool, dog’s or sheep’s coat).

teč’an, tv. set down in tangle /wool/.

teč’an ba, rv. become matted (wool, woman’s hair).

teč’¢ah, iv. become matted (wool, woman’s hair).

teč’eč, aj. matted, snarled (hair).

teč’eč’ub, iv. become matted (wool, woman’s hair).

teč’el, aj. matted (wool).

teč’elik, aj. cf. teč’ahtik.

teč’et, av. lying matted and abandoned (wool).

teč’i, iv. be matted (wool, woman’s hair).

teč’leh, n1f. matted.

teč’teč’, aj. matted (wool, woman’s hair).

teč’ton, av. hard (wood that grips axe head), snarled, matted.

teč’ub, iv. become matted (wool, woman’s hair).

tek(1) X.

tek, nc. brood of chicks.

tek-lumal, n(x & ncpd)4d. town.

tekeket, av. walking (brood of chicks).

teket, av. walking (brood of chicks).

téktetékte, av. walking about (brood of chicks).

hhtek-lum, agn(x & ncpd). inhabitant’of Zinacantan Center.

hhtek-lumahel, agn. person going to, at or coming from Zinacantán Center.

htek-lum, n(x & ncpd)5. Zinacantán Center.

tek(2) N.

tekuh, iv. become infected (wound, broken bone).

tekun, tv. infect /wound, broken bone/.

mu hk’an t škuč’ yuʔun tol stekun hčamel. I don’t want to drink, it will bring on my sickness. /Even though people appear well they always consider themselves to be slightly sick/.

tekun ba, rv. become infected (wound, broken bone).

tekunvan, iv. cause person to become infected /wound, broken bone/.

htekunvaneh, agn. person who steps on another’s sore and causes it to become infected.

tek(3)

tek, alright, agreed, cf. te(1).

tek’ P(2).

tek’, tv. step on. Ritual speech, prayer; step.

ta htek’ ta hšan ti čanib syalemal avokik ti čanib syalemal ak’obik. I will step, I will walk to Thy four thresholds, Thy four altars.

tek’, nc. plant, tree, vine, etc..

h-tek’ ta teʔ snatil. He is as tall as a tree.

tek’, nc. stamp, pace.

tek’ ʔok, vphr(tv / / n). stamp (person, deer).

tek’ tak’in, vphr(tv & n5). announce date for collection of money (principals).

tek’ tohol kompišyon, vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5). announce date for collection of money for confessions (elders and sacristans for Holy Week).

tek’ tohol limušna, vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5). announce date for collection of money for each of three year renewal ceremonies (elders and special money collector).

tek’ tohol mayštro, vphr(tv & nphr/n of agn/5). announce date for collection of money for school teachers (principals).

tek’ tohol miša sibak, vphr: tv & nphr(n of nphr/n of n/5). announce date for collection of money to pay priest and to pay for rockets (elders and scribes for fiesta of St. Sebastian, St. Lawrence, Our Lady of the Rosary, Fourth Friday of Lent).

tek’ tohol musika, vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5). announce date for collection of money for band (fiesta committee member).

tek’ah, iv. copulate (rooster).

tek’ahtik, aj. standing (trees, plants, etc.).

tek’an, tv. step on /plu/ (mule flattening corn field).

tek’an, tv. set down, plant /plant/.

yeč istek’an sčob. He just planted his corn field /without weeding it/.

tek’an ba, rv. stand firm, defend or stand up for (lawyer).

Ritual speech, prayer referring to the tutelary gods; mi svaʔan to sba mi stek’an to sea. Will They still stand erect, will They still stand firm?

tek’an komel, vphr(tv & dr). Ritual speech, oath of office; leave standing firmly. cf. vaʔan komel.

tek’anan, tv. step on /plu/.

ték’anték’an, tv. step on one after another /cultivated plants/.

ték’anték’anan, tv. cf. ték’anték’an.

tek’antik, aj. widely spaced (plants, trees, vines or corn plants).

tek’be ¢oʔ, vphr(tv & n4d). stomp on person.

tek’be na, vphr(tv & n4d). enter person’s house.

mu ša htek’be sna. I will not step foot in his house anymore.

tek’ek’, av. about to tread on (rooster on hen).

tek’ek’et, av. spurting far (blood, diarrhea), heavy (downpour).

tek’el, nc. pace, step.

tek’el, aj. standing (plant, tree, vine, grass, etc.).

tek’el ta yoʔon (or) tek’el ta meʔ vinik (or) tek’el ta be č’ič’. guarded in on’s heart forever /wrong done to person/.

tek’el toh, nphr(aj & n)1a. pine tops /used to decorate crosses or erected on both sides of procession route/.

tek’elik, aj. cf. tek’ahtik.

ték’elték’el, n4f. each of many trees, plants or vines.

tek’et k’anel, vphr(av & n4f). persisting obstinately in making request.

tek’etah, iv. want to go.

tek’etik k’anel, vphr(av & n4f). cf. tek’et k’anel (plu).

tek’i, iv. Ritual speech, curing prayer: stand firm.

t šba vaʔluk t šba tek’luk. They go to stand erect, they go to stand firm /candles/.

tek’lah, av. dancing (people).

tek’lahet, av. cf. tek’ton (plu), tek’et (plu).

tek’lahetik, av. dancing (people).

tek’lebal, n5. Ritual speech, shaman praying; shrine.

č’ul-vaʔlebal č’ul-tek’lebal. lit., holy standing place, holy stepping place, i.e., shrine.

tek’leh, n4f. entire plant, tree or vine.

tek’ob son, vphr(n type n)5. fourth song of standard sets of five or six religious songs.

tek’obal, n3a. ladder.

tek’obin, tv. stand on object /to reach something/.

tek’obinan, tv. stand on many objects /to reach something/.

tek’obinvan, iv. stand on person /to reach something/.

tek’tek’, nc. single tree, plant or vine /1 only/.

ték’teték’te, av. stamping about (drunk), going about (tax collectors).

tek’ton, av. strutting (turkey), dancing (person).

tek’tonah, iv. strut (turkey), stamp angrily.

tek’ulan, tv. keep stepping on /cultivated plants, food/(child, mule).

tek’ulan ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). stamp.

tek’ulanan, tv. keep stepping on /cultivated plants, food/, (child, mule).

tek’van, iv. kick or step on person, tread (rooster on hen), recoil (gun,), make person go bankrupt, have weeds grow too high to be cut.

t štek’van čamel. Sickness makes a person go bankrupt.

htek’vaneh, agn. mule that kicks person.

mu tek’bah, ajphr(pt & aj). not visited, never visited, impossible to visit, impossible to step /where ground is covered with blood or excrement/.

mu tek’banah, ajphr(pt & aj). cf. mu tek’bah.

tel P(2).

tel, tv. stretch out /legs, loom/, carry /pole on shoulder/.

muk’ šaʔi stel eč’el yok. lit., He didn’t feel his legs stretch out, i.e., He died suddenly.

tel, nc. In reference to; tree /for firewood/, sugarcane, package of brown sugar, unstitched section of clothing.

tel ba, rv. stretch out, stretch /legs/, die.

telahtik, aj. stretched out (legs, looms, lumber, fallen trees), long (cushaws, pineapples).

telan, tv. stretch out /loom/.

telan ba, rv. stretch out /in sleep/.

telan komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave stretched out /corpse, log/.

telanan, tv. set down or carry many logs, stretch out many /looms/.

telanob, n1f. straw mat on which corpse or loom is lain.

telanobil, n1f. cf. telanob.

télantélan, tv. set down one after another /logs/, carry one after another /logs on shoulder/.

télantélanan, tv. cf. télantélan.

telantik, aj. lying far apart (fallen trees).

telekil, n4f. many lengths /sugarcane, brown sugar/.

telel, av. being carried (corpse, tree), slithering or swimming in straight line (snake).

telel, aj. stretched out face up and immobile (corpse, sleeping person, leg, large snake), long (house), stretched out (loom, log).

telel šit’il, ajphr(aj & aj). thrashing arms and legs (drunk).

telelet, av. walking with /long tail/ (skunk, fox, jaguar, coati).

telelik, aj. stretched out (legs).

téleltélel, n4f. each of many fallen trees.

telet, av. stretched out (corpse, leg, loom), walking with long /tail/.

teli, iv. be stretched out (corpse, leg), be in place (rafter).

tellah, av. striding (plu).

tellahet, av. with muscular spasms (dying person or animal, epileptic, person or animal twitching frequently in sleep), striding (plu).

tellahetik, av. striding.

telleh, n1f. stretched out (person, corpse, loom).

telleh, n4f. whole length /sugarcane, package of brown sugar or salt/.

télluh, av. twitching suddenly /leg stretching in sleep/.

telom šanav, vphr(aj & iv). stride healthily.

teltel, nc. single sugarcane, tree /for firewood/ or package of brown sugar /1 only/.

teltel, aj. long (face, house, young boy’s tunic, cushaw), rectangular.

téltetélte, av. walking about with long tunic or tail, striding about.

telton, av. striding, stepping out, walking vigorously, twitching or thrashing /in death spasm or epileptic fit/.

telulan ba, rv. thrash or kick wildly (child, drunk, prisoner, epileptic).

htelom, agn. healthy person.

teleš N(Sp, Andrés).

teleš, n1d. Andrew, Reese.

teleš, n1d. jesus christ lizard Bassiliscus vittatus. cf. št’er. It is edible, but eating it is thought to prevent one’s corn field from growing. It is “hot”

tem(1) N.

tem, n1a. bed, litter /for corpse/.

stemal teʔal kašlan. chicken roost.

tem, n1b. platform for tamales /sticks put in pot/.

tem(2) P, T(2).

tem ba ʔabtel, vphr(rv/3s/ & n4d). have work pile up.

tem ba mulil, vphr(rv/3s/ & n4d). pile up (guilt, sins).

temahtik, aj. piled up, accumulated (work).

teman, tv. make large pile of /corn stubble, weeds/, put large burden on /mule/.

teman ba holobil, vphr(rv/3s/ & n4d). accumulate weaving /to be done/.

temanbe ʔabtel, vphr(tv & n4d). load with work.

temanobil, n4f. place for setting down large pile.

temel, aj. in large pile (corn stubble, weeds), accumulated (work).

Ritual speech, curing prayer; mu me k’u yepal temel tal mu me k’u yepal but’ul tal. They are not piled high, they are not heaped up /offerings/.

temem eč’el, vphr(av & dr). piling out (people from house).

temet, av. piled up and unable to be finished (work).

temet eč’el, vphr(av & dr). piling out (people from house).

tempič N.

tempič, n. wild chili, cf. ʔič.

tempiš N(Sp, tempixtle from N, tentli pixtli).

tempiš, n. Dendropanax arboreus, #304(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for fieldhouse mainposts, for fence posts, cattle corrals, and firewood.

ʔit’iš tempiš, nphr(n4f of n5). Trichilia sp., #3010(1, 4, 5). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood.

tempran A(Sp, temprano).

tempran ʔič, n. wild chili, cf. ič.

ten T(2).

ten, tv. throw, throw at, throw away, beat /metal/, pound /tobacco leaves into powder, wool being fulled, house or fence posts being fixed securely/, tamp /gunpowder in blasting iron/.

ʔa li preserentee isten komel ta h-moh sčotleb. The magistrate renounced his post permanently.

isten ta yoʔon (or) isten ta spat shol. He forgot it completely. Polite speech; teno t ave h-¢’uhuk. Drink a little!

Ritual speech, prayer; mu me šatenon mu me šač’ayon. Do not throw me away, do not discard me.

ten, iv. be pounded or tamped.

ten, n1a. corn bin.

ten, nc. In reference to; trip, coitus.

ten ʔišim ʔuč, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/). ‘opossum’s corn bin’, fairy-purse Cyathus sp., #187(1, 4, 7). Highland “mushroom”

ten ʔuč, nphr(n4d of n5). ‘opossum’s corn bin’, Stachys coccinea, #1361(7). Highland “plant”.

ten ba, rv. become matted (wool) or accumulated (work), throw self /on ground/, give up.

isten sba ta yakubel. He turned to drink.

ten baik, rv. throw each other.

ten-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. throwing each other.

ten hol, nphr(n1f of n1f). roof crest.

ten-hol poš, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ‘matted hair medicine’, white lantana Lantana achyranthifolia, #1840(15, 16). Temperate “plant”. (16)-As a remedy for diarrhea, a bunch is brewed. One cup of the tea is drunk. It is “medium”

tenahtik, aj. cf. tenel.

tenan, tv. pound or throw /plu/.

tenanan, tv. cf. tenan.

ténanténan, tv. pound or throw one after another.

ténanténanan, tv. cf. ténanténan.

tenantik, aj. having infrequent sexual relations.

tenav čakil, nphr(n1f of n3d). hipbone.

tenbalal, aj. hand-forged.

tenbil bek’et, nphr(aj & n)5. chopped or ground meat.

ten¢ah, iv. become tightly matted (wool).

tenebal, n5. moment before finishing pounding /gunpowder, wool/.

tenel, nc. throw /1–3/.

tenel, aj. matted (wool), accumulated (work).

tenel teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a. board.

tenel teʔal na, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. pole plate.

tenelik, aj. tightly matted (wool).

tenet, av. tightly matted (wool).

tenlahet, av. cf. tenton (plu).

tenlahetik, av. cf. tenton (plu).

tenleh, n4f. flat meadow.

tenlehtik, n4f. broad and flat meadow.

tenob(1), n1d. rock, etc., that is thrown.

tenob(2), n1f. mallet used for tamping gunpowder, one of three thatch poles of roof crest, sledgehammer, block on which tobacco is pounded, rock used to full wool.

tenobah, iv. throw at, stone.

tenobal, n5. thrown rock, etc.

tenobil, n1f. cf. tenob(2).

tenobta, tv. throw at /stone, stick/ /to attract attention of girl, to shoo mule/.

tenobta baik, rv. throw at each other /stones or sticks to attract each other’s attention/.

tenobtaan, tv. throw /stones at mule to scare it off/.

tenobtavan, iv. throw at person /stick or stone to attract girl’s attention/.

tenteh, n4f. flat meadow.

tentehtik, n4f. broad and flat meadow.

tenten, aj. thick (salya hobel, tenten hobel), matted (wool).

tenton, av. throwing stones.

tenu, tv. hide under /blanket, rock/, give person heavy burden, take lodging, bury.

tenub, iv. become runty.

tenulan, tv. tamp /gunpowder in blasting iron/, pound /tobacco leaves, wool being fulled/.

tenuobil, n4f. rock or blanket, etc., under which thing is hidden.

tenvan, iv. throw at person.

hten-kamaro, agn(tv & ncpd). mortarman or cannoneer /person who tamps gunpowder in blasting iron and explodes it/.

hten-mut, agn(tv & ncpd). person who hunts birds with stones or slingshot /boy/.

hten-tak’in, agn(tv & ncpd). blacksmith.

hten-vun, agn(tv & ncpd). constable or principal who delivers notice of appointment to office.

htenvaneh, agn. person who throws object at another.

stentehal ¢i¢, cf. ¢i¢.

ten¢un N(N, tentzon).

ten¢un, n5. supernatural evil goat.

ten¢un, n. ‘goat’, Ruellia inundata, #2801(11), Lowland “plant”.

k’oš ten¢un, nphr(aj & n). Loeselia glandulosa, #281(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”.

ten¢un ¢iʔlel, nphr(n type n). Ruellia inundata, #2863(14). Lowland “plant”.

ten¢un poš, nphr(n type n). ‘goat medicine’, Ruellia inundata, #180(1, 2, 3, 5), #2801(3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant”. #2863(1, 4). Temperate “plant” As a remedy for “wind”, three stems are brewed or bruised in cold water. The tea or water is drunk two or three times. It is “hot”

teneša N(Sp, tinaja).

teneša, n1a. water storage jar.

tenpič N.

tenpič, n. wild chili, cf. ʔič.

tes X.

teseset, av. scattering (chicks).

téstetéste, av. circulating /in veins/ (injection), walking about (brood of chickens).

tesorero N(Sp, tesorero).

tesorero, agn. treasurer /of town, church committee, or ejido committee/.

teša N(Sp, teja).

teša, n1a. tile.

tešail na, nphr(natt & n)5. tile-roofed house.

tešereš N(Sp, tijeras).

tešereš, n1a. scissors, shears, claw /crab/.

tey

tey, then, there, cf. te.

ti(1) X.

titih, iv. become untied, open (corn tassel).

t štitih sč’ut. His sash came undone.

t štitih hu-huntik. A very few are in flower /twelfth developmental stage of corn, also called hlilihel ša, t šlilih hu-huntik or htitihel ša/.

titihebal, n5. moment before becoming untied, moment before opening (corn tassels).

titin, tv. untie.

Ritual speech, shaman praying for release of patient who has been sold to the earth; titinbon tal ti yo yak’ile ti yo sč’ahnule. Untie for me his lowly cords, his lowly rope.

titin ba, rv. free self, untie one’s bonds.

titinan, tv. untie /plu/.

titinanan, tv. cf. titinan.

títintítin, tv. untie one after another.

títintitínan, tv. cf. títintítin.

títintitínanan, tv. cf. títintítin.

titinvan, iv. untie person.

tituh, iv. become untied, open.

titun, tv. untie.

titun ba, rv. free self, untie one’s bonds.

titunvan, iv. untie person.

htitihel, agn. corn in flower.

htitihel ša. The corn is in flower now /twelfth developmental stage of corn, also called hlilihel ša, t šlilih hu-huntik or t štitih hu-huntik/.

ti(2) Pt.

ti, pt. the, that, the fact that /object or action not presently seen, expresses spatial or temporal distance/.

haʔ ʔo ti k’al labate. It was at the time when you went.

ti mi t šabate t šibat ʔuk. If you go, I will go too.

mu šasut tal ti mi mu šata aveʔel te yoʔe. Don’t return unless you are fed there.

atuk vinikot ti t šavale. You think only you are a man.

tiʔn, pt(contr of ti & yu7un). if, if it is because.

t, pt(contr of ti). the, the fact that.

tiʔ(1) T.

tiʔ, tv. eat /meat, fish, beans, chili, tomato, mushroom, snail, grub/, peck, bite, burn (sun).

tiʔ ba, rv. eat, peck at /fleas, lice, ticks on body/.

stiʔoh sba ye. His jaws are closed (corpse).

tiʔ nukul, vphr(tv & n5). get a whipping (child, dog).

tiʔan, tv. eat a lot.

tiʔanan, tv. peck or bite /plu/.

tíʔantíʔan, tv. bite one after another (bitch attacking her puppies), peck one after another (hen attacking her chicks).

tíʔantíʔanan, tv. cf. tíʔantíʔan.

tiʔbalal ¢ukum, cf. ¢ukum.

tiʔben, n4f. sore /caused by sandal/.

tiʔben _______, nphr(n of n)5. _______ bite or sting /dog, snake, flea, mosquito, wasp/. A snake bite is said to be cured by biting the snake three times, by cauterizing the wound or by drinking a tea of Cissampelos pareira.

tiʔben lukum, nphr(n of n)5. sore on bottom of toe /suffered by children/.

tiʔbenal, n4f. sore /caused by sandal/.

tiʔbol, n1a. meat.

tiʔel, nc. bite, peck.

tiʔet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). feeling sharp chest pain, furious, enraged.

tiʔet hol, vphr(av & n4d). furious, enraged.

tiʔetah hol, vphr(iv & n4d). have headache.

tiʔi tal hol, vphr(av & dr & n4d). flaring up in anger.

tiʔiʔet, av. feeling burning pain /in chest/.

tiʔlahet, av. feeling pains throughout body /sign of impending murder/.

tiʔlahet hol, vphr(av & n4d). cf. tiʔton hol (plu).

tiʔlahetik, av. furious, hostile /when many creditors come to ask for money/ (plu).

tíʔluh, av. feeling sudden pain /in chest, cut in leg/.

tíʔluh hol, vphr(av & n4d). flaring up with anger.

tiʔol, n5. unhappiness leading to sickness /caused by mistreatment or loneliness/.

tiʔolah, iv. become dispirited, depressed, dejected or discouraged (person working alone, sheep, chicken or horse that is mistreated).

itiʔolah mu sk’an šʔabteh. He was depressed; he didn’t want to work.

t štiʔolah ti stuk ʔiktabil ta ʔolon ʔosile. He is in low spirits over being left alone in the lowlands.

t štiʔolah li ʔunen ti mi čam sčiʔile. A baby is disconsolate if its sibling dies.

t štiʔolah ti mi tol t šič’ mahel. She is dejected when she gets a lot of beatings.

t štiʔolah ta holob. She is discouraged about the weaving.

t štiʔolah ta labal ʔutel. She is depressed over the constant scoldings.

tiʔolta ba, rv. be dispirited, depressed, dejected or discouraged (child who is overworked, mule or sheep that is mistreated).

yeč t stiʔolta sba ta yabtel yuʔn č’ah. He is dispirited in his (religious) office because he is lazy.

t stiʔolta sba ti mi mu šʔeč’ ta h-mek yuʔun čamele. One gets depressed if the sickness never ends.

istiʔolta sba li labal k’opetik. He was discouraged over the constant quarrels.

tiʔoltaan baik, rv. become disconsolate (children who are overworked or mules or sheep that are mistreated).

tiʔoltaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. disconsolation.

tiʔoltik, aj. disconsolate and lonely.

tiʔovah, iv. sell to the earth lord.

tíʔtetí’ʔte hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking about grumpily.

tiʔton, av. eating (witch).

štiʔton šsep’son. eating, gnawing /witch/.

tiʔton hol, vphr(av & n4d). furious, enraged.

tiʔulan, tv. keep pecking (chicken pecking its lice), keep biting (dog biting its fleas), keep annoying.

tiʔulanan, tv. keep annoying many.

tiʔvan, iv. bite, bark at, peck or sting person, burn person (sun), chafe (sandals), harm baby (pregnant mother), harm person (new house that has not received offering).

tiʔvan ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d). have sharp chest pains.

tiʔvan ta č’ulel, vphr(iv & prep & n4d). molest person in his dreams.

htiʔ-ʔanima, agn(tv & ncpd). necrophagous person /former times/.

htiʔ-ʔunen, agn(tv & ncpd). pregnant woman whose foetus harms other babies/.

htiʔ-čoy, agn(tv & ncpd). ‘fish-eater’, belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon. cf. h¢ak-čoy.

htiʔ-puy, agn(tv & ncpd). Venus, cf. mol k’anal.

htiʔ-sip, agn(tv & ncpd). ‘tick-eater’, groove-billed ani Crotophaga sulcirostris. cf. ¢’ok-niʔ mut /Naben Čauk/.

htiʔ-sip mut, agn(vphr/tv & n5/ type n)5. cf. htiʔ-sip.

htiʔaval čon, nphr(agn & n)5. coyote, cf. ʔok’il.

htiʔol, agn. lonely or unhappy person, mule or sheep.

htiʔoval čon, nphr(agn & n)5. coyote, cf. ʔok’il.

htiʔvaneh, agn. person who sells another to earth lord, biting dog, crazy person who bites another.

titiʔ, n5. Baby talk; meat, fish.

tb(2) N.

tiʔ _____, nphr(n of n)5. edge /cliff, ravine, river, forest, market, town/, shore /ocean/.

ta tiʔ č’enal ikom. lit., He stayed on the edge of the grave, i.e., He nearly died.

tiʔ ʔaʔal, nphr(n4f of n4d). edge of well or spring, entrance to well /if fenced/.

tiʔ ʔoʔonil, nphr(n1f of n3d). chest.

tiʔ ba vakaš, nphr(nphr/n of n/ of n). ‘cow’s forehead’, Daelyloctenium aegyptium, #1309(8). Lowland “plant”

tiʔ bail, nphr(n of n)3d. forehead.

tiʔ be, nphr(n1f of n1d). gate, stile.

tiʔ čak, nphr(n1f of n1d). anus.

tiʔ-čak, n(n & ncpd)5. stupid.

tiʔ koral, nphr(n1f of n1d). entrance to corral.

tiʔ k’ok’, nphr(n1f of n1d). fireside.

tiʔ na, nphr(n1f of n1d). door, doorway, entrance, front yard.

tiʔ voʔ, nphr(n of n)5. edge of well or spring, entrance to well /if fenced/.

tiʔih, iv. complete work /hoeing and felling of trees only/. Ritual speech, prayer; speak.

tiʔil, n1f. hem, outskirts, edge, border.

tiʔil, n3b. edge, rim, border, entrance. Ritual speech, prayer; lips.

haʔ me yo ketikótik haʔ me yo htiʔtikótik. so /say/ our mouths, so /say/ our lips.

tiʔilah, iv. complete work /hoeing and felling of trees only/.

tiʔiltas, tv. complete work to end of land /felling trees and hoeing only/.

tiʔiltasan, tv. complete work to end of land in many places /felling trees, hoeing/.

tíʔiltíʔil _____, nphr(n of n)5. along edge of /road, tile roof, cliff, ravine/.

tiʔin, tv. Ritual speech, petitioner to parents of prospective bride; speak.

t šahk’opon, t šahtiʔin. I talk to you, I speak to you.

tiʔin baik, rv. Ritual speech, magistrate to disputants; speak.

k’opono abaik, tiʔino abaik. Talk to each other. Speak to each other.

tiʔineh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. Ritual speech, members of fiancé’s and fiancée’s families to each other when visiting on fiesta; conversation.

k’oponeh-bail, tiʔineh-bail. discourse, conversation.

tiʔtiʔ _____, nphr(n of n)5. along edge of /river, forest, ravine, fence/, on outskirts of.

tiʔ(3) N.

tiʔ, n5. hairy woodpecker Dendrocopus villosus, woodcreeper /unidentified/. Hairy woodpeckers and woodcreepers are thought to be the messengers of witches, but if they are killed they can be roasted and eaten. They are “medium”

tič’ prob P or P(2).

tič’ahtik, aj. cf. tič’il /plu/.

tič’il, aj. on the brink (tree on cliff edge).

tič’ilik, aj. cf. tič’il /plu/.

tih P, P(2), T(2).

tih, tv. play /musical instrument/, waken, beat /weft/, drive /mules, sheep/, flush by shouting /deer/, knock on /door/, cause to bleed /nose/, poke, ring /bell/.

istih vinik. The /principal/ summoned the men.

tih, iv. play /fiddle, etc./, ring /bell/.

štih ša miša. The bells are ringing for mass.

štih ʔol k’ak’al. The noon bell is ringing.

tih, nc. ring, hour /archaic/.

tih ba, rv. clank (bottles), ring (bell in earthquake).

tih baik, rv. poke each other /awake/, knock on each other’s doors /religious officials so that they will assemble/.

tih-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. poking each other /awake/.

tih ta ʔalel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). mention by name.

tih tak’in, vphr(iv & n4e). ring bell to announce /mass, death, arrival of priest/.

tih vob, vphr(iv & n4e). play music for /dead person at wake/, inan. poss. of vob; svabal.

tihahtik, aj. right behind /spatially/.

tihan, tv. stab, have follow behind.

tihan, tv. waken /plu/, play /musical instruments/.

tihan ta ʔe, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). touch to lips /glass, gourd, etc./.

tihanan, tv. poke /logs into fire/.

tihanbe bala, vphr(tv & n5). shoot at close range.

tihanbe hol balamil, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). sell person to earth lord in many places.

tíhantíhan, tv. waken one after another, poke one after another /logs into fire/.

tíhantíhanan, tv. cf. tíhantíhan.

tihbe ʔanil, vphr(tv & n5). sprint.

tihbe eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). walk or run away.

tihbe hol balamil, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). sell person to earth lord.

tihbe yalel, vphr(tv & dr). fell /tree/.

tihbil, aj. feeling weak or sick, awakened by poking.

tih¢ah, iv. approach (fiesta, entrance into religious office), become too thick to clear (weeds).

tihel, n4f. beating /weft/.

tihel, nc. beating /weft/, ringing /bell/, driving out /mule/, poking /drunk/.

tihet, av. walking right behind, tagging along.

tihetah, iv. walk directly behind (assistant who receives cane liquor for religious official).

tihetik, av. cf. tihet (plu).

tihi, iv. follow behind.

tihil, n5. permission /occurs usually in negative phrases/.

muk’ bu tihil šapas yeč. You do not have permission to do that.

tihil, aj. right behind, close to /spatially/, just before or right on the dot /temporally/, complete /neither too much nor too little/.

tihil t šbat li tak’ine. The money is completely used up.

tihil ma¢’al ʔo. tight-fitting.

tihilik, aj. close to /spatially/.

tíhiltíhil, aj. rather close to /spatially/.

tihlah, av. walking to request favor (group of people, fiancé’s petitioners).

tihlahet, av. walking to request favor (group of people, fiancé’s petitioners).

tihlahetik, av. cf. tihlahet.

tihlebal, n5. drastic depletion, right afterwards, barely sufficient amount.

tihleta, tv. follow close behind.

tihletavan, iv. follow close behind person (dog, devil, person).

tíhluh, av. hitting suddenly.

tihob, n1f. switch.

tihob tak’in, nphr(n of n)5. bell tower.

tihob tampol, nphr(n1f of n1d). drumstick.

tihob t’ent’en, nphr(n1f of n5). drumstick for teponaxtli.

tihobil, n1f. cf. tihob.

tihobil tampol, nphr(n1f of n1d). cf. tihob lampol.

tihobil t’ent’en, nphr(n1f of n5). cf. tihob t’ent’en.

tiholah, iv. flush /deer/.

tiholta, tv. flush /deer/, being depleted rapidly or running out (money, corn).

tíhtetíhte, av. going from one /house/ to another /to ask favor/, walking along right behind person.

tihtih, aj. exhausted /funds, corn supply/.

tihton, av. appearing time and again /to request favor/.

tihulan, tv. keep playing /musical instrument/, waken /person/, keep knocking on /door/.

tihulan baik, rv. keep poking each other (husband and wife in bed).

tihulan vayelil, vphr(tv & vn5). keep others awake.

tihulanan vayelil, vphr(tv & n5). keep awake /plu/.

tihulanbe hol balamil, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/). keep selling people to earth lord.

tihvan, iv. poke or waken person.

htih _____, agn(tv & ncpd). _____ player /fiddle, drum, etc./.

htih-ʔok, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /each of two boys who play turtle shell drums on Christmas Eve/.

htih-tak’in, agn(tv & ncpd). bell ringer /each of two boys who ring church bell/.

htihletavaneh, agn. person who follows close behind another.

htihol, agn. beater /person who shouts at deer/.

htihvaneh, agn. person who pokes another.

mu tihbah hol, vphr(pt & aj/pred/ & n4d). be evil or angry (person, wasp).

tik(1) X.

tikik, av. stumbling, staggering.

tiklah, av. cf. tikik (sing or plu).

tiklahet, av. stumbling, staggering, toddling (plu).

tiklahetik, av. cf. tiklahet (plu).

tíktetíkte, av. stumbling, staggering or toddling about.

tik(2) O.

tikiket, av. calling baby chicks (hen).

tiklahet, av. cf. tikton (plu).

tiklahetik, av. cf. tikton (plu).

tíktetíkte, av. walking about calling baby chicks (person).

tiktik, n5. Baby talk; chick, hen.

tiktikta, tv. call baby chicks.

tiktiktik, onom. call used for baby chicks.

tikton, av. calling baby chicks (person).

tikulan, tv. keep calling baby chicks (person).

tikre N(Sp, tigre).

tikre, n5. jaguar, jaguarundi, ocelot, margay. cf. bolom.

tik’ P(2).

tik’, tv. put in or stick in /object/, corral.

mu šatik’ ta č’en asat. lit., Don’t put your eyes in a hole, i.e., Don’t overlook the obvious /man with loose wife/.

Denunciatory speech, person accusing shaman before magistrate of witching him; tik’on t ačak tik’on t avat. Stick me up your ass, stick me up your penis (or) vagina.

Scolding speech, father or mother to child who has been scolded and does not dare to enter house; laʔ ʔočan tik’ ačak. Come in, stick your ass in.

Scolding speech, referring to Chamula laborer who refuses to eat food offered to him and flees home, or to wife who abandons home; mu sk’an stik’ sčak. He doesn’t want to stick it up his ass.

tik’ ba, rv. interfere, become involved in, get in the act.

tik’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. pushing each other in /water, etc./.

tik’ k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n4d). inform on.

tik’ k’op, vphr(tv & n5). inform on.

tik’ rioš ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n5 & prep & n4d). worship.

tik’ tuk’, vphr(tv & n4d). load a gun.

tik’ahtik, aj. cf. tik’il /plu/.

tik’an, tv. put or stick in /plu/.

tik’an baik, rv. interfere with many people’s affairs.

tik’anan, tv. cf. tik’an.

tik’anan baik, tv. cf. tik’an baik.

tik’ananbe k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n4b). set fire to /plu/, inform on many people.

tik’ananbe k’op, vphr(tv & n5). criticize /plu/.

tik’ananbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). implicate /plu/.

tik’ananbe ta sat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). expose a person to his face on many counts.

tik’anbe ʔaʔlel, vphr(tv & n4f). irrigate /plu/.

tik’anbe k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n4b). set fire to /plu/, inform on many people.

tik’anbe k’op, vphr(tv & n5). criticize /plu/.

tik’anbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). implicate /plu/.

tik’anbe ta sat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). expose a person to his face on many counts.

tik’antik’an, tv. stick one after another in.

tik’antik’anan, tv. cf. tik’antik’an.

tik’antik’an k’op, vphr(tv & n5). inform on one person after another.

tik’antikanan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). cf. tík’antík’an k’op.

tik’antik’anbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). implicate one person after another.

tik’antik’ananbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. tík’antík’anbe mul.

tik’antik’anbe ta sat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). expose one person after another to his face.

tik’antik’ananbe ta sat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). cf. tík’antík’anbe ta sat.

tik’be ʔaʔlel, vphr(tv & n5). irrigate.

tik’be bala, vphr(tv & n5). fire at.

tik’be kanyon, vphr(tv & n5). shell.

tik’be k’ak’al, vphr((tv & n4d). inform on.

listik’be hk’ak’al. He informed on me.

tik’be k’op, vphr(tv & n5). give meddlesome advice to, influence, sway. ba stik’be k’op preserente. He goes to influence the magistrate. tol stik’be k’op s¢eb ti mi nupunem šae. She keeps giving meddlesome advice to her daughter after she is married.

tik’be mul, vphr(tv & n4d). inform against.

tik’be rioš ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n5 & prep & n4d). persuade another to reconsider.

tik’be ta sat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). accuse to one’s face.

tik’¢ah očel, vphr(iv & dr). be moved in (boundary marker), be under mined.

tik’¢an očel, vphr(tv & dr). move in /boundary marker/, undermine.

tik’ebal, n5. moment before putting in /chaplet in bag/.

tik’el, nc. sticking or putting inside.

tik’et, av. carried inside /bag, etc./ while walking, involved, walking about inside.

tik’etik, av. cf. tik’et (plu).

tik’i, iv. be put inside /jail/.

tik’il, aj. be inside.

tik’ilik, aj. cf. tik’il /plu/.

tik’lahetik ta k’op, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. tik’lon ta k’op (plu).

tik’leh, n4d. inside /animal in yard/.

tik’luh, av. slipping in suddenly (armadillo in burrow), falling in suddenly /well/.

tik’ob, n1f. tortilla bag.

tik’obil, n1f. cf. tik’ob.

tik’p’uh očel, vphr(iv & dr). be undermined.

tik’p’un očel, vphr(tv & dr). undermine.

tik’tetik’te, av. walking about with /object inside bag, etc./, entering one /cantina, house, yard/ after another.

tik’ton ta k’op, vphr(av & prep & n5). involved in argument or legal dispute.

tik’ulan, tv. keeping sticking in.

istik’ulan yot. He put his toasted tortillas in /a bag/.

tik’ulan ba, rv. keep interfering or involving self.

tik’ulan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). keep informing on /maldoer/.

tik’ulanan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). keep informing on many times.

tik’ulanan ta k’ok’, vphr(iv & prep & n5). keep falsely implicating another.

tik’ulananbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). keep informing on many times.

t’ik’ulananbe ta sat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). keep exposing to one’s face many times.

tik’van, iv. put person in /jail/.

tik’van ta k’ok’, vphr(iv & prep & n5). implicate person falsely.

htik’-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd). person who implicates another.

htik’ulanvaneh ta k’ok, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who keeps falsely implicating others.

htik’vaneh ta k’ok, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who falsely implicates another.

til(1) I.

til, iv. catch fire, burn /with fever, but less than mulul ta k’ok’/.

t štil mas smul. He is more deeply implicated.

t štil sa me ššanav. He walked well dressed (or) with healthy appearance.

tileb k’ok, nphrfnlf of n1d). kindling.

tiles, tv. light /fire/.

tiles k’op, vphr(tv & n5). cause an argument to become heated.

tilesbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d). implicate.

tilesob, n1f. kindling.

tilesobil, n1f. cf. tilesob.

tilil, av. glowing in motion.

tillahet, av. glowing in several places.

tilton, av. glowing.

til(2) X.

ti¢ah, iv. unravel (rope).

til¢an, tv. unravel /rope/.

tilč’uh, iv. break (arm, leg), go awry (discussion, aim), fall.

tilč’uh, tv. break /arm, leg/, cause to go awry /discussion, aim/, make fall.

tilč’un ba, rv. fall.

tilebal, n3d. broken pot in which spindles are stored.

tilet, av. coming unrolled (thread, woven palm), unravelling.

tililet, av. coming unrolled (thread, woven palm), unravelling.

tilk’uh, iv. come undone, unravel (rope), grow apart (broken bone).

tilk’un, tv. undo, unravel /rope/, cause to grow apart /broken bone/.

tillahet, av. coming unrolled (thread, woven palm), unravelling.

tílluh, av. unravelling or unrolling suddenly.

tilp’uh, iv. cf. tilk’uh.

tilp’un, tv. cf. tilk’un

tilp’un ba, rv. unravel.

tilp’unan, tv. unravel /ropes/.

tilp’unanan, tv. cf. tilp’unan.

tíltetílte. av. unravelling or unrolling here and there.

til(3)

til, Martin, cf. maltil.

tilil N.

tilil, n1a. rapanea Rapanea juergensenii, #514(1, 2, 3). Highland “tree”.

The shoots are a basic ingredient of “flower water”, for bathing patients, sacrificial chickens, and stewards’ coffers. They are used to adorn a patient’s ceremonial bed. A bundle of rapanea is required to mark the processional path on the Fourth Friday of Lent and during Holy Week. Two small bundles are required to decorate the schoolhouse pillars on Independence Day. They are provided by men appointed by the magistrate, who have failed to do their communal labor. The constables provide two small bundles to decorate the court house pillars on New Year’s. The senior steward of Our Lady of the Rosary provides one bundle to decorate the side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence on the fiesta of Our Lady of Guadalupe. On each occasion pine and wax myrtle tops are gathered also.

tililtik, n5. expanse of rapanea.

ʔit’iš tilil, nphr(n4f of n5). mexican tea bush Ternstroemia tepezapote, #434(1, 2, 5). Temperate and highland “tree”. It is used for firewood.

#1891(1). Highland “tree” #2581(1). Temperate “tree”.

tim(1) P, P(2).

tim, nc. rope or wire stretched taut.

tim ba, rv. balk (mule).

tim-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. stiff-faced (girl).

timahtik, aj. cf. timil /plu/.

timan, tv. tie /loom to post/, tether, stretch /rope between two points/.

timan ba, rv. balk (mule, pig, sheep, dog), become drawn (face).

timanan, tv. tether /plu/.

timanob, n1f. place where loom or mule is tied, post or tree to which loom or mule is tied, rope to tie loom or tether mule.

timanobil, n1f. cf. timanob.

tímantíman, tv. tether one after another, fasten one after another at both ends /rope, wire/.

tímantímanan, tv. cf. tímantíman.

timanvan ta ʔil, vphr(iv & prep & n5). make person become indebted.

timbe _____, vphr(tv & n5). part /with knife or machete/, whip, shoot /with bullet/.

tim¢ah, iv. become caught (cord for measuring property, halter) /in bushes/, become stiff (muscles).

timel, aj. drawn (face).

timet, av. straining (tethered mule or sheep trying to break loose), drawn (face of drunk), in place (tumpline), dragging on (legal case).

timetah, iv. pull (mule).

timetik, av. cf. timet (plu).

timi, iv. be tied (loom to post), be tethered, be stretched (rope between two points).

timil, aj. tied, tethered, stretched, drawn (face of drunk), in place (tumpline).

timil ta ʔil in debt.

timilik, aj. prominent (veins or muscles of old person).

timilik ssat ta lubel. Their faces are drawn with exhaustion (sick people).

tímiltímil, n4f. each of many tethered mules.

timimet, av. pulling painfully (tumpline).

timlah, av. striding (plu).

timlahet, av. straining (tethered mule or sheep trying to break loose).

timleh, n1f. tied, drawn (face).

tímluh, av. stretching taut suddenly (rope, skirt that is stepped on inadvertently).

timp’uh, iv. become drawn (face with age).

tímtetimte, av. striding about, tethering in one place after another.

timtim, nc. single stretch of rope or wire fastened at both ends /1 only/.

timtim, aj. stretched taut (rope), wrinkled (face).

timton, av. striding, balking, stiff (muscles), tied (loom).

štimton sč’elop ta ʔabtel. lit., His ribs are tied to work, i.e., He is working hard.

timulaii, tv. pull taut.

timulan ba, rv. keep balking, keep striding in vain /wasting one’s time and effort walking from place to place/, beating /wefts/.

tim(2) prob O.

timimet, av. tonking (marimba).

timton, av. tonking (marimba EKL 255: 2-14).

timpre(1) N(Sp, timbre).

timpre, n1e. stamp /revenue stamp for deed, postage stamp/.

timpre(2) N(Sp, timbre).

timbre, n. prairie acacia Acacia angustissima, #2139(11, 12). For tanning hides, the bark is ground and placed under the hides in a trough. The hides are covered with more bark and allowed to soak for eight days.

tin(1) P, P(2).

tin, tv. carry on back /thatch, corn stubble, twigs/.

tin ba, rv. become long (wool, sheep’s coat).

tinahtik. aj. cf. tinil /plu/.

tinan, tv. comb and make fly loose /hair/, set down /thatch, corn stubble, twigs/.

tinan ba, rv. stop with load /of thatch, etc./.

tinanan, tv. make fly loose much /hair/.

tinanob, n1f. place where wool or thatch, etc. is placed.

tinanobil, n1f. cf. tinanob.

tínantínan, tv. carry one load after another /thatch, corn stubble, twigs/.

tínantínanan, tv. cf. tínantínan.

tin¢ah, iv. become loose (hair).

tin¢an, tv. loosen /hair/.

tinet, av. falling lightly (mist, drizzle), carrying /thatch, etc./.

tinetah, iv. carry /thatch, etc./.

tinetik, av. carrying /thatch, etc./

tini, iv. be loose (hair).

tinil, aj. loose (hair), hanging down over eyes (hair).

tinilik, aj. cf. tinil.

tinin tal, vphr(av & dr). approaching rapidly (mist, light drizzle).

tininet, av. carrying huge load /of thatch, etc./, falling lightly (mist, drizzle).

tink’uh, iv. cf. tin¢ah.

tink’un, tv. cf. tin¢an.

tinlah, av. cf. tinin (plu).

tinlahet, av. moving back and forth (wool on sheep, long hair on dog or child).

tinlahetik, av. walking with extremely tattered clothing.

tinleh, n1f. carrying /thatch, etc./, standing (load of thatch, etc.), with loose /hair/.

tínluh, av. flying loose suddenly (hair).

tinp’ub, iv. cf. tin¢ah.

tinp’un, tv. cf. tin¢an.

tíntetrhte, av. walking about carrying /thatch, etc./, with loose /hair/ or extremely tattered clothing.

tintin, aj. long, loose (hair).

tintin meʔon, person with clothes in tatters.

tinton, av. walking with extremely tattered clothing, shaking back and forth (long wool of sheep, goat, long hair of dog or child).

tinulan, tv. shake back and forth /woman’s hair drying/.

tin(2)

tin, Augusta, Celeste, cf. ʔakuš. tinik.

tinik N(Sp, Celestina, Augustina).

tinik, n1d. Augusta, Celeste, var., tin.

tino N(Sp, Celestino).

tino, n1d. Celestino /infr/.

tirarol N(Sp, tirador).

tirarol, n1a. slingshot.

tiš X.

tišk’uh, iv. fall down, roll (boulder, log).

itišk’uh eč’el ti sil ʔune. Too bad, he has shoved off /enemy died/.

tišk’un, tv. push down /person/, roll /boulder, log/, push /mule/.

tišk’un baik, rv. push each other down.

tišk’unan, tv. roll /rocks, logs/.

tišk’uneh-bail, vn(rv & rpncpd)5. pushing each other down.

tišk’unvan, iv. push person down.

tišp’uh, iv. cf. tišk’uh.

tišp’un, tv. cf. tišk’un.

tišp’un baik, rv. cf. tišk’un baik.

tišp’unan, tv. cf. tišk’unan.

tišp’uneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. cf. tišk’uneh-bail.

tišp’unvan, iv. cf. tišk’unvan.

htišk’unvaneh, agn. person who pushes another down.

htišp’unvaneh, agn. cf. htišk’unvaneh.

tit(1) X.

titet k’anel, vphr(av & vn4d). requesting persistently.

titetik k’anel, vphr(av & vn4d). cf. titet k’anel (plu).

tit(2)

tit, untie, open. cf. ti(1).

titiʔ.

titiʔ, meat, fish. cf. tiʔ(1).

titola N(Sp, título).

titola, n5. land title of entire municipality. var., titula.

titula

titula, title, cf. titola.

tiv P.

tivahtik, aj. cf. tivil /plu/.

tivan, tv. set /trap/.

tivan ba, rv. squat.

tivanan, tv. set /traps/.

tivananan, tv. cf. tivanan.

tivanob, n1f. place where trap is set.

tivanobil, n1f. cf. tivanob.

tívantívan, tv. set one after another /traps/.

tívantívanan, tv. cf. tívantívan.

tivet, av. squatting.

te š’tivet yat ta tiʔ k’ok’. His penis is squatting there at the fireside /lazy person who hugs fireside/.

tivetik, av. cf. tivet (plu).

tivi, iv. squat.

tivil, aj. squatting (person), crouching (cat, rabbit), standing (deadfall, house that has no daub).

tivilik, aj. cf. tivil /plu/.

tivlahet, av. hopping (rabbits, children).

tivlahetik, av. hopping (children).

tivleh, n1f. squatting.

tívtetivte, av. hopping about, squatting here and there.

tivtiv, aj. squatting /new wattle and daub house which still lacks daub/.

tivton, av. hopping (buzzard, rabbit, child).

to(1)

to, sir. cf. tot(2).

to(2) Pt.

to, pt. until, still, then, just /expresses future time or emphasizes recentness of past event/.

haʔ to ʔok’ob. not until tomorrow.

ta to šibat. I am going then.

mi t šabat to. Are you still goingʔ

volhe to liyul. I arrived just yesterday.

bu to Iaʔay. Where did you goʔ /emphasizes distance/.

to ʔoš, ptphr(pt & pt). used to be, was, were, has been, have been.

č’abal to ʔoš te k’al liʔeč’. It had not been there (or) it was not there when I passed by.

tob(1) Num.

tob, n1e. twenty /absolute form always occurs as h-tob/.

ta stobal. at the price of twenty /cents or pesos/.

tob(2) P.

tobahtik, aj. lying on side (drunks, pots, water jugs, cows), conical (cow heart).

toban, tv. throw /cow/, overload /under burden, with work/.

toban ba, rv. balk (mule, pig, sheep, dog).

tobanan, tv. overload /plu/ /with work/.

tóbantóbanan, tv. overload one after another /with work/.

tobanvan ta ʔabtel, vphr(iv & prep & n5). overload person with work.

tobel, aj. protruding (rear of sleeping person).

tobet, av. bending over /under burden/, sticking rear end out /bracing self to resist being led away/.

štobet ta saʔ-ʔabtel. He is struggling to find work.

tobetik, av. cf. tobet (plu).

tob¢ah lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). protrude (boil, bowels of person who has suffered from bloody dysentery), become conical (crown of old hat), purse (mouth).

tobi, iv. be lying on side (cow that is being slaughtered).

tobk’ih lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). cf. tobeah lok’el.

toblah, av. cf. tobob (plu).

toblahet, av. bending over /under burden, pushing boulder/, hoeing (plu), pursed (lips of person whistling).

toblahetik, av. bending over /under burden, pushing boulder, hoeing/.

tobleh, n1f. lying on side (drunk, pot, water jug).

tóblih, av. protruding suddenly (bowels).

tobob, av. bending over /under burden, pushing boulder/.

tobobet, av. bending over or straining /while pulling or pushing something or carrying heavy burden/, pursed (lips).

tobol, aj. lying on side (cow, drunk, pot, water jug), protruding (mushroom, skin growth).

tobolik, aj. protruding (skin growths, mushrooms).

tóbtetóbte, av. walking about bent over /under burden/, walking about with conical /crown of hat/.

tobtob, aj. conical (head of clown, crown of hat, mountain peak, base of water jug).

tobton, av. bending over /under burden, pushing rock, hoeing/, struggling /to lift burden/.

toe(1) P, P(2).

to¢, tv. lift up or out /burden, rock, adobe, full basket or demijohn, chair/, pull out /rock, tile, paper/, pull up, pry up /board/, peel off /bark/, muster.

to¢, iv. lift, stand up.

t što¢ kobal. I have a cough.

to¢ ba, tv. stand up, lift self off seat.

to¢ e¢’el, vphr(iv & dr). leave.

to¢-hol mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. ‘crested bird’, greater pewee Contopus pertinax. cf. ʔulišpipiʔ, p’okoyoi, p’okoyok.

to¢ tal, vphr(iv & dr). come.

to¢ahtik, aj. cf. to¢ol.

to¢an, tv. lift up or out /rocks, etc./, peel off /scabs/.

to¢an ba, rv. lift (roof in wind).

to¢anan, tv. lift up or out /rocks, etc./, peel off /scabs/.

tó¢antóean, tv. lift up or out one after another /rocks, etc./, peel off one after another /scabs/.

tó¢antó¢anan, tv. cf. tó¢antó¢an.

to¢et, av. walking with crested /head/.

to¢ilan, tv. pick at, pick off, keep pulling, keep pulling up /boundary markers/.

to¢ilan eč’el, vphr(iv & dr). keep leaving.

to¢ilan tal, vphr(iv & dr). keep coming.

to¢ilanan, tv. keep picking at or off /plu/, keep pulling up many /boundary markers/.

to¢lahct. av. cf. to¢et (plu).

to¢ob, n1f. place where clay is dug, pole used to lift rocks.

to¢obil, n1f. cf. to¢ob.

to¢ol, aj. crested (bird), flourishing (corn field), with feathers on head raised (hen laying egg).

to¢olik, aj. flourishing (sprouts).

tó¢tetó¢te, av. walking about or flying about with crested head.

to¢to¢, aj. crested (bird, chicken).

to¢van, iv. lift person.

to¢(2) O.

to¢ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). smash /face with fist/.

to¢an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). smash /people with fist/.

to¢anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. to¢an ta mahel.

tó¢antó¢an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). smash one after another /in face with fist/.

tó¢antó¢anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). smash one after another /in face with fist/.

to¢ih, onom. crashing or cracking sound /branch, rifle fire, bone/.

to¢ilanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep smashing person /in face with fist/.

to¢lahet, av. cracking (branches, rifle fire), roaring (blasting iron).

to¢lahetik, av. cf. to¢ton (plu).

tó¢lih, av. exploding suddenly (distant blasting iron), cracking suddenly (rifle, thunder), smashing suddenly (blow).

štó¢lih sk’ak’al. It cracked suddenly (rifle fire).

tó¢ton, av. talking loudly (person praying, petitioners pleading with girl’s parents).

to¢van ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). smash person /in face with fist/.

hto¢vaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who smashes another /in face with fist/.

toh(1) A.

toh, aj. very, completely, so.

toh lek. very good.

toh k’asel. badly broken.

tohtoh, aj. completely /occurs always with verbal nouns/.

tohtoh k’asel. completely broken.

toh(2) N.

toh, n1a. pine, torch, inan. poss.; stahal referring only to torch. (RML)-Because the plurality of Tzotzil names for the same species of pine cannot be sorted out intelligently on the basis of present knowledge, the ethnographic information for all but k’uk’ toh has been consolidated here. The trunk is used for house mainposts, wall poles of wooden houses, common rafters (sixteen for a large house, eight to ten for a small house), A-frame bars (six), roof rods (four or eight), lintels, doors, shelves, planks (for attics, corn bins, and beds), benches, chairs, tables, chests, coffers, coffins, lamp stands, metate platforms, gates, crosses, almud measures, adobe molds, spoons, fence posts, and firewood. The bark is used for making charcoal, burning lime, firing tile and brick. The trunk and roots are used for torches. The tips are a basic ingredient of “flower water”, used to bathe patients, sacrificial chickens, and coffers. They are “medium” Twenty-four tips are required for a major or minor curing ceremony; three to shield the candles at each of the three churches, at each of the four mountain shrines, and before the house cross. Three tips are needed for the wand used by the shaman to beat the earth when recalling a lost soul. Pine tops are used to decorate all the crosses visited during a curing ceremony, on Holy Cross Day, and during the annual renewal ceremonies. The house cross is decorated with three pine tops at each major fiesta. The grave cross is so decorated at the funeral and on All Souls’ Day. Two pine tops are used to flank the entrance to the ceremonial bed. For each flower change, the senior steward in charge decorates his house cross with three tops. The junior steward provides four tops to decorate the house altar and thirty-six tops to decorate the crosses. One pine tree is provided by the senior stewards and another by the junior stewards to flank the cross on the night of Maundy Thursday. Eighteen poles are provided by the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary on the Seventh Posada to form the frame of the creche. Pine needles are needed to decorate the graves on All Souls’ Day, to strew on the floors of the churches and the religious officials’ houses. One net of pine needles is provided by the senior steward in charge of the flower change, for his house. Each of the stewards in charge provides one bagful for the church, while the others provide two small baskets of pine needles. One bag is provided by both stewards of the Holy Cross for Maundy Thursday. All stewards except the senior steward of Our Lady of the Rosary provide one bag for the fiesta of Our Lady of Guadalupe. For further uses of pine, cf. tilil.

tohtikaltik, n5. pine forest.

tohtik, n5. pine grove.

ʔahan toh, nphr(n type n)1e. ‘corn ear pine’, yellow pine Pinus oocarpa, #B14273(5). Highland “tree” For use, see toh.

ʔahan tohtik, nphr(n type n)5. pine grove.

pimil pat ʔahan toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n type n/). montezuma pine Pinus montezumae. # 2975(1). Temperate “tree” For use, see toh.

ʔik’al ʔahan toh, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). montezuma pine Pinus montezumae, #562(1, 3), #2911(1, 3, 16). Temperate and highland “tree” For use, see toh.

sakil ʔahan toh, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). yellow pine Pinus michoacana, #587(1, 3), #2912(1, 3, 16). Highland “tree” For use, see toh.

vinik ʔahan toh, nphr(n type nphr/n type n/). ‘male corn ear pine’, yellow pine Pinus oaxacana, #B9546(5, 5a). Highland “tree” For use, see toh.

ba¢’i toh, nphr(aj & n). yellow pine Pinus oaxacana, #B9506(5, 5a). Highland “tree” #417(1, 2). Temperate and highland “tree” For use, see toh. yellow pine Pinus pseudostrobus, #383(1, 3). montezuma pine Pinus montezumae, # B 14272(5). Highland “tree”

hayal pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ‘thin-barked pine’, yellow pine Pinus pseudostrobus, #383(1, 3). Highland “tree”. For use, see toh. montezuma pine Pinus montezumae, #B14272(5). Highland “tree”

hič’il ʔanal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ‘thin foliage pine’, yellow pine Pinus oaxacana, #B9546(5, 5a). Highland “tree” For use, see toh. yellow pine Pinus pseudostrobus, #383(1, 3). Highland “tree”. yellow pine Pinus oocarpa, #976(1, 3), #2917(1, 3, 16). Highland “tree”.

k’uk’ toh, nphr(n type n). ‘feather pine’, juniper Juniperus gamboana, #1496(12). Highland “tree”. (5)-An unattested variety is used to flank the créche. The wood is used for musical instruments and doors, and by ladinos for shingles. (23)-For the Seventh Posada, the stewards of Our Lady of the Rosary provide two Christmas trees, one tree is provided by the other senior stewards, and one by the other junior stewards.

k’uk’ tohtik. nphr(n type n). grove of juniper trees.

pimil pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ‘thick-barked pine’, yellow pine Pinus oaxacana, #417(1, 2). Temperate and highland “tree”. #B95O6(5, 5a). Highland “tree” For use, see toh. montezuma pine Pinus montezumae, #2975(16). Temperate “tree”

yihil ʔanal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ‘thick foliage pine’, yellow pine Pinus oaxacana, #417(1, 2). Temperate and highland “tree” For use, see toh. yellow pine Pinus oocarpa, #1200(1, 4). Temperate and highland “tree”

toh(3) T.

toh, tv. pay.

toh, iv. pay off.

muk’ štoh ti hvokole. It didn’t pay off (or) It wasn’t worth my effort.

toh ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n). make sure of.

toh ba, rv. pay for itself.

toh baik, rv. pay each other.

toh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. paying each other.

tohan, tv. pay /plu/.

tohanan, tv. cf. tohan.

tóhantóhan, tv. pay one after another.

tóhantóhanan, tv. cf. tóhantóhan.

tohbalal kaʔ, nphr(aj & n5). rented mule, mule whose trips are paid for.

tohbe kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5). bring divine punishment upon.

tohbe rioš, vphr(tv & n5). bring divine punishment upon.

tohebal, n5. moment before paying.

tohel, nc. payment.

tohel ʔak’el, nphr(vn & vn)5. communal tax.

tohilanan, tv. keep paying for /mules/ /trips/.

tohob, n1f. punishment in Hell.

tohobil, n1f. cf. tohob.

tohol, n4f. wage, pay, price.

iyaʔi stohol ti yoʔone. He heard the final word.

toholah, iv. pay communal tax.

toholin, n4f. money for specific purpose.

tohomal, aj. hired (laborer).

tóhtetóhte, av. paying one after another.

tohton, av. paying repeatedly.

tohvan, iv. pay person.

htohbalal, agn. hired laborer.

htohel, agn. person who pays communal taxes /always occurs as htohel hʔak’el/.

htohobtasvaneh, agn. person who settles case.

htoholahel, agn. person who pays communal tax or contributes to communal labor /male who has finished schooling or who is roughly ten years old/.

htohvaneh, agn. person who pays another (person who distributes pay to road workers).

č’ul-htohvaneh. Jesus Christ /payer of our sins/.

toh(4) A.

tohob, iv. be capable, able or successful.

mu štohob ta ʔilolal. He is not a capable shaman.

itohob yaʔuk li hk’ak’al-ʔoʔon ʔune ši li kriščano ti mi ʔo buč’u čam yuʔune. “The resentful were certainly successful” say people when someone of their’s /in their family/ dies.

mu štohob ta totil meʔilal. He is not a capable ritual tutor.

tohobah, iv. be capable, able or successful.

lek štohobah ta smeleanel k’op li ʔalkaltee. The judge is good at settling disputes.

mu štohobah ta hhak’ol. He is not good as a petitioner.

štohobah ta se’akel bak. He is good at mending bones.

mu štohobah ta sk’anel voʔ. He is not successful in praying for rain.

mu to štohobah ta ʔabtel bik’it to. He is not yet able to work; he is still too little.

š’tohobah la ta h-mek ta ʔilolal leʔe. They say he is very successful in curing.

tohobtas, tv. straighten out or settle /argument/.

tohobtas baik, rv. settle dispute. Denunciatory speech; cf. melean ba.

tohobtas k’op, vphr(tv & n5). settle dispute (civil official), advise or counsel (bride’s ritual tutor).

tohobtas rason, vphr(tv & n5). settle dispute (civil official), advise or counsel (bride’s ritual tutor).

tohobtasobil, n4f. Ritual speech, referring to court /place where disputes are settled/.

tohobtasvan, iv. settle argument for person.

tohol, n4b. proper way, with.

Ritual speech, outgoing official to assistants, ritual tutor, musicians; ilah ti smelole ilah ti stohole. The proper way is ended, the proper way is ended.

ʔoy ʔonoš hk’ak’al-ʔoʔon ta htoholtik. The envious are always with us (or) We are always beset by the envious.

ʔo lek ʔora ta stohole. He has good luck

tohol ʔane, nphr(aj & n)5. unmarried girl.

tohol krem, nphr(aj & n)5. bachelor.

tohol vinik, nphr(aj & n)5. cf. tohol krem.

ta tohol, vphr(tv / / n). recover, get well.

ta tohol, nphr(prep & n4d). around, with /me, etc./.

tol hk’ak’al-wonetik ta htoholtik. We are surrounded by envious people.

toh(5) A or N.

toh-čoʔ teʔ, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). hairy leaved clethra Clethra lanata, #1856(16). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for common rafters and for corral rails.

tok(1) P, P(2).

tok, n1e. cloud.

tok, nc. heap /corn, stones, etc./.

tok ba tal ʔoʔon, vphr(rv & dr & n4d). lose one’s appetite.

tok-hol mut, nphr(aj & ncpd)5. ‘crested bird’, gray silky-flycatcher Ptilogonys cinereus.

tokahtik, aj. in heaps (corn, earth, stones, fruit).

tokan, tv. heap /corn, earth, stones, fruit/.

tokanan, tv. make heaps /excrement/.

tokanob, n1f, place where objects are piled.

tokanobil, n1f. cf. tokanob.

tókantókan, tv. make one pile after another.

tokeah, iv. protrude (gopher hill).

tokean, tv. form gopher hill.

toket, av. heaping (bowlful), walking with crested (head).

toki, iv. be in heap (corn, earth, stones, fruit).

tóklih, av. puffing up suddenly (smoke).

tokok, av. in cloud (steam, smoke).

tokoket, av. rising in clouds (smoke breath, steam).

tokokil, n4f. many heaps.

tokol, n1d. wood left by runaway fire.

tokol, aj. in heap (corn, wood, earth, stones, fruit), runaway (fire), with feathers of head raised (hen laying).

tokolah, iv. run wild (fire).

tokolahes, tv. set afire /forest/.

tokolik, aj. cf. tokahtik.

tokol ta, tv. set afire /forest/.

tokoltas, tv. set afire /forest/.

tókoltókol, n4f. each of many heaps.

tóktetókte, av. puffing up here and there (smoke).

toktok, aj. crested (head of chicken).

tokton, av. puffing up, rising (smoke, breath, steam).

tok(2) O.

toklah, av. cf. tokton (plu).

toklahet, av. cackling (chickens EKL 252: 1-15, V2: 20), cf. tokton (plu).

toktokrek, onom. cackle of laying hen.

toktokxekin, tv. cackle (laying hen).

toktokreko, onom. cackle of laying hen.

toktokxekoin, tv. cackle.

toktoktok, onom. cackle /frightened chicken/.

tokton, av. cackling (chicken with fright).

toktonah, iv. cackle (chicken with fright).

toka N(Sp, toga).

toka, n1a. white shawl /worn by bride, candle-bearer, simp hpetom, hčotanek-eeb, and by all married women when buried/.

tok’ P, P(2).

tok’, tv. pull /ear, hair, balky mule or drunk/, pull out by the roots /radish, field mustard, young corn plants/, pump out, suck out /water/, itok’e yuʔun yahnil. lit., He was drained by his wife /by a sexually overdemanding wife/.

tok’, iv. become unset (broken bone).

tok’ baik, rv. pull each other.

tok’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. pulling each other.

tok’ahtik, aj. cf. tok’ol /plu/.

tok’an ba, rv. balk (mule, pig, sheep, dog).

tok’antók’an, tv. pull out one after another /young corn plants/ (cowbird).

tok’eah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d). have chest heave /from constant vomiting/.

tok’ean ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). heave chest /from constant vomiting/.

tok’el, nc. pulling ear / 1-3 /.

tok’et, av. rising (steam, smoke), pulling /drunk or balky mule/.

tok’ilanbe, tv. pull by the /hair, ear/.

tok’lahet, av. feeling severe ache /in limbs or neck/.

tok’lahetik, av. pulling /person, mule/.

tok’lih, iv. ache (throat from constant vomiting).

tok’lih, av. aching suddenly /from throwing arm out of joint/, feeling sudden sharp pain /pus-filled sore/.

tok’lih ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d). have chest heave /from constant vomiting/.

tok’lin, tv. rebreak /broken bone/.

tok’lin ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). heave chest /from constant vomiting/.

tok’ob, n1f. well pump.

tok’obil, n1f. cf. tok’ob.

tok’ok’, av. puffing up (smoke, steam).

tok’ok’et, av. billowing (smoke, steam), gushing (water).

tok’ol, aj. balky (mule).

tok’olik, aj. aching.

tók’tetók’te, av. puffing up here and there (smoke, steam).

tok’ton, av. feeling severe ache /in limbs, neck or tooth/, rising (steam, smoke), spurting (diarrhea, blood), producing quantities /of pus/.

tok’van, iv. drain person’s strength.

htok’vaneh, agn. car or tractor that drags person.

tok’ol N.

tok’ol, cf. top’ol.

tok’on A.

tok’on, aj. ripe, cooked. Male joking speech; ripe (girl).

tok’onib, iv. ripen, become cooked.

tok’onik, aj. ripe, with dark spots on face /attributed to woman’s having had sexual intercourse/.

tok’onil, n4f. ripeness.

tok’ontik, aj. slightly ripe, slightly cooked.

tak’anul, n4f. ripeness /infr/.

tok’oy N.

tok’oy, n1a. willow, see below. Baccharis glutinosa, #2475(21, 22). Highland “tree”. (RML)-Probably a misidentification.

tok’oyaltik, n5. long row of willows.

tok’oytik, n5. row of willows.

kašlan tok’oy, cf. kašlan.

kilahtik tok’oy, nphr(aj & n). ‘long willow’, willow Salix chilensis, Highland “tree”. It grows in yards and in fencerows. It is planted in the rainy season. The seedlings are transplanted. The shoots are gathered and fed to sheep. The leaves are used by girls as stoppers for their water jugs.

k’oš tok’oy, nphr(aj & n). Salix taxifolia, #889(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”.

sakil tok’oy, nphr(aj & n). willow Salix bonplandiana, #354(1, 2, 4). Highland “tree”. It is planted in fencerows, in the rainy season. The trunk is burned and wetted to make charcoal. This, in turn, is ground up and mixed with saltpeter and sulphur to make the gunpowder used by the mortarmen, for the change of office of stewards, ensign-bearers, captains, and Holy Cross ceremonies. Four loads are needed, willow Salix chilensis, #2921(1, 3). Highland “tree”.

tol(1) prob P or P(2).

tolahtik, aj. long (fringe of child’s tunic).

tolet, av. walking with long /tail, fringe of child’s tunic/.

tollahet, av. cf. tolton (plu).

tolleh, n4f. length /fringe of child’s tunic/.

tollih, av. running suddenly with long /tail/.

tolol, av. flying in wind (paper), running with long /tail/ (roadrunner).

tolol, aj. long (tail, child’s tunic).

tololet, av. walking with long (tail), fluttering (flags, ribbons, kite).

tóltetólte, av. walking about with loose tunic (man from Tenejapa), walking about with long (tail).

toltol, aj. long (tail, child’s tunic).

tolton, av. walking with long (tail or fringe of child’s tunic).

tol(2)

tol, very, so, so much, so many, so often, too many. cf. toy.

toltora N(Sp, tórtola).

toltora, n5. inca dove Scardafella inca, ground dove Columbigallina passerina/ Pat ʔOsil/. cf. pulivok, soltaro mut.

torn P, P(2).

torn, tv. hold in hand /staff, hoe, tortilla, spoon/.

torn, nc. large hank /yarn/, handful /thatch//two hands/, cf. yom.

torn ba, rv. bud.

tom-hol, n(aj & ncpd). conical (flower), conical-headed (Chamula wearing hat).

tomahtik, aj. protruding (hank of thread, sprouts, etc.), gushing or bubbling.

tomal, n1f. heart (palm, maguey), bud (thistle, banana).

toman(1), tv. set down /hank of yarn/.

toman(2), tv. carry /hoes, etc./.

toman ba, rv. bud.

tomanan, tv. cf. toman(2).

tomantik, aj. hanks bought at long intervals.

tómantóman, tv. carry one after another /hoes, etc./.

tómantómanan, tv. cf. tómantóman.

tomeah, iv. protrude (flower bud).

tomel, aj. protruding (child’s head) /hatless/.

tomet, av. walking and holding /staff, machete, tortilla/.

tomet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). broken-hearted.

tomet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). stupid.

tomi, iv. protrude (flower bud).

tomih, onom. crack /sound of cornstalk breaking/.

tomk’ih, iv. break (cornstalk in wind, leg, arm).

tomk’in, tv. break badly /cornstalk, leg, arm/.

tomk’in ba, rv. break badly (bone).

tomk’inan, tv. break badly /cornstalks/.

tomk’inanan, tv. cf. tomk’inan.

tomlah, av. bubbling up in many places (spring).

tomlahet, av. crashing, cracking /sound/ (cornstalks in wind).

tomlahelik, av. holding (plu).

tomleh, n1f. whole /hank/, hatlessness.

tómlih, av. cracking or breaking suddenly (bone, cornstalk).

štómlih yoʔon. He was suddenly broken-hearted.

tomokil, n4f. many hanks.

tomol, n4f. hank.

tomol, aj. protruding (sprout, saguaro cactus, maguey inflorescence, mushroom), dripping (mucous).

tomolik, aj. tomahtik.

tómoltómol, n4f. each of many hanks.

tomom, av. bubbling up (spring, water).

tomom tal ʔoʔon, vphr(av & dr & n4d). approaching heavy-hearted.

tomomet, av. bubbling up (water, blood), billowing (smoke).

tomomet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). broken-hearted.

tomp’ih, iv. cf. tomk’ih.

tómtetómte, av. walking about holding /staff, rifle, tortillas/.

tómtetómte ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). walking about broken-heartedly.

tómtetómte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about idly or hatless (child).

tomtom, nc. single hank /yam/ /I only/.

tomtom, aj. conical (maguey influorescence).

tomton, av. puffing up, rising (smoke, incense), dribbling down (mucous), bubbling up, (water), spurting (blood).

tomton hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking idly or hatless (child).

tomaš N(Sp, Tomás).

tomaš, n1d. Thomas /common only in Čobtik/.

tomio N(Sp, tomillo).

tomio, n1a. thyme Thymus vulgarisʔ. Highland “plant” It is grown by ladinos and by some Zinacantecs, in their yards. The seeds are sown in the rainy season. The shoots are sold at market in San Cristóbal and are used by ladinos to season chicken, turkey, and pork. They are “cold”

ton(1) P, P(2).

ton, n1a. rock, stone, egg.

ton _______, nphr(n of n)5. _______ egg /bird, snake, lizard, turtle/.

ton ʔalak’, nphr(n4f of n4d). chicken egg.

ton ʔat, nphr(n1f of n1d). testicle.

ton ʔišim, cf. ʔišim.

ton ʔuč’, nphr(n of n)1a. nit.

ton ʔuč’al, nphr(n1f of n1a). nit.

ton ba, rv. harden (banana, mamey, sapote), become empty (gaze of dead person).

yeč te ston sba yoʔon. He is just resigned /heavy-hearted/.

ton bek’, cf. bek’.

ton biš, cf. biš.

ton ¢’unun čenek’, cf. cenek’.

ton č’ak, nphr(n of n)1a. flea egg.

ton č’akil, nphr(n1f of n1a). flea egg.

ton kašlan, nphr(n of n)5. chicken egg. Eggs are “cold” when eaten raw, but “hot” when hard-boiled or fried.

ton makoʔ, nphr(n of n)1a. cockroach egg.

ton makoʔal, nphr(n1f of n1a). cockroach egg.

ton pepen, nphr(n of n)1a. butterfly egg.

ton pom, cf. pom.

ton-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. staring fixedly.

ton satil, nphr(n1f of n3d). cheekbone.

ton-tob, nphr(n & xcpd)1d. land snail. These highland snails are boiled in their shells. The meat is pulled out, rinsed, and boiled a second time. A thin, weak person may eat thirteen snails that have been seasoned with salt, pepper, mexican tea, and plenty of chili to restore strength. They are “hot” It is believed that a person who kills a land snail aimlessly will grow thin and die. The land snail’s shell is thought to be the earth lord’s powder horn.

tonahtik, aj. with fixed stares, hard (fruit that will not ripen).

tonan, tv. cause to become empty /gaze of dead person/.

tonan ba, rv. harden (bananas or mamey sapotes).

tonav k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d). bone of palm /carpal/.

tonav satil, nphr(n1f of n3d). cheekbone.

ton¢ah, iv. become empty (gaze of dying person).

tonet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). heavy-hearted.

tonet sat, vphr(av & n4d). staring blankly /not responding to question or having had daughter elope without one’s knowledge/, staring angrily.

toni, iv. be staring.

tonin, iv. lay /egg/.

toninah, iv. lay egg.

toninaheb, n1f. place where hen lays.

toninahebal, n5. moment when hen is about to lay.

toninta, tv. lay egg on.

Joking speech, retort to person who asks to eat many eggs; bu ša htatik ton kašlan mi šatoninta tal. Where shall we get eggs now, will you lay an egg?

tonk’ih, iv. cf. ton¢ah.

tonlahet, av. hardening (beans that do not become soft when boiled).

tonlahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). cf. tonet sat (plu).

tónlih ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). taking sudden offense.

tonol, aj. with empty gaze (dead person), with fixed stare.

tonolik, aj. cf. tonahtik.

tonon tal ʔoʔon, vphr(av & dr & n4d). with a lump in one’s throat.

tononet sat, vphr(av & n4d). gazing emptily (dying person).

tonp’ih, iv. cf. ton¢ah.

tontik, n5. rocky place.

tontikil č’aben, cf. č’aben.

tontikil č’o, cf. č’o.

tonton, n5. Baby talk; egg. var., totoʔ, toton, tutuʔ.

tonton, aj. with empty gaze (dead person), staring fixedly.

tonton tal sat, vphr(av & dr & n4d). staring from distance.

htoninom, agn. layer /hen/.

tanal, n4f. rock, stone, egg.

tanal, aj. stone.

tanal ʔeal, nphr(n1f of n3d). tooth.

totoʔ, n5. Baby talk; egg.

toton, n5. Baby talk; egg.

tutuʔ, n5. Baby talk; egg.

ton(2) O.

tontonton, onom. knock, knock, knock.

tonik

tonik, Antonia. cf. ʔantunina.

tonton

tonton, egg. cf. ton(1).

top’ol N.

top’ol, n. Perymenium nelsonii, #1545(11, 12), #1945(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Temperate “tree”. (1)-The heartwood is used for spindles. The trunk is used for firewood. (11, 16, 17))-The trunk is also used for house mainposts, and fence posts. (11)-It is used for corral posts as well, var., tok’ol /Voʔ-bi¢/.

top’olaltik, n5. large grove of top’ol trees.

top’oltik, n5. grove of top’ol trees.

bik’it top’ol, nphr(aj & n). Zexmenia frutescens, #2148(14). Temperate “tree”.

k’anal top’ol, nphr(aj & n). Perymenium strigillosum, #2644(1, 3). Lowland “tree”.

k’oš top’ol, nphr(aj & n). Zexmenia frutescens, #2613(20). Lowland “tree”.

muk’ta top’ol, nphr(aj & n). Perymenium nelsonii, #2442(20). Highland “tree”. The trunk is used for house mainposts, and fence posts. Perymenium strigillosum, #2644(15, 20, 21, 22). Lowland “tree”. (20, 21)-The trunk is used for house mainposts, and fence posts.

top’ol teʔ, nphr(n type n). Perymenium nelsonii, #2545(21, 22). Temperate “tree”. It is used for firewood.

k’oš top’ol teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Zexmenia frutescens, #2613(15, 21, 22). Lowland “tree”. (15)-It is used for fence posts.

tok’ol, cf. top’ol.

torero N(Sp, torero).

torero, agn. person who challenges straw bull, person at Chiapilla, San Lucas, or Acala who fights bull during fiesta.

tonal N(Sp, torear).

pas tonal, vphr(tv & vn5). act out bullfight (straw bull of Christmas season, dude).

torito N(Sp, torito).

torito, n1a. straw bull /of first evening of fiesta of Our Lord of Esquípulas, St. Sebastian, Fourth Friday of Lent, St. Lawrence, Our Lady of the Rosary/.

toro N(Sp, toro).

toro, n1a. bull.

toroč N.

toroč, n1e. highland red ant. cf. čak-toroč. This ant is reputed to have a fierce sting.

tos prob P or P(2).

tos, nc. large group /sheep, chicks, horses, cows/, litter, variety, sort, kind of /crime, merchandise, plant or tree/, thing, act, deed.

h-tos yeč. in the same way.

h-tos ʔo. different.

mi haʔuk h-tos. Not a single thing!

k’u h-tosukal. What kind is it?

h-tos ti ba¢’i čopol ta h-meke. It is a terrible thing!

tosantik, aj. few kinds.

tosleh, n4f. whole flock.

tósoltósol, n4f. each different.

stósoltósol ti koʔontike. lit., Our hearts are all different, i.e., We all differ in our way of thinking.

tostos, nc. single kind /1 only/.

toš X.

tošk’in, tv. guzzle.

tošk’inan, tv. guzzle a lot.

tošp’in, tv. cf. tošk’in.

tošp’inan, tv. cf. tosk’inan.

tot(1) A.

tot, aj. thick (corn gruel, posol, mud).

tottottik, aj. slightly thick (liquid).

tatal, n4f. mud, thickness /liquid/.

tatal voʔ, nphr(aj & n)1d. swill /water that has drained off metate and is fed to pigs/.

tatub, iv. become muddy (river), become well-cooked (beans), become thick (corn gruel).

tatubtas, tv. muddy.

tatubtasan, tv. muddy a lot.

tatubtasanan, tv. cf. tatubtasan.

tatubtasobi], n4f. thickener /corn added to corn gruel/.

tot(2) N.

tot, n5. term of address to father, stepfather, grandfather, uncle, great uncle, older brother, older male cousin, father-in-law, older brother-in-law, fiance’s petitioners, older male relatives, and non-relatives of one’s wife’s parents who attend the house entering ceremony and/or the wedding, older male relatives and non-relatives of the wedding, godparents who attend the wedding, godfathers of baptism, confirmation, and marriage, ritual tutor who instructs couple during man’s term of office as steward, steward-royal, publican, ensign-bearer, tithing man. term of address used by incense tender to younger male assistants during round of drinking.

tot _______, nphr(n type n)5. term of address to older man, term of reference to older man when speaking with his kin; father _______/personal name/.

tot _______, nphr(n type n)5. male /mammal, bird/.

tot ʔišim, nphrfnlf of n1d). large ear of corn surrounded by small ears, each with a husk.

tot ¢eb, nphr(n of n)5. girl’s father /term used to refer to the father of the bride or to the father of an unmarried girl who is summoned to court/.

tot hʔik’al, nphr(n type agn)5. sir spook /Carnival character/.

tote, n5. sir /term of reference and address to Huistec man/.

totil, n3d. father.

totil meʔil, nphr(n3d & n3d). tutelary god, ritual tutor or advisor /for each steward, steward-royal, publican, ensign-bearer, prefect, for the tithing man of Voʔ-bi¢, for the bride and for the groom/. It is believed that the tutelary gods were once people who have been given to the Zinacantecs by Our Saviour to watch over them. The tutelary gods are said to have borrowed their houses in the mountains from the earth lords. They are likened to the civil authorities of the town.

totin, tv. Ritual speech, prayer; father, care for as a father.

laʔuk to me htotin laʔuk to me hmeʔin ti hmotone ti kaboltayele.

May I still father, may I still mother, my gift (child), my travail.

tottik, n5. sir /term of reference and address to older man/.

tottikin, tv. address as “sir”

ta, n5. sir /archaic term of address between old men of same age/.

tata, n5. sir /term of address for men of Č’enal Voʔ, Mitontik and all Tzeltal towns/.

tataʔ, n5. Baby talk; dada /term of address for father/.

htataʔtik, n4d. gentleman /respectful term of reference/.

to, n5. sir /term of address to man of San Felipe/.

toton

toton, egg. cf. ton(1).

tovalya N(Sp, toalla).

tovalya, n1a. cloth /used to wrap candles, gourds containing coffee or corn gruel, sacrificial chicken, and money given to groom by wedding godfather/.

toy I, T(2).

toy, tv. lift, raise, boost. Ritual speech, song; celebrate, cf. muk’ultas.

toy, iv. lift (northeaster), become wealthy or powerful, rise (sun).

t štoy t šhelav. lit., He is rising, he is getting ahead, i.e., He is becoming wealthy.

itoy ša k’ak’al. lit., The sun has risen (high) already, i.e., It is late in the morning.

toy ʔabtel, vphr(tv // n). act (players, constables on fiesta of St. Sebastian).

toy ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d). speak strongly or forcefully.

toy ba, rv. be disobedient, rebellious, stingy, uncooperative, pushy or haughty, act up, raise self to standing position /with aid of walking stick/. Ritual speech; stingy, cf. haʔ ba.

toy baik, rv. become haughty or disobedient, etc., toward each other.

toy balamil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). have sky clear.

toy hol, vphr(tv // n). retaliate.

toy kaša, vphr(tv // n). venerate coffer (steward).

toy k’in, vphr(tv & n5). act (player, stuffed squirrels, etc., who represent officials who flee from fiesta).

toy na, vphr(tv & n4d). hold ceremony for new house.

toy nuk’, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4f). carry well /music/.

toy sat, vphr(tv & n4d). develop clearer vision (baby), be able to lift head (sick baby), look up.

toyan, tv. life or raise /plu/.

toyan ʔabtel, vphr(tv // n). act a lot (player).

toyan ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d). speak strongly or forcefully about many things.

toyan baik, rv. become haughty or disobedient, etc., towards many.

toyan k’in, vphr(tv & n5). act a lot (player).

toyan sat, vphr(tv & n4d). develop clearer vision (sick people).

toyanan, tv. cf. toyan.

toyanan ʔabtel, vphr(tv // n). cf. toyan ʔabtel.

toyanan k’in, vphr(tv & n5). cf. toyan k’in.

tóyantóyan, tv. lift or raise one after another.

tóyantóyanan, tv. cf. tóyantóyan.

toybe ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). lift /woman’s/ legs for sexual intercourse.

toyebal, n5. moment before rising (price), lifting (northeaster) or becoming late in the day.

toyel, vnlf. celebration /of steward’s coffer or new house ceremony/.

toyel ʔaʔi, vphr(n4f & tv). obstinately continue to do wrong, be disobedient.

toyel toyel, vphr(vn5 & vn5). rising frequently (debt).

toyes, tv. raise /price/, postpone /deadline, religious post/, make /northeaster/lift /by eating watermelon squash or chicken, by drinking cane liquor, by dying/.

toyesanbe, tv. raise /prices/.

toyesob, n5. Joking speech; liquor drunk to make norther lift.

toyesobil, n1f. cf. toyesob.

toyet, av. lifting (northeaster).

toyetah, iv. lift (northeaster).

toyilan, rv. try to lift, keep lifting.

toyilan, iv. keep lifting (northeaster), keep rising (price).

toyilan ba, rv. keep being disobedient, or haughty, etc.

toyilan čak, vphr(tv & n4d). hop on one foot (child).

toyilanbe ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). keep lifting /woman’s/ legs for sexual intercourse.

toylah, av. bobbing up and down (duck’s tail) (sing).

toylahet, av. jolting, bobbing (sandpiper’s tail, heads of people peering).

toylahetik, av. lifting together /tree/.

toyleh, n4f. height.

toylehkil, n4f. cf. toyleh /plu/.

tóylih, av. lifting suddenly.

toyob, n1f. money, clothes, cane liquor or chicha for celebration /offered by players/, money, cane liquor, corn or chickens for veneration of steward’s coffer, base on which firewood is set to prevent rotting.

toyobil, n1f. cf. toyob.

toyol, aj. very, high (building, price), deep, often, late (fiesta with movable date).

toyol yoʔon. He is brave.

toyol ʔosil. high ground (or) tall forest.

toyol tal habil. lit., The year came late, i.e., Carnival came late in the year.

toyol p’ih. He is very clever.

toyol t šhatav. He flees often.

toyol k’ak’al. late /in the moming when the sun is high/.

toyoltik, aj. rather high, deep or expensive.

toyoy, av. lifting self to sitting position, bobbing up (tree trunk).

toyoyet, av. bobbing up and down (scales).

tóytetóyte, av. lifting here and there (northeaster).

tóytetóyte likel, vphr(av & dr). pulling selves to their feet one after another (drunks).

toyton, av. bobbing (sandpiper’s tail, lizard’s head, head of person peering)

toytoy, iv. rise slightly (price).

toyvan, iv. help person lift burden.

htoy-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd). haughty, pushy, rebellious or disobedient person.

htoy-k’in, agn(tv & ncpd). each of the fourteen players or entertainers of the fiesta of St. Sebastian.

htoyvaneh, agn. firewood that prevents griddle from resting properly on hearthstones. Ritual speech, parent referring to youngest child who remains at home and will be in charge of parents’ funerals; lifter.

htoyvaneh hk’ečvaneh. lifter, carrier.

bik’it htoy-k’in, nphr(aj & agn/tv & ncpd/). each of the eight lesser players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian /spook, jaguar, ¢on-teʔ, kaʔbenal/.

muk’ta htoy-k’in, nphr(aj & agn/tv & ncpd/). each of the six major players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian /grand ladino, petty ladino, grand ladina, petty ladina, sak-hol/.

tayleh, n4f. height /of very tall object or mountain/.

tol, aj. very, so, so much, so many, so often, too much, too many.

tol sik. It’s so cold!

trago N(Sp, trago).

trago, n1a. cane liquor, cf. poš. var., trágo, trako, travo.

trako

trako, cane liquor, cf. trago.

tram pa N(Sp, trampa).

trampa, n1a. trap /rat trap/.

trampol

trampol, drum. cf. tampol.

trauhero

tranhero, foreign, imported, introduced, cf. tanhero.

tranka N(Sp, tranca).

tranka, n1a. swinging gate.

transito N(Sp, tránsito).

transito, n5. traffic policeman.

traste N(Sp, traste).

traste, n1a. dish, frying pan.

traste, n4e. fret /guitar/, bridge /fiddle, guitar/.

trate N(Sp, trato).

trate, n1a. agreement, pact, deal.

travo

travo, cane liquor, cf. trago.

trenta Num(Sp, treinta).

trenta, n1e. thirty.

trenta, n1d. .30-30 rifle, thirty cents or pesos.

trentatik, n5. by or in thirties, every thirty.

trigo

trigo, wheat, cf. triko.

triko N(Sp, trigo).

triko, n1a. wheat Triticum aestivum, #686(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. It is grown by Chamulas. The seeds are sown at any time of the year. The crop is sold and the seeds are ground into flour for bread, var., trigo/Htek-lum/.

trikoaltik, n5. large wheat field.

trikotik, n5. wheat field.

trim(1) O.

trim, onom. ping (bullet V1: 20) /richocheting/.

trim(2) prob P or P(2).

trimahtik, aj. with long stitches.

trimilik, aj. with visible /veins/.

trimim, av. stretching taut (wire, rope).

trimimet, av. taut.

trimlahet, av. cracking (whip).

trimluh, av. snapping or parting suddenly (rope, wire).

trimtrim, aj. taut.

trimon N.

trimon, n4f. Male joking speech, use restricted to: mu hnaʔbe strimonal: I don’t know the least thing about it.

trinirat N(Sp, trinidad).

trinirat, n5. ensign-bearer of the Holy Trinity.

tu(1) A.

tu, aj. stinking (bad food, corpse, flatulence, mud, excrement, tripe, fish, leather, bad breath).

tu-¢is čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)1e. ‘stinky fart bug’, darkling beetle Eleodes sp., walking stick insect Autolyca sp.. cf. kaʔ diavlo, kaʔ pukuh. A walking stick insect is boiled with the pit of a son sapote. One bowlful of the broth is drunk two or three times. It is “medium” Cold water should not be drunk until the sickness has passed.

tuet, av. stinking.

tuib, iv. become foul smelling (food).

tuibtas, tv. cause to stink /food/.

tuil, n4b. stench /corpse/, bad breath /drunk/. Ritual speech, prayer; stench, cf. šinal.

tuil, aj. stinking.

tuil ʔisim hobel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ‘fetid root grass’, Cyperus flavus, #1035(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”

tuil čon, nphr(aj & n)1e. ‘stinky bug’, bedbug, stinkbug.

nušetel tuil čon, nphr(vn & nphr/aj & n/)5. ‘crawling stink bug’, bedbug. They are killed with boiling water.

tuil šinič, cf. šinič.

tuil šinič’, cf. šinič.

tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e. ‘stinky tree’, guatemalan jessamine Cestrum guatemalense, #2219(19). Highland “tree”, guatemalan jessamine Cestrum gualemalense var. gracile, #126(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “tree”, orange jessamine Cestrum aurantiacum, #1223A(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “tree”, shrub nightshade Solarium brachystachys, #1844(1). Highland “tree”. bitterwood Trichilia glabra, #238(1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”. Eupatorium daleoides, #260(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. Tournefortia sp., #365(1, 2). Highland “tree”.

ʔit’iš tuil teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/). Baccharis serraefolia, #2936(16). Highland “tree”As a remedy for diarrhea, a small bunch is brewed and one cup of the tea is drunk twice daily for two or three days. It is “hot”

k’oš tuil te1ʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). gualemalan jessamine Cestrum guatemalense, #2219(1, 3, 4). Highland “tree”, orange jessamine Cestrum aurantiacum, #2522(1, 4). Temperate “tree”

sakil tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). shrub nightshade Solanum brachystachys, #2923(1, 3). Highland “tree”

tuiš, n1a. leek Allium porrum, Highland “plant”. It is “cold”.

tuišaltik, n5. large field of leeks.

tuištik, n5. field of leeks.

teʔtikil tuiš, nphr(natt & n)1d. wild onion Allium kumhii, # 1388(3).

Highland “plant” The entire plant is eaten raw or roasted. It is “cold”. It is sold at market.

teʔtikil tuištik, nphr(natt & n)5. expanse of wild onions.

tuiškaʔ), nphr(n of n). ’horse onion’, wild onion Allium kunthii, # 1388(9).

Highland “plant”

tututik, aj. stinking slightly.

htuil-čak meʔel, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Scolding speech; stinking-assed woman.

htuil-čak šinulan, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Scolding speech.

exclaimed when ladinas waste or abuse corn; stinking-assed ladina.

tu(2) prob O.

tuet, av. tooting (cow horn), trumpeting (cornet EKL 255: 1-11).

tulahet, av. cf. tuel (plu).

tulahetik, av. cf. tuton (plu).

tuton, av. spitting explosively (person EKL 255: 1-7), spitting frequently (drunk), tooting frequently (cow horn).

tu(3) N.

tu, n4d. duty.

haʔ stu li č’amaletik ta sč’unbeik smantal stotike. It is the children’s duty to obey their fathers.

tuʔ(1) prob P or P(2).

tuʔahtik, aj. cf. tuʔul /plu/.

tuʔtuʔ, aj. pear-shaped.

tuʔKuʔ p’in, nphr(aj & n)1a. pear-shaped pot /for corn gruel, tamales or nixtamal/.

tuʔuʔet hol, vphr(av & n4d). bobbing with pear-shaped head (bob-white).

tuʔul, aj. pear-shaped (pot, avocado).

tuʔulik, aj. cf. tuʔahtik.

tuʔ(2) X.

tuʔun, tv. be for, have to have.

k’u atuʔun. What do you need it for? (or) What’s it to you?

tuʔnan, tv. be for (plu).

tuʔunanan, tv. cf. tuʔunan.

tub(1) N.

tub čil, nphr(n of n). ’cricket spittle’, soap root agave Agave brachystachys, #1557(11, 12), #1824(1, 4). Temperate and highland “plant”.

tub čiltik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of tub čil.

eahal tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). see below.

k’oš eahal tub čil, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Calochortus ghiesbreghtii, #1913(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”.

k’anal tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). ladies’ tresses Spiranthes aurantiaca, #1380(3). Temperate “plant” Anthericum vestitum, #1051(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. Echeandia macrocarpa, #1884(1, 3, 4). Temperate “plant”.

k’oš k’anal tub čil, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Anthericum vestitum, #1359(1, 3). Highland “plant”. Echeandia macrocarpa, #2069(3, 4), #2406(3, 4). Highland “plant”.

k’oš tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). ladies’ tresses Spiranthes cinnabarina, #1943(17). Temperate “plant” Nothoscordum bivalve, #897(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”. Calochortus ghiesbreghtii, #1364(1, 3). Highland “plant”. #1913(17). Temperate “plant”. Anthericum eleutherandrum, #1555(1, 3, 11, 12). Temperate and highland “plant”. Echeandia macrophylla var. longifolia, #1825(1, 4). Temperate “plant”

muk’ta tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). soap root agave Agave brachystachys, #1557(1, 3). Temperate and highland “plant” #1937(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Temperate “plant”

tubah, iv. spit.

tuban, iv. spit.

tubil, n3d. spit.

tubta, tv. spit on. A man transporting a load of green bananas or mamey sapotes will spit on them so that they will ripen properly.

stubta eč’el li voʔe. lit., The rain spitted past, i.e., Only a few drops of rain fell.

Ritual speech, midwife addressing tutelary gods; mu me šatubtabekon, mu me šašetabekon tiʔunen ničime ti ʔunen lavalina.

Please, for my sake, do not spit on the little flower, please, for my sake, do not vomit on the little pink.

tubtaan, tv. spit on /plu/.

tubtaanan, tv. cf. tubtaan.

tubtaob šavon k’ošetik, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). ’children’s soap spitter’, dandelion Taraxacum officinale, #1411(3). Highland “plant” Children bruise the stem and flowers in water, producing a foam which they blow at each other.

túbtatúbta, tv. spit on one after another.

stúbtatúbta ša sk’ob t šmahvan. He spits on one hand and then the other /ready to/ hit the people.

tubtavan, iv. spit on person.

htubtavaneh, agn. person who spits on another, mexican beaded lizard that spits on people.

tub(2) P.

tub-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5. narrow-based (pot that will not stand).

tubahtik, aj. pear-shaped (avocado, breasts of ladinas who wear falsies).

tuban, tv. constrict /neck of pot while molding it/.

tubet čak, vphr(av & n4b). unable to stand securely (pot), bending over (robber).

tubtub, aj. thick-necked (bottle, water gourd), narrow-based (pottery).

tububet čak, vphr(av & n4b). rocking back and forth.

tubul, aj. thick-necked (bottle, water gourd), narrow-based (pottery), prominent (boil).

tubulik, aj. cf. tubahtik.

tue P.

tue(1), n1e. poisonous highland and lowland caterpillar.

tue(2), n5. homosexual.

tue-ne, n(aj & ncpd)1e. ’stubby tail’, poisonous caterpillar, cf. tue(1).

tueahtik, aj. cf. tuetue /plu/.

tuean, tv. grow stunted (cushaw, chayote, peach).

tuean ba, rv. grow stunted (cushaw, chayote, peach).

tueet, av. stubby (young boy’s penis).

tueibtas, tv. make too short /shirt, tunic/.

tuein, aj. homosexual, cowardly.

tuelah, av. cf. tueue (plu).

tuelahet, av. cf. tueet (plu).

túetetúete, av. walking about with stubby /tail/.

tueton, av. walking with stubby /tail/.

tuetue, aj. bobbed, stubby (rabbit’s, dog’s or mule’s tail, woman’s hair).

tucul, aj. bobbed, stubby (rabbit’s, dog’s or mule’s tail, boy’s penis), young (fruit).

tueulik, aj. young (fruit; peaches, chayotes, avocados, cushaws).

tue’ P, T.

tue’, iv. avalanche.

tue’ ba, rv. avalanche.

tue’ahtik, aj. cf. tue’ul /plu/.

tue’an ba, rv. prostrate self (person weeping in church or at wake, drunk refusing to be led home).

tue’an komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave stretched out /murder victim/.

tue’anob, n5. mat and each of two logs on which coffin is set outside house and at graveyard.

tue’anobil, n1f. cf. tue’anob.

tue’eah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). slide (avalanche).

tue’ean yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cause landslide.

tue’et, av. slithering or swimming straight ahead (large snake).

tue’etah, iv. slither straight ahead (large snake).

tue’i, iv. lie (corpse during wake).

tue’ilan, iv. keep having rock slides.

tue’lah, av. inching (large caterpillars).

tue’lahet, av. slithering, or swimming straight ahead (large snakes), inching (hornworms, large caterpillars).

tue’lahetel čon, nphr(vn5 type n5). caterpillar or grub /general term/.

tue’leb, n5. mat and each of two logs on which coffin is set outside house and at graveyard, place where corpse is set down on trip to graveyard.

tue’lebal, n3b. cf. tue’leb.

tue’leh, n4f. lying (corpse), stretched out (snake, hornworm, etc.).

túe’lih yalel, vphr(av & dr). sliding down suddenly (avalanche).

túe’tetúe’te yalel, vphr(av & dr). sliding down here and there (earth in avalanche).

tue’ton, av. inching (large caterpillar), slipping away (patient), being carried /coffin on shoulders/.

tue’ue’ yalel, vphr(av & dr). sliding down (earth in avalanche).

tue’ue’et, av. slithering or swimming slowly straight ahead (rattlesnake).

tue’ul, aj. lying (corpse during wake, dog lying on stomach), stretched out (large snake, wood grub, hornworm).

tue’ulik, aj. cf. tue’ul /plu/.

tuč P, P(2).

tuč-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. with well-proportioned nose.

tuč ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hit and cause to swing back and forth /fruit/, hit /crying child being carried/.

tučahtik, aj. cf. tučul.

tučan, tv. produce /single fruit/ (young tree), produce small ears (corn).

tučan ba, rv. follow immediately behind.

tučet, av. following immediately behind (child behind mother, person awaiting gift at ceremony).

tučetah, iv. follow immediately behind.

tučetik, av. cf. tučet (plu).

tuči, iv. be directly behind.

tučlah. av. walking with bobbed tails (dogs).

túčlih, av. dangling suddenly, following suddenly (girl who follows lover to his home), rebounding suddenly (blow).

túčtetúčte, av. walking about immediately behind person.

tučton, av. walking and wagging short /tail/, walking with small burden.

tučtuč, aj. too short (tumpline), short (child’s nose).

tučuč, av. running directly behind.

tučul, aj. clinging (tick), young (fruit; peach, squash, chayote, avocado), well-proportioned (nose), turned up (nose with anger).

tučulik, aj. cf. tučul /plu/.

tuč’ I, T(2).

tuč’, tv. cut /wood, paper, clothing, meat, rope/, break /rope/, divide into strips /land/, cross /river, road, gully, field/, cut across /road, field/, deflower, buy /new clothing/, pick /flower, beans, greens/, cause severe ache in /leg, arm/ (snakebite, arthritis, cold, exhaustion).

tuč’, iv. break (rope, leather thong, weaving, thread, ribbon), be cut (vein), avalanche.

tuč’, nc. piece /meat, cloth, leather, paper/, length /ribbon, rope/, strip /land/.

tuč’ ba, rv. avalanche.

tuč’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. Male joking speech; lit., defloration, i.e., wedding.

tuč’ taʔoʔon, vphr(iv & prep & n4d). dismiss or banish from one’s thoughts, relinquish.

mu štuč’ ta yoʔon ti sbaʔyi lekome. He can’t forget his first fiancée.

tuč’ ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). interrupt conversation or discussion, meddle, interfere, cut short /discussion, dispute/.

istuč’ ta be k’op haʔ sa muk’ smeleah ʔ0. He cut short the discussion so it was never settled.

tuč’ ta čuʔ, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). wean self, be weaned.

tuč’ahtik, aj. cut (stumps, ropes, person).

tuč’an, tv. cut, break or cross /plu/.

tuč’an ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). interrupt many times.

tuč’anan, tv. cut, break or cross /plu/.

tuč’anan ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). interrupt many times.

tuč’antúč’an, tv. cut, break or cross one after another.

tuč’antúč’an ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). interrupt one time after another.

túč’antúč’anan, tv. cf. túč’antúč’an.

tuč’benal, n4a. cut /tree/, tear /made by rats or mice/.

tuč’eah, iv. avalanche.

tuč’ean, tv. cause landslide.

tuč’ebal, n5. moment before breaking (rope, leather thong).

tuč’el, aj. cut, broken, torn.

tuč’em ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). crave, hanker after.

tuč’es, tv. bulldoze, cause landslide.

tuč’ilan, tv. keep cutting or crossing.

tuč’ilan, iv. keep breaking, avalanche repeatedly, cut in pieces.

tuč’ilanan, tv. keep cutting or crossing /plu/.

tuč’k’ih, iv. cf. tuč’eah.

tuč’lah, av. parting (ropes), sliding down (rocks).

tuč’lahet, av. breaking in many places (rope).

tuč’lahet ʔahval, vphr(av & n4d). cf. tuč’ton ʔahval (plu).

tuč’lahetik, av. cf. tuč’ton (plu).

tuč’leh, n4f. cut, break, whole piece.

tuč’ob, n1f. axe, saw, billhook, knife, scissors, machete.

tuč’obil, n1f. cf. tuč’ob.

tuč’p“ih, iv. cf. tuč’eah.

túč’tetúč’te, av. sliding down here and there (rocks).

tuč’ton, av. cutting /trees/.

tuč’ton ʔahval, vphr(av & n4d). requesting obstinately.

tuč’ton ta č’amunel, vphr(av & prep & vn4f). persistently requesting in vain.

tuč’tuč’, nc. single piece /I only/.

tuč’tuč’il, n4f. Male joking speech; clitoris.

tuč’uč’, av. parting (rope), sliding down (rocks).

tuč’uč’et, av. aching severely (back, chest, foot with cold).

tuč’ul, aj. cut (stump, rope).

tuč’ulil, n4f. scrap, piece.

tuč’ultik, aj. in shreds (clothing).

tuč’ultúč’ul, n4f. each of many plots of land.

tuč’van ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). cut across person’s path.

htuč’-ʔora, agn(tv & ncpd). lit., hour-cutter, i.e., witch, weasel, fox or whippoorwill that crosses one’s path or calls out. Joking speech; fearfully ugly thing.

htuč’-kantela, agn(tv & ncpd). lit., candle-cutter, i.e., witch. A candle-cutter is always a shaman. The victim’s soul is taken by the earth lord.

htuč’vaneh ta be, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). animal that cuts across person’s path.

mu tuč’bah, ajphr(pt & aj). refuse to give up (spurned suitor, girl or child who answers back).

tuč’ič’ N.

tuč’ič’, n1a. yellow-backed oriole Icterus c/ir/sater, bar-winged oriole Icterus maculi-alatus. It is eaten. It is “cold”

tuento N(Sp, duende).

tuento, n5. ghost of unbaptised baby. It is supposed to take the form of a sombreron at night and frighten people.

tuk(1) N.

tuk, n4d. alone.

ʔa li stukike. as for them.

ta htuk. on my own.

haʔ stuk toh mas lek. It is the very best.

bae’i haʔ trago stuk. It is pure (or) straight cane liquor. tuktuk, n4d. all alone.

tuk(2) I.

tuk, iv. open (bud, com for posol), be crumbly (dry earth), be spread (gossip, news).

tuk, nc. bartered object.

tuk ba, rv. open (bud, corn of posol), crumble (dry earth).

tukeah, iv. open (bud).

tukean, tv. make crumbly /earth with foot/.

tukebal, n5. moment before opening /bud/.

tukes, tv. split open /corn for posol or toasted tortillas/ /by second boiling/.

tukes k’op, vphr(tv & n5). spread gossip.

itukesbat sk’op buč’u seob yole. A /woman/ who has an illegitimate child is gossiped about.

tukesan, tv. split open a lot of /corn for posol/.

tukesan k’op, vpbx(tv & n5). spread a lot of gossip.

tukesanan k’op, vphr(tv & n5). cf. tukesan k’op.

tukesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). gossip about.

tukesob, n1f. pot for boiling corn for posol or toasted tortillas.

tukesobil, n1f. cf. tukesob.

tuket k’oplal, vphr(av & n4f). spreading gossip.

tuketik, av. spreading gossip (plu).

tuki, tv. dismantle, tear down /house, corral, steward’s altar/, pull out /weaving/.

tukieh-be kaʔ, nphr(n/vn & ncpd/ of n)5. dismantling of horse’s race course /fifth day of Fiesta of St. Sebastian, January 23/.

tukih, iv. be dismantled (house, corral, steward’s altar), be pulled out (weaving).

tukilan. rv. root (pig).

tukilanan, tv. root in many places (pig).

tukiobil, n4f. machete for cutting ropes or house lashings.

tuklah, av. criticizing (plu).

tuklahetik, av. cf. tukton (plu).

tukleh, n4f. boiling or splitting of corn for posol.

túklih, av. crumbling suddenly underfoot (earth).

tukolah, iv. barter, scratch leaves or ground (bird), root (pig).

tukp’ih, iv. fall apart (flower).

tukp’in, tv. tear apart /flower/.

túktetúkte, av. walking about muttering angrily to self, giving way underfoot here and there.

tukton, av. criticizing /not to person’s face/, muttering to self.

tukuket, av. crumbly underfoot (dry earth).

tukukil, n4f. many bartered objects.

tukul, n5. barter.

tukulah, iv. barter, scratch leaves or ground (bird), root (dog).

tukulta, tv. barter, root (pig).

tukultabil. illegitimate (child).

tukultaan, tv. root in many places (pig), barter a lot.

tukultaanan, tv. cf. tukultaan.

tuk(3) X.

tuk, nc. twenty warp threads.

tuka, tv. measure into twenty warp threads.

tukaan, tv. measure many into twenty warp threads.

tuktuk N.

tuktuk, n1e. red-shafted flicker Colaptes cafer, strong-billed woodcreeper Xiphocolaptes promeropirhyncus. Flickers are eaten. They are “cold”. They are known to scratch up newly planted seed corn.

Male joking speech; hun ta na tuktuk. lit., as big as a woodcreeper’s burrow, i.e., very large vagina.

tukum N.

tukum, n1a. sorghum molasses candy, popcorn, ground watermelon squash seeds, fawn, inan poss; spots /fawn, jaguar/.

tukum hʔik’al, nphr(n of agn)5. ’spook’s tukum’, sorghum Sorghum vulgare, #797(1, 2), #2741(1, 4). Lowland “plant”. It is grown by ladinos. The seeds are planted in June with the aid of a digging stick, two to a hole. The grain is eaten, toasted on the griddle. It is “cold”. It is sold at market. It is sold by ladinas in a candy confection.

tukumtik, aj. spotted (face).

tuk’ A.

tuk’(1), n1a. rifle, shotgun.

tuk’(2), aj. straight, clear (speech), honest, upright, conscientious.

tuk’ noš t šʔabteh. He is working conscientiously.

tuk’an. Quit it! (or) Leave it /me, etc./ alone!

tuk’-be, n(aj & ncpd)5. straight road or path.

tuk’a, tv. shoot at.

tuk’aan, tv. shoot at /plu/.

tuk’aanan, tv. cf. tuk’aan.

tuk’avah, iv. shoot.

tuk’avan, iv. shoot person.

tuk’avil, n5. hunting.

tuk’ib, iv. become honest, upright, or sensible, be settled (dispute).

mu štuk’ib yuʔun k’op. He can not settle disputes.

mu štuk’ib sk’op. His argument is not getting (any more) sensible.

haʔ to tuk’ib h-set’ shol ši li line ti mi tol to ʔoš šmahvan smalale ʔi mu ša bu t šmahvan ta e’akal ʔune. “At last he has become a little bit more sensible” says a woman if her husband, who has beaten up people, now no longer hits them.

tuk’ibtas, tv. set straight or make consistent (argument), correct, straighten, align.

istuk’ibtas e’aketik. He aligned the boundary markers.

istuk’ibtas shol. lit., He straightened his head, i.e., He became honest.

tuk’ibtas ba lek, vphr(rv & aj). Male joking speech; lit., straighten self out, i.e., be unresisting or cooperative (mistress).

tuk’ibtas k’op, vphr(tv & n1d). settle dispute.

tuk’ibtasan, tv. correct or straighten in many places.

tuk’ibtasanbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). settle many disputes.

tuk’ibtaseh-k’op, vn(tv & ncpd)5. settlement /of dispute/.

tuk’ibtasvan, iv. counsel or advise person, set person straight.

tuk’il, n4b. direction, in front of.

buy stuk’il. in what direction?

tuk’il, n4e. honesty.

stuk’ilal rioš t šik’opoh. I speak with the honesty of God.

tuk’il k’op, nphr(aj & n5). proper conversation, in good form, honest talk.

tuk’tuk’, tv(impv). Quit it!, Leave it (me, etc.) alone!

tuk’tuk’tik, aj. rather straight (tree, road).

tuk’ulan, tv. notice, pay attention to, take care of.

tuk’ulan ba, rv. take care of oneself, be responsible, behave.

muk’ stuk’ulan sba ta yabtel. He wasn’t responsible in office.

lek stuk’ulan sba mu sna? mas yakub. He behaves well; he doesn’t get drunk often.

mu stuk’ulan sba č’abal k’usi ʔoy yuʔun toh č’ah. He is not responsible; he has nothing in his house because he is so lazy.

tuk’ulan baik, rv. look after each other.

tuk’ulanan, tv. take care of /plu/.

tuk’ulanan baik, rv. look after each other (many people).

tuk’ulaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. looking after each other.

tuk’ulanvan, iv. look after or care for person.

lek štuk’ulanvan li ʔalibale. The daughter-in-law is well cared for.

lek štuk’ulanvan ta k’elvaneh yuʔun hpas-ʔabtel. They look after and attend the official well /his assistants/.

htuk’avaneh, agn. murderer.

htuk’avil, agn. hunter, marksman.

htuk’ibtasvaneh, agn. person who gives good counsel.

htuk’ulanvaneh, agn. person who looks after another.

tul(1) T(2).

tul, tv. pick /fruit, nut/, scald /chicken/.

tul, iv. fall out in great quantities (hair, feathers).

tul, n1a. stirring stick. Male joking speech; penis.

tul ba, rv. be scalded.

tul-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with moth-eaten hair (woman).

tulahlik. aj. lacy (badly-eaten leaves).

tulal, n1f. stirring stick.

tulan, tv. pick /fruits, etc./, scald /chickens/.

tulanan, tv. pick /fruits, etc./, scald /chickens/.

túlantúlan, tv. pick one after another.

túlantúlanan, tv. cf. túlantúlan.

tulbenal, n4e. surplus picked fruit.

tuleah, iv. lose hair, moult.

tulean, tv. cause hair to drop out.

tulel, nc. picking /fruit, nuts/.

tulilan, tv. keep picking /fruits, nuts/.

tulilanan, tv. keep picking many /fruits, nuts/.

tullahetik, av. picking /fruit, nuts/.

tulob, n1f. forked pole for knocking down fruit.

tulobil, n1f. cf. tulob.

túltetúlte, av. walking about without any burden, walking and bobbing (chicken’s head).

tulton, av. walking without any burden, picking, walking with moth-eaten hair (woman).

tultul, aj. short-haired (woman), moth-eaten (woman’s hair, mule’s or chicken’s tail), thin (boy).

tulul, aj. lacy (badly-eaten leaves), moulting, soaked.

tululik, aj. curling (eyelashes).

tulvan, iv. scald person.

tul(2) prob O.

tulubah, iv. snort (horse).

tulumta, tv. call chickens.

tulan N.

tulan, n1a. oak Quercus segoviensis, #1916(17). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for house mainposts, fence posts, and firewood. #2263(19). Highland “tree”

tulantik, n5. grove of oaks.

ʔik’al tulan, nphr(aj & n). oak Quercus rugosa, #2344(3, 4). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for fence posts (the bark is stripped off and the end pointed), and for firewood. The branches are used for brush fences.

eahal tulan, nphr(aj & n). oak Quercus rugosa, #639(1, 2). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for house mainposts, fence posts, and firewood. The branches are used for brush fences. Three tips are used for the shaman’s wand when recalling a lost soul. (5)-The bark of an unattested variety is brewed as a remedy for loose teeth, swelling, and malaria. It is “hot”.

eahal tulantik, nphr(aj & n)5. grove of oaks.

hayal pat tulan, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). ’thin bark oak’, oak Quercus rugosa, #2345(19). Highland “tree” It is used for house mainposts.

k’an-tulan, n(aj & ncpd). oak Quercus rugosa, #604(1). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for house mainposts, fence posts, and firewood.

k’eves tulan, nphr(n type n). oak Quercus peduncularis, #634(1, 2). Temperate and highland “tree” The trunk is used for house mainposts, for fence posts, and for firewood, oak Quercus segoviensis, #1916(1, 3, 4, 16). Temperate “tree”. (16)-Same use as above. #2263(3, 4). Highland “tree”. oak Quercus polymorpha, #2419(1, 20). Highland “tree” (20)-Same use as above.

k’eveš tulantik, nphr(n type n)5. grove of oaks.

sakil tulan, nphr(aj & n). oak Quercus rugosa, #B14276(5), #B14277(5), #2344(19), #2345(3, 4). Highland “tree” The trunk is used for house mainposts, fence posts, corral posts, telephone poles, vertical poles of wattle, steambath framework, corn bin planks, bridge planks, stiles, gates, bedposts, hooks, pot stands, axe handles, and firewood. The branches are used for brush fences. The tips, together with pine tips and geraniums, are used by shamans for beating out “wind” The acorns are eaten by deer, goats, squirrels, and band-tailed pigeons. #445(1, 2, 3). Temperate and highland “tree”

tulan vinik, nphr(n type n)5. strong man.

tuliš N.

tuliš, n1e. dragonfly, damselfly.

tuluk’ N(M-Z, tuluk’).

tuluk’, n1a. turkey, pine cone. Turkeys are eaten occasionally. Their flesh is “cold”.

tuluk’ ba, vphr(n/pred/ & rpn). pretty /girl/.

tuluk’al toh, nphr(natt & n)1a. pine cone.

tum(1) T(2).

turn, tv. cleave, pluck /harp/.

tum-nuk’, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-necked.

turn ta tuč’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). snap /rope/.

turn ta tuč’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). snap (rope).

tumahtik, aj. prominent (seam).

tumel, aj. prominently visible (neck of person staring at another).

tumet, av. prominent (neck muscles of person with heavy burden, neck of man without neckerchief or of woman without necklace).

tumilan, tv. pluck at /harp/ (child).

tumlah, av. walking while playing /harps/.

tumlahetik, av. plucking /harp/ (children).

túmlih, av. snapping suddenly (wire, neck of man), parting suddenly (rope).

túmtetúmte, av. walking about with prominent /neck muscles/, walking along without neckerchief (man) or without necklace (woman).

tumton, av. sounding (harp).

tumtum, aj. long (necked).

tumul, aj. uncovered (neck of man without neckerchief or woman without ribbons).

tumulik, aj. prominent /muscles, veins/.

tumumet, av. prominent (neck muscles of person with heavy burden), held erect (neck of jesus Christ lizard or bobwhite when running).

tum(2) N.

turn, n5. blue-crowned motmot Momotus momota, russet-crowned motmot Momotus mexicanus/Naben Čauk, ʔApas/. cf. kul, ru.

tumpa N(Sp, tumba).

tumpa, n1e. table /set up in church on All Souls’ Day and when requiem mass is given/. The evangelical cross and candles for those who died kinless are placed on this table.

tun T.

tun, tv. use.

Denunciatory speech, husband to lazy wife; lek ša atun lek ša alahes ti h-set’e ti hutebe. Happily you used, happily you ate the pinch, the trifle.

tun, iv. be useful, serve.

mu štun. It’s no good.

k’u štun ʔo leʔe. What is that for?

Ritual speech, outgoing religious official; litun libain ta yolon yok ta yolon sk’ob li kahvaltike. I served, I perceived beneath the feet, beneath the hands of Our Lord.

tun ʔuʔun, vphr(iv & n4d). need.

tunan, tv. use many /čobtik/.

túnantúnan, tv. use one after another /čobtik/.

tunel, vn4b. service, duty, use, necessity.

tunem, aj. used, secondhand.

tunilan, iv. keep being used (ritual paraphernalia).

túntetúnte, av. being used time and again.

htunel, agn. useful or important object or person, medicinal herb. Male joking speech; penis. Ritual speech; dignitary, “flowers” of curing ceremony.

Ritual speech, outgoing religious official to successor upon receiving oath of office; mi lekil htunelot mi lekil hbainelot ta lahčeb “m ta lahčeb k’ak’al. Will you be a good dignitary, will you be a good witness for twelve months, for twelve days?

tunelan N(Sp, tonalà).

tunelan, n5. Tonalà.

tunko A(Sp, tunco).

tunko, aj. one-armed, one-legged.

tunsakrek

tunsakrek, woodpecker, cf. tunsarek.

tunsarek N.

tunsarek, n5. golden-fronted woodpecker Centurus aurifrons, acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus. cf. bah teʔ mut. var., tunsakrek /Pat ʔOsil/.

tup’ I, T.

tup’, tv. put out /light, fire/, turn off /flashlight/, cut /fever/, erase, strike out.

tup’, iv. go out (light, fire), wilt (flower), be cut (fever).

tup’ ʔik’, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). die.

tup’-ʔik’, vn(iv & ncpd). epilepsy.

tup’an, tv. put out /fires/.

tup’anan, tv. cf. tup’an.

túp’antúp’an, tv. turn out one after another /lights/, put out one after another /fires/, erase one after another /names/.

túp’antúp’anan, tv, cf. túp’antúp’an.

tup’eah ʔik’ vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). stop breathing.

tup’eb, n5. Ritual speech; person praying at grave of relative; death.

laheb tup’eb. the end, the extinction.

tup’ebal, n5. moment when fire is about to go out, or when flowers wither.

Ritual speech, song sung by musicians on All Souls’ Day in houses, on trails, at cemetery; lahebal tup’ebal. the end, the extinction.

tup’el, nc. erasing, putting out /fire/.

tup’es, tv. turn off /flashlight/, cut /fever/.

tup’et, av. dark /dawn, dusk/.

štup’et ssat ʔosil. It is dark.

tup’etik, av. cf. tup’et.

tup’ilan, tv. keep turning on and off /flashlight, etc./.

tup’ilan, iv. keep going out (candle).

túp’lih, av. going out suddenly (light).

tup’ob, n1f. water or branches used to put out fire.

tup’ob mahbenal, nphr(n1f of n5). prayers or herbs used to cure person of mahbenal.

tup’obil, n1f. cf. tup’ob.

tup’obil mahbenal, nphr(n1f of n5). cf. tup’ob mahbenal.

tup’up’et, av. dark /dawn, dusk/.

tup’van, iv. cure person of mahbenal.

htup’-ʔik’, agn(tv & ncpd). epileptic.

htup’vaneh, agn. shaman who cures person of mahbenal.

tur O.

tur, onom. snort /horse/ /r is trilled/.

turet, av. blasting /cow horn/, tooting /flatulence/.

turetah, iv. blast /cow horn/.

turetik, av. blasting /cow horns/.

tururet, av. blasting /cow horn/, tooting /flatulence/.

turanku

turanku, peach, cf. turasnu.

turasnu N(Sp, durazno).

turasnu, n1a. peach, var., turisnu.

turasnualtik, n5. large peach orchard.

turasnutik, n5. peach orchard.

bae’i turasnu, nphr(aj & n). peach Prunus persica, #922(1, 3). Highland “tree”. It is grown by many Zinacantecs, in their yards. The pits are planted in the rainy season, one to a hole. The harvest is in August. The fruit is sold at market. (3)-It is “medium”. (1)-It is “cold”. As a remedy for worms, a handful of leaves and a few chips of bark are brewed with a handful of brown sugar. A cup is drunk before breakfast for one or two days. It is “hot”.

duranko, cf. luranko.

karirat, n1d. peach Prunus persica, #925(1, 3). Highland “tree”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The pits are planted by women and girls in the beginning of the rainy season, one to a hole. The harvest is in October. The fruit is eaten raw. It is “cold”. It is sold at market in San Cristobal and Tuxtla. The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The branches are used for brush fences, var., karida /Htek-lum/.

k’anal karirat, nphr(aj & n). peach Prunus persica, #367(1, 2, 3). Highland “tree”. It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. It is planted as above. The harvest is in August. The fruit is eaten raw. It is “cold”. It is sold at market in San Cristobal and Tuxtla.

karirat turasnu, nphr(n type n). peach Prunus persica, #348(1, 2).

Highland “tree”, same as karirat.

kašlan turasnu, nphr(aj & n)1a. apricot Prunus armeniaca, #387(1, 4).

Highland “tree” It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The pit is planted at the beginning of the rainy season, one to a hole. The tree fruits three or four years after planting. The harvest is in May. Apricots are eaten raw. They are “cold” They are sold at market in San Cristobal and Tuxtla.

luranko, n1a. peach Prunus persica, #372(1, 2, 4), #921(1, 3). Highland “tree” It is grown by a few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The pits are planted by men and women in the rainy season, one to a hole. The harvest is in August. This red-meated peach is peeled and eaten raw. It is “medium” or “hot” The trunk is used for fence posts, bean poles, and firewood. The branches are used for brush fences.

var., duranko /Htek-lum/, turanku /Htek-lum/.

lurankotik, n5. peach orchard.

luranko turasnu, nphr(n type n). peach Prunus persica, #372(1, 2, 4).

Highland “tree”. Same as luranko. It is grown by many Zinacantecs, in their yards. The pit is planted in the rainy season, one to a hole. The fruit is harvested in August. It is sold at market. Peaches are “medium” The trunk is used for firewood.

k’oš merokotom, nphr(aj & n). peach Prunus persica, #346(1, 2, 3, 4).

It is not grown by many Zinacantecs, but the fruits bring a better price than other peaches. It is planted as above, or seedlings are transplanted in the rainy season by men, women, and children. The fruit is eaten raw. It is “cold” Peaches are sold by a few Zinacantecs at market in Tuxtla, Arriaga, and Tonala. The trunk is used for fence posts, bean poles, and firewood. As a remedy for colic or to cure a baby of hitting its mother, six shoots are crushed in cold water. A small cupful is drunk, after which the baby spits up its anger. It is “hot”

priškuʔ, n1a. peach, see below.

k’anal prišku’ʔ, nphr(aj & n). peach Prunus persica, #345(1, 2), #895(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “tree”. It is grown by most Zinacantecs in their yards. It is planted by men or women, in the rainy season. One seed is planted to a hole. The fruit is harvested in August. It is eaten by people and pigs. Peaches are sold by Zinacantec women at market in Chamula, by Zinacantec men and women in San Cristóbal, and by Zinacantec men in Tuxtla. The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. The branches are used for brush fences. A year old or year and a half old infant that cries excessively or hits its mother frequently is forced to drink a cup of cold water in which two or three shoots have been crushed. The water is “cold”. The child vomits his anger.

sakil priškuʔ, nphr(aj & n). peach Prunus persica, #347(1, 2, 3), #923(1, 3). Highland “tree”. It is grown by all Zinacantecs, in their yards. Seeds are planted, one to a hole, by men and women, in the rainy season. Seedlings are transplanted. The fruit is eaten raw or boiled, alone or with refined sugar. It is “cold”. It is sold in San Cristóbal by women, and in Tuxtla by men. The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood.

sakil turasnu, nphr(aj & n). see below.

bae’i sakil turasnu, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). peach Prunus persica, #349(1, 2, 4). Highland “tree”. It is grown by all Zinacantecs, in their yards. It is planted in the rainy season, one pit to a hole, by men and women. The fruit is harvested in August. It is eaten raw. It is “medium”. Peaches are sold at market in San Cristóbal by Zinacantec men and women, and in Tuxtla by Zinacantec men. The trunk is used for fence posts, and firewood. For colic remedy, see k’oš merokotom. Two small cups are drunk in the morning. It is “medium”

turanku, peach, cf. luranko.

tutus, n5. Baby talk; peach.

turismu N(Sp, turismo).

tunsmu, n5. car, taxi. turisnu

turisnu, peach, cf. tiirasnu.

turum N.

turum, n1d. throat, trachea, gullet.

turumpo N(Sp, trompo).

turumpo, n1a. top /toy/.

tunite N.

turute, n1d. trachea /cow/, var. turutu.

turututurutu, trachea, cf. tunite.

tus P, P(2).

tus, tv. comb, massage away /chest pain, evil eye/, brush.

tus, iv. be massaged.

tus ba, rv. be physically mature (adolescent), comb one’s hair, massage self.

tus-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. combing of hair,

tusa, tv. settle dispute, arrange in neat pile /flowers/.

lek stusa tal be č’ič’. He sets aright the veins (shaman, tutelary god).

tusah, iv. be settled (dispute).

tusahtik, aj. cf. lusul /plu/.

tusan, tv. set in neat pile /firewood, candles, flowers/, stretch out together /legs/, comb /people’s hair/.

tusan komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave stretched out in pile /murder victims, corn field flattened by wind/. tusanan, tv. set a lot of /firewood/ /on fire/. tusantiisan, tv. comb hair one after another, tiisantusanan, tv. cf. tusanlusan. tusaobil rason, nphr(n4f of n5). liquor given to settle dispute, tusel, vn5. massage /rubbing of baby with candles, elderberry branches or eggs/.

tusel, nc. combing /cloth on loom/ /1-3/.

tuset, av. walking in groups or flocks (people, animals).

tusetik, av. cf. tuset (plu).

tusi, iv. stretch out (legs).

t štusi vayuk siʔ The fireside is piled for the night /leaned against hearthstone to dry overnight/.

tusilan, tv. comb, massage, brush.

tusilan ba, rv. keep combing self.

tuslahet, av. combing (plu).

tusleh, nib. stretched out (many people or logs).

tusob, n1f. comb /for person or mule/.

tusobil, n1f. cf. tusob.

tústetúste, av. walking about in group or flock.

tuston, av. walking in one group after the other, dying in large numbers, combing, massaging away /chest pain/, pulsing continuously /blood in vein of healthy person/.

tusul, aj. lying with legs stretched out together, lying in neat pile (candles, firewood), lying together (many sick or sleeping people), thick (nap).

tusulik, aj. cf. tusul /plu/.

tusus, av. walking in succession or crowd.

tususet, av. covered /with fleas/, flowing slowly (river), walking about slowly (many people, animals), walking in single file (leaf-cutter ants).

tusvan, iv. massage person.

htusvaneh, agn. shaman or midwife who massages person.

tusino N(Sp, tocino).

tusino, n1a. ’bacon’, corncob borer. This grub is found in the cobs of highland corn and is considered edible. It is “medium”

rušnok’

tušnok’, cotton, cf. tušiuik’.

tušnuk” N.

tušnuk’, n1a. cotton Gossypium hirsutum, #1108(1, 3, 4, 5). Lowland “plant” It is grown by ladinos in the rainy season, in their yards. The cotton bolls are pulled off and flailed. The cotton is spun into thread, but Zinacantecs buy the thread. Cotton is used by stewards to wipe off the saints when they are washed, and by the holy elders to wipe off Christ when he is washed. Cotton is also used to swab the arm with alcohol before giving an injection, var., tušnok’ /ʔApas, Htek-lum, Voʔ-bi¢/.

tuš’nuk’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n). Gnaphalium sp., #2224(19). Highland “plant” The leaves are bound to wounds to speed healing. They are “hot”.

tušnuk’, n4e. nap /clothing/.

tušnuk’tik, n5. cotton field.

tušnuk’ to, nphr(n type n)5. ’cotton tree’, whip tree Luehea Candida, #253(1, 3, 5), #1110(1, 3, 5), #2660(1, 3, 15, 21). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for the mainposts and roof rods of fieldhouses, for the sides of the corn threshing platform, for fenceposts and rails, for hoe and billhook handles, digging sticks, and slingshots. It is used by ladinos for plow handles, cotton flails, and cattle corrals.

muk’ta tušnuk’ teʔ nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). whip tree Luehea Candida, #2660(20). Lowland “tree” It is used for fence posts, hoe handles, and digging sticks.

sakil tušnuk’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). whip tree Luehea Candida, #2660(22). Lowland “tree”.

tušta N(Sp, Tuxtla from N, tochtli).

tušta, n5. Tuxtla Gutiérrez.

tušta kinya, cf. kinya.

htušta, agn. inhabitant of Tuxtla Gutiérrez.

htuštahel, agn. person going to, at, or coming from Tuxtla Gutiérrez.

tuš’uni N.

tušum, n1a. ear of corn with few kernels.

tušum makom, cf. makom.

tut N.

tut, n1a. Equisetum laevigatum, #2046(17, 18). Highland plant” To relieve constipation, a small bunch is brewed. One cup is drunk. It is “cold” (5)-An unattested variety is used by children for whistles.

k’oš tut, nphr(aj & n). Fuirena simplex, #2020(16, 17). Lowland”plant”.

tut ʔama, nphr(n type n4f)1e. ’flute tut’, walking stick insect. The walking stick insect reputedly can tell the time on a cloudy day. If it is picked up and asked “Where is the sun, walking stick?” it will hold its forelegs together and point to the position of the sun.

tut ničim, nphr(n type n). ’tut flower’, Rondeletia sp., #1244(7). Temperate “plant”

tutuʔ

tutuʔ, egg. cf. ton(1).

tuturu N(Ch,?).

tuturu, n. Thalictrum guatemalense, #2448(20). Highland “plant”.

tutus

tutus, peach, cf. turasnu.

tuvo N(Sp, tubo).

tuvo, n1a. pipe, tube, percussion cap.

tyempo N(Sp, tiempo).

tyempo, n1c. time, season.

makem styempo. Its season has passed.

tyenta N(Sp, tienda). tyenta, n1a. store, var., yenta.

T’

t’ab(1) I, P. P(2).

t’ab, tv. wet or grease and comb /hair/ (woman), wet and smooth /ground on which flailed corn is to fall/, complete broad swatch /hoeing, weeding, clearing/,

t’ab, iv. die.

t’ab ba, rv. become a neat dresser, grow new coat (cat, mule, chicken).

t’ab-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. wetting or greasing and combing hair.

t’ababet, av. leveling out (trail, road), t’abahtik, aj. cf. t’abal /plu/.

t’abal, aj. shiny (hair), leveled (forest), hoed or weeded in broad swatch.

t’abalik, aj. cf. t’abal /plu/.

t’aban, tv. complete broad swatch /hoeing, weeding, clearing/, wet and comb /hair/.

t’aban baik, rv. wetting or greasing and combing each other.

t’ábant’ában baik, rv. wet or grease and comb one another’s hair one after another.

t’ab¢ah, iv. fell all trees, hoe entire field.

t’ab¢an, tv. complete broad swatch /hoeing, felling, weeding/.

t’abel, nc. moment /I/, polishing /2, 3/.

t’abelan. Hurry up.

t’abes eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). sell to earth lord.

t’abet, av. with shiny hair, forming broad swatch /land being cleared, hoed, or weeded/, level (road).

t’abet be, vphr(av & n4d). worn smooth (trail of armadillo).

t’abi, iv. complete broad swatch /clearing, hoeing, weeding/.

t’ablahet, av. cf. t’abt’on (plu).

t’ablahetik, av. with shiny hair, dying (plu).

t’ableh, n4f. broad swatch of level forest, hoed or weeded field, wetted or greased and combed /hair/.

t’abob, n1f. hair grease, comb.

t’abobil, n1f. cf. t’abob.

t’abolah, iv. smooth /wall of mud and wattle house/.

t’abt’ab, aj. slowly.

t’abt’ab t šik’un-battik. We are walking slowly.

t’abt’on, av. dying, shiny and smooth (hair), fat and glossy (horse), greasing or wetting and combing.

t’abulan, tv. smooth /wall of mud and wattle house/, keep wetting or greasing and combing /hair/.

t’abulan ba, rv. keep wetting or greasing and combing one’s hair.

t’abvan, iv. wet or grease and comb person’s hair.

ht’abvaneh, agn. person who wets or greases and combs another’s hair.

t’ab(2) Pt.

t’ab, pt. first, ahead, while.

t’ah 1(2), P.

t’ah, iv. split, crack (mud, wood, skin).

t’ah sat, vphr(iv & n4d). be split (toasted tortilla).

t’aha-sat, nphr(aj & ncpd)1a. small toasted tortilla.

t’ahahtik, aj. cf. t’ahal /plu/.

t’ahal, aj. split, cracked, worn smooth (mountain path clearly visible in the distance), denuded, bald, exposed to the sun (hatless person).

t’ahalik, aj. cf. t’ahal /plu/.

t’ahan, tv. expose /to sun/.

t’ahan ba, rv. expose self.

t’ah el, vnld. crack /in skin/.

t’ahemal, n1b. crack /in skin/.

t’ahes, tv. split, crack /mud, wood, skin/, make /small toasted tortilla/.

t’ahesanbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). make /small toasted tortillas/.

t’ahesananbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. t’ahesanbe sat.

t’ahesob, n1f. large griddle for preparing toasted tortillas.

t’ahesobil, n1f. cf. t’ahesob.

t’ahesvan, iv. make person’s skin split (wind, dye, lime), chafe person (wool skirt).

t’ahet tiʔ ba, vphr(av & nphr/n of n/4d). walking with receding hairline.

t’ahi, iv. be exposed /to sun/.

t’ahlahet, av. cf. t’aht’on (plu).

t’ahlahetik, av. cf. t’aht’on (plu).

t’ahluh, av. resounding suddenly (axe hitting hard wood, rock hitting rock).

t’áhtet’áhte, av. splitting or cracking in various places.

t’áhtet’áhte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hatless.

t’ah t’ah, aj. denuded or eroded (land), with receding /hairline/, hatless.

t’aht’on, av. resounding of axe hitting hard wood, praying loudly (shaman).

t’ahuh, onom. crash /sound of falling rock/.

ht’ahesvaneh, agn. wool skirt that chafes thighs, lime that burns person’s skin.

t’al X.

t’al-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5. loquacious.

t’allahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). cf. t’alt’on ʔe (plu).

t’áltet’álte ta ʔanil, vphr(av & pt & n5). dashing from place to place (child).

t’alt’on ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). talking wildly and incoherently.

t’an P, P(2).

t’an-č’ut meʔOn, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. threadbare orphan.

t’an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /in face, back or side/, beat /drum/ (person), strike /stomach with hoof/ (peccary).

t’anahtik, aj. naked, shirtless.

t’anal, aj. shirtless, naked, denuded, eroded.

t’anal šveʔ spas ta meʔon. He who eats with his shirt off will become a pauper.

t’analik, aj. naked, shirtless.

t’anan, tv. undress.

t’anan, av. naked, shirtless.

t’anan ba, rv. become naked, undress, take shirt off.

t’anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /plu/ /in face, back or side/.

t’ananan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. t’anan ta mahel.

t’ananeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. nakedness, shirtlessness.

t’ánant’ánan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug one after another /in face, back or side/.

t’ánant’ánanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike one after another /in face, back or side with fist/.

t’ananvan, iv. undress person.

t’anbe, tv. hit with slingshot pellet.

t’aneah, iv. be penniless.

t’anean, tv. make penniless (sickness).

t’aneanvan, iv. make person penniless (sickness).

t’anet, av. naked, shirtless.

t’anetah, iv. be naked.

t’anetik, av. cf. t’anet (plu).

t’ani, iv. be naked or shirtless, be denuded, undress.

t’anlah, av. pounding /running feet of children/.

t’anlahet, av. cf. t’anet (plu)., cf. t’ant’on.

t’anlahetik, av. cf. t’anet (plu).

t’anleh, n1d. nakedness, shirtlessness.

t’ánluh, av. striking suddenly.

t’anp’uh, iv. go broke.

t’ántet’ánte, av. pounding along (running feet of child).

t’ant’an, aj. naked, shirtless, denuded, eroded, receding /hairline/.

t’ant’an melon, poverty-stricken individual.

t’ant’on, av. striking hard, walking naked or shirtless, pounding /running feet of child, drumbeats/.

t’anuh, onom. crash /sound of fist/.

t’anulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). beat /drum/ (drummer), /chest/ (monkey), keep slugging /in face, back or side/.

t’anvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slug person.

ht’an¢anvaneh, agn. sickness that makes person penniless.

ht’anvaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who slugs another /in face, back or side/.

t’ar prob O.

t’arar, av. whirring (hummingbird).

t’araret, av. whirring (hummingbird, corn mill).

t’arbe, tv. make whir.

st’arbe noš nahel. She was just spinning.

t’aret, av. whirring (hummingbird).

t’arlahet, av. cf. t’aret (plu).

t’árluh, av. whirring suddenly (hummingbird).

t’ártet’árte, av. whirring here and there (hummingbird).

t’art’on, av. whirring (hummingbird, corn mill).

t’araš A.

t’araš, aj. hairless, lacking pubic hair, featherless.

t’araš č’um-teʔ, cf. č’um-teʔ.

t’as P.

t’as-č’ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. with bulging stomach (child).

t’asahtik, aj. cf. t’asal /plu/.

t’asal, aj. bulging or exposed (stomach).

t’asalik, aj. cf. t’asal /plu/.

t’asan ba, rv. expose self to view.

t’asan č’ut, tv. distend /stomach/ (child), expose self to view.

t’asas tal č’ut, vphr(av & dr & n4d). arriving with bulging stomach (child).

t’aset, av. with bulging /stomach/ (child).

t’asi č’ut, vphr(iv & n4d). have distended stomach (child), expose self to view.

t’aslah tal č’ut, vphr(av & dr & n4d). cf. t’asas tal č’ut (plu).

t’aslahet č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). cf. t’ast’on č’ut (plu).

t’asleh, n1f. standing with bulging stomach.

t’ástet’áste č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with bulging stomach (pregnant woman).

t’ast’as, aj. with bulging stomach.

t’ast’on č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking with exposed stomach (child).

t’aš P, P(2).

t’aš-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. with featherless neck /chicken/.

t’aš-nuk’, n(aj & ncpd)5. with featherless neck /chicken/.

t’aš ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap.

t’ašahtik, aj. cf. t’ašal /plu/.

t’ašakil, n4f. many blobs /chicken excrement/.

t’ašal, aj. splattered (mud, excrement), with exposed (buttocks, belly, bald head), toothless, bald, featherless, scraped, chafed.

t’ašalik, aj. cf. t’ašal /plu/.

t’ášalt’ášal, n4f. each of many blobs (mud, excrement).

t’ašan, tv. throw /mud/, slap /tortillas onto griddle/, shave /head/.

t’ašan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap or smack /plu/.

t’ašanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. t’ašan ta mahel.

t’ašanob, n1f. broken pot or tile, board, etc., on which mud is put and then slapped against wattle and daub wall during construction.

t’ašanobil, n1f. cf. t’ašanob.

t’ášant’ášan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap or smack one person after another.

t’ášant’ášanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. t’ášant’ášan ta mahel.

t’ašaš yalel, vphr(av & dr). splatting down (mud).

t’ašašet, av. whirring (corn mill EKL 258: 2-9), bubbling (boiling food or water).

t’aš¢ah, iv. be felled (forest), be chafed /by burden or sandals/.

t’aš¢an, tv. fell forest, chafe (burden, sandals).

t’ašel, nc. throw of daub /1-3/, slap.

t’ašet, av. with exposed /buttocks, belly, bald head/.

t’ašetah, iv. undress.

t’ašetik, av. naked, shirtless.

t’aši, iv. be naked, be shaved (head).

t’ašlah yalel, vphr(av & dr). splatting down (mud, bird droppings).

t’ašlahet, av. popping /cheek EKL 258: 1-4/.

t’ašlahetik, av. patting /tortillas/.

t’ašleh, n1f. exposed, splattered.

t’ášluh, av. splatting or splattering suddenly, slapping or smacking suddenly.

t’ašp’uh, iv. cf. t’aš¢ah.

t’ašp’un, tv. cf. t’aš¢an.

t’áštet’ášte, av. walking about hatless or without tunic (child).

t’ašt’aš, aj. denuded or eroded (land), bald, toothless, featherless.

t’ašt’on, av. pounding (feet), flapping loudly (rooster’s wings), bubbling (food, water), patting /tortilla/.

t’ašuh, onom. slap /sound/.

t’ašulan k’ob, vphr(tv / / n). clap one’s hands.

t’ašulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slapping or smacking.

t’aš’ulanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slapping or smacking.

t’ašvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slap or smack person.

ht’ašvaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who slaps or smacks another.

t’ay P.

t’ayahtik, aj. cf. t’ayal /plu/.

t’ayal, aj. soaked.

t’ayalik, aj. cf. t’ayal /plu/.

t’ayan, tv. soak /clothes/ (rain, river).

t’ayan ba, rv. soak self, t’ayanan, tv. soak /clothes/ (rain, river).

t’ayayet, av. sopping wet.

t’ayeah, iv. become soaked (woman carrying cracked water jug).

t’ayet, av. walking with soaked clothing.

t’ayetah, iv. get soaked.

t’ayetik, av. cf. t’ayet (plu).

t’ayi, iv. be soaking wet (clothes).

t’aylah, av. walking with soaked clothing (plu).

t’aylahet, av. cf. t’ayet (plu).

t’aylahetik, av. cf. t’ayet (plu).

t’ayleh, n1f. soaked /clothing of baby or child/.

t’áytet’áyte, av. walking about with soaked clothing.

t’ayt’on, av. walking with soaked clothing.

t’eč O.

t’eč ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). flail /small net of corn/ (woman at home) /with stick/.

t’ečbe, tv. whack /child/ /with small stick/.

t’ečlahet, av. cf. t’ečt’on (plu).

t’ečlahetik, av. cf. t’ečt’on (plu).

t’ečt’on, av. flailing /corn with a stick rather than with a flail/.

t’ečuh, onom. thwack /sound/.

t’eculan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep flailing /small net of corn/ /with stick/.

t’eh O.

t’eh, tv. strike end off /snail shell/.

t’eh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap /with stick or stirring rod/.

t’ehan, tv. strike ends off /snail shells/.

t’ehanan, tv. cf. t’ehan.

t’éhant’éhan, tv. strike off one end after another /snail shells/.

t’éhant’éhanan, tv. cf. t’éhant’éhan.

t’ehlahet, av. cf. t’eht’on (plu).

t’ehlahetik, av. cf. t’ehton (plu).

t’ehob, n1f. knife or machete used to strike off end of snail shell.

t’ehobil, n1f. cf. t’ehob.

t’eht’on, av. slapping /with stick or stirring rod/, striking end off /snail shell/.

t’ehuh, onom. slap /sound of stick striking/.

t’ehulan, tv. keep striking ends off /snail shells/.

t’ehulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slapping /with stick or stirring rod/.

t’ehulanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep slapping person /with stick or stirring rod/.

t’ehvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slap person /with stick or stirring rod/.

ht’ehvaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who slaps another /with stick or stirring rod/.

t’ek(1) P(2).

t’ek ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). pat on the tummy /puppy/.

t’ekahtik, aj. bulging (stomachs of animals, breasts of birds, breasts of adolescent girls).

t’ekel, aj. bulging (stomach of person or animal).

t’ekelik, aj. bulging (breasts of adolescent girl).

t’eket, av. bulging (stomach of person or animal).

t’eki, iv. bulge (stomach of person or animal).

t’eklah, av. bulging (stomachs of animals).

t’eklahet, av. bulging (stomachs of animals, breasts of adolescent girl).

t’ekleh, n4f. bulging /stomach/.

t’eklehkil, n4f. cf. t’ekleh /plu/.

t’ékluh, av. patting suddenly on the tummy.

t’éktét’ekte, av. walking about with bulging stomach (person, animal).

t’ekuh, onom. pat /sound/.

t’ekulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep patting on the belly.

t’ek(2) O.

t’ekeket, av. clucking (rooster to hen when courting).

t’eklahet, av. cf. t’ekton (plu).

t’ekton, av. clucking repeatedly (hen to baby chicks, rooster to hen when courting).

t’ekt’ekta, tv. call chicks (hen).

t’ekt’ekt’ek, onom. clucking (hen to baby chicks, rooster to hen when courting).

t’el P(2) or T(2).

t’el ba, rv. rise (welt).

t’elahtik, aj. cf. t’elel /plu/.

t’elav., n4f. rib /cushaw/.

t’eleah, iv. rise (welt).

t’elel, aj. raised (scar, welt).

t’elelet, av. shivering /with cold/, trembling /with fear/.

t’elelik, aj. cf. t’elel /plu/.

t’elet, av. walking with raised /scar, welt/.

t’eletah, iv. walk with raised scar or welt.

t’ellah, av. shivering /with cold/, trembling /with fear/ (plu).

t’ellahet, av. cf. t’ell’on (plu).

t’ellahetik, av. cf. t’elt’on (plu).

t’elleh, n4f. welt, scar.

t’elp’uh, iv. rise (welt).

t’éltét’elte, av. walking about shivering /with cold/ or trembling /with fear/.

t’elt’on, av. shivering /with cold/, trembling /with fear/.

t’en P(2) or T(2).

t’en, n1a. runt /sheep, horse, pig/.

t’en-č’ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. short (child that does not grow).

t’en ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slap or strike in the belly /sheep/.

t’enahtik, aj. runty (corn plants).

t’enahtik č’ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. t’enel c’ut /plu/.

t’énant’énan, tv. produce one short ear after another (corn plant).

t’énant’énanan, tv. cf. t’énant’énan.

t’enbe, tv. beat /drum/ /infr/.

lek st’enbe poš. He tosses down a lot of cane liquor.

t’enel č’ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). short (child that does not grow).

t’enelik, aj. cf. t’enahtik.

t’enelik č’ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. t’enel č’ut (plu).

t’enen, av. running (child, short person).

t’enenet, av. beating /sound of beats when testing drum/.

t’enet č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). short.

t’enetah, iv. be standing (child).

t’enlah, av. cf. t’enen (plu).

t’enlahet, av. cf. t’ent’on (plu).

t’enleh, n1f. standing /chubby child/.

t’énluh, av. beating drum suddenly.

t’enobil, n4f. drum stick.

t’enp’uh, iv. fail to grow (child who has lost mother).

t’entet’ente č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about (short person).

t’ent’en, n1d. teponaxtle.

t’ent’en, aj. short (person, sheep, dog, horse).

t’ent’en vob, nphr(aj & n)1a. teponaxtle.

t’ent’on, av. beating /sound of drum beats/.

t’enuh, onom. thump.

t’enulan, tv. keep beating with evenly spaced beats /drum/(tan sat).

t’er X.

t’ereret, av. shivering /with cold/, trembling /with fear/, vibrating /machine/.

t’erlah, av. shivering /with cold/, trembling /with fear/.

I’erlahet, av. shivering /with cold/, trembling /with fear/ (plu).

t’erlahetik, av. cf. t’erlahet.

t’éiteférte, av. walking about shivering /with cold/ or trembling /with fear/.

t’ert’on, av. shivering /with cold/, trembling /with fear/, vibrating (machine).

št’er, n1a. jesus christ lizard Bassilicus vittatus. an. poss.; -t’er. It is edible, “hot”, but eating it is thought to prevent one’s corn field from growing.

t’eš prob O.

t’eš ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). whack with stick /child, dog, pig/, flail /corn/ (woman with stick).

t’ešan ta mahel, vphrftv & prep & vn5). whack with stick /pigs/.

t’éšluh, av. whacking suddenly /with stick/.

t’ib prob P or P(2).

t’ibahtik, aj. standing (small amount of liquid) /in several containers, bottles or jugs/.

t’ibet, av. standing (small amount of liquid).

t’ibil, aj. standing (small amount of liquid).

t’ibilik, aj. cf. t’ibil /plu/.

t’iblahet, av. sloshing back and forth (small amount of liquid) /in several containers/.

t’lbtet’ibte, av. walking about with small amount of liquid sloshing back and forth in bottle.

t’ibt’on, av. sloshing back and forth (liquid).

t’ibt’onah, iv. slosh back and forth.

t’ih(1) prob O.

t’ih, tv. break top off /egg/ (person) /to suck egg/.

ist’ih ša sna li vivič’e. lit.. The chick has broken its house now, i.e.,

It has pecked a hole in its egg.

t’ih ba, rv. clink (bottle, bowls), knock together (eggs).

t’ihan, tv. make clink /bottles/, break /eggs/ (chicks).

t’ihan ba, rv. clink (bottles), knock together (eggs).

t’ihanan, tv. cf. t’ihan.

t’ihanan ba, rv. clink (bottles), knock together (eggs).

t’ihbe, tv. strike /pot, bottle/ /with rock or bottle/.

t’ihlah, av. clinking (bottles).

t’ihlahet, av. cf. t’iht’on.,

t’ihluh, av. hitting suddenly /forehead/, knocking suddenly (objects together).

t’ihtet’ihte, av. walking about with clinking /bottles/.

t’iht’on, av. clinking (bottles).

t’ihulan, tv. keep breaking /eggs/.

t’ih(2) P.

t’ihahtik, aj. cf. t’ihil /plu/.

t’ihan ba, rv. sit down in the sun.

t’ihil, aj. sitting in the sun (hatless person), large and ripe (watermelon squash, cushaw, summer squash).

t’ihleh, n1f. sitting in the sun, largeness and ripeness (cushaw, etc.).

t’ihlehikil, n4f. largeness and ripeness (cushaws, etc.).

t’iht’ih, aj. short (clothing).

t’ik O.

t’ikiket, av. clucking (hen to baby chicks, or rooster to hen when courting)

t’iklahet, av. cf. t’ikt’on (plu).

t’iktet’ilcte, av. walking about calling hen (rooster when discovering food).

t’ikt’ikta, tv. call chicks (hen, person).

t’ikt’ikt’ik, onom. clucking (hen to baby chicks, rooster to hen when courting).

t’ikt’on, av. clucking (hen to baby chicks, or rooster to hen when courting)

t’il I(2).

t’il, iv. fray (ribbon, edge of clothing), split or crack (wood).

t’ileah, iv. fray.

t’ilet, av. fraying.

t’iletah, iv. fray.

t’ilil, av. splitting apart (wood, bean pods).

t’ililet, av. fraying badly.

t’ilk’uh, iv. cf. t’ileah.

t’illahet, av. splitting open (bean pods).

t’illuh, av. splitting apart suddenly (wood).

t’ilp’uh, iv. cf. t’ileah.

t’lltet’ilte, av. splitting apart in several places.

t’ilt’on ʔok, vphr(av ’n4f). overly springy or flexible (hoe handle), walking with spindly legs.

t’ilu, tv. shoot /marble/, flick away /with finger/.

t’ilu baik, rv. flick fingers at each other.

t’iluan, tv. shoot /marbles/.

t’iluanan, tv. cf. t’iluan.

t’iluvan, iv. flick fingers at person.

t’in(1) I(2).

t’in, iv. bloat, swell (stomach with gas or water).

t’in-pati, tv(aj ’ncpd). carry on one’s back /without tumpline/, carry piggyback.

t’in-patin, tv(aj ’ncpd). turn one’s back.

t’in-patinvan, iv(aj ’ncpd). turn one’s back toward person.

t’in-pativan, iv(aj ’ncpd). carry person piggyback, turn one’s back on person.

t’inahtik, aj. with hillocks, bowed under heavy burden.

t’inav, n4f. high ground, rise.

t’inav ʔosil, nphr(n of n)5. high ground, rise.

fines ba, tv. bloat self /by drinking too much water/.

t’inet, av. walking with swollen stomach (pregnant woman, horse), walking bowed under large burden.

štinet noš ec’el sk’aʔ čih. She just walked away bowed under her old blanket /wife who flees to parents’ home/.

t’metah, iv. walk bowed under heavy burden.

t’inil, aj. bloated (stomach of sick person, animal or corpse), bowed under

heavy burden, hunched over.

t’ininet, av. walking bowed under heavy burden.

t’inilik, aj. distended (stomachs of well-fed horses, sheep), bloated (stomachs of dead dogs).

t’inlah, av. walking bowed under heavy burden (plu).

t’inleh, n1f. standing bowed under heavy burden, high ground.

fintet’ihte, av. walking about bowed under heavy burden.

t’int’in, aj. with rise (ground).

t’int’intik, aj. with slight rise (ground).

t’inulan, iv. keep bloating or having bloated stomach.

ht’in-patinvaneh, agn(aj ’vncpd). person who turns back toward another.

t’in(2) O.

t’inan, tv. clobber /plu/.

t’inanan, tv. cf. t’inan.

t’uíant’ínan, tv. clobber one after another.

t’inbe, tv. clobber /with stick or stone/.

t’ininanbe, tv. clobber several times /with stick or stone/.

t’inlahet, av. clobbering (blows), roaring (blasting irons, bullets) /sound/.

t’inluh, av. roaring suddenly (blasting iron, bullet), thudding suddenly (rock, blow).

t’int’on, av. clobbering /sound/.

t’inuh, onom. thud.

t’inulanbe, tv. keep clobbering.

t’ir X.

t’irlahet, av. cf. t’irt’on (plu).

t’irluh, av. rebounding suddenly (thin tree) /sound/.

t’irt’on, av. flicking (spindle).

t’irt’on ʔok, vphr(av ’n4b). overly springy or flexible (hoe handle, digging stick), walking with spindly legs.

t’iru, tv. shoot /marble/, flick away /with finger/.

t’iru baik, rv. flick fingers at each other.

t’iruan, tv. shoot /marbles/.

t’iruanan, tv. cf. t’iruan.

t’iruvan, iv. flick finger at person.

t’is P.

t’isahtik, aj. cf. t’isil (plu).

t’isan, tv. distend /stomach/ (child, mule that does not want burden cinched tightly).

t’isan ba, rv. stand distending stomach (mule, child).

t’iseah, iv. become distended (stomach with gas).

t’iset, av. walking with prominent /stomach/ (pregnant mare or woman).

The latter use is restricted to hostile woman’s commentary.

t’isil, aj. with distended stomach (dead animal).

t’isilik, aj. cf. t’isil /plu/.

t’isis, av. distending (balloon).

t’iskin, tv. puff (gobbler),

t’islah, av. cf. t’isis (plu).

t’islahet, av. cf. t’iset (plu).

t’isleh, n1f. distended /stomach of corpse/.

t’islu, tv. wind tightly /thread on spindle/.

t’isluan, tv. wind tightly a lot of /thread/.

t’isluanan, tv. cf. t’isluan.

t’isluob, n1f. spindle,

t’isluobil, n1f. cf. t’isluob.

t’iš I(2).

t’iš, iv. be obstructed (path), be unable to enter /house of prospective bride/, cause to rebound, rebound (ball, wave).

ik’ot ta t’išel. lit., He reached an obstruction, i.e., He went to a distant place and stayed there.

t st’iš ta be li k’ope. The investigation is obstructed (or) prolonged.

t’išahtik, aj. cf. t’išil.

t’išeah, iv. be stopped (rolling or falling object).

t’išebal ta be, nphr(n & prep & n)5. impasse /in dispute/,

t’išel, nc. denial of entry /to petitioners/ /1-2/.

t’išes, tv. obstruct.

t’išes ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5). obstruct or prolong an investigation.

t’išesob, n1f. tree, etc. that obstructs path of falling stone, stone put under car wheel to prevent it from rolling.

t’išesobil, n1f. cf. t’isesob.

t’išesvan, iv. prevent person from continuing on path.

t’išil, aj. stopped, obstructed.

t’išilik, aj. cf. t’isil (plu).

t’išlahet, av. rebounding (wave), leaping (water over rock).

t’išt’on, av. pounding (heart from fear or from running), slapping (flood water against riverbank).

t’isulan, iv. keep being obstructed.

ht’išesvaneh, agn. person who prevents another from continuing on path.

t’oʔ X.

t’oʔet, av. upset (sick child that cries every few minutes), nagging (child).

t’oʔlah, av. cf. t’ott’on (plu).

t’oʔlahet, av. cf. t’oʔet (plu).

t’oʔlahetik, av. cf. t’oʔet (plu).

t’oʔoʔet, av. upset (sick child).

t’óʔtet’óʔte, av. walking about upset (sick child).

t’oʔt’on, av. walking or being carried when upset (child).

t’ob prob P or P(2).

t’obahtik, aj. red-cheeked, cf. t’obol (plu).

t’oblahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). cf. t’obt’on ʔe (plu).

t’obol, aj. protruding (mushroom),

t’obolik, aj. cf. t’obahtik.

t’obt’on ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). suckling (lamb, calf, puppy).

t’oe(1) P.

t’oe, nc. blob /mud, fruit, clothes/, patch.

t’oeahtik, aj. cf. t’oeol /plu/.

t’oeanbe, tv. patch on the outside.

t’oeet, av. patched on the outside.

t’oei, iv. form a blob.

t’oeleh, n4f. patched on the outside.

t’oeokil, n4f. many blobs or patches.

t’oeol, aj. patched on the outside, spattered (mud, excrement).

t’oeolik, aj. cf. t’oeol /plu/.

t’óeoltóe’ol, n4f. each of many patches.

t’o¢t’o¢, aj. patched on the outside, spattered (mud, excrement).

t’o¢(2) O.

t’o¢ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike sharply.

t’o¢an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep &vn5). strike sharply /plu/.

t’o¢anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. t’o¢an ta mahel.

t’ó¢ant’ó¢an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep &vn5). strike sharply one after another.

t’ó¢ant’ó¢anan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. t’ó¢ant’ó¢an ta mahel.

t’o¢ih, onom. roar /blasting iron/, thud /blow/.

t’o¢ilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep striking sharply.

t’o¢ilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep striking sharply /plu/.

t’o¢lahet, av. striking sharply /sound/.

t’o¢lih, av. suddenly striking sharply.

t’o¢t’on, av. striking sharply /sound/.

t’o¢van ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). strike person sharply.

ht’o¢vaneh ta mahel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who strikes another sharply.

t’oč(1) prob P or P(2).

t’oč-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd). puffed-lipped.

t’očahtik, aj. standing on branch (plu).

t’očel, aj. with puffed lips /angry/.

t’očet, av. standing on branch.

t’očlah, av. scrambling up /tree, hill/ (children).

t’očleh, n1d. puffed up, standing on branch.

t’očoč, av. mounting /woman/.

t’očol, aj. standing on branch, puffed (lips).

yeč t’očol ye. lit., His lips are puffed, i.e., He is angry.

t’očolik, aj. cf. t’očahtik.

t’očt’oč, aj. puffed (lips).

t’očt’on, av. with puffed (lips) /derogatory/.

t’oč (2) O.

t’oč ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). pat.

t’očih, onom. pat /sound/.

t’očlih, av. patting person suddenly.

t’očvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). pat person.

t’oh T(2).

t’oh, tv. pour liquid back and forth to cool it.

t’oh, iv. be poured back and forth to cool.

t’oh, iv. t’ohahtik aj., cf. t’ohol /plu/.

t’ohan, tv. pour back and forth /bowls of corn gruel/.

t’ohan sat, vphr(tv & n4d). watch expectantly.

t’ohanan, tv. cf. t’ohan.

t’óhant’óhan, tv. pour back and forth one after another /bowls of corn gruel/.

t’óhant’óhanan, tv. cf. t’óhant’óhan.

t’ohel, nc. pouring back and forth to cool /1-2/.

t’ohet, av. pouring out (blood, saliva).

t’ohet sat, vphr(av & n4d). spying (robber).

t’ohilan, tv. keep pouring liquid back and forth.

t’ohilanan, tv. keep pouring a lot of liquid back and forth.

t’ohlah, av. walking with blood pouring out (sing).

t’ohlahet, av. cf. t’ohet.

t’ohlahet sat, vphr(av & n4d). wide-eyed (children whose parent goes to market and brings back nothing for them).

t’ohobil, n1f. cf. t’ohob.

t’ohoh, av. pouring down (water), dribbling (resin).

t’ohohet, av. streaming (blood, mucous), pouring down (rain).

t’ohol, aj. watching expectantly (thief, dog or child watching people eating).

t’oholik, aj. cf. t’ohol /plu/.

t’óhtet’óhte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about lost in thought.

t’oht’on, av, pouring out (blood, saliva), pouring down (rain).

t’ok(1) P.

t’ok-hol mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. gray silky-flycatcher Ptilogonys cinereus.

t’okahtik, aj. with hillocks, clinging /to tree top/, squatting /on crest of hill/, sitting with puffed out breast feathers (bird).

t’okanbe ʔol, vphr(tv & n4d). cause man to have growth in stomach as if pregnant (witch), impregnate /woman/.

t’okan ba, rv. cling /to tree top/ (person), puff out (breast of bird), squat /on crest of hill/.

t’oket, av. clinging /to tree top/, squatting /on crest of hill/, sitting with puffed out breast feathers (bird), with bulging stomach (pregnant woman).

t’oketik, av. cf. t’oket (plu).

t’oki, iv. be clinging /to tree top/ (person), be puffed out (breast of bird).

t’oklih, av. striking breast suddenly (slingshot pellet hitting bird).

t’okoket, av. walking with huge stomach (pregnant woman).

t’okol, aj. clinging /to tree top/, squatting /on crest of hill/, sitting with puffed out breast feathers (bird), with egg on head /from blow/.

t’okolik, aj. cf. t’okol /plu/.

t’okt’ok, aj. with hillocks, swollen and about to burst.

t’ok’t’oktik, aj. slightly bumpy (ground).

t’ok(2) O.

t’oklah, av. clucking slowly (plu).

t’oklahet, av. cf. t’okt’on (plu).

t’oklahetik, av. cf. t’okt’on (plu).

t’okoket, av. clucking (rooster to hen when courting, hen to baby chicks).

t’óktet’ókte, av. walking about calling hen (rooster when discovering food).

t’okt’okta, tv. call chicks (hen).

t’okt’okt’ok, onom. clucking (hen to baby chicks, rooster to hen when courting).

t’okt’on, av. clucking repeatedly (hen to baby chicks, rooster to hen when courting), nagging (child).

t’ol T.

t’ol, tv. slice off horizontally /meat, fatback/, chop out /section from pine tree/, flake off, peel off /bark, scab/.

t’ol, iv. flake off.

t’ol, nc. slice.

t’olan, tv. peel off or slice horizontally /plu/.

t’olanan, tv. cf. t’olan.

t’ólant’ólan, tv. peel off one after another /bandages/, slice horizontally one after another /pieces of meat/.

t’ólant’ólanan, tv. cf. t’ólant’ólan.

t’olilan, tv. keep slicing horizontally /meat/, flaking or peeling off.

t’olilanan, tv. keep flaking or peeling much off.

t’olleh, n4f. whole slice.

t’olob, n1f. knife.

t’olobil, n1f. cf. t’olob.

t’ololet, av. sticking (tortilla to griddle).

t’óltet’ólte, av. flaking off here and there (bark).

mu t’olbah, ajphr(pt & aj). not be cut off.

mu k’u t’olbah ʔo h-set’uk. Not even a little bit was given /meat/.

t’om(1) prob P or P(2).

t’om-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. hatless, stupid.

t’om-hol ʔus, cf. ʔus.

t’om-hol pešu, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ & n)5. General Morelos peso.

t’om-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. bulbous-nosed (person, ram).

t’omahtik, aj. cf. t’omol /plu/.

t’omet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). stupid.

t’omlah tal hoi, vphr(av & dr & n4d). approaching hatless (plu).

t’omlahet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). cf. t’omt’on hoi (plu).

t’omol, aj. hatless, stupid, thick and conical (maguey inflorescence, saguaro cactus, penis).

t’omolik, aj. cf. t’omol (plu).

t’omom očel, vphr(av & dr). entering pointedly (penis, thorn).

t’omomet, av. feeling fierce pain /from thorns that have entered foot/.

t’omtet’omte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hatless or stupidly.

t’omt’om, aj. chubby (child), bulbous (nose).

t’omt’om hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with knobbed or protuberant end (stick).

t’omt’oo, av. walking hatless.

t’om(2) 1(2).

t’om, iv. explode (rocket, blasting iron), fire (gun), burst (pot, demijohn), fracture (skull), crack (rock in fire).

t’om ¢oʔ, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). get diarrhea, be disemboweled (squashed insect).

t’omel, aj. cut (part of body).

t’omes, tv. explode /rocket, blasting iron/, fire /gun/, deflower.

t’omesob, n1f. cigarette butt used to light blasting iron or rocket, board on which blasting irons are set.

t’omesobil, n1f. cf. t’omesob.

t’omih, onom. bang /log thrown to ground/.

t’omlih, av. exploding suddenly (rocket, blasting iron), firing suddenly (gun).

t’or O.

t’or, onom. chug /fart/ /r is trilled/.

t’oret, av. chugging (fart).

t’orih, onom. chugging /fart/, put-putting /car V 3: 9/.

t’orlahet, av. cf. t’oret (plu).

t’oror, av. chugging (motor).

t’ororet, av. chugging (car EKL 255: 1-10, motor, farts).

t’ort’on, av. chugging (motor, car EKL 255: 1-10, farts), put-putting (car V 3: 9).

t’os prob P or P(2).

t’osahtik, aj. cf. t’osol (plu).

t’oset, av. sitting with pleasingly plump /legs/ (woman).

t’oslahet, av. cf. t’oset (plu), t’ost’on (plu).

t’osol, aj. pleasingly plump (woman’s legs).

t’osolik, aj. cf. t’osol /plu/.

t’óstet’óste, av. walking about with pleasingly plump /legs/ (woman).

t’ost’on, av. walking with pleasingly plump /legs/ (woman).

t’ost’os, aj. pleasingly plump (woman’s legs).

t’oskin prob A or N.

t’oskin, cf. čenek’.

t’oš T(2).

t’oš, tv. split /wood/.

t’oš, nc. wound.

t’ošahtik, aj. cf. t’osol /plu/.

t’ošan, tv. split /plu/.

t’ošanan, tv. cf. t’ošan.

t’óšant’óšan, tv. split one after another.

t’óšant’óšanan, tv. cf. t’óšant’óšan.

t’ošebal, n5. moment before finishing splitting /wood/.

t’ošilan, tv. keep splitting /wood/.

t’ošilanan, tv. keep splitting a lot of /wood/.

t’ošleh, n4f. split.

Male joking speech; k’el avi st’osleh ye. Look at the size of her mouth /vagina/.

t’ošob, n1f. machete, billhook, axe.

t’ošobil, n1f. cf. t’ošob.

t’ošol, aj. split (vagina, cracks in feet).

t’ošolik, aj. cf. t’ošol /plu/.

t’ošomah, iv. split /wood/.

t’ošt’oš, aj. split (vagina).

t’ot’ N.

t’ot’, n1a. Daldinia concentrica, #138(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. It is toasted on the coals or the griddle. It is “cold”. (RML)-In male joking situations a man will frequently bow to another and instead of addressing him as tot, or sir’, address him as t’ot’.

sakil t’ot’, nphrfaj & n). Ustulina sp., #167(4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

t’ub T(2).

t’ub, tv. drop in liquid, submerge, soak /cloth in dye, barrel or leather in water/.

t’ub, iv. fall /into water/, become submerged.

t’ub ba, rv. play /in water/.

t’ub-čon, n(aj & ncpd)1a. lowland water snake, cf. ʔik’-nab.

t’ubahtik, aj. cf. t’ubul /plu/.

t’uban, tv. drop in liquid /plu/.

t’ubanan, tv. cf. t’uban.

t’úbant’úban, tv. drop one after another in liquid.

t’úbant’úbanan, tv. cf. t’úbant’úban.

t’ubel, nc. soaking /thread in dye/ /1-3/.

t’ubet, av. lying submerged.

t’ubih, onom. splash.

t’ubilan, tv. keep putting /in water/.

t’ubilan ba, rv. keep playing /in water/.

t’ubilanan, tv. keep putting a lot /in water/.

t’ubilanan baik, rv. keep playing /in water/ (children).

t’ublah, av. sinking, submerging /in water or mud/, splashing (sing or plu).

t’ublahet, av. cf. t’ubt’on (plu).

t’ublahetik, av. playing in water (children).

t’ublih, av. splashing suddenly (person, rock).

t’ubt’on, av. playing in water (child), splashing through water (person, horse).

t’ubub, av. sinking, submerging /in water/.

t’ubul, aj. sunk, submerged /in water or mud/, soaking.

t’ubulik, aj. cf. t’ubul /plu/.

t’uč(1) P(2).

t’uč, tv. carry on back /small burden/ (child), /child/ (woman).

t’uč, nc. small burden.

t’učahtik, aj. with small burden, runty (ears of corn).

t’učan, tv. produce small ears (corn), carry small burden on back (person, mule), set on fire small /pot/.

t’učan ba, rv. follow closely.

t’učanan, tv. produce small ears (corn).

t’učet, av. following closely, walking and carrying small burden on one’s back.

t’učetah, iv. follow closely (child).

t’učilan, tv. keep carrying on back.

t’učilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep slugging many /on back/.

t’učlah, av. following closely (children).

t’učlahet, av. cf. t’učt’on (plu).

t’učtet’učte, av. walking about following closely, walking about carrying small burden on one’s back.

t’učt’on, av. carrying small burden on one’s back.

t’učt’uč, nc. single small burden carried on one’s back / 1 only/.

t’učt’uč, aj. too short (tumpline).

t’učul, aj. too short (tumpline, net, rope), carrying small burden on one’s back.

t’učulik, aj. cf. t’učahtik.

t’učult’učul, n4f. each of many small burdens carried on one’s back.

t’uč(2) T.

t’uč ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike sharply. Male joking speech; fornicate.

t’učant’učan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike one after another sharply.

t’učilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep striking sharply.

t’učlahetik ta mahel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. t’učt’on ta mahel (plu).

t’učlih, av. suddenly striking sharply (child).

t’učt’on ta mahel, vphr(av & prep & vn5). striking sharply (child).

t’učvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). strike person sharply.

t’uh T.

t’uh, tv. choose, select, pick over.

t’uh ba, rv. be selected out (corn that grows or fails to grow because of poor land).

t’uh baik, rv. designate each other /as guilty/, choose each other /people of same height to carry coffin/.

ist’uh sbaik ti hay-voʔ šuʔ ymunik tahimol ta pelotae. They chose the ones who were good at playing ball.

t’uh ta t’uhel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). select the best.

t’uh vinik, vphr(tv & n5). choose husband.

t’uh vinik, vphr(tv & n4d). choose worker.

t’uhan, tv. choose, select or pick over /plu/.

t’uhanan, tv. cf. t’uhan.

t’úhant’úhan, tv. choose, select or pick over one after another.

t’úhant’úhanan, tv. cf. t’úhant’úhan.

t’uhbenal, n4f. merchandise, etc., which has been chosen and set aside.

t’uhebal, n5. moment before finishing selecting.

t’uhel, nc. selection /corncobs from flailed corn, names from list/ /1-3/.

t’uhilan, tv; keep choosing, selecting or picking over.

t’uhilanan, tv. keep choosing, selecting or picking over many.

t’uhlahet, av. cf. t’uht’on (plu).

t’uhlahetik, av. cf. t’uht’on (plu).

t’uhob, n1f. basket in which grainless cobs are kept after being flailed.

t’uhobil, n1f. cf. t’uhob.

t’uholah, iv. select discerningly.

t’uhomah, iv. select discerningly.

t’uhomal, n4d. object of one’s choice /bride/.

t’uhomal ¢eb. beautiful girl.

t’úhtet’úhte, av. walking about picking out things.

t’uht’on, av. choosing or selecting /with difficulty/.

t’uhvan, iv. select person.

ht’uh-vinik, agn(tv & ncpd). girl who chooses fiancé discerningly /flees from irresponsible fiancé/.

ht’uhbalal, agn. person chosen repeatedly to do job.

ht’uhvaneh, agn. person who selects another.

t’uk P(2).

t’uk ba, rv. become prominent (goiter, boil, swellhead).

t’ukahtik, aj. prominent (goiter, boil, breasts of adolescent girl).

t’ukan ba, rv. be prominent (goiter, boil).

t’ukanbe, tv. make prominent /goiter, boil/ (witch).

t’ukanbe ʔol, vphr(tv & n4d). impregnate /woman/.

t’uk¢ah, iv. become prominent.

t’uket, av. walking with prominent /goiter, boil/, walking with bulging /stomach/ (pregnant woman).

t’uki, iv. be prominent (goiter, boil).

t’ukleh, n4f. prominent growth.

t’úktet’úkte, av. walking about with prominent /goiter, boil/.

t’ukt’uk, aj. prominent (goiter, boil, swellhead).

t’ukul, aj. prominent (goiter, boil, swellhead).

t’ukulik, aj. cf. t’ukahtik.

t’ul P.

t’ul, n1e. rabbit, eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus. Rabbits are hunted frequently. They are roasted and eaten. They are “cold”. Their skins are used for pouches to carry bullets and wads. Rabbits are renowned in folktales for their cleverness.

t’ul, nc. small potful /beans/.

t’ulan, tv. cook in small pot.

t’ulanob, n1f. small pot.

t’ulanobil, n1f. cf. t’ulanob.

t’ulantik, aj. small potfuls cooked at long intervals.

t’ulant’ulan, tv. cook in one small pot after another.

t’ulavil, n3d. biceps, thigh muscles.

t’ulel, nc. small potful /beans/.

t’ulet, av. cooking in small pot.

t’uli, iv. be cooking in small pot.

t’ulleh, n4f. cooking in small pot.

t’ult’on, av. cooking (small pot).

t’ult’ul, nc. single small potful /1 only/.

t’ulukil, n4f. many small potfuls.

t’úlult’úlul, n4f. each of many small potfuls.

t’um O.

t’um ta tiʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). crunch /green chili, roasted caterpillar/, bite /person/.

t’umih, onom. crunch /flea bitten between teeth/.

t’umilan ta tiʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep crunching.

t’umlahet, av. cf. t’uml’on (plu).

t’umlih, av. biting suddenly.

t’umt’on, av. crunching /corn stubble stalks, watermelon squash/ (mule, cow), chewing /fleas/ (mule).

t’umvan ta ti?el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). bite person or offspring.

t’us T(2).

t’us, tv. squash /fruit, flea, louse/, smash /egg/, pound.

mu šat’usbe ya’Jal. Don’t damage his fontanel.

t’us, iv. break (egg), be put out (eye), be crushed (testes), squash (fruit), burst (bile duct). The bursting of the bile duct is thought to bring a corpse to the surface of the water.

t’us-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. heavy-footed.

t’us ba, rv. squash (fruit).

t’us ba ta mahel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). strike self /with stick or hands/.

t’us baik ta mahel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). strike each other /with stick or hands/.

t’us ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). flail /horse, cow or sheep manure, corn/, strike /back with fist/.

t’us ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). squash underfoot /fruit, caterpillar/.

t’usahtik, aj. cf. t’usul /plu/.

t’usan, tv. squash, smash, pound /plu/.

t’usan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /plu/ /on back/, flail much /corn, manure/.

t’usanan, tv. cf. t’usan.

t’usanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug /plu/ /on back/, flail much /corn, manure/.

t’usant’usan, tv. squash one after another.

t’usant’usan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). slug one after another /on back/.

fusant’iisanan, tv. cf. t’usant’usan.

t’usant’usanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. t’usant’usan ta mahel.

t’usel, nc. squashing /tomato/ /1-3/.

t’usel, aj. squashed (fruit).

t’uset ʔoʔon, vphr(nc & av & n4d). walking with painful heart.

t’usih, onom. thud /sound of falling person or fruit/.

t’usilan, tv. keep squashing /fruit, etc./, smashing /eggs/ or pounding.

t’usilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep flailing /mule, cow or sheep manure/, keep slugging /back/.

t’usilan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep squashing underfoot.

t’usilanan, tv. keep squashing many.

t’uslah, av. clopping (sing or plu).

t’uslahet, av. plopping (rocks or fruits landing), squashing, crunching, clopping.

t’uslih, av. plopping suddenly (fruit) or crashing (rock, drunk).

t’usobil ta mahel, nphr(n4f & prep & vn5). branch used to kill snake.

t’ústet’úste ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). dashing about with pounding feet.

t’ust’on, av. slugging, pounding (heart, footsteps, horses, drumbeat), flailing /mule, cow or sheep manure to prepare it for fertilizer/.

t’usul, aj. chubby (child, baby animal), curvacious (girl).

t’usulik, aj. cf. t’usul /plu/.

t’usus, av. feeling pain in throat or heart, feeling hunger pangs.

t’ususet, av. feeling pain (throat or heart).

t’usvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). slug person /on back/.

t’usvan ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). stamp on person.

t’uš P or P(2).

t’ušahtik, aj. wet (clothes, ground, people).

t’uš¢ah, iv. get wet /from rain/.

t’uš¢an, tv. wet (water spilled on person, child wetting mother).

t’uši, iv. get wet (clothes, ground, person).

t’ušleh, n4f. wet.

t’úštet’úšte, av. walking about with wet clothes.

t’ušub, iv. become moist, get wet (clothes, ground).

t’ušubtas, tv. moisten /mud for house/, wet (child wetting person, rain).

t’ušubtas ba, rv. get self wet.

t’ušubtasan, tv. moisten a lot /mud for house/.

t’ušubtasanan, tv. cf. t’ušubtasan.

t’ušubtasob, n1f. water or water gourd used to wet mud in house construction.

t’ušubtasobil, n1f. cf. t’ušubtasob.

t’ušubtasvan, iv. wet person (leaking bottle or jug, rain).

t’ušul, aj. wet.

t’ušul sk’ab. He wet himself /urine/.

t’ušulik, aj. cf. t’ušahtik.

t’ušulil, n4d. wetness.

ht’ušubtasvaneh, agn. person who wets another, rain that passes by quickly serving only to wet people.

t’ut’(1) N.

t’ut’, n1e. see below.

t’ut’ ʔak’ nphr(n type n). cat brier Smilax jalapensis, #90(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), #513(1, 2), # 1898(1, 3, 4). Highland “vine” Three shoots occasionally are crushed and used by women when washing their hair, to cool their heads. They are “cold”. #2164(1). Temperate “vine” cat brier Smilax mollis, #1135(1, 4, 5). Lowland and temperate “vine” k’anal t’ut’ 9ak\ nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). see below.

k’oš k’anal t’ut’ ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). cat brier Smilax mollis, #1561(1, 3). Lowland, temperate, and highland “vine”.

sakil t’ut’ ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Dioscorea esculenta, #216(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine”

t’ut’ak ʔak\ nphr(n type n). cat brier Smilax jalapensis, #1898(16, 17).

Highland “vine”. (16)-The leaves are eaten by sheep. (17)-It is used for lashing fence posts and roof poles.

t’ut’(2) N.

t’ut’, n1a. mole /on body/.

t’ut’(3) A.

t’ut’, aj. stingy.

t’ut’et, av. being stingy.

t’ut’etik, av. cf. t’ut’et (plu).

t’ut’ak N.

t’ut’ak, cat brier, cf. t’ut’.

t’uy P.

t’uyahtik, aj. cf. t’uyul /plu/.

t’uyan, tv. hang /net filled with objects/.

t’uyan ba, rv. hang (¢’uh ton from tree, wasp nest, growth on sheep suffering swellhead).

t’uyanan, tv. hang /plu/.

t’uyanob, n1f. bag or net to be hung up, tree on which bag or net is hung.

t’uyanobil, n1f. cf. t’uyanob.

t’uyant’uyanan, tv. hang one after another.

t’uyanvan, iv. hang person.

t’uy¢ah, iv. hang (goiter).

t’uy¢an, tv. blister.

t’uyet, av. swaying (bag of dried tortillas, goiter, wasp nest, jousting target).

t’uyi, iv. be hanging (net filled with objects).

t’uyk’ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). hang down lower (wasp nest, squash).

t’uyk’in ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). hang down lower (wasp nest, squash).

t’uylahet, av. swaying (bags of dried tortillas, large swellings).

t’uyleh, n4f. hanging.

t’uylih, av. swaying suddenly (piñata, wasp nest).

t’uyp’ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. t’uyk’ih yalel.

t’uytet’iiyte, av. walking about with swaying /goiter/.

t’uyt’on, av. swaying (goiter, hammock, wasp nest).

t’uy t’uy, aj. hanging (goiters, burden secured by overly long tumpline).

t’uyul, aj. hanging (net filled with objects, wasp nest).

t’uyulik, aj. badly swollen.

t’uyuy, av. swaying (piñata).

t’uyuyet, av. swaying (large wasp nest, large bag of dried tortillas, swellhead).

ht’uyanvaneh, agn. person who hangs another.

V

vaʔ P.

vaʔ-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-faced.

vaʔaʔ, av. appearing and moving erectly (tornado, devil).

vaʔaʔet, av. moving (whirlwind, smoke, fire).

vaʔahtik, aj. piled up (clouds), defending (lawyers), standing.

vaʔahtik čak’ak’, cf. čak’ak’.

vaʔahtik neš, cf. neš.

vaʔal, nc4f. person.

vaʔal, aj. standing aimlessly, standing (people, pot), standing up (hair, beard), upright, steep, ready, prepared, defending (lawyer).

vaʔal ʔan¢. woman unable to have periods.

vaʔal k’op. coitus in standing position.

váʔalváʔal, aj. standing.

váʔalváʔal ibat. He died suddenly.

vaʔalik, aj. standing upright (hair) /sign that child’s soul is lost to the earth/.

vaʔan, tv. erect, build /house/, appoint /witness/, stand up /log/.

vaʔan ba, rv. defend, stand still, take an active part, install self (shaman).

A shaman should be continent for either six or nine days before he is launched on his profession.

t svaʔan sba ta k’elvaneh, t slabanvan. He is standing still watching people, criticizing them.

svaʔanoh sba ta saʔ-k’op. He has taken an active part in stirring up trouble.

svaʔan sba ta stohol li hun Ice. He is defending that guy there.

Ritual speech, addressing tutelary gods; č’ul-vaʔan aba, č’ul-tek’an aba. Stand erect in holiness, stand firm in holiness.

vaʔan baik, rv. defend each other, maintain same opinion.

vaʔan komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave standing /person/, leave leaning /partially cut tree/.

Ritual speech, ritual tutor addressing incoming ensign-bearers during banner change, advising them of their installment by their predecessors; isvaʔan komel istek’an komel čaʔ-voʔ slok’ol čaʔ-voʔ sk’ešol.

They stood erect, they stood firm two of their images, two of their substitutes.

vaʔanan, tv. appoint /witnesses/, stand up /logs/.

vaʔananan, tv. cf. vaʔanan.

vaʔanbe ʔahval čamel, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of vn5/). accuse falsely of witchcraft.

vaʔaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. installment /shaman/.

vaʔanob, n1f. place against which firewood is leaned, prop for fruit-laden branch.

vaʔanobil, n1f. cf. vaʔanob.

vaʔanvaʔanan, tv. stand up one after another /logs to dry/.

vaʔanvan, iv. install /shaman/, appoint person as witness.

vaʔ¢ah, iv. be standing (house), become ambulatory (patient).

t švaʔ¢ah sk’ešol. It is being replaced /wool tunic, robe, or ceremonial robe/.

Ritual speech, ritual tutor, referring to each of the stewards-royal, prefects, publicans, when they enter office; t švaʔ¢ah sa slumal t švaʔ¢ah ša yač’elal. lit., His earth has stood now, his mud has stood now, i.e., He has been installed.

vaʔ¢an ba, rv. stand up.

vaʔ¢an komel, vphr(tv & dr). Ritual speech; leave standing, cf. vaʔan komel.

vaʔ¢anbe k’ešol, vphrftv & n4f). weave replacement for /wool tunic, robe, ceremonial robe/.

vaʔet, av. walking aimlessly.

Polite speech, deprecatory reply of pregnant woman to “How are you?”; te to sivaʔet hayibuk k’ak’al. I’m walking around for a few days.

yeč švaʔet t syihub. She just is walking around growing old /spinster/.

vaʔetah, iv. walk aimlessly.

vaʔetik, av. cf. vaʔet (plu).

vaʔi, iv. stand up, stand (pole), arch (rainbow), assume another’s duties, rear (mule), be erected (house), rest on one’s feet, become erect (penis), stand still.

t švaʔi sk’ošoš. lit., His toasted tortillas are standing up, i.e., He has a stitch in his side.

t švaʔi sme1) svinik. He feels pain rising in his chest.

t švaʔi k’ak’al. The sun is shining /in the rainy season/.

t švaʔi nič k’in. The dog days are here.

Ritual speech, shaman referring to candle offering; t šba vaʔluk t šba tek’luk. They are going to stand upright, they are going to stand firmly.

vaʔlah, av. walking (people).

yeč švaʔlah tal. They came without burdens.

vaʔlahet, av. cf. vaʔet (plu).

vaʔtahetik, av. cf. vaʔet (plu).

vaʔlebal, n3d. object that person stands on, place where one stands to get a good view.

t šič’ svarteb. He is staring.

ta svaʔleb ibat. He died suddenly.

Ritual speech, shaman referring to Calvary; č’ul-vaʔlebal č’ul-tek’lebal. holy standing place, holy stepping place.

vaʔlebin, tv. stand with forepaws on person (dog), stand on object to improve one’s view.

vaʔlebinan, tv. stand with forepaws on people (dog).

vaʔlebinanan, tv. cf. vaʔlebinan.

vaʔlebinvan, iv. jump up on person (dog).

vaʔleh, n1d. standing position.

ista svaʔleh. He is full-grown.

vaʔleh, nc. a man’s height from horizon /1-2/ /position of sun; k’ak’al or hč’ul-totik, and moon; hč’ul-meʔtik/.

váʔteváʔte, av. walking about aimlessly.

vaʔvaʔ, aj. deep or tall (pot, water jug, basket), long (face, cushaw), steep (roof).

vaʔon, av. walking.

švaʔvon skotol k’ak’al. coming to look every day (constables).

hvaʔanvaneh, agn. shaman who installs another.

hvaʔlebinvaneh, agn. dog that customarily jumps up on person.

voʔ, nc. person.

voʔon, pn. I, me.

voʔošuk, pn. you /plu/.

voʔot, pn. you /sing/.

voʔotik, pn. we or us /inclusive/.

voʔotikotik, pn. we or us /exclusive/.

vaʔi

vaʔi, You hear! You know! cf. ʔaʔi.

vab

vab, stringed instrument, drum, play. cf.vob.

va¢ P.

va¢-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. messy-haired.

va¢ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike /treating person as if he were corn stubble/.

va¢a¢, av. running while carrying /com stubble, twigs, etc./, running with windblown or mussed up hair (man, woman).

va¢a¢et, av. walking while carrying large burden /stubble, twigs, etc./, puffed up (feathers).

va¢ahtik, aj. listless (sick people, chickens), windblown (hair of man or woman), sitting neglected (wool).

va¢al, aj. windblown, wild (hair of man or woman), listless /sick person or chicken/, puffy (face with sickness or hangover).

va¢alik, aj. cf. va¢al /plu/.

va¢an, tv. set down /wool, corn stubble, twigs/.

va¢an ba, rv. recuperate /sit with mussy hair/.

va¢anan, tv. cf. va¢an.

va¢anob, n1f. basket for wool.

va¢anobil, n1f. cf. va¢anob.

va¢anva¢an, tv. set down one pile after another /wool/.

vá¢anvá¢anan, tv. set down one pile after another /wool/.

va¢el, aj. mussed up or windblown (hair of man or woman).

va¢et, av. with mussed up or windblown hair (man, woman), listless, sick (person or chicken), sitting (wool), stupid, reticent, walking with puffy /face from sickness or hangover/.

va¢etik, av. stupid, reticent, listless (person).

va¢i, iv. sit with mussed up or windblown hair (man, woman).

va¢k’uh, iv. become mussed up (hair in wind), be disarrayed (thatch in wind).

va¢k’un, tv. mess up /wool, hair/.

va¢lah, av. cf. va¢a¢. (plu).

va¢lahet, av. with mussed up or windblown hair, sick (people, chickens), puffed up (feathers).

va¢leh, n1f. disarray /hair/, neglected pile /wool/.

vá¢luh, av. flying up suddenly (corn stubble, wool or thatch in wind), feeling sudden chill.

vá¢tevá¢te, av. walking about with mussed up or windblown hair or carrying corn stubble or twigs.

va¢ulan, tv. ruffle up /hair/.

va¢ulan lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). take out in handfuls /wool/.

va¢von, av. walking feebly or with messy hair.

va¢’ prob P or P(2).

va¢’a¢’, av. carrying long tree.

va¢’al, aj. tall (person).

va¢’et, av. walking tall (person).

va¢’lah, av. cf. va¢’a¢’ (plu).

va¢’teva¢’te, av. walking about tall (person).

va¢’va¢’, aj. narrow (bottle, basket), tall (person).

va¢’von, av. walking tall (person).

vač prob P or P(2).

vač(1), n1d. twin. If twins of the same sex are born, it is thought that both will live, but if a boy and a girl are born the weaker of the two is expected to die. If a person reprimands a twin it is thought the twin’s soul /č’ulel/ will, like a clothes moth /vač čon/, eat his clothes.

vač(2), n1e. two fruits grown together. If a person eats them it is thought that he will have twins.

vač(3), n1e. clothes moth /cocoons are paired/.

vač čon, nphr(n type n)1e. cf. vač(3).

vačal, aj. standing (antlers).

vačet, av. moving (deer with antlers).

vačvon, av. moving (deer with antlers).

vač’ prob P or P(2).

vač’ n1a. twig, switch /for mule, sheep or disobedient child/.

vač’-ʔakan, n(aj & ncpd)5. long-legged (person, pullet).

vač’ teʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type-n). ’twig tree plant’, spot flower Spilanthes ocymifolia, #2899(14). Lowland “plant”

vač teʔ poš, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n). ’twig tree medicine’, black foot Melampodium montanum, # 1895(16). Temperate “plant”. As a remedy for diarrhea, a small bunch is brewed. One cup of the warm tea is drunk before breakfast. It is “hot”.

vač’ahtik, aj. cf. vač’vač’ /plu/.

vač’alik, aj. cf. vač’vač’ /plu/.

vač’et, av. standing stiffly (hair of child that has corn gruel spilled on it, pig or peccary bristles, opossum hair), walking tall (person).

vač’tik, n5. undergrowth, underbrush, land with bushes only.

vač’vač’, aj. standing stiffly (hair of child that has corn gruel spilled on it, pig or peccary bristles, opossum hair).

vač’vač’tik, aj. standing rather stiffly (hair of child that has corn gruel spilled on it, pig or peccary bristles, opossum hair).

vač’von, av. walking tall (person).

vah(1) T(2).

vah, tv. sow /coriander, chili, flower, cabbage or field mustard seeds/.

vah, iv. sow /coriander, chili, flower, cabbage, or field mustard seeds/.

vahah tal, vphr(av & dr). approaching quickly and sprinkling (rain).

vahahet, av. sprinkling.

vahal voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. sprinkle /rain/.

vahan, tv. sow a lot.

váhanváhan, tv. sow one after another.

váhanváhanan, tv. cf. váhanváhan.

vahel, nc. sowing /1–3/.

vahet, av. drizzling, scolding or criticizing severely.

vahetik, av. scolding or criticizing severely (plu).

váhluh, av. scolding suddenly, peppering suddenly (bullets), splashing suddenly (water).

vahob, n1f. old pot or box used as seed bed, raised plot of ground used as seed bed, palm frond used to spread steam in steambath.

vahobil, n1f. cf. vahob.

vahulan, tv. keep sowing.

vahulan, iv. keep sowing.

vah(2) O.

vahlah, av. cf. vahvon (plu).

vahlahet, av. cf. vahvon (plu).

váhluh, av. barking suddenly.

váhteváhte, av. walking about barking.

vahulan, tv. keep barking.

vahvah, onom. bowwow.

vahvahuʔ, onom. baying.

vahvauʔ, onom. baying.

vahvon, av. barking (dog V 2: 19) /more high-pitched than voh(2) and vom(2)/, barking furiously (dog EKL 252: 1-12), yapping (dog V 2: 19).

vah(3) N.

vah, n5. tortilla. If a tortilla sticks to the griddle it is thought that we will bear the blame for another’s crime, /cf. Florentine Codex, book 5, appendix; chap. 6/.

papaʔ, n5. Baby talk; tortilla.

vah(4) P.

vahal, aj. spotted (measles, pimples), pocked (smallpox, chicken pox).

vahal ta yi. studded with young ears. Thirteenth developmental stage of corn, also called hyianel ša, t šyian hu-huntik.

vahan ba, rv. erupt (measles, pox, etc.).

vahba, n1a. pimple.

vah¢ah, iv. erupt (measles, pox, etc.).

Vatican ba, rv. erupt (measles, etc.) /provoked by medicine to prevent sickness from affecting heart/.

vahi, iv. erupt (measles, pox, etc.).

vahleh, n4f. eruption.

vahobal, n1d. pus, oil of pores.

vak(1) Num.

vak_________, num(n & nccpd). six.

vak-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e. sixteen.

vak-nab, nphr(num & ncpd)1e. rainbow. Term learned from Chamulas.

vakeh, n1e. six days from now.

vakhe, n5. six days ago.

vakib, n1e. six.

váktevákte, av. walking about with six toes.

vakvak_________, n(num & nccpd)5. by or in sixes, every six.

vak(2) N.

vakak, av. calling (laughing falcon).

vakaket, av. calling when rising into air (laughing falcon).

vaklah, av. cf. vakak (plu).

vaklahet, av. cf. vakvon.

vakos, n1e. laughing falcon Herpetotheres cachinnans. If a person can persist in answering the call of a laughing falcon without tiring, it is thought that he will become a bonesetter, but if he tries and fails, he will get goiter, or become mute. Some say that the person who imitates a laughing falcon will catch on fire.

vakvon, av. calling (laughing falcon).

vakaš N(Sp, vaca).

vakaš, n1a. cow, bull, straw bull that dances with dudes, bull-shaped candlesticks.

vakaš na, nphr(n type n)1d. hip-roofed house. This is the type of house that it is believed is used in the afterworld.

vakaš teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a. tripod for cooking in field.

tanhcro vakaš, nphr(aj & n)1a. brahman.

tranhero vakaš, nphr(aj & n)1a. cf. tanhero vakaš.

vakero N(Sp, vaquero).

vakero, agn. each of the angels and sacristans who chase straw bull, cowboy.

vak’(1) X.

vak’ak’et, av. with red stripes too close together (cloth or tunic), too stiff (thread that is boiled in too thick starch), stiff (clothing with blood or food stains).

vak’et bat, vphr(av & iv/3s/). with red stripes too close together /cloth of tunic/.

vak’etik bat, vphr(av & iv/3s/). with red stripes a little too close together /cloth of tunic/.

vak’(2) prob O.

vak’ak’et, av. swaying back and forth (corn or reeds in wind).

vak’luh, av. clattering suddenly (wood being piled up).

vak’von, av. clacking (metal-studded sandals).

val P, P(2).

val ba, rv. break (fingernails), bend (blade of hoe or axe, etc.).

val-niʔ), n(aj & ncpd)5. with repousse nose (pig, person).

val-šik’ čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/5 type n)1e. ’bent-winged bug’, gnat. It is a lowland nocturnal insect that enters one’s hair, nose and ears to bite.

vala-pat, n(x & ncpd)1d. behind, in reverse, backwards, var., valo-pat.

yak’oh sk’ob ta svala-pat. His hands were behind his back.

skučoh sk’ob ta svala-pat. His hands were clasped behind his back.

vala-pat ʔak’ot, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n)5. backward dance /danced by lesser players/.

vala-pat k’op, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n)5. inverted or ironical talk.

vala-patin komel, vphr(tv/x & ncpd/ & dr). slight, reject in favor of another, switch one’s allegiance.

isvala-patin komel kahvaltik. He rejected Our Lord /by praying at unsanctioned caves instead of at crosses/.

isvala-patin komel stot sme9. He rejected his parents /by listening only to his wife’s counsel/.

vala-patinvan komel, vphr(iv/aj or n & ncpd/ & dr). slight or turn one’s back on person, pass over person in favor of another.

ivala-patinvan komel ibat ta h-hot ʔo. He turned his back on them and joined another group.

vala-pohov, n(x & ncpd). sour grass Oxalis tatifolia, #617(1, 2, 3). Highland

“plant”. The tubers are eaten by bobwhites. sour grass Oxalissp..

#1546(11, 12). Highland “plant”. Heterocentron subtriplinervium.

#2168(7, 11). Temperate “plant”.

vala-pohovtik, n(x & ncpd)5. expanse of vala-pohov.

ʔoʔlol vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). ’medium sized vala-pohov’, sour grass Oxalis latifolia, #898(1, 2, 3, 5). Highland “plant”.

bik’it vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). sour grass Oxalis albicans, #2375(20). Highland “plant”. The tubers are eaten by bobwhites.

eoein vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). sour grass Oxalis lalifolia, #1245(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”.

k’os vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). sour grass Oxalis corniculata, #12(1, 4). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/). sour grass Oxalis sp., #952(1, 3), #1546(1, 3). Highland “plant”. Begonia biserrata, Temperate “plant”. Begonia fischeri var. tovarensis, #2434(20). Highland “plant”. Heterocentron subtriplinervium, #1547(11, 12). Temperate “plant”.

vala-pohov e’iʔlel, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). see below.

muk’tik vala-pohov e’iʔlel, nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n). Peperomia pellucida, #2605(15). Temperate “plant”.

valahtik, aj. cf. valalik.

valal, aj. curled up (hat brim, pig’s nose, nose of angry person).

valalet, av. billowing (skirt or laundry in wind, banner).

valalik, aj. curled up (leaves of seared corn plants, beautiful eyelashes).

valan, tv. turn up /hat brim/.

val¢ah, iv. get hangnails, break fingernails, splay (butt of stick), billow (skirt) /in water or wind/, bend (blade of hoe).

val¢an, tv. cause to break /fingernail/, cause to splay /butt of stick/, make billow /skirt/, bend /blade of hoe/.

val¢an niʔ, vphr(tv & n4d). raise muzzle into air (ram, stallion). If a ram raises its muzzle, it signifies that it wants offspring.

valet, av. billowing (skirt in wind), walking with turned up (hat brim).

valet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). with curled up nose /pig, person in anger/.

vali, iv. have hangnails, be bent (corners of paper, hoe blade).

valk’uh, iv. lift (skirt in wind), be returned (sickness), be pushed end over end /fallen tree/. Ritual speech, shaman when returning from shrines to patient’s home; return. Ritual speech, prayer; turn. Ritual speech, shaman referring to his patient; toss.

t švalk’uh ʔo yo hlumal, t švalk’uh ʔo yo kač’elal. My lowly earth returns, my lowly mud returns.

maʔuk to me švalk’uh ʔo ti lume, maʔuk to me švalk’uh ʔthe earth not yet be turned, may the mud noto ti ʔac’ele. May the earth not yet be turned, may the mud not yet be turned /at person’s grave/.

ʔoy t avalk’uhel ʔoy t asutp’ihel. You are turning, you are tossing.

valk’uh čak, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). fall head over heels, somersault.

valk’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). fall head first.

valk’un, tv. turn inside out, turn over, pull up /skirt/, stroke /hair of head/, return /illness/ (witch).

ta hvalk’un čibuk kot ta ʔora. I will make two tortillas or so right away /when hurrying/.

valk’un, aj. inside out.

ta valk’un t sak’be. lit., He gives it to them inside out, i.e., person serving as mediator reports equally to both parties in a dispute.

valk’un ba, rv. return (sickness), somersault.

valk’un baik, rv. roll each other over (fighters), return sickness mutually (witches).

valk’un čak, vphr(tv & n4d). fall head over heels, somersault, lift up skirt or tunic /when defecating/.

valk’un čak, nphr(aj & n5). doublecross.

valk’un čak k’op, nphr(nphr/aj & n5/ type n)5. inverted or ironical talk.

valk’un čak ta h-hot, vphr(tv / / n & prep & n/num & nccpd/). doublecross.

valk’unan, tv. return /sickness/ to people.

valk’unel, vn5. curing ceremony in house to return sickness.

valk’unvan, iv. return sickness to person.

vallahet, av. billowing (laundry or skirts in wind).

válluh, av. carried suddenly by the wind (roof peak).

valo-pat, cf. vala-pat.

valo-pat ʔak’ot, cf. vala-pat ʔak’ot.

valo-patin komel, cf. vala-patin komel.

valo-patinvan komel, cf. vala-patinvan komel.

valval, aj. curled up (pig’s nose, hat brim, beautiful eyelashes).

valvon, av. walking with upturned hat brim.

hvala-pat-ʔok, agn(n/x & ncpd/ & ncpd). long-haired supernatural figure whose two faces and two sets of feet point in opposite directions, cf. hnatikil hoi.

hvala-patinvaneh, agn/x & ncpd/. person who intentionally bypasses someone in favor of another.

hvalk’unvaneh, agn. shaman who returns sickness to witch.

hvalo-patinvaneh, cf. hvala-patinvaneh.

valalupa N(Sp, Guadalupe).

hvalo-patinvaneh, valalupa, n5. steward of Our Lady of Guadalupe.

valeʔ N.

valeʔ, n1a. sugarcane.

valeʔaltik, n5. large cane field.

valeʔtik, n5. cane field.

eahal valeʔ, nphr(aj & n). sugarcane Saccharum officinarum, #313(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” It is grown by ladinos and by a very few Zinacantecs. The stem is planted in November through January. It takes two years to mature. It is eaten raw or roasted. It is “hot”

sakil valeʔ, nphr(aj & n). sugarcane Saccharum officinarum, #2988(3). Lowland “plant” It is grown by many people in San Lucas and Ixtapa. The tip is planted in June. The harvest is in February. It is used for making brown sugar and chicha. It is eaten raw. It is “hot”. It is sold at market. The leaves are used for horse fodder.

vamuč N(Sp, guamúchil from N, cuauhmochitl).

vamuč teʔ, nphr(n type n). pringle’s acacia Acacia pringlei, # 190(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts, metate platforms, planks, chairs, tables, chests, beds, benches, gunstocks, slingshots, crosses, gates, doors, and corn bins.

vamučtik, n5. grove of pringle’s acacia.

van(1) P.

van, nc. In reference to: large log, boulder.

van-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. lit., big-headed, i.e., dumb.

vanahtik, aj. sitting or standing dumbly (person, cow), sitting (boulder, log).

vanal, aj. sitting or standing dumbly (person, cow), sitting (boulder, log, large house).

vanalik, aj. sitting or standing dumbly (person, cow).

vánalvánal, n4f. each of many /boulders, large logs/.

vanan, tv. set down /boulder, log/.

vanan, av. rolling (boulder, log, car).

vanan ba, rv. sit or stand dumbly.

vanan tal, vphr(av & dr). appearing heavily laden (truck).

vánanvánan, tv. set down one after another /boulders, large logs/.

vánanvánanan, tv. cf. vánanvánan.

vananan, tv. set down /boulders, logs/.

vananob, n1f. place where log is set down.

vananobil, n1f. cf. vananob.

vanet, av. walking dumbly (person), sitting (boulder, log), dwarfed by huge burden.

vanetik, av. sitting dumbly (plu).

vani, iv. sit (boulder, log).

vank’uh, iv. roll (boulder, log), swell greatly.

vank’un, tv. roll /boulder, log/.

vank’unan, tv. roll many /boulders, logs/.

vank’unanan, tv. cf. vank’unan.

vanlah, av. rolling (boulder, log) /sing or plu/.

vanlahet, av. cf. vanvon (plu).

vanleh(1), n4f. hugeness /boulder, log/.

vanleh(2), n1f. sitting dumbly.

vanlehikil, n4f. cf. vanleh(1) /plu/.

vántevánte hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about dumbly.

vanvan, nc. single /boulder, large log/ /1 only/.

vanvan, aj. disproportionately large (head, end of log).

vanvon, av. walking beefily (cow).

vanvon hoi, vphr(av & dr). walking hatless or dumbly.

van(2) Pt.

van, pt. perhaps, maybe /particle always occurring in interrogative phrase/.

mi t štal van. Will he comeʔ

vara N(Sp, vara).

vara, n1a. measuring stick, span from fingertips to center of chest, measure /80 cm./, stick used to level corn /in kwarča teʔ, kwarto ʔalmul/, staff of office /of elders, outgoing stewards-royal and publicans, Carnival constables/, jousting lance /used during the fiesta of St. Sebastian/.

vara ¢ekil, nphr(n type n)3d. poor quality blue skirt /woven in San Cristóbal and worn by many Huistec women/.

vara čenek’, cf. čenek’.

vara-sat, n(n type ncpd)5. thin-faced /derogatory/.

varail_______, nphr(natt & n)5. stick for leveling corn in /kwarča teʔ, kwarto ʔalmul/.

varač N(Sp, huarache).

varač, n1e. ’sandal’, wasp Brachygaslra sp.. cf. kitara čon, kitaron.

varačil, n3a. sandal.

varcč N(Sp, guardia).

varča, n5. guard/ soldier who does guard duty in front of city hall in San Cristóbal and Tuxtla/.

Ritual speech, shaman referring to tutelary gods; č’ul-varča č’ul-yih, č’ul-varca č’ul-k’on. holy guard, holy ripe /one/, holy guard, holy yellow /one/.

varkuš X.

varkuštik, aj. scaly (heel, bark of ceiba or hog plum).

vaskes

vaskes, common bobwhite. cf. vaskis.

vaskis N(Sp, Vasquezʔ).

vaskis mut, nphr(n type n)5. common bobwhite Colinus virginianus. cf. čintuliʔ. var., vaskes mut /Pat ʔOsil/.

vaskes mut, cf. vaskis mut.

vaš(1) P.

vaš-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5. barefoot.

vašahtik, aj. large (houses, horses, cows).

vašal, aj. quiet, large (house, truck, horse, cow), calm, gentle, tame, good-natured.

vašalik, aj. cf. vašal /plu/.

vašan, tv. quiet, silence, keep still, erect /large house/. Ritual speech, prayer; calm.

vašanbon i koʔone vašanbon i hhole htot kahval. Calm my heart, calm my head, My Father, My Lord.

vašan ba, rv. calm down (scolding person), become obedient (child, horse, sheep), acquiesce, have self-control (loose woman, violent man).

mu svasan sba smala shak’el. She wasn’t able to wait for a petition, mu svasan sba li hun ʔanee ta to snop yoʔon vinik ti k’al icam li smalale. The woman had no self-control; she desired a man right after her husband died.

mu svašan sba ta k’oponel k’al šhak’bat seebe. He did not acquiesce to their words when his daughter was petitioned.

vašanan, tv. silence /plu/.

vašananan, tv. cf. vašanan.

vašanvan, iv. quiet or calm person down.

vášanvášan, tv. silence one after another.

vášanvášanan, tv. cf. vášanvášan.

vašašet, av. stirring frequently (foetus), causing tickling sensation (insect).

vašeah, iv. become tame.

vašean, tv. tame /by punishment/, erect large /house/.

vašet, av. patient, gentle, quiet, tractable, good-hearted, obedient (person), being carried large (burden), stirring (fetus).

vašetik, av. cf. vašet (plu).

vaši, iv. become quiet, become calm (anxiety, pain), gentle or tame, stand (large house).

vašin, n4e. Ritual speech, prayer; cover.

ʔak’bon ta yo 1 akevual ta yo 1 avašinal. Place me in Thy lordly shadow, under Thy lordly cover.

vašk’uh, iv. be large (horse, cow).

vašlah, av. walking beefily (cows), walking barefoot.

vašlahet, av. cf. vašet (plu).

vašleh, n4f. largeness /house, horse, cow/.

váštevášte ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). walking about barefoot.

vašvon, av. walking large or tall (person).

vašvon ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). walking barefoot.

hvašanvaneh, agn. person who quiets or calms another.

vaš(2) A or N.

vaš ʔak’, nphr(x type n). mexican hackberry bush Trema micrantha, #2290(19). Temperate “tree”

vaš teʔ, nphr(x type n). mexican hackberry bush Trema micrantha, #2624(22). Lowland “tree”.

k’oš vaš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). mexican hackberry bush Trema micrantha, #2624(21). Lowland “tree”

sakil vaš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). mexican hackberry bush Trema micrantha, #2135(7, 14). Temperate “tree”.

vasak Num.

vasak_______, num(num & nccpd). vasak- eight.

vašak-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e. eighteen.

vašak-men, n(num & xcpd)5. creator god. The vašak-men are believed to be the supports that uphold the earth at its four corners. They are described variously as pillars and serpents. At the creation, it is said that the earth was too soft to walk on, so the vašak-men stamped it hard. They assisted in the construction of the Church of St. Sebastian, giving orders to the trees and the rocks which walked to the building site and lay down wherever they were directed.

vašakib, n1e. eight.

vat P, P(2).

vat, tv. shake /awake/.

vat, nc. In reference to: boulder, large log.

vat-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. lit., big-headed, i.e., dumb.

vatahtik, aj. huge (boulders, logs).

vatal, aj. sitting or standing dumbly (person, cow, stump, boulder).

vatalik, aj. cf. vatal /plu/.

vátalvátal, n4f. each of many boulders or large logs.

vatan, tv. set down /boulder, log/.

vatan, n5. stupid person.

vatan ba, rv. sit or stand dumbly (person, cow).

vatanan, tv. set down /boulders, logs/, shake /plu/ /awake/.

vátanvátan, tv. set down one after another /boulders, large logs/, shake

one after another /awake/.

vátanvátanan, tv. cf. vátanvátan.

vatanob, n1f. place where log is set down.

vatanobil, n1f. cf. vatanob.

vatat, av. rolling (boulder, log, car).

vatet, av. walking dumbly, walking with huge unidentified burden, sitting (boulder, log).

vatet hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking dumbly.

vatetik, av. cf. vatet (plu).

vati, iv. be standing (heavily loaded truck or person), sit (boulder, log).

vatison, n1a. hornless ram.

vatk’uh, iv. roll (boulder, log).

ivatk’uh eč’el ti sil ʔune. Too bad, he rolled away /enemy died/.

vatk’un, tv. roll /boulder, log/, shove /person/.

vatk’unan, tv. roll /boulders, logs/, push roughly /people/.

vatk’unanan, tv. cf. vatk’unan.

vatk’unvan, iv. shove person.

vatlah, av. staggering (drunk), rolling (boulder, log) (sing or plu).

vatlahet, av. staggering (drunk, sick person).

vatlahetik, av. cf. vatlahet (plu).

vatleh, n4f. hugeness.

vatlehikil, n4f. cf. vatleh /plu/.

vátluh, av. starting suddenly (person, horse).

váttevátte, av. walking about dumbly, walking about with large unidentified burden.

vatulan, tv. shake /sleeping person/.

vatulanvan, iv. shake person /sleeping/.

vatvat, nc. single /boulder, large log/ / I only/.

vatvat, aj. huge and round (log).

vatvon, av. walking beefily (cow).

vatvon hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking hatless or dumbly (person).

hvatk’unvaneh, agn. person who shoves another.

vatemala

vatemala, guatemala. cf. vatimala.

vatimala N(Sp, Guatemala).

vatimala, n5. Guatemala, var., vatemala.

vav prob O.

vavet ta ʔok’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). keening.

vavetah, iv. keen.

vavlahet, av. baying (dogs), howling (coyotes), keening (plu).

vavlahetik, av. cf. vavet (plu).

vávtevávte, av. walking about keening.

vavet ta ʔok’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). keening.

vay I(2).

vay, iv. sleep, go to bed, spend the night, promise a good crop (virgin land on which com and beans have been planted).

iveʔ) vayuk. He ate before going to bed.

t švay kantela. The candles are hung up for the night.

vayal, aj. asleep.

Ritual speech, prayer of person who has lost relative; ti vayal ta yolon lume, ti vayal ta yolon ʔač’ele. asleep under the earth, asleep under the mud.

vayay, av. feeling drowsy.

vayčil, n3a. dream.

vayčin, tv. dream.

vayčin, iv. dream.

vayčinvan, iv. dream about person.

vayebal, n3d. sleeping place, bed.

vayebin, tv. knock flat /corn/ (wind), sleep on /mat, mattress/.

vayebinan, tv. knock flat a lot of /corn/ (wind), sleep on many /mattresses/.

vayem vah, nphr(aj & n)5. tortilla made the previous night.

vayet sat, vphr(av & n4d). sleepy-eyed.

váyicil, n3a. dream. It is believed that when a person dreams, his soul /č’ulel/ perches on the end of his nose and from this vantage point surveys the world.

vayihel, n1d. animal transformation of witch, animal companion spirit of witch /black dog, cow, goat, cat, horse/.

vayihin, tv. send animal transformation or animal companion spirit (witch). A witch is said to be able to transform himself into an animal after rolling over three times at the foot of a cross.

vayik čon, nphr(x type n)2a. ’sleepy bug’, darkling beetle Zopherus sp.. If a baby does not sleep, this drowsy beetle is put in its blanket.

vayubtah, iv. keep overnight.

vayubtas, tv. put to sleep or to bed.

vayubtasan, tv. put to sleep or to bed /plu/.

vayubtasanan, tv. cf. vayubtasan.

vayubtasobil, n4f. mat, soporific /darkling beetle put with baby to induce sleep/.

vayubtasvan, iv. put person to sleep or to bed.

vayulan, iv. keep staying away overnight /at work/, keep falling asleep (sick child).

vayunkero, n5. second class bus that leaves Tuxtla at 4 a.m. and arrives at San Cristóbal at 7 a.m., or that leaves San Cristóbal at 2 p.m. and arrives at Tuxtla at 4 p.m.

hvay be, agn(vphr/iv & n/)5. person who sleeps at side of trail.

hvayčinel, agn. person who is dreamt of frequently.

hvayčinvaneh, agn. person who dreams about another.

hvayel, agn. sleeping person.

hvayii, agn. sleepy person, sleepyhead, person who sleeps all the time.

hvayubtasvaneh, agn. person who puts another to sleep or to bed.

voy, nc. night spent away from home /1-3/.

voyantik, aj. nights spent away from home at long intervals.

yayu A(Sp, bayo).

vayn, n4e. grayness /horse/, var., vayuʔ.

vayu, aj. gray (horse), var., vayuʔ.

vayuʔ čenek’, cf. čenek’.

vayutik, aj. hazy (smoke), var., vayuʔtik.

vayuʔ

vayuʔ, gray. cf. vayu.

veʔ(1) T.

veʔ, tv. eat /meal with tortilla, tortilla, bread/.

Polite speech beginning meal; hveʔban vah. I am eating first.

veʔ, iv. eat /meal with tortilla, tortilla, bread/, be hungry.

t šveʔ kahvaltik. lit., Our Lord is eating, i.e., There is a halo around the sun /believed to forecast rain/.

veʔan, tv. eat a lot of /tortillas, bread, meals/.

veʔananan, tv. cf. veʔan.

veʔanveʔan, tv. eat one after another /tortillas, bread, meals/.

ve’ʔanvéʔanan, tv. cf. véʔanvéʔan.

veʔbalal tan, nphr(aj & n)1d. lime used for covering griddle.

veʔebal, n3d. restaurant, meal time /noon/, an. poss.; food or corn given to maintain child when parents are divorced, pot used for food for meals, birthmark /believed to bring good luck/. Ritual speech, prayer, lit., eating place, i.e., fireside.

č’ul-veʔebal č’ul-ʔuc’ebal. holy eating place, holy drinking place.

veʔel, n1d. meal.

veʔel________, nphr(n of n)5. food for ________ (birds, sheep).

veʔel ʔinatab, nphr(n of n). wild grape Vitis tiliifolia, #1702(1, 4). Lowland “vine” The fruit, flowers, and sap are eaten by iguanas. Cissus sp., #308(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “vine”

eahal veʔel ninatab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). tree bine Cissus cacuminis, #2018(1, 3, 4). Lowland “vine” water withe Cissus sicyoides, #2852(3, 4, 5). Lowland “vine”

k’oš veʔel ʔinatab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Vitis bourgaeana, #2133(1). Temperate “vine”.

veʔel čih, nphr(n of n). ’sheep food’ or ’deer food’, pot herb fame flower Talinum triangulare, #1679(14). Monnina xalapense, #2248(19). Highland “tree”. Fernaldia pandurata, #2669(21). Lowland “vine”.

kokoʔon veʔel čih, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/). jubas bush Iresine celosia, #2068(17). Temperate “plant”

veʔel čintuli1ʔ, nphr(n of n). ’bobwhite food’, prickly spider flower Cleome aculeata, #785(1, 2). Lowland plant", goldstar grass Hypoxis decumbens, #1357(1, 3). Highland “plant”

veʔel čitom, nphr(n of n). ’pig food’, banana, cf. čan-eelav loʔbol.

veʔe čuč, nphr(n of n). ’squirrel food’, cordia Cordia ferruginea, #1683(7). Lowland “tree”.

veʔel č’o, nphr(n of n). ’mouse food’, shrubby four o’clock Mirabilis jalapa, #2828(12). Lowland “plant” Cassia tristicula, #1540(11, 12).

Highland “plant” Ocimum micranlhum, #1633(14). Lowland “plant”.

veʔel kaʔ, nphr(n of n). ’horse food’, Desmodium strobilaceum, #1368(7). Temperate “vine”.

veʔel kaʔ hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’horse food grass’, Cyperus melanostachyus, #1418(7). Highland “plant”

veʔel kulahteʔ, nphr(n of n). ’mourning dove food’, cordia Cordia ferruginea, #1683(1, 4, 11, 12, 14), #2656(1, 3). Lowland “tree”. (14)-The fruit is eaten by mourning doves. (1)-The trunk is used for firewood, cordia Cordia foliosa, #1971(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Lowland “tree” buckthorn Rhamnus discolor, # 2152(7). Temperate “tree”. devil pepper Rauvolfia tetraphylla, #2819(3, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”. Aloysia chiapensis, #843(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree” The fruit is eaten by white-winged doves and red-billed pigeons. The trunk is used by corn farmers for firewood.

veʔel k’oviš, nphr(n of n). ’townee food’, Priva aspera, #2141(7). Temperate “plant”

veʔel mut, nphr(n of n). ’bird food’, goldstar grass Hypoxis decumbens, #1357(7). Highland “plant” mexican tiger lily Tigridia pavonia, #1396(9). Highland “plant”, devil pepper Rauvolfia tetraphylla, #2819(7). Lowland “tree”, cordia Cordia fotiosa, #2131(14). Temperate “tree”. Cayaponia attenuata, #2808(7). Lowland “vine”.

veʔel sak-č’ut mut, nphr: n4d of nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ’blue mockingbird food’, leaf flower Phyllanthus mcvaughii, #2100(7). Temperate “tree”.

veʔel t’ul, nphr(n of n). ’rabbit food’, slender beard grass Polypogon semiverticillata, #647(3, 4). Highland “plant”, sweet clover Melilotus alba, #1407(3, 7). Highland “plant”

veʔel vakas, nphr(n of n). ’cattle food’, sweet clover Melilotus alba, #1710(3). Highland “plant”, bearded rye-grass Lolium multiflorum, #592(1, 4). Highland “plant” It is grown by ladinos. The seeds are sown in the rainy season. It is used for cattle fodder. Guazuma ulmifolia, #2847(7). Lowland “tree’ It is eaten by horses. The trunk is used for firewood.

veʔel vokoto, nphr(n of n). ’chachalaca food’, wild grape Vitis tiliifolia, #1702(14). Lowland “vine”.

veʔlahet, av. cf. veʔvon (plu).

veʔlahetik, av. cf. veʔvon (plu).

veʔlil, n1e. meal.

sk’an sveʔlilal. The food is needed /for the tortillas that have been set on the table/.

veʔob ʔot, nphr(n1f of n4d). whatever is eaten with tortilla.

veʔob vah, nphr(n of n)5. whatever is eaten with tortilla.

veʔobil, n4f. bread served with coffee /for sacristans, musicians, shaman, scribes, wedding godparents/.

veʔobil ʔot, nphr(n1f of n4d). whatever is eaten with tortilla.

veʔulan, tv. keep eating one’s own food /rather than being provided food by employer/.

veʔulan, iv. nibble (child, rabbit).

veʔulanan, tv. keep nibbling many.

veʔvon, av. nibbling every few minutes.

hveʔel, agn. person eating.

wife referring to husband; yul ša kahveʔel. My eater has returned.

Ritual speech, prayer; maʔuk to štoy maʔuk to šhelav ti hun hveʔele

ti hun hʔuč’-voʔe. May he not rise up, may he not pass by, the eater.

the drinker of water /envious person/.

veʔ(2) P.

veʔ-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. messy-haired (woman).

veʔahtik, aj. cf. veʔiel /plu/.

veʔan ba, rv. be damaged (thatch roof in wind).

veʔan hoi, vphr(tv & n4d). have wild hair (woman).

veʔeah, iv. become messy (woman’s hair, thatch, stubble, wool).

veʔean, tv. muss, mess up /woman’s hair, thatch, stubble, wool/.

veʔean ba, rv. become messy (woman’s hair, thatch, stubble, wool).

veʔel, aj. messy (woman’s hair, thatch, stubble, wool).

veʔelik, aj. cf. veʔel /plu/.

veʔeltas, tv. make even /weaving/ /by adding short thread that stops halfway across/.

veʔeltasan, tv. make even in many places /weaving/.

veʔet, av. wild (woman’s hair).

vcʔi, iv. be wild (woman’s hair).

veʔk’uh, iv. cf. veʔeah.

veʔk’un, tv. cf. veʔean.

veʔk’un ba, rv. cf. veʔean ba.

veʔlah, av. with wild hair (women).

veʔlahet, av. cf. veʔvon (plu).

veʔleh, n1f. mussiness /woman’s hair/.

veʔlehikil, n4f. cf. veʔleh /plu/.

veʔluh, av. becoming mussed up suddenly (woman’s hair).

veʔp’uh, iv. cf. veʔeah.

veʔp’un, tv. cf. veʔean.

veʔteve")te hoi, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with wild hair (woman).

veʔveʔ, aj. wild (woman’s hair).

veʔvon, av. swarming (flies, gnats, bees, fleas, blowflies), walking with wild (hair) /woman/.

vee’ P, P(2), T(2).

vee’, tv. put away, store, push /squeaky door/, make sag /fence/ (horse).

vee’, iv. be pushed open (door).

vee’, nc. push /squeaky door/.

vee’ ba, rv. step aside, get lost (animal).

vee’ baik, rv. step aside for each other.

vee’ahtik, aj. cf. vee’el /plu/.

vee’an, tv. make sag in many places /fence/ (horse), put away /plu/.

vee’an baik, rv. step aside for each other.

vee’anan, tv. put away /plu/.

vee’anvée’anan, tv. put away one after another.

vee’eah, iv. sag (fence).

vee’ean, tv. make sag /fence/.

vee’eanan, tv. push down in many places /fence/.

vee’anvee’an, tv. put away one after another.

vee’ee’, av. being pushed open (door).

vee’el, aj. sagging (fence), stored.

vee’elik, aj. cf. vee’el /plu/.

vee’et, av. being pushed open (door).

vee’i, iv. be pushed open (door).

vee’k’uh, iv. cf. vee’eah.

vee’k’un, tv. cf. vee’ean.

vee’k’unan, tv. cf. vee’eanan.

vee’lahetik, av. cf. vee’von (plu).

vee’leh, n4f. sagging /fence/.

vec’luh, av. being pushed open suddenly (door), shaking suddenly (house in earthquake).

vee’ob, n1f. place where clothes, money or other valuables are stored.1

vee’obil, n1f. cf. vee’ob.

vee’p’uh, iv. cf. vee’eah.

vee’p’un, tv. make sag /fence/, make detour.

vee’p’unan, tv. cf. vee’eanan.

vee’ulan, tv. keep pushing /door, fence/.

vee’ulan, iv. keep being pushed open (door).

vee’ulanan, tv. keep pushing in many places /fence/.

vee’van, iv. keep one’s distance from person (criminal).

vee’von, av. pushing open /door/.

več P.

večahtik, aj. standing unsteadily (children, sick people).

večan, tv. set up /scarecrow/, Polite speech; erect /house/.

večan ba, rv. stand unsteadily (sick person, child).

yeč nos svečan sba. lit., He just stood unsteadily, i.e., He died in

childhood.

večanan, tv. set up /scarecrows/.

večananan, tv. cf. večanan.

večanvečan, tv. set up one after another /scarecrows/.

večanvečanan, tv. cf. večanvečan.

večanob, n1a. stake used to hold up scarecrow.

večanobil, n1f. cf. večanob.

večanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person behind.

večeah, iv. be loose (tooth).

večeč, av. falling (night).

večel, aj. standing (scarecrow, person), standing unsteadily (fence, child, house, tree).

večelik, aj. cf. večahtik.

večet, av. standing unsteadily or recovering (child, sick person).

Polite speech, deprecatory reply to “How are you?”; te to sivecet hayibuk k’ak’al. I will be standing unsteadily for a few days.

večetah, iv. stand unsteadily (child, sick person).

večetik, av. cf. večel (plu).

veči, iv. stand unsteadily (child, sick person, house).

večk’uh, iv. stand unsteadily (drunk, fence, wall).

večk’un, tv. make lean or push down /unsteady fence, wall/.

večk’unan, tv. make lean or push down in many places /fence, wall/.

večlah, av. walking slowly (plu).

večlahet, av. wiggling (teeth, fence posts), recovering (sick children or chickens).

večleh, n1f. standing (child, sick person).

véčluh, av. wobbling suddenly (post, tree).

večp’uh, iv. cf. večk’uh.

večp’un, tv. cf. večk’un.

večp’unan, tv. cf. večk’unan.

véčtevéčte, av. walking about unsteadily (child, sick person, old person).

večuh, iv. walk unsteadily (child).

večveč, aj. about to fall.

večvon, av. standing or walking unsteadily (child), wavering (fence), wiggling

(tooth).

hvečanvaneh, agn. person who leaves another behind.

veh(1) P, P(2).

veh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike hanging pair of /fruit/, play with /testicles, penis/.

vehahtik,, aj. dangling (testicles, breasts).

vehan, tv. sit with /dangling testicles/ (child).

vehan ba, rv. sit with /dangling testicles/ (child).

veh¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). have hernia.

veh¢an ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). have hernia.

vehel, aj. dangling (testicles, penis).

vehelik, aj. cf. vehahtik.

vehet, av. dangling (penis, testicles, breasts).

vehetah, iv. dangle (testicles, penis).

vein, iv. hang (testicles, breasts).

vehk’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. veheah yalel.

vehk’un ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). cf. vehean ba yalel.

vehlahet, av. hanging (breasts, testicles).

vehleh, n1f. with dangling /testicles/.

vehp’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. veheah yalel.

vehp’un ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). cf. vehean ba yalel.

véhtevéhte, av. walking about with udders dangling.

vehulan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep striking hanging /pair of fruit/, keep playing with /testicles/.

vehveh, aj. dangling (bull testicles).

vehvon, av. swaying (breasts, testicles, net).

veh(2) O.

vehehet, av. yapping (puppy).

vehlahet, av. cf. vehvon (plu).

véhtevéhte, av. yapping about (puppy).

vehveh, onom. yap.

vehvon, av. yapping (puppy).

vek(1) 0.

vek, onom. yelp /hen turkey/.

veklah, av. yelping (turkeys).

veklahet, av. squawking (chickens), yelping (turkeys V 2: 22), croaking (bull frogs), quacking (ducks V 4: 1).

veklahetik, av. cf. veklahet.

vékluh, av. giving sudden yelp (hen turkey).

véktevékte, av. yelping here and there (hen turkey). vekvon, av. yelping (hen turkey), squawking (chicken being seized), calling (laughing falcon), croaking (bull frog), quacking (duck).

vek(2) prob P or P(2).

vekek, aj. trotting with protruding tummy (puppy).

vekeket, av. running with protruding tummy (puppy).

vekel, aj. protruding (puppy’s tummy).

veket, av. protruding (puppy’s tummy).

véktevékte, av. trotting about with protruding tummy (puppy).

vekvel, aj. protruding (puppy’s tummy).

vel(1) P, P(2), T(2).

vel, tv. cut /weeds underbrush/, fan, lop off /branches/. A person who fans the fire with his hat is considered liable to suffer headaches.

vel, iv. be cut (weeds, underbrush).

Ívelbat sa. He is feeble now (old man), (or) It is feeble now (old mule).

vel, nc. fanning, clearing /underbrush/.

vel eč’el ʔol, vphr(tv & dr & n4d). sweep up soul of baby when leaving foreign place.

vel ba, rv. be given a fright.

vel ba ta mahel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). flail at each other.

vel-bail ta mahel, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & vn5). flailing at each other.

vel-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. with upturned nose or upper lip.

vel ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). flail at.

vel tal č’ulel, vphr(tv & dr & n4d). recall soul of patient.

velahtik, aj. cf. velel(2) (plu).

velan, tv. cut /weeds/, lop off /branches/.

velan, aj. stupid, useless (person, mule).

velan ba, rv. stand idly.

velan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). flail at /plu/.

velanan, tv. cf. velan.

velanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. velan ta mahel.

velanbe pišol, vphr(tv & n4d). put hat on /scarecrow/.

velanil, n4d. stupidity.

vélanvélan, tv. cut one after another /twigs/.

vélanvélan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). flail at one after another.

vélanvélanan, tv. cf. vélanvélan.

vélanvélanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. vélanvélan ta mahel.

vel¢ah, iv. bend (blade of hoe), have hangnail.

vel¢an, tv. bend /blade of hoe/.

velel(1), av. running aimlessly.

velel(2), aj. standing aimlessly, turned up (nose with anger).

velelet, av. spinning (falling leaves, propeller, windmill) /in wind/, moving lips rapidly up and down when calling chickens.

velelin, tv. flick lip with fingers to produce vibrating sound, cause toy to make similar sound.

velet, av. wandering aimlessly.

Polite speech, deprecatory reply to “How are you?”; te to šivelet hayibuk k’ak’al. I’ll be wandering around for a few days.

švelet no me yilel ʔun. It seems he is not accomplishing anything.

veletah, iv. wander aimlessly.

veletik, av. cf. velet (plu).

veli, iv. stand on crest of hill.

velk’uh, iv. cf. vel¢ah.

velk’un, tv. cf. vel¢an.

vellah, av. walking aimlessly (plu).

vellahet, av. cf. velvon (plu).

vellahetik, av. cf. velvon (plu).

velleh, n1f. standing aimlessly.

velob, n1f. fan.

velobil, n1f. cf. velob.

véltevélte, av. walking about aimlessly.

velu, tv. motion to with circular motion of hand.

velu baik, rv. motion to each other with hand (boy and girl).

veluan, tv. motion to /plu/ with circular motion of hand.

veluan baik, rv. motion to each other with circular motion of hand (many people).

veluanan, tv. cf. veluan.

velueh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. motioning to each other.

velulan, tv. keep cutting /weeds, underbrush/, fanning or lopping off /branches/.

mu šavelulanon. lit., Don’t fan me /feverish mother to child who pulls the covers down/.

velulan, iv. be cleared repeatedly (path).

veluvan, iv. motion to person with hand.

velvan, iv. enfeeble person (old age, exhaustion), call forth /soul/ (shaman in case of soul-loss).

velvel, aj. floppy, with protruding lower lip, with upturned brim (hat).

velvon, av. trudging feebly or exhausted, trailing far behind, flapping (banner, ribbon), fanning /chaff, fire/, motioning with hand.

hveluvaneh, agn. person who motions to another with hand.

vel(2)

vel, Emmanuel, cf. manvel.

vélta

vélta, turn, curve, quick trip. cf. bwélla.

veltura N(Sp, verdolaga).

veltura ʔitah, nphr(n type n). see below.

yašal veltura ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). Bacopa sp., # 1695(7). Lowland “plant”.

ven P, P(2).

ven ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). pat sharply on the tummy.

venahtik, aj. cf. venel /plu/.

venan, tv. thrust out /tummy/ (child).

venan ba, rv. stand thrusting out tummy (child, puppy).

venan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). pat sharply on the stomach /plu/.

venanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. venan ta mahel.

vénanvénan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). pat sharply on the belly one after another.

vénanvénanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. vénanvénan ta mahel.

ven¢ah, iv. protrude (tummy) /child or puppy that has overeaten/.

venel, aj. standing with protruding tummy (child, puppy).

venelik, aj. cf. venel /plu/.

venen, av. running with protruding tummy (child, puppy).

venenet, av. running with protruding tummy (child, puppy).

venet, av. walking with protruding tummy (child, puppy).

venetah, iv. stand with protruding tummy (child, puppy).

venetik, av. with protruding tummies (children).

veni, iv. stand with protruding tummy (child, puppy).

venk’uh, iv. cf. ven¢ah.

venlah, av. cf. venen (plu).

veulahet, av. cf. venet (plu).

venlahetik, av. cf. venet (plu).

venleh, n1f. standing with protruding tummy (child, puppy).

vénluh, av. patting tummy suddenly.

véntevénte, av. walking about with protruding tummy (child, puppy).

venulanbe č’ut, vphr(tv & n4d). keep patting on the tummy.

venven, aj. with protruding tummy.

venvon, av. running with protruding tummy (child, puppy).

véno

véno, good! fine! cf. ben(2).

ventana N(Sp, ventana).

ventana, n1a. window.

venteš N(Sp, cuentas).

venteš, n1a. rosary /worn by ritual tutor, by bride at her wedding, by incense tender on St. Rose’s Day/, thorn apple necklace /worn by dudes/, balls of fat on sheep’s neck.

venteš čih, nphr(n of n). ’deer rosary’ or ’sheep rosary’, Fuschia microphylla ssp. quercetorum, #1376(7). Temperate “tree”.

venteš mamal, nphr(n of n). ’dude’s rosary’, Casearia nitida, #1680(7). Lowland “tree”

venteš mol, nphr(n of n). ’elder’s rosary’, bitter bush Picramnia tetramera, #409(1, 3), #1400(3) #1939(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Highland “tree”. Children string the berries on thread to make necklaces. They play marbles with the berries, wild sage Sahia polystachya, #2519(1, 4, 21, 22). Tem

perate “tree”.

venteš moltik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of venteš mol.

muk’ta venteš mol, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Bunchosia lanceolata, #456(1, 2, 5). Highland “tree”.

ver prob O.

vereret, av. spinning (falling leaf), rustling (leaves or corn stubble in wind), trilling /blowing into lady slipper flower/.

verek O.

verek, onom. call of hen trying to crow. It is believed to bring sickness.

verekeke, onom. squawk of frightened hen.

verte N(Sp, verde).

verte, n1a. wool thread for sash.

ves P(2) or T(2).

ves, tv. sweep up /in current/, banish anger, fear or exhaustion /with a drink/, rake up, scrape up, comb out /lice/, purge.

ves-č’ut, n(aj & ncpd)5. with protruding belly /when sash is tied too low/.

ves-voʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5. current carrying refuse or logs.

vesahtik, aj. swept up /in current/, visible (child’s penis), protruding (bellies).

vesan, tv. sweep up, rake up or scrape up /plu/, comb out /lice/.

vesan č’ut, vphr(tv & n4d). stand with protruding belly.

vesanan, tv. cf. vesan.

vésanvésan, tv. sweep up, rake up or scrape up one after another.

vésanvésanan, tv. cf. vésanvésan.

ves¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). slip down (pants, skirt), hang down (folded top of pants or skirt).

vesel, nc. skimming off /dirt in water/, ves¢an yalel, vphr(tv & dr). push down /pants, skirt/.

vesel, aj. scraped (skin), protruding (belly, penis), swept up /in current/.

veselik, aj. swept up /in current/ /plu/.

veses, av. sweeping along (current with logs, etc.).

veset č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). with folded top of skirt or pants slipped down.

vesetah, iv. stand with protruding belly.

vesk’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. ves¢ah yalel.

vesk’un ba, rv. have skirt slip down (baby), deceive self.

vesk’un baik, rv. trick or fool each other.

vesk’un yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. ves¢an yalel.

vesk’unan baik, rv. trick or fool each other.

vesk’uneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual tricking.

vesk’unel, vnld. trickery, deceit.

vesk’unvan, iv. trick or deceive person.

veslah, av. sweeping along (current with logs, etc.), walking slowly (women).

veslahet, av. cf. vesvon (plu).

veslahetik, av. cf. vesvon (plu).

vesleh, n1f. slipped down /skirt, pants/.

véstevéste č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with folded top of pants or skirt slipped down.

vesulan, tv. keep combing out /lice/, keep raking up.

vesulan k’ob, vphr/tv // n/. masturbate.

vesvan, iv. sweep person away /in current/.

vesves, aj. protruding (belly) /when sash is fastened too low/.

vesvon, av. grinding second time slowly and ineffectively /corn/, trailing far behind (woman, child), combing out /lice/.

hvesk’unvaneh, agn. deceiver.

veš(1) I(2).

veš, iv. split open (corn, lime).

vešahtik, aj. cf. vešel /plu/.

vešel, aj. split open (corn, lime).

vešelik, aj. cf. vešel (plu).

vešes, tv. cause corn to split open /second boiling of corn for posol/.

véštevéšte ec’el, vphr(av & dr). splitting open here and there (lime when burnt).

veš(2) E.

vešlahet, av. cf. vešvon (plu).

vešlahetik, av. cf. vešvon (plu).

vešveš, excl. call of spooks and ensign-bearers at fiesta of St. Sebastian, call of constables when entering and leaving office.

vešvon, av. calling vešveš.

veš(3) N.

vešal, n3a. short pants /worn from around age eight onwards by boys and men/.

vešal kamišail, nphr(n3a & n3c). white shirt and pants /worn by ensign-bearer, holy elder, cantor, angel, groom, and sak-hol/. A past ensign-bearer is buried wearing these pants.

vešin, tv. put pants on /scarecrow/.

natil vešal, nphr(aj & n)3a. long pants.

vet N.

vet, n5. gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus. Foxes are eaten, seasoned with coriander. Their flesh is “cold”. A fox skin is stuffed and used on the fiesta of St. Sebastian to represent the president of Mexico. Their bark is believed to announce disputes, sickness, broken bones, or murder on the road. Foxes are said to be the companion animal spirits of stupid people, especially Chamulas.

vet’ N.

vet’, cf. čenek’.

veveč N.

veveč, n1a. goiter.

vi

vi, see! cf. ʔil(2).

viʔ P, P(2).

viʔ, tv. try to open one’s eyes.

viʔ ba, rv. open slightly (eyes).

viʔ-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5. slant-eyed.

viʔahtik, aj. scarcely open (eyes) /with sleep/.

viʔan, tv. try to open eyes.

viʔanan, tv. try to open eyes (people).

viʔet, av. with slant eyes, scarcely opening eyes /newborn baby, sleepy or drunken person/.

viʔiʔet, av. trying to open /eyes/.

viʔil, aj. scarcely open (eyes with sleep).

viʔilik, aj. slanted (eyes of baby) /mark of beauty/, scarcely open (eyes with sleep or drunkenness).

viʔlah, av. walking with scarcely opened eyes /from sleepiness/ (plu).

viʔahet, av. cf. viʔet (plu).

viʔlahetik, av. cf. viʔet (plu).

viʔleh, n1f. with eyes scarcely open /from sleepiness/.

víʔtevíʔte sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with eyes scarcely open /from sleepiness/.

viʔulan. tv. keep trying to open one’s eyes.

viʔviʔ, aj. slanted (eyes).

viʔvon, av. scarcely opening eyes /newborn baby, sleepy or drunken person/.

viʔu prob N.

viʔnah, iv. be hungry.

viʔnahes, tv. keep hungry /by depriving of food/.

viʔnahesan, tv. keep hungry /plu/ /by depriving of food/.

viʔnahesanan, tv. cf. viʔnahesan.

viʔnahesvan, iv. keep person hungry /by depriving of food/.

viʔnal, n1a. hunger.

viʔnaltik, n5. famine.

hviʔmahesvaneh, agn. person who keeps another hungry.

vi¢ N.

vi¢, n1e. hill, mountain

vi¢il, aj. seriously, critically, terribly.

ba¢’i vi¢il ʔip. critically ill.

ba¢’i vi¢il ʔabol sba. He is terribly poor

vi¢il _______, nphr(n of n)5. mountains or hills of ______ /San Felipe, ʔApas, etc./.

vi¢tik, n5. steep slopes

vi¢tikal č’it, cf. č’it.

vi¢vi¢altik, n5. great expanse of mountains.

vi¢vietik, n5. expanse of mountains.

vi¢’ I(2).

vi¢’, nc. sprinkling of water with aspergillum or geranium.

vi¢’el, nc. flicking of water with hand.

vi¢’es, tv. flick water on.

vi¢’esan, tv. flick a lot of water on.

vi¢’esanan, tv. cf. vi¢’esan.

vi¢’esob, n1f. vessel for holy water, aspergillum, geranium

vi¢’esobil, n1f. cf. vi¢’esob.

vi¢’esvan, iv. flick water on person.

vi¢’et, av. drizzling.

vi¢’i¢’, av. drizzling

vi¢’i¢’et, av. drizzling

vi¢’il voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. drizzle.

vi¢ahet, av. cf. vi¢’von.

ví¢luh, av. drizzling suddenly /entering house/.

ví¢’tevie’te, av. drizzling off and on.

vi¢’ulta, tv. sprinkle water on.

vi¢’ultaan, tv. sprinkle a lot of water on.

vi¢’ultaanan, tv. cf. vi¢’ultaan.

vi¢’ultaob, n1f. vessel for holy water, aspergillum, geranium.

vi¢’ultaobil, n1f. cf. vi¢’ultaob.

vi¢’ultas, tv. sprinkle water on.

vi¢’ultasan, tv. sprinkle a lot of water on.

vi¢’ultasanan, tv. cf. vi¢’ultasan.

vi¢’ultasob, n1f. vessel for holy water, aspergillum, geranium.

vi¢’ultasobil, n1f. cf. vi¢’ultasob.

vi¢’ultasvan, iv. sprinkle water on person (priest).

vi¢’ultavan, iv. sprinkle water on person.

vi¢’von, av. misting.

hvi¢’esvaneh ta voʔ, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who flicks water on another.

hvi¢’ultasvaneh ta voʔ, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who sprinkles water on another.

hvi¢’ultavaneh ta voʔ, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who sprinkles water on another.

vič(1) prob O.

vičič, av. running and cheeping (hungry chick).

vičičet, av. cheeping (hungry chick).

vičičetah, iv. cheep (hungry chick).

vičlah, av. cf. vičič (plu).

vičlahet, av. cf. vičvon (plu).

vičluh, av. giving sudden cheep (chick seized by hawk).

víčtevíčte, av. walking about cheeping (hungry chick).

vičvon, av. cheeping (hungry chick).

vivič, n1a. baby chick.

vič(2) P.

vičahtik, aj. sparse (hair, corn plants, trees). Male joking speech; sparse (pubic hair)

vičan, tv. defoliate.

vičan ba, rv. grow (single hair).

vičantik, aj. sparse and widely separated (hair, com plants, trees).

vičeah, iv. have but one branch left (tree), defoliate /leaving a few leaves at end of branch/.

vič¢an, tv. leave with one branch /tree/, defoliate /leaving a few leaves at end of branch/.

vičil, aj. solitary (hair, corn plant, tree), defoliated /with only a few leaves at end of branch/.

vičilik, aj. cf. vičahtik.

vičk’uh, iv. cf. vičeah.

vičleh, n4f. solitariness (tree).

vičvič, aj. solitary (tree).

vih T.

vih, tv. flick off /water/, sow.

vih, iv. be flicked off (water).

vih, nc. flicking off /water/.

vihahtik, aj. cf. vihil /plu/.

vihan, tv. flick off a lot of /water/, sow a lot.

vihanan, tv. cf. vihan.

víhanvíhan, tv. flick off one time after another /water/, sow one after another.

víhanvíhanan, tv. cf. víhanvíhan.

víh¢ah, iv. hang down (mucous, spit).

víhebal, n5. moment before finishing sowing.

vihel, nc. flicking off /water/.

vihes, tv. sprinkle water on.

vihesan, tv. sprinkle a lot of /water/ on.

vihesanan, tv. cf. vihesan.

vihesob, n1f. aspergillum, vessel for holy water, geranium, watering can.

vihesobil, n1f. cf. vihesob.

vihesvan, iv. sprinkle water on person.

vihet, av. hanging down (mucous, spit), drizzling.

vihih, av. dripping (mucous, spit), drizzling.

vihihet, av. hanging down (mucous, spit) /cow, person/, drizzling.

vihil, aj. hanging down (mucous, spit).

vihil voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. drizzle.

vihk’uh, iv. cf. vih¢ah.

vihlah, av. walking and giggling (plu).

vihlahet, av. cf. vihvon (plu).

vihlahetik, av. cf. vihvon (plu).

víhluh, av. sprinkling suddenly (rain).

vihob ¢’uiltasbil voʔ, nphr(n1d of nphr/aj & n/5). aspergillum vessel for holy water.

vihobil ¢’uiltasbil voʔ, nphr(n Id of nphr/aj & n/5). cf. vihob ¢’uiltasbil voʔ.

vihulan, tv. keep flicking off /water/.

vihulta, tv. sprinkle water on /with hand/.

vihultaan, tv. sprinkle a lot of /water/ on.

vihultaanan, tv. sprinkle a lot of /water/ on.

vihultas, tv. sprinkle water on /with hand/.

vihultasan, tv. sprinkle a lot of /water/ on.

vihultasanan, tv. cf. vihultasan.

vihultasob, n1f. aspergillum, vessel for holy water, geranium, watering can.

vihultasobil, n1f. cf. vihultasob.

vihultasvan, iv. sprinkle water on person.

vihultavan, iv. sprinkle water on person.

vihvon, av. tittering, giggling (girl EKL 258: 2-14), misting.

hvihesvaneh ta voʔ, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who flicks or sprinkles water on another.

hvihultasvaneh ta voʔ, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who flicks or sprinkles water on another.

hvihultavaneh ta voʔ, agn(nphr/vn5 p prep & n5/). person who flicks or sprinkles water on another.

rik O.

vik, onom. squeal /pig/.

viket av., squealing (pig) screaming (child that has been punished V2: 7, drunk, woman EKL 258: 2-17).

viketik, av. screaming (drunks) /with fear/.

vikik, av. screaming and running (frightened child).

vikiket, av. squealing (pig, V2: 18), screaming (child who does not want hair washed, young drunk).

viklah. av. screaming and walking (drunks, children).

viklahet, av. screaming (children playing), squealing (pigs), shouting, applauding, clamoring (people EKL 255: 1-11).

viklahetik, av. screaming (children playing).

vikluh, av. giving sudden squeal (pig), giving sudden scream (frightened child).

víktevíkte, av. screaming here and there (drunk), squealing here and there (pig).

vik’ I, T(2).

vik’, tv. open /eyes/.

vik’, iv. open (eyes of puppy after 15 days), remain wide awake.

vik’ahtik, aj. cf. vik’il /plu/.

vik’an, tv. open /eyes/ and stare.

vik’anan, tv. open /eyes/ and stare (people).

vík’anvík’an, tv. open one time after another /eyes/.

vík’anvík’anan, tv. cf. viík’anvík’an.

vik’¢ah, iv. open (eyes).

vik’es, tv. open /eyes/.

vik’es ba, rv. open /eyes/, wake up.

vik’esan, tv. open /eyes/ (people).

vik’et, av. with wide open /eyes/.

vik’ik’, av. opening quickly (eyes).

vik’ik’et, av. blinking.

vik’il, aj. open (eye).

vik’il ssat vik’il yoʔon. lit., His eyes are open. His heart is open, i.e., He goes to bed late and rises early /shaman who also is a witch/.

vik’il-sati, tv(aj & tvcpd). lie awake restlessly.

svik’il-sati ti sob t šbat. He is lying awake restlessly because he is leaving early.

vik’ilik, aj. cf. vik’il.

vik’lahet, av. cf. vik’von.

vik’leh, n4f. wakened.

vík’luh, av. opening suddenly (eyes).

vik’ob, n1f. time when person must wake.

vik’obil, n1f. time when person must wake. Ritual speech, house dedication; place where one’s eyes open.

skušobil yoʔon svik’obil ssat svik’obil sba. His heart’s repose, his eyes’ awakening, his eyes’ uncovering, i.e., home.

vík’tevík’te sat, vphr(av & n4d). walking about blinking.

vik’ulan, tv. keep opening /eyes/.

vik’ulan, iv. keep opening (eyes).

vik’von, av. wide open (eyes), wide awake.

vil I.

vil, iv. fly, die.

vileb, n4d. wing /spook/.

vilebal, n5. time when caterpillars turn into butterflies.

vilel, nc. flying (young bird).

vilem k’ok’, nphr(aj & n)5. airplane.

viles, tv. blow and send flying.

vilesan, tv. blow and send flying /plu/.

vilesanan, tv. cf. vilesan.

vilesvan, iv. nearly send person flying (strong wind).

vilet, av. gliding, flying (plane), soaring.

vilet ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). galloping, rushing (ritual assistant).

viletel čon, nphr(vn type n)5. flying animal /general term/.

viletik ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). rushing.

vilil, av. flying rapidly.

vililet, av. waving, flapping, fluttering /in wind/.

villah, av. rushing (plu).

villahet, av. cf. vilvon (plu).

vilol, n1d. clay whistle /made in San Cristóbal and blown by children on fiesta of St. Lawrence/.

vilomah, iv. frisk (child, baby animal), rush, hurtle (cow, bull).

víltevílte, av. flying about /in wind/.

víltevílte ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). rushing about.

vilulan, tv. make flutter /neckerchief in wind/.

vilulan, iv. flap (laundry in wind), flutter (fledgling).

vilvon, av. frisking (baby animal), flapping (banner, ribbon), bouncing up and down (child).

vin X.

vinah, iv. appear, be exposed, be seen, be heard, be distinguished, become known.

t švinah ta ssat. It shows on his face.

mu švinah lek. It can’t be heard well.

Ritual speech, scribes on Easter; t švinah t šʔosilah č’ul-muk’ta k’in paskwa. It is recognized, the news is spread of the great holy feast, Easter.

Ritual speech, shaman addressing tutelary gods; tal vinahuk tal ʔosilahuk ti smule ti skoloʔe ti yo 1 avalabe ti yo 1 anič’nabe. The crimes of Thy lowly child /born/ of woman, the evils of Thy lowly child /born/ of man have come to be exposed, have come to be published.

vinahel, vn5. sky, heaven.

Ritual speech, prayer, referring to female saint; č’ul-vinahelal ʔane, č’ul-vinahelal sinyora. divine heavenly woman, divine heavenly lady.

vinahes, tv. expose, bring to light, publicize.

isvinahes skotol ti k’u šʔelan šveʔik šuč’ik voʔ ta snaike. lit., She exposed everything about the way they eat and drink water in their home, i.e., She washed their dirty linen in public /in court/.

vinahesan, tv. spread a lot of news, bring a lot to light.

vinahesanan, tv. cf. vinahesan.

vinahesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). spread the word, investigate.

isvinahesbe sk’oplal mi ʔu k’usi č’ayem yuʔune. He spread the word when he had lost something.

vinahesobil, n4f. talking saint, divinatory basket.

vinahesvan, iv. reveal person’s presence, give person away (informer, dog, ceremonial sandals, flashlight, torch).

ta švinahesvan ¢’iʔ k’al šk’ot hvulaʔale. Dogs reveal the presence of people who arrive to visit.

hvinahesvaneh, agn. object or person that reveals another’s presence or gives person away.

yašal vinahel, nphr(aj & n). ‘blue sky’, an unattested variety of mushroom.

rinik N.

vinik, n1d. man, absolute form; term of address to husband.

hun ta vinik kantela. one candle-bearer’s amount /curing party, etc., with one candle-bearer/.

ta hmočbe smišik’ li ʔunene yoʔ mu šhelav ʔo svinik ta sč’ut. I will knot the baby’s umbilical cord so that cold won’t pass through to its stomach.

Denunciatory speech; muʔyuk hvinik muʔyuk kahmul. I have no man, I have no lover.

vinik ʔah, cf. ʔah.

vinik ʔahan toh, cf. toh.

vinik puh, cf. puh.

vinikal, n1d. manhood, an. poss.; husband.

vinkil, n4e. man who accompanies Our Lady of the Assumption to Ixtapa.

vinkil-loʔ, tv(x & tvcpd). gulp down greens without tortilla.

vinkil-tiʔ, tv(x & tvcpd). gulp down meat without tortilla.

vinkilah, iv. be born.

vinkiltas, tv. deliver baby (midwife).

vinkiltasobil, n4f. small manger for Christ Child built in Church of St. Sebastian.

vinkiltasvan, iv. deliver baby (midwife).

ta vinik, nphr(prep & n4d). a great deal /money/.

vinkil

vinkil, man, be born, gulp. cf. vinik.

vir prob O.

viret, av. making flapping sound (straw mat in wind), flapping (butterfly), trilling (whistle), whirring (mourning dove).

virir, av. spinning (leaves in wind), fluttering (fledgling).

viriret, av. making flapping sound (straw mat or ribbons in wind), trilling (whistle).

virlah, av. cf. virir.

virlahet, av. cf. viret (plu).

vírtevírte, av. fluttering about (bird).

rirat N(Sp, natividad).

virat, n1d. Nativity /girl’s name/ /infr/.

vis prob O.

viset, av. hissing (green wood in fire).

visiset, av. hissing (green wood in fire).

vislahet, av. cf. viset.

visvon, av. hissing (green wood in fier).

vistan N.

vistan, n5. Huistán.

visteko, n5. Huistec.

riš(1) N.

višil, n3d. elder sister, term of address to black rat.

hvištik mu šak’ušbon hmuk’ta viš. Our elder sister, do not gnaw my things, my great elder sister.

višobtakil, n5. female assistant of the tutelary gods.

višobtakil, n1a. ‘elder sisters’, peperomia Peperomia galioides, #1524(11, 12), #1847(1, 16). Highland “plant”. (11)-To relieve headaches and overheating or to calm fever, the plant is crushed in cold water in a pottery dish. The patient’s head is washed with the water once or twice a day. It is “cold”. (16)-To calm fever, a small bunch is brewed. A half-cup of the tea is drunk twice a day before meals, for one day. It is “cold”. (5)-To cure fever sores, a leaf is chewed. It is “cold”. #1935(1, 3, 4, 16, 17). Temperate “plant”. (17)-To relieve headaches, a small bunch is crushed and mixed with water. The patient’s head is washed with the water. It is “cold”, peperomia Peperomia quadrifolia, #2214(19). Highland “plant”. To relieve the heat of mahbenal, a small bunch is crushed in water. The patient washes his head, once. It is “cold”. For further medicinal uses, cf. k’oš ʔahateʔes. Bacopa sp., #1695(14). Lowland “plant”. (RML)-This is probably a misidentification.

višobtakiltik, n5. expanse of peperomia.

ba¢’i višobtakil, nphr(aj & n). peperomia Peperomia galioides, #131(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”. It is a basic ingredient of “flower water”, used to bathe patients, sacrificial chickens, and coffers. A large handful is needed. It is “cold”. It is used for adorning a patient’s ceremonial bed.

¢ahal višobtakil, nphr(aj & n). see below.

k’oš ¢ahal višobtakil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). peperomia Peperomia galioides, #1524(1, 3). Highland “plant”.

muk’ta višobtakil, nphr(aj & n). Peperomia liebmanii, #557(1, 3). Temperate “plant”, peperomia Peperomia humilis, #1289(1, 3, 4, 5). Temperate “plant”.

setahtik višobtakil, nphr(aj & n). peperomia Peperomia deppeana, #1222(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”

viš(2) prob O.

višlah, av. walking and whispering (plu).

višlahet, av. whispering (plu).

višlahetik, av. cf. višlahet.

víštevíšte, av. walking about talking or muttering to self.

višviš k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. whisper.

višviš-k’opoh, iv(aj & tvcpd). whisper, mutter to self.

višviš-k’opon, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper.

višviš-k’oponan, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper a lot.

višviš-k’oponvan, iv(aj & tvcpd). whisper to person.

višviš-k’opta, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about.

višviš-k’opta baik, rv(aj & tvcpd). whisper to each other.

višviš-k’optaan, tv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about a lot.

višviš-k’optaan baik, rv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about a lot to each other.

višviš-k’optaeh-bail, vn(tv/aj & tvcpd/ & rpncpd)5. whispering session.

višviš-koptavan, iv(aj & tvcpd). whisper about something to person.

višvon, av. mumbling or muttering to self.

višvon ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). thinking to oneself.

višvon ta ʔoʔon, vphr(av & prep & n4d). praying under one’s breath.

vivišta, tv. call to cat.

všvšt, onom. call to cat.

vit P, P(2).

vit, tv. hold dangling in fingers.

vit, nc. small handful /greens/ /1-2/, hanging fruit.

vit ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike dangling object.

vitahtik, aj. hanging (few fruits), hanging (testicles), with few /teeth/.

vitan, tv. hang up.

vitan ba, rv. dangle (penis).

vitan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hit a lot of dangling /fruits/.

vitanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). hit a lot of dangling /fruits/.

vitanob, n1f. branch or hook for hanging net.

vitanobil, n1f. cf. vitanob.

vitantik, aj. hanging far apart (fruits).

vítanvítan yalel ta mahel, vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5). knock one down after another /fruit with stick/.

vítanvítanan yalel ta mahel, vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5). knock one down after another /fruit with stick/.

vit¢ah, iv. dangle (penis).

vitet, av. floating (tiny amount of cabbage sloshing in pot), gap-toothed.

vitet ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). running.

vitetik ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. vitet ta ʔanil (plu).

viti, iv. dangle.

vitikil, n4f. many stems of cooked greens.

vitil, aj. hanging (single fruit, scrotum), with but a single /tooth/.

ʔa I ak’aʔ-veše tah ša vitil ta niʔ teʔ. lit., Your old pants are dangling from the tree top, i.e., You fell for it.

vitil t’uyul, ajphr(aj & aj). carrying a great number of possessions dangling from one’s back.

vitit, av. running.

vititet, av. running very fast.

vitk’uh, iv. cf. viteah.

vitlah, av. running without burden (plu).

vitlahet, av. swaying (fruit), drizzling.

vitlahetik, av. running (plu).

vitleh, n1f. dangling /penis, net/.

víttevítte, av. running about.

vitulan, tv. shake up and down /squirrel in fiesta of St. Sebastian/.

vitvit, nc. single fruit hanging, single small handful /greens/ /1 only/.

vitvon, av. swaying (bell, net in wind, testicles, wasp nest).

Scolding speech; yeč švitvon tal sbek’ yat. lit., He came with just his balls swaying, i.e., He returned empty-handed.

vitvon tal ta ʔanil, vphr(av & dr & prep & n5). running and approaching empty-handed.

vit’ I.

vit’es, tv. flick with fingers /water/.

vit’esan, tv. flick with fingers a lot of /water/.

vit’esvan ta voʔ, vphr(iv & prep & n5). flick water at person.

hvit’esvaneh ta voʔ, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). person who flicks water at another.

vivič

vivič, baby chick, cf. vič(1).

viviš

viviš, call to cat. cf. viš(2).

vivo A(Sp, vivo).

vivo, aj. smart, clever.

vivotik, aj. rather clever.

vivotik šaʔi sba leʔe. He thinks he’s pretty clever.

vivora

vivora, snake, cf. bivora.

vo(1) t.

vo, tv. roast, toast on the coals, dry before fire /clothing/, warm body.

vo, iv. be roasted or toasted.

vo ba, rv. warm self, dry off before fire.

voan, tv. roast or toast /plu/, dry before fire /clothing/ (people).

voanan, tv. cf. voan.

vóanvóan, tv. roast or toast one after another, dry /clothing/ before fire, one after another.

vóanvóanan, tv. cf. vóanvóan.

voilan, tv. keep roasting, toasting on the coals, drying before fire /clothing/, or warming body.

voilan ba, rv. keep warming self or drying off before fire.

volahetik, av. cf. vovon (plu).

voob, n1f. hot coals for roasting or toasting.

voobil, n1f. cf. voob.

vovan, iv. roast person, dry person’s clothing before fire.

vovon, av. roasting, drying before fire /clothing/.

vo(2) N.

vo, n1e. fly.

č’iš-vo, n(aj & ncpd)5. ’bristly fly’, deer fly.

yašal vo, nphr(aj & n)5. bluebottle, greenbottle, blowfly.

vo(3) prob O.

voet, av. snarling (dog), scolding (person).

voetik, av. cf. voet (plu).

vótevóte, av. walking about snarling (drunk).

voʔ(1) N.

voʔ, n5. water, liquid, rain, well. It is thought that if a person scolds the rain it will not come when wanted. A person who is finicky about drinking only the cleanest water will be condemned to drink pus in the afterlife, but if he is not too particular in this life he will be rewarded with pure water in the afterlife.

voʔ ʔuč’el, nphr(n type vn)5. ceremonial coffee and bread.

voʔ ʔuč’il, nphr(n type n)5. ceremonial coffee and bread.

voʔet, av. moving (black rain clouds, hail clouds).

voʔoʔet, av. moving (black rain clouds, hail clouds).

voʔtik, n5. rainy season.

voʔtikal čobtik, nphr(n type n)5. rainy season corn field.

ʔač’ voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. moment during change of office when incoming steward’s cupbearers replace those of the outgoing steward and then proceed to serve a round of drinks.

ʔaʔal, n4d. water, well. Polite and Ritual speech, cane liquor.

ʔaʔlel, n4f. moisture, juice.

yaʔlel ssat. his tears.

yaʔlel teʔ. sap, raindrops falling from leaves.

yaʔlel yat. wasp poison.

yaʔlel ye. his saliva or its poison /snake/.

haʔal ¢oʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. diarrhea /baby/.

haʔav, iv. draw water.

haʔbeh, vn5. trip for water.

t šibat ta haʔbeh. I am going to get water.

haʔub, iv. become wet (corn that is soaked overnight).

haʔubtas, tv. moisten /daub/.

hhaʔbil, agn. water carrier.

vuvuʔ, n5. Baby talk; water (or) I want to drink.

voʔ(2) P.

voʔ-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. hatless (boy), dumb, hornless.

voʔahtik, aj. cf. voʔol /plu/.

voʔan, n1a. large growth /on body/.

voʔan ba, rv. have large growth /voʔan, čakal/.

voʔanbe čamel, vphr(tv & vn5). cause growth on person (witch).

voʔeah, iv. erupt (čakal, goiter).

voʔel, aj. hatless, stupid (boy).

Scolding speech, mother to child; voʔel ahol smeʔ heʔiʔ muk’ bu sabat. Dumb mother of my dog, you won’t go anywhere!

voʔet, av. hatless (boy), dumb, hornless.

voʔi, iv. be hatless (boy).

voʔlah, av. cf. voʔvon (plu).

voʔlahet, av. cf. vote! (plu).

voʔleh, n1f. hatlessness, with large lumps.

voʔoʔ, av. walking hornless.

voʔol, aj. hatless (boy), stupid, lumpy (čakal, goiter, voʔan).

voʔolik, aj. lumpy (čakal).

vóʔtevóʔte hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hatless (boy).

voʔvoʔ, aj. hatless (boy), hornless.

voʔvon, av. walking hatless (boy).

voʔ(3) Num.

voʔ______, n(num & nccpd)5. five.

voʔ-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e. fifteen.

voʔ-vinik, n(num & numcpd)1e. hundred.

voʔʔoʔ čaʔ-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f). in or by twenty-fives, every twenty-five.

voʔʔoʔ-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5. in or by hundreds, every hundred /archaic/.

voʔhe, n1e. five days ago.

voʔob, n1e. five.

voʔvoʔ______, n(num & nccpd)5. by or in fives, every five.

ʔoʔob, n4e. five.

voʔ(4)

voʔ, person, cf. vaʔ.

voʔ(5)

voʔ, I, you, we. cf. vaʔ.

voʔ(6) O.

voʔoʔet, av. roaring.

voʔne N.

voʔne, n1e. long ago, former times, once.

voʔne, aj. former.

voʔne k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. myth, tale of long ago.

voʔnetik, aj. rather long ago.

VOʔOš N.

voʔoš, n1a. anatto tree Bixa orellana, #2691(1, 3, 15, 20, 21, 22). Lowland “tree”.(3)-It is grown by ladinos. The seeds are broadcast at the beginning of the rainy season. The plant must not be handled when young. The fruit is spread out on a straw mat in the sun to dry. It is sold at market. It is used by ladinos to season turkey. Indigestion is caused by drinking cold water after eating it. It is “cold”.(1)-It is planted in July. The fruit is harvested in August of the following year. (15)-It is planted by ladinos in June and harvested in January. One seed is planted to a hole. It colors food red. It is cold”.(20)-It colors food yellow. It is Jcold”.(21)-It is used to flavor turkey and vokol ʔič. It is “cold”.(5)-It is put in warm water and drunk to cause measles to erupt. It is “medium”.It is used as a red dye for sashes. It is used to color ¢ahal vokol ʔič that is served at the veneration of the coffers of the Holy Sacrament, St. Dominic, and Our Lady of the Rosary. It is used to color a patient’s chicken.

voʔošaltik, n5. large grove of anatto trees.

voʔoštik, n5. grove of anatto trees.

voʔoš teʔ, nphr(n type n). Kohleria elegans, #1254(7). Highland “tree”

vo’tus N.

voʔtus, n1a. marigold, see below. common zinnia Zinnia elegans, # 1646(14). Lowland “plant”. It is grown by ladinos. The flowers are sold to those who take them to church as offerings.

voʔtusaltik, n5. large expanse of marigolds.

voʔtustik, n5. expanse of marigolds.

ʔan¢il voʔtus, nphr(natt & n). ’female marigold’, see below.

¢ahal ʔan¢il voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). aztec marigold. (23)-A small bunch of the flowers of this unattested variety is provided by each steward for decorations on the fiesta of St. Sebastian. One small basket, half marigolds and half geraniums is provided by each steward for the fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary.

k’anal ʔaneil voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/). aztec marigold Tageles erecta, #2711(1, 4). Highland “plant” It is planted in the corn field between the rows of corn, in the beginning of the rainy season. The flowers are sold at market. They are used by the stewards, stewards-royal and elders for the flower change for All Souls’ Day. They are used to decorate the graves. (23)-One small basket, half marigolds, and half geraniums, is provided by each steward on All Souls’ Day. (5)-To relieve a cough, the leaves are brewed with orange rind. The tea is “hot”.(RML)-The flower is a double form.

¢ahal voʔtus, nphr(aj & n). aztec marigold Tageles erecta, #2412(1), #2718(1, 4). Highland “plant”. It is planted in the corn field between the rows of corn, in the beginning of the rainy season. The stewards put the flowers in altar vases in the church and in their homes on All Souls’ Day, and during the fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary. The flowers also are used to adorn the censers that are lowered into the salt well at Voʔ-bi¢ during the latter fiesta.

¢eb voʔtus, nphr(n type n). ’girl voʔtus’, aztec marigold Tageles erecta, #2411(1). Highland “plant”. Same use as k’anal ʔan¢il voʔtus.

¢ebal voʔtus, nphr(natt & n). ’girl marigold’, same as eeb vowus. kašlan voʔtus, nphr(aj & n). see below.

¢ahal kašlan voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). aztec marigold Tageles erecta, #2716(1, 4). Highland “plant”. It is grown by the people of Vaʔ-bi¢. The flowers are used to adorn the altar on the fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary.

kelem voʔtus, nphr(n type n)1d. ’boy marigold’, wild marigold Tageles elongata, #2272(19). Temperate and highland “plant” On All Souls’ Day three bunches of marigolds are tied to the house cross and one bunch to the grave cross. (RML)-The flower is a single form.

¢ahal kelem vo9tus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). aztec marigold Tagetes erecta, #2412(20). Highland plant” The flowers are put in altar vases on All Souls’ Day.

k’anal kelem vo9tus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). aztec marigold Tagetes erecta, #2413(20). Highland “plant” The flowers are used on All Souls’ Day for offerings to the dead, wild marigold Tagetes elongata, #2272(3, 4). Temperate and highland “plant”.#2514(4). Highland “plant”. On All Souls’ Day three bunches of the flowers are tied to the house cross and one bunch to the grave cross.

k’oš kelem voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). wild marigold Tagetes elongata, #2398(3, 4). Highland “plant”.

krem voʔtus, nphr(n type n). boy marigold’, aztec marigold Tagetes erecta, #585(1), #2413(1). Highland “plant”. It grows in corn fields. It is seldom used for offerings.

k’oš voʔtus, nphr(aj & n). wild marigold Tagetes elongata, #2172(11). Temperate “plant”. #2398(20). Highland ’plant’.

voʔtus ʔuloʔ, nphr(n of n). ’Chamula’s marigold’, wild marigold Tagetes elongata, #2172(14). Temperate “plant”.

voʔtus ¢iʔlel, nphr(n type n). orange lantana Lantana glandulosissima, #747(1, 2, 4, 5). Highland “plant” Schkuhria anthemoidea, #65(2, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

voʔtus č’o, nphr(n of n). ’mouse’s marigold’, wild marigold Tagetes elongata, #2585(21, 22). Temperate plant”

vob N.

vob, n1d. stringed instrument, drum.

vabah, iv. play /stringed instrument/.

t šbat ta vabahel. He goes to play /stringed instrument/.

vabal, n4f. stringed instrument, drum.

muk’ lek svabal. They are not playing well.

t štih to svabal. The music is still playing /at wake/.

vaban ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d). give war whoop /as did U. S. Indians, with interruptions formed by touching hands to lips/ (cantor and judge ordinary during Carnival).

hvabahom, agn. musician /stringed instrument/.

vo¢ P, P(2).

vo¢, tv. pick up carelessly in ball /clothes/.

vo¢, nc. pile /wool, pine needles, leaves, stubble/, cluster /daddy longlegs/.

vo¢, aj. runty.

vo¢-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5. with patched seat of pants.

vo¢-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. messy-haired.

vo¢-hol poš, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). wild verbene Elytraria imbricata, #2015(16, 17). Lowland “plant*. To relieve aching legs, a small bunch is brewed. The warm water is used to bathe the legs.

vo¢-sahoʔ, cf. sahoʔ.

vo¢ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). knock around.

vo¢bil ta mahel sčiʔuk seaeal. carelessly said (or) done.

vo¢ahtik, aj. seated, huddled up /in blanket/, puffy (face with sickness or hangover), in piles (clothes, wool, etc.).

vo¢an, tv. set down /wool, pine needles, leaves, stubble, clothes/.

vo¢an, aj. dumb.

vo¢an ba, rv. sit (person wrapped in blanket, frog).

vo¢anan, tv. set down a lot of /wool, pine needles, leaves, stubble, clothes/.

vo¢ananan, tv. cf. vo¢anan.

vo¢anil, n4f. gristle /beef/.

vó¢anvóean, tv. set in one pile after another /blankets/.

vóeanvóeanan, tv. cf. vóeanvóean.

vo¢be eč’el ta ʔok, vphr(tv & dr & prep & n4d). walk rapidly.

vo¢¢ah, iv. swell (face with cold).

vo¢eah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). drop in pile (clothes). voeet, av. walking /wrapped in blanket/, sitting (wool), walking with puffy face /from sickness or hangover/, swarming (bees), walking stupidly or phlegmatically, feeling tipsy.

vo¢etah, iv. sit huddled.

vo¢etik, av. walking /wrapped in blanket/.

vo¢i, iv. sit (person wrapped in blanket).

vo¢ib, iv. become runty, become stupid /from ill-treatment/.

vo¢il, n4f. runt.

vo¢ilan, tv. keep picking up carelessly in ball /clothes/.

vo¢ilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep knocking around.

vo¢ilanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep knocking around /plu/.

vo¢ilanvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). keep knocking person around.

vo¢kan, aj. nappy (improperly made cotton tunic).

vo¢k’ih lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). take out in piles /wool/.

vo¢k’ih komel, vphr(iv & dr). be left in pile (wool). voelahet, av. buzzing with many people talking (market), walking with puffy faces, swarming (market, buzzards in trees).

vo¢lahetik, av. cf. vo¢lahet (plu).

vo¢leh, n1f. sitting huddled /in blanket/, sitting in pile.

vó¢lih, av. landing suddenly in pile (clothes, person), swarming suddenly (bees, people, dogs).

vo¢o¢et, av. swarming (bees, gnats, fruit flies), fizzing, foaming.

vo¢ol, aj. seated, huddled up, in pile (clothes, wool, etc.), awry (thatch), messy (hair), situated (nest on branch).

h-set’ vo¢ol. with few pubic hairs (or) puffy /face with sickness or hangover/.

vo¢olik, aj. seated and huddled up, puffy (face with sickness or hangover).

vó¢olvó¢ol, n4f. each of many piles /weeds/.

vó¢tevó¢te, av. walking about huddled over /in cold/.

vo¢van ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). knock person around.

vo¢vo¢, nc. single pile /pine needles/ /1 only/.

vo¢vo¢, aj. in round clumps (wool, grass, underbrush).

vo¢vo¢ k’op. bedlam.

vo¢vo¢il, n4e. gristle /beef/.

vo¢von, av. swarming (buzzards on ground, bees, gnats, flies), growling ferociously (V2: 19), talking (many people).

svo¢von svoal ye. The flies are swarming around his mouth /drunk/.

vo¢’ T.

vo¢’, tv. knead /mud, corn dough, beans/.

vo¢’, iv. be kneaded (mud, corn dough).

vo¢’, nc. kneading /mud, corn dough/.

vo¢’an, tv. knead a lot of /mud, corn dough, beans/.

vo¢’anan, tv. cf. vo¢’an.

vó¢’anvó¢’an, tv. knead one after another /mud, corn dough, beans/.

vó¢’anvó¢’anan, tv. cf. vó¢’anvó¢’an.

vo¢’el, nc. kneading /mud, corn dough/.

vo¢’ilan, tv. keep kneading /mud, corn dough/.

vo¢’ilan, iv. keep being kneaded (mud, corn dough).

vo¢’ilanan, tv. keep kneading a lot of /mud, etc./.

vo¢’lahet, av. cf. vó¢’von (plu).

vo¢’ob, n1f. hoe.

vo¢’obil, n1f. cf. vo¢’ob.

vo¢’vo¢’, nc. single amount of kneaded mud /1 only/

vo¢’von, av. kneading slowly and ineffectually.

voč(1) I, P, P(2).

voč, iv. blister.

voč, nc. blister.

voč ba, rv. begin to head (cabbage).

voč-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5. wearing baggy pants.

vočahtik, aj. cf. vočol (plu).

vočan, tv. stand while wearing baggy pants, begin to head (cabbage).

vočan ba, rv. begin to head (cabbage).

vočanan, tv. begin to head (cabbages).

vočeah, iv. begin to head (cabbage).

vočel, aj. baggy (pants), blistered.

vočemal, n1d. buster, vocet, av. walking with baggy pants.

voči, iv. puff up /with wind or air/, begin to head (cabbage).

vočlah, av. walking with baggy pants (plu).

vočlahet, av. cf. vočvon (plu).

vočleh, n1f. bagginess, heading /cabbage/.

vočlih, av. puffing up suddenly /with air/.

vočol, aj. baggy (pants), beginning to head (cabbage).

vočolik, aj. beginning to head (cabbage).

vóčtevóčte čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with baggy pants, voevoe, aj. baggy (seat and legs of pants).

vočvon, av. walking with baggy seat and legs of pants.

voč(2) prob O.

vočet, av. talking quietly (people in house).

vočočet, av. talking quietly (people in house).

voč’ T(2).

voč’, tv. smash /basket, gourd, fence, bottle, clod of earth/, crush /gravel, bone, peach pit/, grind first time /com/, break /fence/.

voč’, iv. be smashed (bottle, gourd, bone, etc.), be ground for first time (corn), be broken (fence), tear in many places (mat left in sun).

voč’, aj. coarse (corn dough).

voč’ baik, rv. fight (dogs).

voč’ baik ta ʔutel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5). lambast each other.

voč’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. lambasting.

voč’ lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). chase out /with rocks/.

voč’ vivič, nphr(n1f of n1d). chick feed.

voči’ahtik, aj. broken (basket, fence).

voč’an, tv. smash or crush a lot of, grind for the first time a lot of /corn/.

voč’anan, tv. cf. voč’an.

vóč’anvóč’an, tv. smash or crush one after another, grind one time after another /corn/.

vóč’anvóč’anan, tv. cf. vóč’anvóč’an.

voč’¢ah, iv. break (basket, fence).

voč’¢an, tv. crush /basket/, smash /fence/.

voč’eanvan, iv. give person a backache (burden).

voč’ebal, n5. moment before finishing first grinding.

voč’el, nc. portions of com receiving first grinding /1-3/.

voč’el, aj. splintered, crushed (basket), smashed (fence).

voč’et, av. walking with clinking /money/, walking on crackling /leaves/.

voč’ilan, tv. keep smashing /basket, etc./, crushing /gravel, etc./, breaking /fence/ or grinding first time /corn/.

voč’ilan baik, rv. keep fighting (dogs).

voč’ilanan, tv. keep breaking in many places /fence/, keep crushing /plu/.

voč’k’ih, iv. cf. voč’¢ah.

voč’k’in, tv. cf. voč’ean.

voč’lah, av. crackling (leaves).

voč’lahet, av. walking on crackling /leaves/.

voč’lahetik, av. cf. voč’lahet.

voč’leh, n4f. first grinding /corn/.

voč’lih, av. crashing suddenly (tree VI: 11 and 15, fence, drunk), crackling suddenly (leaves), smashing suddenly (glass VI: 10).

voč’ob, n1f. metate.

voč’obil, n1f. cf. voe’ob.

voč’oč’, av. crackling (stubble underfoot).

voč’oč’et, av. crackling (leaves), crashing (collapsing building VI: 8 and 9, tree VI: 11).

voč’ol bak, nphr(aj & n)1e. splinter or piece of bone.

voč’ol p’in, nphr(aj & n)1e. potsherd.

voč’ol teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a. splinter, chip, broken branch.

toh voč’ol teʔ ik’ot. lit., It landed in splinters /badly broken bone/.

voč’ol ton, nphr(aj & n)1a. gravel.

voč’olil, n4f. splinter, chip, broken glass, potsherd.

voč’omah, iv. grind com first time.

vóč’tevóč’te, av. making crackling sounds here and there /walking in forest/.

voč’van, iv. fight (dog), make person ache (log that is carried).

voč’van ta ʔmtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). lambast.

voč’von, av. crackling (leaves), crunching (frost or sand underfoot).

hvoč’om, agn. woman grinding com first time.

hvoč’vaneh, agn. vicious dog.

hvoč’vaneh ta ʔutel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/). person who lambasts another.

voh(1) P.

voh, nc. cluster /cherries/, raceme /bananas/.

vohahtik, aj. cf. vohol /plu/.

vohan, tv. produce many fruits, hang up or set down /bananas/.

vohan ba, rv. be in pair (testes).

vohanan, tv. hang up or set down /bananas/.

vohananan, tv. cf. vohanan.

vohanob, n1f. place where bananas are put.

vohanobil, n1f. cf. vohanob.

vohantik, aj. widely spaced (racemes of bananas).

vóhanvóhan, tv. hang up or set down /racemes of bananas/, produce fruits (banana palm).

vóhanvóhanan, tv. cf. vóhanvóhan.

voh¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). drop in cluster (fruit).

vohel, aj. in pair (testes).

vohet, av. in pair (testes) /naked/.

vohi, iv. be in pair (testes), be in raceme (bananas).

vohk’ih lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). appear in pair (testes of drunk whose fly has opened).

vohleh, n1f. pair /testes/, raceme /bananas on tree or on ground/.

vohlehikil, n4f. cf. vohleh /plu/.

vóhlih, av. moving suddenly in cluster (fruit).

vohokil, n4f. many racemes /in piles/.

vohol, aj. in cluster (fruits), in pair (testes).

voholik, aj. cf. vohol /plu/.

vóholvóhol, n4f. each of many racemes /bananas on trees/.

vóhtevóhte, av. walking about with testes in pair /naked/.

voh(2) O.

vohlah, av. walking and barking (plu).

vohlahet, av. cf. vohvon (plu).

vóhlih, av. barking suddenly.

vóhtevóhte, av. barking about.

vohvoh, onom. bowwow.

vohvon, av. barking.

vohton N.

vohton, n1a. ear of dried corn.

vohton ʔeč’, cf. ʔeč”.

vok(1) X.

vok, n4f. foam.

vok VOʔ, nphr(n of n). ’water foam’, watercress Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, #1465(11, 12). Highland “plant”

vokan, iv. boil, froth (mouth), become sudsy.

vok¢ah, iv. swell (body from stings, weevil-eaten beans or corn).

vokok muyel tal, vphr(av & dr & dr). boiling over.

vokol, aj. difficult, nearly bursting (bruise).

vokol ʔič, nphrfaj & n)1a. corn chowder flavored with onion, tomato and chili.

vokol ʔič ʔis-ak’, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/x & ncpd/)5. corn chowder flavored with onion, chili, tomato and potato.

vokol ʔič čitom, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. corn chowder flavored with onion, tomato, chili and pork /served at each of three year renewal ceremonies and at will/.

vokol ʔič čoy, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. corn chowder flavored with onion, chili and fish, tomato or potato /eaten during Lent/.

vokol ič kamaron, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. corn chowder flavored with shrimp.

vokol ʔič koʔsan, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. corn chowder flavored with onion, chili, tomato and chayote root.

vokol ʔič ta kokoʔon, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & prep & n)5. corn chowder flavored with onion, mexican tea and chili.

vokol ʔič ton kašlan, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & nphr/n of n/)5. corn chowder flavored with onion, chili, tomato and eggs /served at each of three year renewal ceremonies and at will/.

vokolet, av. begging earnestly.

vokolil, n3a. suffering, hardship, effort, cf. ʔik’tiʔil.

Polite speech; mu šavak’ avokol. Don’t take the trouble!

vokoltas, tv. boil.

vokoltasobil, n4f. pot for boiling.

vokoltik, aj. rather difficult.

vóktevókte ʔe, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with spittle on mouth (drunk).

¢ahal vokol ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5. corn chowder containing chili, achiote, cloves, sauce for chicken and eggs. It is served by ensign-bearers and elders to civil authorities and selves on fiesta of St. Sebastian /2 days/, on Carnival Tuesday, and on St. John’s Day.

kol ʔal, vphr(aj/contr of vokol/ & tv). thank.

Polite speech; kol aval hutuk. Thank you very much.

vok(2) prob O.

vokoket niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). snoring.

vokoto N.

vokoto, n5. plain chachalaca Ortalis vetula. It is hunted and eaten, seasoned with mexican tea. It is ’medium” or “hot”. The calling of chachalacas is believed to forecast the beginning of the rainy season.

vok’(1) I(2), T(2).

vok’, tv. break /chair, egg, pot, bottle, gourd, peso bill, coin/, fracture /skull/, open /squash/, crush /rock/. Male joking speech; break /ass/ /falling person/.

vok’, iv. break (wood, egg, head, pot, bottle, peso bill, coin), fracture (skull), hatch (birds, cockroach), emerge (young weeds, flower plants, coriander, field mustard, cabbages).

yeč noš ivok’ iʔayan ti smule. His guilt just hatched and was born /by false accusation/.

vok’, n4f. stripe /clothing/.

vok’ ʔosil, vphr(tv & n5). hoe.

vok’-ʔosiltik, vn(tv & ncpd)5. hoeing season.

vok’ ʔunen, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). The baby is born /traditionally said on Christmas Eve/.

vok’ čak vinahel, vphr(iv & nphr/n4f of vn5/). dawn.

vok’ na, vphr(tv & n5). enter house to steal (dog).

vok’-na, vn(tv & ncpd)5. lit., housebreaking, i.e., first visit of groom and petitioners to bride’s home.

vok’ nuk’, vphr(iv & n4d). have voice crack (person with cough, person singing, adolescent boy who has mistress).

vok’ ta na, vphr(tv & prep & n5). break into house /to steal posessions or woman/.

vok’ tak’in, vphr(tv & n1d). break or change peso bill or coin.

vok’ tak’in, nphr(n1f of n1d). change /small bills or coins received in exchange for large bill or coin/.

vok’ahtik, aj. hoed, vok’an, tv. break /plu/.

vok’an ta na, vphr(tv & prep & n5). break into many houses.

vok’an tak’in, vphr(tv & n4d). change a lot of coins for bills.

vok’anan, tv. cf. vok’an.

vok’anan tak’in, vphr(tv & n4d). cf. vok’an tak’in.

vók’anvók’an, tv. break one after another.

vók’anvók’anan, tv. cf. vók’anvók’an.

vok’balal, aj. newly hoed, suitable for hoeing.

vok’eb, n4d. Ritual speech, prayer for forgiveness (or) Denunciatory speech; lit., place of emergence, i.e., mother.

hvok’eb kayaneb. lit., the place of my emergence, my birthplace, i.e., my mother.

vok’ebal, n4d. cf. vok’eb.

vok’ebal čak vinahel, nphr(n5 of nphr/n4f of n5/). moment before dawning.

vok’el, nc. breaking ground.

vok’emal, n4f. chipped section of pot.

vok’es, tv. hatch, cause to emerge /cabbage, plant, etc./.

vok’et bakel čak, vphr(av & nphr/n4f of n1d/). suffering pain in rump /from bloody dysentery/.

vok’ilan, tv. keep breaking or hoeing.

vok’ilan, iv. keep being hoed, keep hatching.

vok’ilanan, tv. keep breaking /plu/.

vok’lahet, av. breaking, hoeing (plu), feeling sharp pains.

vok’leh, n4f. hoed, broken, change /peso bill, coin/.

vok’lih, av. feeling sudden sharp pain (cavity) /from contact with cold or hot food/.

vok’ob, n1f. hoe, sledgehammer, dynamite, machete, rock.

vok’obil, n1f. cf. vok’ob.

vok’ok’, av. having sinus pains.

vok’ok’et bakel čak, vphr(av & nphr/n4f of n1d/). suffering pain in rump /from bloody dysentery/.

vok’ok’et hol, vphr(av & n4d). suffering splitting headache.

vok’ok’et, vphr(av & n4d). suffering sinus pains.

vok’ok’et sat, vphr(av & n4d). suffering burning or stinging eyes /from sinus, smoke, dirt in eyes, looking at sun/.

vok’ol limete, nphr(aj & n)1e. broken glass.

vok’ol p’in, nphr(aj & n)1e. potsherds.

vok’ol teT, nphr(aj & n)1e. splinters.

vok’olik, aj. broken.

vok’olil, n4f. broken piece /glass, sherds/.

vok’omah, iv. break another’s /pot/.

vók’tevók’te k’ušul, vphr(av & n4f). feeling sharp pains in various places /woman in labor, person with bloody dysentery/.

vok’van ta na, vphr(iv & prep & n5). break into person’s house.

hvok’-ʔosil, agn(tv & ncpd). hoer.

hvok’-mail, agn(tv & ncpd). religious functionary /steward’s assistant who cuts open watermelon squashes and cushaws during the Posadas/.

hvok’-na, agn(tv & ncpd). person or dog who breaks into house.

hvok’-tak’in, agn(tv & ncpd). person who changes bills or coins.

hvok’-ton, agn(tv & ncpd). road worker who crushes or dynamites rocks.

hvok’vaneh ta na, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/). housebreaker.

vok’(2) X.

vok’, nc. large group /people/, large herd /cows/, large flock /horses, sheep/, large brood /chicks/.

vok’okil, n4f. many large groups.

vok’olvok’ol, n4f. each of many large groups, etc.

vol P, P(2).

vol, tv. wrap loosely /head in scarf while holding onto ends/, wrap up /clothes, tortillas/, carry in bundle.

vol, iv. be wrapped up /in blanket/.

vol, n4f. bandage, wrapper /leaves used to wrap tamales, corn husk, air pine leaves, banana leaves or banana trunk used to wrap posol, oak leaves used to wrap charcoal when it is carried to be sold/.

vol, nc. In reference to; pile /carded wool; ten cards/, cloud, meeting.

vol ʔak’al, nphr(n1f of n1d). charcoal wrapper /leaves used by charcoal sellers/.

vol ʔot, nphr(n4f of n4d). ta male wrapper.

vol ba, rv. wrap self /in blanket/, grow (foetus), harden (growth).

vol baik, rv. move around (people assembling at table for meal).

vol-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. wrapping self /in blanket/.

vol-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5. hornless (ram, cow), hatless, small-headed (boy).

vol vah, nphr(n of n)5. tamale wrapper /hand flower leaves/.

volahtik, aj. wrapped up (person in blanket, head in scarf, tamale), cumulus (clouds), spherical (rocks, corn kernels, beans).

volahtik ʔuč’ul vol, cf. ʔuč’ul voʔ.

volan, tv. set down wrapped up.

volan, tv. wrap /plu/.

volan ba, rv. pile up (clouds), form lump (sickness in body), cluster (bees).

volanan, tv. cf. volan.

vólanvólan, tv. wrap one after another /tamales/.

vólanvólanan, tv. cf. vólanvólan.

volebal, n5. moment before finishing wrapping of flowers, tamales, or salt trough of Voʔ-bi¢.

volet, av. moving (balloon, foetus), moving indistinctly (person at night).

lek švolet ssat balamil (or) lek švolet ssat ʔosil (or) švolet meʔel. barely able to see /in darkness/.

volet ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). rushing in distance (dog, person).

voletik ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5). cf. volet ta lanil (plu).

volhe, n1e. yesterday.

voli, iv. be wrapped up /in blanket/.

voli, tv. crowd together /to finish job rapidly/, cluster or swarm on (bees, shoppers).

volilan, tv. keep wrapping in a ball.

volim, n1a. ceremonial bed of patient.

volimtik, n5. corral of animal companion spirits inside Muk’ta Vi¢.

volivan, iv. swarm on person (angry bees or wasps).

vollah, av. moving indistinctly (people in dark).

volleh, n4f. roundness (rock).

vollehikil, n4f. cf. volleh /plu/.

vóllih, av. rushing & growling suddenly in pack (dogs), swarming suddenly (bees).

volob, n1f. cloth to wrap tortillas, Mexican coyote brush branches to wrap flowers, edible canna leaves to wrap meat and to wrap chicken meat presented to shaman.

volobil, n1f. cf. volob.

volokil, n4f. each of many clouds /smoke of blasting iron/.

volol, av. rushing (dog), shooting (star).

volol, aj. wrapped up (person in blanket, head in scarf), cumulus (clouds), hidden /in clouds/.

vololet, av. growling rapidly & attacking (dog V2: 19), moving around (foetus), rolling or moving (car).

vololik, aj. cf. volahtik.

volov, n1e. paca Agouti paca. The paca is considered edible. It is “cold”.

They are destructive to young com plants. Pacas are not companion animal spirits.

vóltevólte hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking about hatless.

vóltevólte muyel, vphr(av & dr). billowing (smoke).

volvan, iv. wrap person /in blanket/, carry away person (whirlwind).

volvol, aj. hornless (ram, cow), hatless, small-headed (boy), spherical.

volvol lie, cf. ʔič.

volvol ton, nphr(aj & n)5. pebble.

volvon, av. walking hatless. hvolvaneh, agn. person who wraps another /in blanket/.

vola N(Sp, bola).

vola, n1a. ringworm.

vom(1) P, P(2).

vom, tv. perforate /wood, clothes, rocks, leather sieve, coin for chaplet/, drill, dig hole, cut hole in.

vom, iv. be perforated, have hole dug, cut or drilled into.

vom, nc. hole, perforation.

vom ba, rv. be stuck /with stick or knife/, prick self.

vom baik ta ______, vphr(rv & prep & n5). pierce each other with ______/knife, bullet, etc./.

vom-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual shooting or knifing.

vom ta bala, vphr(tv & prep & n5). shoot.

vomahtik, aj. with holes (clothing), perforated (ground with burrows from which June bugs have emerged).

voman, tv. dig holes in.

voman ba, rv. stand on all fours allowing one’s anus to be seen.

vomanan, tv. cf. voman.

vomantik, aj. with widely spaced holes.

vómanvóman, tv. make one hole after another in /leather corn sieve/ /mouse or moth in clothing/.

vómanvómanan, tv. cf. vómanvóman.

vombenal, n4f. perforation, hole.

vom¢ah, iv. become filled with holes (clothes).

vomebal, n5. moment before finishing drilling or digging hole.

vomel, nc. perforating.

vomet, av. wholly visible (anus).

vomilan, tv. keep drilling or digging holes.

vomleh, n4f. size /hole/.

vomob, n1f. wire used to perforate sandal, crowbar, drill.

vomobil, n1f. cf. vomob.

vomočtik, aj. riddled with holes, vomol, aj. with opening or hole.

k’ak’al vomol sbe seor His ass is clearly visible.

vomolik, aj. cf. vomahtik.

vómolvómol, n4f. each of many holes.

vómtevoómte, av. walking about with torn clothing.

vomvan ta bala, vphr(iv & prep & n5). shoot person.

vomvom, aj. with opening or hole.

vomvon čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking with torn seat of pants.

vom(2) O.

vomlahet, av. cf. vomvon (plu).

vómlih, av. barking suddenly.

vómtevómte, av. walking here and there barking.

vomvom, onom. bowwow.

vomvon, av. barking (dog V2: 19) /throatier than vahvon /, barking furiously (dog EKL 252: 1-12).

vompa N(Sp, bomba).

vompa, n1a. pump.

vompa, n1d. Carnival joke.

von prob O.

vonon, av. buzzing (bumblebee, bee).

vonon, n1e. bumblebee, carpenter bee.

ʔik’al vonon, nphr(aj & n)5. carpenter bee Xylocopa sp..

hʔalnom vonon, nphr(agn type n)5. ’woman who has given birth vonon’, bumblebee Bombus sp..

k’anal vonon, nphr(aj & n)5. bumblebee Bombus formosus Smith.

vononet, av. buzzing (bumblebee, bee), popping in ears /when going to lower altitude/.

vorša N(Sp, bolsa).

vorša, n1a. bag, bandolier.

vorša pok’, nphr(n type n)1a. white flour bag /used by men to carry market goods/, cf. sakil pok’.

vos(1) I, P.

vos, iv. become soggy (tortilla, toasted tortilla, paper), become soft and moist (dirt on body or clothes).

vosahtik, aj. soggy (tortillas, toasted tortillas).

vosan ba, rv. become soggy (tortilla, toasted tortilla, paper), become soft and moist (earth, dirt on body or clothes).

vos¢ah, iv. become soggy (tortilla, toasted tortilla, paper), become soft and moist (earth, dirt on body).

voses, tv. make soggy /tortilla, toasted tortilla, paper/, make soft and moist /earth, dirt on body/.

vosesobil, n4f. water used to moisten earth.

vosilan, iv. keep becoming moist (fresh daub).

vosk’ih, iv. cf. voseah.

vosol, aj. well cooked (beans, corn for posol), soggy (tortillas, toasted tortillas).

vosolik, aj. well cooked (beans), soggy (tortillas, toasted tortillas).

vosos, av. rubbing off (dirt).

vos(2) prob O.

voset, av. huffing with anger.

vosetik, av. cf. voset (plu).

voslah, av. panting strenuously (mules).

voslahet, av. panting strenuously (mules or people climbing hill, people during intercourse).

voslahetik, av. cf. voslahet (plu), huffing with anger.

vososet, av. fizzing, huffing with anger, foaming.

vóstevóste, av. walking about huffing with anger.

vosvon, av. huffing with anger, panting (mule, person).

vosal N(Sp, bozal).

vosal, n1a. muzzle /an. poss. restricted to third person/.

vot 1(2).

vot, iv. get diaper rash, be chafed /by new clothes/.

votahtik, aj. cf. volol /plu/.

votet, av. very dry (leather, stale tortilla).

votilan, iv. keep suffering from diaper rash.

votol, aj. bristly (pine cone, negro head soncoya), blistered.

votolik, aj. cf. votol /plu/.

votoltik, aj. with diaper rash, blistered.

votvot, aj. with small watery growth (burn blister), bristly.

vov X.

vov, n1d. madness.

ta vov ta mah sa ibat. He left in a mad rush.

svov ša tal. He came in a mad rush.

vov šik, cf. šik.

vovet, av. feeling dizzy.

vovi, iv. go mad (person, rabid dog), be madly in love.

vovi loʔil, nphr(aj & n)5. crazy talk, irresponsible talk, joke.

vovib, iv. go mad.

vovil, n4b. madness.

svovil hč’uleltik. lit., our soul’s madness, i.e., senseless dream.

vovil _____, tv(aj & tvcpd). _____ hurriedly & carelessly.

isvovil-la¢. He piled them up hurriedly and carelessly.

vovov, av. feeling very dizzy.

vovovet, av. feeling dizzy.

hvoviel, agn. mad dog, crazy person.

voy(1) N.

voy, n1a. pit of mamey sapote, fried and ground and mixed with pamal ʔul.

voy, n1d. hoof /an. poss. restricted to third person/.

voy čih, nphr(n of n). ’deer hoof or ’sheep hoof, see below.

voy čihtik, nphr(n of n)5. grove of bauhinias.

ʔik’al voy čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). white flowered bauhinia Bauhinia albiflora, #186(1, 2, 4, 5). Lowland “tree”

bik’it voy čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). white flowered bauhinia Bauhinia albiflora, #2629(20). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for firewood, nicaraguan senna Cassia nicaraguensis, #2680(20). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood. Bauhinia paulelia, #2680(20). Lowland “tree”

sakil voy čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). common bauhinia Bauhinia divaricata, #2854(3, 4, 5). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for hoe and pick handles.

voy čih teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). white flowered bauhinia Bauhinia albiflora, # 2629(15). Lowland “tree”. (5)-The trunk of an unattested variety is used for roof poles of fieldhouses. common bauhinia Bauhinia divaricata, #2854(7, 11, 12). Lowland “tree” (7, 12)-The trunk is used for firewood.

voy čih teʔtik, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). grove of bauhinias.

¢ahal voy čih teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Bauhinia ungulata, #244(1, 2, 3, 5), #2877(1, 4, 14). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for fence posts, hoe handles, and digging sticks.

č’iš voy čih teʔ, nphr: n type nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Pithecellobiumsp., #3009(11). Lowland “tree”. The trunk is used for fence posts and firewood.

k’oš voy čih teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). Calliandra penduliflora, #833(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “tree”

sakil voy čih teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). white flowered bauhinia Bauhinia albiflora, #2629(1, 3, 22). Lowland “tree” The trunk is used for fenceposts, hoe and pick handles, and firewood.

voy č’is teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’thorn hoof tree ?’, see below.

č’is voy č’is teʔ, nphr: n type nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). ’prickly thorn hoof tree’, Bauhinia pauletia, #2680(21). Lowland “tree”

k’oš voy č’iš teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). white flowered bauhinia Bauhinia albiflora, #2629(21). Lowland “tree”

voy mula, nphr(n of n). ’mule’s hoof, wild valerian Valeriana densiflora var. densiflora, #1052(1, 3, 5). Highland “plant” Women who do not wish to bear children or who desire an abortion gather three tubers with about two inches of stalk attached. These are brewed. One cup of the tea is drunk before breakfast and supper for three days. It is “hot”. The tea shrivels up the uterus. The cure is said to be effective for twelve years. During the dry season all signs of the plant disappear. Accordingly, during this time, women who have taken the cure are said to grow very thin, wild valerian Valeriana densiflora, #1489(1, 3, 11, 12), #1759(15, 16). Highland “plant”. (11)-Twelve stalks are brewed together with the root to produce an abortive. One cup of the tea is drunk before meals for three days. It is “hot” (16)-To induce an abortion, three plants are brewed. One cup of the warm tea is drunk. It is “hot”. #2087(17). Temperate “plant” To induce an abortion, the tuber is ground and mixed with water.

It is drunk once. It is cold’ Valeriana sorbifolia, #2401(1). Temperate “plant”.

ʔtik’al voy mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild valerian Valeriana densiflora var. densiflora, #1261(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “plant”.

ʔit’iš voy mula, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/). Valeriana urticaefolia, #2587(15, 21, 22). Temperate and highland “plant”. To induce an abortion, three roots are gathered by men, and are brewed. The warm tea is drunk before breakfast or supper. It is “hot”.

muk’ta voy mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Valeriana urticaefolia, #2587(1, 4). Temperate and highland “plant”. Valeriana sorbifolia, #2600(1, 3). Lowland “plant”.

sakil voy mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). wild valerian Valeriana densiflora, #1759(4, 5). Highland “plant”. #2087(3, 4). Temperate “plant”. Eupatorium muelleri, #2548(1, 4). Temperate “plant”. As an abortive, the husband gathers the root, which is ground and mixed with cold water, brown sugar and cinnamon. The potion is “hot”.

voy(2)

voy, night spent away from home. cf. vay.

všvšt

všvšt, call to cat. cf. viš(2).

vuʔ(1) P.

vuʔahtik, aj. cf. vuʔul /plu/.

vuʔan, tv. cause hard growth /on body/.

vuʔan ba, rv. erupt (čakal, voʔan).

vuʔanan ba, rv. erupt (many growths on body).

vuʔ¢ah lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). erupt (čakal or voʔan on body).

vuʔ¢ean ba lok’el, vphr(rv & dr). erupt (čakal, voʔan).

vuʔet, av. prominent (goiter).

vuʔi, iv. erupt (hard čakal, voʔan).

vuʔlah, av. cf. vuʔvaʔ (plu).

vuʔuʔet, av. carrying huge burden.

vuʔul, aj. with hard growth (goiter, boil, voʔan).

vuʔulik, aj. cf. vuʔahtik.

vaʔvuʔ, aj. prominent (goiter, boil, etc.).

vuʔ(2) prob O.

vuʔet ta ʔok’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). wailing (child).

vu’etik ta ʔok’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. vuʔet ta ʔok’el (plu).

vuʔlahet ta ʔok’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. vuʔvon ta ʔok’el (plu).

vuʔlahetik ta ʔok’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). cf. vuʔvon ta ʔok’el (plu).

vuʔtevuʔte ta ʔok’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). wailing about (child).

vuʔvon ta ʔok’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5). wailing (child).

vub P.

vub-čaki, tv(aj & tvcpd). turn one’s back to /in bed/.

vub-šuš, n(aj&ncpd)1e. eumenid wasp. The grubs of this lowland wasp occasionally are roasted and eaten.

vubahtik, aj. lying down on side (fat pigs, drunks).

vuban, tv. lay on its side /cow for slaughtering, sheep for shearing/.

vuban ba, rv. lie down on side (fat pig, drunk).

vubaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. lying down on side (drunk).

vubanobil, n4f. ropes used to immobilize cow for slaughtering.

vubanvan, iv. make person bedridden (sickness).

vub¢ah lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). bulge outwards (fresh daub), erupt (boil, voʔan).

vubʔan, tv. throw on its side /cow, sheep, pig/.

vubʔan ba, rv. throw self on side to the ground (person, pig, cow, etc.).

vubʔanvan, iv. make person bedridden (sickness).

vubet, av. lying on side (drunk), walking bowed low (under large burden), waddling large Pig).

vubetik, av. cf. vubet (plu).

vubi, iv. be lying down on side (fat pig, drunk).

vubk’ih, iv. fall over (pot), fall down (drunk, house).

vubk’in, tv. knock over, roll /log/.

vubk’in ba, rv. cf. vubean ba.

vubk’inan, tv. knock many over.

vubk’invan, iv. push squatting person to ground.

vublah, av. cf. vubub (plu).

vublahet, av. cf. vubvon (plu).

vubleh, nib. lying on side on ground /drunk, pig, etc./.

vublehikil, n4f. lying on side (pigs).

vublih, av. throwing self down suddenly (fat pig).

vubtevubte, av. walking about (pig), lying in one place after another (pig), walking about with protruding /rear/.

vubub, av. rolling (log, boulder), slumping over (drunk).

vububet, av. carrying huge burden, walking (huge pig).

vubul, aj. lying on side (fat pig, drunk).

vubul-čakih, iv(aj & ivcpd). go backwards or in reverse.

vubulik, aj. lying on side (fat pigs), fat (pig).

vubvon, av. struggling unable to arise (fat pig), waddling (fat pig), working bent over.

vubvon čak, vphr(av & n4d). swaying hips (woman), walking with protruding rear.

vubvub, aj. fat (pig), protruding (rear).

vu¢ P.

vu¢ahtik, aj. sitting in pile (excrement).

vu¢an ba, rv. sit in heap (child).

vu¢an komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave in pile /excrement/, leave behind /child/.

vu¢anan komel, vphr(tv & dr). leave in piles /excrement/.

vu¢et, av. sitting on ground (woman, child).

vu¢etik, av. cf. vu¢et (plu).

vu¢i, iv. sit in heap (excrement).

vu¢ilan, tv. bounce up and down on (or) make spring up and down /tree, car seat/, keep squeezing /rubber ball/.

vu¢lah, av. walking (children).

vu¢lahet, av. cf. vu¢von (plu).

vu¢lahetik, av. cf. vu¢von (plu).

vu¢leh, n1f. sitting on ground (woman, child).

vu¢lih, av. sinking suddenly (car seat), hissing suddenly (flatus, cushion).

vu¢tevu¢te, av. sitting down on ground in one place after another.

vu¢ue, av. running (child).

vu¢u¢et, av. bouncing up and down (branch, car seat, marsh weeds underfoot).

vu¢ul, aj. sitting in pile (excrement), sitting on ground (woman, child), small (hill).

vu¢ulik, aj. sitting on ground (women, children).

vu¢von, av. dancing (woman, child), bouncing or springing (seat, marsh weeds underfoot).

vu¢vu¢, aj. with bun on top of head (woman after washing hair), short (woman, rock), sitting in pile (excrement).

vu¢’ P, P(2).

vu¢, tv. squeeze /basket to test its flexibility/, squash /basket/.

mu ša svu¢’. It does not bend anymore /back of old person, hurt leg/.

vu¢’ ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). bend down /small tree/.

vu¢’ baik, rv. push each other down with hands on shoulders.

vu¢’-bail, vn(tv &. rpncpd)5. pushing each other down with hands on shoulders.

vu¢’ yalel, vphr(tv & dr). push down with hands on shoulders /person, dog/.

vu¢’ yalel, vphr(iv & dr). bend down (person with heavy burden).

vu¢’ahtik, aj. bowed down (heavily laden trees).

vu¢’an, tv. double over /branch, grass/, bend down. Ritual speech, referring to bride’s ritual tutor; bend one’s knees.

isčotan isvu¢’an. He seated her, he bent her knees, i.e., He settled her in groom’s home.

vu¢’an ba, rv. Ritual speech; bend one’s knees.

vu¢’an ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). duck down by bending knees (mule unwilling to be loaded).

vu¢’¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). stagger (mule or person given heavy burden).

vu¢’¢an yalel, vphr(tv & dr). make sink down /dog or sheep that is sat upon/.

vu¢’¢anvan yalel, vphr(iv & dr). make person stagger /under heavy burden/.

vu¢’¢l, nc. bending down.

vu¢’¢t yalel, vphr(av & dr). bending down (tree), staggering (under burden).

vu¢ʔi, iv. Ritual speech, bride’s ritual tutor referring to bride; bend one’s knees.

t ščoti t švu¢’i. lit., She will sit, she will bend her knees, i.e., Bride should remain in home of groom and not be dragged from place to place.

vu¢’ilan, tv. keep squeezing /basket to test its flexibility/, stamp up and down on flexible object /fence/, pump, stretch back and forth /rubber/.

vu¢’k’ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr). cf. vu¢’¢ah yalel.

vu¢’k’in yalel, vphr(tv & dr). cf. vu¢’¢an yalel.

vu¢’k’invan yalel, vphx(iv & dr). cf. vu¢’¢anvan yalel.

vu¢’lah yalel, vphr(av & dr). cf. vu¢’u¢ yalel (plu).

vu¢’lebal, n3d. Ritual speech; place where one kneels.

sčotleb svu¢’leb htotik hmeʔtik. lit., the seat, the place where the knees are bent of our father, our mother, i.e., before the magistrate, ba htatik č’ul-čotlebal, ba htatik č’ul-vu¢’lebal ba hmel¢an hbatik ba htohobtas hbatik. lit., Let us go to the holy seat, let us go to the holy place where the knees are bent, let us settle our differences, let us settle our dispute, i.e., Let us take our dispute to court.

vu¢’lemal ʔane, nphr(aj & n)5. woman who always stays at home.

vúe’lih, av. staggering suddenly /under load/.

vu¢’ob, n1f. rope or rock used to bend down coffee branches so they will grow within reach of pickers.

vu¢’obil, n1f. cf. vu¢’ob.

vu¢’omal, n5d. Ritual speech, shaman referring to patient; bending place.

ʔoy akehomal ʔoy avu¢’omal. lit., You have a kneeling place, you have a bending place, i.e., You have knees, kneel down and pray.

vu¢’u¢’ yalel, vphr(av & dr). staggering /under burden/.

vu¢’u¢’et, av. staggering /under burden/.

vu¢’ul, aj. bowed down (small heavily laden tree), with neck pushed down into shoulders /by heavy burden/. Ritual speech, groom’s petitioners questioning bride’s family; with bended knees.

buy čotol buy vu¢’ul ti totike ti meʔtike buč’u totikal buč’u moʔtikal. lit., Where will they be seated, where will they bend their knees, the father, the mother? Who is the father, who the mother? i.e., Where will the bride and groom live, and in whose care will they be?

vu¢’ulik, aj. Ritual speech; with bended knees, cf. vu¢’ul (plu).

vu¢Van, iv. bend person low (heavy burden).

vu¢’vu¢’, aj. with basket pressed against back /when carried/.

vuč P.

vuč, iv. blister /distinguished from čuy by rapidity of blistering/, fill with air (tortilla, balloon).

vuč, nc. blister.

vuč-ʔik’ih, iv(iv & ncpd). have air pockets in skin (sick chicken, slaughtered cow), be inflated.

vučahtik, aj. sitting (pots, bottles, gourds), baggy (patch, long pants).

vučan, tv. set down /pot, bottle, gourd, basket/.

vučan ba, rv. blister.

vučanan, tv. set down /pots, etc./.

vučananan, tv. cf. vučanan.

vučanob, n1f. place where water jug is always set.

vučanobil n1f. cf. vučanob.

vučantik, aj. with widely spaced blisters.

vúčanvúčan, tv. set down one after another /pots, etc./.

vúčanvúčanan, tv. cf. vúčanvúčan.

vuč¢ah, iv. blister.

vuč¢an, tv. cause blister.

vuč¢an ba, rv. blister.

vuč¢anan ba, rv. blister in many places.

vučel, vnla. blister.

vučes, tv. inflate, puff up.

vučes ba, rv. blister, puff self up (frog, lizard).

vučesan, tv. inflate /plu/.

vučesanan, tv. cf. vučesan.

vučeseh-bail vn(tv & rpncpd). blistering.

vučesob, n1f. air pump.

vučesobil n1f. cf. vučesob.

vučesvan, iv. blister person.

vučet, av. sitting (pot, bottle, gourd), inflated, baggy (long pants, patch).

vučetah, iv. walk carrying bottle /visiting/.

vuči, iv. sit (pot, bottle, gourd).

vučilan, tv. keep tipping /pot, jug, bottle/, keep inflating /throat/ (lizard, frog).

vučk’ih eč’el, vphr(iv & dr). be carried off /in wind/.

vučlah, av. carrying bottles /visiting/ (plu).

vučleh, n4f. sitting /pot, jug, bottle/, blistered.

vučlehikil, n4f. cf. vučleh /plu/.

vúčlih, av. inflating or puffing up suddenly (tortilla).

vúčtevúčte, av. walking about carrying bottles /visiting/.

vučuč, av. moving fast when inflated (balloon).

vučučet, av. moving fast (balloon).

vučukil, n4f. badly blistered.

vučul, aj. sitting (pot, bottle, gourd), puffed up (tortilla).

vučulik, aj. cf. vuvul /plu/.

vúčulvúčul, n4f. each of many blisters.

vučvon, av. moving in and out (belly or throat of lizard or frog).

vučvuč, aj. inflated (balloon), baggy (long pants, patch), fat (belly of jug).

hvučleh, agn. bottle set at host’s feet on formal visit.

hvučesvaneh, agn. person who causes blisters on another, handle that causes blisters.

vuč’ta, tv. cool by blowing /boiling water, hot liquid/, blow off /dust/, inflate /balloon/, blow on /“flowers”, person/ (shaman, bonesetter).

svuč’ta sk’ak’al. He is huffing with anger. One should not blow on the foam of boiling snails lest one’s teeth fall out.

vuč’ta ba, rv. blow on self.

vuč’taan, tv. blow off a lot of /dust/, inflate /balloons/.

vuč’taanan, tv. cf. vuč’taan.

vuč’taluh, iv. blow off /dust/.

vuč’tavan, iv. blow on person /sickness/ (witch, goat). A mother may blow three times on her dying child to bring back its soul.

hvuč’tavaneh, agn. witch who blows /sickness/ on another.

vuč’

vuč’, blow on or off, inflate, cf. vuč.

vuh P.

vuh-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. stooped (person), with hump (person, brahman).

vuh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike and cause to bend over.

vuhahtik, aj. cf. vuhul /plu/.

vuhan, tv. bend /back/.

vuhan ba, rv. bend one’s back.

vuhan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike and cause to bend over /plu/.

vuhanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike and cause to bend over /plu/.

vuhanvan, iv. make person’s back buckle.

vúhanvúhan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). strike one after another causing to bend over.

vúhanvúhanan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). cf. vuhanvuhan ta mahel.

vuh¢ah, iv. become bent (back), become more humped (hump of brahman).

vuh¢ah lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). bulge outward (fresh daub).

vuh¢an ba, rv. bend over.

vuh¢anbe, tv. buckle /back/ (witch).

vuh¢anvan, iv. cause person’s back to buckle.

vuhel, aj. bent over (person).

vuhet, av. bent over beneath burden /watching/.

vuhetah, iv. walk stooped.

vuhetik, av. cf. vuhet (plu).

vuhi, iv. be bent (back).

vuhilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). keep striking and causing to bend over.

vuhk’ih, iv. cf. vuheah.

vuhk’ih lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). cf. vuheah lok’el.

vuhk’inbe, tv. cf. vuheanbe.

vuhk’invan, iv. cf. vuheanvan.

vuhlah, av. cf. vuhuh (plu).

vuhlahet, av. cf. vuhvon (plu).

vuhlahetik, av. cf. vuhvon (plu).

vuhleh, n1f. bent over.

vuhlehikil, n4f. humped /brahmans/.

vuhp’ih, iv. become bent (back).

vuhp’ih lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). cf. vuh¢ah lok’el

vuhp’inbe, tv. cf. vuheanbe.

vuhp’invan, iv. cf. vuheaman.

vúhtevúhte, av. walking about stooped /from old age/.

vuhuh, av. running stooped /from old age/.

vuhuhet, av. walking bent over /from burden/.

vuhul, aj. bent over.

vuhulik, aj. cf. vuhul /plu/.

vuhvon, av. stooped /from old age/, bent over /working/.

vuhvuh, aj. bent over (person, tree).

hvuhanvaneh, agn. sickness that causes person’s back to buckle.

hvuh¢anvaneh, agn. sickness that causes person’s back to buckle.

hvuhk’invaneh, agn. cf. hvuh¢anvaneh.

hvuhp’invaneh, agn. cf. hvuh¢anvaneh.

vuk(1) I, P.

vuk, iv. puff up (tortilla, balloon).

vuk, nc. growth.

vuk ba, tv. puff up (blister).

vukahtik, aj. chubby (tummies of children or puppies), puffy (blister, face), puffed up (tortilla, face from blow).

vukan, tv. thrust out tummy (child).

vukan ba, rv. swell (portion of stomach with wind), puff up (tortilla).

vuk¢ah lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). puff up.

vuk¢an ba lok’el, vphr(rv & dr). puff up.

vuk¢an lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). puff out (throat of lizard or frog), bulge (stomach of snake).

vuk¢anvan, iv. make person fill with “wind” /constipation/.

vukel, aj. bulging (stomach of child).

vukes, tv. puff out (throat of lizard, etc.), make bulge /stomach of snake/.

vukes ba, rv. puff self up (frog, lizard).

vukesob, n1f. air pump.

vukesobil, n1f. cf. vukesob.

vuket, av. chubby (tummy of child or puppy), puffing (tortilla), moving inflated (balloon), puffy (face from blow).

vuki lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). erupt.

vukilan, tv. keep puffing up (throat of lizard or frog).

vukk’ih lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). cf. vuk¢ah lok’el.

vukk’in ba lok’e), vphr(rv & dr). cf. vukean ba lok’el.

vukk’in lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. vukean lok’el.

vukk’invan, iv. cf. vukeanvan.

vuklah, av. staggering and picking self up (drunk, newborn puppy, poisoned dog) (sing.).

vuklahet, av. chubby (tummies of children or puppies), moving throats or bellies in and out (lizards, frogs), moving inflated (balloons), staggering and picking self up (drunk).

vuklahetik, av. staggering and picking self up (drunks).

vukleh, n1f. puffed out (stomach, tortilla).

vuklehik, n4f. cf. vukleh /plu/.

vúklih, av. inflating or puffing up suddenly (tortilla).

vúkp’ih lok’el, vphr(iv & dr). cf. vukeah lok’el.

vukp’in ba lok’el, vphr(rv & dr). cf. vukean ba lok’el.

vukp’in lok’el, vphr(tv & dr). cf. vukean lok’el.

vukp’invan, iv. cf. vukeanvan.

vúktevúkte č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking about with bulging or chubby stomach.

vukuk, av. moving fast while inflated (balloon), walking slowly with bulging stomach (pregnant woman).

vukuket, av. bulging tremendously (stomach of short and pregnant woman), running with chubby tummy (puppy).

vukukil, n4f. with many puffy growths.

vukul, aj. chubby (tummy of child or puppy), puffy (blister), puffed up (tortilla), inflated (balloon).

vukul čevel, ajphr(aj & aj). staggering, flailing about (drunk).

vukulik, aj. cf. vukahtik.

vúkulvúkul, n4f. each of many puffy growths.

vukvon, av. moving in and out (belly or throat of lizard or frog).

vukvuk, aj. chubby (tummy of child or puppy), puffy (blister), inflated (balloon), fat (belly or jug).

hvuk¢anvaneh, agn. sickness that causes puffiness.

hvukk’invaneh, agn. cf. hvukeanvaneh.

hvukp’invaneh, agn. cf. hvukeanvaneh.

vuk(2) Num.

vuk _______, n(num & nccpd)1e. seven.

vuk-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e. seventeen.

vukeh, n1e. seven days from today.

vukhe, n1e. seven days ago.

vuku-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5. big dipper /Ursa Major/.

vukub, n1e. seven, inan. poss.; svukubal (or)yukubal.

vukuk _______, n(num & nccpd)5. by or in sevens, every seven.

vukvuk _______, n(num & nccpd)5. by or in sevens, every seven.

vukuluʔ N.

vukuluʔ, n1e. rabbit bot fly larva. This is a maggot that infests rabbits and rats.

vuk’ T.

vuk’, tv. kick down /corn stubble, fence/.

vuk’, iv. be uprooted (tree), be flattened (corn field in wind), collapse (house).

vuk’ eč’el, vphr(tv & dr). clear path.

vuk’ ba eč’el, vphr(rv & dr). knock each other down (cornstalks, trees in wind).

vuk’an baik, rv. knock each other down (cornstalks, trees in wind).

vúk’anvúk’an, tv. knock down one after another.

vúk’anvúk’anan, tv. cf. vúk’anvúk’an.

vuk’benal, n4f. path where weeds or stubble have been flattened.

vuk’¢ah, iv. be flattened (house, fence, corn field), collapsing (house), sagging to side (house), falling down.

vuk’ebal, n5. moment before collapsing /drunk, house/.

vuk’es, tv. flatten /house, fence, corn field/, be laid low /by sickness/.

vuk’es ba, rv. throw self down (drunk).

vuk’esan, tv. flatten /houses, etc./.

vuk’esanan, tv. cf. vuk’esan.

vuk’esvan, iv. lay person low (sickness).

vuk’et, av. flattened (corn field in wind).

vuk’ilan, tv. keep knocking down /corn stubble, weeds/.

vuk’ilanan, tv. keep knocking down a lot of /corn stubble, weeds/.

vuk’lah, av. staggering (drunk) (sing or plu).

vuk’lahet, av. staggering (drunk), walking feebly (sick person).

vuk’lahetah, iv. stagger (drunk).

vuk’lahetik, av. cf. vuk’lahet (plu).

vuk’leh, n1b. laid low, flattened.

vúk’lih, av. shaking suddenly /in earthquake or wind/.

vuk’p’ih, iv. be uprooted (tree).

vúk’tevúk’te, av. flattened here and there (corn field in wind), felled one after another (trees).

vuk’uk’, av. falling (tree).

vuk’uk’et, av. windswept (reeds, corn field).

vuk’von, av. knocking down /stubble, weeds/.

hvuk’esvaneh, agn. sickness that lays person low.

vul X.

vulaʔah, iv. visit.

vulaʔan, tv. visit.

vulaʔan baik, rv. visit each other (religious officials).

vulaʔanan, tv. visit /plu/.

vulaʔanan baik, rv. visit each other (religious officials).

vulaʔaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. visiting each other /religious officials/.

vulaʔanvan, iv. visit person.

vulilan, tv. keep begging favor.

vullah, av. running and talking /overheard/ (plu).

vullahet, av. dinning (people V2: 6). cf. vulvon (plu).

vullahetik, av. cf. vulvon (plu).

vulvon, av. talking /overheard/, muttering to self /words can be distinguished occasionally/.

vulvonah, iv. mutter to self (drunk).

vulvul k’op, nphr(uj & n)5. talking /overheard/, palaver.

hvulaʔal, agn. visitor, person visiting shrine.

hvulaʔanvaneh, agn. visitor.

hvulvonahel, agn. person who mutters to self, crazy person.

run N.

vun, n1a. paper, document, letter, book, announcement of appointment to religious post /stewards-royal, judge ordinary, elders, ensign-bearers, constables, principals, captains, cantors, and publicans/.

vunto N(Sp, unto).

vunto, n1a. chicken fat /used for burns/.

vus P, P(2).

vus niʔ, vphr(tv & n4d). sniff (dog).

vusahtik, aj. cf. vusul /plu/.

vusan, tv. distend /belly/ (mule avoiding tight cinching).

vusan ba, rv. protrude /belly of pregnant woman/.

vúsanvúsan, tv. protrude one after another /tummies of children/.

vus¢ah, iv. become huge (stomach of child or pregnant woman). It is thought that a child’s stomach will become huge unless it is bound in infancy.

vusel, aj. bulging (stomach).

vuset, av. with bulging stomach (pregnant woman), with loosely fastened sash.

vusi, iv. be protruding (belly).

vusk’ih, iv. cf. vus¢ah.

vuslah niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). walking and breathing heavily (horses).

vuslahet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). breathing through nose /sleeping/ (plu), breathing heavily while climbing (horses).

vusleh, n1f. bulging /stomach/.

vúslih čak, vphr(av & n4d). suddenly breaking wind quietly.

vúslih niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). sniffing suddenly (dog).

vusp’ih, iv. cf. vuseah.

vústevúste, av. walking about with loosely fastened sash.

vusul, aj. bulging (stomach of pregnant woman).

vusulik, aj. bulging (stomachs).

vususet, av. hissing (air escaping from tire).

vususet č’ut, vphr(av & n4d). walking with enormous stomach (pregnant woman).

vusvon, av. walking with bulging stomach.

vusvon niʔ, vphr(av & n4d). breathing heavily through nose (horse climbing, sleeping person).

vusvus, aj. bulging (stomach with loosely fastened sash).

vuš T.

vuš, tv. sharpen /knife, axe, machete, etc./.

vuš, iv. be sharpened (knife, axe, machete, etc.).

vuš teʔ nphr(n type n). Davilla aspera var. matudae, #318(1, 2, 3, 5), #1682(1, 4). Lowland “tree”.

vuš ton, nphr(n type n)1a. whetstone /sandstone/.

vušan, tv. sharpen /plu/.

vušanan, tv. cf. vušan.

vúšanvúšan, tv. sharpen one after another.

vúšanvúšanan, tv. cf. vúšanvúšan.

vušbenal, n4f. metal dust from sharpened tool.

vuš¢ah, iv. become bare (land in dry season).

vuš¢an, tv. denude /land/ (mule, sheep).

vušebal, n5. moment before dry season begins.

vušel, nc. sharpening.

vušet, av. breaking wind.

vušilan, tv. keep sharpening /knife, axe, machete, etc./.

vušlahet, av. cf. vušvon (plu).

vušlahetik, av. cf. vušvon (plu).

vúšlih, av. suddenly breaking wind quietly.

vušob, n1f. whetstone, file.

vušobil, n1f. cf. vušob.

vušušet, av. hissing (gas escaping from stomach of slaughtered animal).

vušvon, av. sharpening /knife, axe, machete, etc./.

vušvuš, aj. denuded (land in dry season only).

vuvuʔ

vuvuʔ, water, cf. voʔ(1).

vuy I, P.

vuy, tv. swing.

vuy ba, rv. be loose (tooth).

vuyan, tv. loosen /barbed wire/ (cattle).

vuyan, aj. feeble (old person).

vuyan ba, rv. sway perilously (drunk).

naka tal svuyan sba. lit., It just came to sway /child that dies in infancy/.

vuyanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr). leave person behind swaying in seat/drunk/.

vúyanvúyan, tv. loosen one after another /fence posts/.

vúyanvúyanan, tv. cf. vúyanvúyan.

vúy¢ah, iv. sway (fence, house).

vuy¢an, tv. sway /fence, house/.

vuyes, tv. sway, wiggle, shake /post/.

vuyet, av. swaying and about to topple (tree or drunk).

vuyetik, av. swaying and about to topple (drunks).

vuyi, iv. sway in seat (drunk).

vuyilan, tv. swing, sway, shake.

vuyilanan, tv. swing, sway or shake /plu/.

vuyk’ih, iv. cf. vuyeah.

vuyk’in, tv. cf. vuyean.

vuyk’invan, iv. push person so that he reels /drunk/.

vuylah, av. swaying repeatedly (drunk) (sing or plu).

vuylahet, av. cf. vuyvon (plu).

vuylahetik, av. squirming, cf. vuyvon (plu).

vuyleh, n1f. sitting and swaying (drunk).

vuylehikil, n4f. toppling (fence).

vúylih, av. swaying suddenly (drunk, house in earthquake).

vúytevúyte, av. walking about feebly (old person).

vuyul, aj. standing precariously (abandoned house), feeble (old person).

vuyulik, aj. loose (teeth).

vuyuy, av. swaying (drunk).

vuyuyet, av. swaying (tree about to fall, fence).

vuyvon, av. swaying (drunk, baby, tree in wind, ladder), wiggling (tooth).

W

wey N(Sp, buey).

wey, n1a. ox.

Y

ya(1) A.

ya, aj. hot (chili, onion, garlic, radish, black sapote, earwig eaten inadvertently when eating infested tortillas).

yail, aj. hot (food).

yail ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n). ‘hot plant’, dotted smartweed Polygonum punctatum, #2179(19). Highland “plant”.

yaub, iv. become hot (overcooked mustard greens).

yaub tal, vphr(iv & dr). feel burning sensation in mouth.

yaubtas, tv. make spicy.

yayatik, aj. slightly hot.

ya(2) Pt.

ya, pt. why doesn’t.

ya to mu bat. Why doesn’t he go?

ya(3) N.

ya, n5. Male term of address to woman of Chenalho, Mitontic, and Tzeltal towns.

yain, tv. Ritual or denunciatory speech; support.

smak’lan syain. She supports him, she feeds him /orphan/.

yainvan, iv. Ritual or scolding speech; support person.

yay, n5. Male term of address to younger woman.

yaya, aj. Ritual speech, petitioners addressing mother of bride and wedding godmother; ancient.

yaya meʔ hkašayil. ancient mother, my sainted lady.

Ritual speech, religious officials bowing to ritual tutor; ʔa yaya tot ʔahvetik. oh ancient father elders.

yayin, tv. Ritual speech, woman referring to son who leaves parental home and establishes his own household, or referring to adopted child who flees; support.

lah hmak’lan lah hyayin hayib k’ak’al hayib ʔora. I have finished supporting him, I have finished supporting him for however many days, however many hours.

Ritual speech, son to parents when leaving and setting up own household; kol aval amak’lanon ayayinon. Thank you for providing for me, for supporting me.

yayinvan, iv. Ritual speech; support person, cf. yayin.

hyayinvaneh, agn. Denunciatory speech, parents referring to youngest daughter who elopes, or to youngest son who does not marry and therefore brings no woman to help his mother.

haʔ ša hmak’lanvaneh haʔ ša hyayinvaneh ti yečuke. She should have been the provider, the supporter.

yak(1) P, P(2).

yak, tv. trap.

yak, nc. turn of cord /around chicken’s or pig’s legs/, snarl /weaving, string/.

yak ba, rv. become wrapped around.

yak ba ʔok, vphr(rv & n4d). stumble over one’s feet.

yakaket, av. tangling (thread in weaving).

yakal, aj. tangled.

yakan, tv. become entangled /in vines/.

yakan, tv. trap /plu/.

yakan, aj. tangled.

yakan ba, rv. become tangled (weaving).

yakanahtik, aj. tangled.

yakanan, tv. trap /plu/.

yakan tit, aj. tangled.

yákanyákan, tv. set one trap after another.

yákanyákanan, tv. cf. yákanyákan.

yakbe, tv. grab by the legs, trip up.

yakbenal, n4f. tangle /in weaving/.

yak¢ah, iv. become entangled /in vines/.

yak¢an, tv. become entangled /in vines/.

yaki, iv. stumble over one’s feet.

yakil voʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a. chicha.

yaklah, av. staggering /crossing feet in front of each other while running/ (sing or plu).

yaklahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. yakyon čak.

yakleh, n4f. tangled /weaving/.

yákluh, av. leaning over backwards suddenly.

yakobil, n1d. trap /to capture doves alive/, corral /for rounding up cattle/.

yakol, n la. trap /to capture doves alive/, corral /for rounding up cattle/.

yakp’uh, iv. stumble over one’s feet.

yakp’un, tv. stumble over one’s feet.

yákteyákte čak, vphr(av & n4d). staggering about /crossing legs in front of each other/.

yakub, iv. get drunk.

yakubel, vnlf. drunkenness.

yakubtas, tv. make drunk.

yakubtasan, tv. make many drunk.

yakubtasanan, tv. make drunk /plu/.

yakubtasvan, iv. make person drunk.

yakvan, iv. make person drunk.

yakyon čak, vphr(av & n4d). staggering /crossing legs in front of each other/.

hyakol, agn. trapper.

hyakubel, agn. drunk.

hyakubtasvaneh, agn. person who makes another drunk.

hyakvaneh, agn. lit., one who grabs another by the legs, i.e., witch.

yak(2) X.

yak, aj. continue or keep _____.

yak t šiʔabteh mas. I am going to continue working.

yak ta lahel. continue decreasing.

yakel, aj. continue or keep _____.

yaket, av. in the process of.

ʔak’o yaketuk li h-set’ hutebe. Let the pinch, the snack begin /shaman requesting patient’s family to serve meal/.

yak’ T.

yak’be, tv. thrust in intercourse.

yak’el, nc. sexual thrusting.

yak’lahet, av. cf. yak’yon (plu).

yak’lahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. yak’yon čak.

yak’lahetik, av. cf. yak’yon (plu).

yák’luh, av. arching back suddenly (person who expects foot to land on higher ground than it does, person in pain).

yak’u, tv. rock buttocks /in sexual intercourse/.

yak’ulan ba, rv. rock buttocks /in sexual intercourse/.

yak’yon, av. heaving (stomach and chest of dying person).

yak’yon čak, vphr(av & n4d). rocking buttocks (man, dog, ram, stallion) /in sexual intercourse/.

yal(1) Pt.

yal, pt. just, purposely, on purpose, seeing as, as long as, since, var., yalal, yalel.

yalal isč’am. He accepted it on purpose.

yal(2) l(2).

yal, iv. descend, climb down, come down (price), fall (frost, rain).

yalem iyak’. He sold it for a low price.

iyal ta čamel. He was laid low by sickness.

Ritual speech, ritual tutor or shaman at formal meal before washing hands or eating; yalanik me. lit., Descend please, i.e., Dip in please!

yal ʔol, vphr(iv & n4d). have miscarriage.

yal kantela, vphr(iv & n1d). present candles. Outgoing stewards give candles to elders who send them via constables to incoming stewards.

yal sat, vphr(iv & n4f). begin to fruit.

yal ta k’ok’, vphr(iv & prep & n5). overboil, be found out, get into trouble.

yal ta vinahel rioš, vphr(iv/3s/ & pt & n5 & n5). Pentecost, Whitsunday.

yal yašal, vphr(iv & n4f). become humid (earth).

yalal, av. falling (star).

yalal ma¢al, ajphr(aj & aj). beautiful (girl’s eyes), peeping forth (young squashes, gourds, chayotes or corn ears).

yaleb ʔavyon, nphr(n4f of n5). airfield.

yaleb ʔokol, nphr(n of n)5. threshold.

yaleb voʔ, nphr(n of n)5. rain that leaks through roof, water that drips from roof of cave, waterfall.

yalebal, n3a. curing trip to mountain shrines, descent.

yalebaltik, n5. descent.

yalel, dr. down /auxiliary verb expressing motion downwards/.

yalel toyol, ajphr(aj & aj). cheap and expensive, low and high-priced.

yalel yalel, nphr(vn5 & vn5). having frequent miscarriages.

yaleltik, vn5. descent.

yalem, aj. cheap, descended (hernia, blood into head of chicken being slaughtered), early (fiesta) /with movable date, as Carnival/.

yalem tal habil. lit., The year came early, i.e., Carnival came early in the year.

yalem bek’et(1), nphr(aj & n)5. fallen flesh. This is a demonic transformation of an evil person. It is thought that it leaves its flesh at the foot of a cross during the night while its skeleton flies about, rattling, squeaking, and dripping blood. Contact with its blood is reported to be fatal.

yalem bek’et(2), nphr(aj & n). Castilleja integrifolia, # 1256(7). Temperate and highland “plant”.

yalem bek’et ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). Castilleja integrifolia, #2171(7). Temperate “plant”

yalemal ʔoʔon, nphr(n4f of n4d). compliance, agreeableness.

muʔyuk syalemal yoʔon h-¢’uhuk ton pukuh. He is not the least bit agreeable; he is thoroughly bad.

yalemal ʔok, nphr(n4f of n4d). Ritual speech, members of curing party when setting out for shrines; lit., threshhold, i.e., shrine..

ba htek’betik ba hšanbetik čanib syalemal yok čanib syalemal sk’ob ti č’ul-totile ti č’ul-meʔile. Let us journey, let us walk to the four threshholds. the four altars of the holy fathers, the holy mothers.

yalemal hol, nphr(n4f of n4d). compliance, agreeableness.

muk’ syalemal shol muk’ syalemal yoʔon. He is arrogant, he is intransigent.

Ritual speech, petitioners to bride’s family; ʔoyuk syalemal aholʔoyuk syalemal avoʔon. May you be agreeable, may you be compliant.

yalemal k’ob, nphr(n4f of n4d). lit., place where the hands descend, i.e., shrine, cf. yalemal ʔok.

yalemtik, aj. rather cheap.

yales, tv. lower /price/, cut off /meat/, take down.

isyales yika¢. He unloaded it.

yales ʔol, vphr(tv & n4d). have abortion.

yales ba, rv. climb down.

yalesan, tv. lower or take down /plu/.

yalesan ʔol, vphr(tv & n4d). have abortions.

yalesanan, tv. cf. yalesan.

yalesob, n1f. abortive.

yalesob bek’et, nphr(n of n)5. cane liquor served when cow is butchered.

yalesobil, n1f. cf. yalesob.

yalesobil bek’et, nphr(n4f of n1d). butcher knife.

yalesvan, iv. let off people (car).

yálteyálte, av. unloading here and there, dropping here and there.

t šyálteyálte ta čamel. They are being laid low by sickness one after another.

yalu, tv. shorten one’s life span, incapacitate or cure by magic, cf. me¢’ta.

yalulan, iv. keep descending, climbing down or coming down, keep falling (frost, rain).

yaluobil, n4f. object used magically to incapacitate or cure /tobacco, garlic, piece of old skirt, urine, white sapote pit/.

yaluvan, iv. incapacitate person by magic, shorten person’s life span (person, snakes or tree alligator lizards that have been wounded but not killed). When planting prickly pears, pears, avocados, apples, apricots, quinces, white sapotes, cypress, pine or oak trees, thirteen kernels of white corn should be planted next to the roots as an offering to the earth lest the planter die.

yalyal, iv. lower slightly (price).

yalyales, tv. lower slightly.

yalyon ʔol, vphr(av & n4d). having repeated miscarriages.

hyalebahel, agn. curing party that visits mountain shrines.

hyalel, agn. person descending or climbing down.

hyaluvaneh, agn. person, fruit tree, snake or lizard that befuddles person.

yam I, T(2).

yam, tv. put out /runaway fire/.

yam, iv. become tame or good-hearted, grow thin, die down (fire), lower (river, foam of boiling broth), subside (fever, heat, pain, sickness).

yam ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). become tame, tractable or good-hearted (person).

mu šyam yoʔon li kaʔe. The mule won’t become tame.

mu šyam yoʔon ta čukel. Jailing doesn’t subdue him.

yam ba, rv. lessen (rain), quiet down (drunk, crowd).

yam-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. mutual weakening /shamans/.

yamal, aj. lukewarm, early dawn.

yamaltas, tv. warm /water, coffee/.

yamaltik, aj. slightly warm, rather early dawn.

yambe, tv. ease /pain/, cut /fever, sickness/.

yam¢ah, iv. become warm (water, tortilla), become tame or obedient.

yam¢an, tv. debilitate /by witchcraft/, settle /argument/.

yam¢anvan, iv. weaken person (witch, goat).

yamel, nc. cutting /fever, sickness/.

yames, tv. ease /pain/, settle /argument/, reduce /fire/.

yamesobil, n4f. medicine that eases pain.

yamet, av. dawning, weak (cane liquor).

yamet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d). patient, tractable, good-hearted, gentle.

yametik, av. tractable, good-hearted (plu).

yamk’uh, iv. become warm (water, tortilla).

yamobil, n4f. medicine that cuts fever or pain.

yamta, tv. reheat /water, tortilla, griddle/, warm person /with cane liquor/.

yamtaan, tv. reheat /tortillas/, warm /people/ /with cane liquor/.

yamtaanan, tv. cf. yamtaan.

yamtah, iv. reheat (water, tortilla).

yamtaobil, n4f. cane liquor.

yámteyámte, av. going out here and there (brush fire).

yámteyámte č’ič’el, vphr(av & n4d). having one’s pulse weaken.

yamvan, iv. weaken person (witch, goat).

t šyamvan ta hč’uleltik. He weakens us in our dreams.

hyam¢anvaneh, agn. witch who debilitates person.

hyamvaneh, agn. nagual that debilitates person /goat/.

yama

yama, meadow rue. cf. ʔama.

yan A.

yan, aj. more, on the other hand, elsewhere, besides, it isn’t that, but, another, the other.

yan ʔo. It is different (or) It is another one.

yantik. the others.

ta yan k’ak’al. another day (or) in the future, someday.

yan ʔal, vphr(aj & tv/3s/). say ugly or crazy things, speak wildly or incoherently, call in ugly fashion (bird).

yan šal hč’ulel. I had a nightmare.

yan šal k’otel ta kaviltoe mu smeloluk t šalbe haʔ ičuk to. He arrived in court saying crazy things; he didn’t tell them the truth, so he was jailed.

yan la šal ta la sk’an ¢eb. They say he says ugly things; that he wants a girl.

yan ʔelan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/). be awful or disgusting.

yan ʔelan ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & tv). be disgusted by, feel nauseated, feel ill at ease, be uncomfortable.

yan šʔelan ta lahesel iyaʔi. He thought it tasted bad.

yan šʔelan t šaʔi yika¢. His burden is uncomfortable.

yan šʔelan t šaʔi t šʔoč ta kavilto ti mi ¢akbil ta smule. He feels ill at ease entering court when he has been seized for his crimes.

yan ʔelan ʔoʔon, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & n4d). feel sick, be nauseated.

yan šʔelan yoʔon čak šenuk. He was nauseated; he wanted to vomit.

yan šʔelan yoʔon ti t šk’oponbat ta yan li slekome. He felt sick over his fiancée being spoken to by another.

yan ba ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & rpn/3s/ & tv). feel badly, hurt, or nauseated.

yan sba t šaʔi yoʔon ti mi t štal šenel yuʔun ta karoe. He feels nauseated when he gets car sickness.

yan sba t šaʔi ti muk’ ta šʔik’e eč’ele. He feels badly that he isn’t being taken.

yan sba t šaʔi li kriščano ti mi yič’ loʔloele. People feel badly when they are tricked.

yan ba ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn/3s/ & n4d). feel nauseated, be worried, anxious or upset.

yan sba yʔoʔon yuʔun ihatav s¢eb sčiʔuk hun krem. He is upset because his daughter eloped with a boy.

yan pas, vphr(aj & tv). sin, do crazy things (madman).

yan spas ta spikbe yahnil sbankil. He sins; he touches his older brother’s wife i.e., He has sexual relations with her.

yan pas ʔoʔon, vphr(aj & tv/3s/ & n4d). feel sick.

yan sil ʔik’al ʔelan, vphr(aj & aj & aj & iv/3s/). cf. yan šihil ʔik’al ʔelan.

yan šihil ʔik’al ʔelan, vphr(aj & aj & aj & iv/3s/). be horribly dirty or horribly black.

yanih, iv. go bad (meat).

yanihem ša. It is pestulant /corpse/.

yanihes, tv. cause to go bad /meat/.

yantik, aj. more, other, evil.

yantik t šlekub. He is mending his ways.

yantik t štal. He is coming closer.

yantik t šbat. He is going further.

hyan-lum, agn(aj & ncpd). Tzeltal person.

yanal

yanal, leaf. cf. ʔanal.

yánče E(Sp, dianche).

yánče, excl. the devil! /exclamation of disappointment that is considered improperly vehement/.

yánta N(Sp, llanta).

yánta, n1a. tire.

yarnš N.

yaruš, n5. yellow-bellied elaenia Elaenia flavogaster /Pat ʔOsil/.

yaš

yaš, blue, green, gray. cf. yoš.

yašnan X.

yašnan, x. Female speech; nearly.

yašnan ša ti mu čame. He nearly died.

yašuš

yašuš, garlic, cf. ʔašuš.

yat

yat, penis, sting, etc. cf. ʔat(1).

yave N(Sp, Have).

yave, n1a. key.

yavil

yavil, since, on purpose, purposely, cf. ʔil(2).

yávlo

yávlo, devil, cf. diáblo.

yay(I) X.

yayih, iv. be wounded or cut, be broken open (fruit).

yayihemal, n1b. cut, wound.

yayihes, tv. cut, wound, squash /fruit/.

yayihesvan, iv. chafe person’s foot or back.

hyayihel, agn. person who is wounded or cut.

hyayihesvaneh, agn. burden that chafes person’s back.

yay(2)

yay, younger woman, support person, cf. ya(3).

yaya

yaya, ancient, cf. ya(3).

yeʔ(1) T(2).

yeʔ, tv. show, display or offer (merchant walking about with his or her wares), menace /with stick or fists/.

yeʔ, iv. be proclaimed (wedding banns).

yeʔ ba, rv. offer self (woman, worker).

yeʔahtik, aj. widespread (legs).

yeʔan, tv. show or display /plu/.

yeʔanan, tv. cf. yeʔan.

yeʔeʔ, av. flailing about (arms, stick).

yeʔel, aj. menacing.

yeʔel noš ti sk’obe. He just resorts to hitting /people/.

yeʔelik, aj. leaning to side prominently (large ears of corn on stalk), menacing (plu).

yeʔet, av. showing, offering, menacing.

yeʔetah, iv. show, offer.

yeʔetik, av. cf. yeʔet (plu).

yeʔlah, av. cf. yeʔeʔ (plu).

yeʔlahet ʔok, vphr(av & n4d). swaying legs wide apart.

yeʔlahet k’ob, vphr(av & n4d). thrashing arms about (drunk).

yéʔluh, av. menacing suddenly /with stick or fists/.

yeʔob, n1f. net used for carrying merchandise to be displayed, straw mat in which salt is wrapped.

yeʔobil, n1f. cl. yeʔob.

yeʔp’uh, iv. lean far to side (head of baby improperly tied on back).

yéʔteyéʔte ta naetik, vphr(av & prep & n5). offering from house to house /merchandise/.

yeʔulan, tv. keep showing, displaying or offering wares, keep menacing /with stick or fists/.

isyeʔulanbe yok. She showed her legs.

yeʔulan ba, rv. keep offering self (woman).

yeʔvan, iv. proclaim wedding banns (priest).

yeʔyeʔ, aj. leaning far to side (head of baby improperly tied on back, ear of corn).

yeʔyon, av. moving arms about while being carried (baby), moving head from side to side (snake).

yeʔ(2)

yeʔ, hah! cf. heʔ.

yeč A.

yeč, aj. like that, in that way, just, nothing.

haʔ yeč k’ak’al čak tahe. on the same day of the week.

ha? yeč k’ak’al čak liʔe. at this same time of day.

yeče čak lavi ʔune. at this same time of day.

ba¢’i yeč noš ta h-mek. It is absolutely worthless.

k’u t šapas. yeč. What are you doing? Nothing.

yeč ta hloʔlo ʔun. I was just tricking him.

ta yeč noš. aimlessly (or) for no good reason (or) purposelessly.

ta yečc no ʔoš iyak’. He gave it free of charge.

yeč ti mi voʔon lilahe. If it is me who dies.

yeč čeʔe. That’s right.

haʔ yeč. That’s right.

maʔuk yeč. It’s not like that.

ta yeč mu yečuk. improperly, carelessly.

ʔa li k’oše yeč šal. The child is right.

mu yečuk šal yaʔel. He doesn’t seem to be telling the truth.

yeč noš te liʔeč’. Just by chance I passed by there.

ba stik’ sba ta k’op ta yeč ta mu yečuk. He goes and interferes rashly in the dispute.

yeč ʔal, vphr(aj & tv). tell the truth.

mi yeč aval. Is that right?

mi yeč šaval. Are you telling the truth?

yeč no ka, ajphr(aj & pt & x). now I see that…

yeč no ka lisloʔlo tal ʔun. Now I see that he tricked me into coming.

yeč nop, vphr(aj & tv). lie.

yeč noš ka, ajhr(aj & pt & x). cf. yeč no ka.

yeč pas, vphr(aj & tv). do thing in this way, lie.

yečtik, aj. rather like that.

yečuk, aj. should, should have, would, would have.

lilah ʔoš ti yečuke. I would have died.

ʔič’o! yečuk. Take it! All right.

yečyečtik, aj. rather like that.

yeč’o Pt.

yeč’o, pt. therefore, for that reason, that’s why.

yeč’o ʔal, vphr(pt & tv/3s/). that’s why.

yeč’o ka, ptphr(pt & x). that’s why.

yek N(Sp, Diego).

yek, n1d. James /Čobtik, Voʔ-bi¢/.

yem I, P, P(2).

yem, nc. heap (corn, rocks, excrement).

yem ba, rv. pile up (corn, work).

yemahtik, aj. in large piles (excrement, corn, rocks).

yeman, tv. cause to accumulate /work/.

yeman ba, rv. pile up (work).

yémanyéman, tv. make one heap after another.

yémanyémanan, tv. cf. yémanyéman.

yembenal, n4f. place where earth has slid down.

yem¢ah, iv. slide down (earth, corn).

yem¢an, tv. make slide down /earth, corn/.

yemekil, n4f. in many huge heaps.

yemel, vn5. avalanche.

yemel, aj. with avalanche, in huge pile (wood, corn, earth, excrement, rocks), accumulated (work).

yemelik, aj. cf. yemahtik.

yémelyémel, n4f. each of many heaps.

yemem, av. sliding down (earth, corn).

yemes, tv. make slide down.

yemesan, tv. make slide down in many places.

yemesob, n1f. pick or shovel for causing earth to slide.

yemesobil, n1f. cf. yemesob.

yemet, av. sliding down (earth, piled corn).

yemi, iv. be in large pile (corn, firewood, rocks).

yemk’uh, iv. cf. yem¢ah.

yemk’un, tv. make slide down /earth, corn/.

yemk’unan, tv. make slide down in many places /earth, corn/.

yemlahet, av. sliding down here and there (earth, piled corn).

yemleh, n1f. piled high, huge size /pile/.

yemlehikil, n4f. cf. yemleh /plu/.

yémluh, av. sliding down suddenly (earth, corn).

yémteyémte, av. sliding here and there (avalanche).

yemyem, aj. in large pile (excrement).

yemyon, av. piled on ground (rotting fruit).

yenta

yenta, store, cf. tyenta.

yenno N(Sp, Guillermo).

yermo, n1d. William /infr/.

yerneš

yerneš, Friday, cf. byerneš.

yerva N(Sp, hierba).

yerva, n1e. tarantula. It is said to bite mules, but not people.

yevaš N(Sp, yegua).

yevaš, n1a. mare.

yi N.

yi, n1a. young corn ear /lacking kernels/.

yi, aj. young (corn ear).

yian, iv. produce young corn ear.

t šyian hu-huntik. A very few have young ears now /thirteenth developmental stage of corn, also called hyianel ša and vahal la yi/.

yitik, n5. many young corn ears.

yitik, aj. rather young (corn ear).

hyianel, agn. corn plant with young corn ear.

hyianel ša. The corn has young ears now /thirteenth developmental stage of corn also called t šyian hu-hunlik and vahal la yi/.

yiʔ P, P(2).

yiʔ, n1a. sand.

yiʔ ba, rv. slide down (corn cobs, rocks, earth).

yiʔahtik, aj. cf. yʔnil /plu/.

yiʔal ʔuk’um, nphr(natt & n)5. river sand.

yiʔaltik, n5. large expanse of sandy soil.

yiʔan, tv. spread out /corn/.

yiʔanan, tv. spread out a lot of /corn/.

yiʔanob, n1f. mat on which corn, etc., is spread.

yiʔanobil, n1f. cf. yiʔnanob.

yíʔanyíʔan, tv. spread out one after another.

yíʔianyíʔianan, tv. cf. yíʔtanyíʔan.

yiʔet, av. crumbling (earth), moving (gravel underfoot).

yiʔiʔet, av. very crumbly or soft underfoot (sand, gravel).

yiʔil, aj. spread out (corn).

yiʔlahet, av. cf. yiʔet.

yiʔleh, n1f. spread out.

yíʔluh, av. being washed away suddenly (sand).

yiʔp’uh, iv. crumble away, slide down.

yiʔp’un, tv. cause to crumble away or slide down.

yiʔp’un ba, rv. crumble away, slide down.

yiʔteyíʔte, av. sliding here and there (sand or gravel underfoot).

yiʔtik, n5. expanse of sandy soil.

yiʔyon, av. being washed away (sand), moving (sand or gravel underfoot).

yič’ak

yič’ak, claw. cf. ʔič’ak.

yih A.

yih, aj. thick (thread, leg, rope, nail, post, tree), wide (woven palm strip, leather strap), full (moon), ripe (corn too old to eat on cob, chayote, beans, fruit), old (person). Ritual speech, shaman referring to four mountain shrines; ancient.

yih ssat li voʔ liʔe. The water here is hard.

čanib č’ul-yih čanib č’ul-k’on. the four holy ancient ones, the four holy ripe ones /mountian shrines/.

yihet, av. growing old /without marrying/.

yihetik, av. cf. yihet (plu).

yihil, n4f. fullness (moon), old age.

syihil ʔak’ubal. midnight.

syihil k’ak’al. noon /infr/.

yihil ʔanal toh, cf. toh.

yihil bakal, cf. ʔišim.

yihteyihte, av. walking about growing old /without marrying or taking religious post/.

yihub, iv. become old (person), become ripe, mend (bone), become full (moon), become wide (woven palm strip), become large (tree trunk).

yeč t šyihub ta balamil. He is just growing old on the earth /without taking religious post/.

yihubtas, tv. widen /palm strip/, be born in full moon, ripen.

yihubtasvan, iv. age person. To have sexual relations with an old person is thought to cause sickness and ageing.

yihyih, aj. rather thick, wide, old or ripe.

yihyihtik, aj. rather thick, wide, old or ripe.

hyihubtasvaneh, agn. person who ages another.

yik’al Pt.

yik’al, pt. it may be.

yik’al šibat ʔok’ob. It may be that I will go tomorrow.

yil

yil, never mind, forget it, what’s the use? cf. ʔil(2)

yiyil

yiyil, never mind, forget it, what’s the use? cf. ʔil(2).

yo(1) X.

yo, aj. miserable, wretched, humble, lowly, lordly. This term is used primarily in ritual speech to express humbleness of human’s condition or elevation of deities’.

yo htuktuk. Poor me, I am all alone.

yo ʔoš-voʔotikótik ʔun. just the three of us.

Ritual speech, prayer; h-sil yo htoh h-sil yo hkantela. A splinter of my humble pine, a shaving of my humble candle.

Ritual speech, prayer; yo l aničim ba yo l aničim sat. Thy beauteous lordly eyes, Thy beauteous lordly face.

yo(2) T.

yo, tv. shoo /chickens by waving arms/.

yoan, tv. shoo /chickens by waving arms/.

yoanan, tv. cf. yoan.

yóanyóan, tv. shoo one after another /chickens/.

yóanyóanan, tv. cf. yóanyóan.

yoet, av. waving back and forth (wheat), thin (weaving).

šyoet noš. It is floating /small quantity of cabbage in pot/.

yoilan, tv. keep shooing.

yolahet, av. cf. yoyon (plu).

yolahetik, av. cf. yoyon (plu).

yoob, n1f. switch to shoo chickens.

yoobil, n1f. cf. yoob.

yoyon, av. shooing /chickens/.

yoʔ(1) Pt.

yoʔ, pt. the place where, the time when, so that.

yoʔ to, ptphr(pt & pt). until, whenever.

mi yoʔ to t štal yak’. So now he comes to give it!

yoʔ to k’u čaʔal, ptphr(pt & pt & pt & pt). when the time comes, on the day that.

yoʔ(2) P, P(2).

yoʔahtik, aj. cf. yoʔol /plu/.

yoʔan hol, vphr(tv & n4d). poke head over.

yoʔet, av. swaying.

yoʔilan, tv. nod, shake.

yoʔilanvan, iv. cause person to shake (heavy log being carried), shake person (car).

yoʔlahet, av. cf. yoʔyon (plu).

yoʔol hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). poking head over.

yoʔolik hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). cf. yoʔol hol /plu/.

yoʔyon, av. nodding (head).

hyoʔilanvaneh, agn. person who shakes another.

yoʔs

yoʔs, god! cf. rioš.

yoʔste

yoʔste, god! cf. rioš.

yoʔš

yoʔš, god! cf. rioš.

yob P, P(2).

yob, tv. close up /bag, ball of laundry/, gather in /skirt of seated woman/, fold /wings of diving hawk/.

yob ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d). press legs together.

yob ba, rv. press legs together, gather in /skirt of seated woman/, lay back (ears of horse or dog).

yob-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5. narrow-hipped.

yobahtik, aj. narrow (mouth of cave or pot), curled up (leaves), with knees pressed together.

yoban, tv. bring together /knees/, lay back /ear of mule or dog/, fold /wings of diving hawk/.

yoban ba, rv. bring knees together, gather in skirt.

yob¢an, tv. lay back /ear of horse or dog/.

yobet, av. sitting and swiveling back and forth with knees together (ladina).

yobi, iv. draw skirt in.

yobilan, tv. keep laying back ears (mule, dog).

yoblahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. yobyon čak (plu).

yobleh, n4f. narrowness /lips, mouth of pot or basket/.

yobobet, av. cringing (dog, child).

yobobil, n4. string to tie mouth of bag.

yobol, aj. pressed together (knees), narrow (mouth or base of pot), curled up (leaf).

yobolik, aj. cf. yobahtik.

yóbteyóbte čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about in narrow-hipped fashion (thin person or dog).

yobyob, aj. narrow (mouth or base of cave or pot).

yobyob sčak. He is narrow-hipped /mark of ugliness/.

yobyon čak, vphrfav & n4d). walking in narrow-hipped fashion (man with tight pants, dog that has been hit by car and wags rear end awkwardly, thin dog).

yoč P, P(2).

yoč, tv. loosen /strings of musical instrument, fence post, knot/.

yoč, iv. become weak, stop fermenting, become loose (tooth, knot, fence post, sandal), empty (market), lessen (pain, frost, rain), taper off, slacken.

iyoč ša ta ʔabtel. He did less work now /because of sickness/.

iyoč ša ta hobelahel. He made fewer trips to San Cristóbal.

yoč ba, rv. become loose (strings of musical instrument, sash when person loses weight, tooth), lean forward, slacken (loom).

yoč č’ut, vphr(tv & n4d). loosen sash.

yoč kriščano, vphr(tv & n5). debilitate person /by witchcraft/.

yoča, tv. loosen /strings of musical instrument/.

yoča č’ut, vphr(tv & n4d). eat sparingly.

yočahtik, aj. loose.

yočan, tv. loosen.

yočan ba, rv. become loose (strings of musical instrument, sash, teeth).

yočanan, tv. loosen /strings of musical instrument, pack ropes/.

yóčanyóčan, tv. loosen one after another /burden, strings of musical instrument/.

yóčanyóčanan, tv. cf. yóčanyóčan.

yoč¢ah, iv. become loose (tooth, string of musical instrument), empty (market).

yoč¢an, tv. loosen /tooth, string of musical instrument/, slacken /rope/.

yoč¢an ba, rv. become loose (tooth, fence post).

yoč¢an baik, rv. slacken trading activities.

yoč¢anvan, iv. weaken person (witch, sickness).

yočebal, n5. moment before stopping fermentation.

yočel, nc. loosening.

yočes, tv. loosen /strings of musical instrument, sash, tooth/, ease /pain/, slacken /rope/, weaken /cane liquor/.

yočes ba, rv. slacken one’s trading activities.

yočes hol, vphr(tv & n4d). slacken tumpline /ease pressure on head by holding on to tumpline/.

yočesan, tv. loosen /fence posts/.

yočet, av. with small quantity of food in pot /to speed cooking process/, with few people /market, church, bus/, fastened loosely (burden), lacking sexual vigor (man).

yočilan, tv. keep loosening /strings of musical instrument, fence posts, sash/, wiggle /loose tooth/, keep slackening /rope/.

yočlahet, av. cf. yočyon (plu).

yočleh, n4f. loose (strings of musical instrument).

yočlehikil, n4f. loose /wires of fence/.

yočol, aj. loose (sash, cinch, tooth, string of musical instrument, hoe head), weak /person, liquor/.

yočolik, aj. cf. yočahtik.

yočp’ih, iv. become loose (tooth, string of musical instrument).

yočp’in, tv. cf. yoč¢an.

yočteyóčte, av. loosening one string of musical instrument after the other, removing “wind” from body /with medicine/ (person, mule), feeling weak in one’s veins.

yočvan, iv. weaken person (witch, woman, work, sickness).

yočyon, av. wobbling (tooth, fence post), loose (sandal).

hyoč¢anvaneh, agn. sickness that debilitates person.

hyočvaneh, agn. nagual that debilitates person /goat/.

yočob

yočob, sinkhole, cf. ʔoč.

yohov X.

yohoval, aj. weak and incapable of physical exertion (person)

yohoval, n4d. weak and incapable of physical exertions /restricted to third person/.

yokel Pt.

yokel, pt. in the process of, during.

yokel

yoket, hearthstone, cf. ʔok(1).

yol N(N, yolotl).

yol, n4f. anther /flower/, heart /tree/, embryo /corn kernel/, hilum /bean/, basal scar area /nut, pit/, core /pineapple/, central section /blouse/.

yolin, iv. recover from /sickness, childbirth/.

yolin ba, rv. become strong.

yolel Pt.

yolel, pt. in the process of, while, in the midst of.

yolel t čʔabteh. while he was working.

yolel ʔabtel. in the midst of work.

yolob N.

yolob, n1a. bow and arrow /of kaʔbenal or sak-hol/, bodkin /thin wire inserted at end of weaving/.

Ritual speech, shaman referring to lightning; č’ul-yolobetik č’ul-¢ueubetik. holy bows and arrows, holy bodkins.

yolon

yolon, cf. ʔus.

yolum N.

yolum, n. senna Cassia uniflora, #2622(15). Lowland “plant”

yom P.

yom, tv. hold in both hands /bunch of flowers, weeds, pine tips, corn stubble, thatch/.

yom, nc. bunch, bouquet.

yomahtik, aj. in small piles (flowers, etc., mexican coyote brush on path).

yoman, tv. set down in pile /flowers, etc./.

yomanan, tv. set down /flowers, etc./.

yomanob, n1f. straw mat on which flowers, etc., are piled.

yomanobil, n1f. cf. yomanob.

yómanyóman, tv. set down in one pile after another /greens, flowers, lead tree pods/.

yómanyómanan, tv. cf. yómanyóman.

yom¢ah, iv. wilt.

yom¢an, tv. set down /flowers, etc./.

yomel, nc. bunching, making into bouquets.

yomet, av. carried or lying in piles (flowers, etc.).

yomi, iv. be in small pile (flowers, etc.).

yomilan, tv. keep holding /flowers, etc./.

yomlah, av. carrying /small bunch of greens/ (plu).

yomlahet, av. cf. yomyon (plu).

yomleh, n1f. in small pile, bunch held in both hands /flowers, etc./.

yomlehikil, n4f. in many small bunches.

yomob, n1f. canvas, rope, etc., used to carry greens, flowers, etc.

yomobil, n1f. cf. yomob.

yomokil, n4f. in many small bunches.

yomol, aj. in small pile, in small bunch (greens flowers, etc., mexican coyote brush on path), drawn (face).

yómolyómol, n4f. each of many small bunches.

yómteyómte, av. walking about carrying in bunches /greens, flowers, etc./.

yomyom, aj. in small pile.

yomyon, av. carrying /large quantity of greens/.

yos

yos, god! cf. rioš.

yosko

yosko, kiosk, cf. kiosko.

yoste

yoste, god cf. rioš.

yoš(1) A.

yoš, aj. blue, green, gray, humid (earth), fresh (fish, meat), green (wood).

yoš ti ʔora. lucky.

yošoʔ), aj(contr of yoš & voʔ). thin (posol).

yošoʔin, iv(contr of yoš & voʔ), take liquid medicine /diet restricted to medicine/.

yošyoštik, aj. rather blue, green or gray.

yaš-ʔenan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). green (glowing eyes of cat or fox at night).

yaš-ʔib teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). ‘green armadillo tree?’, tonduz senna Cassia tonduzii, #1834(1, 4), #2140(1), #2281(3, 4), #2436(1), #2586(1, 4). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for benches, beds, corn bins, steambaths, house mainposts, gates, gunstocks, slingshots, crosses, fence posts, and firewood. The flowers are used by ladinos to decorate graves and churches, senna Cassia skinneri, #1600(1, 3).

Temperate “tree”. Croton sp., #478(1, 2). Highland “tree”.

yaš’-ʔi¢’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue (tinsel flower).

yaš-ʔič, cf. ʔič.

yaš-ʔič čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. ‘green chili bug’, halictine bee.

This lowland bee is credited with a very painful sting. If a man kills one he may carry it along with him when he goes to talk to his mistresses so that they will respond as he wishes.

yaš-ʔo¢’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (cape of ensign-bearer or kaʔbenal when worn).

yaš-ʔoč’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue (steller’s jay).

yaš-ʔon, cf. ʔon.

yaš-ʔop’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). bluish black (face).

yaš-ʔot’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (measle scars, yašat kusum).

yaš-ʔuč’ul, n(aj & ncpd)5. common bluebird Sialia sialis. cf. kere ʔucul.

yaš-ʔulan, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue (sky), clear (water), lavender (flowers).

yaš-ʔulan meʔ tak’in, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/)5. saint elmo’s fire.

yaš-ʔuman, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue or green (bud), blue (voʔan).

yaš-bahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (white sapote fruit on tree, watermelon or watermelon squash either on plant or on ground).

yaš-balan, aj(aj & Pcpd). stained blue (legs of woman with newly dyed skirt), green (corn field).

yaš-bi¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (excrement of fox or cat).

yaš-bikan, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (overly thin corn gruel being poured).

yaš-bilan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). gray (excrement of sick child).

yaš-bo¢an, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (e’ul ʔitah), gray (wool).

yaš-bot’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (face of person with measles).

yaš-bu¢’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (pile of washed potatoes).

yaš-bulan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). blue (blind eye).

yaš-busan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (pile of lead tree pods, Crotalaria sp.).

yaš-¢avan, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (opossum, police dog).

yaš-¢iean, aj(aj & Ncpd). green (nearly ripe ¢i¢).

yaš-¢ilan, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (face of dying chicken).

yaš-¢onan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (moss).

yaš-¢opan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (lead tree fruit or unripe chili in small piles).

yaš-¢uʔan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (many cherimoya fruit on tree).

yaš-¢ukan, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (wrinkled ripe čnin).

yaš-¢unan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). green (low weeds, sun rose).

yaš-¢’anan, aj(aj & Pcpd). clear or green (puddle).

yaš-¢’apan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (tip of flag pole).

yaš-¢’ikan, aj(aj & Tcpd). clear (water, espiritu).

yaš-¢’ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (cat’s eyes), blue (eyes of ladino staring at person).

yaš-¢’otan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (bride’s headdress).

yaš-¢’uban, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (tip of fence post).

yaš-¢’uyan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (unripe mangoes, avocados or wild figs on tree).

yaš-čahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (well-weeded corn field).

yaš-čaman, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (dusk).

yaš-čečan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). gray (scrotum with cold).

yaš-čel, n(aj & ncpd). wild basil Salureja brownii, #1750(15, 16). Highland “plant”. Catopheria chiapensis, #1951(1, 3, 4, 16, 17), #2136(1), #2561(21, 22). Temperate “tree” (16, 17)-To relieve headaches, a handful is boiled and the water used to bathe the head twice a day. It is “hot” (21, 22)-As a remedy for sleepiness, four leaves are crushed in the hand and mixed with cold water. A drop is placed in the nostrils. It is “hot”

yaš-čeltik, n(aj & ncpd)5. expanse of yaš-čel.

bik’it yaš-čel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). wild basil Salureja brownii, #2367(20). Highland “plant”. To relieve headaches, a handful is heated and smeared on the head two or three times a day for two days. It is “hot”.

bik’tal yaš-čel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). wild basil Salureja brownii, #10(5). Highland “plant”

k’oš yaš-čel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). wild basil Salureja brownii, #1452(3), #2367(3, 4), #2490(4), #1750(3). Highland “plant” (5)-To cure mahbenal, the leaves are crushed in water, and the water drunk. It is “hot”. Eupatorium sp., #1915(1, 3, 4). Temperate “tree”.

muk’ta yaš-čel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/). Catopheria chiapensis, #2561(1, 4). Temperate “tree” (1)-To cure sleepiness, the leaves are ground and placed in the nose at bedtime for three nights. They are “medium”.

yaš-čelul, n(aj & ncpd). Catopheria chiapensis, #2136(11, 14). Temperate “tree”.

yaš-čenan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). gray (cavity).

yaš-čepan, aj(aj & Pcpd). black and blue (eye).

yaš-češan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (leaves of field mustard, cabbage, potatoes, corn).

yaš-čevan, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (face of sick person).

yaš-čivan, aj(aj & Pcpd). grayish (legs).

yaš-čoʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (face of severely ill person).

yaš-čohon, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (face).

yaš-čolan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., gray (row of puff-balls).

yaš-čon, tv(aj & tvcpd). sell in advance /crop, daughter who is engaged at very young age, girl who has lover/.

yaš-čonan, tv(aj & tvcpd). sell a lot in advance /crop, etc./.

yaš-čonanan, tv(aj & tvcpd). cf. yaš-čonan.

yaš-čonilan, tv(aj & tvcpd). keep selling in advance /crop/.

yaš-čunan, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (skin dirtied by bark or rocks, etc.).

yaš-čupan, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue (bruise).

yaš-čuyan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). gray (čin).

yaš-č’alan, aj(aj & Tcpd). green (trunk of cotton tree).

yaš-č’aran, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (cliff).

yaš-č’eban, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (face of puppy).

yaš-č’etan, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (sheep), green (expanse of cabbage, pile of Eupatorium liguslrinum, fresh thatched roof of large brahea palm).

yaš-č’ilan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (bruised ribs).

yaš-hap’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (grass stain on clothing, piles of chayotes or watermelon squashes).

yaš-haran, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (cliff), blue or green (house in distance).

yaš-hasan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (water).

yaš-havan, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (with exhaustion or sickness).

yaš-heman, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue (bruise, scar).

yaš-hep’an, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). gray (face with sickness or exhaustion).

yaš-het’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue (bruise), green (pile of unripe mangoes, insufficiently cooked cabbage).

yaš-hiʔan, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (expanse of sand).

yaš-ho¢an, aj(aj & Tcpd). green (sprouts).

yaš-hočan, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray complexioned (sick person, woman after childbirth).

yaš-homan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black and blue (eye).

yaš-huʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (meadow, corn field, forest, grass stain).

yaš-huč’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). purple (nose).

yaš-human, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). green (sprouts).

yaš-kalan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). blue (eye with anger or drunkenness).

yaš-kepan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). green (bunch of unripe bananas).

yaš-kilan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., green (strip of land, ribbon).

yaš-kolan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (eye of cat or fox).

yaš-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue, green (rainbow).

yaš-kulan, aj(aj & Xcpd). blue (eye).

yaš-k’atan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (blue stained legs of woman with new skirt, eyes with anger).

yaš-k’ian, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). blue, green (expanse of canvas, river).

yaš-k’oʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black and blue (bruise), green (grass stain).

yaš-k’o¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (sprouting weeds, field mustard or carnation seeds sown on ground).

yaš-k’olan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). gray (cheeks).

yaš-k’učan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). green (sprout).

yaš-k’utan, aj(aj & Tcpd). intense green (fields, corn field, grass stain).

yaš-lahan, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (opposum, porcupine).

yaš-lečan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., blue (bruised lips, clear sky).

yaš-lep’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (grass stain, spot of paint).

yaš-ličan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (flag).

yaš-likan, aj(aj & P, T or T/2/cpd)., gray (tired or sick face).

yaš-lisan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue or green (hanging ribbon).

yaš-lohan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). grayish (net).

yaš-lopan, aj(aj & Ucpd). black and blue (bruise).

yaš-losan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue or green (folded object).

yaš-lučan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). gray (pus).

yaš-mačan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). grayish (nearly closed eyes).

yaš-mek’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). glazed blue (eye of dead person, sheep or horse).

yaš-močan, aj(aj & P P/2/cpd)., green Leptophis sp..

yaš-nelan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (eye of angry person).

yaš-nešan, aj(aj & Acpd). light brown (hair).

yaš-nikan, aj(aj & prob Pcpd). blue (expanse of dogwood fruit, fruit and flowers of Solanum somniculenlum).

yaš-pakan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., green (folded plastic raincoat).

yaš-pe¢an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., green (cabbage).

yaš-pečan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., blue (yašal vinahel).

yaš-peman, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). green (partially-filled bottle of ʔavasena, ʔespiritu or pošil balamil, small puddle of water with algae).

yaš-petan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). gray (čin).

yaš-pi¢’an, aj(aj & P/2/, T/2/cpd)., blue (brand new long pants).

yaš-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd). intense green (unripe fruit), green (eye of cat, coyote, horse or deer at night).

yaš-počan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., bluish (face of sick chicken).

yaš-pohan, aj(aj & Ucpd). grey (shawl).

yaš-pok’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). black and blue (eye).

yaš-polan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). green or blue (stripe).

yaš-puk’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). clear (water).

yaš-p’atan, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (many coffee berries on tree).

yaš-p’ehan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., green or blue (house, car).

yaš-p’evan, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (crack of sky, patch of unclouded sky).

yaš-p’ilan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). bluish (iris) /mark of beauty/.

yaš-p’oman, aj(aj & Ucpd). gray (old mule).

yaš-p’osan, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (tree trunk), blue (bruise on leg).

yaš-p’uyan, aj(aj & Tcpd). green (many fruits on wild chili plant).

yaš-sanan, aj(aj & Ucpd). clearing (water).

yaš-setan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). green (unripe pineapple).

yaš-set’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (sliced white sapote, insufficiently dyed wool of sash).

yaš-šokan, aj(aj & Ncpd). green or gray (skin of iguana, blue-bellied lizard).

yaš-šotan, aj(aj & P, Tcpd)., green Leptophis sp. (with raised head).

yaš-šup’an, aj(aj & Pcpd). blue (yašal vinahel).

yaš-tanan, aj(aj & Acpd). bluish (hazy mountain).

yaš-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd). ‘green tree’, kidney wood Eysenhardtia adenostylis, #1553(1, 3, 11, 12), #2138(1, 11), #2307(3, 4). Temperate “tree” The trunk is used for house mainposts, door jambs, doors, corn bins, steambaths, beds, benches, chairs, hooks, lamp stands, bobbins, fiddle bows, axe, billhook and hoe handles, digging sticks, fence posts, and firewood. To prevent the spread of sickness among chickens, (1)-the bark or (3)-the wood is soaked in their drinking water. Diphysa floribunda, #435(1, 2). Temperate “tree” The trunk is used for house posts, axe, billhook, and hoe handles, and for digging sticks.

ʔit’iš yaš-teʔ, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/5). Gliricidia ehrenbergii, #753(1, 2). Temperate “tree”. The trunk is used for firewood. The leaves are eaten by sheep.

yaš-teʔan, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue (corpse of strangled person, person who has suffocated).

yaš-telan, aj(aj & P/2/cpd). green (fallen maguey inflorescence).

yaš-timan, aj(aj & Pcpd). grey (face of severely ill person).

yaš-tinan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., green or gray (Spanish moss).

yaš-toh, tv(aj & tvcpd). buy before the harvest /corn/, buy before refining/sugar/.

yaš-tok’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (canvas-topped truck).

yaš-tolan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd). gray (fox’s or cat’s tail).

yaš-toman, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., green (flower stalk of maguey that has not yet flowered).

yaš-tu¢’an, aj(aj & P, Tcpd)., green (stretched out Leptophis sp.).

yaš-tukan, aj(aj & Icpd). blue (many wild lilac flowers).

yaš-t’aban, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., green (field).

yaš-t’ašan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (cleared piece of forest).

yaš-t’ayan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green or blue (expanse of water).

yaš-t’elan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd). blue (mark of whip lash).

yaš-t’ihan, aj(aj & Ucpd). green (ripe avocado, watermelon squash, fruit of Olmediella betschleriana), blue (long trousers).

yaš-t’ik’an, aj(aj & Ucpd). blue or green (expanse of water).

yaš-t’o¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (leaf applied to wound).

yaš-t’ohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). greenish (corn gruel flavored with marsh marigold

yaš-t’uban, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). blue (lake), clear (water).

yaš-vaʔan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (trunk of cotton tree).

yaš-va¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (wool of sheep or donkey).

yaš-vak’an, aj(aj & Xcpd). blue (skirt), green (stripes of sash).

yaš-valan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., blue (yasal vinahel).

yaš-vayan, aj(aj & Ucpd). pale blue (door).

yaš-veʔan, aj(aj & Pcpd). gray (nits).

yaš-vilan, aj(aj & Icpd). pale blue gray (neckerchief, ribbon).

yaš-vo¢an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., gray (pile of wool), green (unidentified object on trail).

yaš-voč’an, aj(aj & P P/2/cpd)., green (unripe chilis on plant).

yaš-vohan, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (many unripe fruits, avocados on tree).

yaš-volan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., green (yaš-ʔon).

yaš-vosan, aj(aj & I/2/, Pcpd)., blue (bruised corpse of drowned person).

yaš-vučan, aj(aj & I, Pcpd)., bluish (blood blister).

yaš-yeman, aj(aj & I, P, P/2/cpd)., green (pile of lemons or avocados).

yaš-yiʔan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd)., gray (rock piles, sand).

yaš-yoman, aj(aj & Pcpd). green (handful of Crotalaria sp. or chayote flowers).

yaša-voʔ, nphr(aj & ncpd)1d. eye.

yašal, n4f. corrosion, mold.

yašal, aj. blue, green, gray, humid (earth), fresh (fish, meat), green (wood).

yašal ʔora. good luck.

yašal ʔinatab, cf. ʔinatab.

yašal ¢aʔnel, cf. eoʔ.

yašal čih, cf. čih.

yašal čil, cf. čil.

yašal močebal, nphr(aj & n)3a. gray woolen shawl.

yašal nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n). dayflower Commelina alpestris, #1460(11, 12). Highland “plant”, dayflower Commelina diffusa, #1789(16). Highland “plant”, self heal Prunella vulgaris, #2030(17). Highland “plant”, milkwort Polygala costaricensis, #2106(11, 14). Temperate “plant”, nettle sage Salvia urica, #476(1, 2). Highland “plant”, bush mint Hyptis verticillata, #1696(14). Lowland “plant” Hyptis suaveolens, #2647(15). Lowland “plant”. Ageratum corymbosum, #1783(4). Highland “plant”. #2433(1). Temperate “plant” #2636(22). Lowland “plant” Ageratum houstonianum, #319(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”. Ageratum paleaceum, #1421(1). Highland “plant”. Eupatorium pycnocephalum, #39(1, 2). Highland “plant”. Eupatorium orbesioides, #442(1, 2, 3). Temperate “plant”. #537(1, 3). Temperate and highland “plant”. Eupatorium imitans, #891(1, 2, 3, 5). Lowland “plant”. Lisianthus cuspidatus, #1563(11, 12). Temperate “plant” Dalea leporina, #2318(19). Highland “plant”. Bonplandia geminiflora, #2864(14). Temperate “plant”

yašal pepen, cf. pepen.

yašal pok’ cf. pok’.

yašal pom ¢’unun, cf. pom ¢’unun.

yašal puy, cf. puy.

yašal p’in, nphr(aj & n)1a. blue enamelware.

yašal saben, cf. saben.

yašal šenen, cf. šenen.

yašal šik, cf. šik(1).

yašal teʔtikal čih, cf. teʔtikal čih.

yašal vinahel, cf. vinahel.

yašal vo, cf. vo.

yašaltik, n5. humid or green stretch of land, meadow.

yašaub, iv. become watery (corn gruel).

yašaubtas, tv. make watery /corn gruel/. Thought to be caused by sampling before ready.

yašbil ʔak’ nphr(aj & n)5. lit., vine that has been made green /said by dudes when personifying bonesetters/.

yašbil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5. lit., tree that has been made green, i.e., bone that is restored to youth so that it resembles a young tree /said by dudes when personifying bonesetters/.

yašbil ton, nphr(aj & n)5. lit., stone that has been made green, i.e., bone that is restored to youth so that it resembles a “young” stone, cf. yašbil teʔ.

yaškul, n5. person with blind eye, blind eye /that has become bluish/.

yašub, iv. become humid, mildewed or corroded.

yašubtas, tv. make humid, cause to mildew or corrode, stain green or blue.

yašubtasvan, iv. stain person green (weeds), stain person blue (new skirt).

yašuneb, aj. black and blue (eye).

yašyaš-ʔulan ničim, nphr(n/aj & Ucpd/ type n). bougainvillea Bougainvillea glabra, #670(1, 2, 3, 4). Highland “tree” It is grown by ladinos and a very few Zinacantecs, in their yards. The slip or seedling is planted in the rainy season. The flowers are put in altar vases.

yoš(2) N.

yoš, n1a. crab /archaic/, cf. kankreh.

yoš(3)

yoš, god! cf. rioš.

yoyal

yoyal, pillar, post. cf. ʔoy(2).

yuʔ I.

yuʔ, iv(3s). be able, be possible, ought, must, be held (funeral), be waged (war).

Irreg.; šuʔ sa. That’s enough.

šuʔ t šič’ ¢i¢el li vinike. The man ought to (or) must be punished.

yuʔ ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). be able, be good at, win, be wealthy, be able to cure.

yuʔ k’in, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). hold private fiesta, have a fight.

yuʔ k’op, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). have argument, have curing ceremony.

yuʔ yuʔtik, vphr(iv/3s/ & iv/3s/ & n4d). be well-to-do, be capable of witching.

yuʔelal, n4d. authority /constable, political official/.

yuʔtik, iv. be incapable, irreg.; šuʔtik.

hyuʔel, agn. government official /outside Zinacantan, extended to include government/.

yub I, P, P(2).

yub, tv. close up /bag, ball of laundry/, bring together /knees/, gather in /skirt of seated woman/, lay back /ear of mule or dog/, fold /wings of diving hawk/.

yub, iv. be closed (bag, ball of laundry).

yub ba, rv. gather in /skirt of seated woman/, converge (rows), bring knees together.

yubahtik, aj. laid back (ears of dog or mule), pressed together (knees), narrow (mouths or bases of pots).

yuban(1), tv. lay back /ear of mule or dog/, fold /wings of diving hawk/, bring together /knees/.

yuban(2), tv. close /bags/.

yuban ba, rv. bring together/knees/, gather in /skirt/.

yubanan, tv. cf. yuban(2).

yúbanyúban, tv. close one after another /bags/.

yub¢ah, iv. close (flower).

yub¢an, tv. lay back /ear/ (mule).

yubet, av. pressing together (knees), closing (ears).

yubi, iv. draw skirt in.

yubilan, tv. keep opening and closing /knees/, keep laying back /ears/ (mule), stretching and folding /wings/, wave back and forth /skirt/ (dancing ladina).

yublahet, av. laying back (ears of mule).

yublahet čak, vphr(av & n4d). cf. yubyon čak (plu).

yubleh, n4f. narrowness (lips, mouth of pot or basket).

yubobil, n4f. string to tie mouth of bag.

yúbteyúbte čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking about in narrow-hipped fashion (thin person or dog).

yubul, aj. pressed together (knees), narrow (mouth or base of pot).

yubulik, aj. cf. yubahtik.

yubyon čak, vphr(av & n4d). walking in narrow-hipped fashion (man with tight pants, dog hit by car, thin dog).

yubyub, aj. narrow (mouth or base of pot, gully).

yuk(1) prob O.

yúkteyúkte, av. flying about chirping (yellow-eyed junco).

yukyon, av. chirping (yellow-eyed junco).

yukyuk mut, nphr(aj & n5). ‘chirping bird’, yellow-eyed junco Junco phaeonotus. cf. ¢i¢il ʔul.

yuk(2)

yuk, seventh, cf. vuk.

yuk’ P, P(2).

yuk’, tv. clean by shaking water in /bottle/.

yuk’ ba, rv. settle (corn in bag or bin), be impounded (river).

yuk’ ba eč’el, vphr(rv & dr). run off (rainwater).

yuk’ahtik, aj. in puddles.

yuk’an ba, rv. settle (corn).

yuk’¢ah, iv. settle (corn), sweep along (river).

yuk’¢an ba, rv. form large puddles or areas of impounded river.

yuk’et, av. thronging (cows, people), forming puddles (blood, water), sweeping along (river).

yuk’etik, av. thronging (people).

yuk’i, tv. clean by shaking water in /bottle/.

yuk’ian, tv. clean by shaking water in /bottles/.

yuk’ianan, tv. cf. yuk’ian.

yuk’ilan, tv. slosh around, shake down /corn in bag/, cause to settle by shaking.

yuk’lahet, av. slapping (wave), careening (car).

yuk’leh, n4f. mob, throng.

yuk’lih, av. flooding over suddenly.

yuk’ob, n1f. water for cleaning bottle.

yuk’obil, n1f. cf. yuk’ob.

yúk’teyúk’te, av. thronging about (people), swirling along (river).

yuk’uk’, av. thronging (people), sweeping along (water).

yuk’uk’et, av. sweeping along (water), running (blood).

yuk’ul, aj. in throng (people), in large puddle.

yuk’ulilc, aj. cf. yuk’ul /plu/.

yuk’yon, av. sloshing (liquid in bottle, jug, demijohn or stomach).

yul I.

yul, iv. arrive here, return here, irreg., šul.

yul č’ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). wake up, come to, become conscious, become a rational person /mature/.

yul ta hol, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). remember, miss, notice.

yul ta lok’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). appear here.

yulebal, n5. moment of arrival.

yulel, dr. back /auxiliary verb expressing returning action/.

yules ʔanima, vphr(tv // n). Ritual speech, boy’s petitioners and parents when asking bride’s parents to set wedding date; lit., return one’s soul, i.e., be responsible, comport oneself well. cf. yules č’ulel.

yules č’ulel, vphr(tv // n). wake up, become responsible. Ritual speech, boy’s petitioners and parents when asking bride’s parents to set date of marriage; remember one’s soul.

isyules sč’ulel haʔ li sob bu t šbate. He woke up because he was supposed to leave early.

mi syules sč’ulelik mi syules yanimaik k’u čaʔal šuč’ik k’u čaʔal šuč’ik voʔ lit., Will they recall their souls, will they remember their souls, the way they should eat, the way they should drink water, i.e., Will they comport themselves well as man and wife?

yules ta hol, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). occur to self, think up, realize, recall, guess.

yulesan ta hol, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). realize or recall many things, think up many things.

yulesanan ta hol, vphr(tv & prep & n4d). cf. yulesan ta hol.

yulesobil č’ulel, nphr(n4f of n4d/lp/). religious official /model of proper behavior/.

yulilan, iv. keep arriving /to visit/.

yulilan č’ulel, vphr(iv & n4d). keep awakening.

yúllih č’ulel, vphr(av & n4d). waking up suddenly.

yúlteyúlte, av. returning here one after another.

yulul tal č’ulel, vphr(av & dr & n4d). waking up.

yulyul č’ulel, vphr(iv & n4d). have waked up slightly, have become rather mature-thinking (child) /restricted to past tense/.

yulyules č’ulel, vphr(tv & n4d). become somewhat perceptive or understanding.

yulyultik č’ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). have waked up slightly, have become rather mature-thinking (child), /restricted to past tense/.

hyulahel, agn. person who arrives just after another.

yušub

yušub, cf. ʔušub.

yut

yut, in, inside, cf., ʔut(2).

yuy N.

yuy, n1a. see below.

yuytik, n5. expanse of yuy.

¢ahal yuy, nphr(aj & n). fly agaric Amanita muscaria, #142(3, 4, 5), #158(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

k’anal yuy, nphr(aj & n). caesar’s amanita Amanita caesarea, #112(3, 4, 5), #143(3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”. It is sliced and boiled, seasoned with mexican tea and chili. It is “cold”. Amanita sp., #64(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom” Same use as above.

k’oš k’anal yuy, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). Pholiata sp., #91(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

sakil yuy, nphr(aj & n). grisette Amanita vaginata, #17(1, 3). Lowland, temperate, and highland “mushroom”. It is gathered by women, and toasted on the coals. It is “cold”.

yašal yuy, nphr(aj & n). Amanita sp., #148(1, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

yuy čauk, nphr(n of n). ‘thunderbolt’s yuy’, see below.

yuy čauktik, nphr(n of n)5. expanse of yuy čauk.

ʔik’-loʔan yuy čauk. nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/). Russula sp., #8(1, 3), #105(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

¢ahal yuy čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). orange-brown lactarius Lactarius volemus, #11(1, 3). Lowland, temperate, and highland “mushroom”, fly agaric Amanita muscaria, #157(3, 4, 5). Lowland, temperate, and highland “mushroom”. Russula sp., #108(3, 4, 5). Lowland, temperate, and highland “mushroom”.

k’anal yuy čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Amanita sp., #5(1, 3, 5), #39(1, 3). Lowland, temperate, and highland “mushroom”. Russula flava, #111(3, 4, 5). Lowland, temperate, and highland “mushroom”. Agrocybe sp., #10(1, 3). Highland “mushroom”.

sakil yuy čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/). Russula sp., #8(1, 3), #105(1, 3, 4, 5). Highland “mushroom”

yuyal čikin-ib, nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/). Russula sp., #21(1, 3). Highland “mushroom” It grows at the foot of live oaks.

yuyal k’aʔ-teʔ, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). ‘rotten tree yuy’, see below, eahal yuyal k’aʔ-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/). Suillus sp., #176(4, 5). Highland “mushroom”.

English-Tzotzil

Pictograph of Lorenzo (Codex Aubin).

English-Tzotzil

abandon: ʔilcta, tv; kečelta, tv; komean, tv; komes, tv. abandon one‘s efforts: komean ba, rv; komes ba, rv.

abandon plan: č‘ayesbe k‘oplal, vphrftv & n4f). (fiancée): kecan ba, rv.

abandonment: ʔiktaeh-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5. /of engagement/: keʔaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)1d.

abate: ʔop, iv; ʔopah, iv. (rain): ʔeč‘, iv.

abdomen: k‘unil, n4d; k‘unil č‘util, nphr(n1f of n3d).

able: be able: tak‘, tv; tohob, iv; tohobah, iv; yuʔ, iv(3s); yuʔ ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

be able to do: ʔaile, tv; kuʔ ʔuʔun, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4b).

be able to handle: čanbe, tv.

abort: pitk‘un, tv.

abortion: have abortion: yales čol, vphr(tv & n4d).

about: kwenta, n1b.

about to: poʔot, n5.

above: ʔak‘ol, n1b.

absent: be absent (sickness): hak ba, rv.

absorb: absorb moisture (ground): ʔuč’ iv.

absorbent: /eggs, white salt or elderberry branches used to “sweep” patient, and thereby absorb sickness/: mesob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5.

absorbing: ʔuč\ av.

abundance: /of fruit on tree/: linleh, n1f.

abundant: (fruit on tree): nikil, aj.

abutment: /bridge/: simyento, n1e.

acacia: č‘is teʔ), nphr(n type n)1e; kevrahača, n; kevrahača to, nphr(n type n); muk‘ta kevrahača, nphr(aj & n); sakil č‘ič teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

bull‘s horn acacia: čohčoh, n1e.

prairie acacia: ¢ahal šašib, nphr(aj & n); k‘aiesob nukul, nphr(n of n); k‘os sakil šašib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k‘os šašib, nphr(aj & n); muk‘ta šašib, nphr(aj & n); sakil šašib, nphr(aj & n); šašib, n5; timbre, n. pringle‘s acacia: vamuč teʔ, nphr(n type n). sweet acacia: sakil č‘iš(2), nphr(aj & n).

accept: č‘am, tv.

accident: have accident: pas palta, vphr(tv & n5).

accompany: čiʔin, tv; čiʔinluh, iv. /in office/: nupin, tv.

accomplice: murder accomplice: hpoy, n1d.

accordion: ʔorkana ʔuloʔ, nphr(n4d of n5).

accounting: give an accounting: ʔak‘ kwenta, vphr(tv & n5).

accuminate: lavuštik, aj.

accumulate: accumulate weaving /to be done/: teman ba holobil, vphr(rv/3s/ & n4d).

begin to accumulate wealth: likebin, tv. cause to accumulate /work/: yeman, tv. (interest): holin, iv. /sins, work/: ʔepahes, tv; ʔepubtas, tv.

accumulated: become accumulated (work): ten ba, rv. (work): ¢elel, aj; temel, aj; tenel, aj; yemel, aj.

accusation: make a formal accusation /before the magistrate/: k‘an parte, vphr(tv & n5).

make false accusation of paternity to enable girl to marry: nap‘an, tv.

accuse: accuse falsely: pak‘an, tv.

accuse falsely of witchcraft: vaʔanbe ʔahval čamel, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of vn5/).

accuse person falsely: pak‘ta, tv.

accuse to one‘s face: tik‘be ta sat, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).

accused: be falsely accused: kuč k‘op, vphr(tv & n5).

accustom: nopes, tv.

accustomed: be accustomed to: naʔ, tv; nop ʔaʔi, vphr(iv //tv).

be happily accustomed to: ʔak‘ ʔoʔon, vphr(tv// n).

become accustomed to: nop, iv.

become accustomed to person or person‘s home: nop ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

make accustomed: nopes, tv.

ache: ʔavan, iv.

cause severe ache in /leg, arm/ (snakebite, arthritis, cold, exhaustion): tuč‘, tv

(throat from constant vomiting): tok‘lih, iv.

aches: with aches and pains throughout body: lilihem, aj.

aching: bo¢, ¢ob, ¢ok, pi¢, tok‘, av; tok‘olik, aj.

acid: acid flavor given to food by metal pot: šin, aj. (oak bark, satin bark, apple, nance, mamey sapote): sapap, aj.

acidity: k‘ak‘-nuk‘, n(aj & ncpd)5; k‘ak‘-nuk‘ul, n(aj & ncpd)1d.

acorn: čočob, n1d.

acquiesce: nihan ba, rv; vašan ba, rv.

acquire: tama, tv.

acquire with great effort: ¢a¢al-k‘opta, tv(aj & tvcpd).

acrid: hik‘ik‘, aj.

(cane liquor, burnt feathers, hair or corn gruel): k‘ohoh, aj.

act: šanav, iv.

act as if: čaʔle, tv; čaʔle ba, rv; pas ba, rv.

act like: ʔaʔi ba, rv.

act up: toy ba, rv.

(player, stuffed squirrels, etc., who represent officials who flee from fiesta): toy k‘in, vphr(tv & n5).

(players, constables on fiesta of St. Sebastian): toy ʔabtel, vphr(tv // n).

active: take an active part: vaʔan ba, rv.

adequate: bal, aj.

adhere: adhere to: nap‘ ba, rv.* cause to adhere /skin of cheek and jaws to skin

adhering: with skin of cheek and jaws adhering to skin of neck: nitnit, aj.

adjoin: (land parcels): ¢’akin baik, rv.:

adjust: fasten and adjust on back /burden/: tabulta, tv.

admit: hamal ʔal, vphr(aj & tv). admit one’s involvement: ʔal ba, rv.

adobe: šamit, n1a.

adolescent: češ, aj. /fourteen to fifteen years/: hilhil, aj.

adopt: meʔonin, tv; p’is ta č’amal, vphr(tv & prep & n4d); p’is ta kremil, vphr(tv & prep & n5). /daughter/: ¢ebin, tv. person who adopts clothes of other people /Chamula becoming Zinacantec, Zinacantec becoming ladino/: k’očol, n5.

adopted: be adopted: nič’onin, tv.

adoption: meʔonil, n5.

adult: become an adult: pas ta kriščano, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

adulterer: hmulavil, agn.

adulteress: hmulavil ʔan¢, nphr(agn type n)5.

adultery: commit adultery: mulav, iv.

advancing: keč, av.

advantage: take advantage of: tahinta, tv. take advantage of /lenience/: lekil ʔaʔi, vphr(n4f & tv). take unfair advantage of: ʔilbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d).

adversary: ʔahvalil, n3b.

advice: ¢i¢el, vn5; mantal, n1b. follow person’s advice: tak’be rason, vphr(tv & n4d). give meddlesome advice to: tik’be ’op, vphr(tv & n5). listen to or heed advice: ʔaʔi rason, vphr(tv & n5). person who gives good advice: rason vinik, nphr(n type n)5.

advise: ʔak’ k’op, vphr(tv / / n); ʔak’ mantal, vphr(tv & n5); ʔak’ rason, vphr(tv & n5); ʔal rason, vphr(tv & n1d); ¢i¢, tv; pas rason, vphr(tv & n5); p’ihubtas, tv. advise person: tuk’ibtasvan, iv. (bride’s ritual tutor): tohobtas k’op, vphr(tv & n5); tohobtas rason, vphr(tv & n5).

affair: k’op, n1d.

affidavit: ʔakta, n1d; ʔaktail, n1d.

afire: set afire /forest/: tokolahes, tv; tokolta, tv; tokoltas, tv.

afraid: be afraid /to ask favor/: mak ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). be afraid of: šiʔbe, tv. feel afraid: šiʔ ʔaʔi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv).

afterbirth: meʔ ʔol, nphr(n4d of n4d); meʔ ʔunen, nphr(n1d of n5).*

afternoon: šmal, n5. late in the afternoon: mal ša, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt); mal ša k’ak’al, phr(aj/pred/ & pt & n5); malet k’ak’al, vphr(av & n5).

afterwards: right afterwards: tihlebal, n5.

afterworld: k’otebal, n5; lahebal, n3b.

again: noštok, pt.

against: čiʔuk, n4b.

agape: kač, kav, leh, lič’, av; lečel(1), aj. be agape (mouth when lost in thought): kači, iv. (mouth when lost in thought): kačel, aj. (mouth): kaval, aj; kevel, aj; lehel, aj. with mouth agape: level ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). with mouth agape /scolding, shouting, yakking/: ševet ʔe, vphr(aj & n4d).

agaric: čečeval san-antreš, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/)5; k’oš bililuš, nphr(aj & n). fly agaric: ¢ahal yuy, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal yuy čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

agave: guatemalan agave: či met, nphr(n type n). soap root agave: muk’ta tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); tub čil, nphr(n of n).

age: č’iel, n4d; molib, iv. feign greater age: molibtas ba, rv. (man, woman, animal): malub, iv. /person/ (sickness): malubtas, tv. (woman): meʔelub, iv.

agreeableness: yalemal ʔoʔon, nphr(n4f of n4d); yalemal hol, nphr(n4f of n4d).

agreed: tek, pt(contr of te & -uk); teuk, pt.

agreement: trate, n1a. be in agreement: koʔol hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d). be in agreement with: kom ta lek, vphr(iv & prep & aj). come to an agreement: ¢ob k’op, vphr(tv & n4d/3p/); koʔoltasbe hol, vphr(tv / / n).

ahead: baʔyi, aj; t’ab, pt. get ahead: bailah, iv; helav, iv. place ahead /in walking order/: baʔyihes, tv; baʔyubtas, tv.

aid: mutual aid: koltaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. ritual aid: č’amunel, vn5; č’omil, n5.

aim: ʔič’be tuk’il, vphr(tv & n4f); punto, n1e. aim at /with gun/: ʔak’be punto, vphr(tv & n5).

aimlessly: hoč, vaʔ, vel, av. stand aimlessly: hoči. iv. standing aimlessly: hočol, aj; vaʔal, aj; velel(2), aj. walk aimlessly: vaʔetah, iv. wandering aimlessly: k’am, av.

air: ʔik’, n1a. in the air: pak’, av.

air pine: ʔeč’, n1a.

airfield: yaleb ʔavyon, nphr(n4f of n5).

airplane: ʔavyon, n1a; šulem k’ok’, nphr(n type n)5; vilem k’ok’, nphr(aj & n)5.

ajar: be ajar: p’evi, iv.

albino: (person, horse, dog): meko, aj.

alcalde: alcalde juez: ʔalkalte, agn. alcalde shuves /terminal post of religious hierarchy/: ʔalkalte-šuves, agn(n type ncpd). grand alcalde: mol ʔalkalte, nphr(aj & n)5. grand alcalde /most prestigious official of the fourth level df religious hierarchy/: muk’ta ʔalkalte, nphr(aj & agn). junior alcalde viejo /second most prestigious official of fourth level of religious hierarchy/: bik’it ʔalkalte, nphr(aj & agn). petty alcalde: bik’it mol, nphr(aj & n)5. petty alcalde /second most prestigious official of fourth level of religious hierarchy/: bik’it ʔalkalte, nphr(aj & agn). senior alcalde viejo /most prestigious official of the fourth level of religious hierarchy/: muk’-ta ʔalkalte, nphr(aj & agn).

alder: ¢ahal nok, nphr(aj & n); nok, n1e; sakil nok, nphr(aj & n).

alderman: /each of six officials of the civil hierarchy/: rehirol, agn. first alderman: primero rehirol, agn(nphr/aj & n/).

alférez: /official of the second or third level of the religious hierarchy/: ʔalperes, agn.

algae: ¢oʔ ʔamuč, nphr(n of n)1e.

alighting: flying and alighting here and there (insect): nóčtenóčte, av.

align: tuk’ibtas, tv.

alike: be alike: koʔolah, iv.

alive: kušul, aj.

All: All Saints’ Day: santo, n5.* All Souls’ Day: santo, n5.*

all: kotol, n4b; labal, aj. that is all /implies a great quantity of one kind of thing, or frequency of one type of action/: naka haʔ, ptphr(pt & pt). that’s all: haʔ noš, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of no & ʔoš/); haʔ noš yeč, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of no & ʔoš/& pt).

allegiance: switch one’s allegiance: vala-patin komel, vphr(tv/x & ncpd/ & dr).

alley: k’al naetik, nphr(n type n)5.

almost: hutuk, n5; poʔot, n5.

alms: limušna, n1a. alms box: ʔav limošna, nphr(n4f of n1a).

almud: /15 or 20 liters/: ʔalmul, n1a. tuk, n4d. all alone: tuktuk, n4d.

already: š’a, pt.

alright: tek, pt(contr of te & -uk); teuk, pt.

also: ʔuk, pt.

altar: ʔaltal, n1e.

altercation: have an altercation: sok k’op, vphr(iv & n1d).

alternate: hel baik. rv.

although: ʔanke, pt; ʔipuk, pt.

alvaradoa: mexican alvaradoa: hač’ub teʔ, nphr(n type n); kamaron teʔ, nphr(n type n).

always: /usu. followed by ʔonoš/: sempre, pt.

amanita: caesar’s amanita: k’anal yuy, nphr(aj & n).

amaranth: ¢ahal ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/). spiny amaranth: ¢ahal č’iš’¢’ul ʔitah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); sakil č’iš’ ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).

amaryllis: white amaryllis: sakil ʔasasena, nphr(aj & n).

amazon vine: čab-ʔak’, n(aj & ncpd).

amble: amble around /in market, in yard, on paths/: pašetah, iv.

ambling: hoč, av.

ambulatory: become ambulatory (patient): vaʔ¢ah, iv.

ambush: place of ambush: nak’ob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)1d.

amends: help another make amends: lahesbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d).

American: brinko, n5.

amiss: go amiss: sok ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5).

ammi: ʔenkahe, n5.

among: t, prep(conlr of ta); ta, prep.

amputated: mok, av. with amputated limb: mokol, aj.

amused: be amused by: ¢eʔeh ʔaʔi, vphr(vn & tv); k’el ʔelav, vphr(tv & n5). be amused by /another’s discomfort/: ʔelavah, vi.

amusement: ¢eʔeh, vn5.

anatto: anatto tree: voʔoš, n1a.

ancestor: ancestor god: totil meʔil, nphr(n3d & n3d). /person of former times/: ʔantivo, n5.

and: ʔi, pt; čiʔuk, n4b.

Andrea: ʔAntel, n1d.

Andrew: Teleš, n1d.

anemic: bak, aj.

angel: ʔanhel, agn. each of the angels and sacristans who chase straw bull: vakero, agn.

anger: kapan, tv; k’ak’al, n4d; k’ak’al ʔoʔonil, nphr(n1f of n3d). arouse anger: ʔak’ k’ak’al ʔoʔon, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/). banish anger: ves, tv. flaring up with anger: tiʔuh hol, vphr(av & n4d). give vent to anger (drunk): lam¢ah, iv. give vent to one’s anger: lok’es k’ak’al ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/). looking down nose in anger: maš, av. quick to anger: bik’it ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n 4d).

angry: mač, av; kapem, aj. angry person: hk’ak’al-ʔoʔon, agn(aj & ncpd). be angry: ʔoy k’ak’al ʔoʔon, vphr(n/pred/ & nphr/n1f of n4d/); čopol hol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d & tv). become angry: kap, iv; kap hol, vphr(iv & n4d). man who always appears angry: maš-niʔ vinik, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5. woman who always appears angry: maš-niʔ ʔane, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

ani: groove-billed ani: ¢’ok-niʔ mut, nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ & n)5; hʔak’-čin, agn(tv & ncpd); htiʔ)- sip, agn(tv & ncpd).

animal: ʔanimal, n5. animal companion spirit of witch /black dog, cow, goat, cat. horse/: vayihel, n1d. animal transformation of witch: vayihel, n1d. circus animal: hʔak’-ʔlav čon, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ type n5). companion animal spirit: čanulil, n3d.* domestic animal: čon rios, nphr(n4f of n5). /general term/: čanulil, n3d; čon, n1e. wild animal: čanul teʔtik, nphr(n of n)5. young female animal: ¢ebal, n1a.

ankle: nuk’ ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d). ankle bone: sat ʔokol, nphr(n4f of n3d). part of ankle /cut of beef/: simaron bek’et, nphr(aj & n)5.

announce: ʔal, tv. announce names /newly elected officials/: lok’es biil, vphr(tv & n5). announce one’s death (owl, whippoorwill, etc.): pay čamel, vphr(tv & vn5).

announcement: announcement of appointment to religious post /stewards-royal, judge ordinary, elders, ensign-bearers, constables, principals, captains, cantors, and publicans/: vun, n1a.

annoy: k’uš’ubtasbe hol, vphr(tv & n4d).

anoint: nib, tv. anoint body for swelling /pumel/: pošin, tv. /with medicine/: bon. tv.

another: ʔo, pt; ʔotro, aj; yan, aj. another time: noštok, pt.

answer: tak’, tv; tak’av, iv. answer back: pak, tv; pak ʔahval, vphr(tv / / n). answer back (person) /call of bird/: tak’be ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d).

ant: šinič, n1e. army ant: ba teʔ čon, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)1f. highland red ant: čak-toroč, n(aj & ncpd)1e.*; toroč, n1e. highland wood ant: k’oroveš, n1e. leaf-cutter ant: k’is, n1e; meʔ k’is, nphr(n of n)5.* obligate acacia ant: čanul čohčoh, nphr(n of n)5.* velvet ant: bolom čon(1), nphr(n type n)5.* wood ant: k’ork’on, n1e.*

anteater: ¢’u¢’un-čab, n(tv & ncpd)5.*

anthem: national anthem: kašlan son, nphr(aj & n)5.

anther: /flower/: yol, n4f.

Anthony: ʔAntun, n1d.

anthurium: k’oš pamal habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); pamal habnal, nphr(natt & n)1a.

antler: šulub, n5.

antlion: ʔararo, n5; talah, n1e.

Antonia: ʔAntunina, n1d.

anus: be ʔik’, nphr(n of n)5; be ¢oʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d); tiʔ čak, nphr(n1f of n1d). with anus showing: č’oh, av.

anxiety: k’op ʔoʔon, nphr(n4f of n4d).

anxious: čopol ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). be anxious: ʔat ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n); ʔat hol, vphr(tv / / n); k’opoh ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); k’opohes ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d); yan ba ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn/3s/ & n4d). feeling anxious: soket ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).

anyone: buč’u, pt.

anything: there is anything: ʔu k’u, nphr(n5 & pt).

anywhere: buk noš, ptphr(pt/contr of bu & -uk/ & pt).

apart: lekoh, n4b. come apart (weaving): bo, iv; boboh, iv.

ape’s-earring: tamarind ape’s-earring: čenek’ teʔ, nphr(n type n).

apiece: one ________apiece /bowl, handful, etc./: huhu- ________ hu-hun, nphr(n/num & nccpd/ & num/num & numcpd/).

apologize: lahes mul, vphr(tv // n); lahesbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d). apologize for: lahesbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d).

apostle: /term for stewards on Maundy Thursday/: ʔapoštol, n5.

appear: ʔayan, iv; vinah, iv. appear above horizon (sun, moon, Venus): nač’ tal, vphr(iv & dr); nač’¢ah tal, vphr(iv & dr). appear here: yul ta lok’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). appear over crest of hill (person): nač’ tal, vphr(iv & dr); nač’¢ah tal, vphr(iv & dr). it appears: ʔilel, vn4f. make the moon appear (fetus born precisely one lunar month late): nač’es tal hč’ul-meʔtik, vphr(tv & dr & agn/aj & ncpd/). (moon, sun): mesuh lok’el, vphr(iv & dr); mesuh tal, vphr(iv & dr).

appearance: care about one’s appearance: k’el ba, rv. make formal appearance as shaman: nup k’obol, vphr(tv & n5).

appearing: appearing time and again /to request favor/: tihton, av.

appease: lahesbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d).

appeased: be appeased: lah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

appendix: niʔ yihil bikil, nphr(n1f of nphr/aj & n/5).

appetite: lose one’s appetite: tok ba tal ʔoʔon, vphr(rv & dr & n4d). without appetite /feeling filled with gas/: sukuket ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d); sukul ʔoʔon, nphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

appetizer: bateb trago, nphr(n4f of n5); bokaro, n1a.

applauding: k’ek’, av; nečečet, av; viklahet, av.

apple: ba¢’i man¢ana, nphr(aj & n)5; ¢ahal tanhero man¢ana, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); kamosa man¢ana, nphr(aj type n); kašlan man¢ana, nphr(aj & n)1d; perote man¢ana, nphr(n type n)); sakil tanhero man¢ana, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). adam’s apple: man¢ana(1), n1a.

appoint: nop, tv. appoint person as witness: vaʔanvan, iv. /witness/: vaʔan, tv.

apprehensive: be apprehensive: ʔal ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n).

approach: approach slowly: k’un-nopleta, tv(aj & tvcpd). approach stealthily: nopleta, tv; noplita, tv. (fiesta, entrance into religious office): tih¢ah, iv. /in space or time/: nopoh, iv.

approaching: be approaching: nopolib, iv.

apricot: kašlan turasnu, nphr(aj & n)1a.

April: ʔavril, n5.

apron: mak, n1d; mak nukul, nphr(n type n)1b; makol, n4f.

arch: ʔalkuʔ, n1e. arch back (cat, opossum): kotan pat, vphr(tv & n4d); kuhan pat, vphr(tv & n4d). arch of foot: pačomal ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d). flower arch /arch of tinsel flowers used to decorate altars, also to decorate mountain shrines on the fiesta of the holy cross/: ʔalkuʔ ničim, nphr(n of n)5. make arch of /dogwood for frame of floral decoration, for frame of straw bull/: šot, tv. make into arch /floral arch, frame of straw bull/: laʔan. tv. make into arch /floral decoration, frame of straw bull/: laʔp’un, tv. (rainbow): koti, iv; vaʔi, iv. (snake): laʔ ba, rv.

arched: kotkot, aj.

archeologist: hk’el-vie, agn(tv & ncpd).

arching: arching back: ta¢, av. arching back suddenly (person who expects foot to land on higher ground than it does, person in pain): yák’luh, av.

arduous: be arduous (work): kik¢ah, iv.

are: there are: ʔoy, n5.

aren’t: there aren’t: maʔuk, pt.

argue: /legal case/: k’opoh, iv.

argument: k’op, n1d. cause an argument to become heated: tiles k’op, vphr(tv & n5). have argument: yuʔ k’op, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5). have argument collapse: sok k’op, vphr(iv & n1d).

aright: set aright: lekubtas, tv.

arise: lik, iv.

arm: at arm’s length: nom teʔel ʔakan, vphr: ajphr(aj & aj/pred/) & n4d. /person, cross/: k’obol, n3b.

armadillo: armadillo shell /archaic/: čil, n4d. nine-banded armadillo: ʔib, n1d; ¢omol čon, nphr(n type n)5.*; kapon, n1a; kapon čon, nphr(n type n)1e.

armful: carrying armfuls: k’eč, av.

armor: /armadillo/: patil, n3c.

armpit: lo¢’opil, n3d.

aroma: muil, n4b.

around: hoyleh, n4f: ta tohol, nphr(prep & n4d). entirely around: hoyleh, n4f.

arrange: mel¢an ba, rv. arrange in neat pile /flowers/: tusa, tv.

arrive: arrive here: yul, iv. arrive there: k’ot, iv. /here/: tal, iv.

arriving: arriving frequently /orders, visitors/: talel talel, nphr(vnlb & vnlb).

arrow: p’ilom teʔ, nphr(n type n)1d. bow and arrow /of kaʔbenal or sak-hol/: yolob, n1a.

arrowroot: č’uč’, n1d; k’oš č’uč", nphr(aj & n); sakil č’uč’, nphr(aj & n).

as: kómo, pt; k’u to, ptphr(pt & pt); t, prep(contr of ta); ta, prep. as far as: k’al, pt. as long as: yal, pt. as many: k’u ʔepal, nphr(pt & n4f). as much: k’u ʔepal, nphr(pt & n4f). seeing as: yal, pt.

ascent: muyebaltik, n5.

ash: prickly ash: ʔič’ak mis, nphr(n4d of n5).

ashamed: be ashamed: k’ešav, iv. denunciatory speech; be ashamed: ʔaponah, iv.

ashen: become ashen: tanub, iv. (face of child who has lost mother): tan-salan, aj(aj & Acpd); tan-saran, aj(aj & Ucpd). (face of sick person): tana], aj. /from sickness/: tan-mukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd). make ashen (sickness, buzzard that has rock thrown at it): tanubtas, tv.

ashen-legged: /person who does not wash legs, buzzard, boat-tailed grackle/: tan-ʔakan, n(aj & ncpd)5; tan-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5.

ashes: tan, n1a. ashes that fly into air when water spills on fire: pul-tan, n(aj & ncpd)1e. covered with ashes (cat, woman’s skirt): tan-mukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd).

aside: move aside: k’eh ba, rv. set aside: k’eh, tv.

ask: hak’, tv. ask about: hak’, tv; hak’ k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f). ask about from place to place: hak’an, tv. ask for: k’an, tv. ask searching questions: ho¢’ho¢’-hak’, tv(aj & tvcpd).

asking: hak’, av.

asleep: vayal, aj. fall asleep: ʔoč vayel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn4d).

asparagus fern: kilkil ničim, nphr(aj & n).

aspergal: ʔak’ob rešponšo, nphr(n of n)5.

asperges: ¢’uiltasel, vn5.

assassin: hmak-be, agn(tv & ncpd); hp’as-holol, agn(tv & ncpd).

assemble: ¢ob ba, rv.

assembled: (mob for lynching): payal, aj.

assembly: assembly of saints in church following procession: nupolahel, vn5. /of entire community/: nik-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

assistant: ritual assistant /of religious officials or of family of sick person prior to shaman’s arrival/, an. poss.; -ahč’om.: hč’omil, agn.

associates: grupo, n1d.

assuage: assuage man’s sexual appetite (woman): lam¢an vinik, phr(tv & n5). assuage sexual appetite: lam¢an ba, rv. /sexual appetite, desire for alcoholic beverage/: pah¢ah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d).

assume: assume incorrectly /past participle only/: ʔal, tv/occurs always with subjunctive suffix, third person may be šaʔuk or yaʔuk/: ʔaʔ, tv.

aster: pošil sal-¢’iʔ, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/).

astonished: be astonished: č’ay¢aih, iv.

at: ta, prep. at last!: ʔorasi, excl. at least: sikera, pt.

athlete: athlete’s foot: čiʔ ʔokol, nphr(x of n)5.

atone: lahes mul, vphr(tv / / n).

atonement: laheseh-mulil, vn(tv & ncpd)5.

attach: ¢oybe ʔak’il, vphr(tv & n4f).

attack: attack person in house: makvan ta na, vphr(iv & prep & n5). attack person on road: makvan ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5). attack with _______ /rock, stick, machete, gun, knife, slingshot, etc./: ʔak’ _______, vphr(tv & n5).

attempt: preva, n5.

attention: pay attention: ʔaʔibe melol, vphr(tv & n4f); ʔak’ ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & n5). pay attention to: ʔak’ ta muk’, vphr(tv & prep & aj); ʔič” ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d); ʔič’ ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & n5); ʔič” ta muk’, vphr(tv & prep & aj); tuk’ulan, tv. pay close attention to: lekil-ʔaʔi, tv(aj & tvcpd). pay no attention to: mu ta ʔoʔoniluk, nphr(pt & prep & n5).

attorney: district attorney’s office: ministerio, n1a.

August: ʔagosto, n5.

Augusta: ʔAkuš, n1d; Tinik, n1d.

Augustus: ʔAkuštin, n1d.

aunt: /maternal, paternal, wife of maternal or paternal uncle/: hun meʔil, nphr(num & n)3d; muk’ta meʔil, nphr(aj & n)3d.

authority: civil authority: ʔahval kavilto, nphr(n4f of n5). civil authority /archaic/: hustisya, agn. /constable, political official/: yuʔelal, n4d. exceed one’s authority: pas hamparoal, vphr(tv & n5). native authority: hmel¢aneh-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd); hmel¢anvaneh, agn.

authorization: ʔorten, n1a.

authorize: ʔak’ ʔorten, vphr(tv & n5).

autopsy: perform autopsy: havvan, iv.

availability: šokobtas-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

available: make one’s self available: šokobtas ba, rv.

avalanche: hem, iv; hemel, n5; sol yalel, vphr(iv & dr); tu¢’, iv; tu¢’ ba, rv; tuč’, iv; tuč’ ba, rv; tuč’¢ah, iv; yemel, vn5. with avalanche: yemel, aj.

avalanching: keč, av.

avocado: ʔon, n1a; ʔoven teʔ, nphr(n type n); ba¢i ʔon, nphr(aj & n); ¢i¢ teʔ(2), nphr(n type n); č’ail ʔon, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta ʔon, nphr(aj & n); yaš-ʔon, n(aj & ncpd)1a.

avoid: ʔet’es, tv. avoid the subject: č’ay k’op, vphr(tv & n5); mak k’op, vphr(tv & n5).

awake: hulan, aj; hulem, aj. awake at dawn: sakub, iv. lie awake restlessly: vik’il-sati, tv(aj & tvcpd). remain wide awake: vik\ iv. wide awake: vik’von, av.

awaken: /another person/: tales č’ulel, vphr(tv & n4d). /in morning/: ʔaʔi ʔosil, vphr(tv & n5).

awakened: awakened by poking: tihbil, aj.

aware: be aware of: ʔič” ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

away: lead away: ʔik’ eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).

awful: awful person: pendého, n5. be awful: yan ʔelan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/).

awry: cause to go awry /discussion, aim/: tilč’un, tv. go awry (discussion, aim): tilč’uh, iv. going awry (dispute, argument): soket k’op, vphr(av & n5). (thatch roof): šikil, aj. (thatch): vo¢ol, aj.

axe: ʔek’el, n1a.

Aztec: hmehiko, agn.

B

baaing: beʔ, meʔ, av.

baby: neneʔ, n1d. have baby: kol ta ʔalahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). plu.;ʔunetik, ʔunenetik: ʔunen(1), n1a.

baby-sitter: hkuč-ʔunen, agn(tv & ncpd).

baccharis: cutleaf broom baccharis: č’ail poš, nphr(aj & n)5; pošil ¢aʔnel, nphr(n of vn).

bachelor: tohol krem, nphr(aj & n)5.

back: /auxiliary verb expressing returning action/: yulel, dr. back of chair: kiklebal šila, nphr(n1f of n1d). /fence/: čakil. n3e. /house, chair, person, hand, arm, leg, fiddle, guitar/: patil, n3c. lie on back (dog): levi, iv. on one’s back: haval, aj.

backache: give person a backache (burden): voč’¢anvan, iv.

backstrap: backstrap of backstrap loom: tab-pat, n(x & ncpd)1a.

backwards: vala-pat, n(x & ncpd)1d. go backwards: butul-čakih, iv(aj & ivcpd); vubul-čakih, iv(aj & ivcpd).

backyard: čak na, nphr(n1f of n1d).

bad: čopol, aj. be bad: čopol hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5). cause to go bad /meat/: yanihes, tv. go bad (meat): yanih, iv.

badger: badger person /repeatedly coming to borrow money or corn, or to ask favors/: k’ušvan, iv.

badly: feel badly: yan ba ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & rpn/3s/ & tv).

bag: vorša, n1a. bag for carrying candles or tortillas, inan. poss., sčuʔilpak’al: ʔuʔil pok’, nphr(natt & n)1a. bag for tortillas: sut’, n4f. bag in which chaplet is stored or carried: pak’al ʔual, nphr(n1f of n1d). burlap bag: koštal, n1a. /for tortillas, bread, salt, candles or chaplet/: pok’, n1a. /in which salt, sugar, or bread is put when purchased/ or /in which money is cached/: pak’-al ________, nphr(n1f of n1d). large burlap bag for storing corn or beans: brin, n1a. leather shoulder bag: moral, n1a. small burlap bag formerly used for salt: brin, n1a. tortilla bag: pak’al ʔot, nphr(n4f of n4d); pak’al vah, nphr(n of n)5. white flour bag /used by men to carry market goods/: sakil pok’, nphr(aj & n)5; vorša pok’, nphr(n type n)1a.

bag-shaped: (tent of tent caterpillars): pič’il, aj.

baggy: čop, puh, voč, av; puhan, aj. baggy and with top gathered (seat of pants): čopčop, aj; čupčup, aj; čupul, aj. (clothes): puhkan, aj; puhpuh, aj. (long pants, patch): vučet, av; vučvuč, aj. (pants): pok’ol, aj; vočol, aj. stand while wearing baggy pants: vočan, tv. with long baggy pants: pok’, av. mel¢an, tv.

bake: mel¢an, tv.

baker: hmel¢aneh-pan, agn(tv & ncpd).

balance: /burden/: pas ta pareho, vphr(tv & prep & aj).

bald: boč, kan, av; bahbah, aj; boč-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5; bočol, aj; kanal, aj; lek’el, aj; lek’et, av; t’ahal, aj; t’ašal, aj. bald in many places: rinkaštik, aj. become bald: kank’uh, iv; pis¢ah, iv. make bald: kananbe, tv.

balk: (mule): keʔan ba, rv; tim ba, rv. (mule, pig, sheep, dog): timan ba, rv; toban ba, rv; tok’an ba, rv.

balking: hip, av; timton, av.

balky: (mule): tok’ol, aj.

ball: pelota, n1d. ball game: tahimol, vn5. be in ball (cotton, wool, string, thread): pisi, iv. crumpled in ball (paper, paper money): pič’il, aj. in ball (cotton, wool, string, thread): pisil, aj. in ball (wool): pič’il, aj. lie in ball (clothes, paper): pič’i, iv. lying in ball: pič’, av. set down in ball /wool, thread, cotton, string/: pisan, tv. /thread, string/: pisbenal, n1f.

balloon: puh¢ah, iv; puhetah, iv.

ballooning: puh, av; puhan, aj. ballooning in water: maš, av. (clothes): puhkan, aj.

balsam scale: k’oš ¢ahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

bamboo: biš, n1a; ton biš, nphr(n type n). common bamboo: ʔotot, n5; k’anal taro, nphr(aj & n); taro, n. giant bamboo: ne kotom, nphr(n of n).

banana: čan-¢elav loʔbol, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n); manʔana kinya, nphr(n type n)5; sera kinya, nphr(n type n).

band: banta, n5. band music: musika, n1a. escort band from San Lucas, etc.: kuč tal musika, vphr(tv & dr & n5). group in charge of band at fiestas: húnta, n1e. president or treasurer of group in charge of band at fiesta: hhúnta, agn.

bandage: pak’, n4f; sut’, n4f; vol, n4f. bandage slowly /carefully/: sut’ilan, tv. /wound/: sut’, tv.

bandolier: vorša, n1a.

bandstand: kiosko, n5.

banging: ¢in, lom, poh, av.

bangs: be in bangs (hair): kepi, iv. in bangs: mokmok, aj. with bangs: keč, kep, av; kepel, aj. with bangs (child): kečel, aj.

banish: /anger, fear, or exhaustion with a drink/: mes, tv.

bank(1): kečav ʔosil, nphr(n of n)5. sand bank: bahio, n5.

bank(2): banko, n5.

bankrupt: make person go bankrupt: tek’van, iv.

banner: each of two banners of cantors: penton, n5. steward’s or ensign-bearer’s banner: bantera, n1a.

banter: ʔištol-k’opoh, iv(n & ivcpd); “ʔištol-loʔilah, iv(n & ivcpd). clever banter: ¢ukan k’op, nphr(aj & n)5. /impersonal ritualistic joking/: ʔištol k’op, nphr(n type n)5; ʔištol loʔil, nphr(n type n)5.

baptise: ʔak’ ʔič’-voʔ, vphr(tv & vn/tv & ncpd/5).

baptism: petomal, n1d.

baptismal: baptismal font: pila, n5.

baptized: be baptized: ʔic’ voʔ, vphr(tv & n5).

bar: kantina, n1d.

barbados nut: pinyon, n.

barber: hlok’-holol, agn(tv & ncpd).

bare: čoʔ, pit, av. bare midriff: bah, av. bare teeth (dying animal): k’uš ba ʔe, vphr(rv & n4d). become bare (land in dry season): huš¢ah, iv; vuš¢ah, iv. (rump): pitil, aj. (rumped): pitel, aj. (tree top): čivčiv, aj.

bare-assed: bot’ol, aj.

bare-headed: kan, av.

bare-necked: ¢ay, av; ¢ayal, aj.

bared: čivil, aj. (teeth of dead animal): č’ilil, aj. with teeth bared (dead dog): č’ivil ʔe, vphr(aj/ pred/ & n4d); č’ivil niʔ, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

barefoot: čiv, čun, mol, vaš, av; čivčiv, aj; čivel, aj; čun-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5; čunul ʔok, vphr(aj/ pred/ & n4d); mol-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5; vaš-iok, n(aj & ncpd)5.

bareheaded: (turkey): čoʔ-hoi, n(aj & ncpd)5.

baring: čiv, av.

bark: pine bark: p’alp’aš, n1e. /tree/: patil, n3c.

barking: kam, vah, voh, vom, av.

barracks: portin, n1d.

barred: barred with stripes at right angles to top or head: ¢’aram, aj. entirely barred (chicken, hawk, quail, tinamou, hairy woodpecker): sararin, aj.

barred-legged: (horse): p’asas-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5.

barrel: /for chicha or cane liquor/: baril, n1a.

barren: (woman): mačura, aj.

barrow: kapon čitom, nphr(n type n)1a.

bars: p’asasil, n4f.

barter: hel, tv; tukolah, iv; tukul, n5; tukulah, iv; tukulta, tv.

basalt: /used to make grinding stones and handstones/: čaʔ ton, n(n type n)1e.

bash: k’oʔ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). bash repeatedly /with fist/: poʔ’oʔ’anbe mahel, vphr(tv & n5). /with fist/: poʔ’ oʔanbe mahel, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

basil: ʔarvahaka, n1d. american basil: k’oš ʔarvahaka, nphr(aj & n). wild basil: bik’it yaš-čel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); bik’tal yaš-čel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); k’oš habnal, nphr(aj & n); k’oš yaš-šel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); pošil čuvah, nphr(n of n)5; pošil k’ok’, nphr(n of n); yaš-čel, n(aj & ncpd).

basket: mačal, n4f; moč, n1d. basket set over incense for censing clothes: mačal pom, nphr(n1f of n4d). basket used for divining: bači’ teʔ moč, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)1d. basket with handle: ʔalkuʔ moʔ, nphr(n type n)1d. person who carries basket /for a living/: hkuʔ-moʔ, agn(tv & ncpd).

bastard: /figuratively applied to both men and women/: kavron, agn.

baste: lut’, tv. /cloth/: ¢’uk ta ¢’isel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

bat: bat at /moth/: poč ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). /general term/: so¢’, n1e. vampire bat: ʔanhel, agn; pepen č’o, nphr(n type n)5; pepen htiʔ-čih, nphr(n type agn/tv & ncpd/)5.

bath: take dust bath (birds): mukolah, iv. take mud bath (pig): mukolah, iv. take steam bath: pusiltas, tv. taking dust bath (chicken): mukmon, av.

bathe: /child, patient, corpse, horse/: ʔatiltas, tv.

bather: /not ceremonially/: hʔatimol, agn.

bathroom: ¢aʔnebal, n3d. polite speech; go to the bathroom: bat ta pašyal, vphr(iv & n5).

battery: flashlight battery: bateria, n1a; bek’ k’ok’, nphr(n1f of n1a).

bauhinia: common bauhinia: sakil voy čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); voy čih etʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n). white flowered bauhinia: ʔik’al voy čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); bik’it voy čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš voy čiš teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); sakil voy čih teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); voy čih teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

bay: (dog, V2;19): meʔianah-ʔok’, vphr(iv & ivcpd).

baying: (dogs): vavlahet, av.

bayonet: lansa, n1a.

bead: satil, n3c.

beak: /turtle, bird/: niʔ), n1b.

beam: čan-¢elav teʔ, nphr(n/num & npcd/type n)1a.

bean: satil, n3c. beans scattered around the house /by chickens/: tan puk, nphr(n & n)5. string bean: ʔunen čenek’, nphr(aj & n)1a. young bean: čunen čenek’, nphr(aj & n)1a. young bean pod: pak’ayom, n1a.

bean: bik’it šut, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal ’ʔibes, nphr(aj & n); k’anal ʔibes, nphr(aj & n); k’oš šut, nphr(aj & n); sak-vayan čenek’, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); sakil ʔibes, nphr(aj & n); šut, n1a; šut čenek’, nphr(n type n); vayuʔ čenek’, nphr(aj & n). broad bean: ¢ahal havas, nphr(aj & n); havas, n1a; sakil havas, nphr(aj & n); tanhero havas, nphr(aj & n)5. jack bean: ʔok’ ¢’iʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); barsin ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); botil ʔak’, nphr(n type n); ¢ahal ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); čenek’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n); mačita ʔak’, nphr(n type n); pek’ meʔel, nphr(n of n); te- ʔ-ʔak’, n(aj & ncpd). kidney bean: ¢ahal čenek’, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal šʔak’il čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ¢ahal šk’un, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal šlumil čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ¢ahal šteʔ-pat, nphr(n & ncpd); ¢’ibal čenek’, nphr(aj & n); ¢’ibaron čenek’, nphr(aj & n); čana čenek’, nphr(x type n); k’anal čenek’, nphr(aj & n); k’oš sakil čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta ʔak’il čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk’ta ʔik’al čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta ʔik’al slumil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta sakil čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta slumil čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pinto ʔaros čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sak-vayan čenek’, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); sak-vayan sakil čenek’, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); šk’un čenek’, nphr(n type n); šlumil čenek’, nphr(n type n)5. rice bean: ʔaros čenek’, nphr(n type n); ¢ahal ʔaros čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/). scarlet runner bean: ʔik’al botil, nphr(aj & n); ʔik’al la¢ botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); botil čenek’, nphr(n type n); ¢ahal botil, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal ¢’ibal botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); ¢ahal pinto la¢ botil, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta ʔik’al botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil botil, nphr(aj & n). sieva bean: ʔik’al pataš čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ʔik’al pataʔet, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal švet’, nphr(aj & n); ¢’ibal pataš čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pataš čenek’, nphr(n type n)1a; patašet, n; sakil k’ahbenal čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); sakil pataš čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil švet’, nphr(aj & n); švet’ čenek’, nphr(n type n)5. wild jack bean: mačita ʔak’, nphr(n type n). wild yam bean: čenek’ ʔak\ nphr(n type n); hikamo ʔak’, nphr(n type n); mačita ʔak\ nphr(n type n); yašal mačita ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

bear: ʔosov, n5.

beard: ʔisimil, n3b.

bearded: ¢on-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5.

bearer: hʔika¢nom, agn.

beastliness: ¢iʔal, n4d.

beat: ʔak’ mahel, vphr(tv & vn5); mah, tv. beat person: sukbe komel. vphr(tv & dr). (drum): ʔok’, iv. /drum/ (person): t’an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). /eggs/: hub, tv. /laundry/ /on rocks/: pomilan, tv. /metal/: ten, tv. /weft/: tih, tv. /with rock or stick/: lombe, tv.

beater: /person who shouts at deer/: htihol, agn.

beating: pom, t’en, av; mah-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. /weft/: k’avk’on, av; tihel, n4f.

beauteous: ritual speech, song, prayer; beauteous: ničimal, aj.

beautiful: leklek ʔunen ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/aj & rpn/4b); leklek ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn). beautiful and big (woman): lebel, aj. become beautiful /girl/: č’ul ba, rv; č’ul¢ah, iv. (girl’s eyes): yalal ma¢al, ajphr(aj & aj). with beautiful face: mašal sat, vphr(aj /pred/ & n4d).

because: ʔuʔunil, n3b; k’u ti, ptphr(pt & pt); porke, pt. because (I, etc.) am not…: muʔn, pt(contr of mu & yuʔun). because of it: ʔo, pt. if it is because: miʔn, pt(contr of mi & yuʔun).

become: pas, tv. become _________: ʔoč ta ________, vphr(iv & prep & n5); ʔoč ta_______, vphr(iv & prep & vn/tv & ncpd/5).

bed: tern, n1a; vayebal, n3d. /cat, dog/: ¢oʔop, n1d. ceremonial bed of patient: volim, n1a. go to bed: popin vayuk, vphr(tv & iv); vay, iv.

bedbug: nušetel tuil čon, nphr(vn & nphr/aj & n/)5.*; tuil čon, nphr(aj & n)1e.

bedridden: pak’al, aj. be bedridden: puč’¢ah, iv. be bedridden (sick person): močp’ih, iv. become bedridden: huč’¢ah, iv. become bedridden /patient/: huč’, iv. cause to be bedridden: puč’¢an, tv. make person bedridden (sickness): vubanvan, iv. (plu): taʔlahetik, av.

bee: carpenter bee: ʔik’al vonon, nphr(aj & n)5; vonon, n1e. halictine bee: yaš-ʔic čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.* halictine sweat bee: loʔloʔ, n1d.* honey bee: čanul pom, nphr(n of n)5; kačimpa pom, nphr(n type n)1e.*; mermeho, n1d; mišik’ pom, nphr(n type n)1e.*; ton pom, nphr(n type n)1e.* temperate and lowland stingless bee whose honey is gathered: kačimpa pom, nphr(n type n)1e.

beef: /"cold” when fresh, “hot” when dried/: bek’- et, n1d. jerked beef: tašuš, n1a.

beefily: vaš, av. walking beefily (cow): vanvon, av; vatvon, av.

beehive: /only of cliff or cave-dwelling bees/: na pom, nphr(n of n)5.

beeping: pip, av.

beer: servesa, n1a.

beeswax: sera ʔaha-pom, nphr(n4e of n/n type ncpd/5).

beet: metabel, n1d.

beetle: bean beetle: čanul ʔanal čenek’, nphr(n of nphr/n4f of n5/). betsy beetle: čanul k’aʔte’ʔ, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/)5.* click beetle: k’ačk’ač čon, nphr(aj & n)5. darkling beetle: tu-¢is čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)1e; vayik čon, nphr(x type n)2a.* dung beetle: kumumal ¢oʔ, nphr(natt & n)5. edible scarab beetle: kumum san-hwan, nphr(n4e of n/aj & ncpd/)5.* horned dung beetle: kučul ¢oʔ, nphrfaj & n)5. long-horn beetle: čanul yašal teʔ, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/)5.* water scavenger beetle: č’ulul pat čon, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5. whirligig beetle: č’ulul pat čon, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5.

befall: nuptan, tv.

before: ʔolon, n1b; baʔyi, aj: t, prep(contr of ta); ta, prep. just before /temporally/: tihil, aj.

befuddle: bolibtas, tv; č’aybe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d).

befuddled: be befuddled: č’ay, av; č’ay-ʔonih, iv; č’ay-holih, iv(iv & ncpd); č’ay¢aih, iv. be befuddled /by drink/: č’ay hol, vphr(iv & n4d). /by drink/: č’ayem, aj.

beggar: hk’an-limušna, agn(tv & ncpd).

beggarticks: golden beggarticks: bik’it sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); ¢o¢in matas, nphr(aj & n); matas, n1e; matasil be ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/natt & n/ type n). perennial beggarticks: ʔit’iš matas, nphr(n4f of n5); k’anal matas, nphr(aj & n); matas, n1e; matasil teʔtik, nphr(natt & n); sahoʔal te- ʔtik, nphr(natt & n). railway beggarticks: k’ak’al ma¢’ul, nphr(aj & n) or nphr(n type n); k’ak’al mač’ul, nphr(aj & n) or nphr(n type n); k’oš matas, nphr(aj & n); k’oš sakil matas, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); matas, n1e; matas ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); sakil matas, nphr(aj & n).

begging: begging earnestly: vokolet, av.

begin: lik, tv; likes, tv; tarn, tv; tambe________, vphr(tv & iv). begin crying: tambe ʔok’el, vphr(tv & vn5). begin fleeing: tambe hatbal, vphr(tv & n5). begin journeying: tambe šanbal, vphr(tv & n5). begin office: ¢ak ?abtel, vphr(tv & vn5). begin running: tambe ʔanil, vphr(tv & n5). begin shouting: tambe ʔov, vphr(tv & n5). begin work: ¢ak ʔabtel, vphr(tv & vn4d).

beginning: ʔočel, n4f; likebal, n3b. /rainy season/: ʔocebal, n1f.

begrimed: be begrimed by: ʔatin, tv.

behalf: on behalf of: koh, n4b.

behave: tuk’ulan ba, rv. behave unwisely: pas bolil, vphr(tv & n5).

behind: ta pat, nphr(prep & n3b); vala-pat, n(x & ncpd)1d. be directly behind: tuči, iv. immediately behind: nap’al, aj. /implies movement behind, as behind house or fence/: patpat, aj. remain behind: he¢an ba komel, vphr(rv & dr). right behind: ¢’akal pat, nphr(aj & n)5; tihil, aj. walking right behind: tih, av.

believe: č’un, tv. believe mistakenly: ʔak’, tv. believe mistakenly /occuršs, always with subjective suffix, third person may be šaʔuk or yaʔuk/: ʔaʔ, tv

believer: be a believer /Catholic/: naʔ kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5); naʔ rioš, vphr(tv & n5).

bell: kampana, n1a; tak’in, n1a, bell ringer /each of two boys who ring church bell/: htih-tak’in, agn(tv & ncpd). bell tower: kampanario, n5.

bellow: ʔametah, iv.

bellowing:ʔam, av.

belly: ¢ukut, n1a. belly button: mišik’il, n3d.

belt: čuk č’util, nphr(n1b of n3a).

bench: /of civil authorities and elders/: ʔeškanya, n1a.

bend: luʔ, tv. /back/: vuhan, tv. (beam or wire under weight): laʔp’uh, iv. bend down: vu¢’an, tv. bend down (branch) /laden with fruit/: niʔ¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr). bend down (heavily laden branches): kep¢ah, iv. bend down (person with heavy burden): vu¢’ yalel, vphr(iv & dr). bend down (tree, slender branch): niʔp’uh, iv. bend down /branch/: nih¢an, tv. bend down /coffee branch, trees in live fence/: laʔan, tv. bend down /hat brim/: lus¢an, tv. bend down /small tree/: vu¢’ ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr). bend down in clusters: lis¢an yalel, vphr(tv & dr). bend down slowly (branch): niʔi yalel, vphr(iv & dr). bend into arch /floral arch, frame of straw bull/: šotk’in, tv. bend over: kuhi, iv; vuh¢an ba, rv. bend over (person): p’usetah, iv. bend over (slender tree): niʔan ba, rv. bend to side (neck or head under burden): netetah, iv. (blade of hoe or axe, etc.): val ba, rv. (blade of hoe): šup’¢ah, iv; val¢ah, iv; vel¢ah, iv. /blade of hoe/: šup’¢an, tv; šup’k’in, tv; val¢an, tv; vel¢an, tv. (broken wrist): kaʔ) ba, rv. /frame of straw bull/: kotp’in, tv. /hat brim to test if properly stiff/: muč’ilan, tv. /hat brim/: moč’ilan, tv. (hoe blade): pušk’ih, iv; š’uv¢ah, iv. /metal, floral arch, wooden frame of straw bull/: luk¢an, tv. /metal, wood used to make frame of straw bull/: luʔ¢an. tv. /metal, wood/: laʔ, tv. /nail, clitoris/: pušk’in, tv. /stalk/: puš, tv. steer around bends /car/: k’utp’in, tv. /tree/: k’utp’in, tv. (tree, back, leg): luʔ¢ah, iv.

bended: unable to be bended (leg, arm): teʔel, aj.

bending: bending back and forth: laʔ, av. bending down: laʔ, niʔ, av. bending down (tree): vu¢’et yalel, vphr(av & dr). bending head to side: net, av. bending knees: šok’, av. bending over: kuh, lu?, tob, av. bending over (robber): tubet čak, vphr(av & n4b). bending over thinking: ¢’ihil, aj. bending sharply: šuk’ul, aj.

beneath: ʔolon, n1b.

bent: (back, tree): kotkot, aj. be bent (back): vuhi, iv. be bent (corners of paper, hoe blade): vali, iv. become bent (back): vuh¢ah, iv; vuhp’ih, iv. become bent /with age/: kuhp’ih, iv. become bent /with age, sickness/: kotp’ih, iv. bent backwards (blade of hoe): haʔhaʔ, aj. bent down (slender tree, branch): niʔi], aj. bent outwards (hoe blade) /preventing proper hoeing/: havhav, aj. bent over: nun, vuh, av; kuhul, aj; vuhul, aj. bent over (horse’s or dog’s ear): puč’puč", aj. bent over (sleeping person): niʔil, aj. bent over (slender tree in wind, heavily laden branch): luʔul, aj. bent under burden: but, av. bent upwards (hat brim): lečleč, aj. ear bent forward: puč’, av. grow bent (flattened corn that grows upwards): kehk’uh, iv. (leg): k’uhul, aj. (neck of gourd, neck of sick chicken): netel, aj. working bent over: vubvon, av.

bent-backed: p’us-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5.

bent-necked: (cushaw): šot-nuk’, n(aj & ncpd)5.

berry: satil, n3c.

berula: stalky berula: ʔalavena nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); kokoʔon nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); kulantu ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

besides: čiʔuk k’usuk, nphr(n4f & pt); k’usuk, pt(contr of k’usi & -uk); yan, aj.

bet: ʔapostal, n5; pas ʔapostal, vphr(tv & n5).

betony: ¢o¢il habnal, nphr(aj & n).

betrayer: hʔič’-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd).

betrothal: /archaic/: ʔišpušal, n5.

better: mehor, aj. feeling better: laet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv); lahet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv).

bevel: may¢an, tv; mayk’un, tv.

bewail: ʔok’ita, tv.

bewildered: č’ay, av.

bewitch: labta, tv.

bicarbonate: bicarbonate of soda: karvonato, n1a.

biceps: pwersa, nic; t’ulavi], n3d.

big: muk’, aj; muk’ta, aj. big hat: sompreron, n5. (ears of brahman or dog, leaves of arrow root or healthy corn plant): počolik, aj. (stomach): banel, aj.

big-eared: (dog, cow): po¢-¢ikin, n(aj & ncpd)5.

bile: ʔič(1), n1a.

bill: /money/: biyete, n1e.

billfold: ʔav tak’in, nphr(n4f of n1a).

billhook: luk, n1a.

billow: make billow /skirt/: val¢an, tv. (skirt) /in water or wind/: val¢ah, iv.

billowing: k’i, val, av. (smoke): tomomet, av; vóltevólte muyel, vphr(av & dr). (smoke, steam): tok’ok’et, av.

billy: ¢’al-hol teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5; teʔ, n1f. /carried by constables, publicans and stewards-royal/: ¢’aram teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.

bin: corn bin: ten, n1a.

bind: bind securely /broken wrist/: mit, tv. /leg/: peč’, tv. /person/: č’al, tv. /wound/: sut’ilan, tv.

binding: ¢in, kup, av; kupul, aj.

binoculars: larkavista, n1a.

bird: mut, n1a. bird cage: kakaš teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.

birth: ʔalahel, vn5. give birth: kol, iv; kol ta ʔalahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn3). give birth (animals): ʔalah, iv. give birth to: ʔayantas, tv. (people, animals): ʔayanel, vn1e.

birthmark: /believed to bring good luck/: veʔebal, n3d.

bishop: ʔovišpo, n5.

bite: ¢ak, tv; tiʔ, tv. __________ bite /dog, snake, flea, mosquito, wasp/: tiʔben,________ nphr(n of n)5.* bite a piece out of /fruit, cake of sugar/ (person), /piece of wall/ (sheep), /salty earth/ (horse), /potato/ (hoe): heč’, tv. bite one’s lip (angry person wishing to harm enemy): ma¢’ ʔe, vphr(tv / / n). bite person (dog): loʔvan ta tiʔel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5). /dog, snake, spider/: ʔav ʔe, nphr(n4f of n4d). /person/: t’um ta tiʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

biting: ka¢’, av. biting suddenly: t’umlih, av.

bitter: č’a, aj; č’ail, aj. become bitter (food): č’aub, iv. become more bitter (quarrel): bat ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj). make bitter /food/: č’aubtas, tv.

bitter: bush muk’ta pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); venteš mol, nphr(n of n).

bittercress: bero nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/).

bittersweet: bittersweet bush: ʔit’iš kanela teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); bik’it kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

bittersweet: bush ʔit’iš brasil, nphr(n4f of n); ¢ahal teʔ, nphr(aj & n); kanela teʔ, nphr(n type n); pinto teʔ, nphr(aj & n); potosoara, n.

bitterwood: tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.

blabbing: ʔiʔ, av.

black: ʔik’, aj. black and blue (eye): yašuneb, aj. give black eye to: taʔahesbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d).

black foot: k’anal nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’anal sahoʔal teʔtik, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); k’išin poš ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’oš sahoʔal teʔtik, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); poʔil ¢aʔnel, nphr(n of vn); sahoʔal te-ʔtik, nphr(natt & n); šinal poš, nphr(aj & n); vač’ teʔ poʔ, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n).

blackberry: ba¢’i makom, nphr(aj & n); kašlan makom, nphr(aj & n); makom, n1a; makom vet, nphr(n of n); pahal makom, nphr(aj & n); tanal makom, nphr(aj & n); tušum makom, nphr(n type n). shrub blackberry: nuk’ čih, nphr(n of n)1d. wild blackberry: ¢ahal makom, nphr(aj & n); č’ail makom, nphr(aj & n); kašlan makom, nphr(aj & n).

blackbird: red-winged blackbird: kašlan bak mut, nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/)5.*

blackfly: lowland and temperate blackfly: č’ikil, n1e.*

blackman: supernatural blackman: hʔik’al, agn.

blacksmith: hten-tak’in, agn(tv & ncpd).

bladder: ʔav k’abil, nphr(n4f of n3d).

blade: /knife, axe, hoe/: ʔeal, n3b. razor blade: šilete, n1a.

blame: mulil, n3a. blame self unjustly: pak’an ba ta mulil, vphr(rv & prep & n5). take the blame: kuč k’op, vphr(tv & n5). take the blame for: pak’an ba ta mulil, vphr(rv & prep & n5). take the blame for another’s faults (shaman for patient when defending him, person at courthouse): kučbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d).

blanket: pack blanket /one placed on either side of mule’s backbone/: lomio, n1d. saddle blanket: tas kaʔ), nphr(n1d of n1d). (squash, vine, clouds): k’i ba, rv. store-bought blanket: čamaroil, n3a. store-bought cotton blanket: kašlan čamaroil, nphr(aj & n)5. wedding blanket: ʔoš-hisomal cih, nphr(n/num & ncpd/type n)5. woven blanket: čih, n1a; k’uʔulal čih, nphr(natt & n)1d.

blanketed: be blanketed /in clouds or mist/: but’, iv. /in mist/: but’ul, aj.

blanketing: (low-growing plant, cloud): k’iil, aj.

blaring: (cow horns): nečečet, av.

blast: /cow horn/: turetah, iv.

blasting: poh, pom, tur, av. blasting iron: kamaro, n1a.

blazing: lok, av.

bleach: sakub, iv. /hat/: sakubtas, tv.

bleat: (lamb): miʔetah, iv.

bleating: beʔ meʔ, miʔ, av,

bleed: cause to bleed /nose/: tih, tv.

blemish: blemished: lep’, av. /dark markings on skin/: ʔempač, n1a. white blemishes /on face/: sal-¢’iʔ’, n(aj & ncpd) 1 e.

bless: bless meal /shaman, ritual tutor/: ʔak’ bentisyon, vphr(tv & n5). /priest/:ʔak’ bentisyon, vphr(tv & n5). (ritual tutor) /blessing is also exchanged between stewards, ensign-bearers, elders, ritual tutors and civil authorities after flag ceremony during change of office of ensign-bearers/:ʔak’ krasia, vphr(tv & n5).

blessing: bentisyon, n1d.*

blind: kuk, aj. blind eye /that has become bluish/: yašku go blind:maʔmb, iv;mak sat, vphr(iv/3s/ & person with blind eye: yaškul, n5.

blinders: horse blinders: mak sat, nphr(n1f of n1d); ho, n1a.

blindly: maʔ, av.

blink: mu¢’ilan, tv. with nervous blink: mu¢’-sat, n(aj & ncp

blinking: mu¢, vik’. av.

blister: ʔuy¢ah, iv; čuy ba, rv; čuyeah ʔaʔlel, vphr n4f); čuyi, iv; luč¢ah, iv; puh, iv; t’uy¢a: voč, iv; vočemal, n1d; vučan ba, vuč¢ah, iv; vuč¢an ba, rv; vučel, vnl vučes ba, rv. cause blister: vuč¢an, tv. deep blister: šul ton, nphr(n type n)1a. /distinguished from čuy by rapidity of b1 ing/: vuč, iv.

blistered: votol, aj. (burn): čuyul ʔaʔlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d (person, diseased cow bladder): čupahtik,

bloat: pumes, tv; t’in, iv. bloat self /by drinking too much water/: ba, tv. bloat self /with water/: puhes ba, rv. /from drinking too much water/: puh, iv /with water/: puhes, tv.

bloated: (stomach of sick person, animal or cor t’inil, aj.

blob: form a blob: t’o¢i, iv. in a large blob (manure, human excrement, patty): lemel, aj. place down in a large blob /mud, thick improperly made tortilla/: leman, tv. sit in a large blob (tortilla): lemi, iv.

blond: (hair): neš, aj.

blood: č’ič, n1d; č’ič’elil, n3d; sankre, n5. stem flow of blood with fingers: mič’, tv.

bloodleaf: ʔit’iš šolom, nphr(n4f of n5); k’ask’as nphr(aj & n). shrubby bloodleaf: k’ask’as teʔ), nphr(aj &

bloodletting: bah-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

bloodwood tree: sakil brasil, nphr(aj & n).

blouse: k’uʔ ʔan¢, nphr(n4f of n5); k’uʔil, n3a. center strip of woman’s blouse: meʔl, n5 elaborate woven blouse /worn by young customarily presented to goddaughter/: k’uʔul, nphr(n type n)3d.

blow (1): blow off /dust/: vuč’ta, tv; vuč’taluh, iv. blow on /fire/: hub, tv. blow sickness on: habta, tv. blow /flute, cowhorn, bottle, trumpet, g leaves during wedding/: ʔok’esin, tv. /nose/: pi¢’, tv.

blow(2): /fist/: poraso, n5.

blowfly: yašal vo, nphr(aj & n)5.

blowing: blowing about: k’ep, av. blowing away suddenly (corn stubble): ši av. blowing on /fire/: hubhon, av.

blubbery: les, av.

blue: yašal, aj; yoš, aj. become blue gray (sick baby’s excrem ʔučulib, iv. black and blue (eye): yašuneb, aj. blue gray (chicken, sick baby’s excrement): ?učul, aj. blue gray (sheep): rošio, aj.

blueberry: wild blueberry: k’oš ʔaha-teʔes, nphr(aj & n).

bluebird: common bluebird: kere-ʔučul, nphr(x & ncpd)5.

bluebottle: yašal vo, nphr(aj & n)5.

bluets: creeping bluets: mail e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

bluish: (eye of dying person): čenel, aj.

blunder: pas čopolal, vphr(tv & n5).

blunt-tipped: (machete, billhook): mok-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.

blunted: (tip of billhook): mušul, aj.

blush: ¢ahub, iv.

blushing: (face): počol, aj.

boa: boa constrictor: bolera, n5.*

board: mak’lan, tv; tenel teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.

boast: boast falsely: p’is ba, rv.

bob-white: common bob-white: čintuliʔ), n1e.*

bobbed: tu¢ul, aj. (dog’s tail): k’učul, aj. walking with bobbed tails (dogs): tučlah, av.

bobbed-tailed: (dog, mule, donkey): mot’ol, aj. (horse, donkey, dog): k’ok-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5.

bobbin: /loom/: halam teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.

bobbing: lub, peč, toy, av. bobbing head: ¢ay, av. bobbing with pear-shaped head (bob-white): tuʔuʔet hol, vphr(av & n4d). walking and bobbing (chicken’s head): túltetúlte, av. with head bobbing sideways (baby, drunk, sick person on horseback): neʔnon hol, vphr(av & n4d).

bobtailed: mok, mot’, av; mok-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5; mokol, aj.

bobwhite: common bobwhite: vaskis mut, nphr(n type n)5.

bocconia: tree bocconia: bonob kamosa teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); ¢is čauk, nphr(n of n)5; pošil haval ʔokol, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/).

bodkin: /thin wire inserted at end of weaving/: ¢u¢ub, n1a; yolob, n1a.

body: /drum, fiddle, guitar, harp/: č’util, n3b. /person, horse, sheep, cow, pig/: takopal, n1b. /section of cross below arms/: ʔokol, n3b.

boil(1): bulomah, iv; lakan, tv; laki, iv; vokan, iv; vokoltas, tv. /“flowers”, wool thread, palm frond, squash, corn on the cob/: pan, tv. boil away: ʔul, iv. (person in sun): pan, iv. /wool thread only/: panolah, iv.

boil(2): čakal, n1d.

boiled: lakal, aj. be boiled: pan, iv. boiled until water has evaporated (nixtamal): ševel, aj.

boiling: bal, av; lakal, aj; laket, av. boiling over: vokok muyel tal, vphr(av & dr & dr).

boll: cotton boll: šašul, n4e.

bolster: (food, curing ceremony): ʔikan, tv.

bomarea: ʔat ¢’iʔ ʔak’, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n; loʔbol čih, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5); niʔ ¢iʔ, nphr(n of n); pošil sal-¢’iʔ ʔak\ nphr: nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/) type n.

bonds: break one’s bonds /prisoner/: čit’u ba, rv.

bone: bak, n1d; bakelil, n3a.

bonesetter: h¢’ak-bak, agn(tv & ncpd).

bonging: pom, av.

bonus: bonus given when food is bought: čiʔilil, n3d.

bony: bak, aj; taki_________, n(aj & ncpd)5; taki-lukan, aj(aj & Pcpd). (person, animal): taki-šot’an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd).

book: livro, n1a; vun, n1a.

booming: ¢il, lom, av. (large bell): lonlon, av.

boost: toy, tv. boost one’s courage /with cane liquor/: ¢a¢ubtas ba, rv.

booth: ʔavil, n3c. market booth: pwesto, n1d.

bootleg: lok’es poš, vphr(tv & n5); pas trago, vphr(tv & n5).

bootlegger: hpas-trago, agn(tv & ncpd).

boots: high rubber boots: botin, n1d.

borage: boraha, n1d.

border: tiʔil, n1f. border at base of cotton tunic: p’as ʔok k’uʔul, nphr(n1f & nphr/n4f of n3d/). Guatemalan border: raya, n1e.

bored: be bored with: tavan ʔaʔi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv).

borer: corncob borer: čanul bakal, nphr(n of n)5; tusino, n1a. sugarcane borer: čanul valeʔ, nphr(n of n)5.

born: be born: vinkilah, iv. be born (animals, Christ): ʔayan, iv. be born in full moon: yihubtas, tv.

borrow: ʔoč ta č’om, vphr(iv & prep & n5); č’amun, tv. borrow from someone to repay debt to another: heltasan, tv. borrow money: lok’es ta č’om, vphr(tv & prep & n5); šoh hoi, vphr(tv / / n). borrow money on behalf of undisclosed party: pak’ta ba, rv. borrow money with interest: lok’es ta holinom, vphr(tv & prep & n5). /corn, chickens, etc., to be replaced later/: k’eš, tv.

borrowed: borrowed object: k’ešil, n3d.

borrowing: borrowing repeatedly: k’ešk’on, av.

boss: hefe, n5; patrón, n1d. /foreman in roadwork/: kavo, agn.

botch: ʔištalan, tv; pas čopolal, vphr(tv & n5).

bother: ʔilbahin, tv. bother people: saʔan hoi, vphr(tv & n5).

bothering: saʔ, av; saʔson, av.

bottle: brown beer bottle: ¢ahal meria, nphr(aj & n)1d. liter bottle: litro, n1a. pint bottle: meria, n1a. quart bottle /proper size for accompanying formal visit/: limete, n1a.

bottle-filler: woman who pours cane liquor from jugs into bottles for elders, ensign-bearers /St. Lawrence, St. Dominic, St. Anthony, the Trinity/, stewards-royal, publicans, stewards when entering or leaving office or when venerating their coffers; for groom at petition, formal entrance into bride’s home, and wedding: hč’ol-voʔ, agn(tv & ncpd).

bottom: /bottle, pot, violin, guitar, well, river, burden/: čakil, n3e.
clothing/: ʔkol, n3e.

bougainvillea: ¢ahal kilkil ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); yašyaš-ʔulan ničim, nphr(n/aj & Ucpd/ type n).

bought: not be bought (merchandise): kev¢ah, iv.

bounce: p’it, iv; p’ites, tv.
/baby/: lučilan, tv.
bounce up and down on /tree, car seat/: pu¢ilan, tv; vu¢ilan, tv.

bouncing: ¢uk, čeč, čeh, češ, čoh, hip, laʔ lep, loh, peč, puč, vuč, av.
bouncing up and down (child): vilvon, av.
bouncing up and down (large child on mother’s back, coffin): lučlon, av. (falling object): kununet, av.
hurrying with bouncing object: čuh, av.
net with too long a tumpline/: čohčoh, aj.

bound: peč’, av.

bound together (legs, two sticks): peč’bentik, aj. (prisoner): peč’el, aj. tightly bound: mit\ av.

boundary: boundary line: ¢’ak, n1a.

boundary marker: ¢’ak, n1a; ¢’akil ʔosil, nphr(n1f of n1d); mohon, n1a; senya ʔosil, nphr(n4f of n1d).

bow(1): nih¢ah, iv; nihk’uh, iv.
bow and nod (drunk): ¢’uyp’ih, iv.
bow down (branch): heʔ¢ah, iv.
bow down (heavily laden branch): kaʔ), iv.
bow down /fruit-laden branch/: ¢uyp’in, tv.
bow formally: nup k’obol, vphr(tv & n5).
bow formally to: nupbe k’ob, vphr(tv & n4d).
bow head: čimi, iv; nihan ba, rv.
bow head in hands (drunk): čiman ba, rv.
bow low /in prayer/: pati, iv.
bow one’s head: nih¢an ba, rv.
bow to each other (banners or saints before procession): nupilan baik, rv.
bow to ground (heavily laden branch): kaʔp’uh, iv.
bow to ground /branch/: kaʔp’un, tv.
bow to ground /in prayer/: patan ba, rv. (branches laden with fruit): ¢’uyp’ih, iv.
cause to bow one’s head /in shame or drowsiness/: nih¢an, tv.
(head in greeting to older person, head of mule that has been broken in): nihi, iv.
/head of person in greeting or prayer/: nihan, tv.

bow(2): bow and arrow /of kaʔbenal or sak-hol/: yolob, n1a.
/fiddle/: ki¢be, tv; k’obol, n3b.

bowed: kaʔ, p’us, av.
be bowed (person): p’usi, iv.
bowed down (heavily laden branch, heavy-laden corn stalk): heʔel, aj.
bowed down (small heavily laden tree): vu¢’ul, aj.
bowed head: čim, nih, av.
bowed over: pat, av.
bowed over (branches laden with fruit): ¢’uyul, aj.
bowed over (slender tree): la¢al, aj.
bowed under: t’in, av.
bowed under heavy burden: t’inil, aj. (head of drunk): ¢’uyul, aj. (person): p’usul, aj. sit bowed over: pati, iv. sitting bowed over: patal, aj. walk bowed under heavy burden: t’inetah, iv. walking bowed low (under large burden): vubet, av. with head bowed: čimil, aj; nihil, aj.

bowing: (čim, ki¢, kup, av.

bowl: pulatu, n1a.
bowl in which chilis are stored: šalten, n1a.
bowl in which spindle is turned: nahebal, n3d.
enamel bowl: boč, n1a. in bowls: lečel(1), aj.
large handleless bowl used for squash and corn gruel: poket, n1a.
metal bowl for measuring corn /1.67 metric liters/: tasa, n1a.

bowlegged: het, šot, av.
walking bowlegged (sing): ševlah, av.

box: box for carrying fruit: kahon, n1a.
cardboard box: karton, n1a.

boy: male speech; boy!: kere, excl. /priest’s helper/: mučačo, n1d.
term of address and reference: krem, n1d.

boy-crazy: loko, aj.

boyhood: kremal, n1d.

brag: brag falsely /about one’s industry, wealth, or amorous following/: kuy ba, rv.

braggart: /about what one, in fact, does not have/: hbik’-ʔišim, agn(tv & ncpd); hbik’lahan, agn.

bragging: bik’, av.

brahman: pok’-čikin vakaš, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/type n)1a; tanhero vakaš, nphr(aj & n)1a.

braid: bal, iv; peč’, n1f; peč’benal, n1f.
/hair/: peč’, tv.
/rope/: bal, tv; balč’un, tv; balomah, iv.

braided: peč’, av.
be braided (headdress of bride): peč’i, iv.
(hair): peč’el, aj.
heavily braided: linil, aj.
tightly braided: mor, av.

brains: činamil, n3d.

branch: horkata, n1a.
/for fence/: yanal teʔ, nphr(n of n)1a. /tree/: k’obol, n3b.

branchless: hul, av. (standing tree): hulul, aj.

brand: ʔek’la1 kaʔ), nphr(n4f of n5); senya, n1a.

brandied: brandied ————/peach, nanche, apple, quince/ /soaked in cane liquor/: ¢’ahbil ————, nphr(aj & n)5.

branding-iron: ʔek’la1 kaʔ, nphr(n4f of n5).

brandishing: bič, av.

brave: ¢o¢ ʔoʔon, nphr(aj & n4d).
become brave: ¢a¢ub ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

braying: hik’hon, av.

breach: kayahon, n1a.

bread: kašlan ʔot, nphr(aj & n)1a; kašlan vah, nphr(aj & n)1a; pan, n1a.
type of bread sold in San Cristóbal: simita, n1d.
wedding bread /bird-shaped/: mutal vah, nphr(natt & n)1a.

break: (arm, leg): tilč’uh, iv.
/arm, leg/: tilč’un, tv.
/basket/: šuv¢an, tv.
(basket, fence): voč’¢ah, iv.
/bone, hoe, billhook, knife, machete blade, pickaxe, candle, basket, corn stalk, handle, machine part, stick, banana/: k’as, tv.
(bone, stick, corn stalk, hoe, billhook, knife, machete blade, pickaxe, candle, basket): k’as, iv.
break another’s /pot/: vok’omah, iv.
break badly (bone): tomk’in ba, rv.
break badly /corn stalk, leg, arm/: tomk’in, tv.
break down: sok ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
break down (car) /infr/: čopolib, iv.
break down /door/: poh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
break down /fence/: leʔp’un, tv.
break fingernails: val¢ah, iv.
break in /jug by filling it with lime water or pot by boiling corn starch/: čah, tv.
break in half (tortilla that sticks to griddle): šut¢ah, iv.
break in two: šet’, iv.
break in two /fruit/: šet’, tv.
break into /another’s house/: ham ta na, vphr(tv & prep #x0026; n5).
break into house /to steal posessions or woman/: vok’ ta na, vphr(tv & prep & n5).
break into house in owner’s absence: pik na, vphr(tv & n5).
break into little pieces: bik’tahes, tv.
break into pieces /tortilla/: šut, tv.
break into sections /citrus fruit/: sil, tv.
break off: k’ok, tv.
break one’s bone: k’as ba, rv.
break open: lev, tv.
break out (measles): lah¢ah, iv; lah¢an ba, rv; lahi, iv.
break out (measles, pox, pimples): laman ba, rv; lami, iv.
break peso bill or coin: vok’ tak’in, vphr(tv & n1d).
break through /fence/: p’ev¢an, tv.
break top off /egg/ (person) /to suck egg/: t’ih, tv.
break wind: ¢isin, iv.
break wind on: ¢ista, tv.
cause to break /basket/: šekp’un, tv.
cause to break /fingernail/: val¢an, tv.
/chair, egg, pot, bottle, gourd, peso bill, coin/: vok’, tv.
(corn stalk in wind, leg, arm): tomk’ih, iv.
(egg): t’us, iv.
/egg/: č’ih, tv.
/fence/: hat, tv; voč’, tv.
(fence, basket): ševk’uh, tv.
(fingernails): val ba, rv.
have war break out: ʔoč pletu, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5).
/machine/: sok, tv.
/rope/: tuč, tv.
(rope, leather thong, weaving, thread, ribbon): tuč, iv.
(sandals, threads of weaving): sok, iv.
/trail/: pol, tv.
(wood, egg, head, pot, bottle, peso bill, coin): vok’, iv.

breaking: vok’lahet, av.
breaking in many places (rope): tuč’lahet, av.
breaking off: k’ok, av.
breaking off and falling (lower part of cracked pot, piece of tile): šet’lah yalel, vphr(av & dr).
breaking suddenly (bone, corn stalk): tomlih, av.
/old rope/: hap’lahet, av.
suddenly breaking wind quietly: vúslih čak, vphr(av & n4d).

breast: čuʔil, n3a.
/bird/: č’util, n3b.
breast of chicken: moč, n4f.

breath: ʔik’, n1a.
bad breath /drunk/: tuil, n4b.
be out of breath: suk¢ah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d).
get out of breath: mak ba ʔoʔon, vphr(rv & n4d).
/when visible/: sobal, n1b.

breathe: ʔič’ ʔik’, vphr(tv & n5).
breathe in (person who has fainted): tas-ʔik’i, tv(tv & ncpd).

breathing: mus, av.
breathing heavily: vus, av.
breathing noisily through nose (person when sleeping or with cold V4; 14): sukson niʔ, vphr & n4d).
breathing through nose: haš, hus, av.
stop breathing: tup’¢ah ’ʔik’, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

breeches: leather breeches /worn by sir spook, spooks at fiesta of St. Sebastian, dudes/: nukul vešal, nphr(n1f type n3a).

breed: ¢’un, tv.

breeder: prolific breeder /female animal/: hp’olesvaneh, agn.

breezy: hab, haš, av.

brick: lagrio, n1a.
brick and mortar construction: simyento, n1e.

bride: hnupunel, agn; lekomil, n3d.
pay bride price in lump sum: manvan ta tak’in, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
seek a bride: lekomah, iv.

bridge: ba k’o, nphr(n of n)1a.
/archaic/: k’o, n1e.
/fiddle, guitar/: traste, n4e.
hanging bridge: hamaka ba k’o, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/)5.

bright: k’ak’al, aj; sak, aj.
(color): kusul, aj.

brilliantine: pošil holol, nphr(n1f of n3d).

brim: brim of hat: ʔanal pišalal, nphr(n4f of n3d).
touching the brim: has, av.

brimful: /corn, beans, cane liquor/: hašbil vara, nphr(aj & n)5.
(liquid): hasal, aj.
/with corn, beans/: hašal, aj.

brimming: kal, kan, av.

brindled: (dog): barsin, aj.

bring: ʔič’ tal, vphr(tv & dr).
bring down /bird in tree top/: licbe yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
bring knees together: yoban ba, rv; yub ba, rv.
bring to light: vinahes, tv.
bring together /knees/: yoban, tv; yub, tv; yuban(1), tv; yuban ba, rv.
bring up properly: ʔak’ mantal, vphr(tv & n5); ʔak’ rason, vphr(tv & n5).
/people, animal/: ʔik’ tal, vphr(tv & dr).

brink: on the brink of (tree on cliff edge): ličil, aj; tič’il, aj.
push over brink /tree/: ličp’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
stop at the brink of: ličp’uh, iv.

briskly: walking briskly: ¢un, av.

bristle: bristle on chest of turkey gobbler: ¢isan tuluk’, nphr(n4d of n5).
(hair): č’išp’uh, iv.
/hair/ (dog): č’išp’un, tv.
make hair stand on end or bristle /with fear or anger/: č’išan, tv.

bristling: lah, av.
(hair, beard) /naturally or with fear/: č’išil, aj.
(heads of people in crowd): lahal, aj.

bristly: č’išč’iš, aj.*
(pine cone, negro head soncoya): votol, aj.

brittle: k’oč, av.

broad: broad and shallow (basket): pečeč, aj.

broad-brimmed: excessively broad-brimmed (hat, basket): pečpeč, aj.

broadcast: (news): pukih, iv.

broaden: /tortilla/: lič’, tv.

broadside: k’atk’at, aj.

brocket: red brocket: hul-bak, n(aj & ncpd)5.*

broke: go broke: t’anp’uh, iv.
go completely broke: kav¢ah čak, vphr(iv & n4d).

broken: tuč’el, aj; vok’olik, aj.
(basket): šekšek, aj.
be broken (fence): lev, iv.
be broken in (mule): nopvan, iv.
be broken off (engagement): sok ba, rv.
be broken open (fruit): yayih, iv.
(branch, hoe, digging stick): k’asal, aj.
broken in two: šet’ahtik, aj.
(corn plants): kaʔbentik, aj.
(fence): hatal, aj.

broken-hearted: tom, av.

bronchitis: suffer bronchitis: mak nuk’, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

bronco: hleʔvaneh, agn.

brood: large brood /chicks/: vok’, nc.

broody: č’ek, aj.
become broody (hen): č’ekub, iv.

broom: mesehob, n1d.
griddle broom: mes semet, nphr(n of n)5.

broom jute: hič’il ʔanal pak* čak, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/); k’anal pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’anal sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš sat mes, nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/); pak’ čak, nphr(n of n); pak’ (čak ¢iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); satmes, nphr(n of n).

broom rape: mexican broom rape: ʔik’al ʔahan čuč, nphr: aj & nphr(n4d of n5).

broth: kalto, n1a.

brother: female’s elder brother /former term of address used by bride to groom/: čibnelal, n3d.
female’s younger brother: mukil, n3d.
male’s elder brother /reference and address/: bankilal, n3d.
male’s younger brother /reference and address/: ʔi¢’inal, n3d.

brother-in-law: /archaic term of address between those married to two brothers or sisters/: liennaleil, n1d.
/wife’s brother, male’s sister’s husband/: bolil, n3d.

brown: ¢ahal, aj; ¢oh, aj; čak-, aj; k’on, aj.

bruise: bruise made by blow of the fist: ʔav k’obol, nphr(n4f of n3d).

brush: tus, tv.
brush hands through /hair/: haš, tv.
brush into a pile with hand /corn kernels/: bek’, tv.
brush off with hand /water/: bek’, tv.

brush cherry: ʔit’iš pašamum, nphr(n4f of n5); čit teʔ, nphr(n type n); muk’ta pašamum, nphr(aj & n); pašamum, n; vi¢tikal č’it, nphr(natt & n).

brushfinch: yellow-throated brushfinch: k’anal čut mut, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5; k’anal koviš, nphr(aj & n)5.*

brushing: brushing by: kus, av.
brushing off: bek’, av.

bubble: bubble up (boiling water): bulan, iv.
bubble up here and there (springs): nik ba, rv.
bubbles on side of boiling pot: čik’il, n3d.

bubbling: bal, bur, les, los, torn, t’aš, av.
bubbling and burning for lack of liquid /food/:k’o¢k’on, av.
bubbling up: bič, pič, av; tomton, av.

bucida: kaču toro, nphr(n of n); muk’ta kacu toro teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

buck: (mule trying to throw off burden): levulan čak, vphr(tv & n4d).
(mule): leʔulan ba, rv; levulan ba, rv.
(toothed): pehahtik, aj.

bucket: balte, n1a; kuveta, n1a.

bucking: čiʔ, leʔ, lev, mut’, av.

buckle: /back/ (witch): vuh¢anbe, tv.

buckthorn: hamal ʔanal te¢), nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n);
muk’ta bak teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); veʔel kulahteʔ, nphr(n of n).

bud: torn ba, rv; toman ba, rv.
be in bud: ʔumi, iv.
flower bud: boton, n1a.
in bud: ʔumul, aj.
(thistle, banana): tomal, n1f.

bug: čon, n1e.

build: mel¢ah, iv; mel¢an, tv.
/field house/: pot, tv; potan, tv; šok’an, tv.
/house/: p’ehan, tv; vaʔan, tv.
polite speech; build /house/: šoyan, tv. /small house/: ¢unan. tv; kotan, tv.

builder: hpas-na, agn(tv & nped).

building: na, n1a.

bulbous: p’oʔ, av.
(nose): p’oʔol, aj; t’omt’om, aj.

bulge: bulge downward (slack fly of pants, skirt): bosk’ih, iv.
bulge outwards (fresh daub): vub¢ah lok’el, vphr(iv & dr); vuh¢ah lok’el, vphr(iv & dr).
make bulge /stomach of snake/: vukes, tv.
make person bulge /with food or drink, with beating or scolding/: lenbe, tv. (stomach of person or animal): t’eki, iv.
(stomach of snake): vukean lok’el, vphr(tv & dr).
(tummy): beneah, iv.

bulging: bul, av; bosol, aj.
bulging belly: len, t’as, t’ek, vuk, vus, av.
bulging downward: bos, av.
bulging downward (slack fly, skirt): bosbos, aj. (net, sheep’s or horse’s belly, chick’s crop): šihil, aj.
(stomach of person or animal): t’ekel, aj.
(stomach of pregnant woman): vusul, aj.
(stomach): t’asal, aj.
walking with bulging /stomach/ (pregnant woman): t’uket, av.
with bulging belly: len1en č’ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n1b).
with bulging middle (pot): lemlem č’ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n1b).
with bulging stomach: t’ast’as, aj.
with bulging stomach (pregnant woman): t’oket, av.

bull: toro, n1a; vakaš, n1a.
straw bull /of first evening of fiesta of Our Lord of Esquipulas, St. Sebastian, Fourth Friday of Lent, St. Lawrence, Our Lady of the Rosary/: torito, n1a.
straw bull that dances with dudes: vakaš, n1a.

bulldoze: tuč’es, tv.

bulldozer: moto, n1e.

bullfight: act out bullfight (straw bull of Christmas season, dude): pas torial, vphr(tv & vn5).

bullroarer: himhini, n1d.

bull rush: California bullrush: ʔan¢il puh, nphr(natt & n); puh ʔoy balamil, nphr(n type nphr/n4e of n5/); vinik puh, nphr(n type n).

bumblebee: hʔalnom vonon, nphr(agn type n)5; k’anal vonon, nphr(aj & n)5; vonon, n1e.

bumping: bah, poč, poh, av.

bumpy: butbut, aj.
(face of person suffering acne): činkul, aj.
(skin growth): buhahtik, aj.
slightly bumpy (ground): t’ok’t’oktik, aj.

bun: with bun on top of head (woman after washing hair): vu¢vu¢, aj.
/woman’s hair done up in a bun after washing so it will not dry before it is combed/: bu¢, n1e.

bunch: begin to form bunch (bananas): kep¢ah, iv.
carrying bunch: yom, av.
in bunch: kepel, aj.

bundle: in bundle: ¢’alal, aj.

bundle flower: ʔolnob č’o, nphr(n4d of n5).

bundled: sut’, av.
(people in blankets): sut’ulik, aj.

bungle: /when first learning/: ʔištalan, tv.

burbling: bur, av.

burden: ʔika¢il, n3b.
carrying huge burden: vuʔuʔet, av.
give person heavy burden: tenu, tv.
large burden: vat, av.
without burden: mač, lul, av.

burdened: walking heavily burdened (person): ¢elet, av.

burial: muk-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; muklomal, n5.

buried: som, av; mukul, aj; somol, aj. /in weeds/: ¢’ahal, aj.

burn: čik’, tv; k’ak’, iv; k’ak’el, n1d; k’ak’emal, n1f;
k’ak’es, tv; k’ak’et(2), n1d.
cause to burn (sun): ʔak’ k’ak’al, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4e).
(meal): k’ohohib, iv.
(sun): tiʔ, tv.
/with fever, but less than mulul ta k’ok’/: til, iv.

burned: be burned: čik’, iv.

burner: lime burner /Chamula, Pasteʔ, ʔElan Voʔ/.: hčik’-tan, agn(tv & ncpd).

burning: lem, lok, lup, av.
bubbling and burning for lack of liquid /food/:k’o¢k’on, av.
burning pain: hup, av.
burning with fever: mulul ta k’ok’,. vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5).
(candle): kušul, aj.
(ears from criticism of person far away): k’ak’-ubel, aj.
feel burning sensation in mouth: yaub tal, vphr(iv & dr).
/fever/: ʔanal, aj.
(strong cane liquor): nóp’lih, av.
suffering burning eyes /from sinus, smoke, dirt in eyes, looking at sun/: vok’ok’et sat, vphr(av & n4d).

burp: keʔetah, iv; keb, n4d; kebah, iv; keban, iv.
burp at: kebta, tv.

burping: keʔ, av.

burr: satil, n3c.

burrow: č’en, n1a.
bumblebee burrow: na vonon, nphr(n of n)5.
gopher burrow: na ba, nphr(n of n)5.
june bug burrow: na k’onom, nphr(n of n)5.

bursera: hairy bursera: ba¢i pom, nphr(aj & n).
large leaved bursera: ʔač’el pom, nphr(n type n); ba¢i pom, nphr(aj & n); pom rioš, nphr(n of n).
small leaved bursera: ʔač’el pom, nphr(n type n).

burst: (bile duct): t’us, iv.*
burst open (corn tassel): lilih, iv.
(pot, demijohn): t’om, iv.

bursting: nearly bursting (bruise): vokol, aj.
with bursting /stomach/: hupul, aj.

bury: but’i, tv; muk, tv; tenu, tv.
bury self /in blanket/: somi, iv.
bury self /in weeds or blankets/: soman ba, rv.
bury self in blankets (child in daytime): muketah, iv.
/mamey sapotes or mangoes in pine needles and set in sun to ripen/: somi, tv; somta, tv.
/person/: muklomah, iv.
/under leaves/: soman, tv.

burying: muk, av.
burying self suddenly /in weeds/: sómlih, av.

bus: ʔaktavus, n1d; karo, n1a; k’ok’, n1d.

bush nettle: con la, nphr(n type n); muk’ta la, nphr(aj & n).

bushtit: ¢’irin mut, nphr(n type n)5.

bushy-tailed: ¢’etel čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

business: going about minding one’s business: čunet, av.

busy: ¢akal, aj.

but: pero, pt; yan, aj.

butcher: hhis-bek’et, agn(tv & ncpd); hhisolahel, agn.

butt: čuman, n4e; pat hoi, nphr(n1f of n1f). /rifle/: čakil, n3e; holol, n3b.
(sheep, cow): k’oh ba, rv.

butter wort: posil ʔeal, nphr(n of n).

buttercup: k’ohom(1), n; pošil čuvah, nphr(n of n)5; pošil sep’, nphr(n of n).

butterfly: pepen, n1e.
cabbage butterfly: pepen hʔak’-pohol, nphr(n type n/tv & ncpd/)5.

butterfly bush: ʔik’al ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); ¢ele-pat, n(x & ncpd)1e; čan-¢elav, n(num & ncpd); čan-¢elav ¢ele-pat, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n/x & ncpd/); hʔak’-¢eluel, agn(tv & ncpd); k’oš ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
american butterfly bush: ʔit’iš ¢ele-pat, nphr(n4f of n/x & ncpd/); k’oš ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); sakil ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
shrubby butterfly bush: bik’it ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); ¢ele-pat, n(x & ncpd)1e; čan-¢elav, n(num & ncpd); čan-¢elav ¢ele-pat, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n/x & ncpd/); k’oš ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
skutch’s butterfly bush: ʔik’al ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); ba¢’i ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); ¢ele-pat, n(x & ncpd)1e; sakil ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).

buttocks: čakil, n3e; likav čakil, nphr(n1f of n3d); peč čakil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

button: bah, tv; boton, n1a.

buy: man, tv.
buy on credit: ha¢in, tv.
buy release from jail: man ba ta tak’in, vphr(rv & prep & n5).
buy secondhand: lok’-man, tv(tv & tvcpd).
buy together: koʔol-man, tv(aj & tvpcd); komon-man, tv(aj & tvcpd).
/new clothing/: tuč’, tv.

buzz: (fiesta, market): nik, iv.

buzzard: hʔik’al-k’uʔ, agn(aj & ncpd).
/general term/: šulem, n1e.*

buzzard-man: sulem vinik, nphr(n type n)5.*

buzzing: tin, ¢in, han, hi¢, nee, von, av.
buzzing with many people talking (market): voelahet, av. (cicadas): nikiket, av.

by: t, prep(contr of ta); ta, prep. by it: ?o, pt.

C

cabbage: ʔoʔon vakaš ʔitah, nphr: nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5) type n; ba¢’i ʔitah, nphr(aj & n)1d; muruč’ ʔitah, nphr(aj & n).

cackle: toktokrekoin, tv.
(chicken with fright): toktonah, iv.
(hen looking for place to lay): heʔomah, iv.
(laying hen): toktokrekin, tv.

cackling: heʔ, tok, av.

cactus: climbing orchid cactus: čikin ton, nphr(n of n)1a; č’iš čikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil čikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

cage: bird cage: kakaš teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.

calabash: calabash tree: maluk, n1e.

calabash tree: boč, n1a; pisis boč teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); ¢imaʔ, n.

calculate: ʔič’ kwenta, vphr(tv & n5); naʔ, tv; nop ta ʔa-ʔyel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

caldron: /for distilling cane liquor/: perol, n1a.

calea: nettle-leaved calea: č’ail poš, nphr(aj & n)5.

call: ʔik% tv.
(bird): ʔok’, iv.
call baby chicks: tiktikta, tv.
call chickens: tulumta, tv.
call chicks (hen): t’ekt’ekta, tv; t’okt’okta, tv.
call chicks (hen, person): t’ikt’ikta, tv.
call in ugly fashion (bird): yan ʔal, vphr(aj & tv/3s/).
call pigs: kočilan, tv; kučilan, tv; kučkučta, tv.
call to: ʔapta, tv.
call to cat: vivišta, tv.
call turkeys: čopčopta, tv; čopilan, tv.
/puppy, pig/’, pičita, tv.
/sheep/: čuhilan, tv.
/turkeys/: pipita, tv.

calliandra: large flowered calliandra: ¢ahal nič šašib teʔ), nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n type n/); šašib, n5.
large-flowered calliandra: č’ič’ niʔ, nphr(n of n); č’ič’ niʔ teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

calling: lieš, vak, av.
calling baby chicks: tik, av.
calling pigs: kuškon, av.
calling puppy or pig: pič, av.
calling sheep: baʔ, čuh, av.
calling turkeys: pi, av.

callous: ʔav ʔabtel, nphr(n4f of n1d).*

calm: vašal, aj.
calm a dispute: lames k’op, vphr(tv & n5).
calm down; č’abi, iv; č’ani, iv; lam¢an ba, rv.
calm down (scolding person): vašan ba, rv.

camera: ʔok’taob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)1e.

camp: ʔak’ob k’ok’, nphr(n4f of n5).
roadworkers’ camp: na hpol-be, nphr(n4f of agn/tv & ncpd/).

camphor: /bought in pharmacy/: bek’tal kampor, nphr(n type n)1d.

can: can for measuring corn and beans: kaltera, n1a.
gallon can: lata, n1a.
three to five liter can: bote, n1a.
20 liter can /used for water or lard/: kalon, n1a.

cancelled: be cancelled /trip/: pah, iv.

candle: kantela, n1a.*
candle bearer /old woman assigned to each of the elders to hold their candles in church during Lenten Fridays and Holy Week/: hhapkantela, agn(tv & ncpd).
candle carrier /during curing ceremony, for cantor on Carnival Monday and Carnival Tuesday/: hkuč-kantela, agn(tv & ncpd).
candle for person’s funeral or for saint: kantelail, n4d.
candles for corn fields: kantelail čobtik, nphr(natt & n)5.
candles for the dead: kantelail ʔanima, nphr(natt & n)5.
present candles: yal kantela, vphr(iv & n1d).*
tallow candle: ševu kantela, nphr(n type n)1d.
venerate candles /curing ceremony, house dedication, fiesta of the Holy Cross/: nup kantela, vphr(tv & n5).
veneration of candles: nup-kantela, vn(tv & ncpd)5.

candlestick: ʔav kantela, nphr(n4f of n1a).
bull-shaped candlestick: vakaš, n1a.
candlestick maker: hpatol, agn; hpotob, agn.

candy: lurse, n1a.

cane: cane liquor: ʔavariente, n1a; ¢’uhulal, n4f; poš", n1a; trago, n1a.
cane liquor flavored with nance fruit or hog plums: mistela, n1a.
cane liquor that has been received as gift and is poured into bottle to be drunk later: č’amem voʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.
large glass of cane liquor /served at steward’s entrance into his office and at veneration of his coffer/: presko, n1a.
with cane: pah, av.

canine: /tooth/: ¢’u¢’upil, n3d.

canna: edible canna: č’uč", n1d; k’oš čahal č’uč’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš č’uč’, nphr(aj & n).

cannon: kanyon, n1a.

cannoneer: /person who tamps gunpowder in blasting iron and explodes it/: hten-kamaro, agn(tv & ncpd).

canoe: horn, n1d.

canopy: red canopy that covers Christ on Good Friday: ¢ahal pok’, nphr(aj & n)5.

cantering: k’ol, av.

cantina: nail trago, nphr(natt & n5).

cantor: /official of the first level of the religious hierarchy/: pašyon, agn.

canvas: /covering for corn, market stalls, trucks/: lona, n1a.

cap: na holol, nphr(n1f of n3d).
bottle cap: mak limete, nphr(n1f of n1d).
/flat-capped mushroom/: ʔanal, n4f.
/mushroom with conical cap/: holol, n3b.

capabilities: know one’s capabilities: ʔaʔi ba, rv.

capable: be capable: tohob, iv; tohobah, iv. capable man: ¢inil vinik, nphr(aj/pred/ & n5).

cape: blue cape worn by ensign-bearers when entering and leaving office, worn by grand and petty alcaldes on Good Friday: kapoteil, n3a.
rain cape: ʔašibal, n3a; kapail, n3a.

capitán: /official in first level of religious hierarchy/: kapitan, agn.

capon: kapon kelem, nphr(n type n)1a.

captain: /official in first level of religious hierarchy/: kapitan, agn.

capture: ¢ak, tv.

car: k’ok’, n1d; turismu, n5.

card: /for wool/: kalaš, n1a.
/wool/: haš, tv; hašomah, iv.

cardboard: karton, n1a.
water resistant cardboard /for roofing/: lamina, n1a.

carded: hašbenal, aj.

cardinal flower: bik’it primon, nphr(aj & n); kampana č’o ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); k’oš primon, nphr(aj & n); primon, n1e.

care: ʔoʔonin, tv; ʔoʔonta, tv.
care about: ʔič’ ta k’uš, vphr(tv & prep & aj).
care for: lič’ ta k’uš, vphr(tv & prep & aj).
care for sick person: čabi, tv.
not care: muk’ ta ʔoʔon, nphr(pt/contr of mu & yuʔ & -uk/ & prep & n4d).
take care of: k’ušubin, tv; tuk’ulan, tv.
take care of oneself: tuk’ulan ba, rv.

cared: well cared for: čaban, aj.

careening: (car): yuk’lahet, av.

careful: lek, aj.

carefully: lek, aj.
do carefully: lekil __________, tv(aj & tvcpd).

carelessly: kilil mahal, ajphr(aj & aj).
__________ hurriedly and carelessly: vovil __________, tv(aj & tvcpd).
treat carelessly: ʔištol ʔaʔi, vphr(n5 & tv).

caress: pet, tv.

caressing: /illicit/: pik-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

carnation: ʔikʔik’-loʔan klavel, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); klavelina, n; korona klavel, nphr(n type n); pino klavel, nphr(aj & n).

Carnival: Carnival Sunday: rominko k’ak’al, nphr(n type n)5.

carnival: carnival joke: vompa, n1d.
Chamula Carnival figure: tan sat, nphr(aj & n)5.

carpenter: kalpintero, agn.

carried: bek\ češ, tik’, av
be carried in procession (saint): pasyah, iv; pašyan, tv.
be carried off /in wind/: vučk’ih eč’el, vphr(iv & dr).
being carried /coffin on shoulders/: tu¢’ton, av.
being carried with legs dangling: čoš, av.

carrot: sanoria, n1a.

carry: ʔič’, tv.
be able to carry /heavy object/: lik ʔuʔn, vphr(iv & n4d).
carry again /heavy burden/ /person rests and then carries it again, or burden is taken part way and left, then carried the rest of the way/: čaʔ-kuč, tv(num & tvcpd).
carry against body /beans, chaplets/: čup, tv.
carry armfuls /weeds, stubble/: hop, tv.
carry burden a short distance: ʔeanluh, iv.
carry burden a short distance /either on one’s back or by mule/: ʔean, tv.
carry burden a short distance /infr/: ʔeah, iv.
carry burden by mule: ʔeovah, iv.
carry by arms and legs /prisoner/: šač’, tv.
carry by holding between thumb and forefinger /basket, bowl, gourd/: šek, tv.
carry by the arms and legs: k’atal-¢’al, tv(aj & tvcpd).
carry censer from house to house (stewards-royal on Thursday morning at fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary in Voʔ-bi¢).: č’ip ʔav ʔak’al, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/).
carry crosswise /long object/: k’atal-¢’al, tv(aj & tvcpd).
carry crosswise in arms /baby, weeds/: k’eč, tv.
carry each other (children): kučan baik, rv.
carry in apron: čup, tv.
carry in one’s arms /child, puppy, cat/: pet, tv.
carry in pile /wool, pine needles, thatch, twigs, stubble, cabbage/: č’etan, tv.
carry object with handle or by edge /table, chair, empty demijohn, basket/ /in hand, or arm/: lik, tv.
carry off on shoulder /long tree, corpse/: poy eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).
carry on back, /male dogs/ (bitch in heat): kučomah, iv.
carry on back /small burden/ (child): t’uč, tv.
carry on back /thatch, corn stubble, twigs/: tin, tv.
carry on one’s back /without tumpline/: t’inpati, tv(aj & ncpd).
carry out in earnest: ¢a¢al-k’opta, tv(aj & tvcpd).
carry piggyback /large child/: lep ta kučel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
carry saint or coffin on shoulders /in procession/: k’ečlomah, iv..
carry slowly in apron, etc.: čupilan, tv.
carry small burden on back (person, mule): t’učan, tv.
carry together /sharing load equally/: komon-ʔič’, tv(aj & tvcpd).
carry well /music/: toy nuk’, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4f).
/on back/: kuč, tv.
/pole on shoulder/: tel, tv.
/short sticks interspersed with long sticks/: la¢’, tv.
/thatch, etc./: tinetah, iv.
unable to carry load: plóho, aj.

carrying: čeč, č’ip, kuč, peč, pet, tin, av.
carrying armfuls: k’eč, av.
carrying branches: č’et, av.
carrying by handle or by rim: liket, av.
carrying in arms: pet, av.
carrying small burden: t’uč, av.

carve: /stone/: ʔan, tv.

carving: lučul, n4e.

case (1): state one’s case: čap tal, vphr(tv & dr); čapbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f).
stating one’s case: čap, av.

case (2): /beer/: karton, n1a.

Caspacio: Kaš, n1d.

casserole: earthenware casserole: šalten, n1a.

cassock: ʔik’al k’uʔ pale, nphr(/aj & n/4d of n5).

castor bean: ʔit’iš č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); ¢ahal č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(n type n); muk’ta č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

castrate: lok’ ʔat, vphr(tv & n5).*

castrated: castrated animal: kapon, n1a.

castrator: hlok’-ʔat, agn(tv & ncpd).

cat: čon, n1e; katuʔ, n1a.*; manuʔ, n5; mašuʔ, n1a; mošit, n1d; šaluʔ, n1a.
/ Voʔ-bi¢/: mauʔ, n1a.

cat brier: ʔik’al ¢’usub, nphr(aj & n); k’oš k’anal t’ut’ ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); t’ut’ ʔak\ nphr(n type n); t’ut’ak 9ak’, nphr(n type n).

catch: /animals, cold/: ¢ak, tv.
catch together /horses/: koʔol-¢ak, tv(aj & tvpcd); komon-¢ak, tv(aj & tvcpd).
catch up: ta, tv.
catch up with /person/: net’, tv.
/falling water, ball/: č’am, tv.

caterpillar: (general term): ¢ukum, tv.
lowland caterpillar: sae¢’ n1e.
poisonous caterpillar: tu¢-ne, n(aj & ncpd)1e.
poisonous caterpillar /one highland, one lowland/: č’išal toh, nphr(natt & n)5.*
poisonous highland and lowland caterpillar: tu¢(1), n1e.
tent caterpillar: ba¢’i ¢ukum, nphr(aj & n)5.*

caterwauling: k’ark’on, av

cathedral: /in San Cristóbal/: katigral, n5.

Catherine: /name of one of the dames/: katal, n1d.

cattail: ʔan¢il puh, nphr(natt & n).

caught: kakkon, av.
be caught between (foot): sep’, iv.
become caught (cord for measuring property, halter) /in bushes/: tim¢ah, iv.
/in underbrush or vines/: kakal, aj.

cauldron: tak’in p’in, nphr(n type n)1d.

cause: ʔak’, tv.
cause gossip: ʔak’ k’op, vphr(tv & n5).

cave: č’en, n1a.*; nail č’en, nphr(natt & n5).
/ Čobtik/: k’ulebal, n3d.
cave in (earth): po¢’k’ih, iv.
cave in /earth/: po¢’k’ih, tv.

caved: caved in (land): po¢’ol, aj.

cavendishia: konkon, n.

caving: caving in: po¢’, av.

cavity: k’ušben čon, nphr(x type n)5.
filled with cavities: čonol, aj.

cawing: hohhon, av.

cease: (rain, pain): pah, iv.

cedar: Spanish cedar: ¢ahal č’ut-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); č’ut-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd); sakil č’ut-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).

ceiba: pochote ceiba: ʔ’inop, n1e; mohan, n5; nantai, n.

celebrate: muk’ultas, tv.
celebrate requiem mass: lok’ miša, vphr(iv & n1e).
/fiesta, requiem mass/: lok’es, tv.

celebration: /of steward’s coffer or new house ceremony/: toyel, vnlf.

celery: wild celery: kulantu č’o, nphr(n of n).

Celeste: Tinik, n1d.

Celestino: /infr/: Tino, n1d.

cement: meskla, n1a; semento, n5.

cemetery: mukenal, n5.

cense: pamta, tv; pamtaluh, iv.

censer: ʔav lak’al. nphr(n4f of n1a).
censer bearer: hlik ʔav ʔak’al, agn: vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/cpd).
censer maker: hpatol, agn; hpotob, agn.

cent: sentavo, n1a.
five cents: sinko, n1a.
/no longer current/: kovre, n1d.

center: ʔoʔlol, n1e.
/of young corn or cabbage/: ʔunenal, n1f.

central: central section /blouse/: yol, n4f..

century: siglo, n5.

century plant: muk’ta met, nphr(aj & n); muk’tik met, nphr(aj & n).

ceremonial: ceremonial bed of patient: volim, n1a.

ceremony: ceremony for corn fields: kantelail čobtik, nphr(natt & n)5.
ceremony for the completion of a new house: č’ul-kantela, n(aj & ncpd)5.
ceremony held by house owner when the walls are completed and the ridgepole is in place: hol čuk, nphr(n of n)5.
ceremony requesting rain: k’anob voʔ, nphr(n of n)5.
ceremony to prevent epidemics, to blind witch, or to appease earth lord: makob čamel, nphr(n of vn)5.
ceremony to prevent wind from destroying corn field: makob ʔik’, nphr(n of n)5.
ceremony to ward off envious /term may be applied to any private ceremony/: makobil sat ʔu¢ koloʔ, nphr: n4f of nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/5).
curing ceremony: ?ilel, vn5; k’op, n1d.
curing ceremony in house to return sickness: valk’unel, vn5.
curing ceremony involving visit to mountain shrines: hok’aneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.
have curing ceremony for oneself: ?al ba vokol, vphr(rv & n5).
have curing ceremony in which patient begs forgiveness: k’an pertonal, vphr(tv & n5).
hold agricultural ceremony /primarily in the lowland cornfields at the planting, and often at the first weeding and the harvest/: ʔoč limušna čob, vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n4e of n2d/).
hold ceremony for new house: toy na, vphr(tv & n4d).
hold curing ceremony: ʔoč čamel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5); ʔoč kantela, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); ʔoč kantela, vphr(iv & n4d); ʔoč limušna, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); yuʔ k’op, vphr(iv/3s/ &n5).
hold curing ceremony /for family member/: ʔal vokol, vphr(tv & n5).
hold each of three year renewal ceremonies: ʔoč čamel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5); ʔoč kantela, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5).
hold minor curing ceremony (shaman): k’opla, tv.
hold year renewal ceremony: ʔoč kantela, vphr(iv & n5).
major curing ceremony: muk’ta ʔilel, nphr(aj & vn)5.*; muk’ta ničim, nphr(aj & n)5.*
minor curing ceremony: ʔoʔlol nicim, nphr(n of n)5.*
minor curing ceremony /held in house and without flowers and candles/: k’oplael, vn5.
type of curing ceremony: pertonal, n5.
year renewal ceremony /the first of three ceremonies/: ʔač’ habil, nphr(aj & n)5.

certain: lahes ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n); melel, aj.
it is not certain: mu patob ʔoʔoniluk, nphr(pt & nphr/n of n/5).

certainly: aʔa, excl; tana, excl.

chachalaca: plain chachalaca: vokoto, n5.*

chafe: čoʔp’in, tv.
(burden, sandals): t’aš¢an, tv.
chafe person (wool skirt): t’ahesvan, iv.
chafe person’s foot or back: yayihesvan, iv.
/foot/ (sandal): bi, tv.

chafed: t’ašal, aj.
be chafed /by burden or sandals/: t’aščah, iv.
be chafed /by new clothes/: vot, iv.

chaff: corn chaff: solepal ʔisim, nphr(x & n)5; solil, n4e.

chain: karina, n1a.

chair: šila, n1a.

chalice: ʔav bino, nphr(n4f of n1d); ʔuč’ob bino, nphr(n1e of n1d).

chamberpot: č’amob ¢oʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d); č’amob k’abil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

chameleon: false chameleon: ʔu¢’u¢’ niʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.*

Chamula: Chamuʔtik, n5; hʔik’al-k’uʔ, agn(aj & ncpd).
Chamula Center: čamuʔ, n5.
/inhabitant of Chamula/: ʔuloʔ, n1d.

chandelier: ʔaranya, n1e.

change: hel, n4b; k’eš. n1b.
change of clean clothing: k’ešob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)1d.
change of office: k’ešel, vn5.
change one’s clothes: helta ba, tv; k’ešta ba, rv.
change one’s story inadvertently: sok ʔe, vphr(iv & n4d).
change peso bill or coin: vok’ tak’in, vphr(tv & n1d).
change to: helubtas, tv.
/clothing/: čapleh, n4f; k’ešil, n3d; k’ešta, tv.
/houses/: helta, tv.
in small change (money): č’uč’ul, aj.
make change: bik’tahes, tv.
/money/: sut, n4b.
/money, clothes/: hel, tv.
report change of plans /referring to trip to work or to gather firewood, etc./: sutes k’op, vphr(tv & n5).

changed: be changed: k’eš, iv.
be changed (altar decorations): k’ešinah, iv.

changing: hel, av.

chant: chant response /on All Souls’ Day to call forth souls/ (sacristan): lok’es č’ulelal, vphr(tv & n5).
chant responsory for the dead at funeral or on All Souls’ Day: ʔak’ rešponšo, vphr(tv & n5).

chanterelle: false chanterelle: k’anal č’iš mana ʔok, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/x type n4f/).

chaplet: /necklace with coin pendants and a pendant cross in the center, placed on the saints’ images/: ʔual, n1d.

charcoal: ʔak’al, n1d; ʔak’lel, n4f; k’ak’et ʔak’al, nphr(aj & n)5.
charcoal cruncher: hk’uš-ʔak’al, agn(tv & ncpd).*
charcoal maker /Chamula, Pasteʔ,ʔElan Voʔ/.: hčik’-ʔak’al, agn(tv & ncpd).
charcoal wrapper /leaves used by charcoal sellers/: vol ʔak’al, nphr(n1f of n1d).
make charcoal: čik’ ʔak’al, vphr(tv & n5).

charge: ʔak’, tv.
(bull or cow on rampage): ʔak’otah, iv.

charity: ritual speech of older women; charity: karira, n5.

chase: nu¢, tv.
chase out: nu¢ lok’el, vphr(tv & dr).
chase out /with rocks/: voč’ lok’el, vphr(tv & dr).

chasuble: kapail, n3a.

chattering: p’av, av; ¢’eh¢’on, av.
chattering teeth (gopher, person) /with cold/: heč’eč’et ʔe, v phr(av & n4d).

chatting: ʔiʔ, av.

chayote: č’um-teʔ, n(n & ncpd) la; t’aras č’um-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/); yašal ¢op-č’um-teʔ, nphr: aj & n(aj & ncpd/n & ncpd/); yašal č’um-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/).
chayote root: koʔsan, n1a.*

cheap: yalem, aj.
cheap and expensive: yalel toyol, ajphr(aj & aj).
/more for less money/: ʔu¢’u¢’, aj.

cheaper: become cheaper: ʔm¢’u¢’ib, iv.

cheated: be cheated: lok’ veš, vphr(tv & n4d).

cheekbone: ton satil, nphr(n 1f of n3d); tonav satil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

cheep: č’avč’onah, iv; č’ivč’onah, iv.
(hungry chick): vičičetah, iv.

cheeping: č’av, č’iv, vič, av.

cheese: kešu, n1a.

Chenalhó: Č’enal Voʔ, vphr(natt & n)5.

cherimoya: k’eveš, n1a.

cherry: black cherry: bae¢’i čiš-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); ¢ahal čiš-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); čiš-teʔ, n(x & ncpd)1a; loʔbalal čiš-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); sakil lo- ʔbalal čiš-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
ground cherry: čičol, n1a.

chest(1): tiʔ ʔoʔonil, nphr(n2f of n3d).

chest(2): kaša, n1a.

chew: /candy/: ka¢’ulan, tv.
chew the cud (cow): lek’ ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d).
/chewing gum, maguey, sugarcane/: ma¢’, tv.
/meat, vegetables, tortillas, chewing gum/: šaš, tv.
/wood/ (blunt axe): sesulan, tv; sesulta, tv.

chewed: sesbentik, aj; sesintik, aj.

chewing: chewing toothlessly: muš, av.
/chicken food/ (child): šašlahet, av.
/fleas/ (mule): t’umt’on, av.

chewings: ma¢’benal, n3b.

Chiapa: Chiapa de Corzo: Soktom, n5.

chicha: pahal voʔ, nphr(aj & n)1d; yakil voʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.

chick: baby chick: vivič, n1a.

chicken: ʔalak’, n4a; kašlan. n5.*
chicken meat: kaslan, n5.*
white chicken: palom, n1d.

chickenpox: kuyel hč’ul-meʔtik, nphr(vn4f of agn/aj & ncpd/)5.

chigger: ¢’en šok(1), nphr(n type n)ie.
lowland & temperate chigger: ¢’en šok, nphr(n type n)1e.*

child: ʔolol, n5.*; htahimol, agn.
child of man /archaic/: nič’onil, n3a.
child of woman: nid’nab, n1d.
eldest or first child: ba ʔunen, nphr(n5 of n5).
eldest or first child /of man/: ba č’amal, nphr(n1f of n1d).
eldest or first child /of woman/: ba ʔol, nphr(n1f of n4d).
female or Ritual speech; female’s child: ʔalab, n1d.
female’s child: ʔolil, n3d.
last child: peč, n4e; pečeč, n5; pi¢, n4e.
male’s child /if a woman’s children are grown up then she may use this term referring to them/: č’amalil, n3d.
midwife’s child /person who was delivered by particular midwife/: tambalal, n4d.
nursing child: hčuʔnom, agn.
ritual speech: ʔaboltasel, vn4d.
/under nine years old/: k’os, n1d.
youngest child: šup, n4e.

childhood: č’ilahel, n4d.

childless: moč, av.
walking about childless: móč’temóč’te, av.
woman who is childless: čičiva, agn.

chili: ʔič ʔuloʔ, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔič kulahtik, nphr(n4d of n5); bak ʔič, nphr(aj & n)1a; bik’it bak ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš bak ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš sakil ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); mok-niʔ ʔič, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); muk’ta bak ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sak-morte, n(aj & ncpd); sakil ʔič, nphr(aj & n)1d; volvol ʔič, nphr(aj & n); yašal sakil ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
bush chili: k’anal ʔič, nphr(aj & n); sakil čame-ʔat ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/type n).
chili sauce: p’uyum, n1a.
wild chili: ʔič mut, nphr(n4d of n5); ¢oʔ mut ʔič, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)1a; k’oš ¢oʔ mut ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/ type n); tempič, n; tempič ʔič, nphr(n type n); tempran ʔič, nphr(aj & n).

chill: ¢av, av; k’un-sik, nphr(aj & ncpd)1e; sikubtas, tv; sikubtaseh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.
feeling chill: ¢’ah, po¢, av.
feeling sudden chill: và¢luh, av.
inan. poss.; chill /caused by fear or by unsuspected imminence of beating or murder/: sikil, n4c.

chilled: sik. av.
become chilled: sikubtas ba, rv.
(sick person): ¢aval, aj.

chills: chills and fever: sik k’ak’, nphr(n4e & n4e); sik k’ok’, nphr(n type n)5.
chills and fever /transmitted by witches of Totolapa or Simojovel/: kuybalal čamel, nphr(aj & vn)5.

chiming: ¢an, av.

chin: kolomil, n3d; kovovil, n3d.

china berry: paraiso teʔ, nphr(n type n).

chip: hepel teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5; hepelul, n4f; šet, iv; šet¢ah, iv; šetk’uh, iv; setk’unbe, tv; voč’ol teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a; voč’olil, n4f.
chip off: č’oti, tv.
chip off /pine or incense from living tree/: lok, tv.
/in pot/: šetbenal, n1f.
/pottery/: šet, tv; šet’, tv.
wood chip: kamul, n4f; kamul teʔ, nphr(n of n)1a.
/wood, stone/: č’uč’ulil, n4f.

chipped: šelahtik, aj; šet’el, aj.
chipped section of pot: vok’emal, n4f.
with chipped rim /pot/: šel-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5.

chipping: chipping at: č’otet, av.
chipping suddenly: šetluh, av.

chips: in chips (wood, stone): č’uč’ul, aj.

chirp: č’ivč’onah, iv.

chirping: čil, čir, av.

chitlings: ¢ahal veʔtil, nphr(aj & n)3d.

chocolate: /archaic/: pamal kokov, nphr(natt & n)1a.
chocolate drink: čukulʔat, n1a.

choice: object of one’s choice /bride/: t’uhomal, n4d.

choir: choir stall: koro, n1e.

choke: hik’av, iv; mit’, tv.

chomping: pač’, p’av, p’uv, av.

choose: t’uh, tv.
choose husband: t’uh vinik, vphr(tv & n5).
choose worker: t’uh vinik, vphr(tv & n4d).

choosing: /with difficulty/: t’uht’on, av.

chop: boh, tv.
chop into pieces: č’uč’ulta, tv.
chop off /branch/: hep, tv.
chop out /section from pine tree/: t’ol, tv.
/with dull axe that does not bite/: nul, tv.

chopping: bah, k’oh, av.
chopping at /weeds with dull hoe/: nulnon, av.
chopping at ineffectually: hephon, av.

chowder: corn chowder containing chili, achiote, cloves, sauce for chicken and eggs: ¢ahal vokol ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5.*
corn chowder flavored with onion, chili and fish, tomato or potato /eaten during Lent/: vokol ʔič čoy, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5.
corn chowder flavored with onion, chili, tomato and chayote root: vokol ʔič kosan, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5.
corn chowder flavored with onion, chili, tomato and eggs /served at each of three year renewal ceremonies and at will/: vokol lič ton kašlan, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & nphr/n of n/)5.
corn chowder flavored with onion, chili, tomato and potato: vokol ʔič ʔis-ak’, nphr(nphr/ aj & n/ type n/x & ncpd/)5.
corn chowder flavored with onion, mexican tea and chili: vokol ʔič ta kokoion, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & prep & n)5.
corn chowder flavored with onion, tomato and chili: vokol ?ič, nphr(aj & n)1a.
corn chowder flavored with onion, tomato, chili and pork /served at each of three year renewal ceremonies and at will/: vokol ʔič čitom, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5.
corn chowder flavored with shrimp: vokol ic kamaron, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5.

Christ: Christ /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, and two images in side chapel/: hč’ul-totik Kristo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
Christ at the Column /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik ta Pila, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ & prep & n)5.
Christ Child: ninyo, n5.
Christ Child /two images in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik Ninyo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
Christ in the Holy Sepulchre /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik Hmanvaneh, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type agn)5.
Christ in the Holy Sepulchre /in the Church of St. Sebastian/: hč’ul-totik Sepetura, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
ritual speech; Christ: hmanvaneh, agn.*

Christmas: paskwa, n5.
Christmas Day: ba-k’el paskwa, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/).
Christmas Eve: ʔayan ninyo, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5); paskwa, n5.
Christmas figurine /clay animal, angel or shepherd used by children and for creche/: paštol, n1d.
Christmas season /period from December twentieth to twenty-sixth/: paskwatik, n5.

chronic: become chronic (sickness): meʔin, iv.
make chronic: mointas, tv.

chrysanthemum: crown daisy chrysanthemum: krisantema, n.
fever few chrysanthemum: hharal-meʔtik, agn(aj & ncpd)1a; ničim hč’ul-mctik, nphr(n4d of agn/aj & ncpd/); ničim hharal-meʔtik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/).
florists’ chrysanthemum: krisantema ničim, nphr(n type n).

chubbily: sitting chubbily (child): ʔušsul, aj.

chubby: ʔen, ʔus, hen, p’as, vuk, av.
(child): t’omt’om, aj.
(child, baby animal): t’usul, aj.
(child, puppy, pot): henel č’ut, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).
(child’s leg): p’osol, aj.
(legs or arms of child): ku¢’ulik, aj.
(person, pot): lenlen č’ut. vphr(aj /pred/ & n1b).
(tummy of child or puppy): vukul, aj.

chugalug: k’ubbe, tv; nuhk’in, tv.

chugging: t’or, av.

chunk: large chunk of cooked watermelon squash rind: šekom, n1d.
large chunks of cooked watermelon squash rind: šekomal mail, nphr(natt & n)5.

church: ʔeklišya, n5.
church warden: hk’el-iekliša, agn(tv & ncpd).

churchyard: č’ub, n5.

ciborium: ʔav htotik sakramentu, nphr(n4f of nphr/agn type n5/).

cicada: lowland cicada: šikitin, n1e.

cigar: puro, n1a.

cígar flower: ʔit’iš nočleb vonon, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); hipleb vonon, nphr(n of n); lučleb vonon, nphr(n of n); nočleb ¢’unun ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); nočleb vonon, nphr(n of n); nočleb vonon ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

cigarette: sik’alal, n1e; sik’ol, n4d.
cigarette butt: čuman sik’alal, nphr(n of n)5.

cinch: cinch that serves as tumpline: tabul, n4f.

cinnamon: kanela, n1a.

circle: hoyol, aj; sentro, n1e.
circle around (hpetom at wedding dance): setomah, iv.
circle of light produced by electric light: sentro, n1e.
dancing in circle: set, av.
go in circles around /wedding godfather/: hoyobah, iv.
moving in circle: hoy, set, av.

circuit: ritual speech, prayer; circuit: sutlemal, n4f.

circular: (maguey): setel, aj.

circulating: /in veins/ (injection): téstetéste, av.

citron: sila, n1a.

city: hamal lum, vphr(aj/pred/ & n)5.

civil: civil authority: ʔahval kavilto, nphr(n4f of n5).
civil authority /archaic/: hustisya, agn.
civil government /archaic/: hustisyaetik, agn.
civil official /general term/: hpas-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd).
have civil marriage: sivilah, iv.
(marriage): sivil, aj.

clacking: č’eh, av.
(metal-studded sandals): vak’von, av.

claim: claim /falsely/ to have had sexual relations with: nap’an ba, rv; nočan ba, rv.
initiate a claim: likesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f).

clambering: hok’, av.

clamoring: clamoring suddenly: nikluh, av.
(people EKL 255; 1-11): nečečet, av; viklahet, av.

clanging: kan, av.

clank: (bottles): tih ba, rv.

clanking: bah, č’eh, č’ih, hoč’, av.

clap: pak’ulan k’ob, vphr(tv / / n).
clap one’s hands: t’ašulan k’ob, vphr(tv / / n).

clashing: (cymbals): ¢ih¢on, av.

clasp: clasp hands under one’s head: šon-holin k’ob, vphr(tv/n & ncpd/ & n4d).

clattering: ¢an, čar, hič’, k’ol, av.
clattering suddenly (wood being piled up): vák’luh, av.

claw: ʔič’akil, n3d.
/crab/: tešereš, n1a.
(insect): lo¢’, n4d.

clay: čab-lum, nphr(aj & ncpd)5.

clean: sak, aj.
clean by shaking water in /bottle/: yuk’, tv; yuk’i, tv.
clean with knife: hos, tv.
clean with second joint of forefinger /inside of gourd or bowl/: ¢’it, tv.
/ditch/: pol, tv.
keep one’s clothing clean (woman): čuk’ ba, rv.
/well/: ho¢, tv.

clear: hamal, aj.
become clear (sky) /balamil/: ¢an, iv.
clear another of guilt: č’ayesbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d).
clear path: vuk’ eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).
clear road of highwaymen: ham be, vphr(tv & n5).
clear sky: hamal ʔosil, vphr(aj/pred/ & n)5.
clear sky /day or night/: ¢anal ʔosil, nphr(aj & n5); ¢anal balamil, nphr(aj & n5).
clear throat: ham nuk’, vphr(tv / / n).
clear wide swath /land/: levbe, tv.
have sky clear: toy balamil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5).
it is clear that: pas kwenta, vphr(tv/impr/ & n5).
make clear: p’eh¢an, tv.
(speech): tuk’(2), aj.

cleared: be cleared (road): pol eč’el, vphr(iv & dr).
be cleared repeatedly (path): velulan, iv.

clearing: clearing road: pol, av.

clearly: ʔáse-kwenta, pt(tv & ncpd); k’ak’al, aj.

cleat: wooden cleat used to tighten pack ropes: karavato kaʔ, nphr(n1d of n1d).

cleave: turn, tv.

cleft: k’al č’en, nphr(n type n)5.

clerk: town clerk /ladino/: sekretario, agn.

clethra: hairy leaved clethra: toh-čoʔ teʔ, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n).
hairy-leaved clethra: bak ʔamuč teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/) type n; muk’ta k’ošoš’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

clever: p’ih, aj; p’ihil, aj; vivo, aj.
become clever: p’ihub, iv.

client: marčante, n1d.

cliff: č’en, n1a.
/Ćobtik/: k’ulebal, n3d.

climb: muy, iv.
/cliff/: hok’k’ih muyel, vphr(iv & dr).
climb down: yal, iv; yales ba, rv.
climb over /log/: kahlebin, tv.
climb with aid of climbing loop /formerly people climbed a greased pole on the fiesta of St. Lawrence/: ʔak’ manya, vphr(tv & 4d).

climbing: loč’, lič, noč’, av.
climbing on: kah, av.

cling: (bean vine): nitan ba, rv.
cling to: hipi, iv; hok’an ba, rv; hok’i, iv.
cling to /tree/: loč’an ba, rv.
/to tree top/ (person): t’okan ba, rv.
/to tree trunk/: noč’an ba, rv.

clinging: ¢ak, ¢oy, hip, hok’, loč’, av.
be clinging /to tree top/ (person): t’oki, iv.
(sand in eye of waking person): lisil, aj.
(tick): ¢akal, aj; hok’ol, aj; tučul, aj.
/to tree top/: t’oket, av; t’okol, aj.
/to tree trunk or cliff/: noč’ol, aj.
(vines, infant who clings to mother’s blouse and refuses to be set down, bean plants): nitil, aj.

clinic: na hpoštavaneh, nphr(n4f of agn); na loktor, nphr(n4f of agn).

clink: (bottle, bowls): t’ih ba, rv.
(bottles): t’ihan ba, rv.
(bottles, bowls): č’ih ba, rv.

clinking: ¢’in, č’ih, t’ih, av.
walking with clinking /money/: voč’et, av.

clip: clip hair /child/: salanbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d).

clitocybe: club-footed clitocybe: ʔik’al -ʔat kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).

clitoris: ʔok’, n1d; niʔ, n1b; niʔ ʔok’, nphr(n1f of n4d).

clobber: /with stick or stone/: t’inbe, tv.

clobbering: t’in, av.

clock: reloho, n1a.

clogged: clogged with weeds (corn field): somol ta ¢’iʔlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5); sukul ta e’iʔlel, vphr(aj/pred/ & prep & n5).
clogged with weeds (corn plants): sukahtik ta ¢iʔlel, vphr(aj /pred/ & prep & n5).

clopping: k’oh, loin, pu¢’ pub, t’us, av.

close(1): mak, iv; mak, tv.
close halfway (eyes) /from hunger or sickness/: mak’¢ah, iv.
close house /by tying stake to outside of door/: čuk teʔ, vphr(tv & n5).
close loosely: nup’, tv.
close up (notch in tree trunk closed by weight of toppling tree): lot’ ba, rv.
close up /bag, ball of laundry/: yob, tv; yub, tv.
(door): nup’ ba, rv.
(eyes): mu¢’ ba, rv.
/eyes/: mu¢’, tv.
(flower): yub¢ah, iv.

close(2): close to /spatially/: tihil, aj.

closed: babul, aj; makal, aj.
be closed (bag, ball of laundry): yub, iv.
closed eyelids: maʔ, mu¢’, av.
drawn closed (door, lid, seam): nup’ul, aj.
drawn closed (mouth of bag): mut’ul, aj.
(eyes): mu¢’ul, aj.
with lids nearly closed /with sleep, from swelling/: maʔal, aj.

closely: too closely spaced: pak’, av.
too closely spaced (corn plants): pak’al, aj; sukul, aj.

closing: (ears): yubet, av.

clot: let ba, rv.

cloth: blue cloth with white cross hung behind cross on Good Friday: yašal pok’, nphr(aj & n)5.
cloth for carrying child: čihal ʔol, nphr(natt & n4d); čihal ʔunen, nphr(natt & n5).
cloth lain on top of straw mat to serve as mattress: tasil, n1a.
cloth on loom: holobil, n3a.*
cloth placed between burden and back to prevent chafing: tasil, n1a.
cloth placed on newbom baby’s chest to prevent it from being wetted by saliva: som ʔoʔon, nphr(n4f of n4d).
cloth used to wrap candles: mantreš, n1a.
end of cloth: ¢u¢av, n4f.
large cotton cloth /used by women to carry child or laundry/: pok’ čih, nphr(n type n)1d.
long strip of cloth used to tie saint to litter: peč’ ʔantaš, nphr(n of n)1e.
table cloth: mantreš, n1a.
/used to wrap candles, gourds containing coffee or corn gruel, sacrificial chicken, and money given to groom by wedding godfather/: tovalya, n1a.
white head cloth /worn by angels, holy elders, ensign-bearers and sir spook/: sakil pok’, nphr(aj & n)1a.

clothe: k’uʔultas, tv.

clothes: k’uʔil, n3a.

clothing: pok’, n1a.
article of clothing: k’uʔin, n4d.
new clothing: ¢’akiel, vnlb.
section of clothing that has been turned upside down and resewn: sutbenal, n1f.
set of clothing: k’uʔ pok’, nphr(n & n)4d; k’uʔul pak’al, nphr(n & n).

clotted: (blood): letel, aj.

cloud: tok, n1e.
cloud over: mak ʔosil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5); maketah, iv.
in clouds: bus, av.
with cloud line on mountain top: kečel, aj.

clouding: clouding over and clearing repeatedly: maklahet ʔosil, vphr(av & n5).

cloudy: maket ʔosil, vphr(av & n5).

clouting: pak’, av.

clove: klavo, n1a.

clover: hop clover: č’aben vet, nphr(n of n).
sweet clover: ʔalpaho, n1d; č’aben ¢’ʔlel, nphr(n type n); k’anal č’aben ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); veʔel t’ul, nphr(n of n); veʔel vakaš, nphr(n of n).
tick clover: ʔit’iš tan kaʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); k’oš tan kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta tan kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); tan kaʔ, nphr(n of n).
white clover: muk’ta pi¢ak’, nphr(aj & n); pi¢ak’, n1e.
wild clover: k’oš pi¢ak’, nphr(aj & n); pi¢ak’, n1e; pi¢ak’ čitom, nphr(n of n).

cluck: /to mule/: suh, tv.

clucking: kek, t’ek, t’ik, t’ok, av.
(rooster affectionately to hen V2;20): kokoket, av.
(rooster to hen when courting): koroket, av.

clues: seek clues to: ba¢’iltasbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f); ¢a¢ahesbe k’oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); ¢a¢ubtasbe k’oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); ¢anesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f).

clump: form clumps (people in crowd): k’uyan ba, rv.
in a clump (grass): ¢opol, aj.
in round clumps (wool, grass, underbrush): vo¢vo¢, aj.
with irregularly-sized clumps (corn): kayet, av.

clumsiness: počanil, n4d.

clumsy: počlan, aj.
(person who stumbles): pečan, aj.
(person who trips): šotan(3), aj.

clusia: copey clusia: memela teʔ, nphr(n type n); pik’in teʔ, nphr(n type n).

cluster: (bees): pič’ ba, rv; volan ba, rv.
(bees, shoppers): voli, tv.
bend down in clusters: lis¢an yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
cluster together (animals): potetah, iv.
cluster together (people to make decision or to eat, sheep, mules): potan baik, rv.
drop in cluster (fruit): voh¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
hang down in clusters: lis¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
hanging in cluster (bees): ¢’uyul, aj.
in a cluster: čohol, aj.
in a tight cluster (animals, people): ¢opol, aj.
in cluster (fruits): vohol, aj.
in cluster (maggots): k’o¢ol, aj.
in clusters: bus, av.
in thick cluster (fruit, flowers, tents of tent caterpillars): pič’i, iv.
in thick clusters (fruit, flowers): pič’il, aj.

clutch: hop, tv.

cluttered: čaʔal, aj; hinil čaial, ajphr(aj & aj); hinil vuk’ul, ajphr(aj & aj).

coarse: (corn dough): voč’, aj.

coat: grow a new coat (cat, mule, chicken): t’ab ba, rv.

coati: kotom, n1e.*

cobweb: na ʔom, nphr(n of n)5.

coca cola: koka, n1a.

cock: cock fight: tahimol kelem, nphr(vn of n)5.

cock-a-doodle-doo: kokorin, onom; kokorohoʔ, onom.

cocked: č’eb, av.
(ears): ¢’etel, aj.
with head cocked (puppy, girl watching boy): č’ebel, aj.

cocking: (ears): ¢’eʔel, aj.

cockroach: makoʔ, n1a.

cockscomb: ¢alub, n4d.

cocoa: /drink and bean/: kokov, n1a.
powdered cocoa: pamal kokov, nphr(natt & n)1a.

coconut: koko, n5

coffee: kahve, n1a;*teʔel kahve, nphr(n of n).
ceremonial coffee and bread: voʔ ʔuč’el, nphr(n type vn)5; voʔ ʔuč’il, nphr(n type n)5.
coffee grounds: ¢oʔ kahve, nphr(n1f of n1d).
laced coffee: kapon kahve, nphr(n type n)5.
presentation of coffee /by ensign-bearers on the first day of fiesta/: nompra, n1d.
unsweetened coffee: č’ail kahve, nphr(aj & n)5.
wild coffee: ʔit’iš sakil kanela teʔ, nphr: n4f of nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pošil pat kaʔ, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/); sakil kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

coffer: kaša, n1a.

coffin: kahon, n1a.

coffinmaker: hpas-kahon, agn(tv & ncpd).

coif: k’ambenal, n4f.

coil: coil neatly /rope/: čapa, tv.
/hair, grass or corn stubble that is coiled by horse’s or cow’s tongue to facilitate chewing/: k’am, tv.
/rope/: čap, tv.
(snake): čap ba, rv; la¢ ba, rv; la¢an ba, rv; lo¢ ba, rv; lo¢an ba, rv.
(snake, rope): šot ba, rv.
/woven palm strip/: pis, tv.

coiled: (snake): čapal, aj; la¢al, aj; lo¢ol, aj; lukul, aj; močol, aj; mučul, aj; muč’ul, aj; šotol, aj.

coiling: čap, k’am, av.

coin: coin on necklace: tak’in na¢’il, nphr(n4e of n3d).
/money/: ʔules, tv.

cold: sik, aj.*; sikil, aj.
“cold wind”: sik, aj.
“cold” /food, medicine, illness/: sik, aj.
become cold: sikub, iv.
cold and dry: sik-takin, aj(aj & ajcpd).
cold and dry (nixtamal): č’ivil, aj.
cold and wet (clothing): sik-t’ayan, aj(aj & Pcpd).
common cold: simal ʔobal, nphr(n type n)5.
(empty house): sik-kotan, aj(aj & Pcpd).

coldness: sikil, n4c.

colicky: nop’, av.

collapse: patk’uh, iv; patk’un ba, rv.
(fence, door, wall): levk’uh, iv.
/fence, door, wall/: levk’un, tv.
(house): vuk’, iv.

collapsing: (house): vuk’¢ah, iv.
(old basket): šuvuv, av.

collapsing: (house): vuk’¢ah, iv.
(old basket): šuvuv, av.

collar: ribbon used for collar of man’s wool tunic: sinta, n1a.
/shirt/: nuk’il, n3b.
white collar /dog, laughing falcon/: ʔu pok’, nphr(n1e of n5).

collarbone: ʔual bakel, nphr(n type n)1d.

collection: collection of money for fiesta /St. Sebastian, Holy Week, St. Lawrence/: kovral, n5.

collector: money collector /for fiestas/: h¢ob-tak’in, agn(tv & ncpd).

colony: kolonya, n5.

color: bon, n1e; bonol, n1e.

comadre: term of address and reference: kumaleil, n3d.

comb: hač’ubil, n3a; tus, tv.
comb out /lice/: ves, tv.
/people’s hair/: tusan, tv.
wet or grease and comb /hair/ (woman): t’ab, tv.

combing: tus, av.
combing out /lice/: vesvon, av.
greasing or wetting and combing: t’abt’on, av.

come: ʔik’ ba, rv; tal, iv; to¢ tal, vphr(iv & dr).
come down (price): yal, iv.
come from: ʔayan, iv.
come in: ʔoč, iv.
come near: nopohes ba, rv.
come on! /restricted to attempt to convince someone/: ʔompre, excl.
come out: lok’, iv.
come to: tales č’ulel, vphr(tv & n4d); yul č’ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
come true (dream, omen): k’ot, iv.

comfortable: feeling more comfortable: laet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv); lahet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv).

commission: k’uban, tv.

communion: take communion: ʔič’ rioš, vphr(tv & n5).

compadre: č’ul-čiʔilil, n(aj & ncpd)3d.
male speech, informal term of address; compadre: kumpa, n5.
/male term of address emphasizing intimacy or strength of relationship/: kumpágre, n5.
term of address and reference; compadre: kumpareil, n3d.

companion: čiʔilil, n3d; hčiʔinvaneh, agn.
animal companion spirit of witch /black dog, cow, goat, cat, horse/: vayihel, n1d.
/religious officer who shares post/: nupul, n4b.
/religious officer who shares same post/: nupil, n3b.

company: keep company: čiʔin, tv.

compare: koʔoltas, tv.

compassionate: be compassionate: k’ušubah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); k’ušubah ta ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d); naʔ ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).

compensation: make principal compensation for /injury/: k’ešta, tv.

complain: complain before civil authorities: ʔak’ kwenta, vphrftv & n5); ʔak’ parte, vphr(tv & n5).
complain constantly to authorities: pas k’in, vphr(tv & n5).
complain to: k’anbe parte, vphr(tv & n5).

complaint: lodge a complaint: k’an parte, vphr(tv & n5).

complete: ¢’ak, tv; ¢’akbe, tv; ¢’akubtas, tv.
(change, debt): ¢’akal, aj.
complete broad swatch /hoeing, weeding, clearing/: t’ab, tv; t’ab¢an, tv; t’abi, iv.
complete work /hoeing and felling of trees only/: tiʔih, iv.
/neither too much nor too little/: tihil, aj.
/week of official duty, term of office/: neles, tv.

completely: ʔentero, aj; labal, aj; toh, aj.

compliance: yalemal ʔoʔon, nphr(n4f of n4d); yalemal hol, nphr(n4f of n4d).

compress: lot’ ba, rv.
apply compress: lam, tv.

concave: (bottle): pača, aj.
(scales): pačpač, aj.

conceal: conceal another’s guilt: makbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d); muk mulil, vphr(tv & n5); pa¢’be mul, vphr(tv & n4d).
conceal person’s guilt: pa¢’ mulil, vphr(tv & n5).
conceal under clothes: lu¢’, tv.
/face with shawl/ (girl): lu¢’, tv.
/guilt of other person/: pa¢’, tv.

concealed: suk, av.
concealed in weeds: sukul ta ¢’i’ʔleltik, vphr(aj/ pred/ & prep & n5).
/in weeds/: somol, aj.
moving concealed: som, av.
partially concealed: mak, mak’, av.

concealing: luʔ’, av.

concede: patbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d).

conceive: /child/ (man, woman): ¢’anesbe, tv.

conceived: be conceived: ¢’an, iv.

concern: kwenta, n1b.
show concern for: ʔič’ ta muk’, vphr(tv & prep & aj); ʔoʔonin, tv; ʔoʔnta, tv.

concerned: be concerned about: ʔak’ ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).

concerning: ʔuʔunil, n3b.

conciliate: conciliate with token gift: makbe ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d).

condition: on condition that: haʔ noš kwenta, nphr(pt & pt/contr of no & ʔoš/ & n5); kwentan, pt.

confess: ʔal mul, vphr(tv / / n); č’ayes mul, vphr(tv / / n); ham ʔe, vphr(tv / / n).

confession: ham-bail, n(tv & rpncpd)5; kompišon, n1d.
make confession: pas kompišyon, vphr(tv & n5).

confetti: č’uč’ulil, n4f.

confined: be confined /at home, unable to leave/: čotan ba, rv.

confirmation: kompirmasyon, n1d.

confounded: be confounded: č’ay¢aih, iv.

confront: confront at one’s house (drunk to shout insults at owner): ta ta na, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

confronting: confronting frequently /drunk going to person’s house to revile him/: tael tael, nphr(vn5 & vn5).

confused: č’ay, av.
be confused: c’ay¢aih, iv.

congeal: be about to congeal (chicken broth): nitetah, iv.
(broth): nititub, iv.
make congeal /broth/: nititubtas, tv.

congealing: (broth): nititet, av.

congestion: suffer throat congestion: mak nuk’, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

conical: become conical (crown of old hat): tob¢ah lok’el, vphr(iv & dr).
(head of clown, crown of hat, mountain peak, base of water jug): tobtob, aj.
(maguey influorescence): tomtom, aj.
thick and conical (maguey inflorescence, saguaro cactus, penis): t’omol, aj.
walking about with conical /crown of hat/: tóbtetóbte, av.

conscientious: tuk’(2), aj.

conscientiously: act conscientiously: ʔič’ ba ta kwenta, vphr(rv & prep & n5); ʔič’ ba ta muk’, vphr(rv & prep & aj).

conscientiousness:ʔič’-bail ta kwenta, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & n5); ʔič’-bail ta muk’, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & aj).

conscious: become conscious: yul č’ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

consider: ʔat, tv.
consider person as _______: p’isvan ta _______,
vphr(iv & prep & n5).
consider together (plu): nopolah, iv.

consistent: make consistent (argument): tuk’ibtas, tv.

constable: htakel, agn.
eighth and lowest ranking constable: k’ošil mayol, agn(nphr/n4f of n5/).
/lowest official in religious hierarchy/: ʔalvasil, agn.
/lowest ranking official of lowest grade of religious hierarchy who acts as errand boy and policeman for civil authorities/: mayol, agn.

constant: k’eš noš, ptphr(x & pt); laʔlaʔ, aj; labal, aj.

constantly: keep _______ constantly: labal _______ ba, rv(aj & rvepd.

constellation: /88 and 90 of Taurus/: mačal, n4f.

constipate: makes, tv.

constipated: teʔ-¢inan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd).
become constipated: mak, iv.

constipation: makel, vn5.

constrict: /neck of pot while molding it/: tuban, tv.

constricted: milil, aj.
be constricted (cushaw, water gourd): mit’¢ah, iv.
(neck of water gourd): mit’il, aj.
with constricted heart /pain/: mič’mon ʔoʔn, vphr(av & n4d).

constricting: set’, av.

construct: construct house: pas na, vphr(tv & n5).

content: kontento, aj.
be content with: kom ta lek, vphr(iv & prep & aj).

contented: hun ʔoʔn, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d).

contentment: bašbol, n1e.

contents: bel, n4f.

continue: continue _______: yak, aj; yakel, aj.

continuing: tete, pt.

contract: mak, tv.
complete contract: ¢’aki, iv.
contract and relax anus: bot’ih, iv.

contracting: stretching and contracting (rubber): ¢uʔu¢et, av.

contrary: on the contrary: moʔoh, pt.

contribute: /money, corn, chicken/: lok’es, tv.

control: čanbe, tv.
lose control of self (drunk): bal, iv.
regain control over oneself (drunk): ¢a¢ubtas ba, rv.

convalescent: htamlahel ta čamel, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & vn5/).

convent: konbento, n5.
convent in Htek-lum: na pale, nphr(n4f of n5).

converge: (rows): yub ba, rv.

conversation: loʔil, n1d; mašil, n1d.
humorous conversation: ¢eʔeh Ioʔil, nphr(vn type n)5.
proper conversation: tuk’il k’op, nphr(aj & n5).

converse: loʔilah, iv; mašilah, iv.

cooing: huh, av.

cook: hkusinero, agn; taʔahes, tv.
/by boiling/: lakan, tv; laki, iv.
cook in small pot: t’ulan, tv.

cooked: tok’on, aj.
be sufficiently cooked: taʔah, iv.
become cooked: tok’onib, iv.
/by boiling/: lakal, aj.
well cooked (beans, corn for posol): vosol, aj.

cookie: kayeta, n1a.

cooking: ful, av.
be cooking in small pot: t’uli, iv.
/by boiling/: laket, av.
sitting on fire cooking /by boiling/: lakal, aj.

cool: sik, av; sikub, iv; sikubtas, tv.
cool by blowing /boiling water, hot liquid/: vuč’ta, tv.*

copperleaf: shrub copperleaf: ¢ahal teʔ, nphr(aj & n).

copulate: (rooster): tek’ah, iv.

copulation: seize each other for copulation (cats): hot1 baik, rv.

copy: lok’ta, tv.

coral bean: chiapan coral bean: šʔukun, n1e.
goldman’s coral bean: šʔukun, n1e.

coral blow: leafy coral blow: ¢ahal k’ask’as ¢’iʔlel. nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’ask’as ¢iʔlel, nphr(aj & n).

coral vine: ʔit’iš barsin ʔak\ nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/); ¢ahal ʔič ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); kanava ʔak’, nphr(n type n); yašal barsin ʔak\ nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

cordia: hič’il ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’ask’as ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); sak-paran teʔ, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); veʔel čuč, nphr(n of n); veʔel kulahteʔ, nphr(n of n); veʔel mut, nphr(n of n).
onion cordia: ¢ahal be šinič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); sakil be šinič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); teʔel marimpa, nphr(n of n).

cords: cords and tassels of man’s cotton tunic: šokon k’uʔul, nphr(n1f of n3d).
cords and tassels of man’s woolen tunic: šokon herkail, nphr(n1f of n3d).

core: /chili/: ʔat, nib.
/pineapple/: yol, n4f.

coriander: kulantu, n1a.

coriaria: thymeleaf coriaria: loʔbol vet, nphr(n of n).

corn: šohobal rioš, nphr(n of n)5.
corn bin: ten, n1a.
corn boiled in water /pig food/: huš, n1a.
corn dust /worm-eaten/: hanna, n1a.
corn field: ʔišimaltik, n5.
corn field /unplanted/: ʔav čob, nphr(n4f of n1d).
corn gruel: ʔul, n1a.
corn harvest season: lok’-ʔisim, vn(tv & ncpd)5; lok’-ʔišimtik, vn(tv & ncpd)5.
corn husk: hohoč’, n1e.
corn in flower: hlilihel. agn; htitihel, agn.
corn plant with young corn ear: hyianel, agn.
corn scattered around the house /by chickens/: tan puk, nphr(n & n)5.
corn silk: čuʔ’ ʔišim, nphr(n of n)1e.
corn smut: čuʔ ʔišim, nphr(n of n)5.
corn stubble: k’ahben, n1a.*
corn tassel: ¢’utuh, n1e.
corn that has been ground once and boiled in water without lime /used for starching thread/: huš, n1a.
corn with two ears inside one husk: ʔaltal, n1e; meʔ ʔišim, nphr(n1f of n1d).
ear of corn: č’išil ʔišim, nphr(aj & n)5.
ear of corn lacking kernels on one row: čoʔ, n1a; hhuč’nom, agn.
ear of corn with corn smut /slightly sour/: pahayom, n1a.*
ear of corn with few kernels: tušum, n1a.
ear of dried corn: vohton, n1a.
half-grown corn /when ear is half-grown/: meʔ yi, nphr(n of n)1e.
indian corn: ʔišim, n1a; baʔyi ¢’unubil, nphr(aj & n); baʔyi k’on, nphr(aj & n); bik’it k’ob-¢’iʔ, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/); bik’it k’on ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); bik’it masanil ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); bik’it pinto ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); bik’it sakil ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); ¢ahal ʔišim, nphr(aj & n); ¢’akal k’on, nphr(aj & n); čimpo ʔišim, nphr(x type n); čimpo k’on, nphr(x type n); čiš-teʔ ʔišim, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n); čiš-teʔ k’anal ʔišim, nphr: n(x & ncpd) type nphrfaj & n); č’ič’el hč’ul-totik ʔišim, nphr: nphr(n4d of agn/aj & ncpd/) type n/ hič’il bakal, nphr(aj & n); k’anal ʔišim, nphr(aj & n); k’anal čimpo ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); k’ob-¢’i1ʔ, n(n & ncpd); k’ob-č’iʔ ʔišim, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n); k’oš ¢ahal ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/). k’oš čimpo ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); k’oš sakil čimpo ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); masanil ʔišim, nphr(natt & n); muk’ta ʔik’al ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta ʔivriro ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta k’anal ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta k’on, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta masanil ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/ type n); muk’ta sakil ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); napalu, x; napalu ʔišim, nphr(x type n); pača, n1d; pimil sat, nphr(aj & n); pinto ʔišim, nphr(aj & n); pinto čimpo ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); povlano ʔišim, nphr(aj & n); rokame ʔišim, nphr(x type n); sak-vayan k’anal ʔišim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); sakil ʔišim, nphr(aj & n); sakil čimpo ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); sakil k’ob-¢’iʔ, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/); sakil pinto čimpo ʔišim, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); sakil ton ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakramentual ʔišim, nphr(natt & n); ton ʔišim, nphr(n type n).
irrigated corn field: čavit, n1d.
large ear of corn surrounded by small ears, each with a husk: tot ʔišim, nphr(n1f of n1d).
left-over corn that has been ground twice: noybenal, n4f.
lowland corn /thin kernel; black, white/: pača, n1d.
mature ear of corn /fresh, not dried/: ʔahan, n1d.*
planted corn field: čobtik, n5.
planted corn field, inan poss.; sčubal.: cob, n1a.
produce young corn ear: yian, iv.

corn-worker: hčabahel, agn; hčabahom, agn.

corncob: baklel, n4f.*
corncob borer: tusino, n1a.
/ground, burnt, and powder used for gunpowder/: bakal, n1d.
forming corner: šuk’ahtik, aj; šuk’ul, aj.
/house, axe blade/: čikinil. n3b.
/house, land plot/: šuk’av, n5.

corral: koral, n1a; tik’, tv.
corral of animal companion spirits inside Muk’ta Vi¢.: volimtik, n5.
/for rounding up cattle/: yakol, n1a.

correct: tuk’ibtas, tv.

corridor: korirol, n1a.

corrode: kušib, iv; kušin, iv.
cause to corrode: kušibtas, tv; yašubtas, tv.

corroded: become corroded: šokib, iv; yašub, iv.
lying corroded (knife, axe): šoket nh, vphr(av & n4f).

corrosion: yaš’al, n4f.

corrupt: ʔak’ manya, vphr(tv & n5).

cosmos: ¢ahal kampray, nphr(aj & n); kampray, n; sak-vayan kampray, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n).

cost: ʔič’ tak’in, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5).
cost a great deal: kil tak’in, vphr(tv & n5).

cotton: tušnuk’, n1a.
cotton boll: šašul, n4e.

cotton tree: mail teʔ, nphr(n type n).

cottontail: eastern cottontail: t’ul, n1e.*

couchant: (moon) /crescent or gibbous moon with horns perpendicular to the horizon, reportedly indicating a dry season/: pačal, aj.

cough: ʔobah, iv; ʔobal, n1a; ʔoban, iv; ʔohobah, iv.
cough up /phlegm/: ʔobta, tv.
have a cough: ʔaʔi ba ta ʔob, vphr(rv & prep & n5).
whooping cough: hik’ik’ul ʔobal, nphr(aj & n)5.

coughing: ʔoh, av.

counsel: ʔak’ mantal, vphr(tv & n5); ʔak’ rason, vphr(tv & n5); ʔal rason, vphr(tv & n1d); p’ihubtas, tv.
(bride’s ritual tutor): tohobtas k’op, vphr(tv & n5); tohobtas rason, vphr(tv & n5).
counsel person: tuk’ibtasvan, iv.
listen to or heed counsel: ʔaʔi rason, vphr(tv & n5).

counselor: hʔal-rason, agn(tv & ncpd); h¢i¢vaneh, agn.

count: pas kwenta, vphp(tv & n5).
count up: ʔat, tv; ʔatolah, iv.
/objects, persons, animals, units of time/: nit, tv.

counting: ʔatol, n1e.

courbaril: č’ilim teʔ, nphr(n type n)1d.

court: kavilto, n1a.
person who takes many disputes to court: meʔ kavilto, nphr(n of n)5.
take to court: ¢a¢ahesbe k’oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); ¢a¢ahesbe k’oplal, nphr(tv & n4f);
¢anesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f); likes k’op, vphr(tv & n5).

cousin: ʔermanoil, n3d.
female cousin older than ego: hun meʔil, nphr(num & n)3d; muk’ta meʔil, nphr(aj & n)3d.
first cousin: ʔu¢’ ʔalalil, nphr(n1d & n3d).
male cousin older than ego: hun totil, nphr(num & n)3d; muk’ta totil, nphr(aj & n)3d.
male’s cousin younger than ego /archaic/: hun č’amalil, nphr(num & n)3d; hun nič’onil, nphr(num & n)3d.
woman’s cousin younger than ego /archaic/: hun ʔolil, nphr(num & n)3d.

cover: mak, tv; pak’altas, tv.
cover completely (thatch or tile on newly built roof, daub on freshly plastered wall): nup’, iv.
cover head (woman with shawl folded and placed on top of head, shaman with neckerchief draped loosely over head when praying, steward covering head similarly when counting chaplet coins): lam hol, vphr(tv & n4d).
cover oneself: lam, tv.
cover self /with blanket/: po¢ ba, rv.
cover up /corpse, feces, coals/: but’i, tv.
/head, newborn baby, patient so that he cannot be seen/: piš, tv.
(measles): lamanbe, tv.
provide cover /from rain/: ʔaš, iv.
take cover from rain: ¢ašinah, iv; ʔašinta, tv.
/tiles with cement/: bon, tv.
/tiles with cement/: bon, tv.

covered: lamal, aj; makal. aj; pišil, aj.

covering: be covered (tortillas to preserve warmth): piši, iv.
become covered with spots (victim of pinta): lilih, iv.
covered with (flowers, fruit, rocks): pirn, aj.
with face covered (girl): lu¢’ul, aj.
/with fleas/: tususet, av.

cow: keep covering /head with shawl/: mukilan, tv.
baka, n1e; mo baka, nphr(n1f type n1d); vakaš, n1a.
brahman cow: mehikoal vakaš, nphr(aj & n)5.
/used only by dudes when taunting straw bull/: kanáro, n5.

coward: hšiʔel, agn.

cowardly: tu¢in, aj.

cowbird: bronzed cowbird: kaslan bak mut, nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/)5.*

cowboy: vakero, agn.

cowhorn: /used by sir spook at Carnival to hold cane liquor, used by muleteers bringing corn to announce their arrival from lowlands, used to hold sa’rt or gunpowder/: kaču, n1a.

cowlick: sutubal, n4f.*

coyol: nap, n1d.

coyote: ʔok’il, n5.*; htiʔoval čon, nphr(agn & n)5.

coyote brush: mexican coyote brush: ba¢’i mes teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); mes teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a; sakil mes let, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

crab: kankreh, n1a.*
/archaic/: yoš’, n1a.

crack: ¢ik’, iv.
crack open: liʔ, iv.
crack open (daub): kač¢ah, iv.
crack open (house, i.e., mud wall): leʔp’uh, iv.
crack open (mud, wall): kač, iv.
crack where top edge of box meets lid: nupbenal, n4f.
(foot): hav, iv.
/griddle/: ¢ik’ilul, n4f.
have voice crack (person with cough, person singing, adolescent boy who has mistress): vok’ nuk’, vphr(iv & n4d).
/in skin/: t’ahel, vn1d: fahemal, nib.
make crack open (sun): kač¢an, tv.
(mud, wood, skin): t’ah, iv.
/mud, wood, skin/: t’ahes, tv.
(rock in fire): t’om, iv.
(wall, mud): kač ba, rv.
/wall, roof/: hapalul, n4f.
(wall, wood): kačalul, n4f.
/with fist/: k’av ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

cracked: kačkač, aj; t’ahal, aj.
cracked open (earth, daub, heel): liʔil, aj.
(earth, hands): ʔeseltik, aj.
(pot, jug, wall): ¢ik’il, aj.
/voice/: č’erem, aj.
with cracked voice /person with cough or adolescent boy who has mistress/: šerem nuk’, nphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

cracker: kayeta, n1a.

cracking: ¢in, ¢it. kač, k’am, k’av, k’oč, lin, lorn, poh, pom, p’ot, to¢, tom, av.
cracking in various places: t’áhtet’áhte, av.
cracking repeatedly (underbrush, young bean pods): k’aslahet, av.
cracking sound: lek’, av.
(whip): trimlahet, av.

crackling: čak’, č’en, poh, voč’ av.
(fire): p’otlahet, av.

cradle: cradle cap: čenek’, n1a.

cramp: ¢eluel, n1d.
cramp in fingers: lo¢’om čih, nphr(x type n)1a.
feeling cramp: kot, av.
feeling cramps /in limbs/: ¢elelet, av.
feeling stomach cramps: hisiset k’ušul č’ut, vphr(av & nphr/n4f of n4d/).

cramped: become cramped (fingers): lo¢’ ba, rv.
become permanently cramped (hand): močk’ih, iv.
(hand. with arthritis): moč’ol, aj.
(hand): šop’ol, aj.
(inside of house): č’ikil, aj.
with cramped (hand): šop’et, av.

crane: crane fly: h¢’un-matas, agn(vphr/tv & ncpd/.*; me šenen, nphr(n of n)5.

crashing: čah, hoč’, k’oh, lin, lorn, poh, num. voč’, av; tomlahet, av.
crashing about (drunk): pohol čak’al, ajphr(aj & aj).
(rock, drunk): t’úslih, av.

crate: crate carried on back for transporting merchandise /used by men of Larrai’nzar, Oxchuc and Tenejapa/: kolol teʔ, nphr(x type n)1a.

crave: tuč’em ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).
crave food /after illness/: ʔaʔi si¢’il, vphr(tv //n).

craving: ma¢’, av.
cause craving for food: ʔak’ si¢’il, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5).
inspire craving for /cane liquor/: k’ank’an ba, rv.

crawl: crawl under /table/: ¢ubih očel, vphr(iv & dr).

crawling: /into bed/: šot’ot’, av.

crazy: be crazy: čopol hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5).
crazy person: hvoviel, agn.
crazy talk: vovi loʔil, nphr(aj & n)5.
do crazy things (madman): yan pas, vphrfaj & tv).

creaking: ʔep’, k’oč, av.

cream bush: ¢ahal pomos, nphr(aj & n); k’oš pomos, nphr(aj & n); sakil pomos, nphr(aj & n).

crease: puš ba, rv; pušbenal, n1f.

creased: pušahtik, aj.
(brow): ¢’alal, aj.

create: k’atahes, tv; lok’ta, tv.

creation: pasel, vn4g.

creator: creator god: hpas-balamil, agn(tv & ncpd); vašak-men, n(num & xcpd)5.*
creator god / vašak-men/. lit., heaven-maker: hpas-vinahel, agn(tv & ncpd).

creche: leče-pat, n(aj & ncpd)1d.

credit: buy on credit: ha¢in, tv.
object bought on credit: pial. n1d.

creditor: hpiarol, agn.

creeping: creeping over: moč’oč’, av.

crest: k’uk’umal hol, nphr(n4f of n4d).

crested: to¢. av.
(bird): toe¢ol, aj.
(bird, chicken): to¢to¢, aj.
(head of chicken): toktok, aj.
walking with crested (head): toket, av.

cricket: čil, n5.
highland and lowland cricket that makes sudden sharp hissing sound at night: pavav, n5.
lowland cricket: p’onkoʔ, n1e.

crime: maltisyon, n1d; mulil, n3a.
commit carnal crime: pas koloʔ, vphr(tv & n4d); pas mul, vphr(tv & n4d).
commit crime: saʔ mul, vphr(tv & n4d); ta mul, vphr(tv & n4d).

criminal: hsaʔ-mulil. agn(tv & ncpd).
be criminal: čopol hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5).

cringing: (child, dog): muč’oč’et, av.
(dog, child): moč’oč’et, av; yobobet, av.

critical: become critical (quarrel, sickness, situation, crime): muk’ib, iv.
become critical (sickness): bat ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj).
become critical (situation): ba¢’ih, iv; ¢a¢ah, iv.

critically: vičil, aj.

criticism: ʔutel, n1a.

criticize: ʔak’be ʔutel, vphr(tv & vn5); ʔut, tv; labah, iv; laban, tv; naʔle, tv.

criticizing: ʔut, tuk, vah, av.

croaking: mek’, vek, av.
(giant tropical toad): henhon, av.

crocodile: lagarto, n1a.*

crooked: luk. av.
become crooked (end of row): neʔ¢ah, iv.
(board): pevel, aj.
(end of row, top of stump): neʔel hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n1b).
go crooked (end of row during planting): meč¢ah, iv; neʔ) ba hol, vphr(rv & n1b).
go crooked (planting, hoeing): luk ba, rv.
go crooked (planting, hoeing, clearing): luk¢ah, iv.
go crooked (row of planting, weaving): sok, iv.
go crooked (row): šotk’ih, iv.
go crooked (weaving, hoeing): seʔub, iv.
let end of row go crooked: neʔ¢anbe hol, vphr(tv & n4f).
make end of row go crooked /planting/: net¢an ba hol, vphr(rv & n4f).
/plu/: pevahtik, aj.
(stick): mecel, aj.
(sticks): mekahtik, aj.
(trail, stick, metal): šotarantik, aj.
(tree): lukul, aj.
(warp): hečem, aj.
(weaving): seʔ, aj.

crooked-nosed: kurva-niʔ, n(n & npcd)5

crookedly: grown crookedly (corn that has been broken and resumes growth): kaʔ-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.
stand or project crookedly (corn that has been beaten down by wind, broken leg or arm): mečan ba, rv.

crop(1): ʔav voč’ nphr(n4f of n4d); buč, n1d.

crop(2): promise a good crop (virgin land on which corn and beans have been planted): vay, iv.

Cross: Gospel Cross /silver cross formerly in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence and brought out at fiestas of St. Lawrence, All Souls’ Day/: hč’ul-totik ʔAvanhelio, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

cross(1): krus, n1a.*
cross on church top: krusal hol ʔekliš’a, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/)5.
cross placed on pile of ears of corn in lowlands, or in corn bin: krusal ʔišim, nphr(natt & n)5.
cross self: p’is sat, vphr(tv & n4d).
entrance cross: krusal tiʔ na, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/)5.
gospel cross /silver cross brought out at fiestas of St. Lawrence, All Souls’ Day/: krus ʔavahel, nphr(n of n)5.
graveyard cross: krusal ʔanima, nphr(natt & n)5.
make sign of cross on: ʔak’be krus, vphr(tv & n5); p’isbe krus, vphr(tv & n5).
roof cross: krusal hol na, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/)5.
well cross: krusal voʔ, nphr(natt & n)5.

cross(2): cross one’s legs or tuck one’s legs under oneself (woman): he¢i, iv.
/legs/: mey, tv.
/river, road, gully, field/: tuč’, tv.

cross(3): kapem, aj.

cross-(eyed): č’itil, aj.

cross-eyed: č’it-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5; nelel, aj: nelet sat, vphr(av & n4d).
be cross-eyed: šihi, iv.
cross-eyed person: neliš’, n5.

cross-legged: pe¢, av; he¢el, aj.
sit cross-legged (woman): pe¢an ba, rv; pe¢etah, iv; pe¢i, iv.
sitting cross-legged (woman): pe¢el, aj.

crossbeam: ¢’am teʔ, n(x & ncpd)1a; morio, n1a.

crossroads: krusal be, nphr(natt & n)5.

crosswise: lying crosswise (salt trough for animals): poyol, aj.

crotch: k’al ʔ0ʔ, nphr(n4f of n4d); k’alavil, n3d.

crouch: (cat before jumping, hen before being trodden by rooster): luban ba, rv.
(cat before leaping): ¢uban ba, rv.
crouch down: ¢uban ba, rv.
crouch unable to stand up (person with burden): šok’p’ih, iv.
make crouch /child to defecate/: ¢uban, tv.
(rabbit): lut’i, iv.
(woman, rabbit): lubi, iv.

crouched: (cat): lot’ol, aj.
(cat, rabbit, person): lubul, aj.
crouched low /walking or running/: kúhulkúhul, aj; pátalpátal, aj.
crouched with head bowed (person, cat, rabbit): lut’ul, aj.
put in crouched position /child so it will defecate/: šok’an, tv.

crouching: ¢ub, lub, av.
(cat, rabbit): tivil, aj.
(cat, rabbit, person): ¢ubul, aj.
crouching on haunches /if burden is too heavy/: šok’ok’ yalel, vphr(av & dr).

crowbar: /known only by road workers/: bareno, n1d.

crowd: ¢ob ba, rv.
crowd together (people): ¢op ba, rv.
crowd together /to finish job rapidly/: voli, tv.
in a crowd: ¢obol, aj.
(people): ¢in ba, rv.

crowded: ¢inil, aj; pirn, aj.
(market): k’uyul, aj.

crowding: ¢in, lam, av; la¢-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5;
pi¢’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

crowing: ¢’i¢’, av.

crown: korona, n1a.
/hat/: čakil, n3e.
nam-teʔ mol, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); sakil nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); sakil šolom, nphr(aj & n); yašal nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n).
yellow crown beard: hic’il ʔanal sun, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’anal poean teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); muk’ta k’an-ʔič, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); muk’ta sak-paran teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ & n); nam-teʔ mol, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n).

crumble: č’uč’ulibtas, tv; č’uč’ulta, tv; č’uč’ultas, tv; p’up’uh, iv.
cause to crumble away: yiʔp’un, tv.
crumble and fall: ʔešk’uh, iv.
crumble away: yiʔp’uh, iv; yiʔp’un ba, rv.
(dry earth): tuk ba, rv.
/earth, salt/: lilin, tv; p’up’un, tv.

crumbling: tuk, av; p’up’up’et, av.
(earth): yiʔet, av.

crumbly: be crumbly (dry earth): tuk, iv.
become crumbly (soil): puk ba, rv.
make crumbly /earth with foot/: tuk¢an, tv.
(salt, earth): lininet, av.
(tile): šet’lahet, av.
very crumbly (sand, gravel): yiʔiʔet, av.

crumbs: /salt remaining after block of salt is sawed/: lilihemal, n4f.

crumple: muč’ilan, tv.
/paper/: moč’ilan, tv.

crunch: k’uš, tv.
/green chili, roasted caterpillar/: t’um ta tiʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

crunching: hap’, hup’, av.
/corn stubble stalks, watermelon squash/(mule, cow): t’umt’on, av.
(frost or sand underfoot): voč’von, av.

crupper: kurup, n1d.

crush: net’, tv; pe¢’k’un, tv.
/basket/: voč’¢an, tv.
crush in one’s hands /medicinal herbs/: huʔ, tv.
crush person: huč’van, iv.
crush person (burden): pe¢’¢anvan, iv.
crush person (falling house or cliff): net’uvan, iv.
crush underfoot: noy ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). /gravel, bone, peach pit/: voč’, tv.
/person struck by car/: noy, tv.
/rock/: vok’, tv.

crushed: (basket): pe¢’el, aj; voč’el, aj.
be crushed (foot): sep’, iv.
be crushed (testes): t’us, iv.
be crushed /by burden/: pe¢’k’un ba, rv.

cry: ʔok’, iv.

crybaby: hʔok’el, agn; hʔok’itavaneh, agn; liv-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5.

crying: k’ek’, liv, mek’, av.
gasping and crying (baby V2;9): nek’ek’et, av.
(newborn baby): ¢ururet, av.
stop crying: č’ani, iv.

crystal: baš, n1e.

crystallize: /salt/: ʔules, tv.
(salt, sugar): ʔul, iv.

cuckold: kah čakil, nphr(n of n)5.

cuckoo: mangrove cuckoo: ʔora mut, nphr(n type n)5; maʔ-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
squirrel cuckoo: ¢’eha’?, n1e.*
yellow-billed cuckoo: ʔora mut, nphr(n type n)5; maʔ-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

cucumber: bur cucumber: ¢op-č’um-teʔ č’o, nphr: aj & nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n).

cuddle: cuddle up /under blanket/: lu¢’ ba, rv.

cuddled: (plu): lu¢’etik, av.

cuff: pakbenal, n4f.

cultivated: cultivated _____: ¢’unbalal _____, nphr(aj & n)5.

cumulus: (clouds): volol, aj.

cunning: p’ih, aj.
(animal, thief): manyoso, aj.

cunt: male speech; cunt: mis, n1d.

cup: cup in hands: hop, tv.
cup in one hand: k’et, tv.

cupbearer: hp’is-voʔ, agn(tv & ncpd).

curdle: (corn gruel): nititub, iv.*
/corn gruel/: nititubtas, tv.

curdling: (corn gruel, squash, beans): nititet, av.

cure: be able to cure: yuʔ ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
cure by magic: me¢’ta, tv.*
/leather/: k’aʔes, tv.
steam cure: pus ton, nphr(n type n)1e.*
undo patient’s cure (person who comes to house of patient and scolds someone): sokvan, iv.

curing: curing ceremony: ʔilel, vn5; k’op, n1d.
curing ceremony in house to return sickness: valk’unel, vn5.
curing ceremony involving visit to mountain shrines: hok’aneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.
curing party that visits mountain shrines: hyalecurl bahel, agn.
curing trip to mountain shrines: yalebal, n3a.
have curing ceremony for oneself: ʔal ba vokol, vphr(rv & n5).
have curing ceremony in which patient begs forgiveness: k’an pertonal, vphr(tv & n5).
hold curing ceremony: ʔoč čamel. vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5); ʔoč kantela. vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); ʔoč kantela, vphr(iv & n4d): ʔoč limušna, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d): yuʔ k’op, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5).
hold curing ceremony /for family member/: ʔal vokol, vphr(tv & n5).
hold minor curing ceremony (shaman): k’opla, tv.
major curing ceremony: muk’ta ʔilel, nphr(aj & vn)5.*; muk’ta ničim, nphr(aj & n)5.*
minor curing ceremony: ʔoʔlol ničim, nphr(n of n)5.*
minor curing ceremony /held in house and without flowers and candles/: k’oplael, vn5.
type of curing ceremony: pertonal, n5.

curl: curl around (cat or dog at feet): moči, iv.
curl up: mučan ba, rv; moči, iv.
curl up (arm or leg from sickness|: muč’k’ih, iv.
curl up (bean pods, leaves, stale tortillas): moč’ ba, rv.
curl up (dog): šot ba, rv.
curl up (leaves of diseased bean plants, peach tree or cabbage, burnt hair): moroib, iv; muruč’ib, iv.
curl up (leaves): muč’ ba, rv.
curl up (person in cold): močan ba, rv; moč¢ah. iv.
curl up (person sleeping in cold, caterpillar): muč ba, rv.
curl up (person): muč ba, rv.
curl up (sleeping child, cat or dog): lukan ba, rv; luki, iv.
curl up (sleeping child, cat or dog, snake): luk ba, rv.
curl up (stale tortilla): moč’¢ah, iv.
curl up /person in cold/: moc’an ba, rv; moč’¢ah, iv.
curl up /to sleep/: luketah. iv; šot’an ba, rv.
curl up tightly /with cold/: muč’ ba, rv.

curled: be curled up: mu¢i, iv.
curled over (ear): moč’ol, aj.
curled up: luk, muč, muč’. av; močahtik, aj.
curled up (dog, stale tortilla): šotol, aj.
curled up (hat brim, pig’s nose, nose of angry person): valal, aj.
curled up (leaf): yobol, aj.
curled up (leaves of diseased peach tree): moro, aj.
curled up (person, stale tortilla, leaf, leaf of seared corn plant): mučul, aj.
curled up (sleeping child, cat, or dog): lukul. aj.
curled up (sleeping person, bean pods, stale tortillas, leaves): moč’ol, aj.
curled up (stale tortilla, old person): šot’ol, aj.
curled up and dried out (mushroom): taki-večan, aj(aj & Pcpd).
curled up tightly (person sleeping in cold): muč’ul, aj.
with fingers permanently curled: šetel, aj.
with wide flakes curled up at the edge (dried mud): pečahtik, aj.

curliness: (chicken feathers): moro, n4e.

curling: curling up: mu¢, av.
curling up and twitching (person in epileptic fit): šot’ot’et, av.
(dry leaves): moč’oč’et, av.
(eyelashes): tululik, aj.

curly: (chicken feathers) /permanent condition/: moro, aj.
make curly /hair/: muruc’ibtas, tv.

current: current carrying refuse or logs: ves-voʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.
/river/: ʔokol, n3b.
with strong currents: k’eč, av.

curse: God: ʔak’ ta maltisyon, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

curvacious: (girl): t’usul, aj.

curve: bwélta, n1a.
/highway/: kurva, n5.
(path): luk¢an, tv.

curved: (bill): kotkot, aj.

cushaw: ʔak’ č’um, nphr(n4e of n5); korneta č’um, nphr(n type n); šk’un-pat č’um, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n); šk’un č’um, nphr(n type n); teʔ-pat č’um, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

custom: ¢’unbal, n4a; tale], vn1b; tasalul, n4d.

customer: hmanolahel, agn.

cut: boh, tv; kečbenal, n4f; tuč’el, aj; yayihemal, n1b.
/bananas/: kepolah, iv.
be cut: yayih, iv.
be cut (fever): tup’, iv.
be cut into short lengths: p’asluh, iv.
be cut into small pieces: sep’, iv.
cut across /road, field/: tuč’, tv.
cut across one’s path: p’as be, vphr(tv & n5).
cut down: boh, tv.
cut down /drinking of cane liquor/: čopbe, tv.
cut down /tree/ /with machete/: č’et, tv.
cut down /undergrowth/: soki, tv.
cut down undergrowth /with billhook before felling large trees/: soka, tv.
cut fingernails: lok’ niʔ ʔič’ak, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/).
cut in chunks /squash/: his, tv.
cut in lengths /tree, snake, paper/: sep’, tv.
cut in many pieces: sep’bentik, aj.
cut in strips /meat/: his. tv; hisolah, iv.
cut in two /fruit/: šet’, tv.
cut in two /watermelon squash, cushaw or summer squash/: sep’, tv.
cut into bunches: kep¢an, tv.
cut into little pieces: bik’tahes, tv.
cut into short lengths /tree, snake, sugarcane, chicken bones/: p’as, tv.
cut into short sections: p’asal, aj.
cut off: lok’, tv; sep’, tv.
cut off /meat/: boh yalel, vphrftv & dr); yales, tv.
cut off level with ground /pineapple, maguey, cabbage/: set, tv.
cut open: bohol, aj.
cut out /pine or incense from living tree/: lok, tv.
cut ridges in: č’aramta, tv; č’arkunta, tv.
cut self /with grass/: kup, tv.
cut short /discussion, dispute/: tuč’ ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5).
cut thatch: lok’ hobel, vphr(tv & n1b).
cut undergrowth /with brush hook before felling large trees/: sokolah, iv.
cut unevenly: ¢’aramta, tv; ¢’arkunta, tv.
cut up /chicken/: mel¢an, tv.
/fever/: tup’, tv.
/fever, sickness/: yambe, tv.
/flower/: k’ok, tv.
make a small cut in edge of /clothes, ear of mule suffering from “wind”/: šel, tv.
/opening for neck of shirt/: sep’, tv; set, tv.
/road/: kečbenal ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5.
(stump, rope): tuč’ul, aj.
/tree/: havbenal, n4f; sep’benal, n4f; tuč’benal, n4a.
/weeds, underbrush/: vel, tv.
/with machete/: k’ambe, tv.
/wood, paper, clothing, meat, rope/: tuč’, tv.

cute: leklek ʔunen ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/aj & rpn/4b).

cuteness: smallness and cuteness /baby’s hand/: mašil, n4f.

cutting: cutting into small pieces: sep’, av.
/trees/: tuč’ton, av.
/weeds with billhook/: sok, n5.

cutworm: /dark brown nocturnal caterpillar that eats beans and flowers/: k’ok’ čon, nphr(n type n)1d.

cypress: ʔok’il teʔ, nphr(n type n)1e; nukul pat, nphr(n type n); sipres, n.
montezuma bald cypress: k’isis, n5.

D

dabbling: pač’, av.

daddy: daddy longlegs: ¢isan pale, nphr(n of n)1e; čavčav čon, nphr(aj & n)5.

dahlia: ¢ahal č’oliv, nphrfaj & n); dalya, n; k’oš č’oliv, nphr(aj & n); moraro dalya, nphr(aj & n); sakil pino dalya, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
imperial dahlia: ba¢’i č’oliv, nphr(aj & n); č’oliv, n1a.
red dahlia: ʔama čauk, nphr(n4f of n5); ¢ahal č’oliv, nphr(aj & n); č’oliv čih, nphr(n of n); k’anal č’oliv, nphr(aj & n); k’oš ¢ahal č’oliv, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš k’anal č’oliv, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta ʔama čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/); sakil pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); teʔtikal č’oliv, nphr(natt & n).

daisy: ox eye daisy: k’oš’ markarita, nphr(aj & n); markariton, n1a; muk’ta markarita, nphr(aj & n); pino markarita, nphr(aj & n).

damaged: be damaged (thatch roof in wind): veʔan ba, rv.

dame: /each of two characters representing the dude’s wife and played by the junior stewards//Tzeltal term of address/: meʔčun, n5.

damn: God: ʔak’ ta maltisyon, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

damp: ček’el, aj.
become damp /inside of house/: ʔač’, iv.

damselfly: tuliš, n1e.

dance: ʔak’ot, n5; ʔak’otah, iv.
backward dance /danced by lesser players/: vala-pat ʔak’ot, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n)5.
dance on one foot (captain): koškonah, iv.
dance with chaplets (steward, steward-royal): č’ip ʔual, vphr(tv & n5); č’ip kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5).
dance with proper form: eunbe ʔak’ot, vphr(tv & n5).
/doll/: ʔak’otahes, tv; ʔak’ottas, tv.
(woman): p’ehetah, iv.

dancer: hʔak’ot, agn.

dancing: ¢an, tek’, av.

(woman): p’ehet ta ʔak’ot, vphr(av & prep & vn5).

dandelion: pu¢’taob šavon k’ošetik, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ of n); tubtaob šavon k’ošetik, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/).

dandruff: sakil ʔapon, nphr(aj & n)1e; sal-ʔapon, n(aj & ncpd)1e.
dangerous: pukuh, aj; pukuhal, aj.

(earth): kušul, aj.
when or where earth lord is dangerous: hamal sat balamil, vphr(aj/pred/ & nphr/n4f of n5/).

dangle: mahan, tv; viti, iv.
dangle in pairs (testicles): lohan, tv; lohi, iv.
/legs/: češan, tv; čošan, tv.
(penis): vitan ba, rv; vit¢ah, iv.
(testicles, penis): vehetah, iv.

dangling: češ, lik, loh, mah, pit, veh, av.
being carried with legs dangling: čoš, av.
carrying a great number of possessions dangling from one’s back: vitil t’uyul, ajphr(aj & aj).
dangling in pairs (testicles): lohol, aj.
dangling suddenly: túčlih, av.
hold dangling in fingers: vit, tv.
(legs): češel(1), aj; čošol, aj.

(penis): mahal, aj.

(testicles, penis): vehel, aj.

dark: tup’, av; ʔak’ubaltik, n5.
be growing dark: čam, av.
grow dark (sky, woman’s face temporarily after childbirth): ʔik’ub, iv.
grow dark /in evening/: ʔoc lak’ubal, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5).

darkness: ʔik’-ʔosil, n(aj & ncpd)5; ʔik’al ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5.

darting: his, av.
(insect, rat, fish): núšlih, av.

dash: dash away: ličbe ʔanil, vphr(tv & n5).

dashing: lič, av.
dashing from place to place (child): t’áltet’álte ta ʔanil, vphr(av & pt & n5).
dashing suddenly: pis, av.

date: announce date for collection of money (principals): tek’ tak’in, vphr(tv & n5).
announce date for collection of money for band (fiesta committee member): tek’ tohol musika, vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5).
announce date for collection of money for confessions (elders and sacristans for Holy Week): tek’ tohol kompišyon, vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5).
announce date for collection of money for each of three year renewal ceremonies (elders and special money collector): tek’ tohol limušna, vphr(tv & nphr/n of n /5).
announce date for collection of money for school teachers (principals): tek’ tohol mayštro, vphr(tv & nphr/n of agn/5).
announce date for collection of money to pay priest and to pay for rockets (elders and scribes for fiesta of St. Sebastian, St. Lawrence, Our Lady of the Rosary, Fourth Friday of Lent): tek’ tohol miša sibak, vphr: tv & nphr(n of nphr/n of n/5).

daub: pak’bal, n4f.
/mud and pine needles/: pak\ n4f.

daughter: ¢ebil, n5.

/reference and address/: ¢eb, n1d.

daughter-in-law: /term of reference/: ʔalibal, n3d.

dawn: sak-ʔosil, n(aj & ncpd)5; sakub, iv; sakubel ʔ0- sil, nphr(vn of n5); vok’ čak vinahel, vphrpv & nphr/n4f of vn5/).
early dawn: yamal, aj.

dawn flower: ničim ʔuč, nphr(n of n); peč’ahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n); peč’e-ʔok hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); šanšan hobel, nphr(n type n).

dawning: yamet, av.

day: ʔsil, n1a; k’ak’al, n1a.
day after tomorrow: čaʔeh, n1e.
day off: hap, n4f; hap k’ak’al, nphr(n4f of n5).
every day: sil k’ak’al, nphr(x & n5); silomal k’ak’al, nphr(x & n5).
every other day: čabhetik, n5; čábhečábhe, n4f.
on the day that: yoʔ to k’u čaʔal, ptphr(pt & pt & pt & pt).
the day before yesterday: čabhe, n1e.
the whole day: malel, vn4f.

dayflower: ʔik’al e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); ʔuč’ul voʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/x type n/) type n; bik’itik ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); buluk’ sat ¢iʔlel, nphr(n/x & n/ type n); eahal ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); ¢’emeniʔ, n5; k’oš ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); k’oš yašal ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); yašal nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

daylight: ʔosil, n1a.

days: four days ago: čonhe, n1e.
four days from today: čoneh, n5.

daytime: k’ak’altik, n5.

dead: čamem, aj.
dead_____ /horse, dog, etc./: čame-______, n(aj & ncpd)5.
dead person: ʔanima, n1d.

deadline: ¢’akiebal, n3a.
period of time before deadline: plaso, n1e.

deaf: kok, aj; pak’-čikin, n(aj & ncpd)5; sorto, aj.
become deaf: kokib, iv.
deaf and stuttering: pak’-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5.
grow deaf: mak čikin, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
make deaf: kokibtas, tv.

deal: trate, n1a.
make a deal: k’opon baik, rv; pas trate, vphr(tv & n5).

death: čamel, vnla; k’ak’al ʔora, nphr(aj & n)5; lahel, vnla.
feel sense of well-being, but with death imminent: labta ba, rv.

debilitate: /by witchcraft/: yamean, tv.
debilitate person (witch, sickness): čopvan, iv.
debilitate person /by witchcraft/: yoč kriščano, vphr(tv & n5).

debt: ʔilil, n3d; kwenta, nib.
become deep in debt: čon ba, rv.
complete debt: ¢’aki, iv.
fail or refuse to pay one’s debts: č’ayes ʔil, vphr(tv / / n).
leave person in debt: balvan ta ʔil, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
run into debt: pas ʔil, vphr(tv & n4d); saʔ ʔil, vphr(tv & n4d).

debut: make debut as: lok’ ta______, vphr(iv & prep & n5).

decapitate: k’okbe nuk’, vphr(tv & n4d); mok¢an, tv.

decapitated: mokol, aj.

deceit: vesk’unel, vn1d.

deceive: čo1ʔ, tv; loʔlo, tv.
deceive self: čoʔ ba, rv; vesk’un ba, rv.

deceiver: hʔilbahinvaneh, agn; hloʔovaneh, agn; htahintavaneh, agn; hvesk’unvaneh, agn.

December: disyempre, n5.

decide: ʔal, tv; nop ʔaʔi, vphr(tv / / tv); nop ta hoi, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).
decide among oneselves: nop ba, rv.
decide in common: eob k’op, vphr(tv & n4d/3p/); komon-nop, tv(aj & tvcpd).
declaration: make a declaration: ʔalbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f); k’opoh, iv.

declare: ʔal, tv.

decoration: e’akiel, vnlb.
with big fluffy decoration /on Chamula woman’s huipil/: pueultik, aj.

decorative: (embroidery, carving, floral decorations, beautiful cloud formations): ničimtik, aj.

decrease: /in size or number/: bik’tah, iv.

decree: lok’es mantal, vphr(tv & n5).

dedicate: dedicate new house: ʔoč kantela na, vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n4e of n5/); ʔoč limušna na, vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n4e of n1d/).
dedicate oneself to: ʔak’ ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n).

deep: natil, aj; toyol, aj.
(bowl): č’enč’en, aj.
(cave, hole, bullet, well, river): nat, aj.
narrow and deep (pot, water jug): pahpah, aj.
narrow and deep (pot, water jug): pahpah, aj.

deer: čih, n1a.
white-tailed deer: ¢ahal totikal čih, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/)5; toʔtikal čih, nphr(natt & n)1a.*; yašal teʔtikal čih, nphr(aj & nphr/ natt & n/)5.

defeat: relate circumstances of one’s defeat: lo’ʔilta ba, rv.
defecate: eaʔan, iv; č’ay ba, rv.

defecating: pol, pul, pur, av.

defecation: eaʔnel, vn5; č’ay-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.
polite speech; area of yard used for defecation:
pašyahebal, n3d.

defecator: h¢aʔnom, agn; hč’ay-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd).

defend: poh, tv; vaʔan ba, rv.
(lawyer): tek’an ba, rv.

defending: (lawyer): vaʔal, aj.
(lawyers): vaʔahtik, aj.

defense: mutual defense: poh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

deficiency: palta, n5.

deflower: hat, tv; tuč\ tv; t’omes, tv.

defoliate: vičan, tv.
/leaving a few leaves at end of branch/: vičeah, iv; vičean, tv.

defoliated: /with only a few leaves at end of branch/: vičil, aj.

deforest: /mountain/: salan, tv.

deforested: (mountain): salal, aj.

deformed: (leg): kehkeh, aj.

degane: ʔik’al kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); eahal kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); kanela teʔ, nphr(n type n); muk’ta kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

dehydrated: dehydrated and immobile (drunk, sick child): taki-havan, aj(aj & Pcpd).

dejected: be dejected (child who is overworked, mule or
sheep that is mistreated): tiʔolta ba, rv.
become dejected (person working alone, sheep,
chicken or horse that is mistreated): tiʔolah,
iv

delay: halihes, tv.
/person/: hok’ean, tv; pahean, tv.

delayed: be delayed (order, letter): mak ta be, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n5).

delaying: pah, av.

delicious: niu, av; mu, aj; muil, aj.

deliver: ʔak’ ʔentrokal, vphr(tv & n5); beč, tv.
deliver baby (midwife): tarn, tv; tamolah, iv; vinkiltas, tv.

demijohn: karapon, n5.
five liter demijohn: k’os limeton, nphr(aj & n)1a.
medium-sized demijohn /10 liters/: wlol limeton, nphr(aj & n)1d.

demon: pukuh, n1e.

demonstrate: ʔak’ ta k’elel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); ʔak’be ʔil, vphr(tv & tv); ʔak’be k’el, vphr(tv & tv).

den: č’en, n1a.

Dennis: Nišyo, n1d.

denouncing: denouncing frequently: šuhson ta k’ok’, vphr(av & prep & n5).

dent: poe’k’in, tv.
(egg, fruit, metal): pue’k’ih, iv.
/pail/: šuvean, tv.

dented: be dented (egg, metal, fruit): po¢’k’ih, iv.
(egg, can): po¢’ol, aj.

denude: huš¢an. tv.
/land/ (mule, sheep): vuš¢an, tv.

denuded: činčin, aj; kankan, aj; t’ahal, aj; t’anal, aj.
be denuded: t’ani, iv.
(land in dry season only): vušvuš, aj.
(land): bahbah, aj; t’ašt’aš, aj.

deny: halan, tv.

Department: Department of Indian Affairs /Departmento de Asuntos Indi’genas/: partamento, n5.

depleted: being depleted: tam, av.
being depleted one after another (bags of corn, beans): káytekáyte, av.
(palm for decoration OT for hats, trees for house construction): saʔbentik, aj.

depletion: drastic depletion: tihlebal, n5.

deposit: ʔak’ komel, vphr(tv & dr); komes, tv.
deposit in: ¢aʔtaluh, iv.
/maggots/: ¢aʔta, tv; k’oʔan komel, vphr(tv & dr); k’o¢an, tv.

depraver: /person who influences others to quarrel or leads them to drink/: hʔak’-manya, agn(tv & ncpd).

depressed: č’enč’en, aj.
be depressed: tiʔolta ba, rv.
become depressed: čibah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d); sok ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d); tiʔolah, iv.
become depressed (roof, wall): po¢’k’ih, iv.
feeling depressed: čibet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).
(land): lomlom, aj; pulpul, aj.

depression: cause depression in /roof, wall/: po¢’k’in, tv. depression in land: lomleh, n1f.
with depressions (ground, floor): poe’ahtik, aj.

depth:natil, n4b.

deputy:/hamlet/: ʔahensya, agn.

descend:pek’i, iv; yal, iv.
descend very low (bird, plane): pek’elub, iv.
descend very low (wounded bird, plane): pek’¢ah, iv.

descended:(hernia, blood into head of chicken being slaughtered): yalem, aj.

descent: yalebal, n3a; yaleltik, vn5.

designate:designate each other /as guilty/: t’uh baik, rv.

desire:ʔiluk ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n); čak, pt; k’an, tv; nop ʔoʔon, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4d); nopilan, tv.

despair:č’ay ba, rv.

destructive: be destructive (horse that breaks fence, dog that eats eggs, drunk who breaks his possessions): saʔ ʔil, vphr(tv & n4d).

deteriorate: have situation deteriorate: sok k’op, vphr(iv & n1d).

deterioration:(house): ʔamel, vnla.

detour: hoyobil, n1f.
make detour: ve¢’p’un, tv.

develop:(egg): nik ba, rv.

developing: be developing (eggs): nikan ba, rv.

devil:pukuh, n1e.
the devil!: diablo, excl.

devilish:pukuh, aj.

devoted: be devoted to: ʔak’ ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n).

dew:ʔov ʔosil, nphr(n4f of n5).
/on plants/: ¢’uhulal, n4f.

dewclaw:ʔešpulal ʔok, nphr(n1f of n4d).

dewlap: /lizard, chicken/: lokom, n1d.

dewy: ¢’uhul, aj.

diagnose: diagnose by reading the pulse: ʔaʔi ta č’ič’, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

diaper:tas čak ʔol, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4d of n4d/); tas čak ʔunen, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4d of n5/).

diarrhea:bikil ¢aʔnel, nphr(aj & vn)5; ¢aʔnel. vn5.
/baby/: haʔal ¢oʔ, nphrfaj & n)5.
constant diarrhea: bikbik ¢aʔnel, nphr(aj & vn)5.
get diarrhea: t’om ¢oʔ, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
nausea and diarrhea: šenel č’utul, nphr(vn & n)5.
watery diarrhea: pi¢’pi¢’ ¢aʔnel, nphr(aj & vn)5.

dichondra: wild dichondra: čikin č’o, nphr(n of n)5; čikin č’o poš, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); merio poš, nphr(n type n); pošil k’ok’, nphr(n of n); sakil čikin č’o poš ’, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); sakil pošil k’ok’, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

die:balč’uh, iv; bat č’ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); lah, iv; lok’ č’ulel, vphr(iv & n4d); lok’ č’ulelal, vphr(iv & n5); nel, iv; tam ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d); tel ba, rv; tup’ ʔik’, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); t’ab, iv; vil, iv.
die down (fire): yam, iv.
(person, animal, tree, plant, etc.): čam, iv.

diesel: diesel truck: liser, n1a.

difference:it makes no difference: muk’ k’oplal, vphr(pt/ contr of mu & yuʔ> & -uk/ & n4f).

different:ʔo, pt; čop ʔo, nphr(nc & pt); helel. aj; parte, aj.
each different: pártepárte, aj; tóosoltósol, n4f. each one different(ly): hel tos, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5).
slightly different (speech or dialect): k’ehel, aj.

difficult: vokol, aj.

dig: dig hole: č’oh, tv.
dig up: hok ’, tv.
dig up /rock, plant/: pi¢, tv.
dig up /tree, plant/: p¢¢ lok’el, vphr(tv & dr).
dig up /trees, plants/: pe¢¢¢an, tv.

digest: huč’, tv.

digging: digging stick: bareta, n1a.
digging up: pi¢, av.

diligent: be diligent: ʔoʔonin, tv; ʔočonta, tv; bašbolan, tv.

diminish: bik’tah, iv.

din: nik, iv.

dinging: ¢an. av.

dinning: neč, nik, av.

dip: mules, tv.
dip fingers into (woman in vagina): č’op ba, rv.
dip fingers into /food, vagina/: č’op, tv.
/hair, water jug, water gourd, or stick in water, cloth in dye, fingers or stirring rod in food/: ¢’ah, tv; mul, tv.
with dip (roof, road): laʔal, aj.

dipper: big dipper: vuku-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5.

dipping: dipping fingers: č’op, av.
dipping to one side and then the next (loom): season, av.

direct: direct assembling of banners (first sacristan)
/inside church door prior to procession/: nupolah, iv.

direction: ʔič’ob, n4e; tuk’il, n4b. in this direction /pointing/: ši to, ptphr(pt & pt).
in what directionʔ: bu hotukal, nphr(pt & n).
in whatever direction: bu hotukal, nphr(pt & n).

directly: kahkah, pt.

dirt: ʔik’ubal, n1b.
dirt covering one’s clothes: ʔik’al, n4d.

dirtied be dirtied: ʔatin, tv.

dirty ʔik ’, aj; k’oʔol, aj.
become dirty: ʔik’ub, iv.

disappear: sak-č’ay, iv(aj & ivcpd).
disappear below horizon (sun): payč’uh, iv.
disappear down trail: payč’uh, iv.
disappear in the distance: č’ayeah, iv.
(moon): č’ay hč’ul-me’Hik, vphr(iv & agn/aj & ncpd/5).

disappearing: č’ay, av.

disarrayed: be disarrayed (thatch in wind): va¢k’uh, iv.

disc-shaped: (peso, cheese): sepel, aj.

discharge: with discharge: ¢oʔ, av.

disciplinarian: /man/: h¢i¢-mol, agn(tv & ncpd).
/woman/: h¢i¢-meʔel, agn(tv & ncpd).

discipline: ¢i¢, tv.

disconsolate: become disconsolate: čibah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d); sok ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d).
feeling disconsolate: čibet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).

disconsolation: tiʔoltaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

discontented: čib ʔoʔon, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d).

discouraged: be discouraged (child who is overworked, mule or sheep that is mistreated): tiʔolta ba, rv.
become discouraged (person working alone, sheep, chicken or horse that is mistreated): tiʔolah, iv.

discover:ta, tv.
discover by pulsing: ta ta č’ič ’, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

discrimination: lose one’s powers of discrimination: č’ay-satih, iv(iv & ncpd).

discuss: loʔilta, tv.

discussion loʔil, n1d.

disease: contagious disease: č’amuhel, nphr(vn type vn)5.
contagious disease /chills and fever/ brought from afar-: č’ambalal čamel, nphr(aj & vn)5.
/person feels cold in body, aches, has stomachache/: sikil koloʔal ʔik’, nphr(nphr/aj & natt/ & n)5; sikil koloʔal ʔamel, nphr(nphr/ aj & natt/ & vn)5. poultry disease: sak-¢oʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.
skin disease /grano/: čin, n1e. skin disease of infants, caused by embarassment of mother: č’ilim ʔapon, nphr(n type n)1a.
type of itchy skin disease: hak’ob ʔik\ nphr(aj & n)5. venereal disease: k’aʔel, vn5.

disemboweled: be disemboweled (squashed insect): t’om ¢oʔ, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

disgrace: ʔak’ ta k’ešlal, vphr(tv & prep & n5); ʔak’ ta namal. vphr(tv & prep & n5).
relate circumstances of one’s disgrace: loʔilta ba, rv.

disguise: disguise self as______: pas ba ta______ vphr(rv & prep & n5).

disgust ʔibal ʔoʔon, nphr(n4e of n4d).
be filled with disgust: ʔibah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d).

disgusted: be disgusted by: sok ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d); yan ʔ¢lan ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & tv).
be disgusted with: koʔol ʔo ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & pt & tv).

disgusting: mu, aj.
be disgusting: yan ʔelan, vphr(aj & iv/3s/).
female speech; How disgusting!: porkirfya, excl.

disgustingness: female speech; disgustingness: ʔilaʔal, n4d.

dish: traste, n1a.
dish up /meal/: ho¢’, tv.

disinfectant: /human excrement rubbed on wound to prevent infection if thorn cannot be extracted/: pasaro, n5.

dislike: čopol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv).

dislodge: /stone, stump, tethering post/ /with hoe or axe head/: peh lok’el, vphr(tv & dr).

dismantle: tuki, tv.
/house so as to move it to new location/: pi¢
lok’el, vphr(tv & dr).

dismantled: be dismantled (house, corral, steward’s altar): tukih, iv.

dismiss: dismiss from one’s thoughts: č’ay ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & prep & n4d); tuč’ ta ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & prep & n4d).

disobedient: ban, av; banet hoi, vphr(av & n4d); pimil, aj. be disobedient: toy ba, rv; toyel ʔaʔi, vphr(n4f & tv).
(child): č’ahil-ʔat, n(aj & n)5.

disobey: /order/: p’ah, tv.

disorient: disorient the Earth Lord (witch): sokbe holʔahval balamil, vphr: tv & nphr(n4d of nphr/n4f of n5/).

disown: ʔilan, tv.

dispatch:/constable, principal/: lok’es, tv.

dispirited: be dispirited (child who is overworked, mule or sheep that is mistreated): tiʔolta ba, rv.
become dispirited: tiʔolah. iv.
become dispirited (horse): ¢opk’ih, iv; č’etk’uh, iv.

display: (merchant walking about with his or her wares): yeʔ, tv.
put on a grand display /food, large gathering/: muk’ultas, tv.

dispossess:poh, tv.

dispossessed:be dispossessed: poh, iv.

dispute: ʔut-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; k’op, n1d; pletu, n5.
settle dispute (civil official): tohobtas k’op, vphr(tv & n5).

dissatisfied:be dissatisfied with: mu taʔluk ʔaʔi, vphr(pt & tv/3s/ & tv).

dissipation: repoal, n5.

dissolution: repoal, n5.

dissolve: ʔuneh, iv; ʔunehes, tv.

dissolving: ʔok’, av.

distance: namal, n1f.
at a distance: nom toel ʔakan, vphr: ajphr(aj & aj/pred/) & n4d.
keep one’s distance from person (criminal): ve¢’van, iv.

distant:k’ehelik, aj; namal, aj; nom, aj.
become more distant (wells in dry season): namah, iv.
distant place: noč’, n5.
rather distant /time, place/: leʔleʔ to, ajphr(aj & pt).
(relative with same surname, but relationship unknown): nam-tal, aj(aj & ivcpd).

distend: /belly/ (mule avoiding tight cinching): vusan, tv.
/stomach/ (child): t’asan č’ut, tv.
/stomach/ (child, mule that does not want burden cinched tightly): t’isan, tv.
/stomach/ (mule to prevent burden from being tightly cinched): sit’an, tv.

distended:become distended (stomach with gas): t’is¢ah, iv.
have distended stomach (child): t’asi c’ut, vphr(iv & n4d).
(stomach with gas): sit’il, aj.
(stomachs of well-fed horses, sheep): t’inilik, aj.
with distended stomach (dead animal): t’isil, aj.

distending:k’i, av.
(balloon): t’isis, av.
stand distending stomach (mule, child): t’isan ba, rv.

distill:distill liquor: lok’es poš, vphr(tv & n5).

distiller: cane liquor distiller: hlok’eseh-poš, agn(vn & ncpd).

distinguished:be distinguished: vinah, iv.

distract: č’aybe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d).

distracted:č’ay, av.
be distracted: č’ayeaih, iv.
be distracted /by grief, drowsiness, deep thought, involvement in other activity/: č’ay ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

distribute:distribute announcements of assignments of religious posts and fireworks group (constables): puk vun, vphr(tv & n5). distribute evenly: melolah, iv.
distribute evenly /com gruel or meat when offered communally/: mel, tv.
distribute evenly to everyone /com gruel, cigarettes, food, palm fronds/: puk, tv.
distribute evenly to everyone /corn gruel, food/: pukolah, iv.
(religious official distributing food): tani, tv.

distributed:widely distributed (loans): pukahtik, aj.

distributing: distributing one after another /bowls of com gruel meal/: péčtepéčte, av.

distributor:distributor of_______ /com gruel, cigarettes, food/: hpuk______, agn(tv & ncpd).
/of food or corn gruel/: hpukolahel, agn.

ditch: be-oʔ, n(n of ncpd)1a.
irrigation ditch: ʔulbal, n1a.

diverge:make diverge /row of work/: šul¢an eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).
(rows of corn): šekp’uh, iv.

diversion:ʔelav, n5.

divert:divert oneself aimlessly: ʔelavah, iv.
divert self: kuš “won, vphr(tv / / n).
divert self /on streets, in market/: bat ta pašyal, vphr(iv & prep & n5); pašyah, iv; pašyan, tv.
divert stream: k’ehp’unbe ʔok, vphr(tv & n4f).
pick up and divert baby: č’ip ʔunen, vphr(tv & n5); č’ipomah, iv. pick up and divert baby (mother): č’ip ʔol, vphr(tv & n4d). take trip to divert one’s self aimlessly /without buying or selling anything/: č’ip ba, rv.

diverting:č’ip, av.
diverting self: pašy, av.

divide:divide in two /plot of land/: hav, tv.
divide into strips /land/: tuč’, tv.
divide up: č’ak, tv.

divided: k’alal(2), aj.
divided up: č’akal, aj.

dividing:dividing up slowly and ineffectively: č’akč’on, av.

divine:č’ul______, aj(aj & ncpd); hak’ ta moč, vphr(tv & prep & n5).*; k’el ta moč, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

diving:¢’uk, av.

divorce:ʔikta¢h-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5; č’ak, iv; č’ak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.
divorce each other: sutes baik, tv.

divorced: lekoh, n4b.

dizzy: him, rov, av.

do:ʔal, tv; pas, tv.
do everything in one’s power: lah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
do nothing but______: labal______, iv(aj & ivcpd).
do one’s best: lah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
do thing in this way: yeč pas, vphr(aj & tv).

docile:manšo, aj.

dock:become docile (mule): manšoib, iv.
bitter dock: počahtik ʔanal ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); pošil ʔeal, nphr(n of n).

doctor:hpoʔtavaneh, agn; lóktor. agn.
visit doctor: poštaluh, iv.

document:vun, n1a.
legal document /formerly/: lukumento, n1a.

dodder:k’an-ak’, n(aj & ncpd)1a.

dodge:/blow/: ¢’eʔan ba, rv. /blow, bullet/: ¢elp’uh ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); ¢elp’un, tv.
/rock, blow/: ʔet’es, tv.

dog: ¢iʔ, n1a.
dog days: nič k’in, nphr(n of n)5.
hunting dog: h¢akol, agn.
white dog: palom, n1d.
wooly dog: ¢un-¢’iʔ, n(aj & ncpd)1d.
wooly dog /owned by ladinos/: kašlan ¢’f, nphr(aj & n)5.

dog-eared: become dog-eared: puš ba, rv.

dogwood: ʔisbon, n1d.

dolichos: hyacinth dolichos: ʔik’al paskuʔal čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); paskwa čenek’, nphr(n type n).

doll:munyeka, n1d.

dolly:/for cripples/: karos, n1a.

dominate: čanbe, tv.

Dominic: Romín, n1d.

Don:Don Juan: hpas proval ʔan¢, nphr(agn/tv & ncpd/ of n).

donating: p’eh, av.

donkey: buro, n1d.

door: mak na, vphr(n1f of n1d); mak tiʔ na, nphr(n1f of nphr/nlf of n1d/); tiʔ na, nphr(n1f of n1d).
door jamb /of thatch-roofed house/: sinta, n1a.

doorway:tiʔ na, nphr(n1f of n1d).

double: (bloom of aztec marigolds, geranium): po¢ol, aj.
(bloom): po¢, aj.
cause to double up(sickness): moč’k’in, tv.
double back: hoyp’in ba, rv.
double over: moi’an ba, rv.
double over (sickness): kotp’in, tv.
double over /branch, grass/: vu¢’an, tv.
double over /cornstalk/: pak, tv.
double over /rope, corn/: puš,:tv.
double over /stalks, corn/ (wind): kaʔ, tv.
double over /with blow/: čaʔ-pušin, tv(num & tvcpd).
double over so as to make four /rope/: čan-pušin, tv(num & tvcpd).
double up (arms and legs in sickness): moč’k’ih, iv. double up /legs/: moc’ ba, rv.

doublecross: valk’un cak, nphr(aj & n5): valk’un čak ta h-hot, vphr(tv / / n & prep & n/num & nccpd/).

doubled: doubled over: kuh, lut’, moč’, pat, av.
doubled up: moč’ol, aj.
doubled up (dead or sleeping people in cold weather): močahtik, aj.
(rope): pušul, aj.
walking about doubled over (old person): šot’tesot’te, av.

doubling: doubling over /with fierce stomach cramps/: šok’ok’et, av.

dove: ground dove: pulivok, n1d.*; soltaro mut, nphr(n type n)5; toltora, n5.
inca dove: pulivok, n1d.*; soltaro mut, nphr(n type n)5; toltora, n5.
mourning dove: ¢uin, n5; ¢uin kulahteʔ, nphr(n type n)5.
pentecostal dove /hung in church for 10 days/: paloma, n1e. white-tipped dove: k’uš kumum, nphr(aj & n)1e.*

white-winged dove: kulahteʔ, n1e; paloma, n1e.

downy: mus, av; sivultik, aj.
with downy hair (face of adolescent boy or girl, pubes of adolescent girl): musul, aj.

dozen: losena, n1e.
twelve dozen /rockets/: grwesa, n5.

draft: be ʔik’ nphr(n of n)5.

drag: čeč, tv.
be about to drag on (argument): nitetah, iv.
drag into /boulder, bag of corn/: nak očel, vphr(tv & dr).
drag off /heavy pot on fire/: nak lok’el, vphr(tv & dr).
drag oneself along: hoč ba, rv.
drag out /person from house to be killed/: bo¢’, tv; ho¢’, tv.
drag self around: kil ba, tv.
drag to court: hoč, tv.
drag with difficulty /branches, trees/: hočan, tv.
/leafy branch/: češ, tv.
/on ground/: kil, tv.

dragged: hil. av.

dragging: čeč, češ, čev, čiv, hoč, kil, av.
dragging each other /to court/: kil-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.
dragging on (legal case): timet, av.
dragging self around (emaciated bitch that has just given birth): luklon, av.
dragging self on ground: nuš, av.

dragonfly: tuliš, n1e.

drape: drape heavily (chayote vine): linan ba, rv.

draped: draped over arm (shawl): likoh, aj.

draw(1): lok’ta, tv.
draw line: ʔak’ raya, vphr(tv & n5).

draw(2): draw closed /mouth of bag/: mut’be, tv.
draw skirt in: yobi, iv; yubi, iv.
draw together /double door, edges of cloth to be sewn together/: nup’, tv.
draw up (legs): mu¢etah, iv.
draw up /knees/: k’uhan, tv.
draw up /legs/: mu¢, tv.
draw up tightly /legs of child carried between two people, feet of bird in flight/: moč’, tv; muč’, tv.

draw(3): draw water: haʔav, iv.
/water/: lup, tv; pul, tv.

drawer: inan. poss.; drawer /of table/: ʔav tak’in, nphr(n4f of n1a).
/of water/: hpul _______, agn(tv & ncpd).

drawn: become drawn (face with age): nitp’uh, iv; timp’uh, iv.
become drawn (face): nit ba, rv; nit¢ah, iv; timan ba, rv.
drawn face: nit, av.
(face of drunk): timet, av; timil, aj.
(face with sickness or exhaustion): nibil, aj.
(face): nitil, aj; timel, aj.

dream: ʔanima, n1d; č’ulel, n4; vayčil, n3a; vayčin, iv; vayčin, tv; vayičil, n3a.*
dream about: č’ulelta, tv.
dream about person: vayčinvan, iv.

dreaming: ma¢, mač, av.

dregs: ¢’uʔbal, n4f.
dregs of chicha: ¢oʔ yakil voʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d).

dress(1): /log/: ¢al, tv.
/tree/: č’ul, tv.

dress(2): ¢’akubtas, tv; lap, tv.
dress up: ¢’aki, iv; ¢’akubtas ba, rv; po¢an baik, rv.

dressing: dressing according to one’s own taste: lapet ʔu- ʔun, vphr(av & n1d).

dribble: dribble of saliva (cow, horse, mad dog): likokil, n3d.
dribbling: bur, čor, č’or, nul, av.
dribbling down (mucous): tomton, av.
(mucous): pulul, aj.
(resin): t’ohoh, av.
with mucous dribbling from nose: sim, aj.

dried: dried out (large pile of human excrement): takiyeman, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd).
dried up (fruit): taki-¢inan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd); taki-sot’an, aj(aj & T/2/cpd).

drill(1): čan ʔokol, vphr(tv & n3d).

drill(2): hulub, n1a.
drill repeatedly (acorn woodpecker): č’oč’omta, tv.

drink: ʔuč’ tv.
/dirty cane liquor through cloth/: ¢’u¢’, tv.
drink through cloth: ¢’abu, tv.
drink through cloth /to avoid drinking particles of foreign matter in cane liquor/: ¢’ab ta pok’, vphr(tv & prep & n5).
drink together equally: koʔol-ʔuč’ tv(aj & tvcpd); komon-ʔuč’, tv(aj & tvcpd).
soft drink: presko, n1a.

drink-pourer: hp’is-voʔ, agn(tv & ncpd).

drinker: hpošil, agn.

drinking: ʔuč’, ¢’uʔ), av.

drip: (candle) /proof that one is being denounced in church/: ʔok’, iv.
cause to drip /water into corpse’s mouth, cane liquor, candle wax/: ¢’uhes, tv.
drip down (candle wax, water): ¢’uh, iv.

dripping: ʔač’, bik, ¢’an, ¢’u¢’, čip. čoh, čop, č’am, kop, p’ah. av.
(mucous): tomol, aj.
(mucous, honey): nititet, av.
(mucous, spit): vihih, av.

drive: /animals/: mak, tv.
/deer/: nu¢olah, iv.
/deer, rabbit/: nu¢ol, n5.
/mules, sheep/: tih, tv.

driver: čofer, n5.
/bus, car, truck/: ʔahval karo, nphr(n4f of n5).
/of game/: hmakol, agn.

driving: mak, av.

drizzle: ʔuč, n1e; k’inubal, n5; k’un-k’inubal, n(aj & ncpd)5; vi¢’il voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5; vihil voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5.

drizzling: his, vi¢’, vih, av; vitlahet, av.

droop: lusan ba, rv; lus¢ah, iv; lusi, iv.
droop (eyelids) /with sleep/: maʔ ba, rv.
droop /head/ (baby): mah¢an yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
droop head (baby): mahan ba, rv.
droop to side (baby’s head when sleeping): neʔi hol, vphr(iv & n4d).
(dying creatures, leaves in strong sun or frost): mah¢ah. iv.
(hat brim, candle): lusp’ih, iv.
(head of person carrying heavy burden, head of dying chicken): net¢ah, iv.
make droop /flower/: lus¢an, tv.
(sick chicken): ¢’ihan ba, rv.

drooping: lus, av.
drooping listlessly /sick/: ¢’ihil, aj.
with cap drooping (old mushroom): šup’ul, aj.
with lids drooping: maʔ, may, av.
with lids drooping /with sleep, from swelling/: maʔal, aj.

droopy: ¢’ih, av.

drop: p’ahes, tv.
cause hair to drop out: tul¢an, tv.
cause to drop /fruit/ (oppossum): lisk’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
cause to drop off /all fruit before ripe/: linp’un, tv.
drop in cluster (fruit): voh¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
drop in liquid: t’ub, tv.
drop in pile (clothes): vo¢¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
drop inadvertently /into water/: mukes yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
drop off (all fruit before ripe): linp’uh, iv.
drop off (skin, chaff): solinah, iv.
drop uncoiled /rope/: kil¢an yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
/egg on griddle/: soles, tv.
/excrement, chicken/: lesan, tv.
(foetus prior to birth): ¢’un ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr).
/pants, skirt/: soles, tv.
(pants, skirt, anus /by effects of bloody dysentery/): sol, iv.
/small blob of thick liquid; human or chicken excrement/: let’an, tv.

dropped: (foetus prior to birth): ¢’unul, aj.
(pants, skirt): solet, av.

dropping: dropping here and there: yálteyálte, av.
dropping off: sol, av.

drove: /cattle, pigs, sheep/: partil, n5.
/of mules/: rekwa, n1a.

drown: (person, animal, plant): hik’av, iv.*

drowsy: ma¢, mač, av; ma¢al, aj; mačal, aj.

drug: bolibtas, tv.

drugstore: botika, n1a.

drum: tampol, n1a.*; vabal, n4f; vob, n1d.

drummer: htampolero, agn.

drumming: čah, čih, av.
(pale-billed woodpecker): k’ororet, av.

drumstick: teʔel trampol, nphr(n1f of n1d).

drunk: ¢inil, aj; hyakubel, agn.

get drunk: yakub, iv.
get drunk and shout in the house: pas k’in, vphr(tv & n5).
make drunk: yakubtas, tv.

drunkard: hʔuč’-trago, agn(tv & ncpd).

drunkenness: yakubel, vn1f.

dry: k’ep, av; ¢ap’, iv; sap’, iv; takin, aj.
become dry (mouth): bal ba, rv.
/chili/: bakubtas, tv.
/climate/: k’epel, aj.
(clothes on person): takihes ba, rv.
/clothes, wood, meat/: takihes, tv.
cold and dry: sik-takin, aj(aj & ajcpd).
cold and dry (nixtamal): č’ivil, aj.
dry and scaly (skin, bark): tan-saran, aj(aj & Ucpd).
dry and worn (leather): taki-seran, aj(aj & Ucpd).
dry before fire /clothing/: vo, tv.
dry off: kus, tv.
dry off (person): takih, iv.
dry out (clothes, wood): takih, iv.
dry out partially (clothes, wood): ma¢’, iv.
dry season: korišma, n5.
dry sink: lom-č’en, nphr(aj & ncpd)5.
dry up: ʔul, iv; ʔules, tv.
dry up (mucous): k’aʔ, iv.
dry up partially (mud, wound, skin disease): ma¢’, iv.
(gamusa apple, man¢ana kinya): ʔišimtik, aj.
/green wood set next to fire/: č’ata, tv.
have mouth become dry: bal ba tub, vphr(rv & n4d).
(meat smoked over fire or dried in sun in lowlands): takih, iv.
(meat): bakub, iv.
partially dry (firewood): sansan, aj.
set in the sun to dry: sap’es, tv.
very dry (leather, stale tortilla): votet, av.

drying: drying before fire /clothing/: vovon, av.

duck(1): duck down: ¢uban ba, rv; kuhan ba, rv.
duck down by bending knees (mule unwilling to be loaded): vu¢’an ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr).
duck head sideways: neʔan ba, rv.
/head of unruly horse/: nihan, tv.

duck(2): duck walk: šok’ih, iv.
/general term referring to both domestic ducks raised by ladinos and to wild ducks/: peč’, n1a.*

ducking: kuh, mu¢, av.
ducking head suddenly to side: nétluh bat hol, vphr(av & iv & n1b).
ducking suddenly to side (head): nétluh, av.

dude: /each of two characters in festivities of Christmas season played by the senior stewards/ /Tzeltal term of address/: mamal, n5.

dug: (ground): č’enč’en, aj.

dugout: kanava, n1a.

dull: čuman teʔ hol, ajphr(nphr/n of n/5 type n)5
(knife, axe, machete): č’abal ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4f).

dumb: van-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5; voʔ-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5; voʔet, av; vo¢an, aj.
be struck dumb: mak ʔe, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

dumbly: van, vat, av.
sit or stand dumbly (person, cow): vanan ba, rv; vatan ba, rv.
sitting or standing dumbly (person, cow): vanal, aj
sitting or standing dumbly (person, cow, stump, boulder): vatal, aj.
stand dumbly: šup’an ba, rv.

dump: k’aʔeptik, n5.

dunk: /tortilla in broth/: čik’ veʔel, vphr(tv & n4d).

duration: halil, n4f.

during: yokel, pt.

dusk: ʔoresyon, n5; ʔoresyontik, n5.

dust: ʔik’ubal, n1b; pukuk, n1a.
dust bath: pat, av.
dust devil: sutum ʔik’, nphr(aj & n)1e.
metal dust from sharpened tool: vušbenal, n4f.
turning to dust: p’up’up’et, av.

dusty: pukuktik, aj.
dusty stretch: pukuktik, n5.

duties: assume another’s duties: vaʔi, iv.

duty: tu, n4d; tunel, vn4b.

dwarf: končave, agn.’

dwarfed: dwarfed by huge burden: vanet, av.

dwell: naki, iv.

dwelling: nakal, aj.

dwindle: (crowd): čop, iv; čopah, iv.

dye: bon, n1e; bonol, n1e.
red dye for pompoms: kučin, n1a.
red powdered dye formerly used for sashes: č’uh, n1a.
/wool, thread/: bon, tv.

dying: dying in large numbers: tuston, av.

dynamite: benamíta, n1a.

dysentery: sim-nak’al, nphr(n & ajcpd)1e.
bloody dysentery: ¢ahal sim-nak’al, nphr(aj & n/n & ajcpd/)5; č’ič’ sim-nak’al, nphr(n type n/n & ajcpd/)5.
white dysentery: sakil sim-nak’al, nphr(aj & n/n & ajcpd/)5.

E

each: each person: hu-hun tal, nphr(num/num & numcpd/& dr).

eat: čikinil, n3b.
ear lobe: k’unil čikinil, nphr(n1f of n4d).
ear of corn: č’išil ʔišim, nphr(aj & n)5.

ear pod tree: pit, n1e.

earlier: earlier today: naš, aj; našil, n4f.

early: early in the morning: sob, aj.
early morning: sob, n5.
(fiesta) /with movable date as carnival/: yalem, aj.

earn: earn money: ʔič’ tohel, vphr(tv & vn5).

earnest: carry out in earnest: ¢a¢al-k’opta, tv(aj & tvcpd).

earring: tak’in čikinil, nphr(n4e of n3d).

earth: lum, n1a.
earth lord: ʔahval balamil, nphr(n4f of n5); ʔanhel, agn.

earthenware: lum, n1a.

earthquake: nikel, n1e.*

earthworm: lukum, n1a.

earwig: lowland and highland earwig: ¢’urupik’, n1e.

ease: ease a situation (magistrate, lawyer): lames k’op, vphr(tv & n5).
ease one’s pain: lam¢anbe k’ušul, vphr(tv & n4f).
/pain/: yambe, tv; yames, tv; yočes, tv.

eased: lamal, aj.
be eased (pain): lam, iv.
have pain or sexual appetite eased: lam¢ah, iv.

east: ʔak’ol, n1b; lok’eb k’ak’al, nphr(n1f of n5).

Easter: rominko kušel, vphr(n of vn)5.

easy: lek, aj.
be rather easy: tak’tik, tv/3s/.

eat: ʔočan, tv; lahes, tv; tiʔ ba, rv.
eat by stretching mouth widely /maguey, white sapote/: šem ta loʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
eat clean /bone, corncob, mango pit/: nul, tv.
eat sparingly: yoča č’ut, vphr(tv & n4d).
eat up: lahes, tv.
eat while sharing equally: koʔol-lahes, tv(aj & tvcpd); komon-lahes, tv(aj & tvcpd).
/fruit, eggs, squash, potatoes, greens, honeycomb, excrement/: loʔ, tv.
/meal with tortilla, tortilla, bread/: veʔ, iv; veʔ, tv.
/meat, fish, beans, chili, tomato, mushroom, snail, grub/: tiʔ, tv.
/nuts, peanuts, toasted tortillas, green chili, corn on the cob, seeds, sugar cane/: k’uš, tv.

eating: loʔ, pač’ av.
(cow, pig): šamšon niʔ, vphr(av ’ n4d); šemšon niʔ, vphr(av & n4d).
eating noisily (dog): ketlahet, av.
rotating jaws while eating: sem, av.
(witch): tiʔton, av.

eaves: area beneath the eaves along the sides and back of house: sik na, nphr(n1e of n3d).
/house/: nuk’il, n3b.

eavesdrop: /ground on which water falls from eaves, trench dug around three sides of house to carry off rainwater/: ¢’uhubal na, nphr(natt & n)5.

eavesdropper: /person who eavesdrops on conversation intending to gossip about it later/: hʔaʔyehk’op, agn(vn & ncpd); hʔaʔyeh-lot, agn(vn & ncpd).

echo: ʔe¢’, n4e; ʔe¢’an, iv.

eclipse: ʔik’ubel, vn1e.*

edge: tiʔil, n1f; tiʔil, n3b.
along edge of /river, forest, ravine, fence/: tiʔtiʔ _______, nphr(n of n)5.
along edge of /road, tile roof, cliff, ravine/: tíʔiltíʔil _______, nphr(n of n)5.
/cliff, ravine, river, forest, market, town/: tiʔ _______, nphr(n of n)5.

/cloth on loom/: čikinil, n3b.

edge of man’s cotton tunic: šokon k’uʔul, nphr(n1f of n3d).

edge of man’s woolen tunic: šokon herkail, nphr(n1f of n3d).

edge of well or spring: tiʔ ʔaʔal, nphr(n4f of n4d).

edible: (fruit): loʔbalal, aj.

education: member of education committee: hk’el hčan vun, agn(tv & agncpd/tv & ncpd/).

Edward: Lukarto, n1d.

effective: be effective (curing ceremony, medicine, imprisonment): balin, tv.

effort: vokolil, n3a.

egg: tanal, n4f; ton, n1a.
butterfly egg: ton pepen, nphr(n of n)1a.
chicken egg: ton ʔalak’, nphr(n4f of n4d); ton kašlan, nphr(n of n)5.*
cockroach egg: ton makoʔ, nphr(n of n)1a; ton makoʔal, nphr(n1f of n1a).
egg white: sakil, n4f.
egg yolk: k’anal, n4f.
flea egg: ton č’ak, nphr(n of n)1a; ton č’akil, nphr(n1f of n1a).

eggs: eggs dipped in chili sauce: p’uyum ton kašlan, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/)5.
frog eggs: na¢’ ʔamuč, nphr(n of n)1e.

egret: snowy egret: h¢ak-čoy, agn(tv & ncpd); karsa, n1e.

ehretia: cherry ehretia: karnero teʔ, nphr(n type n).

eight: vašak _______, num(num & nccpd); vašakib, n1e.

eighteen: vašak-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e.

eighties: in or by eighties: čančan-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5.

eighty: ʔočenta, n1a; čan-vinik, n(num & numcpd)1e.
every eighty: čančan-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5.

either: either…or: mi…ʔo mi, pt…n5 & pt; mi…mi, pt… pt.

ejido: ejido land: matanal ʔosil, nphr(n3d type n5); pohbalal ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)1a.
ejido official: komite, n5; komite ʔuʔun ʔosil, nphr(n5 & n4f & n5).

elaenia: yellow-bellied elaenia: yaruš, n5.

elapse: bat, iv.

elated: be elated: muyubah, iv.

elbow: šuk’omil, n3d; šuk’omta, tv; šuk’umin, tv; šuk’umta, tv.

elder: mol, n1d.
holy elder: sak-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5.
/man/: bankilal, n3d.

elder: box elder: sakil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.

elderberry: ʔik’al šutaš čihil teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/); ba¢’i čihil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/); čihil teʔ, nphr(aj & n); sakil čihil to, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil šutaš čihil teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/).

elders: /religious officials of the two highest levels; alcaldes and prefects considered as a unit/: moletik, agn.

eldest: /brother, son, brother-in-law, uncle/: mol _______, nphr(aj & n4d).

elect: nop, tv.

election: ʔelekyson, n5.

electricity: lus, n1e.

elevated: be elevated above the ground (pot on hearthstone, person or object on bed, stone, chair or horse): lepi, iv.
elevated above the ground: lepel, aj.

eleven: buluč _______, n(num & nccpd)ie; bulučib, n1e.
every eleven: bulbučib, n5.

elevens: in or by elevens: bulbučib, n5.

elope: hatav, iv.

elsewhere: yan, aj.

emaciated: čap, luk, moč, av; taki-šotan, aj(aj & P, P/2/, T/2/cpd); taki-šot’an, aj(aj & P/2/cpd).
become emaciated: taki-lah, iv(aj & ivcpd).
(person, animal): taki-lukan, aj(aj & Pcpd).
(person, dog): močol, aj.

embarrassed: k’eš, av.
be embarrassed: k’ešav, iv.
denunciatory speech; be embarrassed: ʔaponah, iv.

embarrassment: k’ešlal, n1a.

embed: /axe in tree, sandal in mud/: ma¢’an, tv.

embedded: ma¢’, av.
(thorn in foot): ma¢’al, aj.
(thorn, knife): pahal, aj.

embrace: mey, tv; pet, tv.

embracing: mey, av.

embroider: luč, tv; lučolah, iv; lučulta, tv.

embroidered: lučultik, aj.

embroiderer: hlučolahel, agn; hlučom, agn.

embroidery: kuyel, vn4b; lučul, n4e; ničim, n1a.

embroiled: get embroiled in an argument: pas k’op, vphr(tv & n5).

embryo: /corn kernel/: yol, n4f.

emerge: barely emerge (new tooth): nač’ tal, vphr(iv & dr); nač’¢ah tal, vphr(iv & dr).
cause to emerge /cabbage, plant, etc./: vok’es, tv.
emerge from body (“cold wind”): hab¢ah, iv.
emerge from body (“cold wind”) /so that patient is cured/: habah, iv.
make emerge from body /“cold wind”/: haban, tv.
(young weeds, flower plants, coriander, field mustard, cabbages): vok’, iv.

emerging: barely emerging (new tooth): kučul, aj.
barely emerging (weeds): lašal, aj.

emigrate: namahes ba, rv.

Emma: Manuʔ, n1d.

Emmanuel: Manvel, n1d.

empathy: show empathy: naʔ ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).

employer: patrón, n1d.
female employer: patróna, n1d.

empower: empower by magic: me¢’ta, tv.*

empty: šokobtas, tv; šokol, aj.
be empty (house, market): šokob, iv.
be left empty /market when people have gone home/: č’abah, iv.
become empty (gaze of dead person): ton ba, rv.
become empty (tent caterpillar nest): šokolib, iv.
cause to become empty /gaze of dead person/: tonan, tv.
empty from one to another: kokon helavel, vphr(tv & dr).
empty house: č’ubah, iv.
empty into /cane liquor/: ¢’uhes, tv.
empty onto or into /water, beans, corn, ears of corn, fruit/: kokon, tv.
/house/: č’uba, tv.
(house, car, basket, corn storage pot): počol, aj.
(house, pot, car when owner is absent): pohol, aj
leave empty /house/: šokobah komel, vphr(iv & dr).
(market): yoč, iv; yoč¢ah, iv.

empty-handed: hil. av.
running and approaching empty-handed: vitvon tal ta ʔanil, vphr(av & dr & prep & n5).

encircle: hoy, tv; hoyin, tv.
/tree with arms/: mey, tv.

encircling: be encircling object (person clinging to tree trunk or branches, child holding to horse’s neck): loč’i, iv.
encircling object: loč’ol, aj.

enclosed: makal, aj.
be enclosed: but’, iv.
loosely enclosed in a cavity (avocado pit in avocado, ball of thread in basket, growth in stomach): k’olol, aj.

enclosure: hoyobil, n1f.

encounter: nup-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

end: lah, iv; lahel, vn1a.
(argument, court case, war, pain): č’ab, iv.
at the end: ta patil, nphr(prep & n5).
braided end /sash/: ʔokol, n3b.
(edge of world): paheb, n4f.
far end /flute/: čakil, n3e.
/harp/: čakil, n3e.
in the end: lahel¢a, pt.
lower end /plot of land/: čakil, n3e.
moment when action is about to end: lahebal, n3b.
near end /rows of work/: čakil, n3e.
/pain/: č’abes, tv.
put an end to an argument: č’abes, tv.
(term of office, year): lok’, iv.
(work): hak, iv; hak ba, rv; nel, iv.

endearingly: talking endearingly (man and woman): naʔaʔet, av.

talking endearingly (woman to another woman): ¢ururet, av.

ending: (argument, court case, pain): č’abet, av.

(work): haket, av.

endure: ʔeč’ ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); kuč; ʔuʔun, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4b).

/anger/: bik’, tv.

/cold, pain, rain, frost/: ¢’ik, tv.

/sickness/: ¢’iket ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d).

enemy: krontail, n3d.

enervated: pič’, av.

enfeeble: enfeeble person (old age, exhaustion): velvan, iv.

engaged: be engaged (girl): lekomin, tv.

be engaged for _______ year(s): mak _______ habil, vphr(tv & num & n5).

become engaged: k’uban ʔahnil, vphr(tv / / n).

become engaged /at petition ceremony/: mak ʔahnil, vphr(tv & n4d).

kept engaged: nit, av.

engineer: road engineer: hk’el-be, agn(tv & ncpd).

enjoy: k’upin, tv.

enjoy oneself: kuš ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n).

enlarge: /house/: muk’ibtas, tv.

/tear/: ʔepahes, tv; ʔepubtas, tv.

enough: that’s enough /declining second serving of food/: taʔlo, aj.

enraged: kap, tiʔ. av.

becoming madly enraged: sokok tal hoi, vphr(av & dr & n4d).

ensign-bearer: ensign-bearer of Our Lady of Solitude: sorirat, n5.

ensign-bearer of Our Lady of the Nativity: nativirat, n5.

ensign-bearer of Our Lady of the Rosary: rosario, n5.

ensign-bearer of St. Anthony: san-antonyo, n(aj & ncpd).

ensign-bearer of St. Dominic: santo rominko, nphr(aj & n)5.

ensign-bearer of St. Hyacinth: san-hasinto, n(aj & ncpd)5.

ensign-bearer of St. Joseph: san-hose, n(aj & ncpd)5.

ensign-bearer of St. Lawrence: san-torenso, n(aj & ncpd)5.

ensign-bearer of St. Peter Martyr: sam-poro martil, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

ensign-bearer of St. Rose: santa-roša, n(aj & ncpd)5.

ensign-bearer of St. Sebastian: šan-čavaščan, n(aj & ncpd)5.

ensign-bearer of the Holy Cross: kahvaltik rioš, nphr(n type n)5.

ensign-bearer of the Holy Trinity: trinirat, n5. /official of the second or third level of the religious hierarchy/: ʔalperes, agn.

entangled: ¢’otol, aj.

be entangled: k’am, iv.

become entangled: čuk ba. rv.

become entangled (rope, horse): ¢’ot ba, rv.

become entangled (thread): ¢’otilan ba, rv.

become entangled /in vines/: yakan, tv; yak¢ah, iv; yak¢an, tv.

enter: ʔoč, iv.

be unable to enter /house of prospective bride/: t’iš, iv.

enter house to steal (dog): vok’ na, vphrftv & n5).

enter person’s house: tek’be na, vphr(tv & n4d).

entering: entering one /cantina, house, yard/ after another: tík’tetík’te, av.

enterprise: costly enterprise: pik-bail ta tak’in, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & n5).

entertain: /clown, player of St. Sebastian fiesta/: ʔak’ ʔelav, vphr(tv & n5).

entertained: be entertained by: k’el ʔelav, vphr(tv & n5).

entertainer: each of the fourteen entertainers of the fiesta of St. Sebastian: htoy-k’in, agn(tv & ncpd).

entrammeled: k’am, av.

become entrammeled (horse): k’am ba, rv.

(horse whose rope is wrapped around tree): k’amal, aj.

entrance: tiʔ na, nphr(n1f of n1d).

entrance to corral: tiʔ koral, nphr(n1f of n1d)

entrance to well /if fenced/: tiʔ ʔaʔal, nphr(n4f of n4d).

/into religious post/: ʔočebal, n1f.

entrust: ¢oyan, tv.

entrust one’s things for safekeeping: k’ubah, iv.

entrusted: k’ubul, aj.

article entrusted: k’ubulil, n3d.

entrusting: k’ub, av.

enveloped: (patient) /bed surrounded with “flowers”/: po¢ol, aj.

/plu/: po¢olik, aj.

envious: k’ak’et ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).

be envious: ʔoy k’ak’al ʔoʔon, vphr(n/pred/ & nphr /n1f of n4d/).

envious person: hk’ak’al-ʔoʔon, agn(aj & ncpd).

envy: k’ak’al ʔoʔonil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

arouse envy: ʔak’ k’ak’al ʔoʔon, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/).

epidemic: mantal, nib.

epilepsy: tup’-ʔik’, vn(iv & ncpd).

epileptic: htup’-ʔik’, agn(tv & ncpd).

Epiphany: ba k’el-rey, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/).

equal: koʔol, aj.

erase: tup’, tv.

/guilt/: č’ay, tv.

erect: vaʔan, tv.

become erect: lik, iv.

become erect (penis): vaʔi, iv.

erect large /house/: vašan, tv; vaš¢an, tv.

/house/: večan, tv.

stand erect (ladder): šik’i, iv.

standing erect (person, hair, penis): šik’il, aj.

erected: be erected (house): vaʔi, iv.

erection: have erection (male): lik ʔat, vphr(iv & n4d).

erectly: šik’, teʔ, av.
appearing and moving erectly (tornado, devil): vaʔaʔ, av.

eroded: hušul, aj; t’anal, aj.
eroded land: havaltik, n5.
(land): t’ašt’aš, aj.

errand: send on errands: pas ta mantal, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

erupt: vuki lok’el, vphr(iv & dr).
(čakal, voʔan): vuʔan ba, rv; vuʔean ba lok’el, vphr(rv & dr).
(čakal, goiter): voʔeah, iv.
(boil, wart): p’okan ba, rv.
(hard čakal, voʔan): vuʔi, iv.
(measels, etc.) /provoked by medicine to prevent sickness from affecting heart/: vah¢an ba, rv.
(measles, pox, etc.): vahan ba, rv; vah¢ah, iv; vahi, iv.
(measles, pox, pimples): lašan ba, rv; lasi, iv.
(measles, smallpox): kaheah, iv.

erupted: (measles, pox, pimple): lašal, aj.

escape: hatav, iv; kol, iv.

escapee: hkolel, agn.

escort: escort each other: tam baik, rv.

esophagus: be veʔelil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

eucalyptus: kampor, n1a.

eucharistic: eucharistic bread: rioš, n1a.

evan’s pride: (a weed of evil that bears bitter fruit): ʔunen sonso e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & aj & n)5.

evaporate: ʔul. iv.
(dew): lilih, iv.

even(1): ʔasta, pt; k’al ta, ptphr(pt & pt).

even(2): hašal, aj.
make even: koʔoltas, tv.
make even /weaving/ /by adding short thread that stops halfway across/: veʔeltas, tv.

evening primrose: pink evening primrose: eahal pošil ʔapon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pošil ʔapon, nphr(n of n).
tree evening primrose: sakil kanela, nphr(aj & n).
white evening primrose: k’oš eahal kampana ničim, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk’ta pošil ʔapon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
yellow evening primrose: ʔorisyon e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); pucul ʔunetik, nphr(n of n).

every: kotol, n4b.
every ________/night, week, day, month, year/: hil ________, nphr(n4f of n5).
every other day: čabhetik, n5; čàbhečàbhe, n4f.

everyone: hu-hun tal, nphr(num/num & numcpd/& dr).

everywhere: buk noš, ptphr(pt/contr of bu & -uk/ & pt).

evict: nak lok’el, vphr(tv & dr); nue lok’el, vphr(tv & dr).
evict person: pievan lok’el, vphr(iv & dr).
evict person from land: nak ba lok’el, vphr(rv & dr).

eviction: nak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; nue-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

evictor: hnakvaneh, agn; hnuevaneh, agn; hpievaneh lok’el, agn(nphr/vn5 & dr/).

evidence: incriminating evidence /stolen object, or weapon/: pusil, n4e.

evidently: ʔàse-kwenta, pt(tv & ncpd).

evil: pukuhal, aj; pukuhil, aj; yantik, aj.
cast evil eye: mee’ta, tv.*
evil deed: maltisyon, n1d.
evil eye: k’ak’al satil, nphr(aj & n)3d.*; k’elel, vn5.
(person, animal): pukuh, aj.
ritual speech; evil: koloʔ, n1d.

evilness: pukuhil, n4d.

exact: lek, aj.

exactly: ʔentero, aj.

exaggerate: holintas, tv.

examination: ʔilebal, n5; ʔilob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5.

examining: y’ot, av; č’otol sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

example: set example for /workers/: nit, tv.

exasperated: taʔet, av.

excessive: become excessive: bat ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj); helav ta mas, vphr(iv & prep & aj).

exchange: hel, tv.

exchanged: be exchanged: hel ba, rv.

excited: be excited: muyubah, iv.

excrement: eoʔ, n1a.
human excrement: bae’i eoʔ, nphr(aj & n)5.

excrete: excrete blood /person who is very angry and guards his anger/: eaʔta, tv.
excrete on: eaʔtaluh, iv.
excrete worms: eaʔta, tv.

excreting: eoʔ, av.

exert: exert oneself /person, animal, car, corn/: ʔak’ persa, vphr(tv & n5).

exhaust: exhaust person: boe’van, iv.
exhaust person’s funds: boe’van, iv.
/mule/: lubes, tv.

exhausted: pič’, av; velvon, av.
/funds, com supply/: tihtih, aj.
(legs, head): ʔuyul, aj.

exhaustion: lubel, vnle; pic’il, n1e.
banish exhaustion /with a drink/: ves, tv.
drop from exhaustion: lubk’in ba, rv.
drop from exhaustion (person, mule, hen): lubk’ih, iv.
make drop from exhaustion: lubk’in, tv.

exit: lok’, iv.

exonerate: exonerate unjustly: mak mulil, vphr(tv & n5); makbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d); muk mulil, vphr(tv & n5); pae’ mulil, vphr(tv & n5); pae’be mul, vphr(tv & n4d).

expand: (balloon): lič’, iv.

expend: expend money for /funeral, wedding, house/: pas kasto, vphr(tv & n5).

expense: kasto, n1a.

expensive: be very expensive: kil tak’in, vphr(tv & n5).
cheap and expensive: yalel toyol, ajphr(aj & aj).
/restricted to market goods/: ¢ulul, aj.

explain: (čap, tv; čap tal, vphr(tv & dr).

explode: (rocket, blasting iron): t’om, iv.
/rocket, blasting iron/: t’omes, tv.

exploding: pue, p’ot. av.
exploding suddenly (distant blasting iron): tóelih, av.
exploding suddenly (rocket, blasting iron): t’ómlih, av.

exploit: lekil ʔaʔi, vphr(n4f & tv).

expose: vinahes, tv.
(buttocks): bot’k’ih, iv.
expose completely one’s misconduct or guilt: hambe mul, vphr(tv & n4d).
expose one’s rear (angry woman who lifts skirts): kavean, tv.
expose rear (child, woman frightening man): kavanbe, tv.
expose self to view: t’asan ba, rv; t’asan č’ut, tv; t’asi č’ut, vphr(iv & n4d).
/to sun/: t’ahan, tv.

exposed: be exposed: vinah, iv.
be exposed /to sun/: t’ahi, iv.
exposed to the sun (hatless person): t’ahal, aj.
leave exposed /ass, when asleep/: mut’an, tv.
(stomach): t’asal, aj.
walking with exposed stomach (child): t’ast’on č’ut, vphr(av & n4d).
with exposed (buttocks, belly, bald head): t’ašal, aj.
with exposed /buttocks, belly, bald head/: t’ašet, av.

extend: /boundaries of one’s land illegally/: net’, tv.

extra: extra little bit given when food is bought: čiʔilil, n3d.

extreme: become extreme: bat ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj); helav ta mas, vphr(iv & prep & aj).

exude: (resin): šuč’ah, iv.

exuding: šuč’, av.

eye: satil, n3c; yaša-voʔ, nphr(aj & ncpd)1d.
/needle/: satil, n3c.
pink eye: satil, n5.

eyeball: bek’ satil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

eyebrow: moeobil, n3d.

eyelash: šik’ satil, nphr(n1f of n3d).*

eyelet: satil, n3c.

eyes: opening eyes wide (baby): pilpon, av.
with oval eyes /mark of beauty/: pililik, aj.

eyesight: satil, n3c.

F

Fabian: Papyan, n1d.

fabricate: fabricate stories to incriminate people: holintasan, tv.

face: satil, n3c.
be face down (person): nuhi, iv.
cause to be face up /woman/: havan, tv.
face down: nuh, pat, av.
face down (drunk): nuhul, aj.
face towards: k’el, tv.
face up: hav, leʔ, av; haval, aj; leʔel, aj.
lay face up: leʔan, tv.
leave face down /murder victim/: nuhean komel, vphr(tv & dr).
lie face down: nuhan ba, rv; patan ba, rv; pati, iv.
lie face up: leʔi, iv; levan ba, rv.
lying face down: patal, aj.
lying face up: level, aj.
scolding speech; have a face like: satinbe, tv.

facing: ʔelav, n4d.

fact: the fact that: li, pt.
the fact that /object or action not presently seen, expresses spatial or temporal distance/: ti, pt.

fail: /corn farming/: č’ay ba, rv.
(eyesight): č’it, iv.

faint: čam, iv.
be faint with exhaustion: hileah, iv; hilean ba, rv.
feeling faint: niknon, av.

fair-complexioned: meko, aj.

fairy club: k’anal ʔisim čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k’oš ʔisim čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); nešneštik ʔisim čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); sak-vayan ʔisim čih, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n4d of n5/); sakil ʔisim čihal k’a-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n4d of natt/ & n/aj & ncpd/); šulub čih, nphr(n of n).

fairy duster: puerto rican fairy duster: ʔolnob kaʔ, nphr(n4d of n5); muk’ta šašib k’aʔesob nukul, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/); sakil šašib, nphr(aj & n); šašib, n5; šašib teʔ, nphr(n type n).

falcon: laughing falcon: vakos, n1e.*

fall: pitk’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr); tilč’un ba, rv.
cause to fall out /hair/: boes lok’el, vphr(tv & dr).
(cliff): hin, iv.
(drunk, person with burden, animal, tree, house, cliff): lom, iv.
fall a great distance: balč’uh, iv.
fall apart (fence): leʔeah, iv.
fall apart (flower): lilih, iv; tukp’ih, iv.
fall down: tišk’uh, iv.
fall down (drunk, house): vubk’ih, iv.
fall down (hair braided on top of head): lineah yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
fall down (mule, drunk): butk’ih, iv.
fall face up: leʔp’uh, iv.
fall from pile: č’etk’uh, iv.
fall head first: nuhk’ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr); valk’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
fall head first (person): e’ukp’ih, iv.
fall head over heels: valk’uh čak, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); valk’un čak, vphr(tv & n4d).
fall off (pants, skirt): lok’, iv.
fall off completely (leaves or peaches when knocked down by hail): lilih, iv.
fall off entirely (leaves): kokoh, iv.
fall off pile: hineah, iv.
fall off pile (adobe, brick, rock): hin, iv.
fall on one’s seat: huč’p’ih, iv.
fall out (kernels from cob): ʔiših, iv.
fall out (tooth, hoof, fingernail, toenail, horn, axe head): kol, iv.
fall out entirely (teeth): kokoh, iv.
fall out gradually (hair): boboh, iv.
fall out in great quantities: bo, iv.
fall out in great quantities (hair, feathers): tul, iv.
fall out very gradually (hair): kokoh, iv.
fall over (pot): butk’ih, iv; vubk’ih, iv.
fall over backwards: levk’un ba, rv.
fall over backwards (drunk, horse): levk’uh, iv.
fall to one’s knees: keheah, iv; kehp’uh, iv.
fall to side (head): neʔeah, iv.
fall to the ground (object falling from one’s grasp): him yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
fall uncoiled (rope): kileah yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
/from height/: p’ah, iv.
(frost, rain): yal, iv.
/into water/: t’ub, iv.
let head fall (drunk): neʔan hoi, vphr(tv & n4d).
make fall: tilč’un, tv.
make fall down: pitk’un, tv.
/sober person while walking/: hač, iv.

fallen: fallen flesh: yalem bek’et(1), nphr(aj & n)5.*
fallen out (bottom of basket): lok’el, aj.
with bottom nearly fallen out /basket/: lok’ol-čak, nphr(aj & ncpd).

falling: let’, lev, lub, nak, pat, poll. pum. p’ah. av.
be falling together (shooting stars): loti, iv.
falling and thudding: pok’ av.
falling apart: šuv, av.
falling behind: kil, av.
falling down: ʔeč, hav, av; vuk’eah, iv.
falling head. irst: e’uk, av.
falling head first /in water/: e’úklih, av.
falling in suddenly /well/: tik’luh, av.
falling lightly: say, tin, av.
falling on one’s seat: čot, len, av.
falling out: bek’, bo, av.
falling over backwards: hav, av.
falling to one’s knees: keh, av.
(leaves or fruit from tree): lininet, av.
(night): večeč, av.
(tree): vuk’uk’, av.
with bottom falling off: lok’et čak, vphr(av & n4f).

falling-out: /between spouses/: p’ah-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

fallow: fallow land: eeil ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5.

falsetto: euʔ, av.
talking in polite falsetto (man): e’uret,’ av.

faltering: faltering step: mač, av.
with faltering legs: lububet, av.

fame flower: pot herb fame flower: bilil ʔitah, nphr(aj & n); k’oš bilil ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); veʔel čih, nphr(n of n).

famine: viʔnaltik, n5.

fan: hik’a, tv; vel, tv.*

fanning: /chaff, fire/: velvon, av.

far: nom, aj.
(object swept along by river): nat, aj.

farting: ʔap’, han, haš, hat’, hus, kus, k’oʔ, pue, p’iʔ, vuš, av.
(sleeping person or pig): hušet čak, vphr(av & n4d).

fashion: lok’ta, tv.

fast(1): ʔanil, n5; suhem, aj.
be fast (watch): helav, iv.

fast(2): e’ik-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; č’abah, iv; č’ob, n5.*
/chili, cold water, coffee, “cold” food/: e’ik ba, rv.
/during sickness, seldom practiced/: čuk č’ut, vphr(tv / / n).

fasten: /belt, sash, roof pole/: čuk, tv.

fastened: be fastened (bag, burden): peč’, iv.

fastening: fastening burden: peč’, av.

fat: ʔus, av; hup’el, n4b; hup’em, aj.
be fat (face): kemi, iv.
become fat (neck of pig): kue’eah, iv.
become too fat to walk (pig, child, pregnant woman): ʔušk’ih, iv.
(belly of jug): vučvuč, aj.
(belly or jug): vukvuk, aj.
chicken fat /used for burns/: vunto, n1a.
(face): ʔernel, aj.
(faced): kernel, aj.
fat and gleaming (horse): e’ayal, aj.
fat and glossy: e’ab, av.
fat and glossy (horse): t’abt’on, av.
get fat: hup’, iv.
(pig): ʔušul, aj; vubvub, aj.
(stomach, belly of pot or gourd): pumpum, aj.
with fat face: kem, av.
(woman): puk’ul, aj.

fat-faced: very fat-faced: lokol, aj.

fat-necked: kue’, av.
(pig): kue’ul, aj.

fatal: be fatal: bat ta ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d); bat ta hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d).

fatback: /used to season beans/: čičaron, n1a.

father: totil, n3d.
girl’s father /term used to refer to the father of the bride or to the father of an unmarried girl who is summoned to court/: tot eeb, nphr(n of n)5.

father-in-law: female’s father-in-law /term of reference/: ʔalib molil, nphr(n type n)3d.
male’s father-in-law: niʔ molil, nphr(n of n)3d.

fatigue: lubean, tv.
feeling fatigue: pič’, av.

fatten: /animal/: hup’es, tv.

fault: palta. n5.
be at fault: lok’ ta ʔoʔon, vphrfiv & prep & n4d).
the fault of: koh, n4b.

faulty: (pot that does not ring true): kok, aj.

favor: k’ušubinel, n1d.
ask a favor: ʔal pavor, vphr(tv & n5); č’ul-k’opon, tv(aj & tvcpd); k’an pavor, vphr(tv & n5).
ask a great favor: č’ul-k’an, tv(aj & tvcpd).
do a favor: ʔabolah, iv; pas pavor, vphr(tv & n5).
do a great favor: č’ul-ʔabolah, iv(aj & ivcpd).

fawn: tukum, n1a.

fear: šiʔ, iv; šiʔel, vnla; šiʔel ba, nphr(vn5 & rpn/3s/).
banish fear /with a drink/: ves, tv.
be in constant fear: šiʔulan, iv.

fearful: ¢ik’, av.

fearsome: be fearsome: ʔak’ šiʔel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vnle).

feather: k’uk’umal, n1f.

feather top: meno, n; meskero, n.

feathered: become heavily feathered (chick): pul k’uʔ, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

featherless: t’araš, aj; t’ašal, aj.

February: pevrero, n5.

fed: be fed up with: taʔlo ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv).
fed up: taʔet, av.

feeble: moč, av.
(old person): vuyan, aj; vuyul, aj.

feeble-minded: čuhil, aj.

feebly: say, av.
standing feebly: hočol, aj.
trudging feebly: ve¢von, av.
walking about feebly (old person): vúytevúyte, av.
walking feebly: vaevon, av.

feed: ʔak’be veʔel, vphr(tv & vn4d).
chick feed: voč vivič, nphr(n1f of n1d).

feeding: customary feeding ground /runaway horse/: šaneb, n4d.

feel: ʔaʔi, tv; ʔaʔi ba, rv; haš-pik, tv(tv & tvcpd).
be unable to feel at home /in other’s house/: nopilan, iv.
feel at home: nop ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
feel like: ʔaʔi, tv.

feels: it feels: ʔaʔel, n4f.

feet: get back on one’s feet (patient): tam ba, rv.

feign: feign youth: ʔunentas ba, rv; ʔunenub, iv; bik’- tahes ba, rv.

feisty: make feisty /young ram/: pukuhibtas, tv.

fell: boh, tv; pakluh, iv.
/by cutting trunk only partially so that fallen tree can serve as fence/: paklu, tv; pušli, tv.
fell all trees: t’abeah, iv.
fell forest: t’ašean, tv.
fell large tree rapidly: ličbe e’etob, vphr(tv & n5).
/tree/: lomes, tv; tihbe yalel, vphr(tv & dr).

felled: (forest): t’ašeah, iv.

female: female _______/animal/: meʔ _______. nphr(n1d of n1d).

fence: hoy, tv; hoyinta, tv; makol, n4f; mok, n1d.
branches used to make fence impenetrable: mak mok, nphr(n1f of n1d).
fence each other in: set baik, rv.
fence one’s land: hoy ba, rv.
fence oneself in: k’al ba, rv.
fence post /of barbed wire fence/: teʔel ʔa lampre, nphr(n1f of n1d).
fence rail: natikil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a; natil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.
/on side where land is lowest/: čak mok, nphr(n1f of n1d).
plank fence /used for cattle corral/: laebil teʔ mok, nphr(nphr/aj & n5/ type n)5.
side fence: šokon mok, nphr(n5 type n1d).
woven fence hung across river: hamaka, n1a.

fennel: ʔinoho, n1d.

fer-de-lance: navuyaka, n5.*

ferment: pahetah, iv; pahubtas, tv.
(chicha): pas, iv.

fermenting: pas, poh, av.
(corn gruel, chicha): ¢ahahet, av.
stop fermenting: yoc, iv.

fern: eib, n5.
chain fern: muk’ta eib, nphr(aj & n).
halberd fern: eib habnal, nphr(n type n).
holly fern: eahal eib, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta eib, nphr(aj & n).
maidenhair fern: ʔik’al ʔok eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
pine fern: ʔik’al ʔok eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

ferris: ferris wheel: rweda, n5.

ferryman: hhelubtasvaneh, agn.

fertile: k’oʔ, aj.
be fertile (man): nič’nah, iv.

fertilize: (person): k’aʔaltas, tv.
(sheep): k’aʔes, tv.

fertilizer: k’aʔal, n4f.

fever: k’ak’al, n4f; k’ok’, n5.
chills and fever /transmitted by witches of To tolapa or Simojovel/: kuybalal čamel, nphr(aj & vn)5.

feverish: (face): sanal, aj.

few: hay _______, n(num & nccpd)1e.
very few: hu-huntik, num(num & numcpd)5.
with few people /market, church, bus/: yočet, av.

fiancé: hlekomahel, agn.

fiancée: lekomil, n3d.

fiber: či, n4e.

fiddle wood: kahve teʔ, nphr(n type n).

fiddle(1): k’oš vob, nphr(aj & n)1a.
fiddle bridge: kaʔ vob, nphr(n4f of n1d).
/two-stringed/: biolin, n1a.*

fiddle(2): fiddle around: ʔištalan, tv.

fidget: /on chair/: biulan ba, rv.
/on seat/ (child, scolding woman): huʔilan ba, rv.

fidgeting: huʔ, av.

field: kampo, n5.
cleared field /before or after burning/: toʔlal, nib.
field littered with boulders: činkan tontik, nphr(x type n)5.
field that has been cleared the previous year: teʔlal k’ahben, nphr(n of n)1d.
planted corn field: čobtik, n5.
planted corn field, inan poss.; sčabal.: cob, n1a.
very rocky field: č’ihil ton, nphr(aj & n)5.

fiesta: k’in, n1a.
celebrate fiesta: pas k’in, vphr(tv & n5).
evening of first day of fiesta: maytin, n5.
every fiesta: k’ink’intik, n5.
first day of fiesta /when altars and church entrances are decorated/: čuk-ničim, vn(tv & ncpd)5.
hold private fiesta: yuʔ k’in, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5).
hold private fiesta (ladino): pas k’in, vphr(tv & n5).
main day of a fiesta: ba k’el-k’in, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/).
person who finances minor fiesta: hpas-k’in, agn(tv & ncpd).
provide for fiesta (steward in charge of fiesta, person who provides for Holy Cross Day): kuč k’in, vphr(tv & n5).
second day of fiesta: ʔišpereš, n5.

fifteen: voʔ-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e.

fifties: by or in fifties: sinkwentatik, n5.

fifty: lahuneb ʔoš-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f); sinkwenta, n1e.
every fifty: sinkwentatik, n5.

fig: ʔik’uš, n1a.
wild fig: ʔamat, n5; eahal mutut, nphr(aj & n); mutut, n5; sakil mutut, nphr(aj & n).

fight: ¢ak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; eak ba, rv; pas baik ta preva, vphr(rv & prep & n5); tahin, iv.
(dog): voč’van, iv.
(dogs): voč’ baik, rv.
fight back: pak ʔahval, vphr(tv / / n).
have a fight: yuʔ k’in, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5).
knife or machete fight: boh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.
pick a fight: saʔ ba, rv; saʔ k’op, vphr(tv & n5).
picking fight: saʔ, av.

figurine: Christmas figurine /clay animal, angel or shepherd used by children and for creche/: paštol, n1d.

filch: /corn, beans from bag/: kay, tv.

file: lima, n1a.

fill: hemes, tv; noh, iv; nohes, tv.
amount needed to fill container: noheb, n4f.
/depression/: hem, tv.
fill in /ground/: nohes, tv.
fill out: lin ba, rv.
fill to the brim /pot with liquid/: hasan, tv.
fill up /hole/: but’i, tv.
fill with: nohebin, tv.

filling: filling a crack: kam, av.

fin: šik’, n4d.

finally: lahelea, pt.

finance: pik ba, rv.
finance wedding: nupultas, tv.

find: ta, tv.
find at the last moment: ʔanil-ta, tv(n & tvcpd).
try to find out: beiltasbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f).

fine(1): e’ab, av; lek, aj; pino, aj.
fine!: bweno, excl.
(paste, corn dough): nin, aj.
(weaving, woven hat): e’abal, aj.

fine(2): multa, n1a.

finger: bik’tal k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d); ni1) k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d).
little finger: sutubal, n3d.
middle finger: -wlol niʔ k’ob, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n4d/).

fingerboard: /fiddle, guitar/: nuk’il, n3b.

fingernail: niʔ ʔič’akil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

fingernails: paint one’s fingernails: bon ba, rv.

fingerprint: ʔav meʔ k’ob, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n4d/).

finish: e’akubtas, tv; lah, iv; lahes, tv.
finish _______: lahesbe _______, vphr(tv & vn4f).
finish hurriedly /weeding/: salbe, tv.
/term of office, weaving of clothes, weaving or sewine of hats/: ¢u¢¢s. tv.
/work/: neles, tv.

fipple: /flute/: k’uš’, n4f.

fire: k’ok n1d.*
be set on fire: čik’, iv.
catch fire: til, iv.
fire at: tik’be bala, vphr(tv & n5).
(gun): t’om, iv.
/gun/: t’omes, tv.
put on fire: pan, tv.
set fire to /house/: pahbe k’ok’, vphr(tv & n5).
set on fire: čik’, tv.
sit next to fire (person, toasted tortilla being toasted, animal smoking on spit): p’ošin, iv.
sitting next to fire turning one side and then the other (person, toasted tortilla being toasted, animal smoking on spit): p’ošet, av.

fire-lane: kayahon, n1a.

firebrand: k’ok’, n1d; šupet k’ok’, nphr(n of n)1e.
extinguished firebrand: šupet teʔ, nphr(n type n)1e.

firecracker flower: eahal pie’oe’, nphr(aj & n); eahal pom e’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’anal pom e’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); nap’ap’ e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n)1e; nap’ap’ nič, nphr(aj & n); nap’ap’ nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); nuk’ čil ʔuloʔ, nphr(n of nphr/n4d of n5/); pošil ʔane e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); pošil eaʔnel, nphr(n of vn); pošil č’ič’, nphr(n of n); pošil č’ič’ eaʔnel, nphr(n of nphr/n type n/); pošil sim-nak’al, nphr(n of n/n & ajcpd/); pueul e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

fireside: tiʔ k’ok’, nphr(n1f of n1d).

firewood: siʔ, n1d; siʔil, n4f.
firewood gatherer: hsiʔbil, agn.
gather firewood: si’ʔiv, iv; siʔivah, iv.
gather firewood (religious official only): lok’ siʔ, vphr(iv & n4d).
place where firewood is dumped: k’ečanob, n1f.

fireworks: kastiyo, n1a.

firing: firing suddenly (gun): t’ómlih, av.
(pistol): p’otet, av.

firm: become firm (cracked earth that is stamped on to cover the cracks): pak’ ba, rv.
(post): ¢inil, aj.

first: baʔyi, aj; t’ab, pt.
at first: primero, aj.
the first: primero, aj.

fish: eak čoy, vphr(tv & n5).
fish bone: bakel čoy, nphr(n of n)5.
fish hook: ¢akob čoy, nphr(n1f of n5).
fish net: ¢akob čoy, nphr(n1f of n5).
fish scale: merio čoy, nphr(n1e of n5).
fish scale /archaic/: mik’, n1e.
fresh fish: yašal čoy, nphr(aj & n)5.
/general term, including shrimp/: čoy, n1a.*

fist: make fist: muč’ ba, rv.

fit: (clothes, handle): nupin, tv.
fit into: belin, tv.

five: ʔoʔob, n4e; voʔ _______, n(num & nccpd)5; voʔob, n1e.
every five: voʔvoʔ _______, n(num & nccpd)5.

fives: by or in fives: voʔvoʔ _______. n(num & nccpd)5.

fix: melean, tv.
/post in ground/: pah, tv.

fixed: be fixed (post): pahi, iv.
firmly fixed (post that cannot be budged): taki-einan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd).
(post): pahal, aj.

flabby: čuy, av.
(face): puk’ulik, aj.

flabby-faced: pok’-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5.

flag: bantera, n1a.

flagellate: flagellate self /on Holy Saturday Eve or Easter/: mah ba, rv.

flail: loh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); mah, tv.
/corn/: pue’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
/corn/ (woman with stick): ček’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); č’eh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); t’eš ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
flail at: vel ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
flail well: čames, tv.
flail with stick /dog, person, corn/: čep ta mahel, vphr(tv & pt & vn5).
/horse, cow or sheep manure, corn/: t’us ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
/small net of corn/ (woman at home) /with stick/: t’eč ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

flailing: čev, av.
/corn with a stick rather than with a flail/: t’ečt’on, av.
flailing about (drunk): vukul čevel, ajphr(aj & aj).
/mule, cow or sheep manure to prepare it for fertilizer/: t’ust’on, av.

flake: flake off: počilan, tv; p’al ba lok’el, vphr(rv & dr); p’al lok’el, vphr(tv & dr); p’aleah lok’el, vphr(iv & dr); p’alean lok’el, vphr(tv & dr); t’ol, iv; t’ol, tv.
flake off (bark): koč, iv.
flake off (medicine): p’ales lok’el, vphr(tv & dr).
flake off (scab, bark, fingernail, toenail): poč lok’el, vphr(iv & dr).
flake off /bark/: kočbe, tv.
harden and flake off (skin disease): ʔesomah, iv.
(scab, dirt): p’al, iv.

flaking: p’al, av.
flaking off here and there (bark): t’óltet’ólte, av.

flaky: /skin, dried mud/: p’alp’aštik, aj.

flamboyant: flamboyant tree: mačita teʔ, nphr(n type n).

flame: ʔat k’ok’, nphr(n4f of n1d).

flank: šokon, n1b.

flap: (banner): liči, iv.
(laundry in wind): vilulan, iv.
make flap: ličan, tv.

flapping: hoč, k’am, lev, lič, lič, poč, vil, vir, av.
(banner, ribbon): velvon, av.
(broken sandal): k’ask’on, av.
flapping loudly (rooster’s wings): t’ašt’on, av.

flaring: leb, lorn, av.
flaring up with anger: tíʔluh hoi, vphr(av & n4d).
flaring up with anger (person, wasp, bee): sóklih hoi, vphr(av & n4d).

flash: /flashlight/: nop’, tv.
(lightning): lukomah, iv.

flashing: e’ay, leb, nop’, av.
flashing about /flashlight/: ¢anet ʔuʔun, vphr(av & n4d).
(flashlight): nop’ol, aj.
(lightning): lep’lahet, av.

flashlight: hoko, n1a; k’ok’, n1d.

flat: be squashed flat (hat, basket, tin can): šup’i, iv.
(breasts): hašal, aj.
(cow or pig’s nose, cow patty): šemel, aj.
(duck’s bill and feet, stem): peč’el, aj.
flat land: pač’altik, n5.
(land, stone, board, floor, roof): pač’al, aj.
(nose): šamšam, aj.
spread flat /plu/: hiʔan, tv.

flat-breasted: haš-čuʔ, n(aj & ncpd).

flat-kernelled: lae, aj.

flat-nosed: šem, av.
/as a pig/: šamit niʔ, nphr(n type n5).

flat-topped: (mountain): kahkah, aj.

flatten: pae’eah, iv; pae’ean, tv.
/corn field/: nel, tv.
/fence/: pek’ean, tv.
/ground/: ¢al, tv.
/house, fence, corn field/: vuk’es, tv.

flattened: k’i, av.
be flattened (corn field in wind): vuk’, iv.
be flattened (fence) /not quite so flat as pae’eah/.: pek’eah, iv.
be flattened (house, fence, corn field): vuk’eah, iv.
be flattened (wrecked car): pae’eah, iv.
(corn field): pak’al, aj.
(fence): pae*al, aj.
flattened down: lek’, av.
(forest): k’iil, aj.
lying flattened and abandoned: pae’, av.
with flattened rim (pot): šup’ul, aj.
with one side flattened (rim of bowl, basket, pail): šuvšuv, aj.
with one side flattened (rim of improperly formed bowl or basket): ševel, aj.

flatulence: ¢isil, n3d.

flavor: muebin, tv; muibtas, tv; muil, n4b.
herb or orange rind used to flavor cane liquor: mueb, n4f.

flax: wild flax: eie teʔ(1), nphr(n type n); eueub, n; lok’esob holobil, nphr(n of n).

flea: č’ak, n2b; p’ilom č’ak, nphr(n type n)1e.*; p’itom č’ak, nphr(n type n)5.

fleabane: bonytip fleabane: pošil sal-¢’iʔ, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/).
marsh fleabane: eahal sitit, nphr(aj & n); sakil sitit, nphr(aj & n); sitit, n5.

flee: hatav, iv.
urge to flee: hatviltas, tv.

fleeing: nue, pit, sal, av.
fleeing weakly: say, av.

flesh: bek’tal, n4b.

fleshless: fleshless _______ /chicken, hen, rooster, dog, cat,
sow, mule/: taki _______, n(aj & ncpd)5.

flexible: laʔ, av.
overly flexible (hoe handle): t’ilt’on ʔok, vphr(av & n4f).
overly flexible (hoe handle, digging stick): t’irt’on ʔok, vphr(av & n4b).
slippery and flexible (cow stomach, lights): loslos, aj.

flick: flick away /with finger/: t’ilu, tv; t’iru, tv.
flick away /with stick, foot/: p’iču, tv.
flick lip with fingers to produce vibrating sound: velelin, tv.
flick off /water/: vih, tv.
flick water on: vie’es, tv.
flick with fingers /water/: vit’es, tv.
/palm when weaving/: p’ičbe, tv.

flicker: red-shafted flicker: tuktuk, n1e.*

flickering: (eye-ball of blind person): kululet sat, vphr(av & n4d).
flickering out suddenly (light, candles): mue’lih, av.

flicking: bet’, av.
flicking away: p’ič, av.
flicking tongue: lek’, tas, av.
(snake’s or lizard’s tongue): k’amamet, av.
(spindle): t’irt’on, av.

flinching: mue, av.

flint: /archaic/: suy ton, nphr(n type n)1a.
/used formerly to light holy fire on Holy Saturday/: ʔišlavon, n1d.

flintlock: flintlock gun: bae*i tuk’, nphr(aj & n)5.

float: kahi, iv.

floating: kah, k’eč, mas, maš, av; kahal, aj.
floating rapidly: e’ah, av.
(insect, frog): nušul, aj.
(tiny amount of cabbage sloshing in pot): vitet, av.

flock: lametah, iv.
in flock: tus, av.
large flock /horses, sheep/: vok’, nc.
(sheep, birds): eop ba, rv.

flocking: eop, lam, av.

flog: balalin ta ʔarsial, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

flood: noh, iv; nohel, vnlf.

flooding: keč, av.
flooding over suddenly: yúk’lih, av.

floor: lumtik, n5.

flop: lamlonah, iv.

flopping: lam, av.
(loose sandal): solson, av.

floppy: velvel, aj.
become floppy (hat): lamk’uh, iv.
(ears, hat): la in. 11, aj.
(front and back of hat brim, ears): nuhnuh, aj.
(hat brim): lusul, aj.
make floppy /hat/: lamk’un, tv.
sitting with long floppy ears: pok’, av.
with floppy ears: nuh, av.

floundering: kak, av.

flour: harina, n1a.

flourishing: hap, av.
(corn field): toeol, aj.

flower: nič, n1b; ničin, tv.
“flower change” /change of floral decorations of steward’s, steward-royal’s and grand alcalde’s altars and the churches/: bal-teʔ, vn(tv & ncpd)1a.
“flower water” /to bathe patient, sacrificial chicken and steward’s coffer/: ničim, n1a.
altar flower: ničimal, n4d.
be in flower (corn field): bal ba, rv.
come into flower (corn): e’utuhin, tv.
(corn field): bal¢ah, iv.
flower used to decorate grave on All Souls’ Day /aztec marigold, dahlia/: ničim ʔanima, nphr(n1f of n5).
gourd flower /any variety/: su, n4e.
in flower (corn): balalik, aj.
/inan. poss.; restricted to the dead and the gods/: ničim, n1a.

flowing: les, av.
flowing slowly (river): tususet, av.

fluff: fluff with fingers: sihomah, iv.
fluff with fingers /wool, formerly cotton/: sivu, tv.

fluffed: be fluffed with fingers (wool, formerly cotton): sivuh, iv.

fluffing: fluffing with fingers /wool, formerly cotton/: sihel, vn5.

fluffy: (bread): pumulik, aj.
(bread, nap): pueul, aj.

flush: /deer/: tiholah, iv; tiholta, tv.
flush by shouting /deer/: tih, tv.

flute: ʔama, n1a.

flutist:hʔamarero, agn; hʔok’esineh-ʔama, agn(vn & ncpd).

flutter: (fledgling): vilulan, iv.
make flutter /neckerchief in wind/: vilulan, tv.

fluttering: lič, lič’, lub, vil, vir, av.
(flags, ribbons, kite): tololet, av.

fly(1): fly of pants: ʔat vešal, nphr(n4f of n3d).

fly(2): vo, n1e.
deer fly: č’iš-vo, n(aj & ncpd)5.
fruit fly: ʔus, n1e.
rabbit bot fly larva: vukuluʔ, n1e.*

fly(3): vil, iv.
fly into the air (ashes when water spills on fire): pul-tanih, iv(iv & ncpd).
make ashes fly into air: pul-tani, tv(iv & ncpd).

flycatcher: boat-billed flycatcher: č’ituriʔ, n5.
dusky-capped flycatcher: ʔulišpipiʔ, n5.*; p’okoyoi, n5.
vermillion-crowned flycatcher: č’ituriʔ, n5.

flying: vil, av.
blow and send flying: viles, tv.
flying in wind (paper): tolol, av.
flying off: lič’, av.
flying up suddenly (corn stubble, wool or thatch in wind): váeluh, av.

foam: vok, n4f.
foam of boiling corn: bul huš, nphr(n1f of n1d).
foam over (coca cola, beer, chicha): pue’ta, tv.

foaming: poe, av.

fog: lumal tok, nphr(natt & n)5; lumil tok, nphr(natt & n)5.

fold: /arms/: mey, tv.
/beans in tortilla, hands in prayer or death/: nup’, tv.
/clothing/: pak, tv.
fold in two (paper, mat): čaʔ-pušin, tv(num & tvcpd).
fold neatly /blanket/: čapa, tv.
fold over twice /paper, clothes/: čan-pakan, tv(num & tvcpd).
/food in tortilla/: poe, tv.
/tortilla/: puš, tv.
/wings of diving hawk/: yob, tv; yoban, tv; yub, tv; yuban(1), tv.

folded: pak, av.
be folded: paki, iv.
become folded in two or doubled: čaʔ-pušin ba, rv(num & rvcpd).
(clothing, money, document): pakal, aj; pokol, aj.
folded in prayer: nup’, av.
(hands in prayer): nup’ul, aj.
lying folded: poe, av.
set down folded: pakan, tv; pokan, tv.
with edge folded over (tortilla, money, clothes): pušul, aj.

folding: folding slowly: pak, av.
folding tortilla: puš, av.

foliaged: heavily foliaged: linil, aj.

follow: follow behind: tihi, iv.
follow close behind: nap’an, tv; nap’i, iv; nočan, tv; nočanbe, tv; tihleta, tv.
follow close behind (animal, wife): nap’ eč’el, vphr(iv & dr).
follow closely: t’učan ba, rv.
follow closely (child): t’učetah, iv.
follow immediately behind: tučan ba, rv; tučetah, iv.
follow the scent of: tambe ʔik’ ʔok, vphr(tv & nphr/n4e of n4d/).
have follow behind: tihan, tv.

following: tuč, t’uč, av.
following immediately behind: nap’, av.

fondle: fondle breast: petbe čuʔ, vphr(tv & n4d).
fondle person: pikvan, iv.

fondling: fondling woman repeatedly: pik, av.

font: baptismal font: ʔič’ob voʔ, nphr(n of n)5; pila, n5.

fontanel: ʔav ʔalʔal, nphr(n4f of n4d); ʔav voʔ, nphr(n4f of n5).

food: food spattered on clothing: šilim, n1e.
particle of food that falls from one’s mouth: šešben, n4d.

fool: šon ʔat, nphr(n of n)5.
fool self: čoʔ ba, rv.
make a fool of oneself /drunk, clumsy person/: ʔak’ ʔelav, vphr(tv & n5).

foolish: čuhil, aj.
be foolish in love: e’iles ba, rv.
become foolish: bolib, iv.
do something foolish: pas sonsoal, vphr(tv & n5).

foolishness: bolil, n1d.

foot: foot of /rock, mountain/: ʔibel, n4b.
foot of table /restricted to ceremonial context/: čak meša, nphr(n of n)5.
foot of wall /house, cave/: ʔibel, n4b.
/person, cave, mountain/: ʔokol, n3b.
/snail/: šaneb, n4d.

footprint: ʔav ʔokol, nphr(n4f of n3d).

forbearance: seek forbearance: k’an pavor, vphr(tv & n5).

forced: be forced to give: ʔak’ ta persa, vphr(tv & prep & n5).
forced to sit (prisoner): čotanbil, aj.

fording: mašlah, av.

forehead: tiʔ bail, nphr(n of n)3d.

foreign: nam-tal, aj(aj & ivcpd); tanhero, aj.

foreigner: hporištéro, agn.

foreleg: ʔakanil, n3b.
/dog, cat/: k’obol, n3b.

foreskin: nukulal ʔat, nphr(n1f of n1d).

forest: ʔosil, n1a; ʔosiltik, n5; teʔtik, n5.
forest guard: hk’el-teʔ, agn(tv & ncpd); hk’el-te-ʔtik, agn(tv & ncpd).
heavy forest: montanya, n5.
rain forest: montanya, n5.

forever: ʔo, pt; batel ʔosil, nphr(vnlf of n5).

forget: č’ay-ʔoʔonih, iv; č’ay-holih, iv(iv & ncpd); č’ay ʔaʔi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv).
forget about: č’ay ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).
forget completely: č’ay ta pat hoi, vphr(tv & prep & nphr/n4f of n1d/); hip ta pat hoi, vphr(tv & prep & nphr/n4f of n4d/).
forget it: nimúruš, excl; yiluk yil, ptphr(pt & pt); yiyil, pt.
forget once and for all: č’ay ta hoi, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).
make person forget: č’aybe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d).

forgetful: č’ay, av.
be forgetful: č’ay hoi, vphr(iv & n4d); č’ay ta hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d).

forgive: ʔak’ pertonal, vphr(tv & n5); lah won, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

forgiveness: pertonal, n5.
ask forgiveness: k’anbe pertonal, vphr(tv & n5); lahes k’op, vphr(tv & n5); lahes mul, vphr(tv / / n).
have curing ceremony in which patient begs forgiveness: k’an pertonal, vphr(tv & n5).
request for forgiveness: laheseh-ʔoʔonil, vn(tv & ncpd)5; laheseh-k’op, vn(tv & ncpd)5; laheseh-mulil, vn(tv & ncpd)5.
ritual speech; forgiveness: lesensya, n1d.

fork: fork of tree: k’al teʔ, nphr(n type n)5.
(road): č’ak ba, rv.
tree fork: het teʔ, nphr(n of n5).

forked: (branches with one perpendicular, one at right angles): hethet, aj.

form: in good form: tuk’il k’op, nphr(aj & n5).

former: voʔne, aj.
(religious official): pasaro, aj.

fornicate: mahbe čak, vphr(tv & n4d).

fort: portin, n1d.

forties: in or by forties: čaʔčaʔ-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5; kwarentatik, n5.

fortress: ʔak’ob k’ok’, nphr(n4f of n5).

fortunately: ʔuee, pt.

forty: čaʔ-vinik, n(num & numcpd)1e; kwarenta, n1e.
every forty: čaʔčaʔ-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5; kwarentatik, n5.

foul: become foul smelling (food): tuib, iv.

found: be found out: yal ta k’ok’, vphr(iv & prep & n5).

founder: mae’ean ba, rv.

foundering: mae’, av.

four: čan _______, n(num & nccpd)1e; čanib, n1e.
every four: čančan _______, n(num & nccpd)5.
four days ago: čonhe, n1e.
four days from today: čoneh, n5.

four o’clock: shrubby four o’clock: bik’it malva, nphr(aj & n); eahal kampana e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); eahal kampana ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); e’oban e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); k’ask’as e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); malva, n; malvarisko, n; muk’ta e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); pošil k’ak’et, nphr(n of n); voel c’o, nphr(n of n).

four-sided: čan-eelav, n(num & ncpd)5.

fours: by or in fours: čančan _______. n(num & nccpd)5.

fourteen: čan-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e.

fox: gray fox: vet, n5.*

fracture: (skull): t’om, iv; vok’, iv.
/skull/: vok’, tv.

fragrant: mu, av; mu, aj; muil, aj.
be fragrant (person who has been censed): muetah, iv.
become fragrant: muib, iv.

frame: wooden frame /house/: č’il-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd)1f.

Francis: Palas, n1d.*

frangipani: nosegay frangipani: eahal pataš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’anal pataš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); moraro pataš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pataš ničim, nphr(n type n).
white frangipani: sakil pataš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

fray: širkatah, iv; t’ileah, iv; t’iletah, iv.
(ribbon, edge of clothing): t’il, iv.

frayed: /ends/: širkatik, aj.
/in middle/: sivultik, aj.

fraying: t’il, av.

free: be free: šokobah, iv.
be free /unoccupied/: šokob, iv.
free day: hap, n4f; hap k’ak’al, nphr(n4f of n5).
free prisoner secretly: pitk’unvan ta čukel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5).
free self: hitun ba, rv.
free self /if stuck in tree/: boe’ ba, rv.

freezing: freezing cold (bare stomach): sik-pitan, aj(aj & P or P/2/cpd).
freezing cold (metal, face, snake): sik-bahan, aj(aj & Pcpd).
freezing cold (person): sik-čavan, aj(aj & Pcpd); sik-telan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd).

frequently: occur less frequently (fiestas): namah, iv.

fresh: (bread): k’un-puean, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd).
(fish, meat): yašal, aj; yoš, aj.

fret(1): ʔat ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n).

fret(2): /guitar/: traste, n4e.
/stringed instrument/: mak ta k’ob, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).

Friday: byerneš, n1e.
Good Friday: byerneš santo, nphr(n & aj)5.

fried: č’ilbil, aj.

friend: /reciprocal term of address between Zinacantecs, Ixtapanecs, and the people of Larraínzar/: ʔamiko, n1d.

fright: be given a fright: vel ba, rv.
give a fright to: sibtas, tv.

frighten: sibtas, tv.

frightened: become frightened: sibtas ba, rv.

frightening: be frightening: ʔak’ šiʔel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vnle).

fringe: neil, n3b.

frisk: leʔ ba, rv; lev ba, rv.
(lamb, colt): niʔulan ba, rv.
(mule): leʔulan ba, rv; levulan ba, rv.

frisking: hoe’, leʔ, av; p’íttep’ítte ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5).
(baby animal): vilvon, av.

frog(1): špokok, n1e.
leopard frog: meʔ voʔ, nphr(n of n)5; rana, n1e.*
tree frog: k’oš yašal ʔamuč, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5.*

frog(2): with frog in throat: hakak, aj; šakaket, av.

frolic: p’itulan ba, rv.
(calf, lamb): lukilan ba, rv.
(child, dog, young animal): tahin, iv.
(child, lamb, calf): p’itomah, iv.

frolicking: bie, av.

from: t, prep(contr of ta); ta, prep.

front: in front /on path/: ba be, nphr(n of n)5.
in front of: ʔelav, n4d; ʔičonil, n3b.

frost: taiv, n1e.
killing frost that is not visible: ʔik’al taiv, nphr(aj & n)5.

froth: (mouth): vokan, iv.

frown: lut’ean tiʔ ba, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n3d/).

frowning: koe, av.
/in anger/: koeol, aj.

fruit: satil, n3c; satin, tv.
begin to fruit: yal sat, vphr(iv & n4f).
fruit fly: ʔus, n1e.
piece of fruit /avocado, orange, squash/: šet’elul, n4f.

fry: č’il, tv.

frying: č’il, av.
frying pan: šalten, n1a; traste, n1a.

fuck: /exclamation of surprise/: čínga. excl.
male speech; fuck: kob, tv.
male speech; fuck! /exclamation of surprise or dismay/: kobel, excl.

fucker: male speech; fucker: hkob-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd).

fugitive: hhatvil, agn; hnu¢el, agn.

fulfill: fulfill one’s desire: lok’es ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n); lok’esbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n).

full(1): noh, aj.
be full (moon): p’eh ba, rv; set ba, rv.
be full (person): ta č’ut, vphr(tv / / n).
become full (moon): p’eh¢ah, iv; yihub, iv.
feel full: taʔlo ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv).
feel full /with gas/: suk ba ʔoʔon, vphr(rv/3s/ & n4d).
(moon): p’ehel, aj; setel, aj; yih, aj.
(moon, sun): p’ehet, av.
not full: lomol, aj.

full(2): /beat clothes on rocks to shrink them/: mueomah, iv.

fuller: hmueom, agn; hmueomahel, agn.

fullness: (moon): yihil, n4f.

functionary: religious functionary /assistant to the stewards-royal who guards their supplies in Voʔ-bie during the Fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary/: hʔak’-pulatu, agn(tv & ncpd).
religious functionary /boy who looks after ensign-bearer’s hat and rattle, and also his musicians/: hk’elel, agn.
religious functionary /each of the two men who divide and hang up meat for marriage feast or for feast given by religious officials/: hk’el-bek’et, agn(tv & nc pd).
religious functionary /each of the women who hands food to guests at wedding, to religious officials at banquet during fiestas of St. Sebastion, Carnival, Saint John’s Day/: hʔak’-veʔelil, agn(tv & vncpd).
religious functionary /each of three people who paint straw bull of Christmas season/: hpintol, agn.
religious functionary /each of two boys who play turtle shell drums on Christmas Eve/: htih-ʔok, agn(tv & ncpd).
religious functionary /each of two women who prepare corn gruel for each ensign-bearer and each of the elders/: hpas-voʔ, agn(tv & npcd).
religious functionary /each of two women, senior and junior, who prepare bean tamales for wedding/: hpat-vah, agn(tv & ncpd).
religious functionary /male wedding official, chosen by bride’s family to provide trousseau/: hʔak’vaneh, agn.
religious functionary /male who gathers flowers, plants and pine boughs used in curing ceremonies and as decorations for crosses, altars, and churches/: hsaʔ-ničim, agn(tv & ncpd).
religious functionary /man who holds lance that is used by major players to strike jousting target at the Fiesta of St. Sebastian/: hč’am-teʔ mol, agn(vphr/tv & ncpd/ type n).
religious functionary /member of curing party who aids shaman, each of two assistants of cantors who serve from Carnival Friday to Carnival Tuesday, carrying banner from Carnival Saturday to Carnival Tuesday, and candles on Carnival Monday and Thursday/: mayol, agn.
religious functionary /old woman who serves stewards, elders, ensign-bearers of the Holy Cross, St. Lawrence, or St. Dominic/: me-ʔel, agn.
religious functionary /person who gathers up rubbish for stewards and stewards-royal when they entrust their coffers to their successors/: hhop-k’aʔep, agn(tv & ncpd).
religious functionary /steward’s assistant who cuts open watermelon squashes and cushaws during the Posadas/: hvok’-mail, agn(tv & ncpd).
religious functionary /woman chosen by religious official to direct the preparation of food on ceremonial occasions/: hpacvaneh veʔelil, agn(nphr/vn of vn/).
religious functionary /woman who attends each of the elders, ensign-bearers when meal is offered, and stewards when coffer is venerated/ /one for each official /: hpečaneh-veʔelil, agn(vn & ncpd).
religious functionary /woman who boils “flowers” for steward’s coffer/: hpan-ničim, agn(tv & ncpd)5.
religious functionary /woman who carries candles for the elders on Lenten Fridays, Tuesday of Holy Week through Good Friday, and for the ensign-bearers of St. Dominic and the Holy Cross on Fourth Friday in Lent and Tuesday of Holy Week through Good Friday/ /one woman serving each official/: hpayol-meʔel, agn(tv & ncpd).
religious functionary /woman who is chosen by bride’s parents to seat her in groom’s house/: hčotaneh-eeb, agn(vn & ncpd).
religious functionary/male who changes floral decorations at mountain shrines in preparation for visit/: hmes, agn.

fungus: /general term/: čanul teʔtik, nphr(n of n)5.
hedgehog fungus: k’anal č’iš mana ʔok, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/x type n4f/).
honey fungus: čečeval pomos, nphr(natt & n).

funnel: /used for cane liquor/: burne, n1a.

fur: eoe, n1a.

furious: tiʔ, av.
get furious: k’ak’ub, iv.

furrowed: become furrowed (brows of old person): luhp’in ba, rv.
/brow/: luhluh, aj.
(vagina): kieil, aj.

furrowing: euk, av.

furry: eak, av.
(mouth with thirst): p’ilil, aj; taki-p’ilan, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd).
very furry (animal): ¢onol, aj.

furthermore: čiʔuk k’usuk, nphr(n4f & pt).

furtive: k’elk’el-ʔosil, aj(vn/tv & ncpd/); k’elk’el-pat, aj(vn/tv & ncpd/).

furtively: k’elk’el-ʔsil, aj(vn/tv & ncpd/); k’elk’el-pat, aj(vn/tv & ncpd/).

fuschia: candy fuschia: muk’tik primon, nphr(aj & n).
lilac fuschia: ʔič’ak mut, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔič’ak mut e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n).

fustic tree: k’anal teʔ, nphr(aj & n); mora, n; mora teʔ, nphr(n type n).

fuzz: ¢o¢in, n4f.

fuzzy: ¢o¢iltik, aj; ¢o¢in, aj.
become fuzzy: ¢o¢iltah, iv.

G

gabbing: ʔiʔ, av.

gag: gag on: ketbe, tv.

gagging: ʔoʔ, hak, hek, av.
(drunk): ketlahet, av.

gall: hedgehog gall: čihal ʔanal teʔ, nphr(natt & nphr/n4d of n5/).
oak hedgehog gall: pueulal tulan, nphr(natt & n)5.

gallery: gallery where officials eat at the fiesta of St. Sebastian: kavilto, n1a.

gallon: gallon can: lata, n1a.

galloping: hum, k’ol, av; vilet ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5).

gambol: leʔ-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; lev-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; p’itomah, iv.
(lamb, child, colt): p’itulan ba, rv.

gamboling: (child, lamb, colt): p’í’ttep’ítte ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5).

game: tahimol, vn5.

gangrene: mos, n1e; sep’, n1e.

gap: kaʔavil, n3d; kaʔleh, n4f.
with gap (mountain): kaʔkaʔ, aj.
with gap (wall): p’evel, aj.
with gaps (planted row where plants have died): kaybentik, aj.
with gaps (row of corn): kayet, av.

gap-toothed: lohol, aj; vitet, av.

gape: leheah, iv.
(baby bird): hač’ ʔe, vphr(tv / / n).
/mouth when staring at person/: lehan, tv.

gaping: hač’, av.
gaping wide /sexual implication/: šomol, aj.
(genital region of either sex): p’evel, aj.

garlic: ʔašuš, n1a; ʔašuš kaʔ, nphr(n4d of n5).

garment: /of set/: nupil, n3b; nupul, n4b.

garrison: military garrison: kwartel, n1d.

gas: gas on the stomach: pumel, vnld.
have gas on the stomach: pum, iv.
having gas pains: čuk, sit’, av.

gash: kečbenal, n4f.
/arm, leg/ (grass, thorns or sharp leaves): kie, tv.
gash self by missing aim /axe/: lok ba, rv.

gashed: boh, av; bohol, aj; šekel, aj.

gashing: kie, av.

gasoline: kasolina, n5.

gasping: ʔah, ʔih, hik’ av.
gasping and crying (baby V2;9): nek’ek’et, av.

gate: e’oʔorin, n1a; tiʔ be, nphr(n1f of n1d).
swinging gate: tranka, n1a.

gather: euk, tv.
(clouds): nik ba, rv.
gather _______ /firewood, pine needles, greens, fruit, cane liquor from Chamula, money, i.e., by selling or working/: saʔ _______, vphr(tv & n1d).
gather in /skirt of seated woman/: yob, tv; yob ba, rv; yub, tv; yub ba, rv.
gather in skirt: yoban ba, rv.
gather together: eob, tv; eob ba, rv.
gather together in pile /rocks, wood, stubble, pine needles, earth, corn, salt/: pot, tv. gather up rubbish: hop k’aʔep, vphr(tv & n5).
(people): nikan ba, rv.

gathered: be gathered together in open space: lam ba, rv.
become gathered (scar): lut’¢ah, iv.
gathered together in open space: lamal, aj.
(scar): lut’lut’, aj.

gathering: customary gathering place /sheep, cows/: lamleb, n1d.
gathering of many people in open space: lambail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

gaze: with empty gaze (dead person): tonol, aj.

gazing: gazing emptily (dying person): tononet sat, vphr(av & n4d).
gazing vacantly: p’al, av.
gazing vacantly (baby’s or puppy’s eyes): p’ilil, aj.

gecko: ninyo, n1a.

general: heneral, agn.

gentle: vašal, aj; vašet, av; yamet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).
become gentle: vaši, iv.

gentleman: /respectful term of reference/: htataʔtik, n4d.

genuflect: kehuh, iv.

genuflection: kehuhel, nc.

geranium: garden geranium: ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan ¢ahal ničim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); ¢ahal ničim, nphr(aj & n)1a; sak-vayan ¢ahal ničim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); sakil ¢ahal ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
wild geranium: ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); kuč-¢’uhul, n(tv & ncpd); k’ask’as ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); k’oš ʔakuša ¢’iʔel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk’ta ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk’tik kuč-¢’uhul, nphr(aj & n/tv & ncpd/); pošil vayičil, nphr(n of n); sakil ʔakuša ¢iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil k’oš ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

gesturing: bečbon k’ob, vphr(av & n4d).

get: ta, tv; tama, tv.
get in the act: tik’ ba, rv.
get out of hand: helav ta mas, vphr(iv & prep & aj).
get up: lik, iv.
/sickness/: tam, tv.

gherkin: west indian gherkin: č’akoʔ ʔak’, nphr(n type n); č’um-teʔ č’o, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n); č’um-teʔ poš, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n); šantia č’o, nphr(n of n).

Ghost: God the Holy Ghost: rioš ʔespíritu sánto, nphr(n type nphr/n & aj/)5.

ghost: ʔanima, n1d; lahebal, n3b.
/dead person/: c’ulelal(1), n5.*
ghost of unbaptised baby: tuento, n5.*

gift: matanal, n1e; moton, n4d.
reciprocal gift: pakol, n4f.

giggling: ʔih, vih, av.

gimp: walk with a gimp: keʔ ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d).

ginger: šenšerva, n1a.*

girl: ¢eb, n1d; ¢ebal, n1a.
affectionate term of address for young girl: čin, n5.

girl-crazy: become girl-crazy /from drink/: lokoib, iv.

girlhood: ¢ebal, n4d.

give: ʔak’, tv; k’elan, tv.
cause to give way /surface of ground/: lom¢an, tv.
give a present: k’elan, tv.
give back: sutes tal, vphr(tv & dr).
give it to me!: ʔis kik, ptphr(pt & pt); ʔistik, pt; ʔistik kik, ptphr(pt & pt).
give small amount /money/: hep, tv.
give to: ʔak’be, tv.
give up: ʔikta, tv; ʔikta ba, rv; ¢ik’ ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5); čop ba, rv; kečan ba, rv; kom¢an ba, rv; komes ba, rv; ten ba, rv.
give up /drink/: kom¢an, tv.
give way: lom¢ah, iv.
give way (ground): hem¢ah, iv.
give way (leg of heavily burdened person): lu-ʔk’ih, iv.
give way (leg): luʔ ba, rv.
make give way /ground/: hem¢an, tv.

giving: giving way: hem, laʔ, luʔ, pe¢’, av.
giving way underfoot here and there: túktetúkte, av.

gizzard: buč, n1d; čoʔ, n1a.

gladiolus: common gladiolus: ʔik’-loʔan ¢ahal pino bukaro, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & aj & nphr/aj & n/); bukaro, n1d; čihal bukaro, nphr(aj & n); sakil pino bukaro, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

glans: pišalal, n1e.

glare: glare angrily: kolan sat, tv.
glare angrily out of corner of eye: nelan sat, vphr(tv & n4d).

glaring: kol, nak, nel av.
glaring angrily: pah, av.
glaring angrily (animal, person): kolet sat, vphr(av & n4d).
glaring out of corner of eye: šihihet sat, vphr(av & n4d).

glass: baso, n1a.
broken glass: voč’olil, n4f; vok’ol limete, nphr(aj & n)1e.
large glass: posvelo, n1a.
shot glass: p’is, n1d; p’isol, n4f.

glasses: nen sat, nphr(n4e of n4d).

glazed: with eyes glazed over: mayal, aj.

gleam: gleam of eyes in dark: k’ok’ sat, nphr(n1f of n4d).

gleaming: ¢’ay, lap’, nop’, sak, av.

glean: /corn, beans, squash/: k’ušk’ulah, iv; k’ušk’ulan, tv.

gleaner: hk’ušk’ul, agn.

gleanings: k’ušk’ul, n1d.

gliding: hay, lič’, av; vilet, av.
(snake): taʔaʔet, av.

glistening: leb, av.
(hair): lebel, aj.

glossy: fat and glossy (horse): č’ulet, av; t’abt’on, av.

glove: na k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d).

glow: (embers): ʔan, iv.

glowing: ʔan, ʔen, ʔup’, nop’, til, av; ʔenel, aj; nop’ol, aj.
(fire): kušul, aj.

glut: ʔet’es ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n).

glutton: /child/: pulun ¢oʔ, nphr(n of n)5.

gnarl: (arthritic hand): moč’k’ih, iv.

gnashing: hep’, p’av, av.
gnashing teeth (drunk, pig, peccary, paca, charcoal cruncher): heč’eč’et ʔe, v phr(av & n4d).

gnat: ʔus, n1e; pul-šik’ čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/5 type n)1e; val-šik’ čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/5 type n)1e.*
buffalo gnat: ʔus, n1e.
lowland and highland gnat: bel, n1a.

gnatcatcher: blue-gray gnatcatcher: ¢’inil mut, nphr(aj & n)5.
white-lored gnatcatcher: pič’ mut, nphr(x type n)5.

gnaw: /bones/: k’uš, tv.
gnaw holes in: set, tv.
gnaw silently: nul, tv.

gnawed: gnawed section (corncob): nulbenal, n4f.

gnawing: hep’, sep’, av.
(dog eating bone or ear of corn, gopher): heč’hon, av.
gnawing silently (dog eating bone): nulnon, av.

go: bat, iv.
go ahead: helav, iv.
go and return /restricted to past tense/: ʔay, iv.
go first: baʔyih, iv.
go in: ʔoč, iv.
go on: bat, iv.
go out: lok’, iv.
go out (light, fire): tup’, iv.
go too far: helav ta mas, vphr(iv & prep & aj).
go with: čiʔuk eč’el, nphr(n1b & dr).

goat: čivo, n1a.
supernatural evil goat: ten¢un, n5.

gobble: gobble up: k’otbah ʔuʔun, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

gobbling: kol, av.

God: God the Father: rioš totil, nphr(n type n)5.
God the Holy Ghost: rioš ʔespíritu sánto, nphr(n type nphr/n & aj/)5.
God the Son: rioš nič’onil, nphr(n type n)5.

god: rioš, excl.
ancestor god: totil meʔil, nphr(n3d & n3d).
creator god: hpas-balamil, agn(tv & ncpd); vašak-men, n(num & xcpd)5.*
creator god /vašak-men/, lit., heaven-maker: hpas-vinahel, agn(tv & ncpd).
tutelary god: totil meʔil, nphr(n3d & n3d).*

godchild: petbalal, n1d.
an. poss.; godchild: petomal, n1d.
man’s godchild: č’ul-č’amalil, n(aj & ncpd)3d.
woman’s godchild: č’ul-ʔolil, n(aj & ncpd)3d.

godfather: č’ul-totil, n(aj & ncpd)3d; hpetim, agn.
godfather of wedding couple and woman who substitutes for godmother: hpetom, agn.*
/term of address/: č’ul-tot, n(aj & ncpd)5.

godmother: č’ul-meʔil, n(aj & ncpd)3d.
godmother of wedding couple: nup hpetom, nphr(n4d of agn).
/term of address/: č’ul-meʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.

going: /auxiliary verb, occurring only in third person singular/: ba, iv(contr of bat).
going out suddenly (light): túp’lih, av.

goiter: veveč, n1a.

gold: ʔoro, n1e.

gold shower: k’anal ʔič’ak mut, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k’anal konkon, nphr(aj & n); muil teʔ, nphr(aj & n); ničim hsoktom, nphr(n4d of agn).

golden: ʔoro, aj.

golden eye: ʔok ne sibak, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); ¢ahal sun, nphr(aj & n); piliš, n1e; piliš ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); piliš teʔ, nphr(n type n); sakil piliš, nphr(aj & n).

Good: Good Friday: byerneš santo, nphr(n & aj)5.

good: ʔu¢, aj; lek, aj; lek, n5; lekil, aj; pino, aj.
be good at: yuʔ ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
be good at _______: lek _______, vphr(aj & tv).

good-hearted: lek ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d); lek hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d); vašet, av; yamet ʔo-ʔon, vphr(av & n4d).
become good-hearted: yam, iv.
(person): yam ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

good-natured: become good-natured (mule): manšoib, iv.
(person): manšo, aj; vašal, aj.

goodness: ʔu¢ilal, n1f; lekil, n1a; lekilal, n1a.

goose: having goose pimples: po¢, av.

goose foot: nettle-leaved goose foot: tan ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); tan ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).

gopher: hispid pocket gopher: ba, n1a.
large pocket gopher: ba, n1a.
/term of reference used lest the gophers multiply/: mentes, n1e.

gore: hul, tv; k’oh, tv.
gore person (cow): šulvan, iv.
/with one horn/: leč, tv.

gorge: homal, n1f.

gosh: /exclamation of surprise/: hʔaʔyel, excl.

gossip: č’amuhel, nphr(vn type vn)5; hʔepal-ʔe, agn(aj & ncpd); hč’am-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd); hloʔil, agn; hpuk-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd); loʔil, n1d; loʔilta, tv; loʔiltabe, tv; mašil, n1d; mašilta, tv.
an poss.; gossip about individual: ʔalel, vn1d.
gossip about: tukesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f).
spread gossip: tukes k’op, vphr(tv & n5).
spreading gossip: tuk, av; level ʔe, vphr(aj/ pred/ & n4d).

gouged: be gouged out (land) /by rivulets/: poy¢ah, iv.

gourd: ʔak’ pulun voʔ, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/); ba¢’i ¢u, nphr(aj & n); ¢oʔ kaʔ ¢u, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); ¢oʔ kaʔ hay, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)5; ¢u, n1a; č’akoʔ, n1a; muk’ta ¢u, nphr(aj & n); neneʔ ¢u, nphr(n type n); peron ¢u, nphr(n type n); suy ¢u, nphr(n type n); suy hay, nphr(n type n).
ceremonial coffee gourd: pisis boč, nphr(aj & n)1a.
deep gourd for storing tortillas: pulin voʔ, nphr(n of n)1a; pulun voʔ, nphr(n of n)1a.
gourd flower /any variety/: su, n4e.
half gourd: boč, n1a; boč, n1a. inan. poss.; sbačal.
hard gourd /used for water gourd, half gourd/: suy, n1e.
tobacco gourd: ¢ual moy, nphr(natt & n)5.
water gourd: ¢ual voʔ, nphr(natt & n)5.

gourd vine: ʔak’ ¢u, nphr(n4e of n5).

govern: /mule/: pik ʔuʔun, vphr(iv & n4d).

government: kovyerno, n5.
civil government /archaic/: hustisyaetik, agn.
government official /outside Zinacantán, extended to include government/: hyuʔel, agn.

governor: kobernarol, n5; kovyerno, n5.

grab: ¢ak, tv.
grab by the hair: ho¢be hol, vphr(tv & n4d).
grab by the legs: yakbe, tv.
/stake/: ʔik, tv.

grabbed: grabbed up: puk. av.

grabbing: ¢ak, av.

grace: ʔovlikasyon, n5; krasia, n1d.

grackle: boat-tailed grackle: bak mut, nphr(aj & n)1e.*

grade: may¢an, tv; mayk’un, tv.

gradually: k’unk’un, aj.

graft: ¢’ak, tv.
/peach trees/: ¢’akan, tv.

grain: /wood/: satil, n3c.

grains: /salt, sugar/: č’uč’ulil, n4f.

grandchild: momil, n3d.
female speech; grandchild /use restricted to plural/: mamob, n4d.

grandfather: /maternal, paternal/: muk’ta totil, nphr(aj & n)3d.

grandmother: /maternal, paternal/: muk’ta meʔil, nphr(aj & n)3d.

grape: wild grape: ¢’usub, n; veʔel ʔinatab, nphr(n of n); veʔel vokoto, nphr(n of n).

grapple: grapple with: mey baik, rv.

grass: hobel, n1d.
beard grass: ʔakan hobel, nphr(n type n)5; hobelal šalma, nphr(natt & n); peč’e-ʔok hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); sakil hobelal šalma, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).
blue-eyed grass: peč’ahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n); peč’e-ʔok nič nab, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/n of n/).
feather grass: ne čuč, nphr(n of n); ne čuč hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
gama grass: čob ʔantivo, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5); hobelal ʔavarto, nphr(natt & n); k’oš ¢ahal šimoʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); šimoʔ, n1e.
golden-eyed grass: k’anal peč’e-ʔok, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); k’anal peč’e-ʔok hobel, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); peč’ahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n); peč’e-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd); peč’e-ʔok ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); peč’e-ʔok hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
goldstar grass: veʔel čintuliʔ, nphr(n of n); ve-ʔel mut, nphr(n of n).
goose grass: ʔakan hobel, nphr(n4f of n5); kakašon hobel, nphr(n type n).
lemon grass: limon hobel, nphr(n type n); teʔ limon, nphr(n type n).
slender beard grass: ʔakan hobel, nphr(n type n)5; veʔel t’ul, nphr(n of n).
windmill grass: ʔit’iš ʔakan hobel, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); po¢-nič’ hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
witch grass: ʔoʔlol sakaton, nphr(aj & n); ba¢’i ʔakan hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); bik’it sakaton, nphr(aj & n); ¢un¢un hobel, nphr(aj & n); k’ohom hobel, nphr(n type n); muk’ta sakaton, nphr(aj & n); sakaton, n1a; sakil sakaton, nphr(aj & n).

grasshopper: lowland and highland grasshopper: p’iliš, n5.

grating: čah, av.

grave(1): become grave (illness): ¢a¢ah, iv.
become grave (quarrel, sickness, situation, crime): muk’ib, iv.
become grave (situation): ba¢’ih, iv.
/illness/: ʔip, n4f.

grave(2): č’enal, n1f; č’enal ʔanima, nphr(natt & n)5.

gravel: voč’ol ton, nphr(aj & n)1a.

gravely: /ill/: ¢o¢, aj.

gray: yašal, aj; yoš, aj.
become blue gray (sick baby’s excrement): ʔučulib, iv.
blue gray (chicken, sick baby’s excrement): ʔučul, aj.
blue gray (sheep): rošio, aj.
(horse): vayu, aj.
(smoky hill, bank): tan-mukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd).

grayness: /horse/: vayu, n4e.

graze: (bullet, machete): ¢albil-ʔeč’, iv(aj & ivcpd).
/self with knife, etc./: salk’un, tv.

grazed: be grazed /with knife/: salk’uh, iv.

grazing: sar, av; ho¢hon, av.
(horse, sheep): heč’hon, av.
strike grazing blow: sar ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

grease: hup’el, n4b; ševu, n1a.
grease and comb /hair/ (woman): t’ab, tv.

grease-stained: pik’iš, aj.

greasing: greasing and combing: t’abt’on, av.

greasy: ʔel, av.
(liquid, lard): letel, aj.

great: a great deal /money/: ta vinik, nphr(prep & n4d).

greatness: ʔu¢ilal, n1f.

grebe: pied-billed grebe: h¢ak-čoy, agn(tv & ncpd).

greedy: be greedy: pas hamparoal, vphr(tv & n5).
greedy person: hhamparo, agn.

green: yašal, aj; yoš, aj.
(wood): yašal, aj; yoš, aj.

greenbottle: yašal vo, nphr(aj & n)5.

griddle: semet, n1a.

grief: meʔanal, n1a.

grief-stricken: čopol ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5); naʔet, av.

grieve: grieve for: k’uš ta ʔoʔon, vphr(aj & prep & n4d).

grill: ho¢’ho¢’-hak’, tv(aj & tvcpd)

grimace: /starting to cry/: šuvetah, iv.

grimacing: šuv, av; šuvul, aj.
/child just before crying/: puvet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d); puvul ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).
(child making ugly face in play by stretching mouth with forefingers): liʔil, aj.
/crying/: ševet ʔe, vphr(aj & n4d).

grimy: become grimy and threadbare: loʔp’ih, iv.

grind: huč’un, iv.
grind a second time /corn/: noy, tv.
grind a third time /corn/: lae, tv; la¢omah, iv.
grind corn first time: voč’omah, iv.
grind first time /corn/: voč’, tv.
grind first time slowly /corn/ (child, sick person): kev, tv.
grind for second time /corn/: noyomah, iv.
grind hurriedly /corn/: čev, tv.
grind hurriedly first time /corn/: p’at, tv.
grind second time ineffectually (young girl): ke¢be, tv.
grind well: čames, tv.
/on metate, in mill/: huč’, tv.
/sugarcane/: pi¢’, tv.
/with meat grinder/: ¢’ot ta makina, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

grinding: hič’, kev, av.
grinding ineffectively /in sexual intercourse/: nulnon, av.
grinding second time slowly and ineffectively /corn/: vesvon, av.
grinding second time slowly and ineffectually /back and forth motion/: ke¢kon, av.
grinding slowly second time: ketkon, av.
grinding slowly second time /corn/: noynon, av.
grinding teeth EKL 255;2-14: heč’eč’et ʔe, vphr(av & n4d).
(pig’s teeth, teeth of scolding person): k’avk’on, av.

grinds: person who grinds /on metate/: hhuč’nom, agn.

grisette: ʔik’al čečev, nphr(aj & n); sakil yuy, nphr(aj & n).

gristle: č’ušuvil, n3a.
/beef/: vo¢anil, n4f; voevoeil, n4e.

groan: ʔakanah, iv.

groaning: ʔah, ʔak, av.
(stomach with gas): hububet, av.

groin: levil, n3d.

groom: hʔahnilahel, agn; hlekomahel, agn; hnupunel, agn.

grope: hač-pik, tv(tv & tvcpd).
grope for: hašašta, tv.

groping: čiv, haš, ho¢’, av.
groping blindly: kuk, av.
groping slowly: čav, av.

gropingly: walking gropingly: mut’lahet, av.

grosbeak: rose-breasted grosbeak: loro mut, nphr(n type n)1d.

ground: lumtik, n5.

ground cherry: ba¢’i čičol, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta pueul čičol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); pahal čičol, nphr(aj & n); pu¢ul čičol, nphr(aj & n)5.

groundsel: shrub groundsel: ʔič’ak mut teʔ, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); č’ulul ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
willow groundsel: ba¢’i čilkat, nphr(aj & n); čilkat, n5; k’oš čilkat, nphr(aj & n).

group: grupo, n1d.
in group: eop, pot, his, av.
large group /people/: vok’, nc.
large group /sheep, chicks, horses, cows/: tos, nc.

grow: cause to grow apart /broken bone/: tilk’un, tv. fail to grow (child who has lost mother): t’enp’- uh, iv.
(foetus): vol ba, rv.
grow a little (child): šač’šač, iv.
grow apart (broken bone): tilk’uh, iv.
grow densely (sheep’s coat): pul, iv.
grow up: č’i, iv.
grow up (person): muk’ib, iv.
grow well under one’s care (plants): nopvan, iv.
make grow /hair, penis/: ¢’ites, tv.
(plant, animal): č’i, iv.
(single hair): vičan ba, rv.
(young plant, child): ¢ak lum, vphr(tv & n5).

growing: stop growing (corn): pah¢ah, iv.

growling: č’oʔ, k’oʔ, vol, av.
growling ferociouslyV2;19: vo¢von, av.

growth: čakal, n1d.
cause growth on person (witch): voʔanbe čamel, vphr(tv & vn5).
cause hard growth /on body/: vuʔan, tv.
have large growth /voʔan, čakal/: voʔan ba, rv.
large growth /on body/: voʔan, n1a.

grub: edible wood grub: čoris, n1a.
wasp grub /ʔakov/: mum, n1a.*

gruel: corn gruel: ʔul, n1a.
corn gruel flavored with cinnamon: kanela ʔul, nphr(n type n)5.
corn gruel flavored with sugar, chili and pepper /drunk by everyone on Maundy Thursday, by players on fiesta of St. Sebastian, by stewards when counting chaplets/: pamal ʔul, nphr(natt & n)1a.
ginger-flavored corn gruel: šenšervail ʔul, nphr(natt & n)1d.

grumbling: ʔiʔ, av.

grumpily: walking about grumpily: tíʔnetíʔite hol, vphr(av & n4d).

grumpy: kap, sok, av.
be grumpy: ʔilet, av.

grunting: ʔuk, av.

Guadalupe: Lupa, n1d.

guan: crested guan: ʔik’-mut, n(aj & ncpd)5.
homed guan: tab, n5*

guard: hčabivaneh, agn; k’el, tv.
/soldier who does guard duty in front of city hall in San Cristóbal and Tuxtla/: varča, n5.

guarded: being guarded (prisoner): čabiet, av.

Guatemala: Vatimala, n5.

guava: kašlan potov, nphr(aj & n); k’oš potov, nphr(aj & n); potov, nia; totikil potov, nphr(natt & n).
wild guava: ba¢’i potov, nphr(aj & n); potov, nia; sakil potov, nphr(aj & n).

guess: yules ta hoi, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).

guffawing: /EKL258;2-13/: k’ahk’on, av.

guide: beiltas, tv; hbeiltasvaneh, agn.

guilt: mulil, n3a.*
bear another’s guilt: kučbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d).
bear guilt: mulin, tv.
share another’s guilt unjustly: makita mulil, vphr(tv & n3d).

guilty: be guilty: ta mul, vphr(tv & n4d).

guineahen weed: garlic guineahen weed: soro teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.

guitar: eleven-stringed guitar: kitara, n1a.

gullet: turum, n1d.

gullible: be gullible: č’únanč’únan, tv.

gulp: gulp down /baby chick/ (dog): ših, tv.
gulp down greedily (dog eating flesh of dead animal, child greedily eating meat): loʔ ta tiʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
gulp down greens without tortilla: vinkil-lo1ʔ, tv(x & tvepd).
gulp down hurriedly: šokon-ʔein, tv(n & ncpd).
gulp down meat without tortilla: vinkil-tiʔ, tv(x & tvcpd).

gum: blue gum: kampor, n1a.
chewing gum: čikle, n1a.

gumbolimbo: sal-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.

gunpowder: sibak, n1a.
gunpowder maker: hpas-sibak, agn(tv & ncpd).
make gunpowder: pas sibak, vphr(tv & n5).

gunsight: inan. poss.; gunsight: punto, n1e.

gurgle: bururih, iv.
(child playing with drinking water): bururin, tv.

gurgling: bur, kol, av.

gushing: buč, bur, čip, pul. av.
(water): tok’ok’et, av.

guts: bikil, n1d.
/person, caterpillar/: ¢oʔ, n1a.

guy: /male or female/: hʔaʔyel, agn.

guzzle: tošk’in, tv.
/food, water, posol/: lombe, tv.

gypsy: ʔunkaro, n5.

H

habitual: become habitual (drunkenness): meʔin, iv.
make habitual: meʔintas, tv.

hack: ¢epan, tv.

hack at: ¢’etulan, tv.
hack at sloppily /weeding with hoe/: hur ta mahel, vphr(tv ’ prep ’ vn5).
hack at sloppily /weeds or grass with billhook/: puč’ ta mahel, vphr(tv ’ prep ’ vn5).
hack at sloppily /weeds/: kulan ta mahel, vphr(tv ’ prep ’ vn5).

hackberry: loʔbol htiʔ-sip, nphr(n of agn/tv ’ ncpd/).

mexican hackberry bush: ʔit’iš čiš-teʔ ʔak’, nphr: n4f of nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n); k’oš vaš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); nukul pat teʔ, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n); sakil čiš-teʔ ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n); sakil vaš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); vaš ʔak’, nphr(x type n); vaš teʔ, nphr(x type n).

hacked: (tree, ground): ¢epkuntik, aj.

hacking: ¢ep, ¢oh, soh, av.

hail: bot, n1e.

hair: ¢a¢al, n4b; ¢o¢, n1a.
ball of hair /hair combed out by women and wadded/: ¢ukutal hol, nphr(natt & n)5.*
hair of head: holol, n3b.
/in food or drink, etc./: holol, n5.
lacking pubic hair: t’araš, aj.
lose hair: tul¢ah, iv.
pubic hair: ¢isanil, n3a; ¢on, n1d.
thick hair: ¢on, n1d.

haircut: have haircut: lok’ hol, vphr(tv & n4d).
with rough haircut: ¢ep, av; ¢epel hol, vphr(aj/ pred/ & n4d).

hairless: t’araš, aj.

half: /chicken/: hot, nc.
cut in half: šet’ahtik, aj.

half-pint: kwarta, n1a.
half-pint bottle: kwarta, n1a.

halfway: ʔoʔlol be, nphr(n of n)5.

hamlet: parahel, n1e.

hamlet-dweller: hparahel, agn.

hammer: martio, n1a.
/firearm/: martio, n1a.

hammering: bah, av.

hammertoes: with hammertoes: šetel, aj.

hand: k’abal, n4f; k’obol, n3b.
hand over: beč, tv.
hand over to: ʔak’ ʔentrokal, vphr(tv & n5).
left hand: ¢’et, n1d; surto, n1e.
right hand: ba¢’i k’obol, nphr(aj & n)3d.
scolding speech; lit., instrument for repeatedly touching one’s ass, i.e., hand: pikulanobil čak, nphr(n4f of n4d).

hand flower: k’am-šoč’, n(x & ncpd)1a.

hand-forged: tenbalal, aj.

handful: in handful: mič’, av; mič’il, aj.
lie in handful: mič’i, iv.
set down in handful: mič’an, tv.
with handful: k’et, av.

handing: beč, av.

handle: čikinil, n3b.
/hoe, axe, spoon/: ʔokol, n3b.
top handle /harp/: nam-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd)1e.

handprint: ʔav k’obol, nphr(n4f of n3d).

handsome: leklek ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn).

handspan: measure by handspans č’išta, tv.
measure by handspans /meat, wedding cake, clothes/: č’iša, tv.

hang: hok’an, tv.
(¢’uh ton from tree, wasp nest, growth on sheep suffering swellhead): t’uyan ba, rv.
/door/: nakan, tv.
(goiter): t’uy¢ah, iv.
hang around waiting to be offered food /in another person’s house/: k’el ʔeal, vphr(tv & n5).
hang by the arms (person, monkey, yalem bek’et, ¢’uh ton/stone that is believed to hang from trees during severe norther/): likan ba, rv.
hang down (folded top of pants or skirt): ves¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
hang down in abundance (fruit, meat from smoke pole): lisan ba, rv.
hang down in clusters: lis¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
hang down lower (wasp nest, squash): t’uyk’ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr); t’uyk’in ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr).
hang from: hok’an ba, rv; hok’i, iv.
hang from /branch/: hipan ba, rv.
hang from shoulder /shoulder bag, shotgun/: help’un, tv.
hang heavily (rain cloud): likan ba, rv.
hang in strings (seed corn from rafters): čohi, iv.
hang loosely (broken wrist): mahk’uh, iv.
hang on wall: pak’, tv.
hang over: k’atan, tv.
hang up: hipan, tv; hok’an, tv; vitan, tv.
hang up /bananas/: vohan, tv.
hang up large quantity of /meat, clothes, ears of corn/: lisan, tv.
/net filled with objects/: t’uyan, tv.
/person to cause death or to extort confession/: hipan, tv.
(testicles, breasts): vehi, iv.

hanging: hok’, lik, av; ¢oyol, aj; hipil, aj; hok’ol, aj.
be hanging (net filled with objects): t’uyi, iv.
be hanging by the arms (person, monkey, yalem bek’et): liki, iv.
(breasts, testicles): vehlahet, av.
hanging around: k’al, nap’, av; nap’al, aj.
hanging by a thread (branch): likil, aj.
hanging down: čoh, vih, av.
hanging down (mucous, spit): kilil, aj; vihil, aj.
hanging down in abundance (fruit, meat, clothes, ears of corn): lisil, aj.
hanging down over eyes (hair): tinil, aj.
hanging in cluster (bees): ¢’uyul, aj.
hanging in clusters (nits in hair, mud or sheep wool): lisil, aj.
hanging ominously (cloud): likil, aj.
hanging on wall (picture): pak’al, aj.
hanging out: bet’, leh, av.
hanging out (tongue of rabid dog or dead rabbit): tasal, aj.
hanging over: k’atal, aj.
(meat): hekel(2), aj.
(net filled with objects, wasp nest): t’uyul, aj.
(single fruit, scrotum): vitil, aj.
strike hanging pair of /fruit/: veh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
with lame leg hanging limply: likoh, aj.

hangman: hhipanvaneh, agn; hhok’anvaneh, agn.

hangnail: have hangnail: val¢ah, iv; vali, iv; vel¢ah, iv.

hank: tomol, n4f.

hanker: hanker after: tuč’em ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ &
n4d).

hanks: make into hanks: čoh, tv.

happen: k’ot, iv; k’ot ta lok’el, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep &
vn5); ta, tv.

happy: k’ak’, pat, av; hun ʔoʔon, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d); kontento, aj.
be happy: ʔalbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d); ¢a¢ubtas, tv.
be happy about: lek ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv).
feel happy: hun ʔoʔon ʔaʔi, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d / / tv).

hard: ¢o¢, aj.
(banana that will not ripen, penis): teʔ-einan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd).
become hard (hoed ground): pak’ ba, rv.
become hard (work): ba¢’ih, iv.
(fruit that will not ripen): tonahtik, aj.
(ground): ¢inil, aj.
(lowland kačimpa tree that resists axe blade): sot’son, av.
(wood that grips axe head): teč’ton, av.

hard-boiled: become hard-boiled (eggs): ʔeč’om-taʔah, iv(aj & ivcpd).
(egg): ʔeč’om tok’on, ajphr(aj & aj).

hard-skinned: (cushaw, beans): teʔ-pat, n(aj & ncpd)5.
(nearly full-grown squash): lič’ič’, aj.

harden: (banana, mamey sapote): ton ba, rv.
(bananas or mamey sapotes): tonan ba, rv.
(blood, mud): pič’ ba, rv.
(fruit, adobe): ¢in ba, rv.
(ground): ¢a¢ub, iv.
harden and flake off (skin disease): ʔesomah, iv.

hardening: (beans that do not become soft when boiled):
tonlahet, av.

hardly: naka, pt.

hardship: vokolil, n3a.

harelip: person with harelip: šel, n5.
walking with harelip: šelet niʔ, vphr(av & n4d).

harelipped: šelel, aj; šet’el, aj.*

harm: ʔut, tv.
harm person (new house that has not received
offering): tiʔvan, iv.

harmed: be harmed: pas, tv.

harmonica: musika, n1d.

harness: harness and load /horse/: čap, tv.

harp: /eighteen string/: ʔarpa, n1a.

harvest: /corn/: k’ahav, iv; k’ahoh, n1d.
harvest corn: k’ah, tv.
harvest rapidly: heč ta ʔanil, vphr(tv & prep & n5).
/honey/: ho¢’, tv.
/kidney beans/: bul, tv.
/potatoes, chayote root, soaproot/: hok’, tv.

harvester: /corn/: hk’ahavel, agn; hk’ahom, agn.

has: has been: to ʔ0š, ptphr(pt & pt).

hastily: kilil mahal, ajphr(aj & aj).

hat: pišalal, n1e; pišol, n4b.
black and white palm strip on hat: pintero, n1a.
black felt hat /worn by ensign-bearers, elders, cantors, judge ordinary, carried by bridegroom/: ʔik’al pisalal, nphr(aj & n)1a.
hat decorated with peacock feather /worn by incoming and outgoing ensign-bearers/: k’uk’umal pišalal, nphr(n type n)5.
rain hat: na pišalal, nphr(n1f of n3d).
rubberized or plastic rain hat: poro, n1a.

hatch: vok’es, tv.
(birds, cockroach): vok’. iv.

hatchet: ʔek’el, n1a.

hate: ʔoy k’ak’al ʔoʔon, vphr(n/pred/ & nphr/n1f of
n4d/).

hatless: bah, mole, pis, pit, p’oʔ, sal, torn, torn, voʔ, vol, av; salal, aj;
t’aht’ah, aj; t’omol, aj; volvol, aj.
be hatless (boy): voʔi, iv.
(boy): voʔol, aj.
walking about hatless: t’áštet’ášte, av.
walking hatless or dumbly: vanvon hol, vphr(av & dr); vatvon hol, vphr(av & n4d).

hatred: k’ak’al ʔoʔonil, nphr(n1f of n3d).
arouse hatred: ʔak’ k’ak’al ʔoʔon, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/).
person filled with hatred: hk’ak’al-ʔoʔon, agn(aj & ncpd).

haughty: be haughty: toy ba, rv.

haul: kuč, tv.

have: ʔoy ʔuʔun, nphr(n5 of n4d).
have all that one desires: p’ah ba, rv.
have been: to ʔoš, ptphr(pt & pt).
have to have: tuʔun, tv.

hawk: cooper hawk: sararin šik, nphr(aj & ncpd)5.*
/general term/: šik, n1d.
gray hawk: himič’ šik, nphr(n type n)5.’
sharp-shinned hawk: himič’ šik, nphr(n type n)5.*
sparrow hawk: liklik, n5.*

hawking: hak. av.

hawthorn: bik’it k’at’iš, nphr(aj & n); eahal sihom k’at’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); č’is(1), n5; k’anal k’at’iš, nphr(aj & n); k’anal sihom k’at’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); k’at’iš, n1a; k’os k’anal sihom k’at’iš, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); muk’ta ¢ahal k’at’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta k’anal
k’at’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

haze: ʔuč, n1e.

hazy: (smoke): vayutik, aj.

head: holol, n3b.
back of head: pat holol, nphr(n1f of n3d).
be able to lift head (sick baby): toy sat, vphr(tv & n4d).
begin to head (cabbage): voč ba, rv; vočan, tv; vočan ba, rv; voč¢ah, iv.
beginning to head (cabbage): vočol, aj.
(cabbage): holin, iv.
head of bed: hol tern, nphr(n of n)5.
head of table /during ceremony/: hol meša, nphr(n of n)5.
head of table /during ritual meal/: ba meša, nphr(n1f of n1d).
/nail/: pišalal, n1e.
stand on head: ¢’uki, iv.
with frontally depressed head: pa¢’, av; pa¢’-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5.
with head down (fallen drunk): ¢’ukul, aj.

headache: k’uš holol, nphr(aj & n)5.
give person a headache /sick person/: k’ušubtasbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d).
have headache: tiʔetah hol, vphr(iv & n4d).
suffering splitting headache: vok’ok’et hoi, vphr(av & n4d).

headcloth: /cotton or woolen cloth folded and placed on the head for protection against the sun/: kah holol, nphr(n1f of n3d).

headdress: braided headdress /worn by bride, wedding godmother, candle bearer and kaʔbenal, worn around waist by k’uk’ul čon/: čuk halal, nphr(n of n)1a.
braided headdress /worn by bride, wedding godmother, candle bearer, and kaʔbenal, worn around waist by k’uk’ul čon/: čuk’ halal, nphr(n of n)1a.

headed: not headed (cabbage): he¢el, aj.

headless: k’okol čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

headstall: horse’s headstall: šakima, n1e.

headwaters: ni-nab, n(n/contr of niʔ/ & ncpd)1f.

heal: (wound): ¢epenah, iv.

healthy: k’ak’, av; hakem čamel, nphr(aj & vn)5; hapem čamel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5); k’ok’, aj.
become healthy: k’ak’ah, iv.
(person) /rosy-cheeked/: k’ak’al, aj.

heap: be in heap (corn, earth, stones, fruit): toki, iv.
in heap (corn, wood, earth, stones, fruit): tokol, aj.
sit in heap (child): vu¢an ba, rv.
sit in heap (excrement): vu¢i, iv.

heaping: bos, av; bosol, aj.
(bowlful): toket, av.

hear: ʔaʔi, tv.
hear of: ʔaʔi, tv.
hear together: koʔol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv/3p/).

heard: be heard: vinah, iv.

hearsay: loʔil, n1d.

heart: /palm/: holol, n3b.
(palm, maguey): tomal, n1f.
/person, animal, tree/: oʔonil, n3b.
/tree/: yol, n4f.

heartburn: k’ak’-nuk’, n(aj & ncpd)5; k’ak’-nuk’ul, n(aj & ncpd)1d.

iearthstone: yoket, n1a.
main hearthstone /it is never moved/: meʔ yoket, nphr(n1f of n1d).

heat: k’išnal, n4f.
/metal/: k’ak’ubtas, tv.

heated: k’išin, av.
become heated (argument): ¢an, iv; ¢anub, iv.
make heated /argument/: ¢an, tv.

heave: have chest heave /from constant vomiting/: tok’¢ah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d); tok’lih ʔo-ʔon, vphr(iv & n4d).
heave chest /from constant vomiting/: tok’¢an ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d); tok’lin ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d).

heaven: vinahel, vn5.

heavily-fruited: čihil, aj; čihleh, n4f.

heaving: (mule): taston, av.
(stomach and chest of dying person): yak’yon, av.

heavy: ʔol, aj.
be heavy (child)/older child who demands to be carried/: ʔak’ ʔika¢il, vphr(tv & n3d).
be heavy with fruit: lini, iv.
become heavy: ʔalub, iv.
(forest): muk’tik_____, nphr(aj & n)1e.
heavy with fruit: linil, aj.
make heavy: ʔalubtas, tv.
(undergrowth): pimil, aj.
(undergrowth, frost, forest, cloth): pirn, aj.

heavy-bellied: (pregnant ewe, mare or woman): liket č’ut, vphr(av & n4d).

heavy-hearted: tonet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).
approaching heavy-hearted: tomom tal ʔoʔon, vphr(av & dr & n4d).

heavy-lidded: mik’, av; mayel, aj; mik’il, aj.
become heavy-lidded (eyes): mayetah, iv.
/eyes with death/: mayk’uh, iv.
(eyes): leʔlon, av.

heddle: heddle rod: ʔolinab teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.

hedgehog: hedgehog gall: čihal ʔanal teʔ, nphr(natt & nphr/n4d of n5/).

heed: ʔaʔi, tv; ʔaʔibe melol, vphr(tv & n4f); ʔak’ ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & prep & n4d); ʔak’ ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & n5); ʔič’ ta muk’, vphr(tv & prep & aj); ʔoʔonin, tv; ʔoʔonta, tv.

heel: čak ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d).
/foot, sandal/: ʔakil, n3e.

heifer: besero, n1d.

height: toyleh, n4f.
/of very tall object or mountain/: tayleh, n4f.
/person, sun/: natil, n4b.

held: be held (funeral): yuʔ, iv(3s).
be held up (order, letter): mak ta be, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n5).
held in clothes against body: čupul, aj.

heliotrope: wild heliotrope: ʔalavena ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); sakil malva, nphr(aj & n).

hell: ʔimpyerno, n5; k’atin-bak, vn(tv & ncpd)5; k’ok’, n1d.
/exclamation of annoyance or surprise/: kavron, excl.

help: ʔič’ ta k’uč, vphr(tv & prep & aj); kolta, tv; kolta ba, rv.
help each other /in carrying heavy load requiring many people/: šik’an baik, rv.

helper: hkoltaob-ba, agn(n & rpncpd)1d; hkoltaob-bail, agn(n & rpncpd)1d; koltaob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)1d.
/generally refers to those who help official work his corn fields/: koltaob-ba, n(n & rpnpcd)1d.

hem: tiʔil, n1f.

hemmed: hemmed in (path between cliffs): la¢’la¢’, aj; lo¢’lo¢’, aj.
hemmed in (short plot of land between cliffs and river): č’ikil, aj.

hen: meʔ ʔalak’ nphr(n4d of n4d); meʔ kašlan, nphr(n type n)5.
hen with chicks: meʔ č’ekč’ek, nphr(n1d of n1d).
setting hen: hpatlom, agn.

hencquen: henequen fiber: či, n1a.

henpecked: /dominated by women/: ʔalkaveta, aj.

herb: medicinal herb: pošsilin, n4d.

herd: /animals/: mak, tv.
herd together /cows/: koʔol-ʔik’, tv(aj & tvcpd).
large herd /cows/: vok’, nc.
/sheep/: čabi, tv.
/sheep, horses/: laman, tv.

herding: mak, av; čabiet, av.
______herding /sheep, goat, pig/: čabieh______, vn(vn & ncpd)5.

here: liʔ, aj.
right here: liʔ to, ajphr(aj & pt).

hermaphrodite: ¢iklan, n5.

hermaphroditic: čaʔ-koh, aj(num & nccpd).

hermitage: /Chapel of Lord Esquipulas in Htek-lum/: ʔaxvensa, n5.

hernia: have hernia: veh¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr); vehean ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr).
infant hernia /attributed to mother’s eating “cold” foods/: kohonil, n3d.*

herringbone: herringbone design on brim of net: bakel čoy, nphr(n of n)5.

herself: bail, rpn3b.

hesitantly: mač, av.

hew: /beam/: ʔan, tv.

hewer: hʔan-teʔ, agn(tv & ncpd).

hibiscus: ¢ahal kampana, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal kampana ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

hiccup: šuk’šuk’, onom.

hiccupping: suk’šon, av.

hidden: suk, av; mukul, aj.
/in clouds/: volol, aj.
(person, object): nak’al, aj.

hide: nak\ tv; nak’ ba, rv.
hide in house: mak ba ta na, vphr(rv & prep & n5).
hide under /blanket, rock/: tenu, tv.
/in weeds/: suk, tv.

hiding: lu¢’, av; pak’al, aj.
hiding things: nak’non, av.
/in underbrush or vines/: kakal, aj.

high: (building, price): toyol, aj.
high ground: t’inav, n4f; t’inav ʔosil, nphr(n of n)5.
(mountain): nat, aj.

high-priced: low and high-priced: yalel toyol, ajphr(aj & aj).

highway: muk’ta be, nphr(aj & n5).

highwayman: hmak-be, agn(tv & ncpd).

hiking: /pants/: nitnon, av.

hill: vi¢, n1e.
/potatoes, cabbage, corn/: lumta, tv.

hillocks: with hillocks: t’okt’ok, aj.

hilltop: ba ʔosil, nphr(n1f of n1d).

hilly: buhahtik, aj.

hilum: /bean/: yol, n4f.

himself: bail, rpn3b.

hip: ʔoʔil, n3d.

hipbone: bakel čak, nphr (n4f of n4d); kubil, n3d; tenav čakil, nphrfnlf of n3d).

hire: hire self out as a servant (maid): čon ba, rv.

hired: (laborer): tohomal, aj.

hissing: ʔis, ¢ok\ cir, čuš, kes, pus, vis, av.
(air escaping from tire): vususet, av.
(gas escaping from stomach of slaughtered animal): vušušet, av.
hissing suddenly (flatus, cushion): vú¢lih, av.
hissing suddenly (water poured on hot rocks): ¢óhlih, av.

hit: mah, tv.
(bullet, machete): ¢ak, tv.
hit and cause to swing back and forth /fruit/: tuč ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
hit with slingshot pellet: t’anbe, tv.

hitting: hitting suddenly /forehead/: t’íhluh, av.

hoard: ¢’in, tv.
hoard of money: minaš, n1a.

hoarse: ronka, aj.

hobble: manya, n1d.
(person who has broken leg and is taking first steps): č’am-tek’ih, iv.

hobbling: ham, hel, net, luk, šet, av; ševšon čak, vphr(av & n4d).
(dog hit by car): šovovet, av.
hobbling with twisted (leg): mečmon, av.

hoe: vok’ ʔosil, vphr(tv & n5).
grub hoe: ʔasaluna, n1a.
hoe completely: lilin, tv.
hoe entire field: t’ab¢ah, iv.
hoe up /weeds/: leč, tv.
hoe with pick at one end /used formerly/: piko ʔasaluna, nphr(n type n)5.
/leaving no rows untilled/: mel-vok’, tv(aj & tvcpd).

hoed: vok’ahtik, aj.
hoed in broad swatch: lebel, aj; t’abal, aj.
newly hoed: vok’balal, aj.

hoeing: pak’, av; čob, vn5.
hoeing randomly: č’otet, av.
(plu): vok’lahet, av.
suitable for hoeing: vok’balal, aj.

hoer: hvok’-ʔosil, agn(tv & ncpd).

hog plum: ʔat čitom poʔon, nphr: nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5) type n; ba¢’i poʔon, nphr(aj & n); hovos, n5; k’anal poʔon, nphr(aj & n); poʔon, n1a; te-ʔtikal poʔon, nphr(natt & n); yasal poion, nphr(aj & n).

hold: /basket, bowl/: leč, tv; pač, tv.
/handful/: k’et, tv.
hold aloft /banner, torch, candle, rifle, flashlight/:hap, tv.
hold between legs: lo¢’ tv.
hold child during baptism: petomah, iv.
hold dangling in fingers: vit, tv.
hold firmly /butt of rifle against shoulder/: nakan, tv.
hold flat object face up in one or both hands: pec, tv.
hold in armpit or under arm: lo¢’op’in, tv.
hold in both hands /bunch of flowers, weeds, pine tips, corn stubble, thatch/: yom, tv.
hold in hand /staff, hoe, tortilla, spoon/: torn, tv.
hold in one’s lap: pet, tv.
hold in tunic: hop, tv.
hold on to: ¢ak, tv.
hold under arm: la¢’, tv.
hold up: ʔik, tv; ʔikbe, tv; hap, tv.
hold wide-brimmed container in one or both hands /bowl, basket, half gourd/: peč, tv.
hold with pot holder /corn husk/: poč, tv.
/in teeth or beak/: ka¢’, tv.

holding: torn, av.
holding at arm’s length on stick /snake/: p’ičet ta te9, vphr(av&prep&n5).
holding high: hap, av.
holding in one’s arms or hands: hop, av.
holding in one’s arms or lap: pet, av.
holding in one’s teeth: ka¢’, av.

bole: ¢’ap, nc; č’en, n1a; č’ohbenal, n1f; vombenal, n4f.
/memela/: satil, n3c.
sound hole /fiddle, guitar, harp/: satil, n3c.
with hole: vomol, aj.
worm hole /sugarcane worm/: na čon, nphr(n of n)5.

holes: become filled with holes (clothes): vom¢ah, iv.

holiday: k’in, n1a.*

hollow: kaʔavil, n3d.
(cave, tree trunk, burrow): puhul, aj.
hollow out /cliff, bank/: puh¢an ʔočel, vphr(tv&dr).
hollow out /hole under tree/ (pig): kuh¢an, tv.
hollow out in many places /cliff, bank/: puh¢anan očel, vphr(tv&dr).
hollow sound: loin, av.
hollow tree: puh-ʔut teʔ, nphr(n/aj&ncpd/ type n)5.
hollow tree or log: hom teʔ, nphr(n type n)5.
(tortilla): pu¢ul, aj.
(tree): kuhkuh, aj.

hollowed: be hollowed out: kuh¢ah. iv.
hollowed out: č’enč’en, aj.

hollowness: /worm-eaten corn or beans/: čilopal, n1f.

holly: summer holly: ʔit’iš ʔon teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/).

holster: na pistola, nphr(n1f of n1d).

Holy: God the Holy Ghost: rioš ʔespíritu sánto, nphrin type nphr/n&aj/)5.
Holy Week: kušel, vn5.
the Holy Sacrament /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik Sakramentu, agn: nphr(n/aj&ncpd/ type n)5.

holy: č’ul-______, aj(aj&ncpd); haral, aj.
holy water: ¢’uiltasbil voʔ, nphr(aj&n)5.

home: na, n1a; nail, n1e.
at home: nakal, aj.
at home /Voʔ-bi¢/.: lubul, aj.
be at home: naketah, iv.

homeless: homeless person who begs food from house to house: hporištéro, agn.

homosexual: čaʔ-koh, aj(num&nccpd); tu¢(2), n5; tuein, aj.
have homosexual relations with /man/: čaʔ-kuc, tv(num&tvepd).

honest: tuk’(2), aj.
become honest: tuk’ib, iv. honest talk: tuk’il k’op, nphr(aj&n5).

honesty: tuk’il, n4e.

honey: ʔaha-pom, n(n type ncpd)1a.*

honey-gatherer: hsaʔ ʔaha-pom, agn: vphr(tv&n/n&ncpd/cpd)5.

honeycomb: muk’ta pom, nphr(aj&n)5.

honking: pi, av.

honor: p’is ta vinik, vphr(tv&prep&n5).

hoof: /an. poss. restricted to third person/: voy, n1d.

hook: hiplebal, n3d; hok’leb, n1f.
fish hook: ¢akob čoy, nphr(n1f of n5).
/for hanging nets, machetes or hats/: lukuč ten, nphr(n type n)1a.

hooked (nose): kotkot, aj.

hoop: karos, n1a.

hoot: ʔavan, iv.

hooting: ʔuh, hu, huh, av.
(blue-crowned motmot, mexican trogon, citreoline trogon): kulkon, av.
(blue-crowned motmot, russet-crowned motmot): ruron, av.
(motmot): kurkon, av.
(screech owl): kuškon, av.

hop: (buzzard): lut’lonah, iv.
hop first on one foot, then the other /dance of captain or angel/: helulan ʔok, vphr(tv / / n).
hop on one foot: koškonih, iv.
hop on one foot (child): toyilan čak, vphr(tv&n4d).

hopping: ¢ub, k’uh, lit’, lub, lut’ šok’ tiv, av.

hopseed: bush clammy hopseed bush: bak niʔ teʔ, nphr(nphr/ aj&n/) type n; bak teʔ, nphr(aj&n)5; sakil bak teʔ, nphr(aj&nphr/aj&n/); šulal na, nphr(natt&n).

horn: /cow, sheep, goat/: šulub, n5.*

horn: of plenty: ʔat buro čon, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); ʔik’al pila, nphr(aj&n).

hornbeam: hop hornbeam: ¢utuh teʔ, nphr(x type n)5; sakil ¢’utuh teʔ, nphr(aj&nphr/x type n/).

hornless: voʔ, av; voʔvoʔ, aj.
(ram, cow): p’oʔ-hol, n(aj&ncpd)5; volvol, aj.

hornworm: buluk’ sat, nphr(x&n)5.*

horrible: sihil, aj; sil, aj.
be horrible: sihil ʔelan, vphr(aj&iv/3s/); sil ʔelan, vphr(aj&iv/3s/).

horrified: be horrified: ʔibah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv&n4d); čopol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj&tv).

horse: kaʔ, n1a.
race horse: hʔanilahel kaʔ, nphr(agn type n5).

horsefly: koč, n1e.

horseradish: tree hasinto teʔ, nphr(n type n).

horseshoe: šonob kaʔ, nphr(n4f of n1d).

hospital: respital, n5.

hostile: carry out hostile action against: lok’esbe, tv.
/when many creditors come to ask for money/ (plu): tiʔlahetik, av.

hot: laš, pus, av; k’ak’al, aj; k’ok’, aj.
“too hot” /coca cola/: k’ok’, aj.
become hot: k’ak’ub, iv.
become hot (overcooked mustard greens): yaub, iv.
(chili, onion, garlic, radish, black sapote, earwig eaten inadvertently when eating infested tortillas): ya, aj.(food): yail, aj.
/food, medicine, illness/: k’išin, aj.
red hot (spit): k’ak’-earan, aj(aj & Ucpd).
too hot: k’ok’, aj.

hour: ʔora, n1a.

house: na, n1a; nail, n1e.
adobe house: šamital na, nphr(natt & n)5.
ceremony for the completion of a new house: č’ul-kantela, n(aj & ncpd)5.
dedicate new house: ʔoč kantela na, vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n4e of n5/); ʔoč limušna na, vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n4e of n1d/).
hip-roofed house: čukal na, nphr(natt & n)5; vakaš na, nphr(n type n)1d.
hold ceremony for new house: toy na, vphr(tv & n4d).
house with board or pole walls lashed together by vines: hit’bil na, nphr(aj & n)5.
house with opening under eaves: koykoy na, nphr(aj & n)5.
palm-thatched house: šanil na, nphr(natt & n)5.
priest’s house: na pale, nphr(n4f of n5).
reside in house of another person: nain, tv.
ridgepole; ceremony held by house owner when the walls are completed and the ridgepole is in place: hol čuk, nphr(n of n)5.
shingle-roofed house: k’albil teʔal na, nphr(nphr/aj & natt/ type n)5.
thatch-roofed house: hobelal na, nphr(natt & n)5.
tile-roofed house: tešail na, nphr(natt & n)5.
wattle and daub house: pak’bal na, nphr(n type n)5.
wattle house lacking mud: koykoy na, nphr(aj & n)5.

housebreaker: hvok’vaneh ta na, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/).

how: how can it be?: k’u čaʔal, pt & pt.
how come?: k’u čaʔal, ptphr(pt & pt).
how many?: hay _____, n(num & nccpd)1e; hayib, n1e; k’u ʔepal, nphr(pt & n4f).
how much?: k’u ʔepal, nphr(pt & n4f).
how?: k’u čaʔal, pt & pt.
informal greeting; how is it?: k’u ši, vphr(pt & iv).

however: however many: hayib, n1e.

howl: (child): meʔanah-ʔok’, vphr(iv & ivcpd).
(coyote): ʔavan, iv.

howling: ʔav, ʔok’, ʔuʔ, his, k’eʔ, k’ek’, nek’, av.
(coyotes): vavlahet, av.

huddle: moč’an ba, rv.
huddle with arms pressed to body (person) /squatting/: lot’an ba, rv; lot’i, iv.
/in sleep/: muči, iv.
/sitting/: ¢uman ba, rv.

huddled: moč’, muč, muč, av.
be huddled over (sick person): ¢avi, iv.
huddled over: moč, av.
huddled up: vo¢ol, aj.
huddled with arms pressed to body (person): lot’ol, aj.
sit huddled: vo¢etah, iv.

huddling: kit’, mu¢, av.

huffing: vos, av.

hug: mey, tv.
hug to body /arms/: mu¢, tv.

huge: become huge (stomach of child or pregnant woman): vus¢ah, iv.*
huge and round (log): vatvat, aj.

huipil: black woolen huipil /worn by woman at weddings or in any ceremonial capacity/: čilil, n3a.
ceremonial huipil: ʔik’al k’uʔul, nphr(aj & n)1a.
worn by candle-bearers on Lenten Fridays, Wednesday of Holy Week, Maundy Thursday, and Good Friday/: sela k’u?ul, nphr(n type n)3d.

Huistán: Vistan, n5.

Huistec: Visteko, n5.

human: assume human form: pas ta kriščano, vphr(tv & prep & n5).
human being: kriščano, n5.

humble: yo, aj.*

humid: become humid: yašub, iv.
become humid (earth): yal yašal, vphr(iv & n4f).
(earth): yašal, aj; yoš, aj.
make humid: yašubtas, tv.

humming: hi¢’, av.
/restricted to children, i is nasalized/: hihon, av.

humped: become more humped (hump of brahman): vuh¢ah, iv.

hunchbacked: p’us, av; p’usul, aj.
be hunchbacked (person): p’usi, iv.

hunched: hunched over: t’inil, aj.
hunched over (person): p’usul, aj.

hundred: syen, n1e; voʔ-vinik, n(num & numcpd)1e.

hung: hung from (Christ on cross): hipil, aj.
hung up: hok’ol, aj.

hunger: viʔnal, n1a.
feeling gnawing hunger: biet viʔnal, vphr(av & n5).
feeling hunger pangs: k’ut, av.

hungry: mač’, mič’. av.
be hungry: veʔ, iv; viʔnah, iv.
keep hungry /by depriving of food/: viʔnahes, tv.

hunt: hunt down murderer or eloped girl: pašiyanvan, iv.
hunt lazily: pašetah, iv.

hunter: hpašyal, agn; htuk’avil, agn.

hunting: pašy, av; tuk’avil, n5.
go hunting: bat ta pašyal, vphr(iv & prep & n5); pašyah, iv; pašyan, tv.
hunting dog: h¢akol, agn.

hurl: hurl to the ground /person/: him yalel, vphr(tv & dr).

hurricane: ʔik’al voʔ, nphr(natt & n)5.

hurriedly: _____ hurriedly and carelessly: vovil _____, tv(aj & tvepd).

hurry: hak ʔok, vphr(tv // n); nikah, iv; nikniktik, iv; sabah, iv; sobah, iv; suh, iv; suh ba, rv.
hurry up: suh, tv; suhsuh, tv(impv).
hurry up and _____: naka me _____, nphr(pt & pt & vn5).
make hurry: suh, tv.
telling others to hurry up: suhson, av.

hurrying: ʔanilaheb, n4d.

hurt: k’uš ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv); k’ušub, iv.
be deeply hurt: k’uš ta rioš, vphr(aj & prep & n5).
be hurt by: čopol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv).
begin to hurt: k’ušub, iv.
feel hurt: yan ba ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & rpn/3s/ & tv).
get hurt: lah, iv.

hurtle: (cow, bull): vilomah, iv.

husband: malalil, n3d; mol, n1d; molal, n4d.
an. poss.; husband: vinikal, n1d.

husk: čoʔ, tv; k’al, tv.
corn husk: hohoč’, n1e.*

hut: hut used in lowlands: leče-pat, n(aj & ncpd)1d; leče-pat na, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

Hyades: Hyades; theta 1 and 2, 70, 71, 75, and 79 of Taurus: šonob, n5.

hybrid: ʔivriro, aj.

hypomyces: red hypomyces: čakat’ob, n1d; pišol kelem, nphr(n of n).

I

ice: bot, n1e; taiv, n1e.

identical: koʔol, aj.
be identical: koʔolah, iv.
identical object: čiʔilil, n3d.

identify: p’eh¢an, tv.

Idle: počan, aj.
leave idle during first grinding /metate/: kev¢an, tv.
(metate): kevel, aj.
sit idle during first grinding (corn dough, metate): kevi, iv.
sit idle during second grinding (metate): ke¢i, iv; keti, iv.
sitting idle during second grinding (metate): ke¢el, aj; ketel, aj.

idling: poč, av.

idly: tom, av.
live idly: poč, av.
stand idly: velan ba, rv.
walk idly: leʔ ba, rv.

if: mi, pt.
/condition contrary to fact/: ʔuʔnuk, n4f(contr of ʔuʔun).
even if: ʔipuk, pt.
if it is because: tiʔn, pt(contr of ti & yuʔun).
if it weren’t that: mančuk, pt.
only if: haʔ noš kwenta, nphr(pt &/pt contr of no & ʔoš/ & n5).

ignore: /wife’s love affairs/: č’ay ta č’en sat, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n4d).

iguana: ʔik’al ʔinatab, nphr(aj & n)5; yašal ʔinatab, nphr(aj & n)5.

iguana: /general term/: ʔinatab, n1a.*

ilama: papausa, n1a.

ilium: /chicken/: poh čak, nphr(n4f of n4d).

ill: chronically ill: ¢’ih¢’on ta čamel, vphr(av & prep & vn5).
feel ill: čam, iv.
feel ill at ease: yan ʔelan ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & tv).

illadvised: do something illadvised: pas sonsoal, vphr(tv & n5).

ill-omen: animal of ill-omen: hpay-čamel, agn(tv & vncpd).

ill-tempered: čopol ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5); pukuh, aj.

illegitimate: ¢eobbalal, aj.
(child): ʔaboltabil, aj; ¢obbil, aj.
have illegitimate child (woman): ¢ob ʔol, vphr(tv / / n); k’ušk’ulta, tv(aj & ncpd); tabolta, tv.
illegitimate child: hʔak’ben-čamel, agn(n & vncpd).

illicit: decide to do something illicit /elope/: lik hol, vphr(iv & n4d).

illness: sudden fatal illness: ʔanil čamel, nphr(n type vn)5.

image: ritual speech, prayer; image: lok’ol, n1f.
spitting image: češleh, n4d; čevleh(1), n4d.
spitting image of: češel(2), n4d; čevel, n4d.

imagine: ¢uk, tv.

imitate: čanbe, tv.

immediately: kahkah, pt.

immobile: become mute and immobile: pum¢ah, iv.
dehydrated and immobile (drunk, sick child): taki-havan, aj(aj & Pcpd).
/face up, on side/: taʔal, aj.
(foetus that won’t descend): teʔ-¢inan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd).
(patient): taʔton, av.
stretched out and immobile (large snake): pumul, aj.

impaled: be impaled: šoh ba, tv; šohi, iv.
(foot on stick): šohol, aj.

impasse: /in dispute/: t’išebal ta be, nphr(n & prep & n)5.

impenetrable: make impenetrable /fence/: pimubtas, tv.

impersonate: lok’ta, tv; lok’tavan, iv.

implicate: tilesbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d).

import: /sickness/ (witch): kuy tal, vphr(tv & dr).

important: lek, aj.
important object or person: htunel, agn.

imported: tanhero, aj.

impossible: čopol, aj.

impotent: render impotent /man/: sikubtas, tv.

impounded: be impounded (river): yuk’ ba, rv.

impoverish: meʔantas, tv.
(sickness): salan, tv.

impoverished: ¢akal, aj; ¢albil, aj.
be impoverished: salk’uh, iv.

impregnate: /woman/: t’okanbe ʔol, vphr(tv&n4d); t’ukanbe ʔol, vphr(tv & n4d).

impress: impress footprint on /fresh adobe/: po¢’¢an komel, vphr(tv & dr).

impressed: (footprint): po¢’olik, aj.
(footprints in mud): šamahtik, aj.

imprison: čuk, tv.

imprisonment: ¢akel, n1d.

improperly: kilil mahal, ajphr(aj & aj).

improve: lekubtas, tv.
(work, working ability): lekub, iv.

imprudently: šilim, aj.

in: k’al, pt; t, prep(contr of ta); ta, prep.

inattentive: be inattentive: č’ay-satih, iv(iv & ncpd); č’ay sat, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

incapable: be incapable: yuʔtik, iv.

incapacitate: me¢’ta, tv.*
incapacitate person by magic: yaluvan, iv.

incapacitated: be incapacitated (person, horse) /by sickness or injury/: kom ta sovra, vphr(iv & prep & n5).

incense: pom, n1d; šuč’, n1e.
/copal/: bek’tal pom, nphr(n type n)1a.
incense tender /woman in charge of incense, one for each of elders and stewards/: hčik’-pom, agn(tv & ncpd).
/when possessed by saint/: pamal, n4d.
wood incense: teʔel pom, nphr(natt & n)1e.

inch: (caterpillar): mu¢ilan ba, rv.
inch along: huč’uč’ih, iv.

inching: mu¢, tu¢’, av.

inchworm: /two varieties; one lowland, one highland/: hč’ištavaneh, agn.*

including: čiʔuk, n4b.

incoherently: speak incoherently: yan ʔal, vphr(aj & tv/3s/). talking wildly and incoherently: t’alt’on ʔe, vphr(av & n4d).

increase: ʔepah, iv; ʔepub, iv.
(cane liquor) /if official cupbearer is lucky/: p’ol, iv.
increase in size (house with addition, corn, clothes of growing child): muk’ib, iv.

Incriminate: čuč mulil, vphr(tv & n5); čučbe k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n4d); čučbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d); kah¢anbe mul, vphr(tv & n4d); šuhbe k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n4d).
incriminate person: balvan ta mulil, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
incriminate person falsely: balvan ta mulil, vphr(iv & prep & n5); bonvan ta mulil, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
incriminate self: čuk ba, rv; k’atp’un, tv.

incriminator: hčuč-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd).

incurved: (lips): č’obol, aj.

indebted: become indebted: ʔoč ta ʔil, vphr(iv & prep & n5); ʔoč ta č’om, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
make person become indebted: timanvan ta ʔil, vphr(iv & prep & n5).

indebtedness: deep indebtedness: čon-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

indecisive: č’ay, av.
be indecisive: č’ay ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

indeed: aʔa, exel; bi, excl.

Independence: Independence Day /September sixteenth/: k’in lisises, nphr(n of n)5; lisises, n5.

Indian: ʔintyo, n5.

indian paintbrush: bot’-hol ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); hʔak’-ʔuč, agn(tv & ncpd); pošil balamil, nphr(n of n); soltaro poš, nphr(n type n).

indifferent: be indifferent: muk’ ta ʔoʔon, nphr(pt/contr of mu & yuʔ & -uk/ & prep & n4d).

indigo: wild indigo: k’oš šašib, nphr(aj & n).
yellow indigo bush: č’išal toh ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/ natt & n/ type n); muk’tik sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

indigo bush: ¢un¢un ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n).
yellow indigo bush: ¢ukum teʔ, nphr(n type n); sat mes, nphr(n of n).

indigo herb: mesob hol bakal, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/).

indistinctly: moving indistinctly: bak’, vol. av.

indulgence: seek indulgence: k’an pavor, vphr(tv & n5).

industrious: be industrious: bašbolah, iv; bašbolan, tv.

industriousness: bašbol, n1e.

inedible: become inedible (beans that harden, cabbage that becomes bitter when boiled): ¢eub, iv.

ineffective: čoriso, aj.

inertly: sit inertly (sick person or chicken): lut’an ba, rv.

infect: /wound, broken bone/: tekun, tv.

infected: become infected: ¢ob pohov, vphr(tv & n4e).
become infected (wound, broken bone): tekuh, iv; tekun ba, rv.

inflate: vučes, tv.
/balloon/: puhes, tv; vuč’ta, tv.

inflated: vuč, vuk, av; puhpuh, aj; vučet, av.
(balloon): vučvuč, aj; vukul, aj; vukvuk, aj.
be inflated: vuč-ʔik’ih, iv(iv & ncpd).

influence: tik’be k’op, vphr(tv & n5).
gain influence: tam ba, rv.

inform: inform on: tik’ k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n4d); tik’ k’op, vphr(tv & n5); tik’be k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n4d); tik’be mul, vphr(tv & n4d).

informer: hʔal-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd); hʔal-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd).

informing: informing against: šuhšon ta k’ok’, vphr(av & prep & n5).
informing against frequently: šuhšon ta k’op, vphr(av & prep & n5).

infrequent: hol, aj.
become more infrequent (sickness, beating): natilah, iv.

inga: ¢’erel, n; čalon, n; čenek’ teʔ, nphr(n type n).

ingredient: article or ingredient mixed with another: kapin, n4f.

inhabitant: ʔahval lum, nphr(n4f of n5).

inhale: hik’, tv.

inherit: reštumentuin, tv.

inheritance: reštuméntu, n1d.

inherited: inherited land: reštuméntu ʔosil, nphr(n type n)1d.

inject: ʔak’ ʔakuša, vphr(tv & n5); ʔak’ ʔinteksyon, vphr(tv & n5); hul, tv.

injection: ʔakuša, n1a; ʔinteksyon, n1a.

inquire: inquire about: beiltasbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f); likes k’op, vphr(tv & n5).
inquire if: ʔič’be k’op, vphr(tv & n4d).

inquiry: ho¢’ho¢’ k’op, nphr(aj & n)5.

insatiable: be insatiable: k’anolah, iv.

insect: čon, n1e.
any unidentified long-legged insect: čavčav čon, nphr(aj & n)5.

insensible: be insensible: č’ay ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

insert: šoh, tv; šohbe, tv.
/penis/: pahbe, tv.

inserted: šohol, aj.

inserting: inserting repeatedly: šohšon, av.

inside: ʔutil, n3f.
be inside: tik’il, aj.
inside out: valk’un, aj.
inside the house: ʔut na, nphr(n4f of n1a).

insignificant: give insignificant post to: me¢’ultas, tv.
insignificant official post /constable/: me¢’ul, n4f.

inspect: (midwife): k’el, tv.

inspection: ʔilebal, n5; ʔilob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)5.

inspector: road work inspector: sovrestante, n5.

install: čotan, tv.
install self (shaman): vaʔan ba, rv.

installment: /shaman/: vaʔaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

Instituto: center of Instituto Nacional Indigenista /in San Cristóbal/: kavanya, n5.

instrument: stringed instrument: vabal, n4f; vob, n1d.

intelligence: p’ihil, n4d.

intelligent: p’ih, aj; p’ihil, aj.
become intelligent: p’ihub, iv.

intend: ʔal ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n).

intensify: /quarrel, guilt/: muk’ibtas, tv.

intentions: declare one’s intentions /when seeking permission/: ham ba, rv.

interest: kwenta, n1b.
/financial/: hol tak’in, nphr(n of n)5.

interfere: tik’ ba, rv; tuč’ ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5).
interfere foolishly in dispute: č’am ta be k’op, vphr(vphr/tv & prep & n5/ & n5).

interior: interior of (nose, ear, anus): eoh, n4f.

internode: /sugarcane, reed, bamboo/: ʔakan, n4f.

interpret: ʔet’es k’op, vphr(tv & n5); helubtas k’op, vphr(tv & n5).

interrogator: /civil authority/: hʔič’vaneh ta kompišyon, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/).

interrupt: interrupt a person’s work: č’aybe k’ob, vphr(tv & n4d).
interrupt conversation or discussion: tuč’ ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5).

intertwine: intertwine one’s legs: lae’ ba, rv; loe’ ba, rv.

interwoven: become interwoven or snarled (hair, thread): hal ba, rv.

intestine: small intestine: kašlan bikil, nphr(aj & n)5.

intestines: bikil, n1d.

intimidating: be intimidating: ʔak’ šiʔel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vnle).

into: k’al, pt.

introduced: tanhero, aj.

inverted: inverted talk: vala-pat k’op, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n)5; valk’un čak k’op, nphr(nphr/aj & n5/ type n)5.

investigate: investigate a report: likesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f).

investigation: begin investigation: likes k’op, vphr(tv & n5).
obstruct or prolong an investigation: t’išes ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5).
pursue an investigation: bae’iltasbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f); eaeahesbe k’oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); ¢a¢ubtasbe k’oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); ¢anesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f).
squash an investigatn: č’ay ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5).

inveterate: k’eš noš, ptphr(x & pt).

invite: invite inside: ʔotes, tv.

involved: tik’, av.
become involved in: tik’ ba, rv.

iron: nel, tv; nelomah, iv.

iron weed: sakil sitit, nphr(aj & n); sitit, n5.

ironer: hnelom, agn.

ironical: ironical talk: vala-pat k’op, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n)5; valk’un čak k’op, nphr(nphr/aj & n5/ type n)5.

ironing: ironing endlessly: nelnon ta k’uʔul, vphr(av & prep & n5).

irresponsible: be irresponsible: čopol hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5).
irresponsible talk: vovi loʔil, nphr(aj & n)5.

irrigate: pukih, iv; tik’be ʔaʔlel, vphr(tv & n5).

irrigated: irrigated corn field: čavit, n1d.

irrigation: ʔulbal, n1a.

irritable: kap, sok, av.

irritated: kap, sok, av.

is: there is: ʔoy, n5.

isn’t: it isn’t: maʔuk, pt.
it isn’t that: yan, aj.

isolation: be in isolation /patient/: čabi, tv.
in isolation (patient): čabiet, av.

issue: issue forth: lok’, iv.
make an issue of: eaeahesbe k’oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); eaeubtas k’op, vphr(tv & n5); ¢a¢ubtasbe k’oplal, nphr(tv & n4f);
¢anesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f).

itchiness: č’ininul, n1a.

itchy: bie, av; č’inin, aj.
become itchy: č’ininub, iv.

itself: bail, rpn3b.

Ixtapa: Nibak, n5.

J

jaguar: bolom, n1e.*; hmuk’ta-totik, agn(aj & ncpd); mol bolom, nphr(aj & n)5.*; tikre, n5.
jaguar tree of St. Sebastian fiesta: teʔ bolom, nphr(n of n)5.

jaguarondi: eahal bolom, nphr(aj & n)5.*; tikre, n5.

jail: čukebal, n5; čukinebal, n5; čuklebal, n3d; čukvan, iv; nač’an ta čukel, vphr(tv & pt & vn5); nail čukel, nphr(natt & vn5); net’ ocel ta čukel, vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5); suh očel ta čukel, vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5).
be put in jail: ʔoc ta čukel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5).
buy release from jail: man ba ta tak’in, vphr(rv & prep & n5).
jail person: šihvan očel, vphr(iv & dr).
joking speech; jail: pus, n1a.
lead off to jail in pairs: loh eč’el ta čukel, vphr(tv & dr & prep & vn5).
put in jail: ein ta čukel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
throw into jail: čahbe pus, vphr(tv & n5).

jailed: bahal, aj; čukul. aj; mae’al, aj.
cause person to be jailed: sukvan ta čukel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5).

jailor: hčukvaneh, agn.

Jamaica cherry: čiš-teʔ ʔak’, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n)5; čiš-teʔ mut, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n); makuliškuat, n; muk’ta čiš-teʔ ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n).

jamb: door jamb /of thatch-roofed house/: sinta, n1a.

James: /Čobtik, Voʔ-bie/: Yek, n1d.

jammed: jammed together: sukul, aj.

Jane: Sunkaʔ, n1d.

jangling: e’in, av.

January: ʔenero, n5.

jar: water storage jar: teneša, n1a.

jasmine: arabian jasmine: sakil ničim teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
chile jasmine: k’oš pohov ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
primrose jasmine: č’aben ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

jay: green jay: heš, n1d.*
magpie jay: ʔalperes mut, nphr(agn type n)1e.*
steller jay: heš, n1d.*
unicolored jay: heš, n1d.
white-tipped brown jay: ʔik’-mut, n(aj & ncpd)5; maʔ-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

jealous: be jealous: ʔit’išah, iv; ʔit’išan, tv.
become jealous: eak ta ʔit’išal, vphr(rv/3s/ & prep & n5).

jerk: pendeho, n5.

jessamine: guatemalan jessamine: hič’il ʔanal teʔ nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’oš tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.
orange jessamine: ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5; bik’- it -ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.

Jesus: /infr, recently adopted/: Čus, n1d.
Jesus Christ: hesu-krísto, n(n & ncpd)5.
Jesus of Nazareth /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence, in the Church of St. Sebastian/: hč’ul-totik Nasareno, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
the Risen Jesus /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik Rehirol, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

Jew: each of the outgoing cantors who guards Christ from noon on Holy Wednesday to the time of the crucifixion on Good Friday afternoon: hurio, agn.

jew’s ear: ʔik’al čikin hʔik’al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’anal čikin hʔik’al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of agn/).

jicama: čenek’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n); hikamo, n1d.

jiggle: (child): nečulan ba, rv.

jiggling: leč, av.

jimson weed: eahal č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(n type n); makom ʔuč, nphr(n of n); pošil yerva, nphr(n of n).

jingle: e’inulan, tv.
/money/: čak’ulan, tv.

jingling: e’in, čak’, av.

job-hunter: hpas-kanal, agn(tv & ncpd); hsaʔ-ʔabtel, agn(tv & ncpd).

jogging: (person’s rear end when carrying a heavy burden): solson, av.

John: Sun, n1d.

join: čiʔin, tv; nup ba, rv.
/other group/: nap’an eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).

joined: ¢akal, aj.

joint: /bones/: e’akavil, n3b; kaʔavil, n3d.
/limb of human or animal/: ¢akavul, n3a.

joke: ʔištol-loʔilah, iv(n & ivcpd); loʔil, n1d; loʔilah, iv; vovi loʔil, nphr(aj & n)5.
carnival joke: vompa, n1d.

joking: ʔištol k’op, nphr(n type n)5; Pistol loʔil, nphr(n type n)5; eeʔeh loʔil, nphr(vn type n)5.

jolting: leš, peš, av; toylahet, av.

Joseph: Čep, n1d.

Josephine: Čepa, n1d.

Jostling: pie’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

jouncing: laʔ, leč, peč, av.

journey: šanbal, n5; šanvil, n5.
go on a journey: bein, iv.
journey a great distance: tam ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d).

joust: /fiesta of St. Sebastian/: čan k’obol, vphr(tv & n3d).

jousting: red, white and black jousting target for fiesta of St. Sebastian: k’oltišya, n1d.

jubas bush: eahal k’ask’as e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); kokoʔon veʔel čih, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); ničim hč’ul-meʔtik valalupa, nphr: n of nphr(agn/aj & ncpd/ type n); ničim valalupa, nphr(n of n); ničimal k’in valalupa, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/); pošil čakal, nphr(n of n); posil voʔan, nphr(n of n).

Judas: Judas effigy /hung on bell tower on Maunday Thursday, burnt at midnight on Holy Saturday/: šutaš, n1a.

judge: judge ordinary /terminal post of religious hierarchy/: -ʔalkalte-šuves, agn(n type ncpd).
judge well: nop hun rason, vphr(tv & num & n5).
/Our Savior/: hveʔes, agn.

jug: twenty liter jug: limeton, n1a.
water jug: k’ib, n1a.
water storage jug: ʔav ʔaʔal, nphr(n4f of n4d); ʔav voʔ, nphr(n4f of n5).

juice: ʔaʔlel, n4f; kalto, n1a.

July: hulyo, n5.

jump: /from truck/: sol yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
jump around (child, colt): leʔ ba, rv; lev ba, rv.
jump from branch to branch: č’amuh, iv.
jump into river: hip ba ta ʔuk’um, vphr(rv & prep & n5).
jump over or across: p’itu, tv.
jump up (one end of board): lečp’uh, iv.
make jump: p’ites, tv.
(person, animal, spark, chip of wood or rock): p’it, iv.

jumping: č’am, loč’, luč, av.
(fleas): p’itlahet, av.
jumping about: liʔ, av.
jumping about (child, lamb, colt): p’í’ttep’ítte ta ʔanil, vphr(av & prep & n5).
jumping up: kot, av.

junco: yellow-eyed junco: eieil-ʔul, n(unanalyzed cpd)5; yukyuk mut, nphr(aj & n5).

June: hunyo, n5.

june: june bug: kumum, n1e.
june bug grub /turns corn field yellow/: k’onom, n1e.

junior: /of men/: ʔie’uial, n3d.

juniper: ʔok’il teʔ, nphr(n type n)1e; k’uk’ toh, nphr(n type n); nukul pat, nphr(n type n); sipres, n.

Jupiter: bankilal k’anal, nphr(n type n)5.

just: k’ahomal, pt; naka, pt; naka to, ptphr(pt & pt); no, pt; no ʔoš, ptphr(pt & pt); noš, pt(contr of no & ʔoš); púro, pt; solel, pt; to, pt; yal, pt; yeč, aj.
had just: naka to ʔoš, ptphr(pt & pt & pt).

justice: first justice of the peace: primero ʔalkalte, agn(nphr/aj & n/).
justice of the peace: ʔalkalte, agn.
justice of the peace /infr/: hwes, agn.

jutting: jutting out: peč, av.

Juvencio: /Čobtik/: Uvenso, n1d.

K

katydid: cone-headed katydid: kočiʔ, n1a.*
highland and lowland katydid that makes sudden sharp hissing sound at night: pavav, n5.*

keen: vavetah, iv.

keening: vav, av.

keening: vavet ta ʔok’el, vphr(av & prep & vn5).

keep: k’eh, tv; nak’, tv.
keep _______: yak, aj; yakel, aj.
keep _______ constantly: labal _______ ba, rv(aj & rvepd.
keep overnight: vayubtah, iv.

kernel: satil, n3c.

kerosene: kas, n1a.

key: yave, n1a.

kick: lik ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); luk ta ma hel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); patara, n5; pue’ ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); puh ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
/door/: puh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
kick down /corn stubble, fence/: vuk’, tv.
kick in: puh ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
kick out or away: p’ites, tv.
kick person out or away: p’itesvan, iv.
kick someone’s shins: k’oh ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
kick wildly (child, drunk, prisoner, epileptic): čit’ulan ba, rv; telulan ba, rv.
(mule): pak’ ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

kicking: k’uh, lik, av; patara, n5.

kidney: rinyon, n1d.

kidney wood: k’oš k’an-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); yaš-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd).

km: ʔak’ milel, vphr(tv & vn5); mil, tv.
kill person: sukbe komel, vphr(tv & dr).
kill person (car): nelvan, iv.
kill self /from overwork, drunkenness, hunger, sexual excess/: mil ba, rv.
kill together: komon-mil, tv(aj & tvcpd).
/someone on the path/: č’ay ta be, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

killdeer: meʔ ʔac’el, nphr(n of n)5.

killer: /sickness/: hmilvaneh, agn.

kilo: kilo, n1a.

kind(1): lek ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d); lek hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

kind(2): kind of /crime, merchandise, plant or tree/: tos, nc.

kindle: ¢oy, tv.

kindling: hepel teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5; tileb k’ok, nphr(n1f of n1d).

king: rey, n5.

kingbird: tropical kingbird: č’ituriʔ, n5.
western kingbird: č’ituri1ʔ, n5; pahal pil, nphr(aj & n)5.

kingfisher: belted kingfisher: heak-čoy, agn(tv & ncpd); htiʔ-čoy, agn(tv & ncpd).

kinkajou: ʔuyuh, n5.*

kinky: (hair, pubic hair): muruč’, aj.

kiskadee: great kiskadee: č’ituriʔ, n5.

kiss: bue’, tv.

knead: /mud, corn dough, beans/: voe’, tv.

kneading: kneading slowly and ineffectually: voe’von, av.

knee: hol ʔakan, nphr(n4f of n4d); holov ʔakanil, nphr(n1e of n3d); k’uhav, n4f.
underside of knee joint (person, animal): pakav ʔok, nphr(n4f of n4d).

knee-cap: knee-cap: see’, n1f.

kneel: kehan ba, rv; kehi, iv.
kneel and bow low: čaʔ-pušin ba, rv(num & rvcpd).
kneel at one’s feet: kehleta, tv.
kneel on: kehlebin, tv.
make kneel: kehan, tv.

kneeling: keh, av; kehaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; kehel, aj.*
kneeling place: kehlebal, n3d.

knife: kučilu. n1a.

knobbed: with knobbed end (stick): t’omt’om hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

knobby: p’oʔ, av.
(head, stump of branch): p’oʔol, aj.

knock: bahel, nc.
/head, knee/: k’oh, tv.
knock around: voe ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
knock down /fruit/: lines yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
knock down /house/: lomes, tv.
knock each other down (cornstalks, trees in wind): vuk’ ba eč’el, vphr(rv & dr).
knock flat /corn/ (wind): vayebin, tv.
knock on /door/: tih, tv.
knock out one’s tooth: kolesbe ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d).
knock over: butk’in, tv; vubk’in, tv.
knock person’s teeth out: puk’eanbe, tv.
knock together (eggs): č’ih ba, rv; t’ih ba, rv; t’ihan ba, rv.
/on door/: kanulan, tv; k’oh, tv.

knocking: k’oh, av.
knocking down /stubble, weeds/: vuk’von, av.
knocking suddenly (objects together): t’íhluh, av.

knot: ʔak’ p’ok, vphr(tv & n4f); moč, tv; močbenal, n4f; p’ok, nib; p’okav, n1f.
make slip knot: hie-moč’, tv(iv & tvcpd).
/wood/: ʔušubil, n3f.

knotgrass: peč’e-ʔok hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

knotted: močahtik, aj.
become knotted: moč ba, rv.
becoming knotted (wet rope): močočet, av.
(rope): p’okp’ok, aj.

knotting: moč, av.

knotty: p’okol, aj.
become knotty (scar): p’ok ba, rv; p’okeah, iv; p’okean ba, rv.

know: ʔohtikin, tv; e’ak, tv; naʔ, tv.
know a person intimately: ʔil ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d).
know person’s character: ʔil won, vphr(tv & n4d); ʔilbe Won, vphr(tv & n4d).
know right from wrong /occurs only in negative/: ʔič’ melol, vphr(tv & n4f).

known: become known: vinah, iv.
not known: mu ʔaʔibah, ajphr(pt & aj); mu ʔohtikinbah, ajphr(pt & aj); mu patob ʔoʔoniluk, nphr(pt & nphr/n of n/5).

kohlrabi: kolinabo, n.

L

labor: cheap labor: bik’tal hʔabtel, nphr(aj & agn)5.
person assigned to communal labor: takbalal vinik, nphr(aj & n)1d.

laborer: hʔabtel, agn; hkanal, agn.
hired laborer: htohbalal, agn.
person who goes to coffee ranch as a laborer: hpinkahel, agn.

Lacandon: hnatikil hol, agn(aj & n)5.

lace: /coffee/: kap, tv.

lacking: be lacking full amount (nixtamal in pot): kayet, av.

lactarius: orange-brown lactarius: eahal čečeval san-antreš, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/); eahal čikin, nphr(aj & n); eahal yuy čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’anal mana ʔok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/).

lacy: (badly-eaten leaves): tulul, aj.

ladder: moč teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a; muyebal, n3d; tek’-obal, n3a.

laden: become laden with fruit (branch): čohan, tv.

ladies’ tresses: ladies’ tresses,: ʔok’ vakaš, nphr(n4d of n5).
ʔat e’iʔ e’iʔlel, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n; ʔuč’ul voʔal ton, nphr(nphr/x type natt/) type n; k’anal peč’e-ʔok, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); k’anal tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ničim hoh, nphr(n of n); ničim rioš, nphr(n4f of n5).

ladina: hšinulan, agn.

ladino: hkašlan, agn; larino, n5; ron, n5.
ladino living on lowland farm: rančero, agn.
lowland ladino: kasero, agn.

ladle: ladle off /juice from pot if it is too full/: kay, tv.

Lady: Our Lady of Carmel /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-meʔtik Karmen, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
Our Lady of Fatima /in Naben Čauk/.: hč’ul-meʔtik Fatima, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
Our Lady of Guadalupe/picture in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, picture and image in church of Naben Čauk, image in church of ʔApas/.: hč’ul-meʔtik Valalupa, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
Our Lady of Sorrows/in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-meʔtik Lolores, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
Our Lady of the Assumption /in Ixtapa/: hč’ul-meʔtik ʔAneansyon, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-meʔtik Purisima, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
Our Lady of the Nativity /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-meʔtik Nativirat, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5
Our Lady of the Rosary /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, two in Voʔ-bie./: hč’ul-meʔtik Rosario, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

lady: hmemeʔtik, n4d.
grand Spanish lady /major player of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who was the ensign-bearer of St. Lawrence of the previous year/: muk’ta hšinulan, nphr(aj & agn).
petty Spanish lady /major player of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who was the ensign-bearer of St. Dominic of the previous year/: bik’it hšinulan, nphr(aj & agn) 5.

lady slipper: pueul, n1a.

laid: laid back (ear of mule, deer or rabbit): moč’ol, aj; muč’ul, aj.

lake: nab, n1e.

lamb: mimiʔ, n1d.

lambaste: voč’van ta ʔutel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5).
lambast each other: voč’ baik ta ʔutel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5).

lame: košo, aj; pehk’un, tv.
become lame: košoib, iv; lit’eah ʔok, vphr(iv & n4d).
/chicken/ (boy with slingshot): lit’p’unbe ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d).
permanently lame: pehpeh, aj.
with lame foot /heel raised/: lit’lif, aj.
with lame leg: peh-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5.

lamp: petroleum lamp: ʔav kas, nphr(n4f of n1a); kantil, n1a.

lance pod: eoʔ šulem teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

land: ʔosil, n1a; balamil, n1a.
all land during dry season when animals may roam freely: kolem balamil, nphr(aj & n)5.
broad plot of land: hamal ʔosil, vphr(aj/pred/ & n1d).
communal land: kolem balamil, nphr(aj & n)5.
dry land: taki-balamil, n(aj & ncpd)5.
eroded land: havaltik, n5.
fallow land: eeil ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5.
heavily-timbered land: mol ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5.
humid or green stretch of land: yašaltik, n5.
inherited land: matanal ʔosil, nphr(n3d type n5); rasyon ʔosil, nphr(n of n)1d; reštuméntu ʔosil, nphr(n type n)1d.
land for sale: čonbalal ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5.
land title of entire municipality: titola, n5.
land with bushes only: vač’tik, n5.
plot of land 100 x 25 arm spans or 50 x 50 arm spans, or land on which 1 liter of seed corn can be planted: tavlon, n1a.
purchased land: manbalal ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5.
rented land: lok’balal ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)1d.
uninhabited land: č’ihet balamil, vphr(av & n5).
useless land: č’ahil balamil, nphr(aj & n)5.

landing: čep, av.
landing suddenly (blow on face): nóč’lih, av.
landing suddenly in pile (clothes, person): vóelih, av.

landslide: cause landslide: tue’ean yalel, vphr(tv & dr); tuč’ean, tv; tuč’es, tv.

language: k’op, n1d.

lantana: eahal č’il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); č’il-teʔ vet, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); č’il vet, nphr(n of n); muk’ta c’elop vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
orange lantana: c’elop vet, nphr(n of n); č’il-teʔ vet, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); č’il vet, nphr(n of n); č’iš č’il-teʔ vet, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); muk’ta č’il-teʔ vet, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); muk’ta č’il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); voʔtus e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).
white lantana: ʔik’al sat e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/) type n; bot’-hol e’iʔlel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); c’elop vet, nphr(n of n); č’il-teʔ vet, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); pošil k’ak’al sik, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/); sakil č’il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ten-hol poš, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
wild lantana: ʔalavena e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

lantern: k’ok’, n1d; likem k’ok’, nphr(aj & n)1d.

lap: č’util, n3b.

lapping: k’eb, av.
lapping at top: has, av.

lard: hup’en, n4e; mantikat, n1a.

large: vaš, av; mol, aj; muk’, aj; muk’ta, aj.
be large (cow): tae’i, iv.
be large (horse, cow): vašk’uh, iv.
become large (tree trunk): yihub, iv.
become large and round (buttocks of girl): pis ba, rv.
(corn kernels): pehahtik, aj.
(cow): tae’al, aj.
disproportionately large (head, end of log): vanvan, aj.
erect large /house/: vašean, tv.
(headed): p’oʔol, aj.
(house, truck, horse, cow): vašal, aj.
(house, woman): lič’il, aj.
large and floppy (ear of mule, dog or cow): pok’ol, aj.
large and ripe (watermelon squash, cushaw, summer squash): t’ihil, aj.
(tassel): pueul, aj.

large-hipped: čunul čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).
(woman who is no longer a virgin): čuyul čak, vphr(aj & n4d).

Larrai’nzar: San Andrés Larraí’nzar: San-antreš, n(aj & ncpd)5.

larynx: be ʔik’il, nphr(n1f of n3d).

lash: lash with vines /house and walls, corral, fence/: hit’, tv.
/roof pole/: čuk, tv.
/roof purlin to rafter/: mit’, tv.
/rope/: e’ot, tv.

lashed: (roof poles): čukul, aj.

lashing: hit’, av; hit’benal, n4f.

lasso: luk-bain, tv(tv & ncpd); luk ba, rv; luka, tv; riata, n1a; šohbe ʔak’il, nphr(tv & n4d).

last(1): last for a long time (corn): nitvan, iv. (time): bat, iv.

last(2): the last /person in line/: ta patil, nphr(prep & n5).

latch: ʔaltavo, n1e.

late: (fiesta with movable date): toyol, aj.
grow late /at night/: našub, iv.
late at night /10-11 p.m./: naš ʔak’ubal, nphr(aj & n5).
late in the afternoon: mal ša, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt); mal ša k’ak’al, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt & n5); malet k’ak’al, vphr(av & n5).

later: taval, pt.

Latin: latin, n5.

latrine: k’ablebal, n3d.

laugh: eeʔin, tv.*
laugh at: eeʔinta, tv.

laughing: ʔah, av.

laundress: hčuk’vaneh, agn.

laundry: čuk’omil, n3d.
wooden laundry tray: hayil teʔ, nphr(natt & n)1a.

laurel: bush laurel: ʔašuš eis ʔuč, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); bae’i eis ʔuč, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); eis ʔuč, nphr(n of n)1f.

Lawrence: Lol, n1d.

lawyer: /Indian/: hmeleaneh-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd).
/ladino/: lesinsaro, agn.
/native/: hk’opohel, agn.

lawyer’s wig: bush laurel: sakil balahtik ʔat kaʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).

lay: /egg/: tonin, iv.
/eggs/ /around the yard rather in nest/: hiʔan, tv.
lay across /wood when piled/: kahi, iv.
lay back (ear of mule or dog): yob ba, rv.
lay back /ear of mule or dog/: yoban, tv; yobean, tv; yub, tv; yuban(1), tv.
lay back /ear of mule/: yubean, tv.
lay back /ears of angry mule/: moč’an, tv; muč’an, tv.
lay back /ears of mule, deer or rabbit/: muč’ilan, tv.
lay down /baby/: k’ečan, tv.
lay down /baby, log/: puč’an, tv.
lay egg: toninah, iv.
lay egg /in bushes/: č’ayomah, iv.
lay egg on: toninta, tv.
lay on its side /cow for slaughtering, sheep for shearing/: vuban, tv.
lay out /dead rabbit/: šač’an, tv.
lay person low (sickness): pak’eanvan, iv.

layer: /hen/: htoninom, agn.

laying: laying back (ears of mule): yublahet, av.
shiver and shake while laying egg: hub, tv.
shivering and shaking while laying egg: hubbon, av.

laziness: č’ahil, n4a; č’ahubel, vn5; haraganil, n4d.
male speech; laziness: kobelal, n4d.

lazy: č’ah, aj; č’ahil-ʔat, n(aj & n)5; plóho, aj; počlan, aj.
/Čobtik/: čehel, aj.
become lazy: č’ahub, iv; č’ahubtas ba, rv; plohoib, iv.
make lazy: č’ahubtas, tv.

lead: ʔak’ punto, vphr(tv & n5).
/horse/: beiltas, tv.
lead away: ʔik’ eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).
lead equally: komon-ʔik’, tv(aj & tvcpd).
lead person across /river/: helubtasvan, iv.
/mule/: šač’, tv.
/mule, drunk/: nit, tv.
/person/ /with hand or holding onto horse’s rope when crossing river/: nitvan, iv.

lead tree: ʔolnob, n1a; bae’i ʔolnob, nphr(aj & n)5; eahal ʔolnob, nphr(aj & n); pakaʔ ʔolnob, nphr(n type n).

leading: leading away here and there /stolen animals/: níttenítte, av.

leads: seek leads to: eaeahesbe k’oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); ¢a¢ubtasbe k’oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); ¢anesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f).

leaf: ʔanal, n4f.
new leaf: ʔunen ʔanal, nphr(aj & n)4f.

leaf cup: bik’it k’ail, nphr(aj & n); k’oš k’ail, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta k’ail, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta sun, nphr(aj & n).

leaf flower: eahal k’ol-k’oš, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); eahal teʔ, nphr(aj & n); k’ol-k’oš, n(x & ncpd)1a; k’ol-k’oš moletik, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n); pošil čin, nphr(n of n); sakil k’ol-k’oš, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); veʔel sak-č’ut mut, nphr: n4d of nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

leafless: become leafless (forest in dry season): čah, iv.
lying with leafless branches (trees, undergrowth): čaval, aj.

league: reva, n5.

leak: ʔač’ lok’el, vphr(iv & dr).
(house): e’uh, iv.
(pot, house): ʔeč’, iv.

leaking: ʔač’, av.

lean(1): e’eʔp’uh, iv.
lean against: kikan, tv; kiklebin, tv.
lean against (person, bottle, hoe): kiki, iv.
lean against person /husband leaning against wife to be deloused/: ʔak’ ba ta k’ečel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5).
lean far out: lip’an ba, rv.
lean far to side (head of baby improperly tied on back): yeʔp’uh, iv.
lean forward: yoč ba, rv.
lean to one side (mule to prevent proper loading): keʔean ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d); keʔi ʔok, vphr(iv & n4d).
lean to one side one after another (many mules): kéʔankéʔan ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d).
make lean /unsteady fence, wall/: večk’un, tv.

lean(2): sap’sap’, aj.

leaning: be leaning far out (person): lip’i, iv.
leaning against (standing person, tree, firewood): kikil, aj.
leaning far out (person, tree): lip’il, aj.
leaning far to side (head of baby improperly tied on back, ear of corn): yeʔyeʔ, aj.
leaning over backwards suddenly: yákluh, av.
leaning place: kiklebal, n3b.
leave leaning /partially cut tree/: vaʔan komel, vphr(tv & dr).
(sitting person): e’eʔel, aj.

leapfrog: hetobtaeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; p’itueh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.
play leapfrog: p’itu baik, rv.

leaping: (water over rock): t’išlahet, av.

learn: čan, tv; p’ihub, iv.
learn from: čanbe, tv.
learn how: čanbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f).
learn the proper way: čanbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f).
learn to behave: čanbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f).

leash: /loom/: ʔakan holobil, nphr(n4f of n3d).

least: at least: ʔipal, pt.

leather: /sandal, shoulder bag/: nukulal _______, nphr(n type n).
untanned leather: eeil nukul, nphr(aj & n)1a.

leathery: (burnt flesh): taki-votan, aj(aj & I/2/cpd).

leave: ʔak’ komel, vphr(tv & dr); ʔikta, tv; komean, tv; komes, tv; toe eč’el, vphr(iv & dr).
leave behind /on path/: komean baik, rv; komes baik, rv.
leave person behind: ʔeč’-hel ta be, vphr(tv/iv & tvcpd/& prep & n5); vecanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr).
leave person in the lurch: šok’anvan komel, vphr(iv & dr).
leave stretched out (murderer): čevan komel, vphr(tv & dr).
leave word: ham ba, rv.

leaving: leaving and taking nothing (wife returning to parent’s home): tanton eč’el, vphr(av & dr).

led: being led: nit, av.

leek: tuiš, n1a.

left(1): left hand: e’et, n1d; surto, n1e.

left(2): be left; kom, iv.
be left behind: kom, iv.
be left over: kom, iv.

leftover: sovra, aj.
/food/: komen, n4e.
/food, drink/: sovra, n1a.
/restricted to fruit/: bik’tal, n4f.

leftovers: kečelil, n3b; muʔnat, n1d.

leg: /human/: ʔkanil, n3b.
leg bone: teʔel ʔakanil, nphr(n1f of n3d).
leg of beef or pork: hekel(1), n4f.
/person, pants, chair, table/: ʔokol, n3b.

legend: ʔantivo k’op, nphr(n type n)5.

lend: lend house: ʔolintas, tv.

length: natil, n4b.
/parcel of land/: ʔokol, n3b.

lengthen: natubtas, tv.
(day): natih, iv.
lengthen pack line: šač’ ʔikae, vphr(tv & n4d).

Lenten: Lenten Fridays: byerneštik, n5.

lentinus: scaly lentinus: tahčuč, n1a.

lessen: (pain): čop, iv; čopah, iv.
(pain, frost, rain): yoč, iv.
(rain): yam ba, rv.
(sickness): ʔue’ue’ib, iv; hutukah, iv.
(sickness, work): hutukib, iv.

let(1): ʔak’, tv.
let off people (car): yalesvan, iv.

let(2): /blood/: bah, tv.

let(3): let up: čop, iv; čopah, iv.

letter: vun, n1a.

lettuce: lečuka, n1a.

lettuce tree: krus č’iš, nphr(n type n).

level: ¢al, tv; pol, tv.
carpenter’s level: nivel, n1a.
/ground/: pač’alubtas, tv; pas ta pač’al, vphr(tv & prep & aj).
/land/: pas ta pareho, vphr(tv & prep & aj).
level with stick /corn in measure/: hasbe vara, nphr(tv & n5).

leveled: lebel, aj.
(forest): t’abal, aj.

lever: palánka teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.

liar: hʔepal-hol, agn(aj & ncpd); hnop-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd).

licentious: karanyon, aj.
licentious person: loko, n5.*

licentiousness: loko, n1e.

lick: lek’, tv.

licking: lek’, av.

lid: mak p’in, nphr(n1f of n1d).

lie(1): (baby): k’eči, iv.
(corpse during wake): tue’i, iv.
(dying insect): nušan ba, rv.
lie down: patan ba, rv; puč’etah, iv.
lie down (person, mammal): puč’an ba, rv.
lie down briefly /to sleep/: meean ba, rv.
lie down on side (fat pig, drunk): vuban ba, rv.
lie face down on: patlebin, tv.
lie face up: havan ba, rv; havi, iv.
lie on: puč’lebin, tv.
lie on (tortillas on griddle): lomi, iv.
lie on bare ground: bani, iv.
lie on one’s back: ʔečan ba, rv.
lie on one’s side: e’eʔan ba, rv.
lie together (logs, stones, eggs): loti, iv.
lie uncovered (drunk): bani, iv.
lie upside down: nuheah, iv.
(rope, tripe, wire, chain, clothing): losi, iv.
(wood, sugarcane): meei, iv.

lie(2): euk, tv; čoʔel, vn5; nop-k’op, n(tv & ncpd)5; nop ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); nop k’op, vphr(tv & n5); yeč nop, vphr(aj & tv); yeč pas, vphr(aj & tv).
lie that has been told: nopbil k’op, nphr(aj & n)5.

lies: pure lies: nopnop-k’op, n(tv & ncpd)5.

life: kusleh, n4d; kuslehal, n4d.
cut person’s life span (owl, tree alligator lizard, cricket): pukuhtavan, iv.
shorten person’s life span (person, snakes or tree alligator lizards that have been wounded but not killed): yaluvan, iv.*

life-span: complete life-span /if deal is made with the earth lord/: e’aki, iv.

lift: likes, tv; tarn, tv; toe, iv; toy, tv.
be able to lift head (sick baby): toy sat, vphr(tv & n4d).
lift /woman’s/ legs for sexual intercourse: toybe ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d).
lift head /above water/: nač’ean lok’el hoi, vphr(tv & dr & n4d).
lift object with handle or by edge /table, chair, empty demijohn, basket/ /in hand, on arm/: lik, tv.
lift person: toevan, iv.
lift self off seat: toe ba, tv.
lift up on: muyes, tv.
lift up or out /burden, rock, full basket or demijohn, chair/: toe, tv.
lift up skirt or tunic /when defecating/: valk’- un čak, vphr(tv & n4d).
lift with tweezers or tongs: loe’, tv.
make /northeaster/ lift /by eating watermelon squash or chicken, by drinking cane liquor, by dying/: toyes, tv.
(northeaster): toy, iv; toyetah, iv.

lifting: toy, av.

light(1): k’ak’al, n4f; k’ok’, n1d; lus, n1e; sak, aj.
/fire/: tiles, tv.
/fire, match, lamp/: ¢an, tv.
/lantern, torch, etc./: satil, n3c.
/torch/: šuč’a, tv.

light(2): sipson, av.

lightning: heat lightning /during rainy season/: sak-eeul, n(aj & ncpd)1e.*
lightning bug: kukay, n5.*
thunder and lightning, inan. pos.; sčaukal (or) sčaukilai: čauk, n1e.*

lights: /lungs/: pue, n1d; puean, n1d; pueue, n1d; pusan, n1a; pusuk’, n1a; sot’ot’, n1d.

like: čak k’u čaʔal, ptphr(pt & pt & pt); k’u čaʔal, pt & pt.
be like: ʔelan, iv.
like that: haʔ yeč, ptphr(pt & pt); lei, aj; yeč, aj.
look just like: čevel, n4d.

likeminded: ʔakwerto, n5.

lilac: wild lilac: ʔik’al pomos, nphr(aj & n); sakil pomos, nphr(aj & n); sakil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.

lily: calla lily: kartučo, n1a; kartučo ničim, nphr(n type n).
day lily: k’anal ʔasasena, nphr(aj & n).
easter lily: bae’i ʔasasena, nphr(aj & n).
mexican tiger lily: hol koy, nphr(n of n); k’oš koykoy, nphr(aj & n); veʔel mut, nphr(n of n).
zephyr lily: ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan ničim hoh, nphr(aj/ aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/); nič hoh, nphr(n of n); sakil nič hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil ničim hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

lime(1): ʔelamoniš, n1a; teʔel ʔelamoniš, nphr(natt & n).
sweet lime: čivo lima, nphr(n type n); č’ulul lima, nphr(aj & n); haš-čuʔ lima, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); lima, n1a; lima hmalalena, nphr(n4d of agn); naranha lima, nphr(n type n); pimil pat lima, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); teʔel lima, nphr(n of n).
sweet lime. Same as: čivo lima, nphr(n type n); lima hmalalena, nphr(n4d of agn).

lime(2): tan, n1a.
lime burner /Chamula, Pasteʔ, ʔElan Voʔ/.: hčik’-tan, agn(tv & ncpd).
lime used for covering griddle: veʔbalal tan, nphr(aj & n)1d.
lime water /for nixtamal/: tanil voʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.

limestone: k’aʔal ton, nphr(n type n)5; sakil ton, nphr(aj & n)5.

limp: lus, av; keʔ ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d); koškonah, iv; lit’lonah, iv; pehponah, iv.
cause to limp (person): peh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
(dead chicken or person): mahal, aj.
make limp /chicken with rock/: kehk’un, tv.

limping: keʔ, koš, lip’, lit’, lus, peh, av.
limping about: šóttešótte, av.

line: /for playing marbles/: raya, n1e.
form long line: čihan ba, rv.
forming a line (moustache): melel, aj.
in a long line (people): hit’il, aj.
in line: čol, av.
in line (religious officials, soldiers): čolol, aj.
in long line: hit’, av.
line up: čol, tv; čol ba, rv; čoli, iv.
/separating ribs of cushaw/: polav, n4f.

lined: lined up close together (beans in pods of kamela čenek’ or scarlet runner bean): laeal, aj.

lining: lining up: lae. av.

lintel: door lintel: ʔumpral, n1e.

lion: mountain lion: leon, n1a.

lip: ʔanal ʔeal, nphr(n4f of n3d); ʔanal mil ʔeal, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n3d/); pak’al ʔeal, nphr(n1f of n3d).
lip sore: p’otbenal, n3d.

lips: ʔanal ʔeal, nphr(n4f of n3d); ʔanal tʔil ʔeal, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n3d/).
touch lips to /without drinking/ /bottle, shot glass/: nup, tv.

lipstick: put on lipstick: bon ba, rv.

liquid: voʔ, n5.
with liquid covering: pem, av.
with small amount of liquid covering bottom of container or well: pemel, aj.

liquor: cane liquor: ʔavariente, n1a; e’uhulal, n4f; poš, n1a; trago, n1a.
cane liquor flavored with nance fruit or hog plums: mistela, n1a.
cane liquor that has been received as gift and is poured into bottle to be drunk later: č’amem voʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.
large glass of cane liquor /served at steward’s entrance into his office and at veneration of his coffer/: presko, n1a.

listen: ʔaʔi, tv.
listen attentively or respectfully: nihan ba, rv.
listen carefully to: čikinin, tv; čikinta, tv; lekil-ʔaʔi, tv(aj & tvcpd).
listen respectfully: e’ihan ba, rv.

listening: e’ih, av.
listening mutely: e’ihil k’op, nphr(aj & n)5.

listless: /sick person or chicken/: va¢al, aj.

listlessly: ʔes, vae, av.

liter: liter bottle: litro, n1a.

litigant: hmeleaneh-bail, agn(tv & rpncpd).

litter: tos, nc.
/for carrying saints in procession/: ʔantaš, n1e.
/for corpse/: tern, n1a.

little: bik’it, aj; k’oš, aj.
a little: hutuk, n5.
a little / 1 only/: huteb, num.
a little bit: hutebal, num5.
only a little: e’uh, nc.

live: naki, iv.
live at a distance from each other: nom ʔil baik, vphr(aj & rv).

liver: sekub, n1d.

lizard: blue-bellied lizard: ʔokoe, n1e.*
jesus christ lizard: št’er, n1a.*
marsh alligator lizard: čanib ʔok, nphrfnum & n)1e.*
mexican bearded lizard: meʔ ʔus, nphr(n of n)5.*
tree alligator lizard: č’iš čikin, nphr(n type n)5.*
whiptail lizard: patiš, n1e.*

load: ʔak’ ʔikaeil, vphr(tv & n3d); ʔikaeil, n3b.
load a gun: tik’ tuk’, vphr(tv & n4d).
load carefully /gun/: čapa, tv.
/mule/: ¢elanbe ʔikae, vphr(tv & n4d).
/tied load of firewood, untied small burlap bag of corn/: čep, nc.

loafer: haragan, agn.

loan: ʔak’ ta č’amunel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); ʔnk’ ta k’eš, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

lock: bah, tv; e’ot, tv.
homemade wooden lock used by Chamulas: k’oh teʔ, nphr(x type n)5.

locked: (house): e’otol, aj.
locked up /in box, coffin, house, or pot/: bahal, aj.

locust: k’ulub, n1e.*

lodging: lodging for the night: posara, n5.
take lodging: tenu, tv.

log: /light enough to carry/: k’ečob, n1a.
short log: p’asp’as teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a; p’osp’os teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.

long(1): kee, tol, av; bi¢bi¢, aj; e’upul, aj; natil, aj; tintin, aj.
become long (wool, sheep’s coat): tin ba, rv.
(boy’s hair): mokmok, aj.
(bull testes): čečel, aj.
carrying long tree: vae’ae’, av.
(face, cushaw): vaʔvaʔ, aj.
grow long (legs): natub, iv.
(hair, legs, rope): nat, aj.
(house): telel, aj.
(legs): bišil, aj.
long and narrow (land, leaf): kilkil, aj.
long and narrow (plot of land): kieil, aj.
long and pointed (nose, head, corn kernal): pahal, aj.
long and straight line: kieil, aj.
long and with rounded corners (stone): k’atk’at, aj.
long hair: mok, av.
overly long (skirt, cotton or wool tunic): palal, aj.
(piece of meat): šač’al, aj.
standing on long legs (crab, daddy longlegs, harp): čaval, aj.
(tail, child’s tunic): tolol, aj.
too long (shorts, boy’s smock, net): hočol, aj.
walking with long tail: tel, av.
with long face: pah, av.
with long straight tail: pal, av.
with overly long clothes: pal, av.

long(2): long for: k’upih wion, vphr(iv & n4d); pič’ ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

long-enduring: eoe ʔoʔon, nphr(aj & n4d).

long-faced: (dude’s mask): pah-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5.

long-legged: biš, čan, av; biš-ʔakan, n(aj & ncpd)5; čan-ʔakan, n(aj & ncpd)5; čavel, aj; čes, aj.
(person, pullet): vač’-ʔakan, n(aj & ncpd)5.
(pullet): čav-ʔakan, n(aj & ncpd)5.

long-lived: be long-lived: nat ʔora, vphr(aj/pred/ & n1d).

long-necked: eay, av; eayal, aj.

long-nosed: (man, pig): e’up-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.
(pig, man): pah-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.

long-winged: kil-šik’, n(aj & ncpd)5.

longing: longing for hopelessly: bik’bon ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).
longing unrealistically for something: mak’mon ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).

look: k’e, tv(impv/contr of k’eto/).
look after oneself: k’el ba, rv.
look around (hen looking for place to lay): halomah, iv.
look at: k’el, tv.
look at /spectacle, fight, etc./: ʔelavta, tv.
look at oneself: k’el ba, rv.
look at person out of corner of eye /mockingly/: šihvan ta k’elel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5).
look for: saʔ, tv.
look it’s this way /demonstrating/: ši vi, vphr(pt & tv/contr of xavil/).
look up: toy sat, vphr(tv & n4d).
take a look: k’el, tv.
take a quick look at: lab-k’el, tv(n & tvcpd).
take a quick look at /corn field, person/: lab-sati, tv(n & tvcpd).

look-around: quick look-around: hoyhel, n5.

looking: looking at merchandise and not buying it or selling it: kevet ʔe, av.
looking down one’s nose: haʔ, av.
looking far off out of corner of eye: šihet sat, vphr(av & n4d).
looking in: nač’, av.
looking in all directions: nač’, av.
looking out of corner of eye /amorously/: sihil, aj.

loom: holobil, n3a.*
end of loom: ¢u¢av, n4f.
loom bar: biš, n1a.

loop: (vine): luk ba, rv.

loose: yoč, av.
(animal): kolem, aj.

be loose (hair): tini, iv.
be loose (tooth): več¢ah, iv; vuy ba, rv.
become loose (hair): tin¢ah, iv.
become loose (handle, barrel stave, furniture): koč ba, rv.
become loose (strings of musical instrument, sash when person loses weight, tooth): yočba, rv.
become loose (strings of musical instrument, sash, teeth): yočan ba, rv.
become loose (tooth, fence post): yoč¢an ba, rv.
become loose (tooth, fingernail, toenail, hoof, handle, barrel staves, furniture): koč, iv.
become loose (tooth, knot, fence post, sandal): yoč, iv.
become loose (tooth, string of musical instrument): yoč¢ah, iv; yočp’ih, iv.
(boards): kačkon, av.
/clothing/: solet, av.
(coins, small amount of corn at bottom of pot, etc.): čahahtik, aj.
comb and make fly loose /hair/: tinan, tv.
get loose (animal): kol, iv.
(girl): palta, aj.
(hair): tinil, aj.
loose single woman /spinster, widow or divorcée/: komonil, n3f.
loose woman: hčinin-čak, agn(aj & ncpd)5; hč’inin-ʔat, agn(aj & ncpd)5; hč’inin-mis, agn(aj & ncpd)5.
(sash, cinch, tooth, string of musical instrument, hoe head): yočol, aj.:

loose strife: ¢i¢ teʔ(1), nphr(n type n); ¢u¢ub, n; kwenta talel, nphr(n4f of n4d/1p/).

loose-tongued: hamal ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

loosely: loosely woven: čahal, aj.

loosen: yočan, tv.
/barbed wire/ (cattle): vuyan, tv.
/hair/: tin¢an, tv.
/knot/: hi¢es. tv.
loosen sash: yoč č’ut, vphr(tv & n4d).
/strings of musical instrument/: yoča, tv.
/strings of musical instrument/: yoča, tv.
/strings of musical instrument, fence post, knot/: yoč, tv.
/strings of musical instrument, sash, tooth/: vočes, tv.
/tooth, hoe handle/: kočes, tv.
/tooth, string of musical instrument/: yoč¢an, tv.

looseness: female speech; looseness: ʔilaʔal, n4d.

lop: lop off /branches/: vel, tv.
lop off branches: č’ulbe k’ob, vphr(tv & n4f).

lopping: lopping off: č’ul, av.

lopsided: (old basket, fence, mouth when crying, loose pants): šovol, aj.

loquacious: t’al-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5.
extremely loquacious: čič, aj.
loquacious man: pik’iš vinik, nphr(aj & n)5.
overly loquacious person /archaic/: čok’an, n5.

Lord: Our Lord: kahvaltik, n5.*
Our Lord of Esquipulas /in Chapel of Our Lord of Esquipulas, picture and two images in ʔApas/.: hč’ul-totik ʔIskipula, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
Our Lord who takes account of our daily sins: hpas-k’ak’al, agn(tv & ncpd).

lord: ʔahvalil, n3b.
earth lord: ʔahval balamil, nphr(n4f of n5); ʔanhel, agn.

lordly: yo, aj.*

Lorentia: Lolen, n1d.

lose: č’ay, tv.
lose all one’s money: kastoin, tv.
lose hair: tul¢ah, iv.
lose one’s soul: kom, iv; komes ba ta balamil, vphr(rv & prep & n5).
lose one’s virginity (woman): ham, iv.
lose out: č’ay, iv.
lose possessions (drunk): č’ayomah, iv.

lost: č’ay em, aj.
be lost in thought: k’opoh ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d). become lost: č’ay, iv.
get lost (animal): ve¢’ ba, rv.
having lost one’s clothes /drunk at fiesta/: salal, aj.

lot: a lot of: ʔep, aj.

lots: lots of: ʔanimal, aj.

loud: ¢o¢, aj.

loudly: flapping loudly (rooster’s wings): t’ašt’on, av.

loudspeaker: ʔok’el tak’in, nphr(vn type n)5; hʔok’esnomtak’in, agn(vn & ncpd).
/archaic/: čikin tak’in, nphr(n of n)5.

louse: ʔuč\ n1a; sak-č’akil, n(aj & ncpd)1a.
bird louse: sayton, n1e.
dog louse: sayton, n1e.

love: k’an, tv.
be in love: nup ʔanima ba, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4d & rpn/); nup č’ulel ba, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4d & rpn/).
be madly in love: vovi, iv.

lover: lover of a long time’s standing: marčante. n1d.
male lover /occurs only with an. poss./: hmul. agn.

low: ʔametah, iv.
become low: pek’i, iv.
(chair, table, roof, tree, clouds, low-flying plane, number, fruit): pek’el, aj.
(hill): butbut, aj.
(hip-roofed house lacking tall center post): potpot, aj.
low and heavily foliaged (tree): pe¢pe¢, aj.
low and high-priced: yalel toyol, ajphr(aj & aj).

low-lying: (fog): č’etet, av.
(mist): pak’al, aj.

low-roofed: (cave): kuhkuh, aj.

lower: place at lower level: pek’elubtas, tv.
/price/: ¢ules, tv; yales, tv.
(river, foam of boiling broth): yam, iv.

lowered: (eye lids): nihil, aj.
with lowered head: čin, av.

lowering: lowering in banks: la¢, av.

lowing: ʔam, av.

lowlands: ʔolon ʔosil, nphr(n type n)5; k’išin ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5.

lowly: yo, aj.

Lucas: Lukaš, n1d.

luck: ¢ora, n1a; ʔorail, n4d.
bad luck: ¢ahal ʔora, nphr(aj & n)5.

lucky: be lucky /finding object on path, buying article for low price/: lek ʔil, vphr(aj & tv).

lucrative: be lucrative (corn or beans that are bought and sold at a profit): man ba, rv.

lukewarm: k’un-yaman, aj(aj & T/2/cpd); yamal, aj.

lump: form lump (sickness in body): volan ba, rv.
in lump (mud, corn dough): pič’il, aj.
lying in lump: pič’, av.
make lump /mud, lime, corn dough, corn and bean tamale/: pič’, tv.
sit in lump (corn dough, mud): pič’i, iv.
with a lump in one’s throat: tonon tal ʔoʔon, vphr(av & dr & n4d).

lumpy: (čakal, voʔan, goiter): p’oʔol, aj; voʔol, aj.
feeling lumpy: pit, av.

lunging: ¢oy, av.

lurching: luk, av.

lustful: be lustful: pas hamparoal, vphr(tv & n5).

Luz: /infr/: Lus, n1d.

lying: češ, čev, me¢, pak’ poč, pum, p’as, av.
approaching and lying down: patat, av.
be lying down (person, log): pumi, iv.
be lying down (person, mammal): puči, iv.
be lying down on side (fat pig, drunk): vubi, iv.
be lying on side (cow that is being slaughtered): tobi, iv.
(clothing): pak’al, aj.
(corpse during wake, dog lying on stomach): tu¢’ul, aj.
/dead dog, leafy branches/: čevet, av.
(flat object; corn husk, sandal, flattened carcass or tin can, hat, basket on side, wide leaf): počol, aj.
(hat, flattened can, basket on side): poči, iv.
(log): čunul, aj.
lying down: puč’, av.
lying down (dog, tiger): patal, aj.
lying down (person, mammal, tree trunk): puč’ul, aj.
lying down (person, pig, baby, log, cow): pumul, aj.
lying flat (patient, sleeper): k’iil, aj.
lying on: kah, av.
lying on back (drunk): ʔečel, aj.
lying on ground (dead animal or person, hoe, axe, knife, empty burlap bag, sandal, paper): pak’al, aj.
lying on ground (leafy branches): češel(1), aj.
lying on side (cow, drunk, pot, water jug): tobol, aj.
lying on side (fat pig, drunk): vubul, aj.
lying together (many sick or sleeping people): tusul, aj.
lying together (people, houses, animals, pair of oxen, testicles): lotol, aj.
(palm frond): češel(1), aj.
(rope, tripe, wire, chain, clothing): loset, av; losol, aj.
(short log): p’osol, aj.
(wood, sugarcane, knife, scissors, pencil, bottle, flashlight): me¢el, aj.

lymphatic: lymphatic gland: nuk’ul, n1a.

M

ma’am: /term of address to ladina/: sinyora, n5.
/term of address to older woman/: meʔtik, n5.

macaw: scarlet macaw: moʔoč, n5.*

macawood: lumpisera, n.

machete: mačita, n1a.
double-edged machete: hakapúlga, n5.
wooden-handled wide-bladed machete used formerly: kálanča macita, nphr(n type n)1a.

machine: k’ok’, n1d.
/typewriter, tractor, mill/: makina, n1a.

mad: get mad: kap, iv; kap hoi, vphr(iv & n4d).
go mad: čuvahib, iv; vovib, iv.
go mad (person, rabid dog): vovi, iv.
mad dog: hvoviel, agn.

made: be made (pot, water jug, griddle, adobe, tile): pat, iv.

madman: čuvah, agn.

madness: čuvah, n1e; vov, n1d; vovil, n4b.

madrone: ʔon teʔ, nphr(n type n)5; nap’ap’ ʔon teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil ʔon teʔ), nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Magdalene: Matal, n1d.

maggot: š’uit, n1e.

magistrate: preserente, agn.

maguey: maguey roaster /Chamula/: hčik’-met, agn(tv & ncpd).

maid: kiarail, n3d.

maize: ʔišim, n1a.

make: mel¢ah, iv; mel¢an, tv; pas, tv.
/infr/: k’atahes, tv.
/rocket/: bal, tv.
/small toasted tortilla/: t’ahes, tv.
/tortillas, corn liquor, gunpowder/: lok’es, tv.

maker: charcoal maker /Chamula, Pasteʔ, ʔElan Voʔ/.: hčik’-ʔak’al, agn(tv & ncpd).

malanga: mexican malanga: k’oš pok’ok’, nphr(aj & n); pok’ok’, n1e.

malaria: k’ak’al sik, nphr(aj & n)5; pasmo, n1e.

male: /mammal, bird/: tot ———, nphr(n type n)5.

mallow: bik’tal pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pak’ čak, nphr(n of n).
false mallow: muk’ta pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’tik pak’ cak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil ʔuč’ maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).
rosey globe mallow: ¢’oban, n.
wax mallow: ʔuč’ maš, nphr(n4d of n5); ¢’oban ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); ¢’oban teʔ, nphr(n type n); k’oš ¢’oban, nphr(aj & n);k’oš ¢’oban teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
wild mallow: k’anal sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sat mes, nphr(n of n).

man:
mol, n1d; vinik, n1d.

mandibles: (insect): lo¢’, n4d.

mange: sep’, n1e.

mango: manko, n1a.

manhood: vinikal, n1d.

manikin: lok’ob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)1e.

maniple: ʔistola, n1d.

mano: k’ob čoʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d).

mantis: praying mantis: lub-k’ob, n(aj & ncpd)5; nup’-k’ob, nphr(aj & ncpd)5.

many: ʔep, aj; ʔepal, n4f.
as many: k’u ʔepal, nphr(pt & n4f).
how many?: k’u ʔepal, nphr(pt & n4f).
however many: k’u ʔepal, nphr(pt & n4f).
so many: tol, aj.
too many: tol, aj.

many-branched: (tree): čihil, aj.

marble: kanika, n1e.

March: marso, n5.

mare: yevaš, n1a.
/mule/: mula, n1d.

margay: k’oš bolom, nphr(aj & n)5; tikre, n5.

Mariano: Maryan, n1d.

marigold: aztec marigold: ¢ahal ʔan¢il voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); ¢ahal kašlan voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); ¢ahal kelem voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ¢ahal voʔtus, nphr(aj & n); ¢eb voʔtus, nphr(n type n); krem voʔtus, nphr(n type n); k’anal ʔaneil voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); k’anal kelem voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’anal poean, nphr(aj & n).
marsh marigold: ba¢i ¢i¢, nphr(aj & n); ¢i¢(1), n1a; ¢i¢al ʔul, nphr(natt & n); ¢i¢il ʔul, nphr(natt & n); k’oš ¢i¢, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta ¢i¢, nphr(aj & n).
shrub marigold: ¢is čauk, nphr(n of n)5.
wild marigold: kelem voʔtus, nphr(n type n)1d; k’anal kelem voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’oš kelem voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’oš voʔtus, nphr(aj & n); voʔtus ʔuloʔ, nphr(n of n); voʔtus č’o, nphr(n of n).

marimba: marimpa, n1d; musika, n1a.

Mark: Markuš, n1d.

mark: ʔak’be senya, vphr(tv & n5).
mark left by pinch: set’ben, n4f.
mark scratched on wood: kupbenal, n4f.

marked: ʔovero, aj.

marker: /strand of yarn threaded through skin of back of chicken’s head for identification/: senya, n1a.

market: č’ivit, n5.
market booth: pwesto, n1d.

marksman: htuk’avil, agn.

marriage: have civil marriage: sivilah, iv.
marriage petition: k’anel nupunel, nphr(vn4f of vn5).

married: nupulik, aj.
be married /restricted to past tense/: ʔayanʔahnil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); ʔayan malal, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
be married to (girl): lekomin, tv.
compel to be married: hoč, tv.

marrow: /cow vertebrae/: činamil pat, nphr(n4f of n4d).

marry: ʔik’, tv; čik’ baik, rv. nupun, iv.
agree to marry each other: k’opon baik, rv.
(man): ʔahnilin, tv.
/man/: malalin, tv.
marry in the church: ʔeč’ ta pale, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
(woman): malih, iv.

Martin: Mai til, n1d.

Mary: Maruč, n1d.
Virgin Mary /in side chapel of the Church of St.
Lawrence/: hč’ul-meʔtik Paškuʔ, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

mash: /beans and corn with hands to make bean tamales/:n1b, tv.
mash with back of spoon /chili, beans, tomato, potato/: p’uy, tv.
mash with spoon /chili/: huʔ, tv.

mashed: mashed into sauce (chili): p’uyul, aj.

mashing: /chili, beans, tomato, potato/: p’uyp’on, av.

mask: mak sat, nphr(n of n)1d.

mass: miša, n1a.
attend mass: ʔaʔi miša, vphr(tv & n5).
celebrate requiem mass: lok’ misa, vphr(iv & n1e).
requiem mass: miša, n1a; mišail, n4d.
wedding mass: miša, n1a.

massage: massage away /chest pain, evil eye/: tus, tv.
massage pregnant woman’s stomach (midwife, once a month from fifth or sixth month on): pič’, tv.
/rubbing of baby with candles, elderberry branches or eggs/: tusel, vn5.
/with downward motion, or towards extremities/: nit, tv.

massaging: massaging away /chest pain/: tuston, av.

masseuse: /midwife/: hpič’vaneh, agn.

massively: čuš, av.
sitting massively (woman): ʔušul, aj.

master: šanbe, tv.

masturbate: šoʔilan k’ob, vphr(tv / / n); vesulan k’ob, vphr/tv / / n/.

mat: mat where woman sits: naklebal, n3b.
old mat on which lazy woman sits: pok’lebal, n4f.
straw mat: papal, n4f; pop, n1d.
straw mat /folded and sewn to make bag for storing corn or beans/: parto, n1a.
straw mat in which chaplet is wrapped: papal ʔual, nphr(n1f of n1d).
straw mat in which salt is wrapped: papal ʔa¢am, nphr(n1f of n1d).
straw mat on which “flowers” for curing ceremony are placed: papal ničim, nphr(n1f of n1d).
straw mat used to wrap salt cakes: mokan, n1a.
/wool, hair/: pa¢an, tv.

match: posporo, n1a; serio, n1a.

matchstick: posporo, n1a; serio, n1a.

mate: /person, bird, coyote, spotted skunk, sandal/:nupul, n4b.

material: pok’, n1a.

matrilocal: matrilocal residence: tavaneh, vn5.

matted: peč’, teč’ av; teč’eč’, aj.
be matted (hair): peč’i, iv.
be matted (wool, woman’s hair): teč’i, iv.
become matted (wool): pak’ ba, rv; pič’ ba, rv;
ten ba, rv.
become matted (wool, woman’s hair): peč’ ba, rv; teč’an ba, rv; teč’eah, iv; teč’ei’ub, iv; tečub, iv.
become tightly matted (wool): ten¢ah, iv.
tightly matted (wool): tenelik, aj.
(wool): tečel, aj; tenel, aj.

matter: k’op, n1d.

Matthew: Matyo, n1d.

mature: be physically mature (adolescent): tus ba, rv.
mature physically (tree, child): lin ba, rv; lineah, iv.

maturely: act maturely: tales c’ulel, vphr(tv & n4d).

maul: marso te9, nphr(n type n)1a.
/used to tamp down earth of fresh grave or to strike chisel/: marso, n1a.

May: mayo, n5.

may: ʔoyuk, n5.
it may be: yik’al, pt.

may weed: maneanilya, n1a.

maybe: kik, pt; nan, pt; repente, pt.
maybe not: muʔn no, ptphr(pt & pt).
then maybe: ʔui nan, nphr(n4f/contr of ʔuʔun/ &; pt).

mayor: /dignitary who brings salt from Voʔ-bie to the chapel of Lord Esquipulas/: mayol, agn.
/lowest ranking official of lowest grade of religious hierarchy who acts as errand boy and policeman for civil authorities/: mayol, agn.

mayordomo: mayordomo rey /most prestigious official of the first level of the religious hierarchy/:martomo rey, agn(nphr/n type n/5).
/religious official of the first level of the religious hierarchy, man in charge of waterhole renewal ceremonies/: martomo, agn.
steward of Voʔ-bi¢: martomo ʔan¢, agn(nphr/n type n/5).

meadow: yašaltik, n5.
flat meadow: ten1eh, n4f; tenteh, n4f.

meadow rue: ʔama čauk, nphr(n4f of n5); ʔoʔlol ʔama čauk, nphr(n type nphr/n4f of n5/); ¢is cauk, nphr(n of n)5; k’oš ʔama čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/).

meal: veʔel, n1d; veʔlil, n1e.
/food eaten with tortilla/: bateb ʔot, nphr(n4f of n4d).
meal time /noon/: veʔebal, n3d.
prepare meal: pas veʔelil, vphr(tv & n5).

mean(1): ʔal, tv; k’opoh, iv.

mean(2): pukuh, aj.
become mean: pukuhib, iv.
(mule): simaron, aj.
(person): čopol ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5).

mean-tempered: k’ak’et ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).

meander: (row of planting): lukilan ba, rv.

meaning: kwenta, n1b.

meanness: pukuhil, n4d.

means: if it means: miʔn, pt(contr of mi & yuʔun).

measles: sarampio, n5.

measure: p’is, tv.
/corn, beans/: p’isomah, iv.
fifteen liter basket measure: ʔalmul moč, nphr(n type n)5.
fifteen liter dry measure: bik’it ʔalmul, nphr(aj & n)5.
five liter dry measure: kwarto, n1a.
measure by armspan /palm strip, tarea/: hava, tv.
measure by handspans /meat, wedding cake, clothes/: č’iša, tv.
measure into twenty warp threads: tuka, tv.
measure of about twenty-five pounds /flour/: ʔarova, n1a.
one hundred and eighty liter dry measure: hanika, n1a.
one liter dry measure: kaltera, n1a.
reed or horn measure of gunpowder: karka, n1e.
twelve liter dry measure: hanika litro, nphr(n type n)5.
twenty liter dry measure: muk’ta ʔalmul, nphr(aj & n)5.
twenty liter dry measure /formerly a wooden box/: litro, n1a.
wooden quarter measure /kwarča teʔ/: teʔ, n1f. /80 cm./: vara, n1a.

measurement: /of clothes, grave, steward’s altar/: p’isol, n1b.

measuring: p’is, av.
wooden box for measuring corn: kwarto, n1a.

meat: bek’et, n1d; tiʔbol, n1a.
chopped or ground meat: tenbil bek’et, nphr(aj & n)5.
jerked meat dipped in chili sauce: p’uyum tašuš, nphr(n type n)5.

medal: saint’s medal on link chain worn by women around neck: karina, n1a.
scapular medal /formerly worn by women and buried with them/: melaria, n1d.

meddle: tuč’ ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5).

meddler: hč’am šohob k’ak’al, agn: vphr(tv & nphr/n of n/5).

medicinal: medicinal herb: htunel, agn.

medicine: pošil, n1b.
administer medicine: pošta, tv.
patent medicine /bought in San Cristóbal, rubbed on child’s veins to protect it from earth lord/: piritu, n1a.
take medicine: posta ba, rv.

medium-sized: ʔoʔlol, n1e.
(pot): hašhaš, aj.

meet: nup, tv; nup ba, rv.
meet each other: ta baik, rv.
meet on the road (people, animals): nup ba tabe, vphr(rv & prep & n5).

meeting: nopohel, vn5; nup-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

melon: musk melon: melon, n1a.

melt: ʔul, iv; ʔules, tv.
(wax, lard, resin): ʔuneh, iv.
/wax, lard, resin/: ʔunehes, tv.

memorize: čan, tv.

menace: /with stick or fists/: yeʔ, tv.

menacing: yeʔ, av; yeʔel, aj.

mend: ¢ak ba, rv.
(bone): yihub, iv.
/clothing/: net’, tv; pak’, tv; pak’an, tv.
/house wall with daub/: pak’an, tv.
(wound, broken bone): nup’ ba, rv.

mendacious: mendacious man: pik’is vinik, nphr(aj & n)5.

mended: be mended (roof): lam, iv.
mended places /sewn, not patched/: e’isbentik, aj.

menstrual: have menstrual period: ʔil ʔu, vphr(tv & n5).*

menstruating: begin menstruating: ham, iv.

menstruation: čamelil, vn3d.

mention: biiltas, tv.
don’t mention it: mu k’u ʔal, vphr(pt & pt & tv/3s/).
mention by name: tih ta ʔalel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

meow: mau, onom.

meowing: mau, meʔ, miuʔ, av.

Mercedes: /infr/: Mersel, n1d.

merchandise: p’olmal, n1d.
merchandise for resale: ʔekel, n1d.
merchandise, etc., which has been chosen and set aside: t’uhbenal, n4f.

merchant: hčonolahel, agn; hp’olmahel, agn; marčante, n1d.

merry: merry person: h¢eʔetel, agn.

merry-go-round: kavayito, n5.

mesh: /sieve, net/: satil, n3c.

mesonero: /each of two officials of the first level of the religious hierarchy/: meson, agn.

mess: mess up /bird’s nest, scribe’s lists/: sokes, tv.
mess up /woman’s hair, thatch, stubble, wool/: veʔean, tv.
mess up /wool, hair/: va¢k’un, tv.

messy: č’et, va¢, av; čaʔal, aj; hinil čaʔal, ajphr(aj & aj); hinil vuk’ul, ajphr(aj & aj).
become messy (clothing): č’etk’uh, iv.
become messy (woman’s hair, thatch, stubble, wool): veʔ¢ah, iv; veʔ¢an ba, rv.
(hair): vo¢ol, aj.
in messy piles: č’etel, aj.
sit with messy hair (sick person): č’eti, iv.
walking with messy hair (sick person): šikšon, av.
with messy hair: č’eʔ, ¢un, av.
(woman’s hair, thatch): č’etel, aj.
(woman’s hair, thatch, stubble, wool): veʔel, aj.

messy-haired: ¢un-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5.

metal: tak’in, n1a.

metate: čoʔ, n1a.
metate platform /heavy raised plank on which metate stands/: ʔek’en, n1a.

meter: metro, n1a.

mewing: mek’, miʔ, av.

mexican tea: kokoʔon, n1a.

mexican tea bush: k’ošoš teʔ, nphr(n type n)5.

Mexico: inhabitant of Mexico City: hmehiko, agn.
Mexico City: ʔOlontik, n5.

miaowing: maʔmon, av.

Michael: Mikel, n1d.

Michaela: Mikul, n1d.

middle: ʔoʔlol, n1e.
/bottle/: č’util, n3b.

middle-aged: middle-aged _______: ʔoʔlol _______, nphr(n of n)5.

middleman: hʔekel _______, agn(nphr/n of n/5).
act as middleman: čaʔ-čon, tv(num & tvcpd).

midge: ʔus, n1e.

midnight: ʔol ʔak’ubal, nphr(n of n)5.

midst: in the midst of: yolel, pt.

midwife: htamol, agn.

mighty: čan-vinik, n(num & numcpd)1e.

mildew: kuš, n1a; kušib, iv; kušin, iv.
cause to mildew: kusibtas, tv; yasubtas, tv.

mildewed: become mildewed: yašub, iv.

milk: cause milk to flow: tales ʔaʔlel čuʔ, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/).
/cow/: pi¢’, tv.
cow’s milk: leč, n1a.

milked: be milked (cow): pi¢’, iv.

milkweed: pošil nuk’ul, nphr(n of n).
bloodflower milkweed: ʔat ¢’ʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n; ničim č’ulelal, nphr(n of n); pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).
white milkweed: ʔat ¢’iʔ teʔ, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n; muk’ta primon, nphr(aj & n); primon, n1e.

milkwort: pošil čuvah, nphr(n of n)5; yašal nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

milky: milky way in dry season: be taiv, nphr(n of n)5.
milky way in rainy season: be VOʔ, nphr(n of n)5.

mill: /corn grinder, gasoline-driven com mill, water mill/: mulino, n1a.

millepede: ʔepal ʔok čon, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5; čame-ʔat, n(aj & ncpd)1b.

miller: hmulinero, agn.

millet: knotroot millet: ʔisim be hobel, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ type n); ¢ukum hobel, nphr(n type n); peč’ahtik ¢ahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

mimosa: čame-ʔat č’iš, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/type n); leb so¢’, nphr(x of n); lo¢’om čih, nphr(x & n); lo¢’om čih ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/x & n/ type n); lo¢’om čih č’iš, nphr(nphr/x & n/ type n); lot’om č’iš, nphr(x & n); makom č’iš, nphr(n type n).

minding: going about minding one’s business: eunet, av.

mine: minaš, n1a.

mint: ʔalavena, n1a; č’iš ʔalavena, nphr(n type n)5. bergamot mint: ba¢’i ʔalavena, nphr(aj & n)5. bush mint: ʔalavena ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; sakil pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); yašal nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

mired: ma¢’, muk, av.
become mired: ma¢’an ba, rv; ma¢’¢ah, iv; ma¢’¢an ba, rv.
(car): ma¢’al, aj.

mirror: k’elob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)1d; k’elulanobil, n1f; nen, n1a.

miry: become miry (muddy stretch of trail), wallow: puk’ ba, rv.

misbehave: sal mul, vphr(tv & n4d).

miscarriage: have miscarriage: bat ta maš, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & 5); yal ʔol, vphr(iv & n4d).
having repeated miscarriages: yalel yalel, nphr(vn5 & vn5); yalyon ʔol, vphr(av & n4d).

miscarry: sok ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5).

misconduct: mulil. n3a.

miserable: povre, aj; yo, aj.

miserliness: bik’tal-ʔoʔon, n(aj & ncpd).

misery: meʔanal, n1a.
be in misery /sick, poor/: ʔue’u¢’ ba, vphr(aj/ pred/ & rpn).

misfortune: have misfortune: nuptan palta, vphr(tv & n5); pas palta, vphr(tv & n5).

misquote: ʔeinbe ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d).

misread: č’ay-satih, iv(iv & ncpd).

miss(1): naʔ, tv; yul ta hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d). miss each other (people, animals): naʔ baik, rv.

miss(2): term of address to ladina; female teacher, miss: sinyorita, n5.

mist: lumal tok, nphr(natt & n)5; lumil tok, nphr(natt & n)5.

misting: vi¢’von, av; vihvon, av.

mistletoe: k’anal nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); muk’ta nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); muk’tik nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); nok&ol sik&ol, nphr(x & n)1e.
flowering mistletoe: k’anal nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); k’oš nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(x & n)1e; nok’ol sik’ol hʔik’al, nphr(nphr/x & n/ of agn).
leafless mistletoe: k’anal nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/).

mistress: ʔan¢il, n3d.
mistress of a long time’s standing: marčante, n1d.

misty: become misty: pul balamil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5).

mite: bird mite: ʔosol, n1e.

mix: kap, tv; kapin, tv.
/cane liquor and water, lottery tickets/: kapolah, iv.
mix in water /handfuls of corn gruel, posol, mud/: puk’, tv.
mix solid with water /posol, corn gruel/: miš, tv.
mix together (other person’s chickens or sheep with one’s own): kapin ba, rv.
mix with water /corn gruel, posol, mud/: puk’omah, iv.

mixed: kapal, aj.
get mixed up: kapih, iv.
get mixed up (sheep of two different owners): kap ba, rv.
many kinds together (corn, ribbons): kap-vo¢’, aj(aj & ajcpd).

moan: ʔakanah, iv.

moaning: ʔak, ʔiʔ, hoʔ, av.

mock: labah, iv; laban, tv.

mocker: hlabanvaneh, agn.

mockery: kuyel, vn4b.

mockingbird: blue mockingbird: hloʔ-makom, agn(tv & ncpd)5; k’ub-tot, n(tv & ncpd)5; sak-č’ut mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
tropical mockingbird: balun-ʔok’es, n(num & ncpd)5; sempal, n1d.*

moist: become moist: t’ušub, iv.
become soft and moist (dirt on body or clothes): vos, iv.
become soft and moist (earth, dirt on body or clothes): vosan ba, rv; vos¢ah, iv.
make soft and moist /earth, dirt on body/: voses, tv.

moisten: /daub/: haʔubtas, tv.
/mud for house/: t’ušubtas, tv.

moisture: ʔaʔlel, n4f.

molar: premolar and molar /absolute form infr/: čoʔobil, n3d.

mold(1): /for adobe, tile, brick or brown sugar/: molte, n1a.
mold head of newborn child with hands or log stool: patbe hoi, vphr(tv & n4d).
mold with mud or soft substance /pot, water jug, griddle, adobe, tile/: pat, tv.
/neck of pot/: ¢ub, tv.

mold(2): yašal, n4f.

mole: /on body/: t’ut’, n1a.

molest: saʔsonah, iv.
molest people: sa?an hoi, vphr(tv & n5).
molest person in his dreams: tiʔvan ta č’ulel, vphr(iv & prep & n4d).
/women/: ʔilbahin, tv.

molestation: ʔilbah, n5.

molester: hsaʔ-holol, agn(tv & ncpd); hsa?sonahel, agn.

molesting: saʔ, av; saʔson, av.

mollify: patbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d).

moment: at that very moment: haʔ ʔo, ptphr(pt & pt).

Monday: luneš, n1e.
Carnival Monday: luneš k’ak’al, nphr(n type n)5.
Monday of Holy Week: luneš santo, nphr(n & aj)5.

money: sentavo, n1a; tak’in, n1a.
give hush money to: mak ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d).
hoard of money: minaš, n1a.
money for specific purpose: toholin, n4f.
silver money: ba¢’i tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5; mehikáno, n1d.
spending money: pikbalal tak’in, vphr(aj & n)5.

money-collector: hkovral, agn.

monkey: geoffroy’s spider monkey: maš, n5.*
howler monkey: maš, n5.*
monkey character of Chamula Carnival: maš, agn.

monkey comb: ʔušub ʔak’, nphr(n4f type n5); čan-¢elav ʔak’, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n); čukob čitom ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); hušob-bail, n(n & rpncpd); hušob-bail ʔak’, nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n).

monkey flower: ʔalavena ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

month: ʔu, n1e.

moo: ʔametah, iv.

mooing: ʔam, muli. av.

moon: ʔu, n1e; hč’ul-meʔtik, agn(aj & ncpd)5; luna, n1e.

moonbeam: šohob hč’ul-meʔtik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/)5.

moonlight: ʔuiltik, n5.

moonshiner: hlok’eseh-poš, agn(vn & ncpd).

more: mas, aj; yan, aj; yantik, aj.

morel: false morel: ʔat hʔik’al, nphr(n4d of agn); sakil ʔat hʔik’al, nphr: aj & nphr(n4d of agn).

moreover: čiʔuk k’usuk, nphr(n4f & pt).

moribund: lying moribund (person): ta¢’ton, av.

morning: early morning: sob, n5.
produce first flush of the morning (sun): p’ič tal, vphr(iv & dr).

morning glory: bikil ¢ʔiʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); ¢o¢il ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); ¢o¢in ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); ¢o¢iron pik’ok’, nphr(aj & n); čičol č’o, nphr(n of n); čikin č’o ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); hit’ob na, nphr(n of n); kampana ʔak’, nphr(n type n); k’oš pik’ok’, nphr(aj & n); k’oš pik’ok’ ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’oš puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n); k’oš puyuʔ ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); mis ¢iʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); muk’ta sakil kampana ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/ aj & n/ type n); muk’ta sakil puyuʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); pik’ok’, n1a; pik’ok’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n); pohov ʔak’, nphr(n type n); pošil yayihel, nphr(n of vn); puyuʔ, n1e.
breedlove’s morning glory: ¢ahal ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta ʔik’loʔan puyuʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ type n); muk’ta puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n); muk’tik puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n).

morpho: yašal pepen, nphr(aj & n)5.*

mortar: kamaro, n1a.

mortarman: /person who tamps gunpowder in blasting iron and explodes it/: hten-kamaro, agn(tv & ncpd).

mosaic: lučul, n4e.

mosquito: šenen, n1e.
mosquito larva: pak’-sim, n(aj & ncpd)1e.

moss: ¢on-teʔal balamil, nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n); ničim ninyo, nphr(n4d of n5).
club moss: balahtik šanšan, nphr(aj & n); balahtik šanšanil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); kilahtik šanšan, nphr(aj & n); kilahtik šanšanil balamil, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); ne ¢’iʔ ¢iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); šanšan, n1a.
Spanish moss: ¢on-teʔ, n(n of ncpd)5.

moth: clothes moth /cocoons are paired/: vač(3), n1e.
/general term/: supul, n1e.
moth that flies into lanterns at night: hʔilavil supul, nphr(agn type n)5.*

moth-eaten:
walking with moth-eaten hair (woman): tulton, av.
(woman’s hair, mule’s or chicken’s tail): tultul, aj

mother: meʔil, n3d.

mother-in-law: female’s mother-in-law /term of reference/: ʔalib me?elil, nphr(n type n)3d.
male’s mother-in-law: niʔ-meʔelil, n(n & ncpd)3d.

motion: motion to with circular motion of hand: velu, tv.

motioning: motioning with hand: bečbon k’ob, vphr(av & n4d); velvon, av.

motmot: blue-crowned motmot: kul, n5; ru, n5; turn, n5.
russet-crowned motmot: kul, n5; ru, n5; turn, n5.

mottled: p’utum, aj.
entirely mottled (chicken, hawk, quail, tinamou, hairy woodpecker): sararin, aj.

moult: tul¢ah, iv.

moulting: tulul, aj.

mound: in a large mound (manure, human excrement, cow patty): lemel, aj.
in large mound (logs, stones, straw, bags, fruit, adobe, snake): ¢elel, aj.
make large mound /firewood, stones/: ¢elan, tv.
place down in a mound /mud, thick and improperly made tortilla/: leman, tv.
sit in a large mound (tortilla): lemi, iv.

mount: /cannon/: čotan, tv.
/horse, woman/: kahi, iv; kahlebin, tv.

mountain: vi¢, n1e.
mountain pass: hap ʔosil, nphr(n of n)5; hap vi¢, nphr(n of n)5.

mounted: kahal, aj; lepet, av.
/on horse/: lepel, aj.

mounting: /woman/: t’očoč, av.

mourner: hʔok’el, agn.

mouse: č’o, n1e.*
deer mouse: sak-ʔeoval, n(aj & ncpd)Id.*
house mouse: lumtikil č’o, nphr(natt & n)5.’

moustache: ʔisimil, n3b.

mouth: hold in mouth: ʔum, tv.
/person, animal, flute/: ?eal, n3b.

mouthful: ?um, nc.
take a mouthful: ʔum, tv.

move: bak’, iv; helubtas, tv.
/earth, boulder/: nakp’un, tv.
move around (people assembling at table for meal): vol baik, rv.
move aside: k’eh ba, rv; namah, iv.
move away: namah, iv.
move away slightly /table, pot, etc./: batbates, tv.
move in /boundary marker/: tik’¢an očel, vphr (tv & dr).
move to a distance: nomnomah, iv.
move to another house /to hide from murderer or escape from unhealthy influence of earth lord/: k’eš-nai ba, rv(rv & ncpd).

moved: be moved in (boundary marker): tik’¢ah očel, vphr(iv & dr).

movie: sin, n5.

moving: bak’, vol, av.
(cloud): ¢opet, av.
(gravel underfoot): yiʔet, av.
moving fast: vuč, av.
moving in a cloud or wisp (smoke, mist): ¢opet, av.
moving in and out: vuk, av.
moving in or on water: masmon, av.
moving lips: nup’, av.
moving past (clouds in wind): liket, av.
moving silently (stomach gas): p’utlahet, av.
(snake, rope, streamer): losos, av.

much: ʔepal, n4f.
as much: k’u ʔepal, nphr(pt & n4f).
how much?: k’u ’ʔepal, nphr(pt & n4f); k’u čaʔal, pt & pt.
however much: k’u ʔepal, nphr(pt & n4f).
not very much: muk’ bu mas, ajphr(pt/contr of mu & yut & -uk/ & pt & aj).
so much: tol, aj.
too much: tol, aj.

mucous; simal, n1a.
deposit mucous on: simta, tv.
flick mucous on person: simtavan, iv.
walking about streaming mucous /crying/: símtesímte, av.

mud: ʔač’el, vnla; ʔik’ubal, nib; tatal, n4f.

muddy: tatubtas, tv.
muddy place: Ioʔobtik, n5.
(river): tatub, iv.

mudhole: ʔač’eltik, vn5.

muffle: makbe ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d).

muggy: pan, av.

muhly: ¢ahal č’iš hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ¢ahal hobel, nphr(aj & n); ¢ukum hobel, nphr(n type n); č’iš hobel, nphr(n type n); hobelal na, nphr(natt & n); hobelal šalma, nphr(natt & n); k’un-hobel, n(aj & ncpd); sakil k’un-hobel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); yašal k’un-hobel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).
giant muhly: ¢ahal č’iš hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
rat tail muhly: ʔana hobel, nphr(x type n)1d.
robust muhly: č’iš hobel, nphr(n type n); hobelal šalma, nphr(natt & n); muk’ta č’iš hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

mule: kaʔ, n1a.
male mule: maču, n1a.
mule whose trips are paid for: tohbalal kaʔ, nphr(aj & n5)
rented mule: tohbalal kaʔ, nphr(aj & n5).

muleteer: ʔariero, n5; hmak-rekwa, agn(tv & ncpd).
/accompanying loaded mules/: hʔeoval, agn.

muletrain: h?eoval, agn.

mull: mull over: k’opoh ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

multiply: p’ol, iv; p’oles, tv.

multitudinous: kap-vo¢’, aj(aj & ajcpd).

mumbling: mumbling to self: miš, av.

mumps: nuk’ul, n1a; nuk’ulal čamel, nphr(natt & vn)5.

munch: /weeds/ /sound/: hom ta loʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

munching: (cow, horse) /sound/: homhon, av.

murder: čames, tv; milvan, iv.*; pas ʔabtel, vphr(tv & vn4d).
murder: nuhanvan, iv.

murderer: hbohvaneh, agn; hho¢’vaneh ta na, agn(vphr/iv & prep & n5/); hmilvaneh, agn; hnuhanvaneh, agn; htuk’avaneh, agn; matarol, agn.
/who enters house/: htavaneh ta na, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/).

muscle: č’ušuvil, n3a.
/restricted to i w k’obol; muscle of forearm, and s¢oʔ ʔokol; calf/: ¢oʔ, n4f.
thigh muscle: muk’ul ʔoʔ, nphr(n4f of n4d).
thigh muscles: t’ulavil, n3d.

mushiness: /fruit/: loʔleh, n4f.

mushroom: /general term/: čanul teʔtik, nphr(n of n)5.
field mushroom: muk’ta moniʔ, nphr(aj & n).

mushy: become mushy: Ioʔ¢ah, iv; loʔp’ih, iv.
become mushy (fruit): puk’¢ah, iv.
(mud, excrement on clothes): loʔol, aj.
(rottenness): puk’ul, aj.

music: traditional music: son, n1e.

musician: hʔok’esineh-musika, agn(vn & ncpd).
/in band/: hmusikero, agn.
/stringed instrument/: hvabahom, agn.

muslin: manta, n1d.

muss: v¢ʔean, tv.
/hair/ (woman): č’eʔulan, tv.

mussed: become mussed (hair): šik¢ah, iv.
become mussed up (hair in wind): vaek’uh, iv.
becoming mussed up suddenly (woman’s hair): véʔluh, av.
mussed up: šikil, aj.
sit with mussed up hair (man, woman): va¢i, iv.
walking about with mussed up hair: šíktešíkte, av.

must: yuʔ, iv(3s).

mustard: black mustard: č’ulul mustisya, nphr(aj & n); mustisya, n1a.
field mustard: ba¢’i napuš, nphr(aj & n); č’iš napus, nphr(aj & n); napuš, n1a.

muster: to¢, tv.
/for lynching/: pay, tv.
muster a mob /for lynching/: payan, tv.

musty: become musty: homomib, iv.
(tortillas, chili, meat): homhom, aj; homom, aj.

mute: ʔumaʔ, aj.
become mute: ʔumaʔib, iv.
become mute and immobile: pum¢ah, iv.
lying mute and immobile (sick person): čunul, aj.

mutely: listening mutely: ¢’ih, av.

mutter: mutter to self: miš’miš-k’opoh, iv(aj & ivcpd); višviš-k’opoh, iv(aj & tvcpd).
mutter to self (drunk): vulvonah, iv.

muttering: muttering to self: miš, viš, av; ʔaʔʔon, av.
muttering to self /words can be distinguished occasionally/: vulvon, av.
walking about muttering angrily to self: túktetúkte, av.

muzzle: /an. poss. restricted to third person/: vosal, n1a.
/animal/: nʔ nib.

myrtle: wax myrtle: k’oš satin, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta satin, nphr(aj & n); satin, n1a.

myself: bail, rpn3b.

myth: ʔantivo k’op, nphr(n type n)5; kwento, n1e; vo’ne k’op, nphr(aj & n)5.

N

nail: bah, tv; lavuš, n1a.

naked: t’an, av; t’anal, aj; t’ašetik, av.
be naked: t’anetah, iv; t’ani, iv; t’aši, iv.
become naked: t’anan ba, rv.

nakedness: t’ananeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

name: bill, n3b; biiltas, tv; biin, tv.*
family name: hol biil, nphr(n1f of n3d).*
first name: ba¢’i biil, nphr(aj & n3b) or (aj & n)3b.

naming: ʔalel, vnld.

nance: ciʔ, n1d; naneiʔ, n1a.

napkin: tortilla or posol napkin, inan. poss.; ssihirateil (or) ssihirateai: silvirate, n1a.

nappy: (improperly made cotton tunic): vo¢kan, aj.

narrow: become narrow (palm strip, bottle): hič’¢ah, iv.
(bottle, basket): va¢’va¢’ aj.
(cave, ravine): lo¢’ol, aj.
/cave, vagina of young girl/: ʔap’al, aj.
(entrance): č’obol, aj.
long and narrow (land, leaf): kilkil, aj.
long and narrow (plot of land): ki¢il, aj.
make narrow: hič’¢an, tv.
(mouth or base of pot): yobol, aj; yubul, aj.
(palm strip): hič’il, aj.
(path, house, board): čukul, aj.
(ravine): hapal, aj; la¢’al, aj.
walking about with narrow hips (ugly woman): táktetákte čak, vphr(av & n4d).
with narrow nose: pa¢’, av.

narrow-based: (basket, pot): ¢’uk¢’uk, aj.
(pottery): tubul, aj.

narrow-hipped: pak’, yob, yub, av.

narrow-mouthed: (jug): č’obol, aj.

narrow-nosed: pa¢’-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.

narrower: become narrower (path, work, palm): čukulib, iv.
become narrower (woven palm): hič’ilub ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
make narrower /path/: čukulibtas, tv.

nasal: with nasal voice: k’oʔ-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.

nasty: become nasty: pukuhib, iv.

Nativity: /girl’s name/ /infr/: Virat, n1d.

nausea: ʔiʔ, av.
nausea and diarrhea: šenel č’utul, nphr(vn & n)5.

nauseate: sok ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d).

nauseated: feel nauseated: ʔibah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d); yan ʔelan ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & tv); yan ʔelan ʔoʔon, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & n4d); yan ba ʔaʔon, vphr(aj & rpn/3s/ & tv); yan ba ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn/3s/ & n4d).
feeling nauseated: čibet ʔoʔn, vphr(av & n4d).

nauseous: feel nauseous from pregnancy: čiiin ʔol, vphr(tv / / n).
feeling nauseous: sututet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).

nave: nave of former church that now stands as a wing of the church of St. Lawrence in Htek-lum: pokoʔ ʔeklišya, nphr(aj & n)5.

navel: miš ik’il, n3d.

near: ¢’el, n1b; nopol, aj.
bring near: nopohes, tv.
come near: nopohes ba, rv.
draw near (other animate being): nop ba, tv.

nearly: hutuk, n5.
female speech; nearly: yašnan, x.

neat: become a neat dresser: t’ab ba, rv.

necessity: pwersa, n1c; tunel, vn4b.

neck: nuk’il, n3b.
neck opening of shirt or blouse: čolo-nuk’, n(n & ncpd)4d.
neck vertebrae: bakel nuk’ul, nphr(n1f of n3d).

neckbone: teʔ nuk’ul, nphr(n1f of n3d).

neckerchief: pok’, n1a.
ladino neckerchief: panyo, n1a.
walking along without neckerchief (man): túmtetúmte, av.
white neckerchief /worn by ensign-bearer/: ʔu pok’, nphr(n1e of n5).

necklace: na¢il, n3a.
necklace woven of palm /palm, distributed on fiesta of St. Peter Martyr/: ʔuil, n3d.
walking about without necklace: túmtetúmte, av.

need: tun ʔuʔun, vphr(iv & n4d).

needle: ʔakuša, n1a.
/pine/: satil, n3c

needlessly: mu ʔaltikuk, vphr(pt & tv).

neighbor: hlak’-na, agn(x & ncpd); pana, n1d; šokon na, nphr(n of n)1d.
become neighbor: lak’-nain, iv(x & ncpd).

neighing: ʔih, av; hayhon, av.

neither: mi haʔuk, ptphr(pt & pt).

nerves: get on one’s nerves: tavan ʔaʔi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv).

nest: ¢oʔop, n1d.
ant nest: na šinič, nphr(n of n)5.
empty nest /wasp/: patil, n3c.
nest egg /money or corn for initial investment/: likebal, n3b.
nest of setting hen: patleb, n4d.
squirrel nest: ¢oʔop čuč, nphr(n of n)5.
tent caterpillar nest: na ¢ukum, nphr(n of n)5.
wasp nest: na ʔakov, nphr(n of n)5.

nestled: /in sleep/: moč-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

net: nutiʔ, n1a.
fish net: ¢akob čoy, nphr(n1f of n5).
net for holding ears of corn: k’ahavebal, n3d.
wide-meshed net for carrying corn: lohom nuti-ʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.
wide-meshed net in which corn is flailed: lebal nutiʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.

nettle: ba¢’i la, nphr(aj & n); kilkil la, nphr(aj & n).
bush nettle: k’an-ʔič la, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); la, n1e; la kaʔ, nphr(n of n); muk’tik la, nphr(aj & n).

never: muʔ noš, ptphr(contr of mu & ʔonoš); muk’ bu, ptphr(pt/contr of mu & yuʔ & -uk/ & n5).
never mind: ʔaltik, ptʔ; muk’ ta ʔalel, vphr(pt/ contr of mu & mwʔ & -uk/ & prep & vn5); te k’alal, ptphr(pt & pt); yiluk yil, ptphr(pt & pt); yiyil, pt.

new: ʔač’, aj.
(moon, leaf): ʔunen(2), aj.

New: New Year’s Day: ʔač’ habil, nphr(aj & n)5; ba k’el-k’ešel, nphr(n4f of vn/tv & vncpd/); k’ešel, vn5.

newborn: newborn child or animal: hʔayanel, agn.

newcastle: newcastle disease: ¢’ok-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.

news: k’oplal, n4b; loʔil, n1d.

next: next to: ¢’el, n1b.
the next: ʔo, pt.

nibble: ka¢’ulan, tv.
nibble each other (horses): ma¢’ baik ta tiʔel, vphr(rv & prep & vn5).
nibble each other (puppies, horses, donkeys): ka¢’ ba, rv.

nibbling: nibbling every few minutes: veʔvon, av.
(rabbit, person nibbling food secretively): mušmon niʔ, vphr(av & n4d).

nice: lek ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).
/less freq than above/: lek hoi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

Nicholas: Mikulaš, n1d.

nick: šel, tv.

nicked: šelahtik, aj.

nickname: nopbil biil, nphr(aj & n)5.

Nicole: Mikul, n1d.

night: ʔak’ubal, n1e; ʔik’-ʔosil, n(aj & ncpd)5; ʔik’al ʔosil, nphr(aj & n)5.
every night: sil ʔak’ubal, nphr(x & n5); silomal ʔak’ubal, nphr(x & n5).
last night: samel, n1e.

nighthawk: common nighthawk: haval ʔek’el, nphr(aj & n)5.*

nightjar: buff-collared nightjar: čukčuk bikil, nphr(aj & n)5.*

nightshade: deadly nightshade: ʔunen mu, nphr(aj & n)1a; č’ail ʔunen mu, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); te- ʔtikil ʔunen mu, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/).
mullein nightshade: hik’ik’ teʔ, nphr(aj & n).
nipple nightshade: čučuʔ, n1a.
shrub nightshade: k’uš-pevul, n(aj & ncpd)5; muk’ta čičol č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sat pukuh(1), nphr(n of n); tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.
spiney nightshade: k’uš-pevul, n(aj & ncpd)5; muk’ta k’uš-pevul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); sakil k’uš-pevul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).

nighttime: ʔak’ubaltik, n5.

nine: balun __________, n(num & nccpd)1e; baluneb, n1e.
every nine: balbalun __________, n(num & nccpd)5; balbaluneb, n5..

nines: in or by nines: balbalun __________, n(num & nccpd)5; balbaluneb, n5..

nineteen: balun-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e.

nineties: by or in nineties: noventatik, n5.

ninety: lahuneb ʔoʔ-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f); noventa, n1e.
every ninety: noventatik, n5.

nipple: niʔ čuʔul, nphr(n1f of n3d).

nit: ton ʔuč’, nphr(n of n)1a; ton ʔuč’al, nphr(n1f of n1a).

nixtamal: /corn boiled in lime to remove skins/: panin, n1a.

no: c’abal, aj; mowh, n5; muʔyuk, pt(contr of mu & ʔoy & -uk); muk’, pt(contr of mu & yuʔ & yuk).
/nasalization of vowel/: ʔiʔi, pt.

nod: yoʔilan, tv.
/come-on gesture/: k’ač-holi, tv(tv & ncpd).
/in sleep/: nih¢ah, iv.
nod loosely (head of dying creature): mahk’uh, iv.
/with sleep/: nikav., iv; nikavah, iv; nikebah, iv.

nodding: k’ač, mall, nih av.
(head): yoʔyon, av.
!/with sleep/: nikebal, n1d; nikobal, n1d.

node: /bamboo, cane, reed/: ¢’akavil, n3b; kaʔavil, n3d.

noise: make noise: bak’, iv.
stop making noise: č’abi, iv; č’ani, iv.

noisemaker: noisemaker used on Good Friday /door handle attached to board/: k’očol tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5.
shaking noisemaker: k’oč, av.

non-indian: hkašlan, agn.

none: muʔyuk, pt(contr of mu & áoy & -uk).

noon: ʔol k’ak’al, nphr(n of n)5.

nor: nor even: mi haʔuk, ptphr(pt & pt).

northeaster: k’inubal, n5.

nose: niʔ, nib.
bridge of nose: kaʔav niʔ, nphr(n4f of n4d).
sides of nose: horn niʔ, nphr(n4e of n4d).

nostril: be sim, nphr(n1f of n1d).

not: mu, pt; muʔyuk, pt(contr of mu & ʔoy & -uk); muk’, pt(contr of mu & yuʔ & -uk).
not even: mi… mu, pt… pt; mi haʔuk, ptphr(pt & pt); mu … mi, pt … pt.
not for: haʔ to, ptphr(pt & pt).
not for a long time: mu bak’in, ptphr(pt & pt).
not until: haʔ to, ptphr(pt & pt).
not yet: mu bak’in, ptphr(pt & pt).
there are not any: č’abal, aj.
there is not any: č’abal, aj.

notch: /warping bar/: ʔeal, n3b.

nothing: yeč, aj.
it is nothing: mu k’u čaʔal, ptphr(pt & pt & pt).
nothing at all: labal, aj.
nothing but: labal, aj; naka, pt.
nothing else: naka haʔ, ptphr(pt & pt).

notice: tuk’ulan, tv; yul ta hoi, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d).
!fail to notice: č’ay-satih, iv(iv & ncpd).

notify: ʔal, tv.

November: nodyembre, n1e.

novice: hčanbalahel, agn.

now: liʔ, aj; ša, pt.
/future time within same day/: tana, n5.
now that: lavi, n5.

nuisance: ʔilbah, n5; hsaʔ-holol, agn(tv & ncpd); hsaʔsonahel, agn.
/horse that keeps running away/: hʔak’-vokol, agn(tv & ncpd).

numb: ʔal-po¢an. aj(aj & Ucpd); ʔal-poman, aj(aj & Ucpd); sik-po¢an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd).
be numb /with fear or cold/: ʔal¢ah, iv.
become numb: sik-poc¢tah, iv(aj & ivcpd).
grow numb /with fear or cold/: ʔa1ub, iv.
(medicine): ʔal¢an, tv.

number: lumero, n1a.

nun: magre, n1d.

nurse: ʔak’be čuʔ, vphr(tv / / n); hpoštavaneh, agn.
(baby): čuwn, iv.
be a wet nurse: čuʔunbe čuʔ, vphr(tv & n4d).
continuing to nurse: čuʔ, av.

nursing: (child): bu¢’bon, av.
nursing child: hčuʔnom, agn.
stop nursing (child whose mother has died or whose milk has run dry): maʔ-čuih, iv(x & ivcpd).

nursling: hčuʔunel, agn; hčuʔunob, agn.

nymphomaniac: hč’inin-ʔat, agn(aj & ncpd)5; hč’inin-čak, agn(aj & ncpd)5; hč’inin-mis, agn(aj & ncpd)5; hsa-ʔ-vinik, agn(tv & ncpd).

O

oak: ʔik’al tulan, nphr(aj & n); bač’i teʔ, nphrfaj & n)5; ¢ahal tulan, nphr(aj & n); ¢’o¢’op, n5; č’ulul ʔanal čikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of ncpd/); hayal pat tulan, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’an-tulan, n(aj & ncpd); k’eveš tulan, nphr(n type n); pimil pat čikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of ncpd/); sakil tulan, nphr(aj & n); sap-yok, n(aj & ncpd)5; tulan, n1a.
live oak: čikin-ib. n(n of ncpd)5; hayal pat čikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of ncpd/); pimil pat čikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of ncpd/).

oar: pala teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.

oat: wild oat: ʔavena, n.

obedient: nihet, av.
become obedient: k’unib, iv; nih¢ah, iv; yam¢ah, iv.
become obedient (child, horse, sheep): vašan ba, rv.
(girl): nihil, aj.
obedient child: hč’uneh-mantal, agn(vn & ncpd).
(person): vašet. av.

obey: č’un mantal, vphr(tv & n5).
obey someone’s order: č’unbe mantal, vphr(tv & n4d).

obligation: fulfill one’s obligation: ʔak’ kwenta, vphr(tv & n5).

observe: ʔil, tv.

obsidian: ¢oʔ k’anal, nphr(n of n)5.*

obstruct: t’išes, tv.
obstruct an investigation: t’išes ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5).

obstructed: t’išil, aj.
be obstructed (path): t’iš, iv.

obtain: obtain __________ /firewood, pine needles, greens, fruit, cane liquor from Chamula, money, i.e., by selling or working/: saʔ __________, vphr(tv & n1d).

occur: occur to oneself: lik hoi, vphr(iv & n4d).

ocean: mar, n5; nab, n1e.

ocelot: e’ib bolom, nphr(aj & n)5.*; tikre, n5.

Ocozocoautla: Koyta, n5.

October: ʔoktuvre, n5.

odor: ʔik’, n1a.
body odor: šinal, n4b.

of: of course!: aʔa, excl; bi, excl. of course: bi excl; melel, excl.

offended: be offended: ʔak’ ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & prep & n4d): ʔak’ ta kwenta. vphr(tv & prep&n5): k’ot ta ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d).
be offended by: čopol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv); k’us taʔoʔon, vphr(aj & prep & n4d).

offender: (dog that eats eggs, sheep or horse that breaks fence): hʔak’ k’ak’al ʔoʔon, agn(tv & nphr/aj & n/cpd).

offense: taking sudden offense: tońlih ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).

offer: yeʔtah, iv.
(merchant walking about with his or her wares): yeʔ, tv.
/object, daughter/: pak’alin, tv.
offer daughter /in common-law marriage/: pak’alinvan, iv.
offer self (boy who insists on being engaged to girl who does not love him, boy who needs work, woman): pak’alin ba, rv.
offer self /for adoption, for sexual relations/: k’elan ba, rv.
offer self /sexually/: ʔak’ ba, rv.

offering: yeʔ, av; limušna, n1a.
reciprocal offering /of cane liquor by the cupbearers of each ensign-bearer on fiesta of St. Sebastian/: pakpak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

office: be in office: pas ʔabtel, vphr(tv & vn5).
change of office: k’ešel, vn5.
doctor’s office: na hpoštavaneh, nphr(n4f of agn); na loktor, nphr(n4f of agn).
in office: lapal, aj.
minor religious office: bik’tal ʔabtel, nphr(aj & n)5.
religious office: ʔabtel, vn1a.
reveal date of change of office (ensign-bearers) /in office/: ham ʔabtel, vphr(tv / / n).

official: civil official /general term/: hpas-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd).
ejido official: komite, n5: komite ʔuʔun ʔosil, nphr(n5 & n4f & n5).
government official /outside Zinacantán, extended to include government/: hyuʔel, agn.
incoming official: hʔočel, agn.
outgoing official: hlok’el, agn.
religious official /general term for any member of the religious hierarchy/: hpas-ʔabtel, agn(tv & ncpd).
ritual speech; religious official: hʔabtel, agn.
offspring: /of female animal/: ʔolil, n3d.

often: toyol, aj.
not very often: muk’ bu mas, ajphr(pt/contr of mu & yuʔ & -uk/ & pt & aj).
so often: tol, aj.

oh: /exclamation of fear/: ʔuy, excl.

oil: ʔasete, n5.*
oil drum: tampo, n1a.
oil of pores: vahobal, n1d.

oinking: ʔok, av.

okay: okay! /exclamation of assent when asked to do something, acknowledgment when object is being handed to person, response to hailing cry/: ʔey, excl.

old: k’aʔ, aj; mol, aj.
become old (person): yihub, iv.
become old in appearance (clothes, tools, house): pokoʔib, iv.
(clothes, tools, house): pokoʔ, aj.
/father/: mol _______, nphr(aj & n4d).
grow old in bachelorhood: moletah, iv.
grow old without serving in religious office: moletah, iv.
growing old: yih, av.
make appear old /clothes, tools, house/: pokoʔibtas, tv.
old age: molal, n1d; yihil, n4f.
(person): yih, aj.
/woman/: meʔel, aj.
young and old: p’ehel lučul, ajphr(aj & aj).

oleander: k’oš pataš, nphr(aj & n); pataš, u.
yellow oleander: čoč, n1a; čoč teʔ, nphr(n type n); maneana teʔ, nphr(n type n); muk’ta čoč, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta čoč teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

once: voʔne, n1e.
once there was: ʔoy to ʔoš, nphr(n5 & pt & pt).

one: h_______, n(num & nccpd); hun, num.
one _______ /eared, armed, legged/: hunhun _______, nphr(num & n4d).
one apiece /bowl, handful, etc./: huhu _______ hu-hun, nphr(n/num & nccpd/ & num/num & numcpd/).
one each: hu-hun, num(num & numcpd)5.
the one … the other: hun … hun, num … num.

one-(eyed): č’ltil, aj.

one-armed: tunko, aj.

one-eyed: č’it-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5.

one-legged: tunko, aj.

onion: garden onion: sevulya, n1a.
wild onion: teʔtikil tuiš, nphr(natt & n)1d; tuiš kaʔ, nphr(n of n).

only: k’ahomal, pt; naka, pt; púro, pt.
only _______: labal _______, iv(aj & ivcpd).

oozing: loʔ, av.

open: p’ev, av; ham, tv; hamal, aj; tituh, iv.
barely open lids: may, mik’, viʔ, av.
be open (small hole): p’iʔan ba, rv; p’iʔi, iv.
become open (land in dry season): ham balamil, vphr(iv & n5).
(bud): tukeah, iv.
(bud, corn for posol): tuk, iv; tuk ba, rv.
(corn tassel): titih, iv.
cut open: bohol, aj.
(door in wind): lev, iv.
(door, window, grave): č’ohol, aj.
(eye): vik’il, aj.
(eyes of puppy after 15 days): vik’, iv.
(eyes): vik’eah, iv.
/eyes/: vik’, tv; vik’es. tv; vik’es ba, rv.
(flower): poe ba, rv; poeeah, iv; set ba, rv.
(fly): p’evel. aj.
(hand): hilič’, aj.
open a crack: p’ev eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).
open a crack (door): kačal, aj; p’evan ba, rv; p’evel, aj.
open a crack /door/: p’evan, tv.
open a crack /door, drawer/: kač, tv.
open air: ʔosiltik, n5.
open and close /scissors/: kae’ulan, tv.
open ass: p’iʔ, av.
open country: hamaltik, n5.
open legs wide in sitting or squatting position (woman in sweat bath): kavan ba, rv.
open mouth wide: hač’ ʔe, vphr(tv / / n).
open mouth wide to eat: šombe veʔel, vphr(tv & vn5).
open slightly (eyes): viʔ ba, rv.
open up (flower): hilč’uh, iv.
open wide (bunch of flowers in hand): šeteah, iv.
scarcely open (eyes with sleep): viʔil, aj.
try to open one’s eyes: viʔ, tv.
wide open: kav, šek, vik’, av.
wide open (anus): kaval, aj.
wide open (door): level, aj.
wide open (jaws of cow): semsem, aj.
wide open (mouth of crying child): šekel, aj.
with corn husk spread open (ear of corn on stalk that has not been doubled): soyol, aj.
with open ass: p’i’ʔil, aj.
with open wound: č’ohol, aj.

opened: be opened (hole in fence): šekp’uh, iv.

opening: lev, vik’, av.
opening a crack: p’ev, av.
opening and closing mouth: šev, av.
opening eyes wide: pil, av.
opening mouth wide to eat (cow, horse, sheep): šomšon, av.
with opening: vomol, aj.

operate: (doctor): hav, tv.
operate on person: havvan, iv.

opinion: be of the same opinion: koʔol hoi, vphr(aj/ pred/ & n4d).
maintain same opinion: vaʔan baik, rv.

opossum: ʔuč, n5; e’al-ne ʔuč, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.*

opponent: ʔahvalil, n3b.

opposite: ʔelav, n4d; ʔiconil, n3b.

orange(1): eahal, aj; eoh, aj; k’an-set’an, aj(aj & Ucpd).

orange(2): naranha, n1a; pimil pat naranha, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
sour orange: ʔalašaš, n.

orchard: e’unbaltik, n5.

orchid: ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(x type n).
ground orchid: kola, n; kola c’hlel, nphr(n type n); kola vob ʔantivo, nphr(nphr/n4e of n4d/ of n5); kolail vob, nphr(natt & n); p’uk, n.

order: mantal, nib; tak’i, tv.
acquire authoritative legal order /in San Cristóbal/: pak’be vun, vphr(tv & n4e).
issue an order: lok’es mantal, vphr(tv & n5).
set one’s affairs in order: meleah, iv; melean, tv.

ordering: takton, av.

oregano: ʔoregano, n.

originate: ʔayan, iv.

oriole: bar-winged oriole: tuč’ič’, n1a.*

orphan: meʔon, n1d.
become an orphan: tanub, iv.
threadbare orphan: t’an-č’ut meʔon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

orphaned: potolik, aj.
be orphaned: meʔanah, iv.

oscillating: hip, av.

other: yantik, aj.
on the other hand: yan, aj.
the one…the other: hun…hun, num…num.
the other: yan, aj.

ouch: ʔarariy, excl; ʔiriri, excl; ʔururuy, excl.
/r is trilled/: ʔar, excl; ʔir, excl; ʔur, excl.

ought: yuʔ, iv(3s).

ourselves: bail, rpn3b.

outgoing: (elders and civil officials): pokoʔ, aj.

outside: ʔosiltik, n5; pana, n1f.
go outside: panaih, iv.

outskirts: tiʔil, n1f.
on outskirts of: tiʔtiʔ _______, nphr(n of n)5.

outstretched: (arm, leg) /when falling/: hekel(2), aj.

oven: /used only by ladinos/: horno, n1a.

over: /lake, mountain/: baba, n5.

over-proportioned: banban, aj.

over-sexed: loko, aj.

overboil: yal ta k’ok’, vphr(iv & prep & n5).

overcast: makal ʔosil, nphr(aj & n5); maket losil, vphr(av & n5).

overcoat: with overcoat: pal, av.

overcooked: become overcooked (cabbage, beans): ʔeč’om-taʔah, iv(aj & ivcpd).

overcrowded: (church, house, courthouse; permitting no one else to enter): pieil, aj.

overdo: ʔeč’ ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj); bat ta mas, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & aj); helav ta mas, vphr(iv & prep & aj).

overflow: mal, iv; malk’uh, iv.
cause to overflow: mal, tv.

overgraze: (grasshopper, sheep, horses): husean, tv.

overgrazed: hušul, aj.

overhanging: (cliff, tree): likil, aj.

overload: /under burden, with work/: toban, tv.

overplayfulness: č’ininul, n1a.

overpower: (sickness, work): ʔahvalin, tv.

overrate: overrate oneself: p’is ba, rv.

overreach: overreach oneself: p’is ba, rv.

overripe: (fruit): ʔeč’om tok’on, ajphr(aj & aj).

oversalty: č’a čiʔ, ajphr(aj & aj).

oversensitive: (child who cries when scolded slightly): nin, aj; ninet, av.

overtalkative: ʔeč’om ʔe, nphr(aj & n4d).

overturn: /person/: e’ukp’in, tv.

overturned: (car): netel, aj.

overwork: /horse/: bakubtas, tv.

ow: ʔak, excl.
ow! /exclamation of disgust, annoyance, pain or fear/: ʔay, excl.

owl: bearded screech owl: kuškuš, n1e.*
ferruginus pygmy owl: kuškuš, n1e.*
great-horned owl: ʔicin, n5.
screech owl (?): eurukuk, n1e.*

owner: talking-saint owner: ʔahval rioš, nphr(n4f of n5).

ox: wey, n1a.

oxcart: kareta, n1a.

P

paca: volov, n1e.*

pacify: pacify with token gift: makbe ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d).
/sexual appetite, desire for alcoholic beverage/: paheah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d).

pack: ein ba, rv.
pack line: tabul, n4f.

packed: /with people/: čaʔal, aj; hinil čaʔal, ajphr(aj & aj); hinil vuk’ul, ajphr(aj & aj).

packsaddle: ʔavarto, n1a.
straw packsaddle used by ladinos: šalma, n5.

pact: trate, n1a.
make a pact: pas trate, vphr(tv & n5).

paddle: bread paddle: pala teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.

paddler: dugout paddler: hhub-hom, agn(tv & ncpd); hkanavero, agn.

paddling: maš, av.

pain: lup, t’us, vok’, av; k’ušul, n4f; moč’, n5.
chest pain: tiʔ, av; meʔ vinik, nphr(n1d of n1d).
feel pain: k’uš ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv).
feeling fierce pain (stomach, chest): šik’ik’et, av.
feeling fierce pain /from thorns that have entered foot/: t’omomet, av.
feeling less pain: laet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv); lahet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv).
feeling sharp pain: sih, av.
feeling sudden sharp pain /pus-filled sore/: tók’lih, av.
have pain in heart: lik ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d).
having gas pains: čuk, av.
pain in chest: k’uš ʔoʔonil, nphr(aj & n3d).
piercing pain (wound): e’uhuhet k’ušul, vphr(av & n4f).
reflex pain in thigh or armpit: nelub, n1a.
suffering pain in rump /from bloody dysentery/: vok’et bakel čak, vphr(av & nphr/n4f of n1d/).

painful: ¢ik’, av; k’uš, aj.
be extremely painful (chest pain): šik’i, iv; šik’il, aj.
become extremely painful (chest pain, “wind”): šik’an ba, rv.

pains: have sharp chest pains: tiʔvan ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d).
with aches and pains throughout body: lilihem, aj.

paint: bon, n1e; bon, tv; bonol, n1e.

pair: appear in pair (testes of drunk whose fly has opened): vohk’ih lok’el, vphr(iv & dr).
be in pair (testes): vohan ba, rv; vohi, iv.
in pair: loh, voli, av.
in pair (testes): vohol, aj.
in pairs (wedding couples): lotolik, aj.
pair of oxen: mankomal, n 1 a.

palaver: vulvul k’op, nphr(aj & n)5.

pale: salt, av.

Palm: Palm Sunday: rominko ramoš, nphr(n of n)5.

palm(1): black-dyed palm /used for edge of brim and top of crown of hat/: ʔik’al šan, nphr(aj & n)1a.*
blessed palm /distributed on St Peter’s Day and woven into strip with cross at end, worn on hat as protection from lightning/: kakašon, n1a.
large brahea palm: pik’ šan, nphr(x type n).
large brahea palm fronds distributed on Palm Sunday: ramoš, n1d.
mountain palm: bae’i č’ib, nphr(aj & n); cayna ničim, nphr(n type n); č’ib, n1a; muk’ta čib, nphr(aj & n).
palm tree: šan, n1a.
palm woven into hat for reinforcement: teʔel pišalal, nphr(n1f of n3d).
sabal palm: baei palma, nphr(aj & n); palma, n1d.
sweet brahea palm: ba¢i šan, nphr(aj & n)5.

palm(2): ʔut k’obol, nphr(n4f of n3d); pačomal k’obol,
nphr(n1f of n3d).
bone of palm /carpal/: tonav k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d).

palmar: palmar lines: ničimal ʔut k’obol, nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of n3d/); polav k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d).

pan botanrio: č’ič’ niʔ, nphr(n of n).

panting: leh, tas, vos, av.

pants: green velveteen knee pants /worn by ensign-bearers when entering and leaving office, and by judge ordinary, cantor, k’uk’ul čon, groom, elders during Holy Week, angel/: ʔokoe vešal, nphr(n type n)5; panyo vešal, nphr(n type n)1d.
short pants /worn from around age eight onwards by boys and men/: vešal, n3a.
tight-fitting pants: púro vešal, nphr(aj & n)3d.
white shirt and pants /worn by ensign-bearer, holy elder, cantor, angel, groom, and sak-hol/: vešal kamiš’ail, nphr(n3a & n3c).*
with long baggy pants: pok’-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5.

papaya: papaya, n1a.
wild papaya: k’oš papaya, nphr(aj & n); papaya mut, nphr(n of n)1a; teʔtikal papaya, nphr(natt & n).

paper: vun, n1a.

parakeet: orange-fronted parakeet: č’el, n1e.*

pardon: ʔak’ pertonal, vphr(tv & n5).
beg pardon: lahesbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d).

parents: child’s spouse’s parents /formerly term of address between both sets of parents/: niʔal, n1d.*

park: parke, n5.

paroquet bur: ʔak’ č’o, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔak’ob pee’, nphr(n of n)5; ʔuč’ maš, nphr(n4d of n5); bik’it ʔuč’ maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k’anal ʔuč’ maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k’oš ʔuč’ maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).

parrot: loro, n5.*; periko, n5.

parsley: kulantu č’o, nphr(n of n).

part: part one’s hair: pol be hoi, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/).
/with knife or machete/: timbe _______, vphr(tv & n5).

parted: (hair): polol, aj.

parting: pol, tuč’, av.
parting suddenly (rope): túmlih, av.
parting suddenly (rope, wire): trímluh, av.

Pascua: Paškuʔ, n1d.

pasionero: /official of the first level of the religious hierarchy/: pašyon, agn.

pass: let pass /time/: p’ilesbe, tv.
mountain pass: hap ʔosil, nphr(n of n)5; hap vie, nphr(n of n)5.
pass by: ʔeč’, iv; helav, iv.
pass by person: ʔeč’-hel ta be, vphr(tv/iv & tvcpd/& prep & n5).
pass out: cam, iv.
pass safely (sickness): ʔeč’ ta lek, vphr(iv/3s/& prep & aj).
(sickness, grief, time, fear): ʔeč’, iv.
(time): p’il, iv.

passenger: /bus, car, truck/: ʔahval karo, nphr(n4f of n5).

passerby: hʔeč’el be, agn(nphr/n of n/5).
passion flower: stinky passion flower: kranata č’o, nphr(n of n).
wild passion flower: kranata ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

pasture: koleb, n1f; potrero, n1a.

pat: t’oč ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
pat on the tummy /puppy/: t’ek ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
pat sharply on the tummy: ven ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
pat tortillas: pak’tanih, iv.
pat water on top of head: ček’, tv.

patch: pak’, n4f; pak’benal, n1f.
patch on the outside: t’oeanbe, tv.
/used to cover open seam in seat of new pair of pants/: pak’ čak veš’al, nphr(n1f of nphr/n1f of n3d/).

patched: pak’bentik, aj.
(clothes): euneun, aj.
patched on the outside: t’oeet, av; t’oeol, aj.
with patched seat of pants: voe-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5.

path: ʔileb, n5; be, n1d.
make path through: p’ev eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).
making well-worn path: č’ul, av.
path leading out of town: lok’el be, nphr(vn type n)5.
path to: belel, n1f.
path where weeds or stubble have been flattened: vuk’benal, n4f.
standing off the path: k’ehel, aj.
take different paths: hel ta be, vphr(tv & prep & n5).
town path /as in Htek-lum or Naben Čauk/: soral, n1e.

patient: hčamel, agn; vašet, av; yamet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).
place patient in bed of “flowers”: poevan ta ničim, vphr(iv & prep & n5).

pattering: čih, p’at, av.

patting: pak’, t’aš, av.
patting person suddenly: t’óčlih, av.
patting tummy suddenly: t’ékluh, aj; vénluh, av.

Paul: Pavlu, n1d.

paunch: walking about with a paunch: púmtepúmte č’ut, vphr(av & n4d).

paunchy: pansuro, aj.

pauraque: kavayero, n5.*

pave: bon, tv.

pawn: /object left as security/: prental, n1a.

pay: toh, tv; tohol, n4f.
pay all the expenses: kučolah, iv.
pay communal tax: toholah, iv.
pay for itself: toh ba, rv.
pay off: toh, iv.
pay off entirely at one time: hiʔ, tv.

payment: deferred payment: hae, n4d.

pea: cow pea: ʔik’al kantela čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ʔik’al šlumil kantela čenek’, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/); kantela čenek’, nphr(n type n)1a; k’oš ʔik’al kantela čenek’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk’ta ʔik’al čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta kantela čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil kantela čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
cow pea: ʔik’-soman ʔibes, nphr: aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd) & n.
wild pea: ʔok’ e’iʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n).

peach: bae’i sakil turasnu. nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); bae’i turasnu, nphr(aj & n); kanrat, n1d; karirat turasnu, nphr(n type n): k’anal karirat, nphr(aj & n); k’anal priškuʔ, nphr(aj & n); k’oš merokotom, nphr(aj & n); luranko, n1a; luranko turasnu, nphr(n type n); sakil priškuʔ, nphr(aj & n).
peach orchard: lurankotik, n5.

peacock: pav, n1d.*

peak: holol, n3b.
/mountain/: niʔ, n1b.

pear: bae’i peleš, nphr(aj & n)5; kaslan peleš, nphr(aj & n)1a; peleš, n1a; peron, n.

pear-shaped: (pot, avocado): tuʔul, aj.

peavine: perennial peavine: karvensa, n1a.

pebble: volvol ton, nphr(aj & n)5.
river pebble: šišib ton, nphr(x type n)1e.

pebbly: pebbly place: č’il-tontik, n(aj & ncpd)5.

peccary: collared peccary: hhuyinom, n5; teʔtikal čitom, nphr(natt & n)1a.*
white-lipped peccary: teʔikal čitom, nphr(natt & n)1a.*

peck: tiʔ, tv.
peck at /fleas, lice, ticks on body/: tiʔ ba, rv.
peck each other (chickens, turkeys): poč’i baik, rv.
peck out /eye of dead animal/ (buzzard): boe’, tv.
peck out piece of /corn on cob, squash/ (chicken): č’oti, tv.
peck way out (chick): č’ih, tv.

pecking: bah, av.

pediment: /cross/: simyento, n1e.

peek: nač’an hol, vphr(tv & n4d); nač’i, iv.
peek at: nač’ita, tv; nač’ta, tv.
(person): nač’an ba, rv.

peeking: nač’, av; nač’al, aj.

peel: čoʔ, tv.
peel off (skin burned by lime or chafed by burden): bi, iv.
peel off /bark/: toe, tv.
peel off /bark, scab/: t’ol, tv.
peel off /clothes/: čoʔ, tv.
peel off /lead tree pod, bark, wrapping of unrefined sugar/: k’al, tv
peel off /skin/ (lime, burden): bies, tv.
(skin): poh, iv.

peeled: peeled section /sugarcane/: čoʔbenal, n4f.

peeling: č’otet, av.
peeling off: k’al, av.

peep: peep out (corn plant that barely emerges before dying): nač’an ba, rv.

peeping: pi, av.
peeping forth (young squashes, gourds, chayotes or corn ears): yalal maeal, ajphr(aj & aj).

peer: peer at: nač’ita, tv; nač’ta, tv.
(prisoner): nač’an ba, rv.

peering: nač’, av; bečbon hoi, vphr(av & n4d).
peering out: e’il, av.
peering out (prisoner through bars): e’ilil sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d); č’otol sat, vphr(aj/ pred/ & n4d).
(person, frog in water, animal in burrow): nač’al, aj.

peg: peg of stringed instrument: teʔel vob, nphr(n1f of n1d).
/stringed instrument/: e’otobil ʔak’, nphr(n4f of n4e).
/stringed instrument, peg for tightening wire fence/: ¢inob, n1f.
wooden peg for securing roof shingles: lavuš teʔ, nphr(n of n)1a.

pellet: slingshot pellet: bek’, n4f.

pelt: nukul, n1a.

pencil: lápis, n1a.

pendulum: ʔat, nib.

penetrating: lap, av.
penetrating suddenly (thorn, nail): šihluh, av.

penis: ʔat, nib; ʔušubil, n3f.
erect penis: teʔel ʔatil, nphr(aj & n3d).
glans penis: hol ʔatil, nphr(n1f of n3d).
/of little boy/: mut, n1a.

penitentiary: women’s penitentiary: ninyal, n1e.

penknife: navašaš, n1a.

penniless: be penniless: t’aneah, iv.
become penniless: ʔul, iv.
make penniless (sickness): t’anean, tv.

penny: kovre, n1d.

penny-pincher: penny-pincher: hbik’tal-ʔoʔon, agn(aj & ncpd).

penny-pinching: k’uš, av.

pensively: sit pensively with lowered head: ¢’ihan ba, rv.

Pentecost: yal ta vinahel rioš, vphr(iv/3s/ & pt & n5 & n5).

peperomia: bae’i višobtakil, nphr(aj & n); k’oš eahal višobtakil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); merio e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); muk’ta višobtakil, nphr(aj & n); pimenta e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); sentavo e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); setahtik višobtakil, nphr(aj & n); višobtakil, n1a.

pepper: pimenta, n1a.
devil pepper: ʔič šulem, nphr(n4d of n5); veʔel kulahteʔ, nphr(n of n); veʔel mut, nphr(n of n).

pepper weed: k’oš pič’, nphr(aj & n); pič’, n.

peppering: peppering suddenly (bullets): váhluh, av.

perceive: bain, iv.

perch: lucan ba, rv; lučleb, n1d; lut’leb, n4f.
perch on: lučlebin, tv.

perched: loč’ol, aj; ludul, aj.
be perched (bird): loč’i, iv.
be perched (bird, person, animal): ludi, iv.

perching: luč, av.
perching in flocks (birds): lisil, aj.

percussion: percussion cap: čemenia, n1e; tuvo, n1a.
percussion cap /known only by road workers/: fulminánte, n1a.

perforate: č’ohbe sat, vphr(tv & n4f); p’iʔan, tv.
/wood, clothes, rocks, leather sieve, coin for chaplet/: č’oh, tv; vom, tv.

perforated: č’ohol, aj; homoč’, aj.

perforation: e’ap, nc; č’ohbenal, n1f; vombenal, n4f.

perhaps: nan, pt; van, pt.

periwinkle: bioleta, n1d.

permission: permiso, n1e.
ask permission: ʔič’be k’op, vphr(tv & n4d).
give permission /civil authorities/: ʔak’ ʔorten, vphr(tv & n5).
/occurs usually in negative phrases/: tihil, n5.

permit: ʔak’, tv; permiso, n1e.

persecute: ʔilbahin, tv.

persimmon: wild persimmon: bik’it k’ošoš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

persisting: persisting obstinately in making request: tek’et k’anel, vphr(av & n4f).

person: kriščano, n5.

perspiration: induce perspiration (hot sun, fire /not sweatbath/): panvan, iv.

perspiring: šuč’, av.

persuade: persuade another to reconsider: tik’be rioš ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n5 & prep & n4d).

persuaded: be persuaded /to sell or give/: ouneh ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

peso: pešu, n1a.
five pesos: sinko, n1a.

pester: ʔilbahin, tv.

pesterer: hʔilbahinvaneh, agn.

Peter: Petul, n1d.

petition: hak’-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.
/fiancée/: hak’, tv.
marriage petition: k’anel nupunel, nphr(vn4f of vn5).
petition fiancée: hak’olah, iv.
rite of petition for fiancée: hak’ol, n5.

petitioner: each of the three petitioners who represent prospective fiancé at petition for fiancée: hak’ol, agn.
each of two wedding petitioners: hiak-rioš, agn(tv & ncpd).
one of two petitioners who goes to bride’s house to take groom home after he has fulfilled his bride service: hsutesvaneh, agn.
petitioner who aids prospective groom who does his best to win girl: htok’eseh-ʔoʔonil, agn(vn & ncpd).
serve as wedding petitioner: pačolah, iv.
wedding petitioner: hpačol, agn.*

Petrona: Petuʔ, n1d.

petticoat: hustan, n1d.

pewee: greater pewee: ʔulišpipiʔ, n5.*; p’okoyoʔ, n5; toe-hol mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

phalanx: /hand/: ʔakan k’ob, nphr(n4f of n4d).

Philip: Pil, n1d.

Philippa: Pil, n1d.

philodendron: ʔok’ vakaš, nphr(n4d of n5); loʔbol ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

phlegmatic: ʔalan, aj.

phlegmatically: walking phlegmatically: voeet, av.

phoebe: black phoebe: ʔik’al mut, nphr(aj & n)5.

photograph: lok’ta, tv.
photograph person: lok’ta van, iv.*
/which serves as substitute during person’s absence/: lok’taob-bail, n(n & rpncd)1e.

pick: /flower, beans, greens/: tuč’, tv.
/fruit, nut/: ml, tv.
pick at: to¢ilan, tv.
pick off: to¢ilan, tv.
pick oneself up (drunk): tam ba, rv.
pick out of: tas, tv.
pick over: t’uh, tv.
pick up: tam, tv.
pick up between the knees /child/: la¢’, tv.
pick up by holding between thumb and forefinger /basket, bowl, gourd/: šek, tv.
pick up with two sticks /snake/: la¢’, tv.

pickaxe: piko, n1a.

picked: object that has been picked up somewhere: tambalal _____, nphr(n type n)1d.

picking: tul, av.
picking up many things: tamton, av.
picking up repeatedly: pik, av.
walking about picking /large ears of corn/: tátetáte, av.
walking about picking out things: t’úhtet’úhte, av.

pickup: pickup truck: karo, n1a; pikot, n1a.

picture: lok’ob-bail, vn(n & rpncpd)Ie; lok’taob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)1e; retrato, n1a.
picture frame /esp. for devotional pictures/: kwagro, n5.
ritual speech, prayer; picture: lok’ol, n1f.

piece: tuč’ulil, n4f.
broken piece /glass, sherds/: vok’olil, n4f.
in small pieces (tortilla, paper, glass): č’uč’ul, aj.
piece cut out of /potato by hoe/: heč’benal, n4f.

pierce: /with needle, nail or feather/: č’ap, tv.
/with needle, nail or knife/: šihbe, tv.
/with needle, nail, knife or feather/: ¢’apbe, tv.

piercing: ¢’ap, av.
piercing suddenly /foot/ (thorn): má¢’luh, av.

piercing-eyed: /critical person/: k’ok’-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5.

Pig: čitom, n1a.*

pigeon: band-tailed pigeon: č’ačak, n1e.*; paloma, n1e.
domestic pigeon: paloma, n1e.
red-billed pigeon: k’uš ¢ukutin, nphr(aj & n)5.*

pigeon-toed: šotšot, aj.

piggyback: carry piggyback: t’in-pati, tv(aj & ncpd).
carry piggyback /large child/: lep ta kučel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

pigpen: čikero, n1a.

pile: busan, tv; kunan, tv; monton, n1d.
arrange in neat pile /flowers/: tusa, tv.
be in a pile: busi, iv.
be in large pile (corn, firewood, rocks): yemi, iv.
be in small pile: poti, iv.
be in small pile (flowers, etc.): yomi, iv.
be left in pile (wool): voek’ih komel, vphr(iv & dr).
carrying pile: yom, av.
have work pile up: tern ba ʔabtel, vphr(rv/3s/ & n4d).
in a pile: busul, aj.
in a small pile (wool, corn, salt, earth, pine needles, stones, sand, fruit, chilis): ¢opol, aj.
in huge pile (wood, corn, earth, excrement, rocks): yemel, aj.
in large pile (corn stubble, weeds): temel, aj.
in pile: bus, k’eč, pot, av; kunul, aj.
in pile (clothes, wool, etc.): vo¢ol, aj.
in small pile: k’et, av; mič’il, aj.
in small pile (corn, beans) /gourdful/: k’etel, aj.
in small piles: potolik, aj.
leave in pile /excrement/: vu¢an komel, vphr(tv & dr).
leave in wide pile /excrement/: šeman, tv.
lie in pile (candles, firewood, grain): k’eči, iv.
lie in small pile: mič’i, iv.
lying in neat pile (candles, firewood): tusul, aj.
lying in wide pile (excrement): šemet, av.
make large pile of /corn stubble, weeds/: teman, tv.
pile in (people in truck or house): la¢ ba, rv.
pile one on top of another /bags of corn/: čaʔ-¢’alan, tv(num & tvcpd); čaʔ-la¢an, tv(num & tvcpd).
pile up (clouds): volan ba, rv.
pile up (corn, work): yem ba, rv.
pile up (fallen fruits): busk’ih, iv.
pile up (guilt, sins): tem ba mulil, vphr(rv/3s/ & n4d).
pile up (work): yeman ba, rv.
place in pile /wool, pine needles, thatch, twigs, stubble, cabbage/: č’etan, tv.
put in pile: potan, tv.
put in small pile: ¢opan, tv.
set down in pile /flowers, etc./: yoman, tv.
set down in small pile /corn, beans/ /gourdful/: k’etan, tv.
set in neat pile /firewood, candles, flowers/: tusan, tv.
sitting in pile (excrement): vu¢ul, aj.
take out in piles /wool/: vo¢k’ih lok’el, vphr(iv & dr).

piled: be piled (corn, beans, rocks): kuni, iv.
piled on ground (rotting fruit): yemyon, av.
piled up: temahtik, aj.
piled up (clouds): vaʔahtik, aj.
piled up (corpses in communal grave) /during famine/: la¢al, aj.
piled up and unable to be finished (work): temet, av.

piling: piling out: tern, av.

pillar: cosmic pillar: ʔoy balamil, nphr(n4e of n5).*

pillow: šon holil, nphr(n5 of n3d).

pimple: vahba, n1a.

pin: mak, tv.
/hand, foot/ (rock, tree): la¢’, tv.
pin person to ground (person, tree): net’van, iv.
pin to ground: net’u, tv.

pinch: /finger/: la¢’, tv; sep’, tv.
pinch person (crab, grasshopper, leaf-cutter ant): lo¢’van, iv.
pinch with fingernails: set’, tv.
/with fingers/: šut’, tv.

pinching: set’, av.

pine: toh, n1a.
chiapas white pine: nukul pat, nphr(n type n).
each of three tips of pine placed at foot of candles at shrines /yellow or montezuma pine/: mak kantela, nphr(n of n)1b.
montezuma pine: ʔik’al ʔahan toh, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ba¢’i toh, nphr(aj & n); hayal pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); pimil pat ʔahan toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n type n/); pimil pat toh, nphr(nphr/ aj & n/ type n).
pine bark: p’alp’as, n1e.
pine cone: tuluk’, n1a; tuluk’al toh, nphr(natt & n)1a.
pine needles: šak-toh, n(n of ncpd)1a.
pine tops /used to decorate crosses or erected on both sides of procession route/: tek’el
yellow pine: ʔahan toh, nphr(n type n)1e; ba¢’i toh, nphr(aj & n); hayal pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); hič’il ʔanal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); pimil pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); sakil ʔahan toh, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); vinik ʔahan toh, nphr(n type nphr/n type n/); yihil ʔanal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
toh, nphr(aj & n)1a.

pineapple: pašak’, n1a.
wild pineapple: čimpo pašak’, nphr(x type n)5; kinya pašak’, nphr(n type n)5; pašak’, n1a; potpot pašak’, nphr(aj & n).

pinging: him, av.

pink(1): ¢ahal, aj; ¢oh, aj.
pink eye: satil, n5.

pink(2): china pink: markarita ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

pinned: be pinned beneath: la¢’ ba, rv.

pinole: č’ilim, n1a.’

pint: meria, n1a.

pinta: šok(1), n5.
become afflicted with pinta: šokib, iv.
person suffering from pinta: šok(1), n5.
suffering from pinta: sal, aj; salil, aj.

pipe(1): (flute): ʔok’, iv.

pipe(2): tuvo, n1a.

piqueria: fragrant piqueria: čičik’uy, n1e; k’oš ¢ahal čičik’uy, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

piss: k’abil, n3d; k’abin, iv.

pistol: pistola, n1d.

pit: bek’, n4f.

pitched: slightly pitched /roof insufficiently pitched and permitting leakage/: patpat, aj.

pitcher: rosa, n1a; rosa p’in, nphr(n type n)1a.
chicha pitcher /formerly used for cane liquor when men entered office/: šalu, n1a.

pity: k’uš ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv); k’ušiubah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); k’ušubah ta ʔoʔn, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d); k’ušubin, tv.
take pity on: naʔ ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).
what a pity!: lastima, excl.

placate: lahesbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d).

placated: be placated: lah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

place: ʔavil, n3c; balamil, n5; lugar, n1f.
in place (tumpline): timet, av; timil, aj.
/insect on tree, object on branch/: noč’an, tv.
place around (rope around neck of horse): k’ambe, tv.
place down flat /tortilla on griddle/: laman, tv.
place in post hole /post/: šohbe, tv.
place in post hole /replacement post/: ših, tv; šoh, tv.
place loosely /corn/: čahan, tv.
/tortilla on griddle/: loman, tv.

plains: pač’altik, n5.

plaintiff: hk’an-parte, agn(tv & ncpd).

plan: k’oplal, n4b.

plane: č’ul¢an, tv; č’ululibtas, tv.
/beam/: pas ta pareho, vphr(tv & prep & aj).
/log/: pač’alubtas, tv.
/wood/: č’ul, tv.

planing: č’ul, av.

plank: plank fence /used for cattle corral/: la¢-teʔ mok, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

plant: ¢’un, tv.
/beans/: č’ol, tv; č’olomah, iv.
/corn, beans/: tani, tv.
plant corn: ʔav, tv.*; ʔavolah, iv.
plant one’s beans in another person’s corn field: č’amun ʔolon čob, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/).
plant without weeding or clearing corn stubble /corn, beans/: som ta ʔavel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
/plant/: tek’an, tv.
/potato, pit/: muk, tv.

plantain: ʔok’ ¢’iʔ, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔok’ ¢’ʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); počahtik ʔanal ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); pošil k’ok’, nphr(n of n); pošil mahbenal, nphr(n of n); pošil sep’, nphr(n of n).
rippleseed plantain: lan teʔ, nphr(x type n).

planted: ¢’unul, aj.

planter: corn planter: h’ʔovol, agn.

planting: pah, av.
corn planting: ʔavol, n1a; ʔovol, n1a.
planting distance between holes in same row (corn, beans): likbenal, n1f.
planting season: ʔovoltik, n5.

plaster: n1b, tv; šokom, n1a.
/house wall with daub/: pak’, tv.

plastering: /house/: n1bnon, av.

plastic: /sheets used for rain capes, particularly by women/: nailo, n1a.

plate: plato, n1a.

platform: kahlebal, n3d.
metate platform /heavy raised plank on which metate stands/: ʔek’en, n1a.
platform for tamales /sticks put in pot/: tem, n1b.

play: tahin, iv.
/fiddle, etc./: tih, iv.
/flute, cowhorn, bottle, trumpet, gourd, leaves//during wedding/: ʔok’esin, tv.
/in water/: t’ub ba, rv.
/musical instrument/: tih, tv.
play music for /dead person at wake/: tih vob, vphr(iv & n4e).
play with (dog): tahinta, tv.
play with /testicles, penis/: veh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
/stringed instrument/: vabah, iv.

player: htahimol, agn.
each of the eight lesser players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian /spook, jaguar, ¢on-teʔ kaʔbenal/.: bik’it htoy-k’in, nphr(aj & agn/tv & ncpd/).
each of the fourteen players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian: htoy-k’in, agn(tv & ncpd).
each of the six major players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian /grand and petty Spanish lords and ladies, sak-hol/: muk’ta htoy-k’in, nphr(aj & agn/tv & ncpd/).
each of two lesser players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who were the stewards-royal of the previous year: k’uk’ul con, agn(nphr/x type n/ld).*
each of two lesser players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who were the third and fourth prefects of the previous year: kaʔbenal, agn.
each of two major players of the fiesta of St. Sebastian /first and second prefects of the previous year/: sak-hol, agn(aj & ncpd)1d.

playing: playing in water: t’ub, av.
walking while playing /harps/: tumlah, av.

pleased: be pleased by: k’upin, tv.
be pleased by /another’s discomfort/: ʔelavah, iv; k’el ʔelav, vphr(tv & n5).

pleat: ¢uk, tv.

pleated: ¢uk¢uk, aj.

Pleiades: šonob hʔelek’, nphr(n4d of agn).

pliant: lak, av.

plopping: t’us, av.

plot: nopilan, tv.

plow: ʔararo, n1a.

pluck: /harp/: tum, tv.
pluck at /harp/ (child): tumilan, tv.
/weeds, hair, beard, feathers/: bul, tv.

plug: suk, n4f.
/hole in fence/: suk, tv.

plum: ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan sirvela, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); ¢ahal sirvela, nphr(aj & n); k’anal sirvela, nphr(aj & n); sakil sirvela, nphr(aj & n).

plump: t’os, av.
pleasingly plump (woman’s legs): t’osol, aj.
pleasingly plump and well-groomed: ¢’ab, leb, av.

pluteus: fawn-colored pluteus: ʔik’al čečev, nphr(aj & n); sakil čečeval tulan, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).

pocked: (smallpox, chicken pox): vahal, aj.

pod: satil, n3c.
/bean/: patil, n3c.

point: beč, iv; beč, tv; bič, tv.
forming a point (corner of plot being weeded or cleared): šoh¢ah muyel, vphr(iv & dr).
forming point (cleared patch): šulšul, aj.
forming point (edge of plot of land): šohšoh, aj.
/pencil, knife, machete/: niʔ, n1b.
/penis, urine, gun, reptile’s or amphibian’s head/: bečan, tv.

pointed: (machete, knife, pencil): ¢’ub¢’ub, aj.
(nose, post): ¢’ap¢’ap, aj.
(nose, post, pencil, machete, scissors, cow horn, claws): ¢’upul, aj.

pointing: beč, bič, av; bičil, aj.

poison: beneno, n1a.

poke: mulbe, tv; mules, tv; tih, tv.
/pine in fire/: mul, tv.
poke firewood further into /fire/: čuč, tv.
poke head over: yoʔan hol, vphr(tv & n4d).
poke out (thorn): nač’p’uh tal, vphr(iv & dr).
poke upwards /fruit on branch so it will fall/: šul, tv; šuli, tv.
/stick in burrow to see if animal is there/: šen, tv.

pokeberry: ʔob, n1a; ¢ahal ʔob, nphr(aj & n)5; ¢ahal sat ʔob, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); maruč ʔitah, nphr(n type n)1a; maruč ¢’iʔlel ʔob, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n); sakil ʔob, nphr(aj & n)5; sakil sat ʔob, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

poking: čuč, mul, av; šenšon, av.
poking head over: yoʔol hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).
poking upward (corn plant stripped of leaves by sheep): šulul, aj.
poking upwards /fruit on branch so it will fall/: šulšon, av.

pole: /boat/: hub, tv.
/flag/: ʔokol, n3b.
forked pole used to lower merchandise: horkata, n1a.
pole of bottom of bed or corn bin: k’atal teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.
pole plate: nakleb čuk, nphr(n4f of n5); tenel teʔal na, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5.
roof pole of thatched roof: šul, n1a.
smoke pole: ba k’ok’, nphr(n1f of n1d).
vertical pole of wattle and daub wall: lap ʔoy, nphr(n1a of n5); lap ʔoyal na, nphr(n1f of nphr/natt 1f & n1d/).
vertical pole of wooden house wall: hit’ na, nphr(n1f of n1d).

policeman: traffic policeman: transito, n5.

polish: č’ul, tv; č’ululibtas, tv.
/ceremonial sandals/; bon, tv.

polished: become polished: č’ul ba, rv; č’ul¢ah, iv.

pollen: covered with pollen: tan-mukan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd).
inan. poss; pollen: tan, n1a.

pom-pom: pom-pom of scarf: nič pok’, nphr(n1f of n1d).

pomegranate: granada, n.

pommel: hol šila kaʔ, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/)5.

poncho: woolen sleeved poncho /longer in front than in back and sewn up sides, worn by Chamulas and a few elderly Zinacantec men/. inan. poss.; sčuhal.: čuhil, n3a.

pond: nab, n1e.

ponder: ¢’ihan ba, rv.

ponderously: ʔuš, ban, av.

pool: ¢’anleb, n5.

poor: /financially/: povre, aj.
poor person: meʔon, n1d.

pop: (fever sore): p’ot, iv.
(fire, roasting corn): č’it, iv.

pop-eyed: bulbul, aj.

popapple: ba¢’i kranata, nphr(aj & n); kranata, n1a.

popcorn: tukum, n1a.

pope: pope’s nose: nin čakil, nphr(aj & n)3d.

popping: bo¢’, č’it, hum, k’av, lom, pum. p’ot, av.
popping in ears /when going to lower altitude/: vononet, av.

popsicle: bot, n1e.

porcupine: mexican porcupine: č’iš ʔuč, nphr(n type n)5.

pores: oil of pores: vahobal, n1d.

pork: čitom, n1a.

porter: hʔika¢nom, agn; hsaʔ-ʔika¢il, agn(tv & ncpd).

portion: rasyon, n1d.

Posada: First Posada: ba miša, nphr(n1f of n5).

Posadas: /mass is celebrated every evening/: mišatik, n5.

posol: ʔuč’imoʔ, n1a.*; ma¢’, n1a.
posol wrapped in corn husk: hohoč’al ʔuč’imoʔ, nphr(natt & n)5.

possibility: there is a possibility that: ʔoy, n5.

possible: lek, aj.
be possible: tak’, tv; yuʔ, iv(3s).

post: /bed/: ʔokol, n3b.
/fence, house, bed/: ʔoy, n1a.

postpone: halihes, tv; natihes k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n5).
/deadline, religious post/: toyes, tv.
postpone until morning: sakubtas, tv.
/religious post/: muyes, tv.

postponed: being postponed time and again /deadline/: p’lltep’ilte, av.

postponing: pah, av.

pot: p’in, n1a; rosa, n1a; rosa p’in, nphr(n type n)1a.
broken pot in which spindles are stored: tilebal, n3d.
chamberpot: ʔav k’abil, nphr(n4f of n3d).
chipped pot: šel, n5.
coffee pot: kaltera, n1a.
enamelware pot: peltre, n1d; tak’in p’in, nphr(n type n)1d.
pear-shaped pot /for corn gruel, tamales or nixtamal/: tuʔtuʔ p’in, nphr(aj & n)1a.
pot for _______ /cane liquor, chicha, corn gruel, etc./: p’inal _______, nphr(n1f of n1d).
pot in which lime is mixed: puk’om tan, nphr(n of n)1d; puk’um tan, nphr(n of n)1d.
pot taken on journey: kaltera, n1a.
pot with handle: čikin p’in, nphr(n type n)1a.

potato: ba¢’i ʔis-ak’, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); sakil tranhero ʔis-ak’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).

potoo: common potoo: šoč’, n5.*

potsherd: setelul, n4f; šet’elul, n4f; voč’ol p’in, nphr(aj & n)1e; voč’olil, n4f; vok’ol p’in, nphr(aj & n)1e.

potter: hpotob, agn.

pottery: pottery bowl: se¢’, n1a.

poultry: poultry disease: sak-¢oʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.

pound(1): measure of about twenty-five pounds /flour/: ʔarova, n1a.
pound scales /used to weigh fish and shrimp, formerly used to weigh cotton/: livra, n1a.

pound(2): t’us, tv.
/tobacco leaves into powder, wool being fulled, house or fence posts being fixed securely/: ten, tv.

pounding: bah, pak’, p’at, fan, t’us, av.
(feet): t’ast’on, av.
(heart from fear or from running): t’išt’on, av.

pour: /liquid into bowl or pot, grain into bag, bin or basket, on mat/: k’eb, tv.
pour into bag: č’ol, tv.
pour into bottle /cane liquor/: č’olomah, iv.
pour into bottle /liquid/:č’ol, tv.
pour liquid back and forth to cool it: t’oh, tv.
/water from jug/: kol, tv.

poured: č’olol, aj.

pouring: čah. čoh. čor, č’ol, his, kop, t’oh, av.
pouring down (water): t’ohoh, av.

pouting: buč, av.

poverty: meʔanal, n1a.

powder: p’up’, n1a.
powder self: bon ba, rv.

power: power plant: meʔ lus, nphr(n of n)5.

powerful: become powerful: toy, iv.

practice: pray practice one’s art (shaman): šanav, iv.

pray: k’opoh, iv.
in church, at bedtime/: pas resal, vphr(tv & n5).
pray before each saint in the church: p’is sat, vphrftv & n4d).
pray to: k’opon, tv.
pray to the earth lord /at unsanctioned caves/: hambe sat balamil. vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/).

prayer: ʔoresyon, n1e; resal, n1e.
/in Spanish/: k’op rioš. nphr(n4f of n5).

praying: praying loudly (shaman): t’aht’on, av.
praying softly: not’, av.
praying under one’s breath: mišmon ta ʔoʔon, vphr(av & pt & n4d); višvon ta ʔoʔon, vphr(av & prep & n4d).

pre-chew: /tortilla for infant/: šaš. tv.

precariously: place precariously: hp’an, tv.

preen: č’aki ba, rv; č’akovah, iv.

prefect: /each of four officials of the third level of the religious hierarchy/: rehirol, agn.
first prefect: primero rehirol, agn(nphr/aj & n/); rehirol mayol, agn(n5 & aj).
fourth prefect: k’ošil rehirol, agn(nphr/n4f of n5/).

pregnancy: č’util, n3b.*
illicit pregnancy: ʔak’ben čamel, nphr(n type vn)5.

pregnant: cause man to have growth in stomach as if pregnant (witch): t’okanbe ʔol, vphr(tv & n4d).

premolar: premolar and molar /absolute form infr/: čoʔbil, n3d.

preparation: čap-bail, n(tv & rpncpd)5; čapob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)5.

prepare: čap, tv; mel¢an. tv.
/chewing tobacco/ /by adding lime to the tobacco/: pošta, tv.

prepared: vaʔial, aj.

present(1): k’elan. tv.
/freq referring to cane liquor/: matanal, n1e; moton, n4d.
present candles: yal kantela, vphr(iv & n1d).*
present oneself /before authorities/: ʔak’ ba, rv.

present(2): for the present: lavi, n5.

presentation: ʔentrokal, n5.
wedding presentation: ʔišpušal, n5.

President: President of the Republic: preserente ta Mehiko, agn(nphr/n & prep & n/).

president: church president: preserente ʔuʔun ʔekliša, agn: n of nphr(n4f of n5.)
president of fiesta committee: preserente ʔuʔun k’in, agn: n of nphr(n4f of n5); preserente hunta, agn(nphr/n of n/5).
president of school committee: preserente ʔuʔun čan-vun, agn: n of nphr(n4f of vn/tv & ncpd/5); preserente lukasyon, agn(nphr/n of n/5).

presidente: preserente, agn.

press: press legs together: yob ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d); yob ba, rv.
press one’s legs together: loe’an ba, rv.
press one’s legs together tightly: lo¢’an ʔok, vphr(tv / / n).
press one’s legs together tightly (child, woman trying to save virginity): lo¢’ ʔok, vphr(tv / / n); lo¢’ ba, rv.
press together tightly (long objects, branches): press with side of hand /tortilla, dough/: net’, tv.

pressing: be pressed down tightly (hair by rope used to carry burden): mit’¢ah, iv.
pressed together (knees): yobol, aj; yubul, aj.
pressed together (legs): lo¢’ol, aj.

pressing: pressing together (knees): yubet, av.

pretend: pretend to be: čaʔle ba, rv; pas ba, rv.

pretty: become pretty and neat (girl): ¢’ab ba, rv; ¢’ay ba, rv.
/girl/: tuluk’ ba, vphr(n/pred/ & rpn).

prevail: pas ¢a¢al, vphr(tv & n5).

prevent: me¢’ta, tv.* /departure/: panes, tv.
prevent another from taking religious office: č’aybe ʔabtel, vphr(tv & n4d).
prevent person from working: pahesbe k’ob, vphr(tv & n4d).

price: tohol, n4f.

prick: (needle, thorn): pahbe, tv.
prick out /thorn with needle/: luč, tv.
prick out /thorn/: p’iču, tv.
prick self: vom ba, rv.
prick up /ears/ /eavesdropping/: ¢’etan, tv.

pricked: pricked up (ears): ¢’etel, aj.

pricking: lab, av.
pricking up: lač, av.

prickling: ¢av, av.

prickly: ¢ak’ av.

prickly pear: ʔik’-loʔan petok, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); ¢abal petok, nphr(aj & n); loʔbalal petok, nphr(aj & n); petok, n1d; teʔtikil petok, nphr(natt & n).

priest: pale, n5.

princess feather: ¢ahal ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); ¢ahal č’is ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr(x type n)1a; č’is ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); č’išal ¢’ul ʔitan, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil ¢’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

principal: holinom tak’in, nphr(aj & n)5; krinsipal, agn.
/debt/: bek’tal tak’in, nphr(n type n).
/money/: takopal, nib.

prison: čukebal, n5; čukinebal, n5; čuklebal, n3d.
women’s prison in San Cristóbal /archaic/: pošital, n5.

prisoner: hčukel, agn.

privet: glossy privet: ʔik’al teʔ nphr(aj & n)5.

privy: ¢aʔnebal, n3d.

probably: nan, pt; van, pt.

problem: palta, n5.

process: in the process of: yaket, av; yokel, pt; yolel, pt.
(saints): pas prošišyon, vphr(tv & n5).

procession: /of saints inside and outside church on Ephiphany, Lenten Fridays, Palm Sunday, Wednesday of Holy Week to Holy Saturday, St.
John’s Day, fiesta of St. Lawrence, and the Posadas/: prošišyon, n5.

proclaimed: be proclaimed (wedding banns): yeʔ, iv.

procrastinator: hk’uš-pahayom, agn(aj & ncpd)5.

produce: lok’es, tv.
/fruit, corn, beans, etc./: ʔak’, tv.
produce in abundance /fruit/: lisan, tv.
produce large ears of corn: ʔišimah, iv.
produce many fruits: vohan, tv.
produce small ears (corn): tučan, tv; t’učan, tv.
produce young corn ear: yian, iv.
/single fruit/ (young tree): tučan, tv.

produced: be produced (cane liquor): meʔin, iv.

profit: kanal, n1d; kanalin, n4d.
make a profit: pas kanal, vphr(tv & n5).
make profit /from sales/: tak’inah, iv.

profitable: be profitable: lok’ kwenta, vphr(iv & n5).

progress: make progress: šanav, iv.

proliferate: (corn, people, words): p’ol, iv.
/guilt, corn/: p’oles, tv.

prolong: prolong an investigation: t’išes ta be k’op, vphr(tv & prep & n5 & n5).

prominent: turn, t’uk, av.
be prominent (goiter, boil): t’ukan ba, rv; t’uki, iv.
become prominent: t’uk¢ah, iv.
become prominent (goiter, boil, swellhead): t’uk ba, rv.
(boil): tubul, aj.
(goiter, boil, etc.): vuʔvuʔ, aj.
(goiter, boil, swellhead): t’ukul, aj.
make prominent /goiter, boil/ (witch): t’ukanbe, tv.
/muscles, veins/: tumulik, aj.
(veins or muscles of old person): timilik, aj.
walking with prominent /stomach/ (pregnant mare or woman): t’iset, av.*

promiscuous: be promiscuous in love: ¢’iles ba, rv.

promise: ʔak’ k’op, vphr(tv / / n); ʔal k’op, vphr(tv / / n); k’oplal, n4b.

proof: preva, n5.

prop: /for house or heavily laden branch/: šik’, nib; šik’-te9ob, n(aj & ncpd)1f.
prop up: ʔikbe, tv; šik’u, tv.
prop up /drunk, patient, tree/: ʔik, tv.

proper: proper way: melol, n4b; tohol, n4b.

properly: do properly: lekil______, tv(aj & tvcpd).

prosperous: k’ak’, av.

prostitute: hmulavil ʔan¢, nphr(agn type n)5.

prostrate: prostrate self (person weeping in church or at wake, drunk refusing to be led home): tu¢’an ba, rv.

protect: me¢’ta, tv.*

protest: protest before civil authorities: ʔak’ kwenta, vphr(tv & n5); ʔak’ parte, vphr(tv & n5).

protrude: /belly of pregnant woman/: vusan ba, rv.
(blister): kučan ba, rv.
(boil, bowels of person who has suffered from bloody dysentery): tob¢ah lok’el, vphr(iv & dr).
(daub, boil): bučk’ih lok’el, vphr(iv & dr).
(flower bud): tom¢ah, iv; tomi, iv.
(gopher hill): tok¢ah, iv.
(tummy) /child or puppy that has overeaten/: ven¢ah, iv.

protruding: ban, ben, bin, p’en, vck*. av.
be protruding (belly): vusi, iv.
be protruding (tummy of child or puppy): beni, iv.
be protruding (tummy): p’eni, iv.
(belly, penis): vesel, aj.
(blister): bučul, aj.
(child’s tummy): p’enel, aj.

(lower lip): lečleč, aj.
(mucous): bulul, aj.
(mushroom): t’obol, aj.
(mushroom, skin growth): tobol, aj.
protruding cheeks or jowls: p’uk, av.
protruding greatly (skin disease, dog’s anus): p’olol, aj.
protruding in cluster (conical flowers): haʔalik, aj.
protruding rear: vub, av.
protruding slightly (mushroom, infant boy’s penis): ʔumul, aj.
protruding suddenly (bowels): tóblih, av.
protruding tummy: ven, av.
(puppy’s tummy): vekel, aj.
(rear): vubvub, aj.
(sprout, saguaro cactus, maguey inflorescence, mushroom): tomol, aj.
stand with protruding belly: vesan č’ut, vphr(tv & n4d); vesetah, iv.
stand with protruding tummy (child, puppy): venetah, iv; veni, iv.
standing with protruding tummy (child, puppy): venel, aj.
(tummy of child or puppy): benel, aj.
(tummy): binil, aj.
with protruding lower lip: velvel, aj.

protuberant: ʔot’ol, aj.
(blister): lučul, aj.
(skin growth): buhul, aj.
with protuberant end (stick): t’omt’om hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

provocative: bi¢, av; bi¢i¢, aj; loko, aj.

provoke: saʔ hol, vphr(tv & n5): saʔbe hol, vphr(tv & n4d); sokbe hol, vphr(tv & n4d).

pry: ho¢’ho¢’-hak’, tv(aj & tvcpd).
pry apart /legs/: loʔbe, tv.
pry open /corn husk to see if ripe/: leʔ, tv.
pry up /board/: to¢, tv.

psst: calling psst /to attract someone’s attention/: sitson, av.
/exclamation to attract someone’s attention or to quiet dog/: st, excl.

pubic: pubic hair: ¢isanil, n3a; ¢on, n1d.

publican: /each of two officials of the first level of the religious hierarchy/: mešon, agn.

publicize: vinahes, tv.

publicized: be publicized: ʔosilah, iv.

puddle: ¢’anal voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5; ¢’anleb, n5.
in large puddle: yuk’ul, aj.
in puddles: ¢’an, av.
puddle in depression of rock: ʔok’oč, n1e.

puddles: form large puddles or areas of impounded river: yuk’¢an ba, rv.
form puddles: ¢’an, iv.
forming puddles (blood, water): yuk’et, av.
in puddles: ¢’anal, aj.

puff: (gobbler): t’iskin, tv.
puff out (breast of bird): t’okan ba, rv.
puff out (throat of lizard or frog): vuk¢an lok’el, vphr(tv & dr).
puff out (throat of lizard, etc.): vukes, tv.
puff self up (frog, lizard): vučes ba, rv.
puff up: vučes, tv; vuk¢ah lok’el, vphr(iv & dr); vuk¢an ba lok’el, vphr(rv & dr).
puff up (blister): vuk ba, tv.
puff up (tortilla): pu¢¢ah, iv; puh, iv; vukan ba, rv.
puff up (tortilla, balloon): vuk, iv.
puff up /with wind or air/: voči, iv,

puff ball: puff ball. The powder of an unattested variety is applied to wounds to stop bleeding. Puff balls are called: pošil yayihemal(2), nphr(n of n)5. ʔoʔon tuluk’, nphr(n4d of n5); bik’it čolčol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’anal čolčol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’anal pu¢pu¢ poš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta čolčol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’- ta sakil čolčol be, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pu¢pu¢ poš, nphr(aj & n).

puffed: be puffed out (breast of bird): t’oki, iv.
(lips): t’očol, aj.
puffed up: sitil., aj.
puffed up (tortilla): vučul. aj; vukul. aj.
sitting with puffed out breast feathers (bird): t’oket, av; t’okol, aj.
with puffed (lips) /derogatory/: t’očt’on, av.

puffing: pul, tok, tok’, av.
puffing up: bek’, buk. av.
puffing up suddenly (tortilla): vučlih, av.

puffy: va¢, vo¢, av.
become puffy (face with cold): ¢op ba, rv.
(blister): vukul, aj.
(bruise): p’oʔol, aj.
(face of sheep or person from the cold): ¢opol, aj.
(face with sickness or hangover): va¢al, aj; vo¢ahtik, aj.
(face): likil, aj.

pull: /ear, hair/: nit, tv.
/ear, hair, balky mule or drunk/: tok’, tv.
(mule): timetah, iv.
pull against rope (horse, cow): hipan ba, rv.
pull away: k’eh, tv.
pull by the /hair, ear/: tok’ilanbe, tv.
pull by the ear /child or dog/: šač’be čikin. vphr(tv & n4d).
pull by the ear /disobedient child/: nitbe čikin, vphr(tv & n4d).
pull by the muzzle /mule to stop it from eating or to make it walk/: nitbe niʔ. vphr(tv & n4d).
pull down: hipp’un, tv.
pull down /branch/: niʔ yalel, vphr(tv & dr); niʔ¢an yalel, vphr(tv & dr); nih¢an, tv.
pull each other about: kil baik, rv.
pull off /fruit, lump of corn dough to be ground/: k’ok, tv.
pull off bunch /banana/: kep, tv.
pull out: bul, tv.
pull out /branches from fence/: čečanan, tv; tas, tv.
pull out /embers, squash seeds/: ho¢’, tv.
pull out /firebrand/: kay, Iv.
pull out /firebrand, thorn, fence post, penis, mired horse/: bo¢’, tv.
pull out /nits/: his, tv.
pull out /rock, tile, paper/: to¢, tv.
pull out /weaving/: tuki, tv.
pull out by the roots /radish, field mustard, young corn plants/: tok’, tv.
pull out of one’s hand: kilbe ta k’ob, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).
pull person’s hair (drunk): nitulanbe hol, vphr(tv & n4d).
pull up: to¢, tv.
pull up by the roots: bul, tv.
pull up indiscriminately (horse, person pulling up weeds, beans): ho¢be, tv.
/tooth/: pi¢, tv.

pulled: be pulled (tooth): pi¢, iv.
be pulled out (weaving): tukih, iv.

pulling: nit, tok’, av.
pulling each other along: čeč, av.
pulling off: k’ok, av.
pulling out: bo¢’, tas, av.
pulling painfully (tumpline): timimet, av.

pulp: inedible pulp /squash/: bikil, n1d.
pulp that has been spit out /sugarcane/: ma¢’benal, n3b.

pulse: pik č’ič’, vphr(tv & n5).
having one’s pulse weaken: yámteyámte č’ič’el, vphr(av & n4d).
pulse person: pikvan, iv.

pulser: hpik-č’ič’, agn(tv & ncpd).*; hpikvaneh, agn.

pulsing: bič, av.
discover by pulsing: ta ta č’ič’, vphr(tv & prep & n5).
pulsing continuously /blood in vein of healthy person/: tuston, av.

pump: vompa, n1a.
pump out: tok’, tv.
/water/: hik’ muyel, vphr(tv & dr).

pumpwood: shield leaf pumpwood: k’orok’ teʔ, nphr(x type n).

puncture: /blister/: hul, tv.

punish: ʔak’ ¢i¢el, vphr(tv & vn5); ʔak’ kastiko, vphr(tv & n5); ʔak’be ¢i¢el, vphr(tv & vn5); ʔak’be kastiko, vphr(tv & n5); ¢i¢, tv.

punishment: ¢i¢el, vn5; kastiko, n1a; lok’esob manya, nphr(n of n)5.
bring divine punishment upon: tohbe kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5); tohbe rioš, vphr(tv & n5).
receive divine punishment: tal kastiko, vphr(iv & n5).
receive prolonged punishment: lok’ manya, vphr(iv & n4d).
share punishment /person apprehended with criminal and arrested unjustly as accomplice/: makibe mul, vphr(tv & n4d).

pupa: k’očol, n5.

pupate: k’očolah, iv; k’očolib, iv.

pupil: /eye/: nen sat, nphr(n4e of n4d).

purchase: manolah, iv.

purchased: (adopted child, sheep): manbalal, aj.

purchases: arriving frequently to make purchases: manmon, av.

purgative: šenebal, n5; šenobal, n5.

purgatory: porkatorio, n5.

purge: ves, tv.

Purification: Purification of the Virgin /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-meʔtik Kantelaria, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.*

purlin: roof purlin /four for thatched roof, eight for tile roof/: čuk, n1e.

purple: moraro, n1e.

purple bell: kampana ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

purpose: kwenta, n1b; k’oplal, n4b.
on purpose: yal, pt; yavil, pt.

purposely: yal, pt; yavil, pt.

purr: navuh, iv.

purring: bar, av.

purse: leather purse: čuʔiv, n1a.
(lips): bučk’ih lok’el, vphr(iv & dr).
(mouth): tob¢ah lok’el, vphr(iv & dr).

pursed: tob, av.
(ass with fear from nightmare): mut’ul, aj.
(lips of person whistling): toblahet, av.
(lips): bučul, aj.

pursing: buč, av.

purslane: common purslane: bertulaka, n5.

pursued: net’bil eč’el, vphr(aj & dr).

pursuer: hnu¢vaneh, agn.
/of criminal/: hsaʔvaneh, agn.

pus: pohov, n1e; vahobal, n1d.
inan. poss.; pus: pohov, n1e.

push: net’, tv; šuhetah, iv.
/fallen chair on ground/ (child): hušušin, tv.
/in, out/: šuh ba, rv.
/mule/: tišk’un, tv.
/person, sheep, exhausted mule, leaning tree, car, wheelbarrow/: šuh, tv.
push down: hemes, tv; hin¢an, tv; puč’k’in, tv.
push down /earth/: hem, tv.
push down /log/: nululihes yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
push down /old fence/: šoy¢an, tv.
push down /pants, skirt/: ves¢an yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
push down /person/: hač’es, tv; tišk’un, tv.
push down /unsteady fence, wall/: večk’un, tv.
push down face first: nihk’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr); nuhk’in yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
push down with hands on shoulders /person, dog/: vu¢’ yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
push face down: patk’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
push into /mud/: kakan, tv.
push into sitting position: čotk’in, tv.
push on one’s knees: keh¢an, tv.
push open /door/: net’, tv.
push over /squatting person/: šovk’in, tv.
push over backward /drunk, horse/: levk’un, tv.
push over backwards: havk’un, tv.
push person down: pitk’unvan yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
push person on his butt: lenanvan, iv.
push person onto haunches: šok’anvan, iv.
/squeaky door/: ve¢’, tv.

pushed: be pushed end over end /fallen tree/: valk’uh, iv.
be pushed open (door): ve¢’i, iv.

pushing: šuh, av.
pushing open: ve¢’, av.

pushy: be pushy: toy ba, rv.

postulating: bur, av.

put: ʔak’, tv.
be put inside /jail/: tik’i, iv.
be put out (eye): t’us, iv.
put away: ve¢’, tv.
put down inside one’s blouse /money/ (woman): čolo-nuk’in, tv(n & ncpd).
put hat on /scarecrow/: velanbe pišol, vphr(tv & n4d).
put in (foot in hole): lomi, iv.
put in /basket, bowl/: pačan, tv.
put in /bowl, crown of hat/: pečan, tv.
put in /foot in mud or dust/: loman, tv.
put in /jail/: suk, tv.
put in /object/: tik’, tv.
put in /pot, bottle/: ʔotes, tv.
put in /water/: muk, tv.
put in bag /tortillas or posol/: sut’, tv.
put inside /house/: ʔotes, tv.
put out /eye/: lop¢anbe, tv.
put out /light, fire/: tup’, tv.
put out /runaway fire/: yam, tv.
put small stone under /hearthstone, pot, etc./: šoni, tv.
put to sleep or to bed: vayubtas, tv.
put under head /pillow, clothes/: šon-holin, tv(n & ncpd).

put-putting: hor, t’or, av.

putrefy: ʔoč k’aʔal, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4f).

Q

quacking: vek, av.

quail: singing quail: ʔub, n5.*; čintuliʔ n1e.*

quake: (earth): nik, iv.

quaking: leč, neč, nik, peč, av.

quantity: great quantity /of fruit on tree, people/: pimil, n4b.

quarrel: ʔut-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; ¢ak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5; ¢ak ba, rv; pas mul, vphr(tv & n4d); pas pletu, vphr(tv & n5); pletu, n5; saʔ k’op, vphr(tv & n5).
revive quarrel: čaʔ-kušes k’op, vphr(tv/num & tvepd/ & n5).

quarreler: hsaʔ-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd).

quarrelling: saʔsaʔ-k’op, vn(tv & ncpd)5.

quarrelsome: kap, sok, av; holol ʔuʔun, vphr(n4e/pred/ & n4d).

quart: quart bottle /proper size for accompanying formal visit/: limete, n1a.

quartz: baš, n1e.

queasy: ʔibil, aj.

questioning: (lawyer): šik’il, aj.

quick weed: ʔuskun-teʔ, n(x type ncpd)5; ¢ahal ʔuskun-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x type ncpd/); kuskun-teʔ, n(x type ncpd); k’oš sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); sakil ʔuskun-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x type ncpd/).

quickly: ʔanil, n5; suhem, aj.

quiet: k’un, aj; k’unil, aj; vašal, aj; vašan, tv; vašet, av.
be quiet!: č’anč’an, aj.
become quiet: vaši, iv.
/child, ringing bell/: č’anubtas, tv.
quiet down (drunk, crowd): yam ba, rv.

quietly: k’un, aj; k’unil, aj.

quill: č’iš, n1a.

quince: nimproniš, n1a.
quince candy paste given to fiesta characters by great and petty Spanish lords on the fiesta of St. Sebastian: kahete, n1d.

quit: ʔikta ba, rv.

quiver: (eyelash): lut’lonah. iv.
(skin): lutan ba, rv.

quivering: lut, lut’, av.

R

rabbit: t’ul, n1e.*
domestic rabbit: kašlan t’ul, nphr(aj & n)1d.

raccoon: meʔel čon(1), nphr(n type n)1e.*; napač, n1e.

race(1): horse race: ʔanil kaʔ, nphr(n of n)5.

race(2): ¢’unbal, n4a.

raceme: be in raceme (bananas): vohi, iv.

racer: /at fiesta/: hʔanil, agn.
horse racer: hʔanil kaʔ, nphr/agn of n5/; hʔanilahel ta kaʔ, agn(nphr/vn5 & prep & n5/).

racked: /with cough or vomiting/: nititet, av.

radiant: with radiant expression: ¢’il, av.

radish: ʔalavanuš, n1d; č’iš ʔalavanuš, nphr(n type n); k’oš kašlan ʔalavanuš, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk’ta ʔalavanuš, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta kašlan ʔalavanuš, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); natikil ʔalavanuš, nphr(aj & n); sakil ʔalavanuš, nphr(aj & n).

rafter: natikil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a; natil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a; teʔel na, nphr(n1f of n1d).

rage: rage impotently: lek’ ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d).

ragweed: ʔaltamiša, n1d; hhalal-meʔtik, agn(aj & ncpd).

rail: horizontal rails of corral or fence: k’atal teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.

rain: voʔ, n5.*
ceremony requesting rain: k’anob voʔ, nphr(n of n)5.
first rain of wet season /causing old leaves to fall/: hlilineh ʔanal teʔ, agn: nphr(vn & nphrcpd/n4f of n5/).
rain cape: ʔašibal, n3a; kapail, n3a.
rain that leaks through roof: yaleb voʔ, nphr(n of n)5.
rain water: ¢’uhub, n5.
rubberized or plastic rain hat: poro, n1a.

rainbow: meʔ k’inubal, nphr(n of n)5.*; vak-nab, nphr(num & ncpd)1e.*

raining: stop raining: k’ep, iv.

rainy: become rainy: pul balamil, vphr(iv/3s/ & n5).

raise: toy, tv.
/price/: muyes, tv; toyes, tv.
raise muzzle into air (ram, stallion): val¢an niʔ, vphr(tv & n4d).*
raise self to standing position /with aide of walking stick/: toy ba, rv.

raised: (bites): petel, aj; petet, av.
(scar, welt): t’elel, aj.
walking with raised /scar, welt/: t’elet, av.

rakacha: wild rakacha: ʔama čauk, nphr(n4f of n5).

rake: ho¢’, tv.
corn stubble rake: maš-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd)1a.
rake up: ves, tv.

ram(1): karnero, n1a.
four-horned ram: čantiko, n1e.
hornless ram: vatison, n1a.

ram(2): ram in /penis/: ših, tv.

ramming: /intercourse/: šihšon, av.

rampant: keč, av.
be rampant (smallpox): šanav, iv.

ramrod: bakete, n1e.

ranch: ʔasyento, n5.
lowland coffee ranch: pinka, n1a.

rancher: hʔasentero, agn.

rancid: šin, aj; šinal, aj.
become rancid: šinub, iv.
lying rancid and forgotten: šinet, av.
make rancid: šinubtas, tv.

rancidness: šinal, n4b.

rank: (smell of urine, goat, fox, coyote, monkey, peccary, or spook): ¢ih, aj.

rankncss: ¢ihil, n4f.

rant: bosilan ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d).

ranting: bosbon ʔe, vphr(av & n4d).
(drunk): lič’lon ʔe, vphr(av & n4d).

rap: /on tabletop for more liquor/: k’oh, tv.

rapanea: č’ulul ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); šulal na, nphr(natt & n); tilil, n1a.

rape: ʔak’ ta persa, vphr(tv & prep & n5); mulav, iv; mulilal k’op, nphr(natt & n5).

rapist: hʔilbahinvaneh, agn; hmulavil, agn.

rare: become rare: hutukah, iv.

rash: get diaper rash: vot, iv.

raspberry: wild raspberry: šoto-čak, n(aj & ncpd)1a.

rasping: č’eh, hi¢’, hoč, mek’, av.

rat: black rat: karánsa č’o, nphr(n type n)5; merikáno č’o, nphr(aj & n)1e.*
chiapan climbing rat: čuč č’o, nphr(n type n)1a.’
/general term/: č’o, n1e.
hispid cotton rat: čitom č’o, nphr(n type n)1d.’

rational: become a rational person /mature/: yul č’ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

rattle: /used by wedding guests, ensign-bearers, players other than jaguars and spooks/: sot, n1a.

rattles: metal rattles /worn by the grand and petty Spanish lords and ladies of the fiesta of St. Sebastian/: čilon ʔok, nphr(n4e of n4d).

rattlesnake: ʔik’al ʔaha-čon, nphr(aj & n/n type ncpd/)5.
tropical rattlesnake: ʔaha-čon, n(n type ncpd)5.*; k’anal ʔaha-čon, nphr(aj & noun type ncpd/)5.*

rattling: čar, čer, čih, čil, hi¢, hič’, hoč, k’oh, k’ol, poč, poh, av.
moving and rattling: čah, av.
(porcupine): k’ororet, av.
(seeds): čilčil, aj.

raven: common raven: hoh, n1e.*

ravine: be-oʔ, n(n of ncpd)1a; be voʔ, nphr(n of n)5; č’en, n1a; hap č’en, nphr(n of n)5; k’al č’entik, nphr(n type n)5.

razor: razor blade: šilete, n1a.
straight razor: navašaš, n1a.

reach: helav, iv; k’ot, iv; ta, tv.

read: k’el vun, vphr(tv & n5).
read aloud /proclamation, list of names/: ʔapta vun, vphr(tv & n1d).

ready: čapal, aj; listo, aj; vaʔal, aj.
be ready: čap, iv.
get ready: čap ba, rv; čap tal, vphr(tv & dr); čapah, iv.
keep ready at hand /stick/: čapa, tv.

real: ʔentero, aj; ba¢’i, aj.

realize: naʔ, tv; pas kwenta, vphp(tv & n5); yules ta hol, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).

really: ʔentero, aj.
not really: mo’ohtik, pt.
really!: melel, excl.

reap: reap wheat: lok’ trigo, vphr(tv & n5).

reaper: wheat reaper: hlok’-trigo, agn(tv & ncpd).

reappear: čaʔ-ʔayan, iv(num & ivcpd); čaʔ-lok’, iv(num & ivcpd).

rear(1): /child/: ¢’ites, tv.

rear(2): (mule): vaʔi, iv.
with rear sticking out: but, av.

reason: for no reason: mu k’u čaʔal, ptphr(pt & pt & pt).
for that reason: yeč’o, pt.
reason well: nop hun rason, vphr(tv & num & n5).

rebellious: be rebellious: toy ba, rv.

rebound: (ball, wave): t’iš, iv.
cause to rebound: t’iš, iv.

rebounding: rebounding suddenly (blow): túčlih, av.
rebounding suddenly (punching bag at fair): néʔluh bat hol, vphr(av & iv & n1b),
rebounding suddenly (thin tree) /sound/: t’íriuh, av.
(wave): t’išlahet, av.

rebreak: /broken bone/: tok’lin, tv.

rebuild: ʔač’ubtas, tv.

rebuilt: be rebuilt (roof, house): ʔač’ub, iv.

rebuke: ʔak’be ʔutel, vphr(tv & vn5); ʔut, tv; bal ta ʔutel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

recall: yules ta hol, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).
recall soul: pu¢’ta, tv.
recall soul of patient: vel tal č’ulel, vphr(tv & dr & n4d).

recant: bik’tahes ba, rv; lahes ba, rv; sutp’in ba, rv.
(witch who is forced to recant in cave): sutes ba, rv.

recapture: čaʔ-¢ak, tv(num & tvepd).

receding: /hairline/: t’ant’an, aj.
walking with receding hairline: t’ahet tiʔ ba, vphr(av & nphr/n of n/4d).
with receding /hairline/: t’aht’ah, aj.

receive: ʔič’, tv.
/letter/: č’am, tv.

recent: muy, aj.

recently: ʔač’ to, vphr(aj/pred/ & pt).

reciprocal: do reciprocal work: pak baik, rv.
doing reciprocal work: pak, av.

reciprocation: hel-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

recognize: ʔohtikin, tv.

recognized: not recognized: mu ʔohtikinbah, ajphr(pt & aj).

recoil: (gun): tek’van, iv.

recoiling: mu¢, av.

reconcile: lahesbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d).

reconciled: be reconciled: lah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

reconciliation: mutual reconciliation: laheseh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

record: /names/: ¢ak ta vun, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

recover: kuč ʔuʔun, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4b); ta tohol, vphr(tv // n).
/from sickness/: ʔeč’ ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
recover from /sickness/: ʔolin, iv; kol, iv.
recover from /sickness, childbirth/: yolin, iv.
recover from /sickness, wound/: ¢elp’uh ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
recover from childbirth: ʔolin, iv.

recovering: več, av.

rectangular: teltel, aj.

recuperate: lekub, iv.
/sit with mussy hair/: va¢an ba, rv.

recur: (sickness): čaʔ-meʔin, iv(num & ivcpd); kuy, iv.

red: ¢ahal, aj; ¢oh, aj; čak-, aj.
(ears from shame): k’ak’-¢aran, aj(aj & Ucpd).
grow red (fire, chili): ¢ahub, iv.

red-cheeked: t’obahtik, aj.

redden: ¢ahubtas, tv.

rediscover: čaʔ-ta, tv(num & tvcpd).

redstart: painted redstart: ¢ahal katal, nphr(aj & n)5.*
slate-throated redstart: ¢ahal katal, nphr(aj & n)5.*; katal mut, nphr(n type n)5.

reduce: /fire/: yames, tv.
reduce in size: bik’tahes, tv.
/tarea/: mu¢es, tv.

reed: ʔah, n1d; ʔah ʔama, nphr(n4e of n5); ʔan¢il ʔah, nphr(natt & n).

reedy: (voice): sohom, aj.

reeling: (drunk): lukul k’amal, ajphr(aj & aj); mečel k’amal, ajphr(aj & aj); mekel k’amal, ajphr(aj & aj).

reenter: čaʔ-ʔoč, iv(num & ivcpd).

reflection: nak’obal, n1a.

refoliate: ʔač’ub, iv.

reform: tales ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d).
promise to reform: lahes ba, rv.
reform person /loose woman or lecherous man who mends her or his ways after marriage/: pokbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d).

refreshed: feeling refreshed: laet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv); lahet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv).

refreshing: mes, av.

refuse: /gift, request/: p’ah, tv.*
refuse to accept person (ritual tutor, road foreman): p’ahvan, iv.

regain: regain control over oneself (drunk): ¢a¢ubtas ba, rv.

regarding: ʔuʔunil, n3b.

regidor: /each of four officials of the third level of the religious hierarchy/: rehirol, agn.
/each of six officials of the civil hierarchy/: rehirol, agn.

regress: (child who has lost mother and become more babyish): sutp’ih, iv.

regret: naʔ, tv.

regurgitate: (sheep, cow): sutes tal, vphr(tv & dr).

reheat: (water, tortilla): yamtah, iv.
/water, tortilla, griddle/: yamta, tv.

reincarnation: hoyebal tal, nphr(n5 & dr).

reject: č’ay, tv.
(midwife or parent who feels squeamish about newborn baby, rabbit or bird that abandons nest after it has been meddled with): ʔilan, tv.
reject in favor of another: vala-patin komel, vphr(tv/x & ncpd/ & dr).

rejoicing: /over death of enemy/: ničim ʔoʔon, nphr(n5 type n4d).

rekindle: /embers/: ʔanes, tv.

relative: čiʔilil, n3d.

release: “release” in greeting /touching the top of younger or less prestigious person’s head with the back of one’s hand when meeting, toasting, and departing, or during formal occasion/: ʔak’ k’ob, vphr(tv // n).
/from jail/: bo¢’, tv.
/from work/: kolta, tv.
/prisoner/: hamvan, iv.

relieved: be relieved: muyubah, iv.

relight: /fire, by rearranging wood and blowing/: nop’, tv.

religious: carry out a religious post: ʔeč’ ta ʔabtel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5).
minor religious office: bik’tal ʔabtel, nphr(aj & n)5.

relinquish: tuč’ ta ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & prep & n4d).

reluctantly: ʔes, av.

rely: rely on: ʔič’ ta k’ak’al, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

remade: ʔač’, aj.

remain: kom, iv.
remain behind: he¢an ba komel, vphr(rv & dr).

remake: ʔač’ubtas, tv.

remark: address derogatory remark to one person when third party present is the actual target: hoyhoy-ʔal, tv(aj & tvcpd).

remarry: čaʔ-ʔik’, tv(num & tvcpd).

remember: naʔ, tv; yul ta hol, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d).

remove: lok’es, tv; namahes eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).
/clothes/: lok’, tv.
/corncob from husk leaving husk almost intact/ (thief): soles, tv.
remove bullet: lok’es bala, vphr(tv & n5).
remove by fire /bark from green wood for hoe handle, etc./: p’ot, tv.
remove by fire /bark from green wood/: p’otes, tv.
remove clothes /to fight/: salan ba, rv.
remove corncob from husk (robber who leaves husk on stalk) /use restricted to past participle/: soy-pati, tv(aj & ncpd); soyi, tv.
remove from container /ear of corn, chayote, stopper/: tas, tv.
remove handle from /axe, hoe/: koles, tv.
remove one’s head (charcoal-cruncher): k’ok-lok’es hol, vphr(tv/aj & tvcpd/ & n4d).
remove solid from liquid: mas lok’el, vphr(tv & dr); tas, tv.

removing: removing solid from liquid /nixtamal, etc./: masmon, av.

rend: /rope/: kup, tv.

render: render good harvest (lowland corn & kidney bean): pas kanal, vphr(tv & n5).

renew: /debt/: ʔač’ubtas, tv.

renewed: be renewed (debt, crime): ʔač’ub, iv.

renounce: ʔikta, tv.

renovate: /saint/: kušes, tv.

rent: lok’, n4f; lok’, tv.
rent house: lok’ na, vphr(tv & n3b).

reopen: čaʔ-ham, tv(num & tvcpd).

repair: /fence by placing new posts between rotten ones/: lap, tv.
/fence/: č’ikan, tv.

repaired: be repaired (thatch roof): č’ik, iv.

repay: k’ešta, tv.
/labor/: pakbe, tv.
repay in kind: pak, tv.

repeat: /words/: čaʔ-ʔal, tv(num & tvcpd).

repeating: repeating endlessly: ʔal, av.

repetition: likel kahel, nphr(vn & vn)5.

replace: k’ešta, tv.
/livestock/: ʔač’ubtas, tv.
/old or dirty clothes for new or fresh clothes, old thatch for new/: helta, tv.

replant: /posts/: čaʔ-pah, tv(num & tvcpd).
replant corn: ʔavenah, iv; ʔaventa, tv.

reply: tak’, tv.

repoussé: (nose): kaʔkaʔ, aj.

represent: lok’ta, tv.

reprimand: ʔak’be ʔutel, vphr(tv & vn5); ʔut, tv.

reproach: ʔak’be ʔutel, vphr(tv & vn5); ʔut, tv.

reprove: ʔilin, iv.

reputation: ruin one’s reputation: ʔištalan ba, rv.

request: ʔal, tv; k’an, tv.
persisting obstinately in making request: tek’et k’anel, vphr(av & n4f).
request for forgiveness: laheseh-ʔoʔnil, vn(tv & ncpd)5; laheseh-k’op, vn(tv & ncpd)5; laheseh- mulil, vn(tv & ncpd)5.
request secretly: mukul-k’an, tv(aj & tvcpd).

requesting: k’an, av.
persistently requesting in vain: tuc’ton ta č’amunel, vphr(av & prep & vn4f).
requesting persistently: titet k’anel, vphr(av & vn4d); tuč’ton ʔahval, vphr(av & n4d).

requiem: requiem mass: miša, n1a; mišail, n4d.

rescue: be able to rescue: poh ʔuʔun, vphr(iv & n4d).

resell: ʔekelta, tv; čaʔ-čon, tv(num & tvcpd).

resent: ¢opol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv); k’uš ta ʔoʔon, vphr(aj & prep & n4d).
resent deeply: k’uš ta rioš, vphr(aj & prep & n5).

resentful: kap, av; k’ak’et ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).
be resentful: ʔoy k’ak’al ʔoʔon, vphr(n/pred/ & nphr /nlf of n4d/).
resentful person: hk’ak’al-ʔoʔon, agn(aj & ncpd).

resentment: k’ak’al ʔoʔonil, nphr(n1f of n3d).
arouse resentment: ʔak’ k’ak’al ʔoʔon, vphr(tv/3s/ & nphr/n4f of n4d/).

reside: euni, iv; naki, iv.
reside in borrowed house: ʔolin, iv.
reside permanently: naklomah, iv.

residence: matrilocal residence: tavaneh, vn5.

resident: hnaklomal, agn.

residing: nakal, aj.

resin: /pine resin used to mend water jugs and to cure split heels/: šuč’, n1e.
resin of bae’i toh /used to plug leaks in water jugs and splits in soles of feet/: eonok’, n1a.

resinous: (pine): šuč’ulik, aj.

resole: /sandal/: pimihes, tv.

resounding: t’ah, av.

respect: p’is ta vinik, vphr(tv & prep & n5).
ritual speech; respect: p’is ta kriščano, vphr(tv & prep & n5).
show respect for: p’is ta vinik, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

respectful: nihet, av.
/girl, boy/: nihomal _______, nphr(n type n)5.

responsibility: ʔič’-bail ta kwenta, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & n5); ʔič’-bail ta muk’, nphr(vn/tv & rpncpd/ & prep & aj).
responsibility for: kwenta, nib.

responsible: be responsible: ʔič’ ba ta kwenta, vphr(rv & prep & n5); ʔič’ ba ta muk’, vphr(rv & prep & aj); tuk’ulan ba, rv.
be responsible for: lok’ ta ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & prep & n4d).
become responsible: tales č’ulel, vphr(tv & n4d).

responsory: responsory for the dead /chanted by sacristans at graveside during burial and at each grave on All Souls’ Day in Htek-lum/: rešponšo, n1e.

rest: kuš, tv.
rest on one’s feet: vaʔi, iv.
take a rest: ʔič’be ʔip, vphr(tv & n4e).

restaurant: veʔebal, n3d

resting: resting with burden: čep, av; čepel, aj.

restore: restore one’s spirits: lekub ʔoʔon, vphr(iv &. n4d); meleah ʔOʔon, vphr(iv & n4d).

retail: mak, tv.

retaliate: pak ʔahval, vphr{tv / / n); toy hoi, vphr(tv / / n).

retching: beʔbon ta šenel, vphr(av & prep & vn5).

reticent: ʔalet, av; ʔumul ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

retrace: retrace one’s steps: ¢obbe ʔav ʔok, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n4d/).*

return: sut, iv; sutemal, n4d; sutes tal, vphr(tv & dr).
demand return of more money than was actually borrowed: net’van, iv.
/from long trip/: hoyp’ih, iv.
/object, spouse/: sutes, tv.
return candles /prospective steward accompanied by his ritual tutor, incense-tender, wife, and cupbearer light candles in the three churches of Htek-lum before assuming office/: sutes kantela, vphr(tv & n1d).
return here: yul, iv.
return insufficient change: net’van, iv.
return sickness to person: valk’unvan, iv.
(sickness): valk’un ba, rv.

returned: be returned (sickness): valk’uh, iv.

returning: constant returning /newly married wife to house of parents/: sutel sutel, nphr(vnib & vnlb).
returning frequently /pain/: talel talel, nphr(vnlb & vnlb).

reveal: ham, tv.
reveal one’s identity: p’ehean ba, rv.
reveal oneself: ʔak’ ba ʔiluk, vphr(rv & tv).

revealed: being revealed frequently (gossip, name of person witch is selling to, earth lord): lok’el lok’-el, vphr(vnlb & vnlb).

revenge: lok’esob manya, nphr(n of n)5.

reverse: go in reverse: butul-čakih, iv(aj & ivcpd); vubul-čakih, iv(aj & ivcpd).
in reverse: vala-pat, n(x & ncpd)Id. /loom/ /short section is woven first then that end is fastened to loom post and weaving is begun at other end and continued until first section is reached/: sutp’in, tv.

revile: approach and revile: tamvan ta ʔutel, vphr(iv ʔ prep ʔ vn5).

revive: kuši, iv.
/one’s sickness/: kuyes, tv.

revolted: be revolted: ʔibah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d).

revolve: hoyih, iv.
make revolve /sugar press/ (mule): hoyibtas, tv. (wheel): hoyibah, iv.

revolving: hoy, av.

rib: č’elopil, n3d; č’il-teʔil, n(aj & ncpd)3a.
/cushaw/: t’elav., n4f.
form a rib /improperly woven cloth/: lut, iv; lut ba, rv.
/improperly woven part of cloth/: lutemal, n4f. rib cage: č’elopil, n3d.

ribbed: (flashlight): e’arkun, aj.
(flashlight, billy): e’aram, aj.

ribbing: e’aramul, n4f.

ribbon: šela, n1a.
ribbon used for collar of man’s wool tunic: sinta, n1a.
ribbon used to decorate ceremonial robe: panyo, n4e.
silk ribbon /inan. poss.; ribbon used to fasten shawl and sides of cotton tunic/: sat šela, nphr(n4f of n1d).
/wide red ribbon that is worn over shirts of angels and cantors/: kapitan šela, nphr(n type n)5.

ribby: č’ilil, aj.

ribs: /pork, beef/: koštia, n1d.

rice: ʔaros, n1a.*

rich: riko, aj.
be rich: ʔoy ʔuʔun, nphr(n5 of n4d).

ricochet: p’it, iv.

rid: get rid of. č’ay, tv.

riddle: č’oč’omta, tv.
/clothing/ (clothes moth): sesulan, tv; sesulta, tv.
(weevil): hoč’ibtas, tv.

riddled: homoč’, aj.
become riddled (corn, wood): homoč’tah, iv.
riddled with holes: vomočtik, aj.
riddled with holes (gourd, sieve, clothes, wood, tree): č’oč’omtik, aj.

ride: ride each other (children): kotan baik, rv. ride up: kiean, tv.

ridge: /ground/: ¢elav, n4f.
/mountain/: ¢elleh, n5.

ridged: become ridged (weaving) /warp stands up apart/: ¢’al ba, rv.
(sugarcane or bamboo when nodes are too close together): ¢’al, aj.

ridgepole: hol ¢el, nphr(n of n)1e; hol čuk, nphr(n of n)5.

ridges: with ridges: ¢’aram, aj.

ridicule: laban, tv; naʔle, tv.
expose self to ridicule /drunk, clumsy person/: lak’ ʔelav, vphr(tv & n5).
expose to ridicule: ʔak’be ta mas ʔelav, vphr(tv & prep & nphr/aj & n4f/).

riding: kah, av.
riding up (pants): ki¢il, aj.
with buttocks riding up and down while walking (fat woman): ka¢’kon čak, vphr(av & n4d).

rifle: tuk’(1), n1a.
.22 rifle: riple, n1a.
.30-30 rifle: trenta, n1d.

right: all right: sil, n5.
place right side up /hat/: nuhan. tv.
polite speech; right away: č’a, n4d.
right away: ʔoratik, n5; ta taltik, xphr(prep & x).
right behind /spatially/: tihahtik, aj.
right side up: nun, av.
right side up (hat): nuhul, aj.
that’s right: haʔ yeč, ptphr(pt & pt).

rigid: teʔel, aj.
be rigid (leg, penis): teʔi, iv.
become rigid (corpse): teʔan ba, rv.
become rigid (corpse, penis): teʔ ba, rv.
become rigid (penis): teʔ¢ah, iv; teʔub, iv.
becoming rigid suddenly (leg): téʔluh, av.
(corpse, dead animal): taki-šit’an, aj(aj & prob P or P/2/cpd).
growing rigid (corpse): šit’it’ eč’el, vphr(av & dr).

rim: /bell/: čikinil, n3b.

rind: /fruit/: patil, n3c.

ring(1): ʔištalal, n5; ʔištol, n4d.

ring(2): (bell in earthquake): tih ba, rv.
(bell): ʔok’, iv.
/bell/: kanulan, tv; tih, iv; tih, tv.
ring bell to announce /mass, death, arrival of priest/: tih tak’in, vphr(iv & n4e).

ringed: ʔovero, aj.

ringing: ¢an, ¢’in, kan, av.
(bell): lononet, av.
resume ringing /of church bells at 10 p.m. Holy Saturday/: ham tiʔ tak’in, vphr(iv & nphr/n of n/5).
stop ringing (bell): č’ani, iv.

ringworm: vola, n1a.

rinse: /beans, nixtamal, spot or stain on clothes, meat, potatoes, greens, tomatoes, tubers/: sap, tv.
/nixtamal/: sapomah, iv.
/nixtamal/ /by scooping up corn in hands and sloshing in water/: horn, tv.
rinse out /mouth, bowl, pot, bottle/: suk’, tv.

rinsing: rinsing out slowly /bowls, etc./: suk’son, av.
rinsing slowly /potatoes, etc./: sapson, av.

rip: hat, tv; hatbenal, n4f.
/clothes/ (drunk): č’iʔan ta hatel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
rip off /ear of corn/ /steal/: heč, tv.
rip wide open (clothing): leʔ¢ah, iv; leʔp’uh, iv.

ripe: puk’, av; tok’on, aj.
be ripe: taʔah, iv.
be ripe (avocados or white sapote whose pits rattle when ripe): nik, iv.
become ripe: yihub, iv.
(corn too old to eat on cob, chayote, beans, fruit): yih, aj.
(corn too old to eat on the cob): k’on, aj. fully ripe (fruit): šit’il, aj.
large and ripe (watermelon squash, cushaw, summer squash): t’ihil, aj.
ripe and soft (fruit): puk’ul, aj.

ripen: k’anub, iv; pan¢ah, iv; taʔahes, tv; tok’onib, iv; yihubtas, tv.
(fruit buried in pine needles and set in sun): pusinah, iv.
/fruit that is wrapped in pine needles and set in sun/: pan ba, rv.

ripeness: tok’onil, n4f.

ripped: ripped open: level, aj.

ripping: č’iʔ, leʔ, av.
ripping open: lev, av.

ripple: (water): nik, iv.

rippling: ¢el. haš, av.

rise: muy, iv; t’inav, n4f; t’inav ʔosil, nphr(n of n)5.
(bite): peti, iv.
rise in the center (tortilla): lik č’ut, vphr(iv & n1f).
rise to surface: kahin, iv.
rise to surface (skin of corn kernel when boiled): bain, iv.
rise to the surface /water/: kahuh, iv.
(sun): kah, iv; toy, iv.
(sun, moon): lok’, iv.
(welt): t’el ba, rv; t’el¢ah, iv; t’elp’uh, iv.
with rise (ground): t’int’in, aj.

rising: kah, puk, tok, tok’, av.
rising frequently (debt): muyel muyel, nphr(vn5 & vn5); toyel toyel, vphr(vn5 & vn5).
(smoke, incense): tomton, av.

ritual:ritual assistant /of religious officials or of family of sick person prior to shaman’s arrival/: hč’omil, agn.
ritual tutor /for each steward, steward-royal, publican, ensign-bearer, prefect, for the tithing man of Voʔ-bi¢, for the bride and for the groom/: totil meʔil, nphr(n3d & n3d).

river: nab, n1e; nabil ʔuk’um, nphr(natt & n)5.
small river: ʔuk’um, n1e.

riverbank: bahio, n5.

road: be, n1d; kaya, n1e.
road machine: laktor, n1a; liser, n1a.
road to: belel, n1f.
take to the road: tam be, vphr(tv / / n).

road-engineer: ʔihinyero, agn.

roadrunner: lesser roadrunner: k’aʔ-čih mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5; k’uš hol, nphr(aj & n)5.*

roar: (tiger): ʔavan, iv.

roaring: ʔav, ʔuʔ, ¢il, hu, huh, hum, hur, k’ek’, lom, pom, puh, pum. (t’in, av.
(blasting iron): to¢lahet, av.

roast: vo, tv.
/com/ /dry corn is first roasted then boiled on cob with watermelon squash/: p’ot, tv.
/in ashes/: muk ta k’ok’, vphr(tv & prep & n5). roast on griddle: č’il, tv; č’ili, tv.
roast thoroughly (dry corn on the cob, meat): bakub, iv.
roast thoroughly (dry corn on the cob, skewered meat, meat on coals/: bakubtas, tv.

roasted: č’ilbil, aj.
roasted on the coals: mukbil ta tan, vphr(aj/ pred/ & prep & n5).

roaster: maguey roaster /Chamula/: hčik’-met, agn(tv & ncpd).

roasting: vovon, av.

robber: hʔelek’, agn.

robe: ʔik’al k’uʔul, nphr(aj & n)1a.
black woven woolen robe: čamaroil, n3a.
ceremonial robe: šakitail, n3a.

robin: black robin: ʔik’al č’is-tot, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/)5.
clay-colored robin: kašlan č’iš-tot, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/)5.
rufous-collared robin: č’iš-tot, nphr(aj & ncpd)1e.*
white-throated robin: meuʔ mut, nphr(x type n)5.

robust: k’ok’, aj.
(man): pimil, aj.

rock(1): rock back and forth (drunken woman singing): niʔulan ba, rv.
rock buttocks /in sexual intercourse/: mo¢’ilan ba, rv; yak’u, tv; yak’ulan ba, rv.
rock head back and forth /baby/ (mother): ha- ʔulan, tv.

rock(2): tanal, n4f; ton, n1a.

rocket: kwete, n1a.
/archaic/: ne sibak, nphr(n of n)1d or (n1f of n1d).
rocket flare: lus, n1e.

rocking: leč, av.
rocking back and forth: tububet čak, vphr(av & n4b).
rocking back and forth slumped forward (drunken woman, person on horse): niʔet, av.
rocking buttocks (man, dog, ram, stallion) /in sexual intercourse/: yak’yon čak, vphr(av & n4d).
rocking head: haʔ, av.
rocking ineffectively /sexual intercourse/: nušnon, av.

rocky: (field): činil vatal, ajphr(aj & aj).

rod: shed rod: ʔakan holobil, nphr(n4f of n3d).

Rogation: Rogation Day /Monday before Ascension Day/: letanya, n5.

Rogationtide: Rogationtide /ten day period beginning on Monday before Ascension Day/: letanyatik, n5.

roll: bank’uh, iv.
be in roll (wire, vine): šoti, iv.
(boulder, log): tišk’uh, iv; vank’uh, iv; vatk’- uh, iv.
/boulder, log/: tišk’un, tv; vank’un, tv; vatk’- un, tv.
/heavy object/: balč’un, tv.
/hoop, tire/: setetin, tv.
in roll (thread, wire): šotol, aj.
in rolls (wire, vine, palm): setahtik, aj.
lying in roll (wire, vine): šotet, av.
/play, fight/: balalin ba, rv.
/rock/: balalin, tv.
roll down: hin¢ah, iv; hines, tv.
roll down (rocks): hin, iv.
roll over and over (fighting dogs, people): bal ba, rv.
roll playfully (horse, donkey, child): balalih, iv.
roll up /blanket/: bal, tv.
roll up /blanket, straw mat/: balan, tv.
set down in roll /wire, vine/: šotan(1), tv.
/wire, vine/: šot, tv.
/woven palm/: setbenal, n1f.

rolled: rolled up (blanket, straw mat): balal, aj.
rolled up /thread/: šotbenal, n1f.

rolling: bal, ban, bin, but, hiʔ, hoy, k’ol, p’eh, set, av.
(boulder, log) (sing or plu): vanlah, av; vatlah, av.
(car): vololet, av.
(log, boulder): vubub, av.
rolling slowly /wire, etc./ (sing): šotlah, av.

roof: holol, n3b.
roof crest: čuk hol, nphr(n1f of n1f); ten hol, nphr(n1f of n1f).
roof pole of thatched roof: šul, n1a.
roof rod: morio, n1a.
roof rod of tile-roofed house: legra, n1a.

roof-ledge: /house/: nuk’il, n3b.

roost: chicken roost: teʔ ʔalak’, nphr(n1f of n4d); teʔ kašlan, nphr(n1f of n5).

rooster: kelem, n1a.*

root(t): take root: ¢ak lum, vphr(tv & n5).
/tooth, plant, vine, tree/: ʔibel, n4b; ʔisimil, n3b.

root(2): (dog): tukulah, iv.
(pig): hok’olah, iv; tukilan, tv; tukolah, iv; tukulta, tv.
(pig, armadillo, skunk): pi¢olah, iv.

rope: laso, n1a.
/cow, mule/: šoka, tv.
/for binding prisoner, leashing dog, or tying firewood/: č’ahnul, n4f.
lash rope: kuč ʔika¢il, nphr(n1f of n3d).
make rope: č’ahnu, tv.
rope used to tie loom to post: ¢’uy, n1a.

roped: (horse): šohol, aj.

rosary: /necklace with coin pendants and a pendant cross in the center, placed on the saints’ images/: ʔual, n1d.
/worn by ritual tutor, by bride at her wedding, by incense tender on St. Rose’s Day/: venteš, n1a.

Rose: Loša, n1d.

rose: ¢ahal roša, nphr(aj & n); ¢’unbalal ʔik’ʔik’-lo-ʔan roša, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); ¢’unbalal sakil roša, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš ¢ahal roša, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš k’anal roša, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’os sak-vayan šahal roša, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); makom roša, nphr(n type n); muk’ta sakil roša, nphr(aj & nphr/aj š n/); sak-pak’an roša, nphr: aj (aj & P, P2cpd & n). sak-vayan roša, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); sak-vilan ¢’unbalal roša, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); sak-vilan roša, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n).

rose apple: k’oš ʔuč, nphr(aj & n).

rosy: (healthy person): k’ak’-¢aran, aj(aj & Ucpd).

rot: k’a1ʔ, iv.
(unwashed clothing): k’uš ba, rv.

rotate: /in office/: hel baik, rv.

rotten: k’aʔal, aj; k’oʔ, aj; puk’ulik, aj.

rottenness: k’aʔal, n4f.

rotting: loʔ, av; k’aʔet, av.

rouge: rouge self: bon ba, rv.

rough: (haircut): ¢epkuntik, aj.
(stone, earth): č’išaltik, aj.

roughen: roughen surface /metate/: ʔak’be ʔe, vphr(tv & n4f).

roughhouse: lič’ulan čak, vphr(tv & n4d).

roughhousing: liʔ, liv, av.

round: (blood stains, leaves): setahtik, aj.
(eyed) /with anger/: sepelik, aj.
(eyes) /staring/: setelik, aj.
(nail, beam): balbal, aj.
/peso/: pečel(1), n4f.
round and firm (breasts of adolescent girl): pisilik, aj.
round off /log/: bal, tv.

round-about: round-about way: hoyob be, nphr(n of n)5.
round-about way (taken so as to avoid being seen): hoyhoy be, nphr(aj & n)5.

round-faced: sepsep, aj.

round-topped: pis-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5.

row(1): čolav, n4f.
/corn, beans, chili, coffee, sugarcane/: surko, n1a.
/cultivated plants/: hilo, n1a.
form a row: čol ba, rv.
in long row: hit’, av.
in row: col, av; čolol, aj.
make row: čol, tv.
stacked in a row: la¢, av.

row(2): /boat/: hub, tv.

rub: rub against (pig, horse, cow): huš ba, rv.
rub back and forth: biulan, tv.
rub neck raw (pig or dog with rope around neck): kup ba nuk’, vphr(rv & n4d).
rub off /mud/: huʔan, tv.
rub off /soot, etc., on clothes/: kus ba, rv.
rub wildly (ant bites or burns): hot’ot’an, tv.
rub with elderberry branches or eggs /child suffering from ill effects of evil eye/: mes, tv.
/salt on tortilla/: haš, tv.

rubber: ʔuliʔ, n1a.

rubbing: huʔi, huš, kus, av.
rubbing off (dirt): vosos, av.
rubbing rump on ground (dog): šok’ok’et, av.

rubbish: k’aʔep, n1a.

rue: lula, n1a.

ruffle: ruffle up /hair/: va¢ulan, tv.

ruin: ʔištalah, iv; ʔištalan, tv; ʔištol ʔaʔi, vphr(n5 & tv); sok, tv; tahinta, tv.

ruined: keč, av.
be ruined: sok ba, rv.
be ruined (adobe by rain): sok, iv.
be ruined (girl): ¢’iʔleh, iv.

rumbling: ¢il, čan, č’oʔ, hin, k’oʔ, k’ul, av.

rump: čakil, n3e.
round rump of baby chick: pis, n4d.
/section of slaughtered chicken/: ¢’akleb ʔ0ʔ, nphr(n4f of n4d); nakleb ʔoʔ, nphr(n4f of n4d).

run: ʔanilah, iv.
be unable to run (car with flat): peh¢ah, iv.
(child): p’ešetah, iv.
(dye): lok’, iv.
(liquid): bein, iv.
run along surface of ground (water): ʔokin, iv.
run and jump: p’itetah ta ʔanil, vphr(iv & prep & n5); p’itubil šanav, vphr(aj & iv).
run away: hatav, iv; tihbe eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).
run away (mule): sok hol, vphr(iv & n4d).
run wild (fire): tokolah, iv.

runaway: (fire): tokol, aj.

runcinate: (leaves): šelahtik, aj.

running: bom, k’ol, pit, p’eh, p’en, p’eš, p’it, vit, av; ʔanilaheb, n4d.
(child): vu¢u¢, av.
running along hillside (road): taʔet, av.
running close to ground: nul, av.
running out one after another (contents of containers): láhteláhte, av.
running out time and again (money, corn): támtetámte, av.

runny: runny nose: pul, av.

runoff: balak’ voʔ, nphr(n type n)5.
cause runoffs: balak’in, iv.

runt: vo¢il, n4f.
(animal, peach, pear, apple, corncob): čuhal, n4f; čuhilal, n4f; k’ošil, n4f.
/of litter/: šup, n4e.
runt of litter: pi¢, n4e.
/sheep, horse, pig/: t’en, n1a.

runty: vo¢, aj.
(animal, peach, pear, apple, corncob): čuhil, aj.
become runty: tenub, iv; vo¢ib, iv.
(corn plants): t’enahtik, aj.

rush: čoʔ ba, rv; nikah, iv; vilomah, iv.
(person): salbe ʔanil, vphr(tv & n5).

rushing: ¢el, čah, čeč, čoʔ, hil, him, lin, pom, sal, vil, vol, av.
/working/: čoʔ-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

rust: kuš, n1a; kušib, iv; kušin, iv.
cause to rust: kušibtas, tv.
/pine/: satil, n3c.

rustling: čan, čak’, čar, čih, haš, hoč’, sok, av; loplon, av.
(cane or reeds in wind): č’alalet ʔok, vphr(av & n4d).
(leaves or corn stubble in wind): vereret, av.

rye-grass: bearded rye-grass: veʔel vakaš, nphr(n of n).

S

sabadilla: drug sabadilla: k’ašib hobel, nphr(n type n).

sacred: č’ul-________, aj(aj & ncpd).

Sacred: Sacred Heart /large image in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik Bankilal Korason, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/)5.
Sacred Heart /picture in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, image and picture in Naben čauk/.: hč’ul-totik Korason, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
Sacred Heart /small image in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik ʔl¢’inal Korason, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/)5.

sacrifice: /chicken/: milk’ešolil, vn(tv & ncpd)5.

sacrificial: sacrificial chicken: k’ešolil, n3b.

sacristan: šakrištan, agn.
each of four sacristans: piškal, agn.
first sacristan: bankilal piškal, nphr(n type agn)5.
fourth sacristan: k’ošil piškal, agn(nphr/n4f of n5/).

sacristans: each of the angels and sacristans who chase straw bull: vakero, agn.

sacristy: šakrestia, n5; šakrištan, n5.

sad: čib ʔoʔon, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d).
become sad: čibah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d); sok ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d).
feeling sad: čibet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).

saddle: šila ka1ʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d).
/horse/: ʔavartoin, tv.
saddle blanket: tas kaʔ, nphr(n1d of n1d).

sadness: k’op ʔoʔon, nphr(n4f of n4d).

safeguard: have someone safeguard another’s things: k’uban, tv.

safekeeping: left in safekeeping: k’ubul, aj.

sag: laʔp’uh, iv.
/back/ (balky mule being packed): laʔan, tv.
(basket, fence): šov¢ah, iv.
(basket, fence, house): šovk’ih, iv.
(branch): niʔ ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr).
(bridge): lik¢ah yalel, vphr(av ¢ dr).
(fence): pe¢’¢ah, iv; ve¢’¢ah, iv.
(house, fence): patk’uh, iv.
make sag: šov¢an, tv.
make sag /fence/: net’, tv; šovk’in, tv; ve¢’¢an, tv; ve¢’p’un, tv.
make sag /fence/ (horse): ve¢’ tv.
make sag /top of fence by jumping on it/: pe¢’ulan, tv.
make sag /top of fence/: pe¢’¢an, tv; pe¢’k’un, tv.
(mule unwilling to be loaded): šovk’in ba, rv. (old basket, fence): šoy¢ah, iv.
sag its back (mule rejecting burden): ta¢’an ba, rv.
sag to side: šoyan ba, rv.
(top of fence): pe¢’ ba, rv; pe¢’k’uh, iv.
(top of fence, mule’s back): pe¢’¢an ba, rv.

sage: brush sage: č’ail ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n).
bush sage: ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; buluk’ sat ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n/x & n / type n); ¢ahal pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš yašal pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk&ta ¢ahal pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); nočleb buluk’ sat, nphr(x & n,); pom ¢’unun, nphr(n of n)5; sakil pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
lavender sage: bakal ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); pošil ʔobal, nphr(n of n)5; pošil hik’ik’ul ʔobal, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/); yašal šukum ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
nettle sage: nočleb ¢’unun, nphr(n of n); yaš-ʔulan pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/); yašal nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); yašal pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
pitcher sage: ʔisim ʔuč, nphr(n4d of n5); čilčil ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta čilčil ¢’ʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); na p’iliš, nphr(n of n); nočleb p’iliš, nphr(n of n); pošil ʔ0-bal, nphr(n of n)5.
wild sage: ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; č’iš pom ¢’unun, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); k’oš ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); venteš mol, nphr(n of n); yašal pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

sagging: lub, mah, pe¢’, šuv, av.
(abandoned house): šotol, aj.
(basket): šuvul, aj.
be sagging: šoyi, iv.
be sagging (old basket): šovi, iv.
(bottom of basket): šoyet, av; šoyol, aj.
(fence): ve¢’el, aj.
(roof): ta¢’al, aj.
sagging suddenly (balky mule): tá¢’luh, av.
sagging to one side: šov, šoy, av; šovol, aj.
sagging to side (fence, old house): šoyet, av.
sagging to side (house): vuk’¢ah, iv.
(top of fence): pe¢’el, aj.
with head sagging to side (drunk): neʔel hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n1b).

said: /used in dialogue/: či, iv.

saint: rioš, n1a; santo, agn.
female saint: hč’ul-meʔtik, agn(aj & ncpd)5.
male saint: hč’ul-totik, agn(aj & ncpd)5.
picture of saint: retrato kahvaltik, nphr(n4a of n5).
picture of saint on family altar: retrato, n1a.
place where visiting saint is greeted: nupob ʔornamentu, nphr(n of n)5.
saint’s image: rioš, n1a.
talking saint: ʔanhel, agn; hk’opohel rioš, nphr(agn/vn/ type n)5; kušul rioš, nphr(aj š n)1d.
visiting saint: ʔornamentu, n5.

salt: ʔae’am, n1d.*; ʔae’mel, n4f; ʔae’meltas, tv. add salt to: čiʔubtas, tv. salt that adheres to bottom of salt-making pot: e’uhleb, n1a.

saltcellar: ʔav ʔae’am, nphr(n4f of n1d).

saltpeter: /used to make gunpowder for blasting iron/: salistre, n1a.

salty: čiʔ, aj. become salty: čiʔub, iv.

same: just the same way: haʔ noš yeč, ptphr(pt & pt/ contr of no & ʔoš/ & pt). same thing: mismo, n5.
the same as: koʔol či9uk, vphr(aj & n4b).

sample: k’elob, n1f.

San Cristóbal: Hobel, n5. make trip to San Cristóbal: hobelah, iv.

Sanctuary: Our Lord of the Sanctuary /picture in the church of ʔApas/: hč’ul-totik Santoario, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

sand: yiʔ, n1a. river sand: ynal ʔuk’um, nphr(natt & n)5.
sand bank: bahio, n5.

sand bur: bik’it mosote hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); eukum hobel, nphr(n type n); č’iš mosote, nphr(aj & n); mosote, n; sakil mosote, nphr(aj & n). hairy sand bur: mosote hobel, nphr(n type n).

sandal: šonobil, n3a.*; varačil, n3a. ceremonial or high-backed sandal: čak šonobil, nphr(n1f type n3a).
obsolete sandal with thin rubber sole and thongs: haval čak, nphr(aj &)1d; havul, n1d.
sandal maker: hpas-šonobil, agn(tv & ncpd).
tongue of ceremonial sandal: mak šonobil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

sandbox tree: šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & n).

sandman: eoʔ sat, nphr(n1f of n1d).

sandpiper: spotted sandpiper: ʔač’el mut, nphr(vn type n)5; mei 7ac’el, (n of n)5.

sandy: expanse of sandy soil: yiʔtik, n5.

sanitize: mee’ta, tv.*

sap: inan. poss,; milky sap: pohov, n1e. milky sap of plants: čuʔ, n4f.
sap person’s strength (sickness, work): ʔuč’van, iv.
/wild fig, gumbolimbo/: šuč’, n1e.

sapote: black sapote: ʔuč, n5. mamey sapote: haʔas, n1d.
son sapote: ʔieompi, n1d: mae’an-eoe, nphr(x & n)1a.
white sapote: ʔah-teʔ, n(n & ncpd)1a: sakil ʔahteʔ, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/).
yellow sapote: k’anas-teʔ, nphr(x & ncpd)1a.*; noʔčiʔ, n1d.

sash: čuk č’util, nphr(n1b of n3a). priest’s sash: č’ul-č’ohon, n(aj & ncpd)1d.
woven sash /worn by men, women and children/: šinčail, n3a.

satisfactory: bal, aj.

satisfy: satisfy one’s curiosity: lok’es ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n). satisfy one’s desire: ʔet’es ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n).

Saturday: /an. poss. only by stewards-royal and publicans/: savaro, n1a. Carnival Saturday: savaro k’ak’al, nphrfn of n)5.
Holy Saturday: savaro kušel, nphr(n of vn)5.
Palm Saturday: savaro ramoš, nphr(n of n)5.

sauce: chili sauce: p’uyum, n1a.

sausage: čoris, n1a; lonkanisyo, n1a. pork sausage: p’asas, n1d.

save: be able to save: poh ʔuʔun, vphr(iv & n4d).

savory: mexican savory: č’ulelal(2), n1d; č’ulelal ničim, (n type n).

saw: kup, tv. /salt/: sep’, tv; set, tv.
saw lengthwise: his, tv.
/tree, salt, self/: boh, tv.

sawing: hič’, kup, av.

say: ʔal, tv. say to: ʔut, tv.
say ugly or crazy things: yan ʔal, vphr(aj & tv/3s/).

saying: saying everything that occurs to one /infr/: čič, aj.

scab: takin, n4e.

scald: /chicken/: tul, tv.

scalded: be scalded: tul ba, rv.

scales: kilo, n1a. pound scales /used to weigh fish and shrimp, formerly used to weigh cotton/: livra, n1a.

scaly: činkul, aj. (bark, skin): ʔuškun, aj.
(heel, bark of ceiba or hog plum): varkuštik, aj.

scan: scan the horizon: nam-tal-k’el, tv(aj/aj & ivcpd/ & tvepd).

scar: ʔavlastima, nphr(n4f of n1a); lep’ean, tv; senya, n1a. basal scar area /nut, pit/: yol, n4f.
form scar: lep’eah, iv.
walk with raised scar: t’eletah, iv.

scarce: hoi, aj. become scarce: halah, iv; hutukah, iv.
make oneself scarce: č’ay ook, vphr(tv & n4d); č’ay ba, rv.

scarcely: naka, pt. had scarcely: naka to ʔ0š, ptphr(pt & pt & pt).

scare: sibtas, tv.

scarecrow: šutaš, n1a.

scarf: pok’, n1a.

scarfless: mil, av.

scarred: lep’, lut’, av; lep’lep1, aj; lutul, aj. puki, tv; tanetah, iv; tani, tv.
(ants, pursuers): puki ba, rv.
(corn, ashes): pukih, iv.
/salt, chicken feed/: lilinbe. tv.
scatter far apart: pukilta, tv.
(sheep, people): tani ba, rv.

scattered: taniltik, aj. (animals): lamahtik, aj.
scattered far apart: pukiltik, aj.
scattered group: tan, av.

scattering: puk, tan, av. (chicks): teseset, av.

scent: follow scent: makbe niʔ, vphr(tv & n4d).

school: čanob vun, nphr(n of n)5. school committee member: hlukasyon, agn.

scissors: tešereš, n1a.

scold: ʔak’be ʔutel, vphr(tv & vn5); lilin, iv; ʔut, tv; ta ta ʔutel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). scold fiercely (woman): š’aulan ta ʔutel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

scolding: ʔut, vah, av. (rooster, gobbler): ke¢e¢et, av.

scoop: scoop out /corn gruel/: pulolah, iv. scoop out /with shovel, gourd, spoon/: leč, tv.
scoop up /com, beans/ /in gourd, spoon, or shovel/: lup, tv.
scoop up /food in tortilla/: šul ta vah, vphr(tv & prep & n5).
scoop up food with tortilla or toasted tortilla: luč ta vah, vphr(tv & prep & n5).
scoop up in hand: k’et, tv; k’etan, tv.
scoop up in spoon or gourd /broth, corn gruel/: pul, tv.
scoop up thick substance /corn gruel/: letan, tv.
scoop with rind /squash/: luč, tv.

scooping: scooping up: k’et, lup, av.

scorpion: eek, n1e.

scour: /hair and dirt from leather/: bies, tv.

scowl: luhan tiʔ ba, vphr(tv & nphr/n4d of n5/); luhi, iv; luhp’in sat, vphr(tv & n4d).

scowling: luh, av; luhul, aj.

scraggly: (nose with anger): bičil, aj.

scrambling: het, av. scrambling in haste: kotol čaval, ajphr(aj & aj).
scrambling up (animal, person): noč’oč’ muyel, vphr(av & dr).

scrap: sep’elul, n4f; tuč’ulil, n4f.

scrape: hos, tv. /leg/: hoslin, tv.
scrape off /dirt from metate platform or bristles
from pig or paca hide with knife or stone/: huš, tv. scrape off /tortilla stuck to griddle/: p’al lok’-el, vphr(tv & dr).
scrape off with knife: hos, tv.
scrape up: ves, tv.

scraped: t’ašal, aj. be scraped (skin): hoslih, iv.
(skin): vesel, aj.

scraping: hoʔ hoč, hoč’, hos, huč, av.

scraps: muʔnat, n1d.

scratch: /ami, leg/ (grass, thorns or sharp leaves): kie, tv. (chicken): tamolah, iv.
/fleas/ (dog): čihulan, tv.
scratch a mark on: kiebe, tv.
scratch leaves (bird): tukolah, iv.
scratch leaves or ground (bird): tukulah, iv.
scratch person (grass, reed): kievan, iv.
scratch skin or insect bite /with fingernails, claws, or talons/: hot’, tv.
scratch up corn (birds, raccoon): hoe’ ʔovol, vphr(tv & vn5).
scratch up here and there: hoe’olah, tv.
scratch wildly (ant bites or burns): hot’ot’an, tv.

scratched: be scratched: hos, iv.

scratching: hoč’, kie, av. scratching ground: hoe’, av.
scratching self: hot’hon, av.

scrawny: (neck): p’okol, aj. (person or animal lying down): sae’al, aj.
(person, animal): sae’, aj.
walking about with scrawny body (person, aniscreammal): sáe’tesaá’te, av.

scream: (drunk): ʔavan, iv.

screaming: ʔav, e’ie’, k’eʔ, k’ek’, vik, av.

screeching: (fiddle): nek’non, av. screeching about (parakeets): č’áʔteč’áʔte, av.

screened: čahal, aj.

screwed: screwed up (nose with anger): šup’ul, aj.

scribe: / 2 /: ʔiškirvano, agn.

scroll: /guitar, violin/: holol, n3b.

scrotum: čuʔiv ʔat, nphr(n4e of n4d); nutiʔal ʔat, nphr(natt1f & n1d).

scrounge: female speech; scrounge up: ʔabolta, tv.

scrubbing: scrubbing ineffectually: čuk’čon, av.

scrutinizing: č’ot, av; č’otol sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

scuffle: mah-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

sculpt: lok’ta, tv.

sea grape: mayan sea grape: karnero te1ʔ, nphr(n type n); k’ošoš teʔ, nphr(n type n)5.

seal: seyo, n1a.

seam: e’is, n4f; e’isbenal, n4f; nup’benal, n4f. (between wooden planks): e’akbenal, n4f.
wrinkled seam: pušbenal, n1f.
yarn-embroidered shoulder seams of woman’s blouse: ʔoš-histaobil, n(num & ncpd)4f.

seamstress: he’isom, agn.

sear: /corn leaves/: ʔučibtas, tv.

search: saʔ, tv. (hen): saʔomah, iv.
/restricted to hen searching for place to lay/: saʔolah, iv.
search thoroughly: čah ta sa"?el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

searching: buʔ, saʔ, av. searching about: sáʔtesáʔte, av.

seared: ʔuč, n4e.

season: ʔora, n1a; tyempo, n1c. corn harvest season: lok’-ʔišim, vn(tv & ncpd)5; lok’-ʔišimtik, vn(tv & ncpd)5.
dry season: k’epelal, n5.
dry season when corn is in stubble: k’ahbenaltik, n5.
harvesting season: k’ahohtik, n5.
hoeing season: vok’-ʔosiltik, vn(tv & ncpd)5.
planting season: ʔovoltik, n5.
rainy season: voʔtik, n5.

seasoning: pošil, nib.

seat: čotlebal, n3d. /pants/: čakil, n3e.
/where woman sits constantly, doing nothing/: huč’lebal, n3d.
/with force/: nakean, tv.

seated: čotol, aj; voeol, aj. be seated (drunkard, balky cow): lenan ba, rv.
be seated (woman): lesi, iv.
be seated above the ground (pot on hearthstone, person or object on bed, stone, chair or horse).: lepi, iv.
seated above the ground: lepel, aj.
seated on the ground: lenel, aj.
(woman on mat, drunk in mud): lesel, aj.

Sebastian: /infr/: Sap, n1d.

secondhand: tunem, aj. buy secondhand: lok’-man, tv(tv & tvepd).

secrecy: swear to secrecy: eie, tv.

secret: mukul, aj. keep a secret: muk k’op, vphr(tv & n5).

secretary: /ejido, church, school or fiesta committees/: sekretario, agn.

secretly: secretly ________: mukul_______, iv(aj & ivcpd); mukul______, tv(aj & tvcpd).

secure: (post): ¢inil, aj.

sedge: flat sedge: muk’ta ʔisim be, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/).

sediment: river sediment: e’uʔbal lum, nphr(n type n)5.

seducer: female speech; seducer: hlevanvaneh, agn.

see: ʔil, tv; ʔilbe sat, vphr(tv & n4d); k’ot sat, vphr(iv & n4d). be able to see: k’ot sat, vphr(iv & n4d).
see!: vi, tv(contr of avil).
unable to see well /entering house after being in bright sun/: čamet sat, vphr(av & n4d).

see-sawing: kaʔkon, av.

seed: bek’, n4f. seed corn /hung from rafters/: soy, n1d.
seed for planting: e’unbal, n4a; e’unubil, n3d.

seek: seek_______ /firewood, pine needles, greens, fruit, cane liquor from Chamula, money, i.e., by selling or working/: saʔ_______, vphr(tv & n1d). seek a bride: lekomah, iv.

seems: it seems: ʔaʔel, n4f; ʔilel, vn4f.

seen: be seen: vinah, iv. not seen: mu ʔilbah, ajphr(pt & aj).

seep: ʔuč’, iv.

seeping: ʔač’, av.

seesaw: e’oʔorin, n1a.

seize: eak, tv. /criminal/: hapu, tv.

select: t’uh, tv. select discerningly: t’uholah, iv; t’uhomah, iv.
select the best: t’uh ta t’uhel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5).

selected: be selected out (corn that grows or fails to grow because of poor land): t’uh ba, rv.

selecting: /with difficulty/: t’uht’on, av.

self heal: ʔarvahaka e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); bot’-hol e’iʔlel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); bot’-hol ničim, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); pošil sep’, nphr(n of n); yašal nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

self-control: have self-control (loose woman, violent man): vašan ba, rv.

self-destructive: self-destructive talk: čibal k’op, nphr(numatt & n)5.

sell: čon, tv. sell commercially: p’olmah, iv.
sell customarily (merchant): čonolah, iv.
sell in secret: mukul-čon, tv(aj & tvcpd).
sell person to earth lord: čon ta balamil, vphr(tv & prep & n5); tihbe hol balamil, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of n5/); t’abes eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).
sell to the earth lord: tiʔovah, iv.
sell together: koʔol-čon, tv(aj & tvcpd); komon-čon, tv(aj & tvcpd).

selling: selling in secret /com/ (wife): čončern, av.

semen: činamil pat, nphr(n4f of n4d); pwersa, n1c.

semenal: have semenal discharge: helav pwersa, vphr(iv & n4d).

send: tak’i, tv. send animal transformation or animal companion spirit (witch): vayihin, tv.*
send constable to bring person /to town hall/: takvan ta ʔik’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5); takvan ta k’anel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5).
send each other off: tak baik, rv
send flying /with stick, foot, horn/: p’iču, tv.
send person /greetings, letter/: tak, tv.
send person to notify another: tak ta ʔalel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

sending: tak, av.

senile: become senile: sutp’ih, iv.

senility: molibel, vnld.

senior: /term used to distinguish the more prestigious member of a pair of officials; steward, steward- royal, cantor, publican, scribe, principal, ensign-bearer, lesser players, ritual tutor of senior official, and to more prestigious of the two hpal-vahelik, hpačoletik, angels, mortarmen, certain wells, mountains, crosses, and to the larger of the two drums played together, smaller saint images, and chaplets/: bankilal, n3d.

seena: ʔolnob č’o, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔolnob teʔ, nphr(n type n); bik’it eahal ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’anal ʔolnob e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’anal šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta ʔolnob č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); na vonon teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); pošil meʔ vinik, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/); yaš-ʔib teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); yašal ʔolnob teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); yolum, n. chiapan senna: k’anal šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/); k’oš šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); soro teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.
coffee senna: ʔolnob čih, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔol- nob vet, nphr(n4d of n5); č’aben kaʔ, nphr(n of n); muk’ta ʔolnob č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); yačal ʔolnob e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
giant senna: ʔit’iš eoʔ šulem teʔ, nphr: n4f of nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); mačita teʔ, nphr(n type n); sakil ten, nphr(aj ’ n)1e; šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & n).
nicaraguan senna: ʔit’iš habnal, nphr(n4f of n5); bik’it voy čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta habnal, nphr(aj & n); sinal teʔ, nphr(aj & n).
palmer’s senna: k’oš šašib, nphr(aj & n).
tonduz senna: lan teʔ, nphr(x type n); santa-roša teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); santa-rošail teʔ, nphr(natt/aj & ncpd/ & n); yaš-ʔib teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
wild senna: eis čitom teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); čenek’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pueul čih, nphr(n of n); šinal let, nphr(aj & n).

sense: rason, n1a.

sensible: become sensible: tuk’ib, iv. become sensible (argument): melolah, iv.
sensible person: rason vinik, nphr(n type n)5.

sensitive: bik’it ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

sensuous: bide, aj.

sentiment: sentiment for absent or dead person: naʔel, vnld.

separate: č’ak, iv; č’ak, tv; lekoh, n4b; parte, aj. /from wife or parental family/: č’ak ba, rv. (husband and wife when unhappy together): tak baik, rv. /threads after being starched/: čivu holob, vphr(tv & n4d).

separated: k’alal(2), aj. be widely separated /in time/: natilah, iv.

separation: č’ak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. /husband and wife when unhappy together/: tak-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

September: septyembre, n5.*

serious: become serious (crime): ¢a¢ah, iv become serious (quarrel, sickness, situation, crime): muk’ib, iv.
become serious (sickness, crime): bae’ih, iv. (crime): eoe, aj.

seriously: vieil, aj. take seriously: ʔič’ ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d); ʔič’ ba ta kwenta, vphr(rv & prep & n5); ʔičȁ ba ta muk’, vphr(rv & prep & aj): ʔič’ ta kwenta, vphr(tv & prep & n5); ʔič’ ta muk’, vphr(tv & prep & aj); ʔoʔonin, tv; ʔoʔonta, tv.

sermon: šermun, n1d.

serpent: subterranean horned serpent /thought to have caused earthquakes when it emerged/: šulub čon, nphr(n type n)5.*

servant: moso, n3d. employ as a servant: mosoin. tv.
girl who works as servant in San Cristóbal: hprental, agn.
hire self out as a servant (maid): čon ba, rv.

serve: tun, iv. /cane liquor, chicha/: p’is, tv.
/meal/: šekan, tv.
/religious post/: ʔak’be, tv.
serve out in portions /food/: č’akolah, iv.

served: be served (meal): peči, iv; šeki, iv. (meal): pačal, aj; pečel(2), aj; šekel, aj.
(meals): pečahtik, aj.

service: tunel, vn4b. service station: nail kasolina, nphr(natt & n5).

service berry: maneana te1ʔ, nphr(n type n).

services: use person’s services /to carry one’s goods/: k’uban, tv.

set: (bone): pič’, iv. /bone/: e’ak, tv; e’akbe, tv.
/broken limb/: pič’, tv.
(hen): lubi, iv; lue’omah, iv; pati, iv.
(moon): sut, iv.
set aside free day: šokobtas ba, rv.
set down: tek’an, tv.
set down /baby, log/: puč’an, tv.
set down /bananas/: vohan, tv.
set down /boulder, log/: vanan, tv; vatan, tv.
set down /bowl/: lečan, tv.
set down /burning pine, lighted candle/: kušan, tv.
set down /child/: p’ešan, tv.
set down /child, bag/: čotan, tv.
set down /clothing/: pok’an, tv.
set down /elevated above the ground/: lepan, tv.
set down /flagstone/: pač’an, tv.
set down /flat object; hat, sandals, flattened can, basket on side/: počan, tv.
set down /flowers, etc./: yomean, tv.
set down /hank of yarn/: toman(1), tv.
set down /insect, snail, dead lizard/: nušan, tv.
set down /leafless branch/: čavan, tv.
set down /leafy branches/: čevanan, tv.
set down /log/: pumean, tv.
set down /log, baby/: puman, tv.
set down /meal, bowl, basket, half gourd/: pečan, tv.
set down /money, coffer, spherical object; water jug, head, orange, rock/: p’ehan, tv.
set down /pot/: lenan, tv.
set down /pot, bottle, gourd, basket/: vučan, tv.
set down /rope/: kilan, tv.
set down /rope, tripe, wire, chain, clothing/: losan, tv.
set down /small pot/: p’enan, tv.
set down /table, chair, animal/: kotan, tv.
set down /wood, sugarcane, pine tip, pencil, candle, rifle/: meean. tv.
set down /wool or pile of weeds/: ¢avan, tv.
set down /wool, corn stubble, twigs/: va¢an, tv.
set down /wool, pine needles, leaves, stubble, clothes/: voean, tv.
set down a person’s candles (shaman): kušanbe kantela, vphr(tv & n4d).
set down disc-shaped object /sugar, salt, cheese, peso/: sepan, tv.
set down in roll /wire, vine/: &otan(1), tv.
set down in tangle /wool/: teč’an, tv.
set down lump of /corn dough, mud/: pič’an. tv.
set down wrapped up: volan, tv.
set firmly /stone, log/: nakan, tv.
set in row: čol, tv.
set next to fire /toasted tortilla to be toasted, animal to be smoked on spit/: p’ošintas, tv.
set off: tarn be, vphr(tv / / n).
set on fire small /pot/: t’učan, tv.
set on ground /tree, plant/: peean, tv.
set on top of: lučan, tv.
set on top of /small burden/: nočan, tv; nočanbe, tv.
set out: tam be, vphr(tv / / n).
set straight (argument): tuk’ibtas, tv.
set together: lot, tv.
set up /scarecrow/: večan, tv.
set up on /child set on horse, young chicken set on roost/: loč’an, tv.
(sun): č’ay hč’ul-totik, vphr(iv & agn/aj & ncpd/5); č’ay ’ak’al, vphr(iv & n5); mal, iv.
/trap/: šok’an, tv; tivan, tv.

setting: eul. pat, av (hen): lubul, aj; patal, aj.
setting down: čep, av.
(sun): č’ayet k’ak’al, vphr(av & n5).

settle(1): meleah, iv; melean, tv. /argument/: tohobtas, tv; yames, tv.
/debts/: č’ayesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f).
/dispute/: melean ba, rv.
settle argument: hutukibtas, tv.
settle dispute: lahes k’op, vphr(tv & n5); tohobtas baik, rv; tuk’ibtas k’op, vphr(tv & n1d); tusa, tv.
settle dispute (civil official): tohobtas k’op, vphr(tv & n5); tohobtas rason, vphr(tv & n5).
settle one’s differences: k’opon baik, rv.

settle(2): cause to settle by shaking: yuk’ilan, tv. (corn in bag or bin): yuk’ ba, rv.
(corn): yuk’an ba, rv; yuk’eah, iv.

settled(1): be settled (dispute): tuk’ib, iv; tusah, iv.

settled(2): čotanbil, aj. be settled: čoti, iv.

settlement: meleaneh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5. /of dispute/: tuk’ibtaseh-k’op, vn(tv & ncpd)5.
settlement of dispute: laheseh-k’op, vn(lv & ncpd)5.

settling: nak, av.

seven: vuk_______, n(num & nccpd)1e. every seven: vukuk_______, n(num & nccpd)5; vukvuk_______, n(num & nccpd)5.

sevens: by on in sevens: vukuk________. n(num & nccpd)5; vukvuk________, n(num & nccpd)5.

seventeen: vuk-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e.

seventies: by or in seventies: setentatik, n5.

seventy: lahuneb čan-vinik, vphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f); setenta, n1e.

several: hay_______, n(num & nccpd)1e; hayib, n1e.

severe: become less severe (diarrhea, labor pains): namah, iv. become severe (birth pangs): ¢a¢ah, iv.

sew: e’is, tv; e’isomah, iv. sew stitches far apart: lut’, tv.

sewer: hat sewer: he’isom, agn.

sewing: e’ise’on, av.

sexual: become unwilling to have sexual relations: plohoib. iv. have sexual relations: pas mul. vphr(tv & n4d).
have sexual relations /polite expression/: ʔik’ baik, rv.
have sexual relations with: ʔak’be, tv.
lacking sexual vigor (man): yočet, av.
share sexual relations with: komon-ʔik’, tv(aj & tvcpd).
unwilling to have sexual relations: plÓho, aj.
wildly sexual (man, stallion): karanyon, aj.

shackle: manya ʔek’el, nphr(n type n)1d.

shade: kevu, n1e; kevutik, n5; nak’obal, n1a; nanal, n1e. person’s place in the shade: nanalihebal, n3d.
seek shade: nanalih, iv.
take shade: kevuah, iv; kevuan, tv.

shadow: kevu, n1e; nak’obal, n1a* /in daylight only/: nanal, n1e.

shaft: /warping bar/: ʔ>okol, n3b.

shake: ʔokilan, tv; lilin, tv; vuyilan, tv; yoʔilan, tv. /awake/: vat, tv.
cause to shake (malaria): nečečin, tv.
/post/: vuyes, tv.
/rattle, sieve/: čihulan, tv.
shake back and forth /woman’s hair drying/: tinulan, tv.
shake back and forth causing rustling sound /tree/: linulan, tv.
shake down /corn in bag/: yuk’ilan, tv.
shake down /peaches, leaves/: lilin, tv.
shake down several limes /bag of corn to settle the corn/: cepulan, tv.
shake hands: ¢akbe k’ob, vphrltv & n4d); mič’be k’ob, vphr(tv & n4d).
shake head /in disagreement/: himulan, tv.
shake head negatively or in gesture of disgust or annoyance (person, horse): him hoi, vphr(tv / / n).
shake self (dog, chicken, buzzard, horse): lilin ba, rv.
shake up and down /branch/ /holding on to tip/: niʔulan, tv.
shake up and down /squirrel in fiesta of St. Sebastian/: vitulan, tv.
shake up and down causing rustling sound /branch/: linulan, tv.
/tree/: nečulan, tv.
/tree, liquid/: nikulan. tv.

shaking: čih, leč, neč, nik. av. cause to settle by shaking: yuk’ilan, tv.
shaking back and forth (long wool of sheep. goat, long hair of dog or child): tinton, av.
shaking back and forth (long wool of sheep. long hair of dog or goat): linlon. av.
shaking head: saʔ. av.
shaking head in rage (bull): saʔet hoi. vphr(av & n4d).
shaking suddenly (house in earthquake): vée’luh. av.
shaking suddenly /in earthquake or wind/: vúk’lih, av.

shall: ta, pt.

shallow: hoy, aj. (basket, gourd): hayal, aj.
shallow and wide (bowl, basket): pačpač, aj.
shallow with sloping rim (bowl, frying pan, hat crown): pulpul. aj.

sham: /sickness, wealth/: pak’ta ba, rv.

shaman: hʔilol, agn.* chief shaman /shaman longest in service who is in charge of the three annual community-wide ceremonies/: bankilal hʔilol, nphr(n type agn)5.

shame: k’ešlal, n1a. hide one’s shame: mak k’ešlal, vphr(tv & n4d).
put to shame: k’ešlaltas. tv.
shame in public: ʔak’ ta namal. vphr(tv & prep & n5).
shame into silence by censure: e’ihan ta ʔutel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
shame publicly: ʔak’ ta k’ešlal, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

shamed: be shamed into silence: e’ihan ba, rv.

shape: be out of shape (basket): ševi. iv.

shard: č’uč’ulil, n4f. in shards: č’uč’ul, aj.

share: /leftover liquor, work/: komonta, tv. share equally: ʔeč’ ta komon, vphr(iv & prep & aj).
share leftover food and drink: makita, tv.
share the same woman as a mistress: komon-ʔanein, tv(aj & tvcpd).

shared: equally shared: komon, aj.

sharpen: /knife, axe, machete, etc./: vuš. tv. sharpen blade: ʔak’be ʔe, vphr(tv & n4f); huš, tv.

sharpening: /knife, axe, machete, etc./: vušvon, av.

shatter: č’uč’ulibtas, tv; č’uč’ulta, tv; č’uč’ultas, tv

shattered: shattered remains /pottery/: lilihemal, n4f.

shattering: ¢’in, čih, hoč’, av; č’ákluh, av.

shave: lok’ ʔisim, vphr(tv & n4d).
/head/: kank’un, tv; t’ašan, tv.
/person’s head/: ¢irimpta, tv.

shaved: be shaved (head): t’aši, iv.

shaven: hušul, aj.
(head): pisil, aj; pitel. aj; pitil, aj.
shaven head: pit. av.

shaven-headed: ¢irimpa hol, nphr(n type n)5; pit-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5.
be shaven-headed: piti, iv.

shawl: močebal, n3d.
cotton shawl: pok’ močebal, nphr(n type n)1d.
grey basket-weave shawl /archaic/: pirik’, n1d.
white shawl /worn by bride, candle-bearer, snup hpetom, hčotaneh-¢eb, and by all married women when buried/: toka, n1a.

white shawl /worn by ensign-bearers on the fourth friday of Lent, Wednesday of Holy Week, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, worn by sak-holetik or grooms, worn by prefects on Good Friday/: pativil, n1a.
/worn by ladinas/: revoso, n1d.

shear: lok’ ¢o¢, vphr(tv & nib); salk’un, tv.

shearer: hlok’-¢o¢, agn(tv & ncpd).

shears: tešereš, n1a.

sheath: /corn, sugar cane, palm, bamboo, reed/: eek, nig.

shed(1): shed rod: ʔakan holobil, nphr(n4f of n3d).

shed(2): (hair): bo, iv.
shed /rain, water/ (rain cape, feathers, canvas): nululihes, tv.

sheep: čih, n1a.
/as opposed to deer/: hčabiel-čih, agn(vn & ncpd).
call sheep: čikčikta, tv; čikulan, tv.
call to sheep: čkčkčkčkčkč, excl.
calling sheep: čuh, av; čikčon, av.

sheepskin: /used by women to sit on/: salya, n1a.

sheet: cardboard sheet: lamina karton, nphr(n of n)5.

sheeting: corrugated sheeting: lamina, n1a; lamina tak’-in, nphr(n of n)5.

shelf: kahanab, n1a.
low shelf: kahlebal, n3d.

shell(1): /corn/: k’ut, tv.
/egg/: patil, n3c.
/fresh corn/ /with fingers/: č’oti, tv.
shell by hand /corn/: ʔišin, tv; ʔišinah, iv.
shell easily (corn being flailed): čam ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5).
shell with difficulty (corn being flailed): čamčam ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5).
/snail, turtle/: patil, n3c.
/usually conch shell/: konša, n1d.

shell(2): tik’be kanyon, vphr(tv & n5).

shellseed: yellowsilk shellseed: pu¢kuy, n5; šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & n).

shepherd: hk’el-čih, agn(tv & ncpd).

sheriff: komentante, agn.

shield: mak, tv.
shield under clothes: iu¢’ tv.
shield under feathers (hen covering chicks or eggs): lu¢’, tv.

shim: p’asal teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.

shimmering: ¢’ay, av.

shin: bakel ʔakan, nphr(n4f of n4d).

shine: shine brightly (moon): k’ak’alin, iv.

shingle: k’albil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.

shining: lap’, nop’, av.

shinny: noč’etah, iv.
shinny down: noč’ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
shinny up: noč’ih muyel, vphr(iv & dr).

shinnying: het, noč’, av.

shiny: t’ab, av.
(hair): t’abal, aj.
(pot, table): ¢ak’al, aj.

shirt: blue work shirt /levi/: čompail, n3d.
man’s shirt: moketeil, n3a.
short-waisted gray wool shirt /worn now by dudes over normal shirt, formerly worn by all men/: kotonil, n3d.
white shirt and pants /worn by ensign-bearer, holy elder, cantor, angel, groom, and sak-hol/: vešal kamišail, nphr(n3a & n3c).*

shirtless: t’an, av; t’anal, aj; t’ašetik, av.
be shirtless: t’ani, iv.

shirtlessness: t’ananeh-bail, vn(tv & rpncpd)5.

shit: ¢oʔ, n1a.
scolding speech; shit: myerta, n5.

shiver: /with cold/: nik, iv.

shivering: ¢il, k’ač, nee, nik, muč’, t’el, t’er, av.

shoe: sapato, n1a.

shoo: /chickens by waving arms/: yo, tv.

shooing: /chickens/: yoyon, av.

shoot: lok’es bala, vphr(tv & n5); lok’es tiro, vphr(tv & n5); nitbe bala, vphr(tv & n5); tuk’avah, iv; vom ta bala, vphr(tv & prep & n5).
/marble/: t’ilu, tv; t’iru. tv.
shoot at: ʔak’be k’ok’, vphr(tv & n5); tuk’a, tv.
shoot at close range: tihanbe bala, vphr(tv & n5).
shoot slingshot: himič’ah, iv.
shoot slingshot at: himič’ta, tv.
/with bullet/: timbe _____, vphr(tv & n5).

shore: /ocean/: tiʔ_____, nphr(n of n)5.

short: k’oš, k’uč k’uh, pek’, av; ¢apo, aj; t’enet č’ut, vphr(av & n4d).
become short (unfinished piece of weaving): komkomah, iv.
become short (unfinished piece of weaving, day): komih, iv.
(child that does not grow): t’enel č’ut, vphr(aj/ pred/ &. n4d).
(child’s nose): tučtu¢, aj.
(clothing): t’lht’ih, aj.
make too short /shirt, tunic/: tu¢ibtas, tv.
period of short days /July-December/: komol k’ak’al, nphr(n4f of n5).
(person): k’ošk’oš, aj; pek’el, aj.
(person, animal, tree): pek’eš, aj.
(person, hair, clothing, rope, plot of land, stick): komkom, aj.
short clothes: k’ok, mok, mot’, av.
short hair: mok. av.
short tail: k’ok, av.
(tail, tunic, skirt, shirt): k’uhk’uh, aj.
too short (tumpline): tučtuč, aj.
too short (tumpline, net. rope): t’učul, aj.
wear short skirt: mokeah ¢ak, čak, vphr(iv & n4d).
wearing short pants or skirt: mok-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5.
with very short pants or skirt: mot’ol, aj.
with very short wool or cotton tunic: mot’ol, aj.
(woman, rock): vu¢vu¢, aj.
(woman’s hair): mokmok, aj.
(woman’s hair, woolen tunic, pig’s or rabbit’s tail): k’učul, aj.

short-haired: (woman): tultul, aj.

short-lived: be short-lived: bik’it ʔora, vphr(aj/pred/ & n1d).

short-skirted: k’okol čak, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

short-tailed: (rabbit, quail): k’ok-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5.

shorten: /tumpline/: mu¢, tv.

shot: shot glass: p’is, n1d; p’isol, n4f.

shotgun: tuk’(1), n1a.
shotgun pellets: munisyon, n1a.

should: mo mi, ptphr(pt/contr of mi & ʔo/ & pt); yečuk, aj.
should have: yečuk, aj.

shoulder: be shoulder length (hair): ke¢i, iv; kepi, iv.
/person, animal, hill, bottle, fiddle, guitar/: nekebal, n3b.
/pork/: k’obol, n3b.
shoulder length: ke¢, av.
shoulder length (ladina’s hair): ke¢el, aj.

shout: shout angrily: č’avč’onah, iv.
shout angrily at each other: č’av baik, rv.
shout at: ʔapta, tv.
shout at angrily: ¢’u¢’upah, iv.
/to person/: ʔa van, iv.

shouting: ʔav, ʔay, č’av, k’ek’, av; ʔov, n5; nečečet, av; viklahet, av.

shove: /person/: vatk’un, tv.
shove each other: net’ baik, rv; puhan baik, rv.

shovel: pala, n1a.

show: ʔak’ manya, vphr(tv & n5); ʔak’ ta k’elel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); ʔak’be ʔil, vphr(tv & tv); ʔak’be k’el, vphr(tv & tv); yeʔ, tv; ye-ʔetah, iv.
/anus, vagina/: ka¢’an, tv.
/by pointing, by holding palm down to show height of object, corn field, or animal, with forefinger raised to show height of child/: ʔak’ ʔiluk, vphr(tv & tv).
make a show of being: čaʔle ba, rv; pas ba, rv.
show movie: ʔak’ sin, vphr(tv/3s/ & n5).
show the way: ʔak’ punto, vphr(tv & n5).

showing: yeʔet, av.

shred: /paper/ (mouse): sesulan, tv; sesulta, tv.

shredded: sep’bentik, aj; sesbentik, aj; sesintik, aj.
(leaves by hail): lisil, aj.
(leaves from hail): šelantik, aj.

shreds: in shreds (clothing): nitnit, aj; tuč’ultik, aj.
shreds of wood produced by wood grubs: sesben, n4f.

shrew: hlut’ieh-be č’o, nphr(agn/vn & ncpd/ type n)5.*

shrill: sohom, aj.

shrimp: kamaron čoy, nphr(n type n)1a.
/unidentified/: ¢ahal čoy, nphr(aj & n)1a; kamaron, n1d.*

shrine: č’ul-vinahel, n(aj & ncpd)5; yalemal k’ob, nphr(n4f of n4d).
lineage cross shrine: kalvario, n1a.

shrines: visit shrines/have curing ceremony/: hok’an ba ta kahvaltik, vphr(rv & prep & n5).

shrink: (clothing, sandal): mu¢, iv.
(cooked greens): pok’¢ah, iv.
(corn kernel): sut, iv.
(wood, vine, corn, thatch, beans): ¢ap’, iv.
(wood, vine, thatch, beans, corn, potatoes, skin of person): sap’, iv.

shrivel: (fruit, gourd, skin): ¢ot’ ba, rv.
(pupating caterpillar): mu¢an ba, rv.
shrivel up: ¢uk ba, rv.
shrivel up (penis or testicles in cold): mu¢ba, rv.
shrivel up and harden (fruit): sot’ ba, rv; sot’¢ah, iv.

shriveled: ¢ot, ¢uk, sot’, av.
(buttocks, fruit): sot’ol, aj.
(face, peach, chayote, potato): ¢ot’ol, aj.
shriveled up (corn kernel, bean pods, beans): mač’optik, aj.

shrivelling: (tripe or jerked meat in fire): moč’oč’et, av.

shroud: piš, tv.

shrug: shrug one’s shoulders: kuč’an nuk’, vphr(tv / / n).

shrunk: part of clothing that has shrunk: mu¢benal, n4f.

shuck: /corn/: poč lok’el, vphr(iv & dr).
deerbone knife or wire used to shuck corn: hatobal, n3a.

shucker: corn shucker: k’ahavebal, n3d.

shut: /eyes/: mue’, tv.
shut eyes: mu¢’-sati, tv(tv & ncpd).

shutter: mak ventana, nphr(n1f of n1d).

shuttle: č’alam buk’, nphr(n of n1a); č’alob buk’, nphr(n1f of n1d).

shying: mut’, av.

sibling: čiʔilil, n3d.
female’s younger sibling: mukil, n3d.
second of younger siblings after first has died: čaʔ-ʔu¢’il, n(num & ncpd)3d.
younger sibling of man or woman: ʔu¢’il, n3d.

sic: sic on: ʔušuš’ta, tv.
sic’em!: ʔušʔuš, excl.

siccing: ʔuš, av.

sick: va¢, av; ʔip, aj.
be sick of: tavan ʔaʔi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv).
feel sick: yan ʔelan ʔoʔon, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & n4d); yan pas ʔoʔon, vphr(aj & tv/3s/ & n4d).
feeling sick: tihbil, aj.
get sick: ʔipah, iv.
getting sick frequently: tael tael, nphr(vn5 & vn5).
make sick /by entering house of patient, by stepping on wound, by disrupting curing ceremony (ineffective shaman), by rape, by goring shepherd/: ʔipahes, tv.
sick person: hčamel, agn.

sickle: hos, n1a.

sickness: čamel, vn1a.
intermittent sickness: kúyelkúyel, vn5.
shaking sickness /Parkinson’s disease/: k’ačk’ač čamel, nphr(aj & vn)5.
sickness caused by spell: paybalal čamel, nphr(aj & vn)5.
sickness caused by supernatural punishment, cf.
mahben.: mahbenal, n1e.
sickness caused by witchcraft: ʔak’ben čamel, nphr(n type vn)5.
sickness in leg: poslom, n1e.
sickness inflicted by gods on wrongdoer in answer to victim’s plaint: ʔok’itabil čamel, nphr(aj & vn)5.
sickness that causes person to become fleshless: taki-čamel, n(aj & vncpd)5.
sickness transferred to person on trail /handful of mexican chayote brush is rubbed on patient and left on trail to infect patient’s enemy/: koloʔal čamel, nphr(natt & vn)5.
summon sickness /from afar/: sokbe tal hol ʔahval čamel, vphr: tv & dr & nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of vn5/).

side: ʔibel, n4b; šokon, nib; šokon vinahel, nphr(n of vn)5.
/fiddle, guitar/: čikinil, n3b.
/house, face/: hot, nc.
on one’s side: ¢’eʔel, aj.
side by side: lot, av.
standing to the side: k’ehel, aj.
to or on which side?: bu hotukal, nphr(pt & n).
to or on whichever side: bu hotukal, nphr(pt & n).

sides: on both sides of_____ /road, house/: ta šókonšókon _____. nphr(prep & nphr/n of n/)5.

sieve: /perforated cowhide on which corn is threshed/: ʔarnero, n5.

sift: čičin, tv.

sigh: /daily/: hik’honah, iv.
/letting breath escape through pursed lips/: ʔuyhan, iv.

sighing: hik’, av.

sight: catch sight of: k’el, tv.
go out of sight: mak eč ’el, vphr(iv & dr).
lose sight (eye): bul¢ah, iv.
/shooting, measuring land/: ʔič’be tuk’il, vphr(tv & n4f).

sign: ʔak’ pirma, vphr(tv / / n); senya, n1a.
sign up: mak, tv.
sign up for religious post: mak ʔabtel, vphr(tv & n4d).

signs: make signs /to girl/: pasbe senya, vphr(tv & n5).

silenced: be silenced (church bells from Maundy Thursday
to 10 p.m. Holy Saturday): mak tiʔ tak’in, vphr(iv/3s/ & nphr/n of n/5).

silent: be silent (birds in rainy season): mak ʔe, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
dead silent (night): ¢’ihil, aj.

silk tassel: ʔik, al teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5; k’oš ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

silky-flycatcher: gray silky-flycatcher: ʔulišpipiʔ, n5.*; p’okoyoʔ, n5; tok-hol mut, nphr(aj & ncpd)5; t’ok-hol mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

silly: čuvah, aj.

silver: /money/: plata, n1d.

similar: koʔol, aj; pareho, aj.
be similar to: koʔolah, iv.
similar object: čiʔn1il, n3d.

simmering: p’itlahet, av.

Simojovel: Ȼimaʔ Hobel, nphr(n type n)5.

simply: naka, pt; no, pt; solel, pt.

sin: rnulil, n3a; mulin, tv; ta mul, vphr(tv & n4d); yan pas, vphr(aj & tv).

since: k’u čaʔal, pt & pt; k’u ti, ptphr(pt & pt); lavi, n5; yal, pt; yavil, pt.

sincerely: lok’el ʔoʔon, nphr(vn4f of n4d).

sindico: /second-ranking official of civil hierarchy/: sintiko, agn.

sinews: /drum/: ¢nob, n1f.

sinful: mulavil, aj.

sing: k’evuhin, iv.
(bird, cricket): ʔok’, iv.
sing about: k’evuhinta, tv.
sing loudly: laʔetah, iv.
sing saints’ names (musicians): kuy ta k’evuh, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

singed: singed (hair, tortilla): k’ak’etik, aj.

singer: hk’evuh, agn; hk’evuhinel, agn.

singing: čir, nik, pi, av.
(drunks): nečetik ta k’evuh, vphr(av & prep & n5).
singing in high voice (woman): ¢’iet, av.
singing loudly (children): lalon, av.
singing loudly (drunkards): laʔet, av.
singing of saints’ names (musicians): kuyel, vn4b.

single: walking in single file (leaf-cutter ants): tususet, av.
with but a single /tooth/: vitil, aj.

sink: muk, iv; muk, tv; muk¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr); muk¢an ba, rv; mukp’in ba, rv.
cause to sink /ground/: lom¢an, tv; lomk’in yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
(ground): lom¢ah, iv; lomk’ih yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
make sink: muk¢an, tv.
make sink down /dog or sheep that is sat upon/: vu¢’¢an yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
(mud underfoot): po¢’¢ah, iv.
sink in /mud, etc./: samk’uh, iv; šamk’un, tv.
sink into /mud/ (feet): šambe eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).

sinking: ¢’ah, lom, muk, nak, po¢’ t’ub, av.
(foot in mud): pu¢’u¢’ yalel, vphr(av & dr).
sinking down: pe¢’, av.
sinking suddenly (car seat): vú¢lih, av.

sinner: /every person/: hmulavil, agn.

sip: ʔum, tv.

sipping: ¢’u¢’, av.

sir: sinyor, n5.
sir spook /Carnival character/: tot hʔik’al, nphr(n type agn)5.
/term of reference and address to older man/: tottik, n5.

siskin: black-headed siskin: č’ikč’ik, n5; k’anal č’irin mut, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/)5; k’anal č’ivil mut, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5.

sister: elder sister: višil, n3d.
female’s younger sister: mukil, n3d.
male’s younger sister: ʔišlelil, n3d.

sister-in-law: /archaic term of address between those married to two brothers or sisters/: ʔi¢niʔal¢il, n1d.
/female’s brother’s wife, husband’s sister/ /archaic/: havanil, n3d.
/wife’s sister, male’s brother’s wife, husband’s brother, female’s sister’s husband/ /archaic/: muʔil, n3d.

sit: ¢uni, iv.
(basket, bowl, meal): pači, iv.
(boulder, log): vani, iv; vati, iv.
(dog, child): p’enan ba, rv.
/in sun/: čini, iv.
/on ground refusing to budge/: nakan ba, rv; nak¢an ba, rv.
(person wrapped in blanket): vo¢i, iv.
(pot, bottle, gourd): vuči, iv.
sit (person wrapped in blanket, frog): vo¢an ba, rv.
sit and wait for: čotleta, tv.
sit cross-legged or with legs tucked under oneself (woman): pe¢an ba, rv.
sit directly on (pot on fire, child, woman or drunk on ground): leni, iv.
sit down: čoti, iv; č’etan ba, rv.
sit down (child): p’ešn ba, rv.
sit down (woman): lesan ba, rv.
sit down /be elevated above the ground/: lepan ba, rv.
sit down and be unable to walk (person, mule): pehan ba, rv.
sit down in the sun: t’ihan ba, rv.
sit down unexpectedly: čotk’ih, iv.
sit down with burden /to rest/: čepi, iv.
sit helplessly: nakp’un ba, rv.
sit in /basket/ (child): pačan ba, rv.
sit inertly (sick person): lut’i, iv.
sit next to fire (person, toasted tortilla being toasted, animal smoking on spit): p’ošin, iv.
sit on haunches: šok’an ba, rv; šok’etah, iv.
sit on haunches unable to stand (drunk): šok’¢ah, iv.
sit together (two people): lot ba, rv.
sit with /dangling testicles/ (child): vehan, tv; vehan ba, rv.
sit with bowed head: lut’an ba, rv.
sit with crossed legs: heʔan ba, rv.
sit with head bowed pensively: nihan ba, rv.
sit with legs dangling: čošan ba, rv.
(woman): ¢ubi, iv; pok’an ba, rv; pok’i, iv.
(wool in basket): pačetah, iv.

sitting: čep, čot, huč’, len, les, nak, pač, peč, p’eh, av; ¢unul, aj; čotol, aj.
(basket, bowl): pačal, aj.
be sitting (child): p’eši, iv.
be sitting (liquids): ¢’ani, iv.
be sitting (money, house, coffer, spherical object; water jug, head, orange, rock): p’ehi, iv.
be sitting in container (blob of thick liquid, corn gruel, boiled squash): let’i, iv.
be sitting on haunches (person, rabbit, dog, cat): šok’i, iv.
(boulder, log, large house): vanal, aj.
(child): p’ešel, aj.
/in sun/: činil, aj.
(leafless branches) /on fire/: č ivi, iv.
leave person sitting /drunk on path/: pumeanvan komel, vphr(iv & dr).
(money, chest, pot, orange, maguey, rock): p’ehel, aj.
(pot, bottle, gourd): vučul, aj.
(pots, bottles, gourds): vučahtik, aj.
sitting around doing nothing in particular: ¢unet, av.
sitting close to ground with legs spread apart: koyol, aj.
sitting cross-legged or with legs tucked under: he¢et, av.
sitting helplessly: peh, av; pehet, av.
sitting helplessly (person, mule, car with flat tire): pehel, aj.
sitting in the sun (hatless person): t’ihil, aj.
sitting inertly: lut’, av.
sitting inertly with bowed head (sick person or chicken): lut’ul, aj.
sitting next to fire turning one side and then the other (person, toasted tortilla being toasted, animal smoking on spit): p’ošet, av.

sitting next to fire warming self: p’ošol, aj.
sitting on ground (woman, child): vu¢ul, aj.
sitting on one’s haunches: šok’, av; šok’ol, aj.
sitting place of woman /old straw mat/: kehlebal, n3d.
sitting together (people, houses, animals, pair of oxen, testicles): lotol, aj.
sitting unable to stand: čot, av.
sitting with legs apart: koy, av.
sitting with legs tucked under: he¢el, aj.
(wide-brimmed container, upside down hat): pečel(2), aj.
(wood, bags of corn, etc.): čepel, aj.

situation: k’op, n1d.

six: vak_____, num(n & nccpd); vakib, n1e.
every six: vakvak______, n(num & nccpd)5.

sixes: by or in sixes: vakvak_____, n(num & nccpd)5.

sixteen: vak-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e.

sixties: in or by sixties: ʔošʔoš-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5; sesentatik, n5.

sixty: ʔoš-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5; sesenta, n1e.
every sixty: ʔošʔoš-vinik, n(num & numcpd)5; sesentatik, n5.

size: muk’ul, n4e.*
/plu/: muk’tikil, n4e.

sizzling: ʔis, ¢ok’, čr, č’il, č’it, av.
(food V3;6, V3;7): č’iriret, av.
sizzling sound: k’o¢k’on, av.

skill: lose one’s skill (musician who is out of practice): č’ay k’ob, vphr(iv & n4d).

skim: /corn gruel/: k’uʔ, n4f.
skim off foreign matter /from corn, water, or food/: bau, tv.

skin: bi, tv; čoʔ, tv.
/arm/: sar ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
/corn kernel/: šik’, n4f.
/cow/: čoʔomah, iv.
dark skin: ʔik’al, n4d.
make person’s skin split (wind, dye, lime): t’ahesvan, iv.
/of animal/: nukul, n1a.
/of corn kernels remaining at bottom of strainer when making corn gruel/: šik’ ma¢ nphr(n of n)5.
/of person/: nukulal, nib.
skin of corn kernels: ma¢’, n1a.
with skin coming off (boiled corn): p’ološ, aj.

skinny: bak, aj.
/girl, man/: ʔarsial, nphr(n type n.

skip: p’itu, tv.

skirt: ¢ekil, n3a.
cotton skirt: no ¢ekil, nphr(n type n)1d.
poor quality blue skirt /woven in San Cristóbal and worn by many Huistec women/: vara ¢ekil, nphr(n type n)3d.
top of skirt folded over sash: pakbenal, n4f.

skreaking: č’ei, av.

skull: dead person/: bakel hol ʔanima, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/)5; hol ʔanima, nphr(n of n)5.

skunk: soro, n1e.
/general term/: poyoy, n1e.*
hog-nosed skunk: sak-pat, n(aj & ncpd)1d.*
hooded skunk: poyoy, n1e.
smell of skunk: risil, n3d.
southern spotted skunk: k’os poyoy, nphr(aj & n)1d.*

sky: vinahel, vn5.
clear sky /day or night/: ¢anal čosil, nphr(aj & n5); ¢anal balamil, nphr(aj & n5).

slab: slab of pine wood: ham toh, nphr(n of n)5.
lab of wood: ham, n4f

slack: be slack (rope, wire): pok’i, iv.
(rope or wire, string between two points): pok’-ol, aj.
slack off (visitors): čop ba, rv.

slacken: čop, iv; čopah, iv; yoč, iv.
(loom): yoč ba, rv.
(rain): k’epk’ep, iv.
/rope/: yoč¢an, tv; yočes, tv.
/rope, wire/: pok’an, tv.
slacken trading activities: yoč¢an baik, rv.
slacken tumphne /ease pressure on head by holding on to tumpline/: yočes hoi, vphr(tv & n4d).

slant-eyed: viʔ-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5.

slanted: (eyes): viʔviʔ, aj.
slanted (eyes of baby) /mark of beauty/: viʔilik, aJ

slap: lek’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); pak’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); sal ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); t’aš ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
slap each other: pak’be baik, rv.
slap in the belly /sheep/: t’en ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
slap lightly /with fist or rag/: los ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
slap person: lomvan ta mahel, vphr(av & prep & vn5); t’ašvan ta mahel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5).
/tortillas onto griddle/: t’ašan, tv.
/with stick or stirring rod/: t’eh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

slapping: lek’, los, pak’, av.
(flood water against riverbank): t’išt’on, av.
slapping suddenly: t’ášluh, av.
(wave): yuk’lahet, av.
/with stick or stirring rod/: t’eht’on, av.

slash: slash self: p’as ba, rv.

slaughter: milolah, iv; milomah, iv.
slaughter together: koʔol-mil, tv(aj & tvcpd).

sledgehammer: maro, n1a.

sleep: bat č’ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); vay, iv.
be unable to get to sleep: tavan vayel, vphr(iv/3s/ & vn5).
sleep on /mat/: vayebin, tv.
sleep together: čiʔin ba ta vayel, vphr(rv & pt & vn5).
sleep together (woman or child who accompanies single woman at night): tavan ta vayel, vphr(iv & prep & vn5).

sleeping: taʔet, av.
sleeping place: vayebal, n3d.

sleepy: be or feel sleepy: ʔak’ vayel, vphr(tv/3s/ & vn5).

sleepy-eyed: vayet sat, vphr(av & n4d).

sleepyhead: hvayik, agn.

sleeve: k’obol, n3b.

slender: become slender (palm strip, bottle): hič’¢ah, iv.
make slender: hič’¢an, tv.
make slender /thread when spinning, woven palm, hoe handle/: hič’ilubtas, tv.
(pig’s or mouse’s tail): bi¢bi¢, aj.
(thread, corncob, hoe handle, stick, arm, leg): hič’il, aj.

slenderness: hič’ilul, n4f.

slice: /meat/: satil, n3c.
/melon, watermelon/: sil, tv.
/pineapple, young watermelon squash, cushaw or summer squash, radish/: set, tv.
slice in two: čaʔ-havin, tv(num & tvcpd).
slice off /meat/: kečbe, tv.
slice off horizontally /meat, fatback/: t’ol, tv.
slice off much /with knife or hoe/: kečan, tv.

sliced: silahtik, aj.

slicing: keč, av; silson, av.

slide: ¢ules, tv; hašk’un, tv; hušk’ih, iv; nakp’uh, iv; nakp’un, tv.
(avalanche): tu¢’¢ah yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
cause to slide down: yiʔp’un, tv.
(child using maguey leaf as sled): nululih, iv.
make slide down: pitk’un, tv; yemes, tv.
make slide down /earth, corn/: yem¢an, tv; yemk’un, tv.
make slide on dry surface /log/: hušušin, tv.
/on board or maguey leaf/ (children): hušan čak, vphr(tv & n4d).
(person, horse, tile, board): ¢ul, iv.
slide down: hem. iv; yiʔp’uh, iv; yʔp’un ba, rv.
slide down (avalanche): lik¢ah yalel, vphr(av & dr); likp’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
slide down (corn): hin, iv.
slide down (corncobs, rocks, earth): yiʔ ba, rv.
slide down (earth): hin¢ah, iv.
slide down (earth, corn): yemeah, iv.
slide down (rocks, corncobs): hiʔ ba, rv.
slide down /board of attic floor boards/: nululihes yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
slide down /standing tree/: hušp’in, tv.
slide on dry surface (child): hušuših, iv.
slide slowly (rock or person sliding on leaves): huč’uč’ih, iv.
/standing tree/: nulp’in, tv; nululin, tv.

sliding: ¢ul, č’ul, hem, hiʔ huč’, buš. nul, puk, tuč’. yem, av.
(avalanche): ʔuyuy, av.
sliding down: tu¢’, av.
sliding down in various places (cliff): sóltesólte yalel, vphr(av & dr).
sliding suddenly /in mud, or dry leaves/: núllih, av.

slight: vala-patin komel, vphr(tv/x & ncpd/ & dr).

slim: hayal, aj.

slime: deposit slime on: simta, tv.
deposit slime on person: simtavan, iv.
/of snail/: simal, n1a.

slimy: hub, huy, av; hubul, aj.
(mud): hubet, av; huyul, aj.

sling: in sling: likoh, aj.
/made of woven fiber and formerly used to hunt birds/: himič’, n1d.
sling at /mud/: lesbe, tv.
sling in face: kakanbe mahel, vphr(tv&vn5).

slingshot:ʔuliʔ, n1a; tirarol, n1a.
strap of slingshot: mak ʔuliʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d).

slip:bilk’uh, iv; ¢ul, iv; č’ulk’ih, iv; hašk’uh, iv; nulk’ih, iv.
(burden): sok, iv.
(earth, boulder): nakp’uh, iv.
have skirt slip down (baby): vesk’un ba, rv.
/in mud/: pitk’uh, iv. /in standing position/: eules ba, rv.
(knot): hie, iv.
(person, tree): nululih, iv.
secretly slip object to someone: mukul-čTikbe, tv(aj&tvcpd).
slip down: hip¢ah, iv; hušk’ih, iv.
slip down (burden): pitk’uh yalel, vphr(iv&dr).
slip down (daub): bosk’ih, iv.
slip down (pants, skirt): ves¢ah yalel, vphr(iv&dr).
slip from one’s grasp: sol, iv.
slip in, under, or through: č’ik, tv.
slip on: bil, tv.
slip out of one’s grasp: pitk’uh ʔuʔun, vphr(iv&n4d).
slip slightly (knot): hi¢hie, iv.
slip under: net’u, tv.

slipped:slipped down: ves, av.
slipped in or under (needle in hat): č’ikil, aj.

slippery: bil, buy, n1b, av; bilil, aj; č’ulul, aj.
become slippery: bililub, iv; č’ululib, iv.
make slippery: bililubtas, tv; č’ululibtas, tv.
slippery and flexible (cow stomach, lights): loslos, aj.
slippery underfoot (mud): noyoyet ta tek’el, vphr(av&prep&vn5).

slipping: bil, ¢ul, č’ul, hem, hi¢, huš, hus, les, pit, av.
(knot): mit’mon, av.
slipping about: nóytenóyte ta tek’el, vphr(av&prep&vn5).
slipping away: k’al, av.
slipping away (patient): tu¢’ton, av. slipping down: ʔeš, loʔ, av.
slipping down (fresh daub): loslah yalel, vphr(av&dr).
slipping down easily: haš, av.
slipping in: č’ik, av.
slipping in suddenly (armadillo in burrow): tik’luh, av.
slipping into groove: liv, av.
slipping suddenly out of one’s grasp: sóllih, av.
slipping through: č’ik, av.
slipping under: č’ik, av.

slither:slither straight ahead (large snake): tu¢’etah, iv.

slithering: his, kil, tu¢’, av.
slithering along (snake): k’amam, av.

slope:hav ʔosil, nphr(n of n)5.
steep slope: pahaltik, n5.

sloping:taʔtaʔ;, aj.

slosh:slosh around: yuk’ilan, tv.
slosh back and forth: k’ubilan, tv; t’ibt’onah, iv.
slosh through mud: puk’be eč’el ’ʔač’eltik, vphr(tv&dr&n5).

sloshing:¢’an, čuk, lak, t’ib, av.
(liquid in bottle, jug, demijohn or stomach): yuk’yon, av.

slow: k’un, aj; k’unil, aj.
be slow (watch): kom, iv.

slowly: k’un, aj; k’unil, aj; t’abt’ab, aj.
walking about slowly (many people, animals): tususet, av.
walking slowly (person who never is able to keep up fast pace): k’ošk’on, av.

slug(1):ʔunen k’obol, nphr(aj&n)1e.

slug(2):pok’ ta mahel, vphr(tv&prep&vn5); pum ta mahel, vphr(tv&prep&vn5).
/in face, back or side/: fan ta mahel, vphr(tv&prep&vn5).
/on back or side/: pu¢’ ta mahel, vphr(tv&prep&vn5); puh ta mahel, vphr(tv&prep&vn5).
/person deemed a dried up fruit/: sot* ta mahel, vphr(tv&prep&vn5).

slugging:po¢", av; t’ust’on, av.

slump:(drunk): šovk’ih, iv.
slump forward (drunk): niʔ¢ah, iv.
slump forward (sitting drunk): ¢’uyan ba, rv.
slump over: nihp’un ba, rv.
slump to side (drunk trying to stand): šovan ba, rv.

slumped: slumped forward: niʔ, av.

slumping:lus, av.
slumping over (drunk): vubub, av.
slumping over /with sleep or drunkenness/: nihih yalel, vphr(av&dr).

slurp:/cane liquor, posol, corn gruel, broth, squash/,
/beans/ (Chamula laborers): lop ta ʔuč’el, vphr(tv&prep&vn5).

slurping:bur, lop, av.

smack:smack person: t’ašvan ta mahel, vphr(iv&prep&vn5).

smacking:smacking suddenly: t’ášluh, av.

small: ʔunen(2), aj; bik’it, aj; bik’tal, aj.
(assed): ¢ukel, aj.
carrying small burden: t’uč, av.
(cup, pot, girl, horse, water jug, griddle, basket) /referring to girl or horse it implies that full stature has not been reached, referring to object it occurs only in expression; mas eayal hutuk: it is a little smaller/: ¢ayal, aj.*
(girl or mule) /not having reached full stature/:¢ay, aj.
(hat): noč’noč’, aj.
(horse): pek’el, aj.
with small quantity of food in pot /to speed cooking process/: yočet, av.

small-based:too small-based (pot that doesn’t sit properly): puypuy, aj.

small-faced:č’eb, av; č’ebel, aj; hep’el, aj; hep’et sat, vphr(av&n4d).

small-headed:(boy): volvol, aj.

smallness:smallness and cuteness /baby’s hand/: masil, n4f.

smallpox: kuyel, vn5.
have smallpox: ʔaʔi kuyel, vphr(tv&vn5).

smart: p’ih, aj; p’ihil, aj; vivo, aj.
become smart: p’ihub, iv; p’ihubtas ba, rv.

smarting:ʔan, ʔen, leak, lem, av.

smartweed:dotted smartweed: ʔat nab, nphr(n4f of n5); kokoʔon nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); yail ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj&n).

smash: /basket, gourd, fence, bottle, clod of earth/: voc’, tv. /egg/: t’us, tv. /face with fist/: toe ta mahel, vphr(tv&prep&vn5). /fence/: voc’ean, tv. smash in /door/: puh, tv. /with fist/: k’av ta mahel, vphr(tv&prep&vn5).

smashed: (fence): voč’el, aj.

smashing:puh, av.
smashing suddenly (blow): tó¢lih, av.
smashing suddenly (glass VI; 10): vóč’lih, av.

smear:nlb, tv; n1bbenal, n4f.

smeared: n1bahtik, aj.
smeared here and there: šamantik, aj.

smell: ʔaʔibe ʔik’, vphr(tv&n4f).
smell of skunk: ¢isil, n3d.

(body odor): š’in, aj.

smiling:¢eʔet, av.
smiling all the time: č’ilet ʔe, vphr(av&n4d).

smock: small boy’s smock: kamišail, n3d.
straight smock worn by younger boys: ¢’ibal k’uʔul, nphr(aj&n)3d.

smoke:č’ail, n1a; sik’alah, iv; sik’alan, tv.
/bees, patient, new house/: č’ata, tv.
/cigarette/: bu¢’, tv.
/unoccupied house so that it will not mildew/: č’ailtas. tv.

smoker: hsik’alahel, agn.

smoking: bu¢’et, av.

smooth:t’ab, av; č’ulul, aj; lič’ič’, aj.
become smooth: č’ul ba, rv; č’uleah, iv.
smooth and polished: ¢’ab, av.
smooth and straight (road): ¢’abal, aj.
smooth back with hand /hair/: bek’, tv.
/stone, metate/: hoʔ, tv.
/wall of mud and wattle house/: fabolah, iv; t’abulan, tv.
wet and smooth /ground on which flailed corn is to fall/: t’ab, tv.
/wood/: č’ul, tv.
worn smooth (mountain path clearly visible in the distance): t’ahal, aj.

smoothen:/fresh daub/: ¢’ab, tv.

smoothing:/stone, metate/: hoʔhon, av.

smut:corn smut: čuʔ ʔišim, nphr(n of n)5.

snack:/because one does not want to spend money/: si¢’ah č’ut, vphr(tv&n4d).
/eaten by members of curing ceremony at various crosses, most frequently at Kalvario/: ʔalmorsal, n1d.
/food eaten to fill stomach after insufficient meal/: kapin, n4f.

snacking:si¢, av.

snail: fresh water snail: pošil čuvah, nphr(n of n)5; puyal ʔuk’um, nphr(natt&n)5.*
land snail: ʔat nab, nphr(n4f of n5).*; ʔunen k’obol, nphr(aj&n)1e.*; ton-tob, nphr(n&xcpd)1d.*
river snail: puy, n1a.’; šuti, n1a.

snake: čon, n1e.
banded coffee snake: hčabahom čon, agn(nphr/agn type n/)5.’; k’anal hčabahom con, nphr(aj & nphr/agn type n/)S.’ black snake: ʔakuša čon, nphr(n type n)5.*
coral snake: kantela čon, nphr(n type n)5.’ gopher snake: čih-čon, n(aj&n)5.*
highland black and white snake: moʔoč, n5.*; peč’-hol, n(aj&ncpd)5.*
indigo snake: meʔel čon, nphr(n type n)1e.*
lowland black water snake: ʔik’-nab čon, nphr(n/aj&ncpd/ type n)5.*
lowland snake: savanero, n5.*
lowland water snake: t’ub-čon, n(aj&ncpd)1a.
lyre snake: ʔak’ čon, nphr(n type n)5.*
ring-necked coffee snake: ʔik’al hčabahom čon, nphr(aj&nphr/agn type n/)5.*
snake skin: solil, n4e.
supernatural snake: čuk vi¢ʔ, nphr(n1f of n5).*
tropical king snake: kantela čon, nphr(n type n)5.*
vine snake: ʔitah čon, nphr(n type n)5.*

snaking: luk, av.

snap: (rope): turn ta tuč’el, vphr(iv&prep&vn5).
/rope/: turn ta tuč’el, vphr(tv&prep&vn5).
(spark): č’it, iv.

snapping: snapping suddenly (rope, wire): trímluh, av.
snapping suddenly (wire, neck of man): túmlih, av.

snare: /for rabbits, dogs or quails/: p’ilom teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.

snarl: močilan ba, tv., rv.

snarled: teč’ton, av.
be snarled (hair): pa¢i, iv.
become snarled: moč ba, rv; pa¢ ba, rv.
become snarled (hair, thread): hal ba, rv.
(hair): paeal, aj; teč’eč’, aj.
with snarled hair: pa¢, av.

snarling: niek’, vo, av.
snarling ferociously (dog) /i is nasalized/: hiet, av.

snarly-haired: (sick woman): pa¢-hol, n(aj&ncpdp.

snatch: snatch up: k’otbah ʔuʔun, vphr(aj/pred/&n4d).

snatching: ka¢’, av.

sneeze: hat’isah, iv; hat’isan, tv.

sniff: ʔaʔibe ʔik’, vphr(tv&n4f).
(dog): vus niʔ, vphr(tv&n4d).
(person, dog): mus niʔ, vphr(tv&n4d).
sniff at (person, horse, dog): ʔu¢’i, tv.
sniff the air: tas-ʔik’i, tv(tv&ncpd).

sniffing: ʔu¢’, mus, av.
(dog V4;14): sukson niʔ, vphr(av&n4d).
sniffing suddenly (dog): vuslih niʔ, vphr(av&n4d).

snitch: mukul-ʔelk’an, tv(aj&tvcpd).

sniveling: simson, av.

snivelling: mus, av.

snore: hokbe vayel, vphr(tv&vn5).

snoring: hok, hor, pur, av; vokoket nič, vphr(av&n4d).
(person V4;8): pok’et niʔ, vphr(av&n4d).
snoring loudly: hok’ok’et niʔ, vphr(av&n4d); pok’ok’et niʔ, vphr(av&n4d).
snoring softly through nose: loket niʔ, vphr(av&n4d). snoring very loudly: lokoket ni9, vphr(av&n4d).

snore: (horse): tulubah, iv. snort many times (frightened horse): hokan niʔ, vphr(tv&n4d).

snorting: hok, pur, av.

snowbel: muk’tik bak teʔ, nphr(aj&nphr/aj&n/).

snowberry: pošil t’ahel(1), nphr(n of vn).

snub: by tilting nose and looking away/: haʔan niʔ, vphr(tv / / n).

snub-nosed: mok, šep’, av; mok-niʔ, n(aj&ncpd)5.
/mark of beauty/: mušul, aj.
(person, cat, dog) /mark of ugliness in person/: šep’el, aj.

snuffler: hhok’-nʔ, agn(tv&ncpd).

snuffling: mus, av.

so: ku, pt; toh, aj; tol, aj.
so long as: haʔ noš kwenta, nphr(pt&pt/contr of no&ʔoš/&n5).
so that: yoʔ, pt.

soak: losp’in, tv; pi¢’¢an, tv.
/cloth in dye, barrel or leather in water/: t’ub, tv.
/clothes/ (rain, river): t’ayan, tv.
/in water, dye or soup, corn kernals in salt water when divining soul-loss/: ¢ah, tv.
/seed corn/: sit’es, tv.

soaked: pi¢ t’ay, av; tulul, aj; t’ayal, aj.
be soaked by /rain/: ʔatin, tv.
become soaked: pi¢’i, iv.
become soaked (child): losp’in ba, rv.
become soaked (clothing, person): pi¢’¢ah, iv.
become soaked (woman carrying cracked water jug): t’ay¢ah, iv.
(clothing, floor): pi¢il, aj.
(clothing, people): losol, aj.
get soaked: t’ayetah, iv.

soaking: t’ubul, aj.
vain soaking /of person/: pi¢’¢aneh-bail, vn(tv&rpncpd)5.

soap: šavon, n1a.

soaring: hay, av; vilet, av.

sob: sob to oneself: ʔok’ita ba, rv.

sobbing: ʔav, ʔuy, k’ek’, av; hik’hon, av.

sober: (person, words) /not drunk/: kušul, aj.
sober up: kuš, iv.

sobriety: kušlehal, n4d.

socks: woolen socks /worn by ensign-bearer, captain, cantor, angel, k’uk’ul čon, kaʔbenal, and sak-hol/: meriaš, n1a.

soft: ʔuy, pu¢’, av; k’un, aj; k’unil, aj.
become soft: k’unlb, iv.
become soft (cooked beans, watermelon squash, cushaw, peaches): ʔuy¢ah, iv.
become soft (corn kernel when boiled in lime water): bi, iv.
become soft and moist (dirt on body or clothes): vos, iv.
become soft and moist (earth, dirt on body or clothes): vosan ba, rv; vos¢ah, iv.
(cooked beans, watermelon squash, cushaw or peaches): huyul, aj.
(hair): k’un-yaman, aj(aj&T/2/cpd).
make soft and moist /earth, dirt on body/: voses, tv.
soft underfoot (sand, gravel): yiʔiʔet, av.
(suffícíently cooked beans): loʔol, aj.

soft-boil: /egg/: čik\ tv.

soft-boiled: (egg): čik’bil, aj.

soften: /corn kernel by boiling in lime water/: bies, tv.
/leather/: k’unlbtas, tv.

soggy: become soggy (paper, clothing): losp’ih, iv.
become soggy (tortilla, toasted tortilla, paper): vos, iv; vosan ba, rv; vos¢ah, iv.
make soggy /tortilla, toasted tortilla, paper): voses, tv.
(tortillas, toasted tortillas): vosol, aj.

soil: bal, tv.
crumbly soil: puk-sat balamil, nphr(n/aj&ncpd/ type n)5.
soil self: bon ba, rv.

sold: sold out: mu tabah, ajphr(pt&aj).

soldier: hʔak’-k’ok’, agnftv&ncpd); soltaro, agn.

sole:/foot/: ʔut ʔokol, nphr(n4f of n3d).
new sole /nailed on top of worn sandal sole/: lambenal šonobil, nphr(n4f of n3d).
sole of foot: pač’omal ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d).

solitaire: brown-backed solitaire: ʔoresyon mut, nphr(n type n)5; tak’in ʔantivo, nphr(n of n)5.

solitary:(hair, corn plant, tree): vičil, aj.

sombreron: sompreron, n5.*

someone: buč’u, pt.

somersault: ¢’ukul-niʔih, iv(aj&ivcpd); valk’uh čak, vphr(iv/3s/&n4d): valk’un čak, vphr(tv&n4d).

sometime: /in the future/: bak’in, pt.

sometimes: ʔoy, n5; bak’intik, pt.
sometimes …sometimes: ʔoy… ʔoy, n5…n5,

somewhere: bu, pt; buy, pt(contr of bu&ʔoy).

son: /affectionate term of address to young boys/: ¢uk’, n1d.
term of address and reference: krem, n1d.

son-in-law: niʔil, n3d.

soncoya: čin-hol k’eveš, nphr(n/aj&n/ type n)5.

song:¢’uhulal, n4f; k’evuh, n5.
/popular ladino music/: pyesa, n1e.
popular song: kansyon, n1d; kašlan son, nphr(aj&n)5.

sonofabitch: /exclamation expressing surprise or amazement/: púta, excl.

soon:nopol, aj.
as soon as: naka, pt.

soot: ʔobak, n1e; sibak, n1a.

sooty: šuč’ul, aj.

sopping: sopping wet: pi¢’, av; t’ayayet, av.

sore: /caused by sandal/: tiʔben, n4f; tiʔbenal, n4f.
fever sore /in mouth/: čup ʔeal, nphr(n1e of n3d).
lip sore: p’otbenal, n3d.
sore on bottom of toe /suffered by children/: tiʔben lukum, nphr(n of n)5.

sores: fever sore /in mouth/: ʔeal, n3b.

sorghum: tukum hʔik’al, nphr(n of agn)5.
sorghum molasses candy: tukum, n1a.

sort: tos, nc.

soul: ʔanima, n1d.
/ č’ulel/: talel, vnlb.
/of everything naturally created, and of manufactured objects that have been used and so receive soul of owner/: č’ulel, n4.

soul-loss: balamil, n1a; komel, vn5; komel ta balamil, nphr(vn5&prep&n5).*; sikil balamil, nphr(aj&n)5.
an. poss.; soul-loss /unless preceded by kosil; my land/: balamil, n1a.
be unlikely to suffer soul-loss: ¢o¢ č’ič’el, n4b.

sound: ʔal, tv.
make a sound: bak’, iv.
sound hole /fiddle, guitar, harp/: satil, n3c.

sour: poh, aj.
become sour: pahub, iv.
become sour (food): č’aub, iv.
go sour: pahetah, iv.
go sour (dough): šinub, iv.
going sour (corn dough): nočočet, av.

sour grass:ʔoʔlol vala-pohov, nphr(aj&n/x&ncpd/); bik’it vala-pohov, nphr(aj&n/x&ncpd/); ¢o¢in vala-pohov, nphr(aj&n/x&ncpd/); k’oš vala-pohov, nphr(aj&n/x&ncpd/); muk’ta vala-pohov, nphr(aj&n/x&ncpd/); vala-pohov, n(x&ncpd).

sourness: pahal, n4f.

south: šokon vinahel, nphr(n of vn)5.

sow: vih, tv.
/coriander, chili, flower, cabbage, or field mustard seeds/: vah, iv; vah, tv.

sowbug: highland sowbug: čitom čon, nphr(n type n)1e.*

sowthistle: common sowthistle: čikario, n1a; č’iš čikario, nphr(aj&n).
prickly sowthistle: č’iš čikario, nphr(aj&n).

Soyaó: Suyal Voʔ, nphr(natt&n)5.

spade: sharp-bladed spade for clearing weeds /now replaced by hoe/: kova, n1a.

Spaniard: /of mythic times/: ʔespanyol, n5.

Spanish: grand Spanish lord /major player of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who was the grand alcalde of the previous year/: muk’ta hkašlan, nphr(aj&agn).
/language/: kastilya, n5.
petty Spanish lord /major player of the fiesta of St. Sebastian who was the petty alcalde of the previous year/: bik’it hkašlan, nphr(aj&agn)5.

spare: be able to spare: lok’, iv.

spark: nič k’ok’, nphr(n of n)5.

sparking: č’it, av.

sparkling:(star): čihil, aj.
with sparkling eyes: ¢’il, av.

sparrow: rufous-crested sparrow: činčon, n5.*

sparse: kaybentik, aj; peeantik, aj; pe¢kantik, aj.
(corn, plants, hair, pubic hair, trees): taman, aj.
(hair, corn plants, trees): vičahtik, aj.
(pubic hair): ¢opol, aj.
(pubic hair, corn plants): tamkan, aj.

spasm: having spasms: šit’, av.
having spasms (flesh of recently slaughtered animal): mut’lahet, av.
with muscular spasms (dying person or animal, epileptic, person or animal twitching frequently in sleep): tellahet, av.

spattered: (mud, excrement): t’o¢ol, aj.
spattered with wet excrement or mud: k’o¢ol, aj

spattering: č’it, av.

speak:k’opoh, iv.
ritual speech, petitioner to parents of prospective bride; speak: tiʔin, tv.
speak formally: č’ul-k’opon, tv(aj&tvcpd).
speak openly or frankly: hamal ʔal, vphr(aj&tv).
speak softly /to horse to calm it/: č’ul-k’opon, tv(aj&tvcpd).
speak strongly or forcefully: toy ʔe, vphr(tv&n4d).

speaking: not be on speaking terms: kapaneh-bail, vn(tv&rpncpd)5.
speaking thickly or incoherently (drunk, person with speech impediment): kaskon, av.

spear: lansa, n1a.

speckled: (bean): piruk’, aj.

spectator: hʔelav, agn.
spectator at fiesta: hk’el-ʔlav, agn(tv&ncpd); hk’el-ʔosil, agn(tv&ncpd); hk’el-k’in, agn(tv&ncpd).

speech: ʔeal, n3b.
give a speech: ʔalbe melol, vphr(tv&n4f).

speechless: be speechless /with fear/: ʔaleah, iv.
grow speechless /with fear/: ʔalub, iv.

spell: cast a spell (witch of neighboring town): pay čamel, vphr(tv&vn5).

spend: /money/: pik, tv.
spend all one’s money: kastoin, tv.
spend money for doctor: man ba ta tak’in, vphr(rv&prep&n5).
spend the night: vay, iv.

spent: being spent: bek’, av.
being spent rapidly: pik, av.

spherical: volvol, aj.

spicy: make spicy: yaubtas, tv.

spider: /general term/: ʔom, n1e.

spider flower: paʔ ʔitah, nphr(x type n)1d.

prickly spider flower: veʔel čintuln, nphr(n of n).

spiderling: pu¢ul ničim, nphr(aj&n); vaʔahtik neš, nphr(aj&n).

spiked: negrohead soncoya): šinkul, aj.

spikelike:(corn) /first developmental stage also called bičilik and p’ičilik//plu/: lavuštik, aj.

spill:k’eb, tv; mal, iv; malk’uh, iv; tanetah, iv.
(corn, beans, potatoes, nixtamal, wool): tanih, iv.
/liquid/: mal, tv.
/solids/: busk’in, tv.

spilled: be spilled (blob of thick liquid, corn gruel, boiled squash): let’i, iv.
(small blob of thick liquid; corn gruel, human or chicken excrement): let’el, aj.
with food spilled on front of clothes: pik’iš, aj.

spilling: bus, k’eb, let, let’, mal, puk, tan, av.

spin: nahomah, iv; navu, tv; navuh, iv; navun, tv.
/swift/: hoyibtas, tv.
(top): ʔak’otah, iv.
/top/: ʔak’otahes, tv; ʔak’ottas, tv.

spinal: spinal column: č’iš patil, nphr(n of n)3d.

spindle: petet, n1a.

spindly: grow spindly, (unweeded corn, beans or potatoes): natub, iv.
walking with spindly legs: t’ilt’on ʔok, vphr(av&n4f); t’irt’on ʔok, vphr(av&n4b).

spine: č’iš, n1a; č’iš patil, nphr(n of n)3d.
spine and pope’s nose /section of slaughtered chicken/: peč čakil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

spinner: hnahom, agn.

spinning:har, him, hoy, set, av; nahelil, n3d.
(falling leaf): vereret, av.
(leaves in wind): virir, av.

spinster: meʔel ¢eb, nphr(aj&n)5.

spirit: animal companion spirit of witch /black dog, cow, goat, cat, horse/: vayihel, n1d.
companion animal spirit: čanulil. n3d.
evil female spirit: špak’in teʔ, nphr(n4f of n5).*

spírít: /in Tuxtla/: resinto, n5.

spit: šoh, tv; šohbe, tv; tubah, iv; tuban, iv; tubil, n3d.
/for meat/: ʔasarol, n1a.
spit on: tubta, tv.*
spit out /cane liquor/: pu¢’ta, tv.

spitted: be spitted: šohi, iv.

spitting: pi¢, av.
spitting explosively (person EKL 255;l-7): tuton, av.
spitting frequently (drunk): tuton, av.

spittle: have spittle form around mouth (drunk): po¢po¢-vokan, iv(aj&ivcpd).

splash: č’ites, tv.
splash by stamping /water, mud/: čit’u, tv.
splash self (person, bird): puk’olah, iv; puk’- ulah, iv.
(water, mud): č’it, iv.

splashing: č’it, puk’, t’ub, av.
splashing suddenly (water): váhluh, av.

splatter: (mud): ʔuyk’ih, iv.

splattered: (mud, excrement): t’ašal, aj.

splattering: splattering suddenly: t’ašluh, av.

splatting: ta’š, av.
splatting suddenly: t’ášluh, av.

splay: (butt of stick): val¢ah, iv.
cause to splay /butt of stick/: val¢an, tv.

spleen: ʔač’el, vn4d.

splint: č’il-teʔil, n(aj&ncpd)3a.

splinter: čilopal teʔ, nphr(n of n)5; čiul, n4e; hepel teʔ, nphr(aj&n)5; sil yalel, vphr(iv&dr); voč’ol teʔ, nphr(aj&n)1a; voč’olil, n4f; vok’ol teʔ, nphr(aj&n)1e.
/of pine/: silbenal, n1f.
/pine/: sil, tv.
splinter or piece of bone: voč’ol bak, nphr(aj&n)1e.

splintered: ʔup’up’et, av; čiloptik, aj; voč’el, aj.

splintering: (bone): ʔup’up’et, av.

split: ʔeseltik, aj; hapalul, n4f; hav, iv; silil, aj; t’ah, iv; t’ahal, aj; t’ahes, tv.
be split (toasted tortilla): t’ah sat, vphr(iv&n4d).
cause corn to split open /second boiling of corn for posol/: vešes, tv.
/in many places/: silahtik, aj.
(overly dry palm strip for hat): silp’uh, iv.
split and become powdery (lime): ʔeš, iv.
split apart /wood/: liʔan ta havel, vphr(tv&prep&vn5).
split in two: čaʔ-havin, tv(num&tvcpd).
split in wide strips /palm strip for tying branches of flowers/: sil, tv.
split off: hek, tv.
split off (branch): hek, iv.
split off (rock, cliff): ¢ik’¢ah, iv.
split off /pine chips from standing tree/: poč lok’el, vphr(tv&dr).
split off /shoot/: hep, tv.
split open (bean or lead tree pod, improperly ground corn): p’at, iv.
split open (corn when boiled twice for posol): ʔeš, iv.
split open (corn, lime): veš, iv; vešel, aj.
split open (earth): kav, iv.
split open (end of chayote, overripe papausa, heel): kaval, aj.
split open (old fence, clothing): liʔ¢ah, iv.
split open (wall, mud): kaš ba, rv.
split open (wood, clothing, heel): liʔ ba, rv.
split open /corn for posol or toasted tortillas/ /by second boiling/: tukes, tv.
split wide open (worn clothes): liv¢ah, iv.
(tooth): liʔil, aj.
(vagina, cracks in feet): t’ošol, aj.
(wall, jug, griddle): ¢ik’, iv. (wood in sun): sil ba, rv; sil yalel, vphr(iv&dr).
/wood/: hav, tv; havalul, n4f; t’oš, tv; t’ošomah, iv.
(wood, fingernail): hep, iv.

splitting: hav, kav, t’il, av; silson, av.
(headache): šet’šon, av.
splitting in various places: t’áhtet’ahte, av.
splitting off: hek, av.
splitting open: liʔ p’at, av.
splitting open here and there (lime when burnt): véštevéšte eč’el, vphr(av&dr).
splitting suddenly in two: šévluh, av.

splotchy: (children’s faces after playing with charcoal): ¢’ibaron, aj.

spoil: (corn or beans stored too long): ʔeč’omah, iv; ʔeč’omtah, iv.
(food): sok, iv.
(food, clothing): ¢’iʔleh, iv.

spoiled: be spoiled: kom ta manya, vphr(iv&prep&n5).

spongy: pu¢, av. (swelling): pu¢’ul, aj.

spook: hʔik’al, agn.
sir spook /Carnival character/: tot hʔik’al, nphr(n type agn)5.
young boys who dress up as spooks during Carnival: č’uč’ul hʔik’al, nphr(aj&agn)5.

spoon: leč, tv.
metal or enamel spoon: kučara, n1a.

spooning: spooning out: las, av.

spot flower: čak’ak’, n5; čak’ak’ ¢’iilel, nphr(n type n); č’inin ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj&n); k’anal nič pošil k’ok", nphr(nphr/aj&n/ type nphr/n of n/); k’oš čak’ak’, nphr(aj&n); k’oš k’anal sahoʔ, nphr(aj&nphr/aj&n/); pošil sal-¢iʔ), nphr(n of n/aj&ncpd/); vač’ teʔ ¢iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n).

spots: inan poss; spots /fawn, jaguar/: tukum, n1a.
with round spots (costume of jaguar of St. Sebastian fiesta): setahtik, aj.

spotted: sok, av.
/black or white/ (mango, snail, iguana, dog, pot): šok(2), aj.
/dog, cow, horse or corn/: pinto, n1a.
(dog, cow, horse, corncob with black, white and yellow kernels): pinto, aj.
(face): tukumtik, aj.
(fawn, paca, lamb, chickens): p’utum, aj.
(measles, pimples): vahal, aj.*
(painted child, spook, southern spotted skunk): ʔovero, aj.
/with dirt or pinta/: šokol, aj.

spottedness: šokil, n4b.

sprain: e’otk’ih, iv; e’otk’in, tv.
/back/: k’asemal, n1d.
(back, arm, leg): k’as, iv.
/back, arm, leg/: k’as, tv.
(leg, arm, back): e’oklih, iv; e’oklin, tv; e’okp’ih, iv.

sprained: e’ok, av.

spraining: e’ot, av.

sprawl: sprawl on side or back: č’oban ba, rv.

sprawled: lying sprawled on back or side: č’ohol, aj.
sprawled on side or back /plu/: č’obolik, aj.
sprawled on stomach: lič’il, aj.

sprawling: č’oh, lič’, av.

spray: /bullets/: lihnbe, tv.
/patient or sleepy musician with cane liquor, enemy with tobacco powder, child with water/: pue’ta, tv.*
spray of citrus rind: ¢isil, n3d.

spread: be spread (gossip, news): tuk, iv.
be spread afar (gossip, news): puk k’oplal, vphr(iv & n4f).
/gossip/: tanihes, tv.
have arms or wings spread wide /leaning forward/: lič’i, iv.
(pain): pukih, iv.
(sickness): č’amuh, iv.
sitting with wings spread out (setting hen): lič’il, aj.
spread flat /beans, corn, chili, earth, stones, gravel, coffee beans, sand/: hiʔ, tv.
spread flat /plu/: hiʔan, tv.
spread one’s legs apart: ham ba, rv.
spread out (clothes): lič’il, aj.
spread out (corn): yiʔil, aj.
spread out (piece of clothing, mat. loose hair of woman): k’iil, aj.
spread out /corn/: yiʔan, tv.
spread out to dry /laundry, beans, corn, coffee beans, chili/: k’i, tv.
spread wide: lič’ ba, rv.
spread wide (bunch of flowers in hand): šeteah, iv.
spread wide (tortilla being patted): lič’, iv.
spread wide /mouth of net, burlap bag/: lič’, tv.
spread wide /old basket, legs when lying down or seated/ /has sexual implication/: šek ba, rv.
spread wide /rear end of scarecrow/: šetan, tv.
spread woman’s legs apart: kačeanvan, iv.
with legs spread apart /sexual connotation/: hamal ʔok, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).

spreading: ham, hiʔ, puk, av.
spreading gossip: tanet k’oplal, vphr(av & n4f).
spreading out: k’i, av.
spreading widely: lam, av.

spring(1): make spring up and down: pueilan, tv.
make spring up and down /tree, car seat/: vueilan, tv.
spring up (loose board, stick): bečk’uh, iv; bičk’uh, iv.

spring(2): ni-nab, n(n/contr of niʔ/ & ncpd)1f.
small spring: sat voʔ, nphr(n4f of n5).
/water/: satil, n3c.

springing: (seat, marsh weeds underfoot): vuevon, av.

springy: pue, pue’, som, av.
overly springy (hoe handle): t’ilt’on ʔok, vphr(av & n4f).
overly springy (hoe handle, digging stick): t’irt’- on ʔok, vphrfav & n4b).

sprinkle: maʔlta, tv.
/rain/: vahal voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5.
sprinkle water on: vie’ulta, tv; vieʔultas, tv; vihes, tv.
sprinkle water on /flowers, hair when combing it, on floor when sweeping/ (women): ʔat’es, tv.
sprinkle water on /with hand/: vihulta, tv; vihultas, tv.
sprinkle with holy water (priest): e’uiltas, tv.

sprinkling: čah, vah, av.
sprinkling suddenly (rain): víhluh, av.

sprint: tihbe ʔanil, vphr(tv & n5).

sprout: k’elomah, iv; k’elomil, n3c.
(corn): p’ič lok’el tal, vphr(iv & dr & dr).
sprout and fruit budding from old watermelon squash stalk: sepal mail, nphrfaj & n1d).
sprout and wither (corn): p’ičan ba, rv.
sprout thickly: pimih, iv.
sprout thickly (weeds, underbrush, feathers): pimah, iv; pul, iv.

sprouting: bičilik, aj; lavuštik, aj; p’ičil, aj.
barely sprouting (weeds, pubic hair of virgin): humul, aj.
(corn) /second developmental stage when sprouts are two inches high/ /plu/: poeolik, aj
sprouting in clumps (weeds): kueahtik, aj.
(weeds): kusul, aj.
(weeds, whiskers, pubic hair): kueul, aj.

sprouts: with new sprouts appearing (weeds, pubic hair): husul, aj.

spur: čilon ʔok, nphr(n4e of n4d).

spurge: k’ask’as e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); k’oš sakil ničim santo, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta ničim santo, nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/); ničim santo, nphr(n of n); pohov e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); pošil tiʔben lukum, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/); pošil yayihel, nphr(n of vn); sakil pošil tiʔben lukum, nphr: aj & nphr(n of nphr/n of n/).
shrubby spurge: eahal ničim santo, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); mukumu, n; muk’ta ničim santo, nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/); ničim ʔanima, nphr(n of n); ničim hsoktom, nphr(n4d of agn); ničim ninyo, nphr(n of n); sakil mukumu, nphr(aj & n); sakil ničim, nphrfaj & n); sakil pohov e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil pom e’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

spurting: bič, bik, av.
(blood): tomton, av.
(diarrhea, blood): tok’ton, av.
spurting irregularly: čip, av.

sputtering: (pistol fire): p’ototet, av.

spy: spy from afar: paʔi, tv; paʔuta, tv.
spy from afar /for premeditated reason/: paʔ- muk’ta, tv(x & xcpd).
spy on: nač’etah, iv.

spying: (robber): t’ohet sat, vphr(av & n4d).
spying on: nač’, av.

square: central square: parke, n5.

squash(1): /any variety/: su, n4e.
ground watermelon squash seeds: tukum, n1a.
unattested lowland squash: sakil, n1a.
summer squash: e’ol, n1a.
watermelon squash; mail, n1a; čih-čon mail, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); kašlan e’ol, nphr(aj & n); sakil mail, nphr(aj & n); yašal mail, nphr(aj & n).

squash(2): noy ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); šamean, tv.
/basket/: vue’, tv.
(fmit): loʔ ba, rv; t’us, iv; t’us ba, rv.
/fruit/: yayihes, tv.
/fruit, flea, louse/: t’us, tv.
(hat, basket, can): šup’eah, iv.
/hat, basket, can/: šup’ean, tv; šup’k’in, tv.
(ripe fruit): šameah, iv.
squash underfoot: noyeah ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5); pae’ ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
squash underfoot /fruit, caterpillar/: t’us ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

squashed: noyol, aj; pae’al, aj.
be squashed flat (hat, basket, tin can): šup’i, iv.
(excrement, fruit): šamal, aj.
(fruit): pok’ol, aj.
squashed flat (hat, basket, can): šup’ul, aj.

squashing: loʔ, noy, av; t’uslahet, av.

squat: tivan ba, rv; tivi, iv.
(cow): lečleč, aj.
(mule, donkey): ¢apo, aj.
/on crest of hill/: t’okan ba, rv.

squatter: baltio, agn; hmak-ʔosil, agn(tv & ncpd); hmakbalamil, agn(tv & ncpd).

squatting: eub. tiv. av.
/on crest of hill/: t’oket, av; t’okol, aj.
(person): tivil, aj.

squawking: ʔek, č’eʔ, vek, av.

squeak: make squeak /palm being woven/: e’ibe, tv.
/weaving palm/: kie’be, tv.

squeaking: ʔap’ ʔep’, c’ik, e’oʔ, e’uʔ, e’un, hie’, koe p’uʔ, av.
/weaving palm/: e’ie’on, av; kie’kon, av.

squealing: ʔay, e’ie’, hoʔ, vik, av.

squeamish: be squeamish (midwife, woman who doesn’t want to clean baby after it defecates): ʔilaʔah, iv.

squeeze: /basket to test its flexibility/: vae’, tv.
/orange/: pie’, tv.
squeeze by: k’al ba helavel, vphr(rv & dr).
squeeze in one’s fist or hands: mič, tv.
squeeze into: kakan ba, rv.
squeeze one’s way in: pie’ ba očel, vphr(rv & dr).
squeeze one’s way through /narrow path/: hupan ba očel, vphr(rv & dr).
squeeze out /pus/: pie’ tv.
squeeze through /underbrush/: kaketah, iv.

squeezing: keep squeezing /rubber ball/: vueilan, tv.
squeezing through: hup, kak, av.

squelching: koe’, k’oʔ, av.
make squelching sound during copulation: koe’be, tv.

squint: (eyed): e’oʔol, aj.

squint-eyed: ʔap’et, av; e’oʔ-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5.

squinting: e’oʔ, e’uʔ, av; e’uʔul, aj.

squirrel: deppe’s squirrel: eahal čuč, nphr(aj & n)5.
flying squirrel: pepen čuč, nphr(n type n)1e.*
/general term/: čuč, n1e.*
guatemalan gray squirrel: yašal čuč, nphr(aj & n)5.

squirt: č’it, iv.
/urine, water with hose/: bičičin, tv.

squirting: č’it, pie’, pič, av.

squishing: pie’, av.

squishy: puk’ av.
(mud): noyol, aj.
squishy underfoot (excrement, etc.): šamet ta tek’el, vphr(av & pt & vn5).

st. john’s wort: eie poš, nphr(n type n).
watermelon squash: pošil ’ul hʔalnom, nphr: n4f of nphr(n4d/3s/ of agn).

St. Anthony: /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, in Voʔ-bie/: hč’ul-totik San-antonyo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5.

St. Catherine: /in Church of St. Sebastian/: hč’ul-meʔtik Katal, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

St. Dominic: /image in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, picture in the Church of St. Sebastian/: hč’ul-totik Santo Rominko, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n)5.
/small image in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik ʔIe’inal Santo Rominko, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/ aj & n/)5.

St. Elmo: St. Elmo’s fire /bestowing treasure or poslom/: šohob yan, nphr(n & aj)5.

St. Fabian: /in the Church of St. Sebastian/: hč’ul-totik Papyan, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

St. Hyacinth: /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik Hasinto, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

St. John: /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik San-hwan, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5.
St. John’s Day: ba k’el-san-hwan, nphr: n4f of vn(tv & n/aj & ncpd/).

St. Joseph: /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik San-hose, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5.

St. Lawrence: /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence, image and picture in the Church of St. Sebastian, picture in Chapel of Our Lord of Esquipulas/: hč’ul-totik San-torenso, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5.
/medium-sized image in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik ʔoʔlol San-torenso, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5.
/small image in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik ʔIe’inal San-torenso, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/aj & n/)5.

St. Martin: St. Martin of Porras /in churches of ʔApas and Naben Čauk/: hč’ul-totik San-martin, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5.

St. Mary Magdalen: /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-motik Malalena, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

St. Matthew: /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik San-matyo, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5.

St. Peter: /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik San-pegro, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5.
St. Peter Martyr /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik Sam-poro Martil, agn: nphr(n/aj & n/ type nphr/n/aj & ncpd/ & n/)5.

St. Rose: /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence, in Voʔ-bie/: hč’ul-meʔtik Santa-roša, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5.

St. Sebastian: martil, n5.
Church of St. Sebastian: martil, n5.
/large image in the Church of St. Sebastian, cf. hč’ul-totik Kartil/: hč’ul-totik Martil, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
/picture in house of grand alcade/: hč’ul-totik Kartil, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
/small image in the Church of St. Sebastian/: hč’ul-totik ʔIe’mal Martil, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n/aj & ncpd/)5.

St. Teponaxtle: /in ʔElan Voʔ/: hč’ul-totik T’ent’en, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

St. Theresa: /in nave of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-me’ʔtik Teresa, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

stab: e’apbe, tv; e’un, tv; hul, tv; ših, tv; šohbe, tv; tihan, tv.
/bull, pig, person/: šen, tv.
/with knife/: pahbe, tv.

stack: laean, tv; laebenal, n4f.
be in a stack: laei, iv.
/boards, firewood, bottles on side, burdens, bricks, tiles, tortillas/: lae, tv.
sitting in stack (tortillas): loeet, av.
/tortillas, stone slabs, boards, bricks, paper/: loe, tv.

stacked: laeal, aj.
be stacked (tortillas, etc.): loei, iv.
(tortillas, etc.): loeol, aj.

staff: shaman’s or official’s staff: nam-teʔal, n(aj & ncpd)3a.
shaman’s staff: biš, n1a.
staff of office: teʔ, n1f.
staff of office /of grand alcalde, petty alcalde, magistrate, syndic, justice of the peace/: baston, n1a.

stagger: (drunk): vuk’lahetah, iv.
make stagger: kikp’un, tv.
(mule or person given heavy burden): vue’eah yalel, vphr(iv & dr).

staggering: čev, kik, luk, pee’, puč’, puh, šov, šoy, tik, vat, vue’, vuk, vuk’ yak, av; vukul čevel, ajphr(aj &aj).
(sing): butlahet, av.

stain: bal, tv.
stain green or blue: yašubtas, tv.
stained: lep’, av.

stained: lep’el, aj.
be stained: ʔatin, tv.

staircase: kóholkóhol, n4f.

stake: forked stake for holding pots, etc.: pečeč teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1d.
stake on which lamp rests: kušanob toh, vphr(n1f of n1d).
stake with branches /used to set or hang pots on/: čikin teʔ, nphr(n of n)1a.

stale: become stale smelling: homomib, iv.
stale and curled up (tortilla): taki-moč’an, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd).
stale and curled up at the edges (tortilla): taki-pečan, aj(aj & P, P/2/cpd).
with stale odor: homhom, aj; homom, aj.

stalk: corn stalk of mature plant: k’ahben, n1a.
stalk of grass flower: eieop’, n1a.
stalk of maguey inflorescence: komen, n4e.

stalky: /greens, cabbage that has not headed/: čevleh(2), n4f.

stallion: bae’i kaʔ, nphr(aj & n)5; potro, n1a.

stammering: ʔum, av; ketlahet, av.
/also said of person with rudimentary knowledge of Spanish/: maklahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d).

stamp: lorn ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); pak’ulan ʔok, vphr(tv / / n); puč’k’in, tv; tek’ulan ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d).
official stamp /both mark and instrument/: seyo, n1a.
(person, deer): tek’ ʔok, vphr(tv / / n).
/revenue stamp for deed, postage stamp/: timpre, n1e.
stamp angrily: tek’tonah, iv.
stamp down /corn in bag/: ših, tv.
stamp down /pile of stubble/: pak’ean yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
stamp on: pae’ulan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); pue’ ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
stamp on (drunk): pak’ ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
stamp on /enemy/: lomilan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
stamp on person (drunk): noyvan ta tek’el, vphr(in & prep & vn5).
stamp up and down on springy substance /blanket, wool/ (child): somilan ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

stampeding: lin. av.

stamping: pue’, av.
splash by stamping /water, mud/: čit’u, tv.

stand: (insect, fungus, snail, squirrel, woodpecker, iguana, lizard, person clinging to tree trunk): noč’i, iv.
(insect, lizard /on upright/, snail): nuši, iv.
(insects) /close to surface/: noči, iv.
(large house): vaši, iv.
(lizard, etc.): pati, iv.
(lizard, frog, turtle, mouse, rabbit): patan ba, rv.
(mushroom): lečan ba, tv.
(pole): vaʔi, iv.
stand close to ground (rat): nuli, iv.
stand dumbly: šup’an ba, rv.
stand on /end of rope/: pae’ ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
stand on all fours: kotih, iv.
stand on all fours allowing one’s anus to be seen: voman ba, rv.
stand on crest of hill: veli, iv.
stand on end (hair): č’etk’uh, iv; č’išeah, iv; č’iši, iv; č’išp’uh, iv.
stand on head: e’uki, iv.
stand on object /to reach something/: tek’obin, tv.
stand on object to improve one’s view: vaʔlebin, tv.
stand on tiptoes: lit’an ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d).
stand on tiptoes or on tip of hoof: lit’ ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d); lit’an ba, rv.
stand still: vaʔan ba, rv; vaʔi, iv.
stand up: toe, iv; toe ba, tv; vaʔean ba, rv; vaʔi, iv.
stand up (animal): koti, iv.
stand up (hair): ¢avi, iv.
stand up /log/: vaʔan, tv.
stand up for (lawyer): tek’an ba, rv.
stand up for person /giving orders, advice/: šik’an ba, rv.
stand up swaying (child before it can walk): lečan ba, tv.
stand with forepaws on person (dog): vaʔlebin, tv.
stand with legs widely planted: hetan čak, vphr(tv & n4d).
(tree, plant): peei, iv.

standing: pat, p’eh, av.
(animal, furniture, machine, cat, arch, rainbow, bent over tree): kotol, aj.
(antlers): vačal, aj.
be standing (child): t’enetah, iv.
be standing (heavily loaded truck or person): vati, iv.
be standing (house): vaʔeah, iv.
be standing (house, spherical object; water jug, rock): p’ehi, iv.
(church, mountain): p’ehel, aj.
(deadfall, house that has no daub): tivil, aj.
(insect): nočol, aj.
(insect, snail, lizard): nušul, aj.
leave standing /person/: vaʔan komel, vphr(tv & dr).
(lizard, turtle, rabbit, frog, mouse): patal, aj.
(people, pot): vaʔal, aj.
(person): šikil, aj.
(plant, tree, vine, grass, etc.): tek’el, aj.
(scarecrow, person): večel, aj.
(small amount of liquid): t’ibet, av; t’ibil, aj.
standing aimlessly: vaʔal, aj.
standing close to ground: nulul, aj.
standing in ground: pah, av.
standing on branch: t’očol, aj.
standing on end: šik’, av; š ikil, aj.
standing on end (hair, beard) /naturally or with fear/: č’išil, aj.
standing on tip of hoof or with heel of one foot raised: lit’il, aj.
standing together (people, houses, animals, pair of oxen): lotol, aj.
standing up (ears of dog, cat, horse or rabbit, horns): lačal, aj.
standing up (hair, beard, wool): ¢aval, aj.
standing with lowered head (cow, horse, sheep): činil, aj.
(tree, plant): peeel, aj.

star: k’anal, n1e.
falling star seen at dusk: poslom, n1e.*
morning star: ba¢al, n5.
pair of shooting stars: mankornal k’anal, nphr(n type n)5.
shooting star /seen after midnight/: meʔ tak’in, nphr(n of n)5.*

starch: /apply corn gruel on threads to strengthen them if they break during weaving/: ʔulultas, tv.
apply starch /on woven cloth where weak/: šulultas, tv.

stare: k’el, tv.
stare at person: k’elvan, iv.
stare fixedly: bot’k’ih, iv.
stare fixedly to one side: šiheah, iv.
with fixed stare: tonol, aj.

staring: bot’ bul, p’al, p’il, ton, av; čihil, aj; čihilik, aj; level sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).
be staring: toni, iv.
staring aimlessly: leʔ, av.
staring blankly (baby): kolol, aj.
staring blankly or dazedly: kol, av.
staring dazedly: nak, av.
staring dazedly (drunk): kolol, aj.
staring fixedly: pah, av.
staring vacantly: pil, av.
staring vacantly (baby, puppy, blind person): kulet sat, vphr(av & n4d).
with eye staring fixedly to one side: šihših, aj.

start: start from scratch: lik ta lum, vphr(iv & prep & n5).

starter: starter for cane liquor /yeast/: meʔ poš, nphr(n of n)5.
starter for chicha /charred corncob or charred piece of sugarcane/: meʔ yakil voʔ, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/)5.

starting: čeč, mut’, av.
starting or twitching /with fright/: p’ítluh, av.
starting suddenly (person, horse): vátluh, av.
starting up: pit, av.

startle: sibtas, tv.

state: state definitely: ʔak’ k’op, vphr(tv / / n); ʔal k’op, vphr(tv / / n).

stay: kom, iv.
stay at another’s house /overnight or for several days/: č’amun na, vphr(tv & n1d).
stay at home: nakean ba, rv.
stay at home /to keep appointment with visitor/: nakan ba, rv.
stay at home /to keep appointment/: nakleta, tv.
stay at home /waiting for person/: nakeah, iv.

stay-at-home: hčotleh, agn; hkuhleh ta na, agn(nphr/n5 & prep & n5/).

staying: staying at one house after another (orphan): náp’tenáp’te, av.

steady: /one’s legs when carrying heavy burden/: nakan, tv.

steal: ʔelk’ah, iv; ʔelk’an, tv; e’al, tv; pas ʔabtel, vphr(tv & vn4d).
steal equally: komon-ʔelk’an, tv(aj & tvcpd).
steal girl: pas bolil, vphr(tv & n5).

stealthily: (robber walking): ¢avubil, aj.

steam: /hot liquid, river, body after washing, earth/: sobal, n1b.
make steam: eon, tv.
steam bath: pus, n1a.
steam cure: pus ton, nphr(n type n)1e.*
take steam bath: pusiltas, tv; pusin, iv.

steaming: čik’, av.
steaming hot: pus, av.

steamshovel: pala makina, nphr(n type n)1e.

steel: ʔasero, n1e.

steep: pahal, aj; vaʔal, aj.
steep slope: pahaltik, n5.

steer: /car/: e’ot, tv.
steer around bends /car/: k’utp’in, tv.

stem: /fruit/: ʔušubil, n3f.
main stem /plant/: ʔokol, n3b.

stench: tuil, n4b.
/corpse/: tuil, n4b.

step: step aside: vee’ ba, rv.
step in /excrement, mud, rotten fruit/: šam ta tek’el, vphr(tv & pt & vn5); šem ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
step on: tek’, tv.
step on /chick/ (mother hen): pie’ ta tek’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
step on /corn, plants/ (horse): lomilan ta tek’ el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
step on person’s foot: lomvan ta tek’el, vphr(iv & prep & vn5).
step over: lut’i, tv.*
step _______. used with kin term of nuclear family and wife’s brother /infr/: čaʔ _______, n(num & ncpd)3d.

stepping: stepping in: šam, av.
stepping out: šik’šon, av; teʔton, av.

steps: kóholkóhol, n4f.

sternum: tip of sternum: niʔ ʔoʔonil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

steward: /religious official of the first level of the religious hierarchy, man in charge of waterhole renewal ceremonies/: martomo, agn.
steward of Voʔ-bie: martomo ʔane, agn(nphr/n type n/5).
steward of Our Lady of Guadalupe: valalupa, n5.
steward of Our Lady of the Rosary: hč’ul-meʔtik, agn(aj & ncpd)5.
steward of St. Anthony: san-antonyo, n(aj & ncpd).
steward of St. Dominic: santo rominko, nphr(aj & n)5.
steward of St. Sebastian: šan-čavaščan, n(aj & ncpd)5.
steward of the Holy Cross: santa-krus, n(aj & ncpd)5.
steward of the Holy Sacrament: sakramentu, n5.

steward-royal: /most prestigious official of the first level of the religious hierarchy/: martomo rey, agn(nphr/n type n/5).

stick(1): teʔ, n1f; teʔel, n4f.
forked stick /slingshot/: teʔel ʔuliʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d).
forked stick used when clearing weeds with machete: karavato, n1a; karavato teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.
/match/: ʔokol, n3b.
measuring stick: vara, n1a.
metal tip of walking stick of Chamulas, etc., extended to mean walking stick: puyaʔ, n1a.
meter stick: metro, n1a.
stick fastened to dog’s neck to prevent it from chewing the rope which ties it to a tree and keeps it from marauding the corn field: ʔu teʔ, nphr(n1e of n5).
stick for leveling corn in / kwarča teʔ, kwarto ʔalmul/: varail _______, nphr(natt & n)5.
stick forced into mouth so that animal or child must drink medicine: kae’ob teʔ, nphr(n type n)5.
stick to which new candles are bound to keep them from breaking when being transported: teʔel kantela, nphr(n1f of n1d).
stick used to level corn /in kwarča te’ʔ, kwarto ʔalmul/: vara, n1a.
stick used to secure door at night: ʔok na, nphr(n4f of n1d).
sticks placed in pot to separate layers of tamales: teʔel pisil vah, nphr(n1f of nphr/aj & n/ld).
stirring stick: tul, n1a; tulal, n1f.
throwing stick /for knocking down fruit, chickens, wasp nests/: himič’ teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.
walking stick: nam-teʔal, n(aj & ncpd)3a; teʔ, n1f.

stick(2): stick fingernail into /squash to test ripeness/: set’, tv.
stick in /nail, post, digging stick/: e’apan, tv.
stick in /object/: tik’, tv.
stick into /cleft/: kakan, tv.
stick out (penis of young boy, canine): bič lok’ el, vphr(iv & dr).
stick out /tongue/: bet’, tv; lok’es, tv.
stick up (leg of drunk): bičk’uh, iv.
stick up (leg): bečk’uh, iv.

stick(3): eak ba, rv; nap’, tv; nap’i, iv.
/in throat/: kakeah, iv.
(sandal in mud, axe head in trunk of tree): mae’i, iv.
stick to person’s clothing (weeds): nap’kan, iv.

sticking(1): eak, kak, kie, av.
(bandaid being pulled off): hoeoeet, av.
sticking in throat: kuč, av.
sticking to: noč, av.
(tortilla to griddle): t’ololet, av.
(wet or sweaty clothes to back, knot that cannot be slipped tight): kieie, aj.

sticking(2): sticking nose in: šam, av.
sticking nose in /excrement/ (dogs): šemšon niʔ, vphr(av & n4d).
sticking out: č’il, av.
sticking out (ears of person listening): pečahtik, aj; pečel(2), aj.
sticking out (thatch): č’itil, aj.
sticking out or in: beč, bič, av.
sticking out or in (legs, arms): bečel, aj.
sticking up: beč, bič, av.
sticking up (legs): bičil, aj.
sticking up (small rock): pitil, aj.

sticking-plaster: parče, n1a.

sticky: eak, nap’, av; nap’ap’, aj.
become sticky (wet rope that cannot be knotted or unknotted): kieieah, iv.
become sticky (wet rope): kiek’uh, iv.
make sticky /rope/ (water): kieiean, tv.
sticky and black-faced: čab-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5.
sticky and black-nosed: čab-niʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.
sticky and dirty: čabal, aj.
walking with sticky and dirty face: čab, av.

sticky: nap’ap’, aj.

stiff: k’oš, av; šoholik, aj.
become stiff (muscles): tim¢ah, iv.
become stiff (stale tortilla): k’ošoštah, iv.
become stiff (toasted tortilla): k’ošib, iv; k’ošošib, iv.
(clothes with dirt, sweat, or blood): k’ošoštik, aj.
(clothing with blood or food stains): vak’ak’et, av.
(clothing with dried blood, hair with resin): teʔ vak’an, aj(aj & Xcpd).
(hat brim): ¢inil, aj.
(muscles): timton, av.
(neck): teʔel, aj.
(penis, canvas, mud-covered clothing): teʔ-šik’an, aj(aj & Pcpd).
too stiff (thread that is boiled in too thick starch): vak’ak’et, av.

stiff-legged: walking stiff-legged: teʔton, av.

stiffen: /penis/: teʔubtas, tv.

stiffly: standing stiffly (hair of child that has corn gruel spilled on it, pig or peccary bristles, opossum hair): vač’et, av; vač’vač’, aj.

stile: ʔakoha, n1a; tiʔ be, nphr(n1f of n1d).

still(1): ʔonoš, pt; haʔ to, ptphr(pt & pt); sempre, pt; taʔ noš, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of la & ʔonoš/), to, pt

still(2): keep still: vašan, tv.

sting: lemlonah, iv.

_______ sting /dog, snake, flea, mosquito, wasp/: tiʔben _______, nphr(n of n)5.*
male speech; sting: kob, tv.

stinger: /wasp, bee/: ʔat, n1b.

stinging: ¢ak\ k’oh, lah, lem, av.
(acrid fumes): k’ohohet, av.
(sickness in eyes, dirt in eyes, looking at sun): ¢’uhuhet k’ušul, vphr(av & n4f).
stinging suddenly (nettle): lášluh, av.
stinging suddenly /cut, sting, spark, whip blows/: nóp’lih, av.
suffering stinging eyes /from sinus, smoke, dirt in eyes, looking at sun/: vok’ok’et sat, vphr(av & n4d).

stingy: t’ut’, aj.
be stingy: toy ba, rv.
being stingy: t’ut’et, av.

stink: cause to stink /food/: tuibtas, tv.
(person who spills fat on self and doesn’t wash): šinubtas ba, rv.

stinkbug: tuil čon, nphr(aj & n)1e.

stinking: ¢ih, k’oh, šin, av; tuet, av; tuil, aj.
(bad food, corpse, flatulence, mud, excrement, tripe, fish, leather, bad breath): tu, aj.

stinting: ma¢’, av.

stipe: /mushroom/: ʔokol, n3b.

stir: huy, tv; huyomah, iv; nikes, tv.
stir up /mud/: huy, tv; nikes, tv.

stirring: maš, vaš, av; huyel, nc.
(legs or arms of foetus): mašahtik, aj.
stirring stick: tul, n1a; tulal, n1f.
stirring up suddenly (mud in water): nikluh, av.

stitching: /of capon’s wound/: lut’benal, n4f.

stock: ¢i’ʔ ničim, nphr(n type n).

stocking: na ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d).

stocky: (person): pe¢pe¢, aj.

stole: ʔistola, n1d.

stolen: stolen goods: ʔelek’il, n3a.

stomach: č’util, n3b.*
gas on the stomach: pumel, vnld.
stomach juices that rise to mouth when person is nauseated: pahal voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5.
upset stomach (cane liquor): pah ba, rv.

stomachache: k’uš ʔoʔonil, nphr(aj & n3d).

stomp: stomp on person: tek’be ¢oʔ, vphr(tv & n4d).

stone: tanal, aj; tanal, n4f; tenobah, iv; ton, n1a.
small stone to steady hearthstone: šon yoket, nphr(n1f of n1d).
small stone to steady pot on fire: šon p’in, nphr(n1f of n1d).
soft stone: k’a’ʔal ton, nphr(n type n)5.

stone crop: k’oš pimil ʔanal, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); pimil ʔanal, nphr(aj & n)1a.

stool: log stool: ¢omol, n1d; ¢omolin, n4d; p’asp’as teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a; p’osp’os teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.

stooped: vuh, av.
walk stooped: vuhetah, iv.

stop: pah, iv.
/arguing/: pah¢ah, iv.
(car): koti, iv.
/playing fiddle, etc./: č’abes, tv.
stop breathing: tup’¢ah ʔik’, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
stop doing something /wrong/: ʔikta ba, rv.
stop in one’s tracks (animal): kotan ba, rv.
stop up: mak, tv.
stop with load /of thatch, etc./: tinan ba, rv.
/work, horse/: panes, tv.

stopped: t’išil, aj.
be stopped (rolling or falling object): t’iš¢ah, iv.

stopper: suk, n4f; suk, tv.

stopper: laughlin’s stopper: ʔit’iš č’it, nphr(n4f of n5).

stoppered: (water jug): suket, av.

stopping: stopping every few minutes (tired mule): pahet, av.

storage: storage place over fire: ba k’ok’, nphr(n1f of n1d).

store: nak’, tv; tyenta, n1a; ve¢’ tv.

stored: k’ehel, aj; nak’et, av; ve¢’el, aj.
(new clothes): nak’al, aj.
/plu/: k’eheltik, aj.

stork bill: ʔakuš’a ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); ʔakuša habnal, nphr(n type n); hič’il ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’oš ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

storm: very cold northeast storm: ¢’uh ton, nphr(x type n)1a.*

story: ʔaʔyeh, vnld.
embroider the story: holintas, tv.
tell one’s side of the story: čap tal, vphr(tv & dr); čapbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f).
tell the true story: ʔalbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f).
tell the whole story: ʔalbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f).
telling one’s side of the story: čap, av.

straddling: het, av.

straight: tuk’(2), aj.
long and straight line: ki¢il, aj.

straight-shooting: be straight-shooting (gun): k’ot, iv.

straighten: tuk’ibtas, tv.
/road/: pol, tv.
straighten out: tohobtas, tv.

straightening: straightening up back: taʔ, av.

strain(1): čičin, tv; čih, tv.

strain(2): hupah, iv.
/defecating/: hupan, tv.

strainer: čičinab, n1e.

straining: ¢il, hup, tim, av.
(tethered mule or sheep trying to break loose): timet, av.
/while pulling or pushing something or carrying heavy burden/: tobobet, av.

strand: /rope/: satil, n3c.

stranger: /rope/: hnam-tal kriščano, agn: nphr(aj/aj & ivcpd/ & n5).

strangle: mit’, tv.

strangled: mit’il, aj.

strap: buckskin strap /for hat/: kamosa, n1a.
leather strap /used to bind firewood or flowers or used as lariat/: liaš, n1a.

strawberry: mock strawberry: k’oš makom, nphr(aj & n); makom ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

streaked: čihaltik, aj.
(egg with blood): silahtik, aj.
entirely streaked (chicken, hawk, quail, tinamou, hairy woodpecker): sararin, aj.

streaks: forming broad streaks (cirrus clouds): polahtik, aj.

stream: ʔuk’um, n1e.
deep stream: nabil ʔuk’um, nphr(natt & n)5.
(tears): ʔokin, iv.

streamer: leave behind streamer: pol, av.

streaming: bik’, čip, čor, č’or, kop, mal. pol, pom, pul, av.
(blood, mucous): t’ohohet, av.
streaming down: čoh, čop, av.

street: kaya, n1e.

strength: ʔip, n4e; ¢a¢al, n4b; pwersa, n1c.
/cane liquor/: k’išnal, n4f; nič, n1b.
drain person’s strength: tok’van, iv.
lose strength: čam, iv.
test person’s strength: pasvan ta preva, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

strengthen: /cane liquor/: k’išna, tv.

strenuous: /work/: ʔip, n4f.

stretch: Iiʔ, iv.
/arms and legs/: šač’omah, iv.
(corn-flailing net): lič’, iv.
/holding on with hands/: nit, tv.
(legs): tusi, iv.
/legs/: češan, tv; tel ba, rv.
make stretch downwards /heavily loaded net/: šač’k’un yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
(net) /in sun/: lič’ ba, rv.
(person, caterpillar, mule, etc.): šač’ ba, rv.
/rope between two points/: timan, tv.
stretch downwards (bag with heavy contents, watermelon squash on vine): likp’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
stretch downwards (heavily loaded net): šač’k’uh yalel, vphr(iv & dr).
stretch leg /convalescent taking first walk/: hak ʔok, vphr(tv / / n).
stretch leg /convalescent, person with reflex pain in groin/: hak ba ʔok, vphr(rv / / n).
stretch lengthwise: šač’, tv.
stretch lengthwise (leather, rope, burden, rubber, net): šač’, iv.
stretch mouth with fingers: livan ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d).
stretch out: hilč’uh, iv; tel ba, rv.
stretch out (child): šač’šač’, iv.
stretch out (drunk): češan ba, rv; kilan ba, rv.
stretch out /in sleep/: telan ba, rv.
stretch out /legs, loom/: tel, tv.
stretch out /loom/: telan, tv.
stretch out /sleeping/: šač’etah, iv; šač’i, iv.
stretch out arms laterally: hava, tv; havan k’ob, vphr(tv / / n).
stretch out together /legs/: tusan, tv.

stretched: timil, aj.
be stretched (rope between two points): timi, iv.
be stretched out (corpse, leg): teli, iv.
leave stretched out (murderer): čevan komel, vphr(tv & dr).
leave stretched out /corpse, log/: telan komel, vphr(tv & dr).
leave stretched out /log, corpse/: taʔan komel, vphr(tv & dr).
leave stretched out /murder victim/: tu¢’an komel, vphr(tv & dr).
leave stretched out and immobile /murder victim/: teʔan komel, vphr(tv & dr).
leave stretched out in pile /murder victims, corn field flattened by wind/: tusan komel, vphr(tv & dr).
lie stretched out (dog, iguana): ta¢’i, iv.
lying stretched out: taʔal, aj.
lying stretched out (dog, iguana, snake): ta¢’al, aj.
lying stretched out and immobile (sleeping person): teʔleh, n1f.
lying with legs stretched out together: tusul, aj.
moving stretched out (snake): ta¢’a¢’, av.
stretched out: češ, kil, šač’, av.
stretched out (corpse, leg, loom): telet, av.
stretched out (large snake, wood grub, hornworm): tu¢’ul, aj.
stretched out (rope, drunk, guts, snake, clothing): kilil, aj.
stretched out (sleeping or dead person): šač’al, aj.
stretched out (sleeping person, dry excrement): taki-bi¢an, aj(aj & Pcpd).
stretched out /drunk or exhausted/: hilil, aj.
stretched out and immobile (large snake): pumul, aj.
stretched out face up and immobile (corpse, sleeping person, leg, large snake): telel, aj.
stretched out in front (legs): češel(1), aj.
stretched out stiffly (drunk): teʔel, aj.
stretched wide (rear ends of people climbing tree): livahtik, aj.
stretched with a crack showing: livil, aj.

stretching: lič’, liv, šač’, av.
(chewing gum): nititet, av.
stretching and contracting: ¢uk, av.
stretching and contracting (rubber): ¢uʔuet, av.
stretching away: pol, av.
stretching away (lane, ditch, trail): polol, aj.
stretching taut suddenly (rope, skirt that is stepped on inadvertently): tímluh, av.
stretching thin: hay, av.

stride: stride healthily: telom šanav, vphr(aj & iv).

striding: šač’, tel, tim, av; šik’šon, av; teʔton, av.

stridulating: ¢’oi, av.

strike: bah, tv; lič ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); mah, tv.
/back with fist/: t’us ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
/match/: č’iʔ, tv; č’ih, tv; hoč’, tv.
/on back or side with fist/: lom ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
/pot, bottle/ /with rock or bottle/: t’ihbe, tv.
/rocks/: č’ih, tv.
/stomach with hoof/ (peccary): t’an ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
strike and cause to bend over: vuh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
strike dangling object: vit ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
strike end off /snail shell/: t’eh, tv.
strike hanging pair of /fruit/: veh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
strike in the belly /sheep/: t’en ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
strike out: tup’, tv.
strike repeatedly with _______ /rock, stick/: po¢’o¢’anbe _______, vphr(tv & n5).
strike self /on Holy Saturday Eve or Easter/: mah ba, rv.
strike sharply: t’o¢ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); t’uč ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
strike with _______ /rock, stick/: po¢’be _______, vphr(tv & n5).
strike with something prickly: lahbe, tv.
/treating person as if he were corn stubble/: va¢ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
/with fist/: pak’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
/with machete, rock or stirring rod/: kanbe, tv.

striking: striking breast suddenly (slingshot pellet hitting bird): t’óklih, av.
striking end off /snail shell/: teht’on, av.
striking hard: t’ant’on, av.
striking sharply: t’o¢, t’uč, av.

string: /bean pod, stem of watermelon squash or cushaw/: čiul, n4e.

stringiness: (chayote root): či, n4e.

strings: in strings /seed corn hung on rafter, passion fruit, grapes or chayotes hanging from vine/: čohol, aj.
/stringed instrument/ inan. poss.; sč’ušuval: č’ušuvil, n3a.

strip: /branch, cabbage leaf, corn leaf/: hek, tv.
strip man of strength (oversexed woman): his, tv.
strip off /fruit, flowers, leaves, pine needles/ (rain, wind, person): his, tv.

stripe: /clothing/: vok’, n4f.
red stripes: vak’, av.

stripe-necked: (chicken): čih-nuk’ n(aj & ncpd)5.

striped: čihaltik, aj.
(bean): ¢’ibin. aj.

stripes: barred with stripes at right angles to top or head: ¢’aram, aj.
horizontal stripes: p’asasil, n4f.

stripped: be stripped of leaves (corn field by sheep): šuleah, iv.

stripping: stripping off: his, av.

strive: ʔak’ pwersa, vphr(tv & n5); ʔak’ vokol, vphr(tv / / n).

stroke: stroke head /of child to calm it/: hašbe hol, vphr(tv & n4d).

strong: ¢a¢al, aj; ¢o¢, aj; ¢o¢ ʔoʔon, nphr(aj & n4d).
become strong: ¢a¢ubtas ba, rv; yolin ba, rv.
become strong (rain, current): ¢a¢ah, iv.
/cane liquor/: k’išin, aj.
(horse):¢ak’al, aj.
make strong: ¢a¢ubtas, tv.
strong man: ¢inil vinik, nphr(aj/pred/ & n5); tulan vinik, nphr(n type n)5.

stronger: become stronger (sick person, plant): ¢a¢ub, iv.

strongly: šik’, av.
walking erectly and strongly (people, mules): teʔlah, av.

struggle: pas baik ta preva, vphr(rv & prep & n5).
struggle out of: hipuh lok’el, vphr(iv & dr).
struggle wildly (unbroken horse, prisoner): hipulan ba, rv.
struggle with: mey baik, rv.

struggling: struggling and unable to get up (drunk, sick person): me¢mon, av.
struggling unable to arise (fat pig): vubvon, av.
/to lift burden/: tobton, av.

strumming: ¢in, av.

strut: (turkey): tek’tonah, iv.

strutting: (turkey): tek’ton, av.

stub: čuman, n4e.

stubble: corn stubble: k’ahben, n1a.

stubborn: pirn, aj; pimil, aj.

stubborness: pimil, n4b.

stubby: mok, tu¢, av.
(log): p’osp’os, aj.
(rabbit’s, dog’s or mule’s tail, boy’s penis): tu¢ul, aj.
(tail of dog or rabbit): mokmok, aj.

stuck: niuk, av; ¢akal, aj; kakkon, av; la¢’al. aj; pak’al, aj.
(axe): teʔ-¢inan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd).
be stuck: kaki, iv.
be stuck /with stick or knife/: vom ba, rv.
be stuck in branches (tree): la¢’i ta teʔ, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
be stuck in or between: la¢’ ba, rv.
be stuck in throat: kuč nuk’, vphr(tv & n4d).
be stuck to: nap’, iv.
become stuck: kaki, iv; ma¢’an ba, rv.
become stuck /in crack, etc./: ¢in ba, rv.
become stuck tight: pak’ ba, rv.
cause to get stuck /in mud or tree/: kak¢an, tv.
get stuck /in underbrush or mud/: kak¢ah, iv.
/in throat or cleft/: kakal, aj.
/in tree or ravine/: ma¢’al, aj.
(rock): ¢inil, aj.
stuck to: nap’al, aj.

student: hčan-vun, agn(tv & ncpd).

stuffing: kam, av.

stuffy: pan, av.

stumble: patk’un ba, rv.
(person, horse): patk’uh, iv.
stumble over one’s feet: čuk ba ʔok, vphr(rv & n4d); yak ba ʔok, vphr(rv & n4d); yaki, iv;
yakp’uh, iv; yakp’un, tv.

stumbling: pat, peč, poč, puč’, šot’, tik, av.
(drunk) (sing or plu): mečlah, av.

stump: čak teʔ, nphr(n1f of n5); čuman, n4e; čuman teʔ, nphr(n of n)1a.
/uprooted/: čakil, n3e.

stunted: be stunted (corn plant): ʔul¢ah, iv.
be stunted (sick child): k’ošib, iv.
grow stunted (cushaw, chayote, peach): tu¢an, tv; tu¢an ba, rv.

stupefy: bolibtas, tv.

stupid: čun, p’oʔ, šup’, t’om, va¢, av; ʔumul ʔe, vphr(aj/ pred/ & n4d); bol, aj; buro, aj; čoriso, aj; čuman teʔ hol, ajphr(nphr/n of n/5 type n)5; čunul hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d); sonso, aj; sonsoal, aj; tiʔ-čak, n(n & ncpd)5; tomet hol, vphr(av & n4d); t’omol, aj; velan, aj; voʔol, aj.
become stupid: sonsoib, iv.
become stupid (child who has been struck on the head): pimub, iv.
become stupid /from ill-treatment/: vo¢ib, iv.
female speech; How stupid!: porkínya, excl.
make stupid: sonsoibtas, tv.
(man only): počan, aj.
stupid person: pendého, n5; šon ʔat, nphr(n of n)5; vatan, n5.

stupidity: bolil, n1d; ¢’iʔal, n4d; lečanil, n4d; lehanil, n4d;
počanil, n4d; pútail, n4d; velanil, n4d.

stupidly: walking stupidly: vo¢et, av.

stupor: come out of drunken stupor: lik hol, vphr(iv & n5).
in stupor (drunk or sick person): mahet, av.

stutter: afflicted with stutter: ʔumaʔ, aj.

stutterer: become a stutterer: ʔumaʔib, iv.

stuttering: ʔum, av; maklahet ʔe, vphr(av & n4d).

sty: /in the eye/: ʔat ¢’iʔ, nphr(n4d of n5.

subjection: reduce to subjection (ladino, earth lord): mosoin, tv.

submerge: t’ub, tv.
/in mud/:¢’ah, tv.

submerged: mas, av.
become submerged: t’ub, iv. /in water or mud/: t’ubul, aj.

submerging: ¢’ah, t’ub, av.

subside: (fever, heat, pain, sickness): yam, iv.
(skin disease, smallpox, etc.): sut, iv.

subsist: subsist on: ʔipan, tv.

substitute: k’ešolil, n3b.
/for drunken official/: k’eš, nib.
/in ritual duties/: lok’taob-bail, n(n & rpncpd)1e.
/sacrificial chicken/: helolil, n3d.

successful: be successful: tohob, iv; tohobah, iv.

suck: ¢’u¢’, tv; ¢’u¢’un, tv.
/candy/: bu¢’, tv.
/dirty cane liquor through cloth/: ¢’uʔ, tv.
/fruit, candy/: bu¢’ilan, tv.
suck juice /citrus fruit, sugar cane/: ¢’uʔbe ʔa ʔlel, vphr(tv & n4f).
suck juice /citrus fruit, sugarcane/: ¢’ube ʔa ʔlel, vphr(tv & n4f).
suck out: ¢’u¢’, tv; ¢’u¢’un, tv.
suck out /water/: tok’, tv.
suck thumb: čuʔun k’ob, vphr(tv / / n).

sucker: k’elom teʔ, nphr(n of n)5.

sucking: /candy/: bu¢’bon, av.
sucking breath in: lis, av.

suckling: ¢’ue’, čm, av.
(animal): bu¢’bon, av.
(lamb, calf, puppy): t’obt’on ʔe, vphr(av & n4d).

sudsy: become sudsy: vokan, iv.

suffer: suffer in vain: ʔak’ ʔik’tiʔ, vphr(tv / / n).

suffering: vokolil, n3a.
be suffering: ʔabol ba, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn).
ritual speech; suffering: ʔik’tiʔil, n3d.

sufficient: barely sufficient amount: tihlebal, n5.
be sufficient (gift): balin, tv.

suffocate: kup-ʔik’ih, iv(tv & ncpd); kup ba ʔik’, vphr(rv & n4d).

suffocating: hik’ik’, aj.

sugar: raw sugar: ʔasuka, n1a; ¢ahal ʔasuka, nphr(aj & n)5.*
refined sugar: sakil ʔasuka, nphr(aj & n)5.*

sugarcane: ¢ahal valeʔ, nphr(aj & n); sakil valeʔ, nphr(aj & n); valeʔ, n1a.

suicide: commit suicide: mil ba, rv.

suit: /food/ (herbs): nupin, tv.

suitable: be suitable (land for crop): nupin, tv.

suitcase: malate, n1a.

sulphur (1): /used to make gunpowder for blasting iron/: ʔasuhvre, n1a.

sulphur(2): highland and lowland sulphur: k’oš k’anal pepen, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5.

sumac: č’ulul ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’oš’ pah-ʔul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); pah-ʔul, n(aj & ncpd)Id; pah-ʔul ʔak’, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); pošil ʔeal, nphr(n of n); sakil k’oš pah-ʔui, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).

summon: tak, tv; tak ta ʔik’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); tak’i, tv.
/send constable to bring person to town hall/: tak ta ʔik’el, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); tak ta k’anel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5). summon at the last moment: ʔanil-ʔik’, tv(n & tvcpd).
summon sickness /from afar/: sokbe tal hol ʔahval čamel, vphr: tv & dr & nphr(n4f of nphr/n4f of vn5/).

summoner: hʔik’vaneh, agn.

summoning: tak, av.

summons: summons to appear before judge in San Cristóbal: sitatorio, n1e.

sun: hč’ul-totik, agn(aj & ncpd)5; k’ak’al, n5.
youngest of the three suns /in mythic times/: šut, n5.

sun rose: tan ¢’iflel, nphr(aj & n); tan poš, nphr(n type n)1a.

sunbeam: šohob hč’ul-totik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/)5;
šohob k’ak’al, nphr(n of n)5.

Sunday: /an. poss. only by stewards-royal and publicans/: rominko, n1a.
Carnival Sunday: rominko k’ak’al, nphr(n type n)5.
Palm Sunday: rominko ramoš, nphr(n of n)5.

sunflower: bush sunflower: ¢ahal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); č’iš sahoʔ, nphr(n type n); k’anal k’ail, nphr(aj & n); k’anal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); k’anal sun, nphr(aj & n); k’oš piliš, nphr(aj & n); k’oš sun, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta k’anal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta ničim san-lukaš, nphr: aj & nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/)5; muk’ta sahc, nphr(aj & n); muk’-ta sahoʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk’ta sakil k’ail, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta sun, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta ton k’ail, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sahoʔ, n1a; sakil sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); sun, n5; ton k’ail, nphr(n type n).

sunk: mukul, aj; t’ubul, aj.
/in water or mud/: ¢’ahal, aj.

sunken: be sunken (eye): po¢’i, iv.
become sunken (cheeks): puk’¢ah, iv.
become sunken (eye): po¢’¢ah, iv.
become sunken (eyes with hunger): lop¢ah, iv.
(eye): lomet, av; lomleh, n1f; lomlom, aj; po¢’ol, aj.
(eyes): lop, av; lopol, aj.
(grave): po¢’ol, aj.
make sunken /face with hunger/: lopk’inbe, tv.
sunken cheeks: puk’, av.
with sunken eye: po¢’, av.
with sunken lips: mušul, aj.

sunset: red sunset: k’ak’al maš, nphr(aj & n)5.

supernatural: long-haired supernatural figure whose two faces and two sets of feet point in opposite directions: hvala-pat-ʔok, agn(n/x & ncpd/ & ncpd).

supply: have small supply /corn/: k’et, tv.

support: support each other’s heads: k’eč baik, rv.

suppose: ʔak’, tv.
/occurs always with subjunctive suffix, third person may be šaʔuk or yaʔuk/: ʔaʔ, tv.

suppressing: ʔum, av.

sure: tana, excl.
make sure: lahel¢a, tv.
make sure of: toh ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n).

surely: aʔa, excl.

surname: hol biil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

surplice: sakil k’uʔ pale, nphr(nphr/aj & n/4d of n5).

surplus: surplus picked fruit: tulbenal, n4e.

surprise: sibtas, tv.
catch person by surprise: pukuhtavan, iv.

surround: hoyin, tv; hoyinta, tv.
surround each other: set baik, rv.

surrounded: hoyol, aj.
be surrounded: hoy, iv.

surrounding: setel, aj.

surveyor: ʔihinyero, agn.

survive: survive the night (patient): sakubtas, tv.

survive: /meat, gourd/: ¢oybe ʔak’il, vphr(tv & n4f).

suspended: (meat, gourd): ¢oyol, aj.

suture: cranial suture: ¢’ibal hol ʔanima, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/)5.

swagger: ¢’eʔulan ba, rv.

swaggering: ¢’eʔ, het, av.

swallow(1): ʔuč’el, nc; bik’ nc; bik’, tv.
swallow food that has been pre-chewed (puppy, kitten, chick, baby): šaš-bik’, tv(tv & tvcpd).
swallow whole: bik’, tv; ket eč’el, vphr(tv & dr); ketel-bik’, tv(aj & tvcpd).

swallow(2): black-capped swallow: haval ʔek’el, nphr(aj & n)5.*; hepel ʔek’el, nphr(aj & n)5.*
cave swallow: haval ʔek’el, nphr(aj & n)5.*
rough-winged swallow: haval ʔek’el, nphr(aj & n)5.*

swallowing: swallowing slowly /mouthful after mouthful/: bik’bon, av.

swallowtail: highland and lowland tiger swallowtail: muk’ta k’anal pepen, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5.

swamp: ʔačeltik, vn5; šaʔab, n5.

swarm: (bees): pič ba, rv.
(caterpillars, bees):¢op ba, rv.
swarm on (bees, shoppers): voli, tv.
swarm on person (angry bees or wasps): volivan, iv.

swarming: č’a, vo¢, av.
(bees, gnats): Ioʔlon, av.
(flies, gnats, bees, fleas, blowflies): veʔvon, av.

swatting: keep swatting /hat/: počilan, tv.

sway: tik’be k’op, vphr(tv & n5); vuyes, tv; vuyilan, tv.
(fence, house): vuy¢ah, iv.
/fence, house/: vuy¢an, tv.
sway back and forth on one’s seat (enraged woman or drunken man): nakulan ba, rv.
sway hips: la¢’ulan čak, vphr(tv / / n).
sway hips (provocative girl): biulan ba, rv; la¢’ulan ba, rv.
sway in seat (drunk): vuyi, iv.
sway on one’s seat (drunken woman): nakulan čak, vphr(tv & n4d).
sway perilously (drunk}: vuyan ba, rv.

swaybacked: (horse, sheep): ta¢’al, aj.

swaying: ¢’eʔ, ¢’uy, hap, heʔ, ne¢, hip, kaʔ, Iaʔ, leč, lis, loh, pe¢, pem, pit, set, t’uy, vit, vuy, av; yoʔet, av.
(breasts, testicles, net): vehvon, av.
swaying back and forth (corn or reeds in wind): vak’ak’et, av.
swaying back and forth in unison (corn or high weeds, sugarcane, reeds in wind): kiket, av; kikiket, av.
swaying back and forth slowly in water: masmon, av.
swaying back and forth when touched (old basket): šoyoyet, av.
swaying from side to side: pa¢’, av.
swaying hips (woman): vubvon čak, vphr(av & n4d).
swaying in several places (thatch roof): šiklahet, av.
swaying legs wide apart: yeʔlahet ʔok, vphr(av & n4d).
walking about swaying hips: lá¢’telá¢’te čak, vphr(av & n4d).
walking with swaying object: čeč, av.

swear: swear in the sight of God /hold hand in sign of prayer with forefinger bent behind thumb/: p’is krus, vphr(tv & n5).

sweat: čik’inah, iv.
cause to sweat (sickness): sobaltas, tv.
cause to sweat /patient/ (shaman): čik’iltas, tv.
(new pot or jug): čih, iv.

sweating: hab, av.

sweaty: ʔel, av.

sweep: mes, tv.*; mesomah, iv.
sweep along (river): yuk’¢ah, iv.
sweep along broadside /logs/ (river): nel, tv.
sweep person away /in current/: vesvan, iv.
sweep up /in current/: ves, tv.
sweep up /refuse/: bek’, tv.
sweep up soul of baby when leaving foreign place: vel eč’el ʔol, vphr(tv & dr & n4d).

sweeper: hmesom, agn.

sweeping: mes, av.
sweeping along: k’ep, yuk’, av.
sweeping along (current with logs, etc.): veslah, av.
sweeping up: bek’, av.

sweet: čiʔ, aj.
become sweet: čiʔub, iv.

sweet leaf: ʔah-teʔ kotom, nphr(n4d of n5); muk’ta pašamum, nphr(aj & n); sakil ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

sweet-smelling: mu, av

sweeten: čiʔubtas, tv.

swell: sit’ ba, rv.
(bite): pet ba, rv; pet¢ah, iv.
(body from stings, weevil-eaten beans or corn): vok¢ah, iv.
(face with cold): vo¢¢ah, iv.
(leather, nixtamal in water, beans, belly with gas, belly after drinking water, wood in rainy season): sit’, iv.
(person or animal): sit, iv.
/skin from sting or from contact with yaw root, stomach from gas/: puh, iv.
(stomach with gas or water): t’in, iv.
swell greatly: vank’uh, iv.
swell greatly /swelling/: bank’uh, iv.
(weevil-eaten beans when cooking): puh-ʔik’-ih, iv(aj & ivcpd).

swellhead: suffer from swellhead (sheep): lik voʔ, vphr(tv & n5).

swelling: situbel, vn1d.
cause swelling: sites, tv; situbtas, tv.
cause swelling in person (sting, yaw root): puh¢anvan, iv.

swept: k’i, av.
swept up /by flood or river current/: bek’el, aj.
swept up /in current/: vesel, aj.

swift: white-collared swift: haval ʔek’el, nphr(aj & n)5.*

swill: ¢’abbe, tv; hašbe, tv.
/water that has drained off metate and is fed to pigs/: tatal voʔ, nphr(aj & n)1d.

swilling: ¢’ab, av.

swim: (fish, etc.): nušetah, iv.
(person, dog) /not habitually/: nušinah, iv.
(person, insect, frog, duck, dog): nuših, iv.

swimming: kil, mas, maš, nuš, tu¢’, av.
swimming pool: tanke, n1e.

swing: ¢’uyihes ba, rv; vuy, tv.
(child) /on rope/: ¢’uyih, iv.
/leg/: bičulan, tv.
/legs/: himulan, tv.
swing at /with machete or stick/: k’atanbe, tv.
swing at /with machete, stick/: himbe, tv.
swing from: hipuh, iv.
swing on or in: ¢’uyibah, iv.

swinging: ¢oy, ¢’uy, hip, hok’, lon, av.
swinging arms: him, av.
swinging arms or legs: mah, av.
swinging to and fro: nup’, av.

swirling: ¢el, him, av.
swirling about (mist from cave): níkteníkte, av.
swirling along (river): yúk’teyúk’te, av.

swishing: čah, av.

switch: /for mule, sheep or disobedient child/: vač’, n1a.
/for sheep, chickens or dog/: hič’il teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1a.
switch tail (horse, cow): k’amulan ne, vphr(tv & n4d).

switching: bi¢, av.

swivel: /in seat to let person by/: k’utp’in ba, rv.
swivel around: k’atp’un, tv.

swiveling: he¢, av.
sitting and swiveling back and forth with knees together (ladina): yobet, av.

swollen: buh, pu¢, av; čuyul situbel, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d); kevel, aj; sik-pokan, aj(aj & Ucpd); sitil, aj.
(area of person’s or animal’s body): sit, aj.
badly swollen: t’uyulik, aj.
become swollen: kevk’un, tv.
become swollen (mouth): kevk’uh, iv.
become swollen (person or animal): situb, iv.
(dead animal): sit’il, aj.
(dead animals): sit’ahtik, aj.
(eyes of awaking person): sik-vokan, aj(aj & Xcpd).
(face): puk’ulik, aj.
greatly swollen: banal, aj.
slightly swollen (leg, arm, face): pu¢ul, aj.
swollen and about to burst: t’okt’ok, aj.
swollen belly: len, av.
swollen tight (belly of dead animal or of well-fed sheep): šit’il, aj.
swollen with gas: sit’, av.
walking with swollen stomach (pregnant woman, horse): t’inet, av.

swooping: hay, av.

swooshing: hin, hum, hur, av.
swooshing by: haš, av.

sword: ʔespara, n1d.

sycamore: hac’ub teʔ, nphr(n type n).

sympathy: have sympathy: k’ušubah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); k’ušubah ta ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d).

syndic: /second-ranking official of civil hierarchy/: sintiko, agn.

syringe: herinka, n5.

T

Tabasco: Tabasko, n5.

tabernacle: /box in which saint’s image is carried on visits/: tavarnako, n1c.

table: meša, n1a.
less prestigious side of table, i.e., to left hand when facing west: hot meša ʔi¢’inal, nphr(nphr/n of n/ & aj)5.
more prestigious side of table, i.e., to right hand when facing west: hot meša bankilal, nphr(nphr/n of n/ & aj)5.
/set up in church on All Souls’ Day and when requiem mass is given/: tumpa, n1e.’

tabletop: ba meša, nphr(n1f of n1d).

tadpole: č’uč’, n1e.

tag: playing tag: nu¢-bail, vn(tv & rpn)5.
tag along (old man hoping for drink): šoyan ba, rv.

tagging: tagging along: tihet, av.

tail: neil, n3b.

tailless: mok, av; mok-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5; mokol, aj.

take: ʔič’, tv; ʔič’ eč’el, vphr(tv & dr); ʔik’, tv; ¢ak, tv; tam, tv.
take away: poh, tv.
take down: yales, tv.
take off: lok’es, tv.
take off /fire/: lik, tv.
take off /tortilla from griddle/: tas, tv.
take out: lok’es, tv.
take out of: tas, tv.
take out of /meat, cabbage, nixtamal, sand, or person fallen into water/: mas lok’el, vphr(tv & dr).
take seriously: ʔak’ ta muk’, vphr(tv & prep & aj).
take things in teeth or beak /plu/: ka¢’an eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).
take to a distance: namahes eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).

taken: be taken away: poh, iv.

tale: tale of long ago: voʔne k’op, nphr(aj & n)5.

talk: k’opoh, iv.
crazy talk: vovi loʔil, nphr(aj & n)5.
foolish talk: ¢ukan k’op, nphr(aj & n)5.
irresponsible talk: vovi loʔil, nphr(aj & n)5.
learn to talk: ham ʔe, vphr(iv & n4d).
talk to: k’opon, tv.
talk to each other: k’opon baik, rv.
talk wildly or intemperately: bik’lahan-ʔal, tv(ivʔ & tvcpd).

talking: han, vul, av.
/overheard/: vulvon, av; vulvul k’op, nphr(aj & n)5.
talking in background (people, EKL 255;2-9): nečečet, av.
talking loudly: kam, av; k’ayk’on, av.
talking loudly (person praying, petitioners pleading with girl’s parents): to¢ton, av.
talking quietly: voč, av.
talking saint: ʔanhel, agn; hk’opohel rioš, nphr(agn/vn/ type n)5; kušul rioš, nphr(aj & n)1d.

talking saint: talking saint owner: ʔahval rioš, nphr(n4f of n5).

tall: va¢’ vač’, av.
(person): nat, aj; natil, aj; va¢’al, aj.
(pot, water jug, basket): vaʔvaʔ, aj.
walking tall (person): vašvon, av.

tall-crowned: (hat of Chamulas) /formerly/: pah-čak, n(aj & ncpd)5.

tallow: ševu, n1a.

tallow wood: poʔon č’iš, nphr(n type n).

tamale: bean tamale: mumun, n1a.
bean wedding tamale: čenek’ul vah, nphr(n type n)1a.
corn and fresh bean tamale: pitavul, n1a.
corn tamale: pisil vah, nphr(aj & n)1a.
corn tamale /wrapped and divided in middle by corn leaf/: pa¢’, n1d.
platform for tamales /sticks put in pot/: tem, n1b.
/pork tamales are presented by the stewards to the sacristans on Pentecost/: tamaliʔ, n1a.
steamed corn tamale: šohem vah, n(aj & n)1d.
tamale wrapper: vol ʔot, nphr(n4f of n4d).
tamale wrapper /hand flower leaves/: vol vah, nphr(n of n)5.

tamandua: ¢’u¢’un-čab, n(tv & ncpd)5.

tamarind: tamarin, n1a.

tame: vašal, aj.

become tame: k’unib, iv; lam¢ah, iv; vaš¢ah, iv; vaši, iv; yam, iv; yam ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); yam¢ah, iv.
/by punishment/: vaš¢an, tv.
/mule/: manšoibtas, tv.

tamp: /gunpowder in blasting iron/: ten, tv; tenulan, tv.
tamp down: šihulan, tv.
/with feet/: ʔak’ ʔalal, vphr(tv / / n).

tangle: /in weaving/: yakbenal, n4f.
(threads of weaving): sok, iv.
/wool, hair/: pa¢an, tv.

tangled: yakal, aj; yakan, aj.
be tangled (wool): pa¢ ba, rv.
(weaving): peč’el halal, ajphr(aj & aj).
(wool): pa¢al, aj.

tantalized: be tantalized by: k’upin, tv; pič’ ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

taper: /logs/: kečan, tv.
taper off: yoč, iv.

tapeworm: lukum, n1a.

tapir: baird’s tapir: ¢emen, n5.

tapster: woman who pours cane liquor from jugs into bottles for elders, ensign-bearers /St. Lawrence, St. Dominic, St. Anthony, the Trinity/, stewards-royal, publicans, stewards when entering or leaving office or when venerating their coffers; for groom at petition, formal entrance into bride’s home, and wedding: hč’ol-vo’ʔ, agn(tv & ncpd).

tarantula: yerva, n1e.*
tarantula killer: k’ak’al ʔat, nphr(aj & n4f)5.*

task: formidable task: ʔilob vokol, nphr(n of n)5.
tassel: cords and tassels of man’s cotton tunic: šokon k’uʔul, nphr(n1f of n3d).
cords and tassels of man’s woolen tunic: šokon herkail, nphr(n1f of n3d).
tassel of cotton tunic: nič šokon k’uʔul, nphr(n1f of nphr/n1f of n3d/).

taste: pas preva, vphr(tv & n5).
/salt or meal by dipping finger in and then licking it/: lek’, tv.

tasteless: (corn gruel): sik-t’ohan, aj(aj & T/2/cpd).
(peach, apple, melon): sik-laman, aj(aj & Ucpd).
(squash, chayote): sik-lohan, aj(aj & Ucpd).

tattered: lik, tin, av.

walking with extremely tattered clothing: tinton, av.
tatters: in tatters (clothing): kilkil, aj; likil mahal, ajphr(aj & aj).
walking about with clothes in tatters: šéltešélte, av.

taut: trim, av; trimtrim, aj.
become taut: ¢in¢ah, iv.
become taut (wire, rope): ¢in ba, rv.
pull taut: timulan, tv.
stretched taut (rope): timtim, aj.
(wire): ¢inil, aj.

tax: annual tax /on ejido landowners to support federal forest service/: patan, nig.
communal tax: tohel ʔak’el, nphr(vn & vn)5.
pay communal tax: toholah, iv.

taxi: turismu, n5.

tayra: sak-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5.

tea: mexican tea bush: ʔit’iš tilil, nphr(n4f of n5).

teach: čanubtas, tv; p’ihubtas, tv.
teach a lesson: lok’esbe manya, vphr(tv / / n).

teacher: hčanubtasvaneh, agn; mayštro, agn.

tear: hat, tv; hatbenal, n4f; liʔleh, n4f.
/leather, mat, palm strip/: k’as, tv.
/made by rats or mice/: tuč’benal, n4a.
(mat, palm strip, black felt hat, leather): k’as, iv.
tear apart /flower/: tukp’in, tv.
tear down /house, corral, steward’s altar/: tuki, tv.
tear edge slightly: šel¢ah, iv; šel¢an, tv; šelk’uh, iv.
tear in many places (mat left in sun): voč’, iv.
tear in strips /palm/: his, tv.
tear open /clothing/: šekp’un, tv.

tearful: pemel, aj.

tearing: making sudden tearing sound (thorn entering flesh): háp’luh, av.
tearing at /flesh/: nitnon, av.
tearing off readily (string of bean pod): k’ask’- on, av.
tearing suddenly: šélluh, av.
tearing tortilla into pieces (child): šutšon ta vah, vphr(av & prep & n5).

teary: pem, av.

tease: ʔištol-k’opoh, iv(n & ivcpd); ʔištol-loʔilah, iv(n & ivcpd).

teasing: ʔištol k’op, nphr(n type n)5; ʔištol loʔil, nphr(n type n)5.

teetering: peč, av.

teeth: front teeth: ba ʔeal, nphr(n1f of n3d).
lacking many teeth: čon, av; čonol, aj.
lacking many teeth (child): čon-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5.

telephone: č’ohon tak’in, nopr(n & aj)1d.
telephone line: č’ohon tak’in, nopr(n & aj)1d.
telephone post: teʔel č’ohon tak’in, nphr(n of nphr/n type n/)5.

tell: ʔal, tv; ʔut, tv.
be able to tell: k’oponluh ʔuʔun, vphr(iv & n4d).

telling: there’s no telling: mu ʔaʔibah, ajphr(aj & pt).

temper: lose one’s temper: kap, iv; kap hol, vphr(iv & n4d); sok hol, vphr(iv & n4d).

ten: lahun _______. n(num & nccpd)1e; lahuneb, n1e.
by or in tens: lahlahun _______, n(num & nccpd)5.
every ten: lahlahun _______, n(num & nccpd)5.

tenant: hlok’-na, agn(tv & ncpd).

tender: incense tender /woman in charge of incense, one for each of elders and stewards/: hčik’-pom, agn(tv & ncpd).

tendon: č’ušuvil, n3a.

tendril: niʔ ʔič’akil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

Tenejapa: ʔAk’oltik, n5.

Tenejapan: hʔak’oltik, agn.

teponaxtle: t’ent’en, n1d; t’ent’en vob, nphr(aj & n)1a.

terribly: vi¢il, aj.

test: test person’s strength: pasvan ta preva, vphr(tv & prep & n5).

testes: female speech; testes: kušleh, n4d.

testicle: bek’ʔatil, nphr(n1f of n3d); ton ʔat, nphr(n1f of n1d).

testis: k’anal, n4f.

tether: hok’an, tv; k’am, tv; timan, tv.
/horse/: čuk, tv; kotan, tv.
/mule/: ¢oybe ʔak’il, vphr(tv & n4f).

tethered: ¢uk, av; čukul, aj; hipil, aj; timil, aj.
be tethered: timi, iv.

tethering: stake or tree for tethering animal: čukob, n1f.
tethering in one place after another: tímtetímte, av.

than: ke, pt.

thank: kol ʔal, vphr(aj/contr of vokol/ & tv).
thank god: ʔu¢’o, pt.

thanks: return thanks (ritual tutors to ensign-bearers, stewards, elders when kissing rosaries of ritual tutors): tak’ krasya, vphr(tv & n5).

that: tah, aj; ti, pt.
like that: leʔ, aj.
that one: leʔ, aj.
that person: leʔ, aj.

thatch: hobel, n1d.’

the: li, pt; ti, pt.
the one: li, pt.

themselves: bail, rpn3b.

then: čeʔe, pt; haʔ ʔo, ptphr(pt & pt); lahel¢a, pt; pwes, pt; te, n5; to, pt.
/participle always occurring at end of phrase/: ʔun, pt.

there: leʔ, aj; tah, aj; te, n5.
over there: haʔ yoʔ, ptphr(pt & pt); leʔ, aj.
there are: ʔoy, n5.
there is: ʔoy, n5.
there were: ʔoy to ʔoš, nphr(n5 & pt & pt).

therefore: yeč’o, pt.

thick: huy, let’, av; huyul, aj; pimil, aj.
(salya hobel, tenten hobel): tenten, aj.
become thick (clouds): ¢in ba, rv.
become thick (mud): huy ba, rv; puk’¢ah, iv.
become too thick to clear (weeds): tih¢ah, iv.
(corn gruel, posol, mud): tot, aj.
(fog): ¢inil. aj.
(liquid): letlet, aj.
(log): pumpum, aj.
make thick /fence/: pimihes, tv; pimubtas, tv.
make thick /mud/: huy¢ah, tv.
(moss, bromeliads, vines): ¢onol, aj.
(mud): puk’ul, aj.
(nap): tusul, aj.
(nits): čihil, aj.
(sole, tortilla, weeds, hair, fog, gourd, pottery, bottle, rind, bark): pirn, aj.
(thread, leg, rope, nail, post, tree): yih, aj.
(weeds, underbrush): somsom, aj.
(young cornstalks): p’osahtik, aj.

thick-necked: (bottle, water gourd): tubul, aj.

thicken: let ba, rv; letan, tv.

thickly: let, av.

thickness: pimil, n4b.
/liquid/: tatal, n4f.

thief: hba-k’el kriščano, agn(n type vn/tv & ncpd/).

thieving: palta, aj.

thigh: /person, animal/: ʔoʔil, n3d.
thigh muscle: muk’ul ʔoʔ, nphr(n4f of n4d); t’ulavil, n3d.

with thighs showing: č’al, av.

thin: become thin (clothing, sandals): hayub, iv.

(boy): tultul, aj.
(cloth, corn kernel, bark, peel, pot, tortilla, weeds, sole, palm frond, board, adobe): hoy, aj
(corn kernel, stone slab): pača, aj.
(faced): nibnib, aj.
grow thin: bakub, iv; yam, iv.
make thin /machete, wood/: hayubtas, tv.
(neck from sickness or hunger, chicken with featherless neck): milil, aj.
(person): bak-hič’an, aj(aj & Pcpd); bak-hulan, aj(aj & Pcpd).
(person, animal): bak, aj.
(posol): yošoʔ, aj(contr of yoš & voʔ)
thin man /light as a feather/: hohoč’ vinik, vphr(n type n)5.
(tortilla, bark, rind): hayal, aj.
(weaving): yoet, av.

thin-faced: /derogatory/: vara-sat, n(n type ncpd)5.

thin-grained: hayel, aj.

thing: tos, nc.

things: k’usuk ʔuʔun, nphr(pt & n4b).

think: ʔaʔi, tv; naʔ, tv; nop, tv.
be able to think effectively: nop ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
think ill of: čopol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv).
think incorrectly /past participle only/: ʔal, tv
think mistakenly /occurs always with subjunctive suffix, third person may be šaʔuk or yaʔuk/: ʔaʔ, tv.
think out: nop ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
think up: nop ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); yules ta hol, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).

thinking: thinking to one’s self: mišmon ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).

thirst: taki-tiʔil, n(aj & ncpd)5.
ravished by thirst: pič’, av.

thirsty: ma¢’, av.
be thirsty: takih tiʔ, vphr(iv & n4d).

thirteen: ʔoš-lahuneb, n(num & numcpd)1e.

thirties: by or in thirties: trentatik, n5.

thirty: lahuneb čaʔ-vinik, nphr(num & num/num & numcpd/4f); trenta, n1e.
every thirty: trentatik, n5.

this: liʔ, aj.
in this way: ši to, ptphr(pt & pt).
like this: ši, pt.
this way /demonstrating/: ši, pt.

thistle: ¢ahal č’iš, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal loʔbalal č’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); ¢ahal sakil č’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); loʔbol č’iš, nphr(n type n).

Thomas: /common only in Čobtik/: Tomaš, n1d.

thorn: č’iš, n1a.

thorn apple: čaʔ-koh kampana ničim, nphr(n/num & nccpd/ type nphr/n type n/); kampana ¢iʔlel, nphr(n type n); kampana ničim, nphr(n type n).

though: even though: ʔak’ ʔo, vphr(tv & pt); ʔipuk, pt; mančuk, pt.

thought: be lost in thought: k’opoh ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

thousand: mil, nc.

thrash: thrash in fury (drunk): lukomah, iv.
thrash wildly (child, drunk, prisoner, epileptic): čit’ulan ba, rv; telulan ba, rv.

thrashing: bak’, beč, bič, čiv, leʔ, lev, pum, šit’, av.
thrashing arms about (drunk): yeʔlahet k’ob, vphr(av & n4d).
thrashing arms and legs (drunk): telel šit’il, ajphr(aj & aj).
thrashing in water: maš, av.

thread: navul, n4f; no, n1d.
factory-made thread: ʔilera, n1a.
/needle/: šohbe, tv.
/needle, thorn apples/: šoh, tv.
red thread for cotton tunic /archaic/: halavre, n1a.
thread wound around heddle rod: ʔolinab, n1a.
wool thread for sash: verte, n1a.

threadbare: loʔ, av.
become grimy and threadbare: loʔp’ih, iv.
become threadbare: čah, iv.

threaded: be threaded: šohi, iv.
(thread, fiddle string): šohol, aj.

threaten: sibtas, tv.

three: ʔoš _______, n(num & nccpd)1e; ʔošib, n1e.
every three: ʔošʔoš _______, n(num & nccpd)5.
three days ago: ʔošhe, n1e.
three days from now: ʔošeh, n1e.

three-sided: /fruit, stem/: ʔoš-¢elav, n(num & ncpd)5.

threes: by or in threes: ʔošʔoš _______, n(num & nccpd)5.

threshing: threshing floor: ʔera, n1a.

threshold: malku9, n1a; yaleb ʔokol, nphr(n of n)5.

thrilled: be thrilled: muyubah, iv.

throat: turum, n1d.
having frog in throat: hakak, aj.
/person, gourd, bottle, water jug, pitcher/: nuk’il, n3b.
with frog in throat: šakaket, av.

throb: p’itp’onah, iv.

throbbing: throbbing weakly (pulse): p’itp’on, av.

throng: in throng (people): yuk’ul, aj.

thronging: yuk’, av.

through: /forest, river, corn field, grass, undergrowth/: ʔut ʔut _______, nphr/n4f & n4f/ of n5).

throw: hip, tv; ten, tv.
/cow/: toban, tv.
/mud/: t’ašan, tv.
throw aside /person/: him eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).
throw at: ten, tv; tenobah, iv.
throw at /stone, stick/ /to attract attention of girl, to shoo mule/: tenobta, tv.
throw away: ten, tv.
throw back: pakbe, tv.
throw off balance: ¢’ot yalel, vphr(tv & dr).
throw on /earth on fire/: k’eb, tv.
throw on its side /cow, sheep, pig/: vub¢an, tv.
throw oneself /on ground/ (child in temper tantrum, drunk): hip ba, rv.
throw oneself /on horse/: hip ba, rv.
throw oneself down /when very sick/: čevi, iv.
throw out: c’ay, tv.
throw person (horse): leʔvan, iv.
throw self /on ground/: ten ba, rv.
throw self down (drunk): vuk’es ba, rv.

throwing: throwing stones: tenton, av.

thrown: thrown rock: tenobal, n5.

thrush: wood thrush: č’iš-tot, nphr(aj & ncpd)1e.*

thrust: thrust in intercourse: mo¢’be, tv; yak’be, tv.
thrust out /tummy/ (child or puppy): benan, tv.
thrust out /tummy/ (child): venan, tv.
thrust out tummy (child): vukan, tv.

thrusting: stand thrusting out tummy (child, puppy): venan ba, rv.
thrusting in intercourse: mo¢’, av.

thudding: čop, hin, lom, los, pu¢, pu¢’, puh, av.
falling and thudding: pok’, av.
thudding suddenly (rock, blow): t’íhluh, av.

thumb: meʔ k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d).

thump: p’itp’onah, iv.

thumping: k’oh, poč, poh, pu¢’, puh, pum, av.

(heart from fear, running or chest pain): p’itp’- on, av.

thunder: distant rainy season thunder: meʔ voʔ, nphr(n of n)5.

thunder and lightning, inan. pos.; sčaukal (or) sčaukilai: čauk, n1e.
thunder here and there: nik ba, rv.

thunderbolt: čauk, n1e.

thundering: k’ul, lin, av.

thunderstorm: čaukil voʔ, nphr(natt & n)5.

Thursday: hweves, n5.
Maundy Thursday: hweves santo, nphr(n & aj)5.

thwacking: č’eh, av.

thyme: tomio, n1a.

tibisee: ʔah kotom, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔahis, n; ʔik’ob čih, nphr(n of n); k’oš ʔah, nphr(aj & n); k’oš ne kotom, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

tick: /three kinds; one infesting cattle and horses, one infesting sheep, one occurring in lowland woods/: sip, n1e.*

tick clover: ¢ahal ¢ukum teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

ticket: /bus/: boleto, n1a.

ticking: č’eh, av.

tickle: čikil, n4d; čikilta, tv.
tickle one’s throat to induce vomiting: ho¢’ ba, rv.

tickling: čav, av.
causing tickling sensation (insect): vašašet, av.
/in throat/: šakak, aj.

tickseed: shrubby tickseed: ¢ahal teʔ, nphr(aj ¢ n); k’an-ʔič, n(aj & ncpd)5.

tidy: /clothing, hair/: mel¢an ba, rv.
tidy up /house, yard/: č’uba, tv; č’ubah, iv.

tie: /loom to post/: timan, tv.
/mouth of bag/: peč’, tv.
tie behind each other /mules/: ¢’akan, tv.
tie in bunches /flowers, thatch, pine bough, etc./: čuk, tv.
tie in bundle /firewood, grass, stubble, pine boughs/: ¢’al, tv.
tie in bundle /thatch, flowers/: peč’, tv.
tie up /dog, pig/: čuk, tv.

tied: timil, aj.
be tied (loom to post): timi, iv.
(loom): timton, av.
(mouth of bag): peč’el, aj.
(one horse tied to tail of lead horse): ¢’akal, aj.
tied in bunches: čukul, aj.
tied in bundle (thatch, firewood, flowers): peč’el, aj.
tied up in knots: čuk, av.

tieing: tieing together: ¢’ak, ¢’al, av.

tight: ¢inet, av.
become tight: ¢in¢ah, iv.
become tight (knot): ¢in ba, rv.
(clothes): čukul, aj.
draw tight /purse strings, bag/: ¢ub, tv.
(sash): ¢inil, aj.
unbecomingly tight: mat’, av.
unbecomingly tight (pants): mat’al, aj.

tight-fitting: (sandals): ¢inil, aj.

tighten: /burden/: nakan, tv.
/burden, sandals/: ¢in, tv.
tighten sash /fast for three days, making repentence/: mič’, tv.

tightening: have tightening in throat: čuk ba nuk’, vphr(rv & n4d).
tightening suddenly (anus with fear): mú¢’lih, av.

tile: teša, n1a.

tilt: ¢’eʔan, tv.
have roof tilt (collapsing house): nečp’uh hol, vphr(iv & n1f).
tilt (head) to look: neti, iv.
tilt head (person turning head to look): neʔan hol, vphr(tv & n4d).
tilt head back: haʔi, iv.
tilt head back /to look at sky/: haʔan sat, vphr(tv / / n).
tilt head back /when applying eye medicine/: haʔan ba, rv.
tilt low /hat/: nihan, tv.
tilt one’s head: netan, tv.

tilted: (head of person with tumpline who turns to look): netel, aj.

(moon) /indicates arrival of rain/: ¢’eʔel, aj.

(roof): neʔel hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n1b).

tilted backwards (head of baby): haʔhalʔ, aj.
with head tilted sideways (person with tumpline turning head to look): neʔel hol, vphr(aj/ pred/ & n1b),
with tilted roof: nečel hol, vphr(aj/pred/ & n1f).

tilting: tilting head: haʔ, av.

time: ʔora, n1a; tyempo, n1e.
a long time: hal, aj.
at that time: haʔ ʔo, ptphr(pt & pt).
take a long time: halih, iv.

tinamou: rufescent tinamou: ʔalak’ balamil, nphr(n4f of n5)5; ʔuyhan mut, nphr(n type n)1a; pertis mut, nphr(n type n)5.*

tingling: ʔan, ¢’ik’ av.
/limb that has fallen asleep/: ¢elelet, av.
tingling sensation of male orgasm: čikiltik, aj.

tinkling: č’in, čak’, av.

tiny: ʔul, av.
(puppy, child): ʔulul, aj.

tip: ¢’eʔan, tv; hoyp’ih, iv; niʔ, n1b.
/candle/: holol, n3b.
(load): ¢’eʔp’uh, iv.
/pot, water jug/: ¢’eʔp’un, tv.
tip slowly /demijohn/: k’un-¢’ep’un, tv(aj & tvepd).

tipped: permantly tipped to side (roof, neck of person, chicken or gourd): netnet, aj.

tipping: ¢’eʔ, av.

tipsy: ¢av, av; ¢inet, av; humet balamil, vphr(av & n5).
be tipsy: čopol hol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d / / tv).
become tipsy: bat ta hol, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d).
feel tipsy: čopol ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & tv).
feeling tipsy: vo¢et, av.
slightly tipsy: sam, av.

tire: lub, iv; lub¢ah, iv; yánta, n1a.

tired: be tired of: tavan ʔaʔi, vphr(iv/3s/ & tv).

tithing: tithing man /dignitary who brings salt from Voʔ-bi¢ to the Chapel of Lord Esquípulas/: mayol, agn.

title: land title of entire municipality: titola, n5.

tittering: vihvon, av.

tityra: masked tityra: hovos, n5.

to: t, prep(contr of ta).

toad: ʔamuč, n1a.*; meʔ voʔ, nphr(n of n)5.
/archaic/: špokok, n1e.
giant tropical toad: henhen, n1e.*

toast: toast on the coals: vo, tv.
toast person: p’ošintasvan, iv.
/toasted tortilla/: bakubtas, tv; k’ošibtas, tv.

tobacco: ʔanal moy, nphr(n4f of n5); mayal, n4f; moy, nla; sakil moy, nphr(aj & n).
chewing tobacco: bankilal, n1d; moy, n1a; muk’ta mol, nphr(aj & n)5.
tobacco gourd: ¢ual moy, nphr(natt & n)5.
treat self with tobacco: pošin, tv.

today: lavi, n5; tana, n5.

toddling: ʔen, het, kik, tik, av; k’ošk’on, av.
(baby): šetlahet, av.

toe: bik’tal ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d); niʔ ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d).
big toe: meʔ ʔokol, nphr(n1f of n3d).

toenail: ʔič’akil, n3d; niʔ ʔič’akil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

toes: dig toes in /mud/: ¢’unan ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d).

together: ¢obol, aj; pareho, aj.
go together: čiʔin ba, rv.

tolling: kan, pom., av.

tomato: k’oš ¢ahal čičol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš čičol, nphr(aj & n); muk’tik eahal čičol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5.
cherry tomato: bik’tal ¢ahal čičol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5.

tomorrow: ʔok’ob, n1e.

tongue: ʔok’, n1d.

tonking: rim, av.

tonsured: lep’lep’, aj.

too: ʔe, pt; ʔuk, pt; k’usuk, pt(contr of k’usi & -uk); noštok, pt.

tool: ʔabtehebal, n3a.

toot: (cowhorn): ʔok’, iv.

tooth: tanal ʔeal, nphr(n1f of n3d).
/person, animal, comb/: ʔeal, n3b.
with one tooth emerged above others: kuč-ʔe, n(aj & ncpd)5.

toothache: k’ušben čon, nphr(x type n)5.

toothed: (rake): čivahtik, aj.

toothless: pik’, av; mušul, aj; pik’il, aj; puk’ul, aj; t’ašal, aj.
become toothless: puk’p’ih, iv.

toothlessly: chewing toothlessly: muš, av.

tooting: č’iʔ, k’oʔ, pi, tu, tur, av.
(cow horns): nikiket, av.

tootling: ¢an, av.

top: bail, n3b.
/corn/ (horse): mok¢an, tv.
/harp, cross, burden, hill, mountain/: holol, n3b.
on top of: kahal, aj.
top of cliff: ba č’en, nphr(n of n)5.
/toy/: turumpo, n1a.
/tree/: niʔ, nib.

topple: /fence, door, wall/: havk’un, tv.
topple over (tree): hin, iv; hin¢ah, iv.

toppling: lič, lip’, niʔ, av.
toppling forwards (tree): neʔeʔ tal, vphr(av & dr).
toppling over backwards (load): havhav, aj.

torch: č’ob, av.

torment: /by witchcraft/: ʔilbahin, tv.
(witch): tahinta, tv.

tormenter: /of soul/: hʔilbahinvaneh, agn.

torn: hat, av; hatal, aj; leʔel, aj; šelel, aj; tuč’el, aj.
(clothing): šekel, aj.
(clothing, hat brim): liʔil, aj.
(clothing, seam): level, aj.
torn clothing: šek, vom, av.
torn in many places: rinkaštik, aj.
wear torn /clothing/: levk’uh, iv.
with torn clothing: šelšon, av.

tornado: mythical tornado: liki-čob, n(iv & ncpd)5.

tortilla: ʔot, n4a; vah, n5.*
food folded in tortilla: po¢emil, n3d.
make toasted tortilla: pas k’ošoš, vphr(tv & n5); pas vah, vphr(tv & n5).
maker of toasted tortillas: hpas-vah, agn(tv & ncpd).
mildewed tortilla: kuš ʔot, nphr(n type n)4d; kuš vah, nphr(n type n)5.
/not toasted/: k’unil ʔot, nphr(aj & n)4a.
piece of tortilla: šutul vah, nphr(aj & n)1d.
small toasted tortilla: t’aha-sat, nphr(aj & ncpd)1a.
stale tortilla: taki-vah, n(aj & ncpd)5.
toasted tortilla: k’ošoš, n1a.*
tortilla made of fresh corn: ʔač’ vah, nphr(aj & n)5.
tortilla made of young corn: ʔisis vah, nphr(x type n)1a.
tortilla made the previous night: vayem vah, nphr(aj & n)5.
tortilla soaked in vegetable or meat broth: šopa, n1d.*
tortilla with hole in center /given to children who are slow in learning to talk/: memela, n1d.

torus herb: kontiyerva, n1d.

toss: toss from side to side: ¢’eʔulan ba, rv.
toss from side to side (self-conscious girl walking): niʔulan ba, rv.
toss head (horse): haʔan niʔ, vphr(tv / / n).
toss off /burden/ (mule): leʔ, tv.

tossing: hal, av; pak’, av.

totter: totter on brink (tree): lip’¢ah, iv.

tottering: lip’, šov, av.

touch: pik, tv.
lose one’s touch: č’ay-k’obih, iv.
touch to lips /glass, gourd, etc./: tihan ta ʔe, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).
touch to lips /without drinking/ /bottle, shot glass/: nup, tv.

touching: touching repeatedly: pik, av.

tough: ¢o¢, aj.
(cabbage): teʔteʔ, aj.

towhee: red-eyed towhee: ʔik’al k’oviš, nphr(aj & n)5.*; k’oviš, n1e.*

town: tek-lumal, n(x & ncpd)4d.
large town: hamal lum, vphr(aj/pred/ & n)5.
town hall: kavilto, n1a.

townsman: čiʔilil, n3d.

toy: ʔištalal, n5; ʔiš’tol, n4d.

trachea: tururn, n1d.
/cow/: turute, n1d.

track: (dog): nu¢olah, iv.
try to track down: ¢a¢ahesbe k’oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); ¢a¢ubtasbe k’oplal, nphr(tv & n4f); ¢anesbe k’oplal, vphr(tv & n4f).

tractable: vašet, av; yamet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).
(person): yam ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

tractor: laktor, n1a.

trade: /corn, flowers, fruit/ (middleman, trader): ʔekelta, tv.
trade goods: ʔekel, n1d.

trader: /corn, flowers, fruit/: hʔekel _____.
agn(nphr/n of n/5).

traditional: traditional way: melol, n4b.

trail: leaving a trail behind: č’ul, av.
take wrong trail: sok be, vphr(iv & n4d).

trailing: trailing far behind: velvon, av.
trailing far behind (woman, child): vesvon, av.

transform: transform self into: k’atah, iv; k’atahes ba, rv.
transform self into ______: pas ba ta ______.
vphr(rv & prep & n5).

transformation: animal transformation of witch: čivo, n1a; vayihel, nld.

transit: larkavísta, n1a.

translate: ʔet’es k’op, vphr(tv & n5); helubtas k’op, vphr(tv & n5).

trap: yak, tv.
/for rat or dog/: pe¢’, n1a.*
/rat trap/: trampa, n1a.
set a trap /for dog, rat or bird/: ʔak’ pe¢*, vphr(tv & n1d).
/to capture doves alive/: yakol, n1a.

trapped: kakkon, av.

trapper: hyakol, agn.

travel: travel slowly: k’un-bein, iv(aj & tvcpd).

traveler: hʔeč’el be, agn(nphr/n of n/5); hbeinel, agn; hšanvil, agn.

tread: (rooster on hen): tek’van, iv.

tread softly: ba¢’i la, nphr(aj & n); čon la, nphr(n type n); la, nle; la kaʔ, nphr(n of n); muk’ta la, nphr(aj & n); muk’tik la, nphrfaj & n); sakil la, nphr(aj & n).

treasure: ʔič’omal, n1d; čaʔomal, n1d; meʔ tak’in, nphr(n of n)5; portuna, n1d.

treasure-hunter: hk’el-vi¢, agn(tv & ncpd).

treasurer: treasurer /of town, church committee, or ejido committee/: tesorero, agn.

treat: treat as one’s own: p’is ta kremil, vphr(tv & prep & n5).
treat well: ʔič’ ta k’uš, vphr(tv & prep & aj); k’ušubah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); k’ušubah ta ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & n4d); k’ušubin, tv.

treated: be treated /medically/: ʔak’ ta poštael, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

tree: teʔel, n4f.
felled trees: teʔlal, n1b.
hollow tree: puh-ʔut teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/type n)5.
/woody plant that can be used for firewood/: teʔ, n1f.

tree bine: ¢ahal ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal veʔel ʔinatab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ¢’itesob holol, nphr(n of n).

treetop: /cut off and lying on ground/: ba teʔ, nphr(n1f of n1d).

tremble: /with fear/: nik, iv.

trembling: ¢il, lak, luʔ, nik, t’el, t’er, av.
(leg while standing with heel raised) /pulling out thorn/: lit’it’et, av.
(mud): laklak, aj.

trick: ʔilbahin, tv; ¢al, tv; ¢oʔ, tv; čoʔel, vn5; k’al, tv; loʔlo, tv.
trick the pants off of: lok’esbe veš ta loʔlovaneh, vphr(tv & n4d & prep & vn5).

tricked: be tricked: lok’ veš, vphr(tv & n4d).

trickery: vesk’unel, vnld.

trickling: mal, av.

trigger: ʔat, nib.
pull trigger: nitbe bala, vphr(tv & n5).

trilling: vir, av.
/blowing into lady slipper flower/: vereret, av.

trim: /candles that are trimmed with tweezers by ensign-bearers on Maundy Thursday/: lo¢’olah, iv.
/tree/: k’aba, tv.

trimming: trimming of candles on Maundy Thursday: lo¢’ohel, n5.

Trinity: Holy Trinity /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-totik Trinirat, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

trip(1): be, n1d; byahe, n1d; šanbal, n5; šanvil, n5.
make trip in vain: hočilan ba, rv.
trip for water: haʔbeh, vn5.
unsuccessful trip: pašyanobil, n4f.

trip(2): ¢’ukulin, tv.
trip over: ¢ukulin, tv; p’osi, tv.

tripe: kašlan bikil, nphr(aj & n)5.

tripod: tripod for cooking in field: vakaš teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.

tripping: peč, av.

trogon: citroline trogon: k’ak’et mut, nphr(aj & n)5.*
mexican trogon: k’ak’et mut, nphr(aj & n)5.*

trot: /person/: ¢un¢un ʔanil, nphr(aj & vn5).

trotting: ben, cun, p’en, p’eš, av.

trouble: k’ak’al, n4d; palta, n5.
get into trouble: saʔ mul, vphr(tv & n4d); yal ta k’ok’, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
stir up trouble: saʔ k’op, vphr(tv & n5).

trough: /for animals or salt manufacture/: horn, n1d.

truck: karo, n1a; k’ok’, n1d.
cooperative truck: koperatíva, n5.
diesel truck: liser, n1a.
pickup truck: pikot, n1a.
truck with wooden sides: kolol toʔ, nphr(x type n)1a.

trudging: lo¢’, av.

true: melel, aj.
it is true!: ʔuʔn ʔo ka, nphr(n/contr of ʔuʔun/4f & pt & x); ʔuʔn ʔo no ka, nphr(n/contr ofʔuʔun/4f & pt & pt & x); ʔuʔn ʔonoš ka, nphr(n/contr of ʔuʔun/41 & pt & x).

trumpet: korneta, n1a.

trumpet bush: yellow trumpet bush: ?it’iš k’an-teʔ, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/5); k’anal pu¢ul čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta pu¢ul čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pu¢ul čih, nphr(n of n); pu¢ul čih teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

trumpet tree: ʔah-teʔ teʔ, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n).

trumpeting: (cornet EKL 225; 1-11): tuet, av.

trunk: kaša, n1a.
section of trunk that has been chopped all the way around: nuk’il, n3b.
/tree/: ʔokol, n3b.

truss: truss person /prisoner/: peč’van, iv.

trust: č’un, tv.

truth: tell the truth: čap, tv; yeč ʔal, vphr(aj & tv).

try: pas preva, vphr(tv & n5).
try on /clothing/: p’is ba, rv.
try one’s best: ʔeč’ ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); lok’es ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n); lok’esbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n).
try one’s best for someone: lok’esbe ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d).
try one’s hardest: ʔak’be k’u čaʔal yuʔ, vphr(tv & pt & pt & iv/3s/).
try to stand (baby): šov¢ah, iv.
try unsuccessfully /occurs always with subjunctive suffix, third person may be šaʔuk or yaʔuk/: ʔaʔ, tv.

trying: trying to lift: pet, av.

tube: tuvo, n1a.

tuber: holol, n3b.
form tuber: holin, iv.

tuberculosis: sak-ʔobal, n(aj & ncpd)5.

Tuesday: marteš, n1e.*
Carnival Tuesday: marteš k’ak’al, nphr(n & aj)5.
Tuesday of Holy Week: marteš santo, nphr(n & aj)5.

tufted: č’išč’iš’, aj.*

tug: tug /person/ (drunk): čečulan, tv.
/vine/: nitulan, tv.

tugging: tugging at: ¢uk, av.
tugging away (plu): šač’lahetik, av.

tumble: (person, horse): puč’k’ih, iv.
taking tumbles: pat, av.

tumbling: lič, av.

tumor: čakal, n1d.

tumpline: pek\ n1a; pek’ul, n4f.

tune: son, n1e.
/musical instrument/: čap, tv.
strike up a tune (fiddler): lok’es k’evuh, vphr(tv & n5); lok’es son, vphr(tv & n5).
/stringed instrument/: ¢akbe nuk’, vphr(tv & n4f).

tunic: man’s cotton tunic: pok’ k’uʔul, nphr(n type n)1d.
wool tunic /Voʔ-bi¢/: šakitail, n3a.
woolen tunic: herkail, n3a.*
woolen tunic /Čobtik, Pasteʔ): kučil k’uʔul, nphr(aj & n)3a.

tuning: /music/: nuk’il, n3b.

turban: red striped turban /worn by elders, ensign-bearers, ritual tutors/: ¢’il pok’, nphr(aj & n)1d.

turkey: tuluk’, n1a.*

turn: ʔak’ bwelta, vphr(tv & n5); bwelta, n1a; hoyihes ba, rv.
/handle of corn-grinder/: him, tv.
turn a bend: k’atp’uh, iv.
turn around: ʔak’be bwelta, vphr(tv & n5); hoyihes, tv.
turn around /to look at something/: hoyih, iv.
turn aside /to let person pass/: ¢’eʔp’uh, iv.
turn down /hat brim/: šup’k’in, tv.
turn face up: havan, tv.
turn inside out: valk’un, tv.
turn off (path): k’ehi, iv; k’ehp’uh, iv.
turn off /flashlight/: tup’, tv; tup’es, tv.
turn off /radio, phonograph/: č’abes, tv.
turn on /light or flashlight/: ¢an, tv.
turn one’s back: hoyih, iv; hoyihes ba, rv; t’inpatin, tv(aj & ncpd).
turn one’s back to /in bed/: butul-čakin, tv(aj & tvepd); vub-čaki, tv(aj & tvcpd).
turn out: bet, iv; k’ot ta lok’el, vphr(iv/3s/ & prep & vn5).
turn out badly: sok k’op, vphr(iv & n1d); sok ta be, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
turn over: ʔak’ ʔentrokal, vphr(tv & n5).
turn over /in reclining position/: ¢’eʔp’uh, iv; hoyp’ih, iv.
turn over /laundry/: hoyp’in, tv.
turn right side up again: čaʔ-havan, tv(num & tvepd).
turn up /hat brim/: valan, tv.
turn up /nose in anger/: bičan, tv; biču, tv.
turn up slowly /skirt/ (man, woman); k’unvalk’un, tv(aj & tvcpd).
turn upside down /bottle, boiled ear of corn/: ¢’ukan, tv.
turn upside down violently: nuhk’in, tv.

turned: be turned up (nose) /in anger/: bači, iv.
hat brim turned down: šup’, av.
it turned out: lahel¢a, pt.
turned up (cuff): pušul. aj.
turned up (nose with anger): tučul, aj; velel(2), aj.
with brim turned down (hat): šup’ul, aj.

turning: turning aside: ¢’eʔ, av.

turtle: snapping turtle: ʔok, n1e.

tutelary: tutelary god: totil meʔil, nphr(n3d & n3d).*

tutor: ritual tutor /for each steward, steward-royal, publican, ensign-bearer, prefect, for the tithing man of Voʔ-bi¢, for the bride and for the groom/: totil meʔil, nphr(n3d & n3d).

Tuxtla: Tuxtla Gutiérrez: Tušta, n5.

tweezers: bulob ʔisimil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

twelve: lahča_______, n(num & ncpd)1e; lahčeb, n1e.

twenties: in or by twenties: hu-tob, num(num & numcpd)5; huhu-tob, num(num & numcpd)5.

twenty: /absolute form always occurs as h-tob/: tob, nle.
every twenty: hu-tob, num(num & numcpd)5;
huhu-tob, num(num & numcpd)5.
twenty cent piece /two bits/: čib tak’in, nphr(num & n)1a.

twiddle: twiddle arms (child): ¢’otilan k’ob, vphr(tv & n4d).

twig: vač’, n1a.

twin: vač(1), n1d.*

twine: /grass to make lashing/: ¢’ot, tv.
make twine: č’ahnu, tv.
/thread, yarn/: čaʔ-lak’ta, tv(num & tvepd).
/thread, yarn/ /by rolling on knee with palm of hand to make strands for fringed garments/: bal, tv.

twirl: (child): hoyibah, iv.
(ladino dancer): hoyibtas, tv.
/pom-pom of scarf, lasso, bullroarer/: himulan, tv.

twist: ¢’ot, tv; ¢’otan, tv.
/chicken’s neck/: k’utbe, tv.
(foot): pečk’uh, iv.
/foot/: pečk’un, tv.
/leg/: laʔp’un, tv.
(leg, arm, back): ¢’iklin, tv; ¢’oklih, iv; ¢’okp’ih, iv.
(leg, arm, tree): meč¢ah, iv.
/mouth/: k’evan, tv; k’ovanbe, tv.
/person’s arm/: ¢’otk’in, tv.
(tree): meč¢an ba, rv.
twist and turn /to break away/: himulan ba, rv.
twist and turn /to break loose/: k’ut ba, rv; k’utp’in ba, rv.
twist into small sections /greens so they will fit into pot/: k’ut, tv.
twist to side (falling tree): ¢’otk’ih, iv.
twist wool thread in one’s fingers /archaic/: pič’omah, iv.
(wood): luk¢ah, iv.

twisted: ¢’ok, av; ¢’otol, aj; kevel, aj; šovol, aj.
be twisted (mouth): kevi, iv.
become twisted: kevk’un, tv; šotib, iv.
become twisted (improperly mended bone): šotk’ih, iv.
become twisted (mouth): kevk’uh, iv.
(leg, arm): mečel, aj.
(mouth): k’evel, aj; k’ovk’ov, aj; pevel, aj; ševel, aj.
permanently twisted to side (roof, neck of person, chicken, or gourd): netnet, aj.
(tree trunk): ¢’otan, aj.
twisted arm or leg: meč, av.
twisted to one side (neck, hand, foot, hoof, top of gourd or cushaw): šotol, aj.
twisted to side (foot): pečpeč, aj.
walking slowly with twisted neck /carrying heavy burden/: šotšon nuk’, vphr(av & n4d).
with top twisted to side (gourd, cushaw): šot-hol, n(aj & ncpd).
with twisted bottom (thin old person, basket with bottom falling out): šot-čak, n(aj & ncpd).
with twisted mouth: kev, k’cv, k’ov, pev, av.

twisted-armed: /unable to throw stones far or chop well/: šot-k’ob, n(aj & ncpd)5.

twisting: ¢’ot, peč, av.
twisting head: net, av.

twitch: /ear/ (pig or dog that feels gnats): pok’ilan, tv.
/ears/ (mule or dog that feels gnats): počilan, tv.
(horse’s, dog’s or pig’s ears): počilan, iv.

twitching: češ, čev, mu¢, p’it, av.
twitching (mule’s or dog’s ears when alerted): muč’lahet, av.
twitching suddenly /in sleep/: mé¢luh, av; ší’t’luh, av.
twitching suddenly /leg stretching in sleep/: télluh, av.

twittering: č’ik, č’iv, av.

two: čaʔ__________, n(num & nccpd)1e; čib, n1e.

twos: by twos: čabčab, num5.

typhoid: typhoid fever: muk’ta k’ok’, nphr(aj & n)5.

Tzeltal: Tzeltal person: hyan-lum, agn(aj & ncpd).

Tzotzil: Tzotzil language: ba¢’i k’op, nphr(aj & n)5; k’op, n4d/lp/.

U

udder: čuʔil, n3a.

ugh: baby talk; ugh! /called out by adults or siblings to prevent baby or crawling child from touching excrement or dirt/: ʔaʔ, excl.
/exclamation of disgust, disapproval or refusal to obey/: ʔah, excl.
ugh!: ʔay, excl.

ugly: čopol, aj.

umbilical: umbilical cord: mišik’il, n3d.

unappeased: be unappeased: k’anolah, iv.

unassociated: parte, aj.

unattainable: mu tabah, ajphr(pt & aj).

unaware: maʔ, av.

unbought: (merchandise): kevel, aj.

unbraid: /hair/: kunan, tv.

unbraided: kun, av.
(hair): kunul, aj.

uncertain: čib k’oplal, vphr(num/pred/ & n4f).

unchanged: /condition of patient/: ¢akal, aj.

uncle: /maternal, paternal, husband of maternal and paternal aunt/: muk’ta totil, nphr(aj & n)3d.
/maternal, paternal, husband of maternal or paternal aunt/: hun totil, nphr(num & n)3d.

uncoil: hilč’un, tv.
(rope, snake): hilč’un ba, rv.

uncoiled: hilič’, aj.
become uncoiled: hilč’uh, iv.

uncoiling: hil, av.

uncomfortable: be uncomfortable: yan ʔelan ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & iv/3s/ & tv).

uncomplaining: ¢o¢ ʔoʔon, nphr(aj & n4d).

unconscious: be unconscious: č’ay ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

uncooperative: be uncooperative: toy ba, rv.

uncover: hoi, tv.

uncovered: holol, aj.
(neck of man without neckerchief or woman without ribbons): tumul, aj.

uncovering: hoi, av.

underbrush: vač’tik, n5.

undercooked: ¢e, aj.

underfoot: get underfoot: makbe ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d).

underground: ʔut lum, nphr(n4f of n5).

undergrowth: vač’tik, n5.

undermine: lip’¢anbe, tv; tik’¢an očel, vphr (tv & dr); tik’p’un očel, vphr(tv & dr).
/tree/: lik¢anbe ʔok, vphr(tv & n4f).

undermined: be undermined: tik’¢ah očel, vphr(iv & dr); tik’p’uh očel, vphr(iv & dr).
become undermined (tree roots): lik¢ah ʔk, vphr(iv & n4f).

understand: ʔaʔi, tv.

understanding: bring understanding (godfather, wedding godfather): tales č’ulel, vphr(tv & n4d).

undo: tilk’un, tv.

undone: come undone: tilk’uh, iv.

undoubtedly: undoubtedly!: melel, excl.

undress: t’anan, tv; t’ani, iv; t’ašetah, iv.

undulate: (snake): lukomah, iv; šotilan ba, rv; taulan ba, rv.

undulating: luk, av.
(snake): k’amam, av; me¢e¢et, av.

uneasy: čib ʔoʔon, vpnr(num/pred/ & n4d).

unemployed: šokol, aj.

unequal: become unequal in length (pant legs): hel¢ah, iv.
make unequal in length /pant legs/: helean, tv.
of unequal length (roof poles, horizontal wattle): šulahtik, aj.

uneven: seʔ, aj.
become uneven (land after slide, sole): pay¢ah, iv.
(edge of clothing): šelahtik, aj.
(edge of road or river): šuk’ahtik, aj; šulahtik, aj.
(ground, sole): payal, aj.
(haircut): ¢’aram, aj; ¢’arkun, aj.
(land): pulpul, aj.
slightly uneven (weaving): ¢’al, aj.
(weaving, cut in wood, planting, hoeing): seʔel, aj.

unevenness: /haircut, weaving/: ¢’aramul, n4f.

unfastened: unfastened sides: lo, av.

unfeathered: with unfeathered neck: mil, av.

unfinished: keč, av; kečel, aj.
be unfinished: kom¢ah, iv.
leave unfinished: kečan, tv.
leave unfinished /meal/: kečelta, tv.
(thatch-roofed house with roof rods only): šotol, aj.
(wood): sakil, aj.

unfold: hilč’un, tv.

unfolded: hilič’, aj.

unhappiness: unhappiness leading to sickness /caused by mistreatment or loneliness/: tiʔol, n5.

unhappy: čib ʔoʔon, vphr(num/pred/ & n4d).
be unhappy about: koʔol ʔo ʔaʔi, vphr(aj & pt & tv).
become unhappy: čibah ʔoʔon, vphr(iv & n4d).
feeling unhappy: čibet ʔoʔon, vphr(av & n4d).

unicorn plant: pošil ʔaha-čon, nphr(n type n/aj & ncpd/).

uninhabited: č’ih-yan, aj(x & ajcpd).

unload: čepan, tv.

unloading: unloading here and there: yálteyálte, av.

unmarried: šokol, aj.
unmarried girl: tohol ʔan¢, nphr(aj & n)5.

unnecessarily: mu ʔaltikuk, vphr(pt & tv).

unnerved: be unnerved: č’ay¢aih, iv.

unoccupied: šokol, aj.

unpaid: keč, av.

unplug: bo¢’, tv.

unproductive: become unproductive: č’ahub, iv.
(person, land): č’ah, aj.

unproductiveness: č’ahil, n4a.

unravel: k’ut, iv; k’utp’ih, iv; tilp’un ba, rv.
(rope): til¢ah, iv; tilk’uh, iv.
/rope/: til¢an, tv; tilk’un, tv.

unravelling: til, av.

unresponsive: ʔalan, aj.

unripe: ʔunen(2), aj; ¢e, aj.
(corn): hayel, aj.
(corn) /fifteenth developmental stage just prior to the appearance of ripe ears, also called hayal ʔahan/: č’iš-mahan, aj(aj & Ucpd).

unrolling: til, av.

unruly: ¢ap, av.
(hair): ¢apal, aj.

unset: become unset (broken bone): tok’, iv.

unsteadily: več, av.
stand unsteadily (child, sick person): večan ba, rv; večetah, iv.
stand unsteadily (child, sick person, house): veči, iv.
stand unsteadily (drunk, fence, wall): večk’uh, iv.
standing unsteadily (fence, child, house, tree): večel, aj.
walk unsteadily (child): večuh, iv.

untie: titin, tv; titun, tv.

untied: become untied: hituh, iv; titih, iv; tituh, iv.

until: ʔasta ke, ptphr(pt & pt); to, pt; yoʔ to, ptphr(pt & pt).

untucked: (woman’s blouse): taset, av.

upper: ʔak’ol, nib.

upright: tuk’(2), aj; vaʔal, aj.
become upright: tuk’ib, iv.
stand upright (ladder): šik’i, iv.

uprightness: bašbol, n1e.

uproot: bul, tv.

uprooted: be uprooted: pi¢, iv.
be uprooted (tree): vuk’, iv; vuk’p’ih, iv.

uprooting: pi¢, av.

upset: t’oʔ, av.
be extremely upset: k’uš ta rioš, vphr(aj & prep & n5).
be upset: yan ba ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn/3s/ & n4d).
/person’s load/: havk’un, tv.

upside: be upside down (pot): nuhi, iv.
place upside down /pot, bowl/: nuhan, tv.
upside down: ¢’uk, nuh, av; ¢’ukul, aj.
upside down (pot): nuhul, aj.

upturned: bač, bič, val, av.
(nose with anger): bičil, aj.
(nose) /freq in anger/: bačal, aj.

urethra: be k’abil, nphr(n1f of n3d).

urgently: ʔaporal, pt.

urinate: k’abin, iv.
(man): pičičin, tv.
unable to urinate: teʔ-¢inan, aj(aj & P/2/ or T/2/cpd).
urinate in one’s clothes (drunk): k’abta ba, rv.
urinate on: k’abta, tv.

urinating: pič, av.

urination: painful urination: k’uš k’abil, nphr(aj & n)5.

urine: k’abil, n3d.

us: /exclusive/: voʔotikótik, pn.
/inclusive/: voʔotik, pn.

use: pik, tv; tun, tv; tunel, vn4b.
use another person’s belongings: pikbe, tv.

used: k’aʔ, aj; tunem, aj.
be used up: lah, iv.
get used to: kom ta manya, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
used to be: to ʔoš, ptphr(pt & pt).
(water): pokil, aj.

useful: be extremely useful /restricted to negative/: ba¢’i-tun, iv(aj & ivcpd).
be useful: tun, iv.
useful object or person: htunel, agn.

useless: čopol, aj; počan, aj.
be rendered useless (person, horse) /by sickness or injury/: kom ta sovra, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
It is useless!: mu k’u saʔ, vphr(pt & pt & tv/3s/).
(person, mule): velan, aj.
useless thing: čopolal, n4b.

uselessness: čopolal, n4b.

using: using constantly: pik, av.

uterus: ʔav ʔol, nphr(n4f of n4d); ʔav ʔunen, nphr(n4f of n5).

uvula: ¢’ukil, n3d.

V

vaccinate: hul, tv.

vagabond: hkotkovil, agn.

vagina: be ʔunen, nphr(n of n)5; manuʔ, n5; mis, n1d.
female speech; vagina: ʔetelil, n3d.

vagrancy: kotkovil, n5; porištéro, n1e.

vagrant: hporištéro, agn.

valerian: wild valerian: ʔik’al voy mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); bik’it nič nab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil voy mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); voy mula, nphr(n of n).

valley: pul-ʔosil, nphr(aj & ncpd)5; pulav, n1f.
narrow valley: homal, n1f; kaʔleh, n4f.

vampire: vampire bat: ʔanhel, agn; pepen č’o, nphr(n type n)5; pepen htiʔ-čih, nphr(n type agn/tv & ncpd/)5; pepen so¢’, nphr(n type n)5.

vase: flower vase /for altar/: šalu, n1a.

vegetable: vegetable sponge: čuk’ob k’uʔul ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

vegetable sponge: hušob-bail ʔak’, nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n).

vegetation: balamil, n1a.

vein: be č’ič’elil, nphr(n1f of n3d).
leaf vein: ¢’ibal ʔanal, nphr(n4f of n4f).

velvet: velvet ant: bolom čon(1), nphr(n type n)5.

velvet bur: ʔik’al nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n)1e; yašal nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

venerate: venerate coffer (steward): toy kaša, vphr(tv / / n).

venereal: venereal disease: k’aʔel, vn5.

Venus: htiʔ-puy, agn(tv & ncpd); mol k’anal, nphr(aj & n)5; muk’ta k’anal, nphr(aj & n5).

verbena: shrub lemon verbena: sak-nič teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

verbene: ʔalavena ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); pem k’ulub, nphr(x & n); sakil pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); tan ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n).
wild verbene: pošil yerva, nphr(n of n); vo¢-hol poš, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

verge: be on the verge of completing /work/: poʔottas, tv.
be on the verge of completion (work): poʔotah, iv.

vernix: ševu, n1a.

version: tell one’s version: ʔalbe melol, vphr(tv & n4f).

very: ʔentero, aj; ba¢’i, aj; ben, aj; ¢o¢, aj; sihil, aj; sil, aj; toh, aj; tol, aj; toyol, aj.
/windy, rainy, frosty, muddy, cold, hot/: bénos, aj.

vesper: vesper bell: ʔoresyon, n5.

vibrating: t’er, av.

viburnum: ʔisbon, n1d; ¢o¢-niʔ teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5; pašamum, n; pašamum teʔ, nphr(n type n).

viburnum grove: ¢o¢-niʔ teʔtik, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

victrola: bitrola, n1e.

view: k’elob ʔosil, nphr(n of n)5.

vigorously: walk vigorously: teʔetah, iv.
walking vigorously: teʔ, av.

Villista: napač, n1e.

vine: ʔak’, n1a.

violet: wild violet: bioleta, n1d; kučara nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/).

violin: /two-stringed/: biolin, n1a.

virgin: /female saint/: hč’ul-meʔtik, agn(aj & ncpd)5.*

Virgin: Virgin Mary /in side chapel of the Church of St. Lawrence/: hč’ul-meʔik Paškuʔ, agn: nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

virgin: virgin or recently virgin /male or female/: ʔač’, aj.

virgin’s bower: ʔič ʔak’, nphr(n type n)5; ʔiči ʔak’, nphr(x type n); ʔičil ʔak’, nphr(natt & n); muk’ta ¢’usub, nphr(aj & n).

virility: lose virility: čam, iv.

virtuously: act virtuously: ʔič’ ba ta kwenta, vphr(rv & prep & n5); ʔič’ ba ta muk’, vphr(rv & prep & aj).

vision: develop clearer vision (baby): toy sat, vphr(tv & n4d).
have failing vision: čamet sat, vphr(av & n4d).

visit: vulaʔah, iv; vulaʔan, tv.
visit briefly: lab-k’el, tv(n & tvcpd).
visit person frequently: nač’itavan, iv.
visit shrines /have curing ceremony/: hok’an ba ta kahvaltik, vphr(rv & prep & n5).

visiting: reciprocal visiting: talel batel, nphr(vn & vn)5.
visiting constantly: č’iketik, av.

visitor: hvulaʔal, agn; hvulaʔanvaneh, agn.
an. poss.; visitor: ʔuloʔ, n1d.

voice: ʔeal, n3b.

volcano: bolkan, n1e; meʔ nikel, nphr(n of n)5.

vomit: šeil, n3d; šen, iv.
vomit on: šeta, tv.

vomiter: hšenel, agn.

vomiting: k’eb, av.

vulture: black vulture: ʔik’al hol šulem, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5.
king vulture: rey šulem, nphr(n type n)1e.
turkey vulture: ¢ahal hol šulem, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5.*; ¢ahal niʔ šulem, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5.*; tararan, n1e.

W

wad: henequen wad for shot: tako, n1a.
in wad (clothes): pič’il, aj.
lie in wad (clothes, paper): pič’i, iv.
lying in wad: pič’, av.

waddling: he¢, het, pa¢’ pe¢, vub, av.
(duck, fat woman): seʔson, av.

wafted: bek’, k’ep, av.

wafting: ham, av.

wag: bi¢ulan, tv.
(dog’s tail): bi¢bonah, iv.
(tail): bikomah, iv.
/tail/: bikulan, tv.
wag head to side (baby): neʔ ba hol, vphr(rv & n1b)
wag hips (boy when playing): ¢’otilan čak, vphr(tv & n4d).

wage: tohol, n4f.

waged: be waged (war): yuʔ, iv(3s).

wagging: bi¢, bik, k’uč, k’ut, av.
wagging hips: lo¢’, av.
walking and wagging short /tail/: tučton, av.

wail: wail and pray: ʔok’ita kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5).

wailing: ʔav, ʔok’, k’ek, mek’, neʔ, pi, vuʔ, av.

waist: čukbenal, n1d; č’util, n3b.

wait: mala, tv; mala ba, rv; pas ʔora, vphr(tv & n5).
sit and wait for: čotleta, tv.

wake(1): wake up: hulav, iv; vik’es ba, rv; yul č’ulel, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d); yules č’ulel, vphr(tv / / n).

wake(2): lie in wake (person, world on Holy Saturday night): kuš, tv.

waken: tih, tv.

waking: waking life /not dream/: ba balamil, nphr(n4f of n5).
waking up: yul, av.

walk: šanav, iv.
be unable to walk (person, horse): pehi, iv.
(insect, rat): nušetah, iv.
take a walk: bat ta pašyal, vphr(iv & prep & n5); pašyah, iv; pašyan, tv.
taking a walk: pašy, av.
walk a certain distance: šan, tv.
walk around: hoyinta, tv.
walk away: tihbe eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).
walk briskly (old person making an effort to look strong and youthful): ¢unbe, tv.
walk directly behind (assistant who receives cane liquor for religious official): tihetah, iv.
walk gingerly: čavubil šanav, vphr(aj & iv).
walk holding on to support (child learning to walk): meluh, iv.
walk rapidly: vo¢be eč’el ta ʔok, vphr(tv & dr & prep & n4d).
walk side by side (oxen): lotetah, iv.
walk while holding on to support (young child): čolčonah, iv.
walk with aid of walking stick: nam-teʔin, tv(aj & ncpd).
walk with arms around each other’s shoulders (drunks): hop baik, rv.
walk with shaman’s or official’s staff: nam-teʔin, tv(aj & ncpd).

walker: /for children/: karos, n1a.

walking: čev, kot, noč, av.
walking around /within yard to prevent trespassing/: šanet, av.
walking gingerly (sick person, person walking on slippery trail, or barefoot on thorny path): lot’lon, av.
walking on all fours: čav, kot, av.
walking on all fours (child, devil, animal): kotkon, av.
walking rapidly (flea, sowbug, centipede): nušušet, av.
walking slowly: nuš, av.
walking stick: nam-teʔal, n(aj & ncpd)3a.
walking stick insect: kaʔ diavlo, nphr(n4d of n5).*; tu-¢is čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)1e.*; tut ʔama, nphr(n type n4f)1e.*
walking with erect tail: kuč av.

wall: ʔibel, n4b; pak’ na, nphr(n of n)5; pak’bal, n4f; pak’bal na, nphr(n of n)5.

wallet: ʔav tak’in, nphr(n4f of n1a).

wallow: puk’ ba, rv; puk’olah, iv; puk’ulah, iv.

wallowing: huʔ, av.

walnut: ton bek’, nphr(n type n)1a.

wander: wander aimlessly: veletah, iv.

wane: ʔunenah, iv; sut, iv.

want: ʔaʔi, tv; čak, pt; k’an, tv; nop ʔoʔon, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4d); nopilan, tv.
want to go: tek’etah, iv.

war: ʔak’-k’ok’, vn(tv & ncpd)5; k’op, n1d; pletu, n5.
wage war: ʔak’ k’ok’, vphr(tv / / n).

warbler: wilson’s warbler: č’ikč’ik, n5.

warden: church warden: hk’el-ʔekliša, agn(tv & ncpd).

warm: k’išin, aj.
become warm (water, tortilla): yam¢ah, iv; yamk’uh, iv.
/food/: k’išna, tv.
get warm (water, day, sweat bath, griddle, body): k’išnah, iv.
warm body: vo, tv.
warm person /with cane liquor/: yamta, tv.
warm self: k’atin, iv.
warm self /with cane liquor, by defeating enemy/: k’išna ba, rv.
warm self in the sun: k’atin k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n4).
/water, coffee/: yamaltas, tv.

warmed: k’išin, av.
feeling warmed up: laet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv); lahet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv).
warmed inside /with coffee or cane liquor/: k’išet, av.

warming: sitting next to fire warming self: p’ošol, aj.

warp(1): teʔom, n1e.
prepare warp lashing: hit’ak, tv.
warp lashing: hit’ak, n1a; hit’akil holobil, nphr(natt & n)5.
warp thread: holobil, n3a.

warp(2): luk¢ah, iv; peč ba, rv; pečk’uh, iv; šotan ba, rv; šot¢ah, iv; šotk’ih, iv.

warped: pečpeč, aj; pevahtik, aj; pevel, aj; šotol, aj.
become warped: šotib, iv.

warping: warping bar or frame: komen, n1d.

warrior: hʔak’-k’ok’, agn(tv & ncpd).

wart: č’ok, n3a; č’okil, n4d; sat pukuh, nphr(n4d of n1f).

was: to ʔoš, ptphr(pt & pt).
there was: ʔoy to ʔoš, nphr(n5 & pt & pt).

wash: /clothes or wool by beating on rocks/: čuk’, tv.
/clothes/: čuk’omah, iv.
/hands/: haš, tv.
/person, watermelon squash, cushaw, summer squash, objects other than clothing, wool, food and containers for food and drink/: pok, tv.
wash another person’s hair: ¢ebiltas, tv.
wash clothes at stream: ʔuk’umah, iv.
wash down /food/: net’ ba yalel, vphr(rv & dr).
wash hair with: ¢ebin, tv.
wash off self /in river/: sap ba, rv.
wash one’s hair: ¢ebin, iv.
wash self: ʔatin, iv.

washed: washed away: yiʔ, av.

washes: person who washes clothes in stream: hʔuk’umahel, agn.

washing: pok, av.
/not ceremonial/: ʔatimol, vn5.

wasp: ʔovišpo, n1e; čak-lakan teʔ, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n)1e.*; čanul ʔakov, nphr(n of n)5; čanul ʔakov, nphr(n of n)5.*; kitara čon, nphr(n type n)1e.*; kitaron, n1e; muyan meʔel, nphr(impv/iv/ & n)1e; varač, n1e.
/ʔakov or yellow jacket adult/: čanul mum, nphr(n of n)5.
eumenid wasp: vub-šuš, n(aj & ncpd)1e.*
lowland black wasp: čihavil, n1e.*
wasp nest /including inhabitants/: ʔakov, n1a.*

waste: ʔištalah, iv; ʔištalan, tv; ʔištol ʔaʔi, vphr(n5 & tv); č’ay, tv.
waste one’s time: ʔak’ vokol, vphr(tv / / n); č’ay ka’k’al, vphr(tv & n5).

watch(1): ʔora, n1a; reloho, n1a.

watch(2): k’el, tv.
watch a show: k’el ʔelav, vphr(tv & n5).
watch expectantly: t’ohan sat, vphr(tv & n4d).
watch from a distance: nam-tal-k’el, tv(aj/aj & ivcpd/ & tvcpd).
watch jealously /making sure that spouse of either sex remains faithful/: čabi, tv.

watchdog: hk’el-na, agn(tv & ncpd).

watching: watching expectantly (thief, dog or child watching people eating): t’ohol, aj.

water: ʔaʔal, n4d; maʔlta, tv; voʔ, n5.*
“flower water” /to bathe patient, sacrificial chicken and steward’s coffer/: ničim, n1a.
holy water: ¢’uiltasbil voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5.
rain water: ¢’uhub, n5.
trip for water: haʔbeh, vn5.
water gourd: ¢ual voʔ, nphr(natt & n)5.
water jug: k’ib, n1a.
water storage jar: teneša, n1a.
water tank: tanke, n1e.
water that drips from roof of cave: yaleb voʔ, nphr(n of n)5.

water withe: ¢ahal veʔel ʔinatab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

watercress: bero, n1a; vok voʔ, nphr(n of n).
hybrid watercress: bero, n1a.

waterfall: yaleb voʔ, nphr(n of n)5.

waterhole: waterhole for washing clothes: ʔuk’unahebal voʔ, nphr(n type n)5.

watering: ʔač’, ʔok’, av.

watermelon: šantia, n1a.

watery: ʔuy, les, av.
become watery (corn gruel): yašaub, iv.
make watery /corn gruel/: yašaubtas, tv.*
(mud): lesel, aj.

wattle: horizontal wattle: šul, n1a.
turkey wattle /appendage above beak/: sim tuluk’, nphr(n4d of n5).
wattle and daub house: pak’bal na, nphr(n type n)5.

wave: wave arms in air to shield self (child after being struck): hot’ot’an, tv.
wave back and forth /banners/ (ensign-bearers changing office), /hat/ (happy drunk): ličulan, tv.

waving: čiv, lič, av.
waving back and forth (wheat): yoet, av.
waving up and down: bič, av.

wax: sera, n1a.
wax of ton pom: čab, n1a.

way: be, n1d.
get in way: makbe ʔok, vphr(tv & n4d).
get out of the way: k’eh ba, tv.
way of life: ʔes, n4d; tasalul, n4d.

we: /exclusive/: voʔotikótik, pn.
/inclusive/: voʔotik, pn.

weak: k’un, aj; k’unil, aj.
become weak: k’unib, iv; plohoib, iv; yoč, iv.
become weak /from illness/: ʔunenub, iv.
(cane liquor): sik-laman, aj(aj & Ucpd); yamet, av.
feeling weak: tihbil, aj.
/person, liquor/: yočol, aj.
too weak to lift burden /person/: lok’ol-čak, nphr(aj & ncpd).
weak and incapable of physical exertion (person): yohoval, aj.
weak and incapable of physical exertions /restricted to third person/: yohoval, n4d.

weaken: /cane liquor/: yočes, tv.
having one’s pulse weaken: yámteyámte č’ič’el, vphr(av & n4d).
weaken person (witch, sickness): čopvan, iv.

wealth: ʔič’omal, n1d; k’ulehal, n1d.

wealthy: k’išet, av.
be wealthy: yuʔ ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
become wealthy: k’ulehah, tv; k’ulehan, tv; toy, iv.
make wealthy: k’ulehes, tv.
wealthy person: hk’uleh, agn.

wean: wean self: tuč ta čuʔ, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).

weaned: be weaned: tuč’ ta čuʔ, vphr(tv & prep & n4d).

wear: lap, tv.
/necklace, rosary, chaplet/: ʔuan, tv.
/necklace, rosary, chaplet, scarf/: ʔuin, tv.
wear clothes for first time /new clothes, wedding clothes, clothes of angels, dudes and players/: ¢’aki, iv.
wear for the first time /clothes/: ¢ah, tv.
wear long /pants/: natubtasan, tv.
wear off (nap): hus, iv.
wear out: lah, iv.
wear out /quarry/: lub¢an, tv.
wear self out: lubes ba, rv.
wear self out quickly: lub¢an ba, rv.
wear thin (sandal): mayk’uh, iv.
wear thin /sandal/: mayk’un, tv.

wearing: wearing same clothes: šoh, av.

weasel: long-tailed weasel: saben, n5; yašal saben, nphr(aj & n)5.*

weave: halav, iv; halomah, iv.
/cloth, palm/: hal, tv.
weave replacement for /wool tunic, robe, ceremonial robe/: vaʔ¢anbe k’ešol, vphr(tv & n4f).
with smooth weave: ¢’ab, av; ¢’abal, aj.

weaver: hhalom, agn.

weaving: luk, šot, av.
weaving head /after receiving blow/: nihih eč’el, vphr(av & dr).

webbed-fingered: lot-k’ob, n(aj & ncpd)5.

webbed-toed: lot-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd)5.

webbing: webbing of foot: k’alav niʔ ʔok, nphr(n1f of nphr/n1f of n3d/).
webbing of hand: k’alav niʔ k’ob, nphr (n1f of nphr/n1f of n3d/).

wedding: mišail, n4d.
have church wedding: nupun, iv; nupun ta ʔekliša, vphr(iv & prep & n5); nupun ta pale, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
have civil wedding: nupun ta sivil, vphr(iv & prep & n5).
wedding mass: miša, n1a.

wedge: ka¢’ob teʔ, nphr(n type n)5; pahčuč teʔ, nphr(n1f of n1a).
/hoe, axe/: k’uš, n4f.
slip wedge under /table leg/: k’uši, tv.

Wednesday: melkuleš, n1e.
Wednesday of Holy Week: melkuleš santo, nphr(n & aj)5.

weed: ʔak’inah, iv.
weed alternate rows: k’al, tv.
weed around each plant /leaving the rest unweeded/: hoy-sati, tv(tv & ncpd).

weed-killer: likido, n1a.

weeded: weeded in broad swatch: lebel, aj; t’abal, aj.

weeder: /person/: hʔak’in, agn.

weeding: ʔak’in, n1a.
weeding before planting corn: hosiav čenek’, nphr(n of n)5.
weeding season: ʔak’intik, n5.

week: šemana, n1a.
week of duty /justices of the peace, aldermen, prefects, constables, principals, sacristans, scribes, stewards-royal and publicans/: šemana, n1a.

weep: ʔok’, iv.

weevil: bean weevil: čanul čenek’, nphr(n of n)5.
corn weevil: čanul ʔišim, nphr(n of n)5.

weft: buk’, n1a.

weigh: weigh down: ʔalubtas, tv.

weight: ʔalal, n4b.

weightless: say, av.
(tree, agave inflorescence stalk): sipson, av.

well(1): ʔaʔal, n4d; č’enal voʔ, vphr(natt & n)5; poso, n1a; voʔ, n5.
well for drinking water: ʔuč’balal voʔ, nphr(aj & n)5.

well(2): lek, aj; pwes, pt.
get well: ta tohol, vphr(tv / / n).
very well: sil, n5.
well!: bweno, excl.

well-clothed: be well-clothed (man with industrious wife): k’uʔulah, iv.

well-dressed: /at fiesta/: po¢ol, aj.
be well-dressed: mel¢an ba, rv.

well-fed: feeling well-fed /after being hungry/: laet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv); lahet ʔaʔi, vphr(av & tv).

well-flailed: čamem, aj.

well-groomed: leb, av.

well-ground: čamem, aj.

well-made: (house): ¢ak’al, aj.

well-proportioned: (nose): tučul, aj.

well-reasoned: (argument): p’ehel, aj.
become well-reasoned (argument): melolah, iv.

well-to-do: be well-to-do: yuʔ yuʔtik, vphr(iv/3s/ & iv/3s/ & n4d).

welt: walk with raised welt: t’eletah, iv.

went: /acts as auxiliary verb/: ʔa, iv(contr of 7ay).

were: to ʔoš’, ptphr(pt & pt).
there were: ʔoy to ʔoš, nphr(n5 & pt & pt).

west: ʔolon, n1b; maleb k’ak’al, nphr(n of n)5.

wet: ʔok’, pok’, av; t’ušul, aj.
be soaking wet (clothes): t’ayi, iv.
become wet (clothing): pok’¢ah, iv.
become wet (corn that is soaked overnight): ha ʔub, iv.
(child wetting person, rain): t’ušubtas, tv.
(clothing): pok’ol, aj.
cold and wet (clothing): sik-t’ayan, aj(aj & Pcpd).
get wet: pi¢’¢an, tv.
get wet (clothes, ground): t’ušub, iv.
get wet (clothes, ground, person): t’uši, iv.
get wet /from rain/: t’uš¢ah, iv.
(leaves): ¢’uhul, aj.
sopping wet (clothing, floor): pi¢’il, aj.
(water spilled on person, child wetting mother): t’uš¢an, tv.
wet and comb /hair/ (woman): t’ab, tv.
wet and smooth /ground on which flailed corn is to fall/: t’ab, tv.
wet with perspiration (forehead, head): šuč’ul, aj.

wether: kapon čih, nphr(n type n)1a.

wetness: t’ušulil, n4d.

wetting: wetting and combing: t’abt’on, av.

whack: /child/ /with small stick/: t’ečbe, tv.
/child, dog, pig/: t’eš ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
whack /with stick/ /child, dog, chicken/: č’eh ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).
whack at someone or something /with axe or machete/: heč’be, tv.
/with stick/: ček’ ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5).

whacking: č’eh, his, av.
whacking suddenly /with stick/: t’éšluh, av.

what: k’u, pt; k’u čaʔal, pt & pt; k’usi, pt; k’usitik, pt.
what for?: k’u čaʔal, pt & pt.
what?: k’u, pt; k’usi, pt.
what? /plu/: k’usitik, pt.
what’s going on?: k’u čaʔal, pt & pt.

whatever: k’uk, pt(contr of k’u & -uk).
whatever it is like: k’uk ʔelan, vphr(pt/contr of k’u & -uk/ & iv/3s/).
whatever it may be: haʔuk, pt.

wheat: triko, n1a.

wheel: karos, n1a.

wheelbarrow: karetia, n1a.

wheezing: ¢ik’, har, ho¢, hor, hos, kas, av.
suffering from wheezing cough: soh, av.

when: bak’in, pt; bak’ni, pt; k’al, pt; k’alal(3), pt; k’u ʔora, nphr(pt & n5).
/in the past/: bak’ni, pt.
/moment in the future/: ʔok’, n4e.
the time when: yoʔ, pt.
when the time comes: yoʔ to k’u čaʔal, ptphr(pt & pt & pt & pt).
when?: k’u ʔora, nphr(pt & n5).

whenever: yoʔ to, ptphr(pt & pt).

where: bu, n5; bu hotukal, nphr(n5 & n5); buy, n(contr of bu & ʔoy) 5.
the place where: yoʔ, pt.
where?: bu, n5; bu hotukal, nphr(n5 & n5); buy, n(contr of bu & ʔoy) 5.

wherever: bu hotukal, nphr(n5 & n5); buk, n(contr of bu & -uk) 5; buyuk, n(contr of bu & ʔoyuk) 5.
wherever?: bu hotukal, nphr(n5 & n5).

whether: mi, pt.

whetstone: /sandstone/: vuš ton, nphr(n type n)1a.

whew: /sound of escaping breath/: ʔuyha, excl.

which: bu hunukal, nphr(n5 & num5).
which one: buč’u hunukal, nphr(n5 & num5).
which one?: buč’u hunukal, nphr(n5 & num5).
which one? /with numeral classifiers/: bu hunukal, nphr(n5 & num5).
which person: buč’u hunukal, nphr(n5 & num5).
which person?: buč’u hunukal, nphr(n5 & num5).
which?: bu hunukal, nphr(n5 & num5).

whichever: whichever _______: k’u h _______, nphr(pt & n/nc & numcpd/)5.
whichever one: bu hunukal, nphr(n5 & num5); k’u hunukal, nphr(pt & n5); k’uk ’ʔelan, vphr(pt/contr of k’u & -uk/ & iv/3s/); k’uk noš ʔelan, vphr(pt/contr of k’u & -uk/ & pt & iv/3s/).
whichever person: buč’u hunukal, nphr(n5 & num5).

while: k’alal(3), pt; t’ab, pt; yolel, pt.

whimpering: ʔih, ¢’ur, av.

whining: ʔiʔ, av.

whinnying: ʔih, av.

whip: ʔarsial, n1a; ¢ok’be, tv; ¢’itbe ʔarsial, vphr(tv & n5); čikote, n1a; k’ambe, tv; lek’be ʔarsial, vphr(tv & n1d); timbe _______, vphr(tv & n5).
horse whip: tapaho, n1a.
whip repeatedly: hisisanbe, tv.

whip tree: muk’ta tušnuk’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil tušnuk’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); tušnuk’ teʔ, nphr(n type n)5.

whipping: his, la¢, av.
get a whipping (child, dog): tiʔ nukul, vphr(tv & n5).

whippoorwill: kurkuvič’, n5.*

whir: make whir: t’arbe, tv.

whirl: (dust devil): sutubah, iv; sutumah, iv.
whirl away /stick, stone with slingshot/: him eč’el, vphr(tv & dr).

whirling: him, av.
(tornado): me¢e¢et, av.
(wind): sututet, av.

whirlwind: sutum ʔik’, nphr(aj & n)1e.

whirr: /bull roarer/: humilan, tv.

whirring: liar, him, hum, pur, t’ar, av.
(corn mill EKL 258;2-9): t’ašašet, av.
(mourning dove): viret, av.

whishing: čih, av.

whisper: mišmiš-k’opoh, iv(aj & ivcpd); mišmiš-k’opon, tv(aj & tvcpd); mišmiš k’op, nphr(aj & n5); višviš-k’opoh, iv(aj & tvcpd); višviš-k’opon, tv(aj & tvcpd); višviš k’op, nphr(aj & n)5.
whisper about: mišmiš-k’opta, tv(aj & tvcpd); višviš-k’opta, tv(aj & tvcpd).

whispering: miš, av.
whispering session: mišmiš-k’optaeh-bail, vn(vn/aj & tvcpd/ & rpncpd)5; višviš-k’optaeh-bail, vn(tv/aj & tvcpd/ & rpncpd)5.

whistle: pietah, iv; šušub, n5.
cause to whistle toward someone /machete, stick, bullet/: hašbe, tv.
clay whistle /made in San Cristóbal and blown by children on fiesta of St. Lawrence/: vilol, n1d.
(gourd): ʔok’, iv.
whistle a tune: šušubah, iv.
whistle at: piu, tv; piuta, tv; šušubta, tv.
whistle at someone through teeth /archaic/: ¢’u¢’upta, tv.
whistle through teeth: sisibah, iv.
whistle through teeth at: sisibta, tv.

whistler: hšušubahel, agn.

whistling: ʔis, his, hu, huʔ, pi, av; šušubal, n3d.
whistling by: haš, av.

white: meko, aj; sak, aj; sakil, aj.
become white: sakub, iv.
egg white: sakil, n4f.
/eyes/: sakil, n4f.

whiteness: sakil, n4e.

whitewash: bon, n1e; bon, tv; bonol, n1e; mah-tani, tv(tv & ncpd).

Whitsunday: yal ta vinahel rioš, vphr(iv/3s/ & pt & n5 & n5).

whizzing: har, hik’, hum, hur, sar. av.

who: buč’u, n5; k’u, pt.
who cares: nimúruš, excl.
who?: buč’u, n5.
who? /plu/: buč’utik, n5.

whoa: ččču, excl.
/exclamation to calm horse/: sto, excl.

whoever: buč’uk hunukal, nphr(pt/contr. of buč’u & uk/ & n5); buč’utik, pt.

wholehearted: hunul ʔoʔon, nphr(num4f of n4d).

wholeheartedly: hunul ʔoʔon, nphr(num4f of n4d).

whoop: give war whoop /as did U. S. Indians, with interruptions formed by touching hands to lips/ (cantor and judge ordinary during Carnival): vaban ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d).

whooping: hik’, av.
whooping cough: hik’ik’ul ʔobal, nphr(aj & n)5.

whooshing: čih, hus, av.

whore: púta, n1d.

whorl: /finger/: sutubal, n4f.
inan. poss.; whorl: sutum ʔik’, nphr(aj & n)1e.
spindle whorl /clay/: ¢ek, n1g.
whorl on ball of the thumb: ¢ek k’ob, nphr(n4e of n4d).

why: ¢an, pt; k’u ʔuʔn, nphr(pt & n4f); k’uʔn, pt(contr of k’u & yuʔun); porke, pt.
/emphatic/: k’u ma ʔuʔun, nphr(pt & pt & n4f); k’u maʔn, ptphr(pt & pt/contr of ma & yuʔun/)
/implies person is at fault/: ¢al ʔuʔun, ptphr(pt & n4d/3s/); ¢aluk, pt; ¢an, pt.
that is why: poréso, excl; yeč’o, pt; yeč’o ʔal, vphr(pt & tv/3s); yeč’o ka, ptphr(pt & x).
why doesn’t: ya, pt.
why is it?: k’u čaʔal, pt & pt.
why?: k’u ʔuʔun, nphr(pt & n4f); k’u čaʔal, pt & pt; k’u melol, nphr(pt & n4f); k’uʔn, pt(contr of k’u & yuʔun).

wick: meča, n1a.

wicked: many a, aj.

wide: hamal, aj; šemel, aj.
become wide (woven palm strip): yihub, iv.
(cap of amanita): lečleč, aj.
(cleared stretch of forest): level, aj.
/cloth on loom when too wide/: lič’lič’ aj.
(eyed) /staring/: pitel, aj; pitil, aj.
(leaf): počol, aj.
(leaves): pečpeč, aj.
(mouth of pot): šekel, aj.
shallow and wide (bowl, basket): pačpač, aj.
too wide and low (house): lečleč, aj.
too wide apart (rows of corn): livahtik, aj.
wide eyes: pit, av.
with wide feet: šamit ʔok, nphr(n type n5).
(woven palm strip, leather strap): yih, aj.

wide-brimmed: with wide-brimmed hat: peč, av.

wide-eyed: bulbul, aj; level sat, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).
(children whose parent goes to market and brings back nothing for them): t’ohlahet sat, vphr(av & n4d).
/staring/: bot’ol, aj.
/with fear/: pit-sat, n(aj & ncpd)5.

wide-mouthed: poket, n1a.

wide-necked: (shirt, tunic): level, aj.

widely: (corral posts): p’evel, aj.
too widely spaced (plants, teeth): taman, aj.
too widely spaced (plants, trees): pe¢antik, aj; pe¢kantik, aj.
widely spaced (corral posts, teeth): kayal, aj.

widen: /palm strip/: yihubtas, tv.

wider: become wider: hamalub, iv.
make wider: hamalubtas, tv.

widespread: climbing with legs widespread: šetet čak, vphr(av & n4d).
(legs): šekel, aj; yeʔahtik, aj.
(rump, i.e., legs): hekel(2), aj.
with legs widespread: šek, šev, av.
with widespread leg: setel, aj.

widow: meʔanal ʔan¢, nphr(aj & n)5.*; meʔel, agn.

widower: meʔanal vinik, nphr(aj & n)5.

width: hamleh, n4d.
width of shirt neck: setbenal, n1f.

wife: ʔahnilal, n3d; ʔahval na, nphr(n4f of n1d); ʔan¢ilal, n4d.
absolute form; term of address for wife: ʔan¢, n1a.
/rather derogatory/: meʔlal, n4d.

wiggle: bi¢ulan, tv; vuyes, tv.
(dog): bikomah, iv.
/loose tooth, door/: kočilan, tv.

wiggling: bi¢, kuy, več, av.
/axe, hoe head/: kočkon, av.
(tooth): vuyvon, av.

wild: ¢apal, aj; simaron, aj.
be wild (woman’s hair): veʔi, iv.
(hair of man or woman): va¢al, aj.
(hair): č’eiel, aj.
have wild hair (woman): veian hol, vphr(tv & n4d).

wild-haired: ¢ap, č’eʔ, veʔ, av.

wild-talking: wild-talking person /archaic/: čok’an, n5.

will: ta, pt.

William: /infr/: Yermo, n1d.

willow: kilahtik tok’oy, nphr(aj & n); sakil tok’oy, nphr(aj & n).

wilt: lusp’ih, iv; moč’an ba, rv; yom¢ah, iv.
(flower): tup’, iv.
(leaf, flower): lusan ba, rv; lusi, iv.

wilted: lus, av; lusul, aj; nup’ul, aj.

win: kuč ʔuʔun, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4b); pas kanal, vphr(tv & n5); yuʔ ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).
/fight/: ʔeč’ ʔuʔun, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

wind(1): ʔik’, n1a; ʔik’al, n4d.
“cold wind”: sik, aj.
“wind” /in body/: ʔik’, n1a.
mother wind: meʔ ʔik’, nphr(n of n)5.*

wind(2): /thread around shuttle/: č’al, tv.
wind thread around heddle rod: ʔola, tv.
wind thread into ball: pisolah, iv; pisomah, iv.
wind tightly /thread on spindle/: t’islu, tv.
wind up /cotton, wool thread, string/: pis, tv.

windblown: va¢al, aj.
become windblown (hair): šik¢ah, iv.
(girl’s hair): šikil, aj.
sit with windblown hair (man, woman): va¢i, iv.
walking about with windblown hair: šiktešikte, av.
with windblown hair: ¢un, va¢, av.

winded: be winded: mak ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

winding: (path): šotan(3), aj.
winding into ball: pis, av.

window: ventana, n1a.
small window: č’ohč’oh, n5.

windswept: (reeds, corn field): vuk’uk’et, av.

wine: bino, n5.
fruit wine: bino, n5; bino-fruta, n(n & ncpd)5.

wing: šik’, n4d.
/spook/: vileb, n4d.

wings: hold out wings (buzzard sunning self, sick chicken): počan ba, rv.

wink: ¢’oʔilan, tv.
wink at: ¢’oʔanbe, tv.
wink at (girl): ¢’uʔ-sati, tv(tv & ncpd).
wink at /girl/: ¢’oʔ-sati, tv(tv & ncpd).

winnow: hik’olah, iv; hik’omah, iv.
/corn, beans/: hik’a, tv.
winnow by shaking in net /leftover corn, beans of poor quality/: čah, tv.

winnower: corn winnower: hhik’aeh-ʔišim, agn(vn & ncpd).

winnowing: čah, av.

wintergreen: ʔaha-teʔes, n(n & ncpd)1d; muk’ta ʔaha-teʔes, nphr(aj & n).

wipe: /nose, anus, table, etc./: kus, tv.
wipe off: kus, tv.

wiping: kus, av.

wire: ʔalampre, n1.
barbed wire: ʔalampre, n1.

wisdom: naʔel, vn1d; p’ihil, n4d; rason, n1a.

wise: be wise: pas rason, vphr(tv & n5).
become wise: p’ihubtas ba, rv.
wise person: hpas-rason, agn(tv & ncpd); rason vinik, nphr(n type n)5.

witch: ʔak’ čamel, vphr(tv & vn5); hʔak’-čamel, agn(tv & vncpd); htuč’-ʔora, agn(tv & ncpd); htuč’-kantela, agn(tv & ncpd).*; pukuh, n1e.
animal transformation of witch: čivo, n1a.
lit., giver of _____ /worms, tadpoles, etc./: hʔak’ _____, agn(tv & ncpd).
/person who lets out enemy’s guardian animal from corral/: hhamvaneh, agn.
/restricted to hostile people seen in dreams/: ʔahval čamel, nphr(n4f of vn5).
/seller of souls/: hčonvaneh, agn.

witchcraft: accuse falsely of witchcraft: vaʔanbe ʔahval čamel, vphr(tv & nphr/n4f of vn5/).
sickness caused by witchcraft: ʔak’ben čamel, nphr(n type vn)5.

witching: be capable of witching: yuʔ yuʔtik, vphr(iv/3s/ & iv/3s/ & n4d).

with: čiʔuk, n4b; čiʔukbe, n4b; tohol, n4b.
go with: čiʔuk ec’el, nphr(n1b & dr).
/me, etc./: ta tohol, nphr(prep & n4d).
with it: ʔo, pt.

wither: cause to wither (frost): ʔak’ k’ak’al, vphr(tv/3s/ & n4e).
(flowers): moč’¢ah, iv.

witness: reštiko, agn.
person who serves as witness in disputes at town hall: reštiko, agn.

wobbling: šov, av.
(tooth, fence post): yočyon, av.
wobbling head: neʔ, av. wobbling suddenly (post, tree): véčluh, av.

woman: ʔan¢, n1a.
male term of address to younger woman: yay, n5.
old woman: meʔel, agn.
woman who always stays at home: vu¢’lemal ʔan¢, nphr(aj & n)5.
woman who is no longer a virgin: kečelil, n3b.
young or small woman: bik’tal ʔan¢, nphr(aj & n)5.

wonder: ʔal ʔoʔon, vphr(tv / / n); ʔat won, vphr(tv / /n); k’opoh ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

wood: dry wood: taki-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.
wood gatherer: hkuč-si¢, agn(tv & ncpd).
wood left by runaway fire: tokol, n1d.

wood-carver: hʔan-teʔ, agn(tv & ncpd).

wood-gathering: kuč-siʔ, vn(tv & ncpd)5.

woodcreeper: strong-billed woodcreeper: tuktuk, n1e.*
/unidentified/: tiʔ, n5.*

wooden-headed: čuman teʔ hol, ajphr(nphr/n of n/5 type n)5.

woodpecker: acorn woodpecker: bah-teʔ mut, nphr(vn/tv & ncpd/ type n)5; reketo, n5; tunsarek, n5.
golden-fronted woodpecker: bah-teʔ mut, nphr(vn/tv & ncpd/ type n)5; tunsarek, n5.
hairy woodpecker: tiʔ, n5.*
pale-billed woodpecker: kalpintero mut, nphr(agn type n)5.*

wool: ¢o¢, n1a.
carded wool: hašbalal ¢o¢, nphr(aj & n)5.
short and poor quality wool: č’iš ¢o¢, nphr(n type n)1e.

wooly: ¢on, av.
black wooly bear: pohol, n1e.
very wooly (animal): ¢onol, aj.

word: k’op, n1d.

wordless: /unable to respond quickly/: ʔalet, av.

work: ʔabteh, iv; ʔabtel, vn1a.
load with work: temanbe ʔabtel, vphr(tv & n4d).
look for work: pas kanal, vphr(tv & n5).
unit of work: taria, n1d.*
work at high speed: ličbe ʔabtel, vphr(tv & n5).
work from dawn to dusk: males k’ak’al, vphr(tv & n5).
work hard: bašbolah, iv; bašbolan, tv.
work in corn field: čabah, iv; čaban, tv.

worker: hʔabtel, agn.
finca or ranch worker who is assigned to set example for others in work: kaporal, agn.

working: working industriously: bot’bon, av.
working swiftly: sal, av.

world: balamil, n1a.

worm: cabbage worm: čanul ʔitah, nphr(n of n)5.
/infesting fruit or corn/: šuit, n1e.
worm-infested /pack sore/: k’aʔ, aj.

worm-eaten: become worm-eaten: hoč’ib, iv; hoč’in, iv.
(corn, beans, wood): hoč’, aj.
powder of worm-eaten corn, beans or wood: hoč’, n4a.

worn: be worn thin on side or end (sole): kečk’uh, iv.
have corners worn off (hoe): may¢ah, iv.
worn down: keč, av.
worn out: hil, av.
worn thin (toe of sandal): mayal, aj.

worried: čopol ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & n5).
be worried: k’opohes ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n4d); yan ba ʔoʔon, vphr(aj/pred/ & rpn/3s/ & n4d).
be worried about: ʔal ʔoʔn, vphr(tv / / n).

worry: ʔat hol, vphr(tv // n); k’opoh ʔoʔon, vphr(iv/3s/ & n4d).

worse: get worse (pain): ba¢’ih, iv.

worship: nup kahvaltik, vphr(tv & n5); nup rioš, vphr(tv & n5); ta ta naʔel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); tik’ rioš ta ʔoʔon, vphr(tv & n5 & prep & n4d).

worshipper: hnup-rioš, agn(tv & ncpd); hpas-resal, agn(tv & ncpd); hresavil, agn.
family group of worshippers /sing, does not occur/: hresaletik, agn.

worthless: It is worthless!: mu k’u saʔ, vphr(pt & pt & tv/3s/).
(person): sovra, aj.

worthwhile: be worthwhile (curing ceremony, medicine, imprisonment): balin, tv.

would: yečuk, aj.
would have: yečuk, aj.

wound: lastima, n1a; yayihemal, nib.

wound wort: shrubby wound wort: suil ʔitah, nphr(x type n).

wounded: be wounded: yayih, iv.

woven: loosely woven: čahal, aj; čehahtik, aj; čehelik, aj.
woven section /palm/: halbenal, n1f.

wrangle: (spouses): p’ah baik, rv.

wrangler: hsaʔ-k’op, agn(tv & ncpd).

wrap: po¢an, tv.
/bandage around limb, rope around top of bag, barbed wire around tree/ /figure eight pattern/: č’al, tv.
/bottles to prevent clinking, eggs or new pots to prevent breaking when carried/: k’al, tv.
/tamale/: piš, tv.
/tamales/: pišolah, iv; pišomah, iv.
s wrap around: k’am, tv.
wrap around /neck/: mit\ tv.
wrap around warping bar (thread): ni, iv.
wrap loosely /head in scarf while holding onto ends/: vol, tv.
wrap oneself /in blanket or rain cape/: k’uʔun, tv.
wrap self /in blanket or shawl/: k’am ba, rv.
wrap self /in blanket/: soman ba, rv; somi, iv; vol ba, rv.
wrap thread around warping bar: ni, tv; niolah, iv; niomah, iv.
wrap tightly /head in neckerchief with ends fastened tightly around neck/: sut\ tv.
wrap tightly /head in neckerchief/ (steward, holy elder, person with headache): mit\ tv.
wrap up /clothes, tortillas/: vol, tv.

wrapped: mit\ som, sut\ av; pišil, aj.
be wrapped /wounded leg in piece of old straw mat/: po¢i, iv.
be wrapped up /in blanket/: voli, iv.
become wrapped around: yak ba, rv.
(head, tortillas, wound): sut’ul, aj.
/in blanket or shawl/: k’amal, aj.
/person in blanket, patient in “flowers”, dog in leaves, mouse in wool/: somol, aj.
wrapped around: pič’, av.
wrapped up (person in blanket, head in scarf): volol, aj.

wrapper: charcoal wrapper /leaves used by charcoal sellers/: vol ʔak’al, nphr(n1f of n1d).
/leaves used to wrap tamales, corn husk, air pine leaves, banana leaves or banana trunk used to wrap posol, oak leaves used to wrap charcoal when it is carried to be sold/: vol, n4f.
tamale wrapper: vol ʔot, nphr(n4f of n4d).
tamale wrapper /hand flower leaves/: vol vah, nphr(n of n)5.

wrapping: wrapping slowly /tamales/: pišpon, av.

wreck: ʔištalah, iv; ʔištalan, tv; ʔištol ʔAʔi, vphr(n5 & tv).

wren: band-backed wren: činkataranka, n5.*
plain wren: k’ok’-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/type n)5.
southern house wren: k’ok’-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

wrestle: him baik, rv; sotilan ta mahel, vphr(tv & prep & vn5); tahin, iv; tahinta, tv.
/often has sexual connotation/: hip baik, rv.

wrestler: hhimvaneh ta lum, agn(nphr/vn & prep & n5/); hsotilanvaneh ta mahel, agn(vphr/iv & prep & vn5/).

wretched: yo, aj.

wriggle: bi¢bonah, iv; bi¢ulan, tv.
wriggle excitedly (dog): lukomah, iv.

wriggling: ʔo¢, bi¢, av.
(caterpillar in fire): moč’et, av.
(dog’s tail on ground, snake): me¢mon, av.
(grub, centipede, large caterpillar): taʔton, av.

wring: /laundry/: pi¢’, iv; pi¢’, tv.
wring out /laundry/: pi¢’omah, iv.

wrinkle: puščah, iv.
/cloth, paper/: muč’ilan, tv.
(clothing): ¢uk ba, rv; moč’ ba, rv.
/nose in disgust/: ¢ukan, tv.
/paper/: moč’ilan, tv.
(skin): ¢uʔ ba, rv.
wrinkle nose and show teeth: č’ivan ʔe, vphr(tv & n4d); č’ivan niʔ, vphr(tv & n4d).
wrinkle up /nose, mouth/: ¢’otan, tv.

wrinkled: become wrinkled (skin): ¢uʔib, iv.
(clothes): pušahtik, aj.
(face with anger or age, scrotum): ¢ukul, aj.
(face): timtim, aj.
(skin): ¢uʔan, aj; ¢uʔul, aj.
with nose wrinkled and teeth showing /laughing, in anger/: čivil ʔe, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d); č’ivil niʔ, vphr(aj/pred/ & n4d).
wrinkled up: ¢uk¢uk, aj.
wrinkled up (nose): čivel, aj.

wrinkling: wrinkling nose: čiv, č’iv, av, muš, av.
wrinkling up nose /laughing/: čivčon niʔ, vphr(av & n4d).

wrist: nuk’ k’obol, nphr(n1f of n3d).

wristbone: bakel k’ob, nphr(n4f of n4d); sat k’obol, nphr(n4f of n3d).

write: ¢’iba, tv; ¢’ibah, iv.

writer: h¢’ibahel, agn; h¢’ibahom, agn.

writhe: (snake): lukilan ba, rv; šotilan ba, rv; taulan ba, rv.

writhing: čev, av.
(dying snake): močočet, av.

writing: ¢’ibahel, n5.

written: ¢’akal, aj.

wrong: obstinately continue to do wrong: toyel ʔaʔi, vphr(n4f & tv).

wrongdoer: hsaʔ-mulil, agn(tv & ncpd).

Y

yam: wild yam: ¢’itesob ʔat, nphr(n4f of n5); p’uk, n.

yapping: ¢’uʔ, č’ev, veh, av.

yard: /bare yard in front of house/: ʔamak’, n1a.
front yard: tiʔ na, nphr(n1f of n1d).
in the yard: ʔut mok, nphr(n4f of n1d).

yarn: ʔistampre, n1a.
/used for tassels, for border of tunic/: ʔilas, n1a.

yaw root: ʔahval teʔ, nphr(n type n)5.

yawn: hač’-ʔeal, vn(tv & ncpd)5; hač’-ʔean, iv(tv & ncpd).

yawning: hač’, av.

year: habil, n2b.
hold year renewal ceremony: ʔoč kantela, vphr(iv & n5).
year renewal ceremony /the first of three ceremonies/: ʔa¢’ habil, nphr(aj & n)5.

yell: ʔavan, iv.

yelling: /scolding, yakking/: šekšon ʔe, vphr(av & n4d).

yellow: k’anal, aj; k’on, aj.
become yellow (corn leaves): ʔučib, iv.
make yellow (field mustard in corn field): k’anubtas, tv.
turn yellow, ripen: k’anub, iv.

yellow-throat: common yellow-throat: č’ikč’ik, n5.

yellowed: ʔuč, n4e.

yellowness: k’anal, n4f.

yelp: (dog): ʔavan, iv.

yelping: ʔav, k’ek’, vek, av.
(hen turkeys V2;22): čoplahet, av.

yes: haʔ, excl; hiʔ, excl.

yesterday: volhe, n1e.

yield: provide good yield (corn): bek’in, tv.

yielding: lak, av.
(mud): laklak, aj.

yoke: čohan, tv; mankornal, n1a.
/oxen/: čoh, n1d.

yoked: čoh, loh, av.

yolk: egg yolk: k’anal, n4f.

you: /plu/: voʔošuk, pn.
/sing/: voʔot, pn.

young: ʔunen(2), aj.
(corn ear): yi, aj.
/dog, etc., i.e., puppy, kitten, colt, heifer/: k’oš _____, nphr(aj & n)1d.
(fruit): tu¢ul, aj.
(fruit; peach, squash, chayote, avocado): tučul, aj.
young _____ /horse, cow/: č’iom _____, nphr(aj & n5).
young and old: p’ehel lučul, ajphr(aj & aj).

young-looking: hayal, aj.

younger: /of men/: ʔi¢’inal, n3d.
(person or animal): ¢’akal, aj.

youngest: /sister, brother/: k’oš’il _____, nphr(aj & n)3d.

yucca ¢’in-teʔ, n(x & ncpd)1a.
bulb stem yucca: ʔoy vinahel, nphr(n4e of n5); či met, nphr(n type n); či vet, nphr(n of n); kašilan tok’oy, nphr(aj & n)5.

Z

Zinacantán: C̸inakánta, n5.

Zinacantán Center: Htek-lum, n(x & ncpd)5.

Zinacantec: h¢inakánta, agn.

zinnia: common zinnia: ¢ahal ʔolonal ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); ¢ahal č’iš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); eahal ničim ta ʔolon ʔosil, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & prep & nphr/n type n/); ničim san-lukaš, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/5); voʔtus, n1a.
peruvian zinnia: ʔit’iš ¢ahal krisantema, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/); ničim san-lukaš, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/).

Scientific Names

A

Abies: Abies guatemalensis Rehder: romero, n.

Abronia: Abronia ochoterenai: č’iš čikin. nphr(n type n)5.

Abutilon: Abutilon purpusii Standl. ??: k’anal e’oban, nphr(aj & n).
Abutilon tridens Standl. & Steyerm.: e’oban teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Acacia: Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze: ʔolnob čih, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔolnob kaʔ, nphr(n4d of n5); eahal šašib, nphr(aj & n); k’aʔesob nukul, nphr(n of n); k’oš sakil šašib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš šašib, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta šašib, nphr(aj & n); sakil šašib, nphr(aj & n); šašib, n5; timbre, n.
Acacia cornigera (L.) Willd.: čohčoh, n1e.
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.: sakil č’iš(2), nphr(aj & n).
Acacia pennatula (S. & C.) Benth.: č’iš teʔ, nphr(n type n)1e; kevrahača, n; kevrahača teʔ, nphr(n type n); muk’ta kevrahača, nphr(aj & n); sakil č’iš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Acacia pringlei Rose: vamuč teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Acaena: Acaena elongata L.: ʔuč’ maš poš, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); k’oš ʔuč’ maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).

Acalypba: Acalypha aff. unibracteata: eahal teʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Acalypha arvensis Poepp. & Endl.: ʔištol č’o, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5); eukum e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).
Acalypha botteriana Muell. Arg.: eukum nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n).
Acalypha hispida Burm.: eahal kilkil ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); kilkil ničim, nphr(aj & n); ne kotom ničim, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); sim tuluk’ ničim, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
Acalypha langiana Muell.: eoeil eahal teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Acalypha sp.: eukum e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Acanthoscelides: Acanthoscelides sp.: čanul čenek’, nphr(n of n)5.

Acassia: Acassia skinneri Benth.: na vonon teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

Accipiter: Accipiter cooperi: sararin šik, nphr(aj & ncpd)5.
Accipiter striatus: himič’ šik, nphr(n type n)5.

Acer: Acer negundo: sakil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.

Achimenes: Achimenes longiflora DC: yašal kampana e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Acrocinus: Acrocinus sp.: čanul yašal teʔ, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/)5.

Acrocomia: Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart.: nap, n1d.

Actitis: Actitis macularia: ʔač’el mut, nphr(vn type n)5;
meʔ ʔač’el, nphr(n of n)5.

Adiantum: Adiantum andicola Liebm.: ʔik’al ʔok eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Aegopogon: Aegopogon cenchroides Humb. & Bonpl.: k’unhobel, n(aj & ncpd).

Aeschynomene: Aeschynomene compacta Rose: ʔolnob č’o, nphr(n4d of n5); k’oš šašib, nphr(aj & n).

Agaricus: Agaricus campestris L. ex Fr.: muk’ta moniʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Agaricus sp.: moniʔ, n 1 a.

Agave: Agave aff. huehueteca Standl. & Steyerm.: či met, nphr(n type n).
Agave brachystachys Cav.: muk’ta tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); tub čil, nphr(n of n).
Agave cf. americana L.: muk’ta met, nphr(aj & n); muk’tik met, nphr(aj & n).
Agave sp.: či, n1a; hič’il met, nphr(aj & n); te-ʔtikal či, nphr(natt & n).

Agdestis: Agdestis clematidea Moc. & Sessé: eahal ʔak’, nphr(aj & n).

Agelaius: Agelaius phoeniceus: kašlan bak mut, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5.

Ageratum: Ageratum corymbosum Zucc: yašal nak’ubal ʔus, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); yašal nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Ageratum echioides (Less.) Hemsl.: čivo poš, nphr(n type n).
Ageratum houstonianum Mill.: nap’ap’ e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n)1e; yašal nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Ageratum paleaceum (DC.) Hemsl.: yašal nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Agouti: Agouti paca: volov, n1e.

Agrocybe: Agrocybe sp.: čečeval čihil teʔ, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/)5; k’anal yuy čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Alchemilla: Alchemilla pringlei Fedde: ʔakuša e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Aldama: Aldama dentata Have & Lex.: sakil piliš, nphr(aj & n).

Allium: Allium cepa L.: sevulya, n1a.
Allium kunthii G. Don: teʔtikil tuiš, nphr(natt & n)1d; tuiš kaʔ, nphr(n of n).
Allium porrum L.: tuiš, n1a.
Allium sativum L.: ʔašuš kaʔ, nphr(n4d of n5).

Alnus: Alnus arguta (Schlecht.) Spach: nok, n1e; sakil nok, nphr(aj & n).
Alnus ferruginea Kunth: eahal nok, nphr(aj & n); nok, n1e; sakil nok, nphr(aj & n).

Alouatta: Alouatta villosa: maš, n5.

Aloysia: Aloysia chiapensis Moldenke: veʔel kulahteʔ, nphr(n of n).

Alternanthera: Alternanthera laguroides Standl.: k’ask’as e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); pae-hol ničim, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

Alvaradoa: Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm.: hač’ub teʔ, nphr(n type n); kamaron teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Amamta: Amanita caesarea (Scop, ex Fr.) Pers. ex Schw.: k’anal yuy, nphr(aj & n).
Amanita muscaria (L. ex Fr.) Hook.: eahal yuy, nphr(aj & n); eahal yuy čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Amanita sp.: k’anal yuy, nphr(aj & n); k’anal yuy čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); yašal yuy, nphr(aj & n).
Amanita vaginata (Bull, ex Fr.) Vitt.: ʔik’al čečev, nphr(aj & n); sakil yuy, nphr(aj & n).

Amaranthus: Amaranthus hybridus L.: eahal e’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); eahal č’iš e’ul ʔitah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); e’ul ʔitah, nphr(x type n)1a; č’iš e’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); č’išal e’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil e’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Amaranthus scariosus Benth.: eahal e’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).
Amaranthus spinosus L.: eahal č’iš e’ul ʔtah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); sakil č’iš e’ul ʔitah, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).

Ambrosia: Ambrosia cumanensis Kunth.: ʔaltamiša, n1d; hhalal-meʔtik, agn(aj & ncpd).

Amelanchier: Amelanchier denticulata (HBK.) Koch: ʔit’iš maneana, nphr(n4f of n5); k’oš pah-ʔul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).
Amelanchier nervosa (Dene.) Standl.: maneana teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Ammi: Ammi majus L.: ʔenkahe, n5.

Amphilophium: Amphilophium paniculatum var. molle (S. & C.) Standl.: čan-eelav ʔak’, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n).

Amygdestes: Amygdestes obscurus: ʔoresyon mut, nphr(n type n)5.

Ananas: Ananas comosus Merr.: pašak’, n1a.

Andropogon: Andropogon bicornis L.: hobelal šalma, nphr(natt & n).
Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) BSP.: ʔakan hobel, nphr(n type n)5; hobelal šalma, nphr(natt & n); peč’e-ʔok hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); sakil hobelal šalma, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).

Anemia: Anemia adiantifolia (L.) Swartz: ʔik’al ʔok eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Anemia phyllitidis (L.) Sw.: muk’ta ʔik’al eib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta eib, nphr(aj & n).

Annona: Annona cherimola Mill.: k’eveš, n1a.
Annona diversifolia Safford: papausa, n1a.
Annona purpurea Mociño & Sessé ex Dunal: čin-hol k’eveš, nphr(n/aj & n/ type n)5.

Anoda: Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.: e’itesob holol, nphr(n of n); kilahtik sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta leb soe’, nphr(aj & nphr/x of n/); pošil holol, nphr(n of n).

Anolis: Anolis sp.: ʔue’ue’ niʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.

Anthemis: Anthemis cotula L.: maneanilya, n1a.

Anthericum: Anthericum eleutherandrum (Koch) H. E. Moore: k’oš tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Anthericum vestitum Baker: k’anal tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš k’anal tub čil, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Anthurium: Anthurium aff. fortinense Engl.: ničim meʔeletik, nphr(n4d of n5); pamal habnal, nphr(natt & n)1a.
Anthurium seleri Engl.: k’oš pamal habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).
Anthurium tetragonum Hook.: pamal habnal, nphr(natt & n)1a.

Antigonon: Antigonon flavescens Wats.: sakil e’usub, nphr(aj & n); sakil čukob čitom ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); teʔ-ʔak’, n(aj & ncpd).
Antigonon guatemalense Meissn.: ʔit’iš barsin ʔak’, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/); ʔit’iš kranata ʔak’, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); eahal ʔič ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); kanava ʔak’, nphr(n type n); yašal barsin ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Aphelocoma: Aphelocoma unicolor: heš, n1d.

Apis: Apis melliflora: čanul pom, nphr(n of n)5.

Apium: Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F. Muell.: kulantu č’o, nphr(n of n).

Aploleia: Aploleia multiflora (Mart. & Gal.): k’oš e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n).

Apoclada: Apoclada sp.: biš, n1a; ton biš, nphr(n type n).

Ara: Ara macao: moʔoč, n5.

Aratinga: Aratinga čanicularis: č’el, n1e.

Arbutus: Arbutus xalapensis HBK.: ʔon teʔ, nphr(n type n)5; nap’ap’ ʔon teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil ʔon teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Axceuthobium: Arceuthobium globosum Wiens & Hawksw.: k’anal nok’ol šik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/).

Archibaccharis: Archibaccharis serratifolia var. paniculata (Donn. Sm.) Blake: bik’it šolom, nphr(aj & n); k’oš šolom, nphr(aj & n).

Arctostaphylos: Arctostaphylos lucida (Small) Standl.: ʔit’iš ʔon teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/).

Ardisia: Ardisia escallonioides Schlecht. & Cham.: č’ulul ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); muk’ta pašamum, nphr(aj & n); pašamum teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Arenaria: Arenaria altorum Standl. & Steyerm.: pošil čih, nphr(n of n).

Aristida: Aristida schiedeana Trin. & Rupr.: eahal hobel, nphr(aj & n).

Armillaria: Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Karst: čečeval pomos, nphr(natt & n).

Arracacia: Arracacia bracteata C. & R.: ʔama čauk, nphr(n4f of n5).
Arracacia nelsoni C. & R.: k’oš k’ail, nphr(aj & n).

Arthraxon: Arthraxon quartinianus (A. Rich.) Nash: eaeal t’ul hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); k’unhobel, n(aj & ncpd).

Arundinella: Arundinella deppeana Nees ex Steud.: ʔakan hobel, nphr(n type n)5; puh-ʔakan hobel, nphr(n/aj & n/ type n); puh-ʔut hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

Asclepias: Asclepias curassavica L.: ʔat e’iʔ e’iʔlel, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n; ničim č’ulelal, nphr(n of n); pohov e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).
Asclepias oenotherioides Cham. & Schlecht.: pošil nuk’ul, nphr(n of n).
Asclepias similis Hemsl.: ʔat e’iʔ teʔ, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n; muk’ta primon, nphr(aj & n); primon, n1e.
Asclepias sp.: ʔat e’iʔ ʔak’, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n.

Asparagus: Asparagus plumosus J. G. Baker: kilkil ničim, nphr(aj & n).

Aspilia: Aspilia purpurea Greenm.: eahal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n).

Asplenium: Asplenium monanthes L.: kilahtik eib, nphr(aj & n).

Aster: Aster exilis Ell.: kokoʔon nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); pošil sal-¢’iʔ, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/).
Aster moranensis HBK.: pošil sal-¢’iʔ, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/).

Astianthus: Astianthus viminalis (HBK.) Baill.: čilkat, n5.

Ateles: Ateles geoffroyi: maš, n5.

Atlapetes: Atlapetes gutturalis: k’anal č’ut mut, nphr(nphr/ aj & n/ type n)5; k’anal k’oviš, nphr(aj & n)5.

Auricularia: Auricularia auricularis (Hook.) Underw.: ʔik’al čikin hʔik’al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’anal čikin hʔik’al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of agn/).
Auricularia sp.: sakil čikin hʔik’al, nphr(aj & nphr/n of agn/).

Autolyca: Autolyca sp.: kaʔ diavlo, nphr(n4d of n5); tu-eis čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)1e.

Avena: Avena fatua var. fatua L.: ʔavena, n.
Avena saliva L.: šikil ʔosilal č’aben, nphr(nphr/ aj & natt/ & n).

B

Baccharis: Baccharis glutinosa Pers.: čilkat, n5; čilkat teʔ, nphr(n type n); sakil čilkat, nphr(aj & n); tok’oy, n1a.
Baccharis serraefolia DC: ʔit’iš tuil teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/); č’ail poš, nphr(aj & n)5; pošil eaʔnel, nphr(n of vn).
Baccharis trinervis (Lam.) Pers.: ʔarsial teʔ, nphr(n type n).
Baccharis vaccinioides HBK.: bae’i mes teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil mes teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Bacopa: Bacopa sp.: k’oš bertulaka, nphr(aj & n); višobtakil, n1a; yašal veltura ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Bambusa: Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl. var. (vittata) A. & C. Riviere: ʔotot, n5; k’anal taro, nphr(aj & n).

Barisia: Barisia moreleti: čanib ʔok, nphr(num & n)1e.

Barleria: Barleria micans Nees: eukum nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n).

Basiliscus: Basiliscus vittatus: št’er, n1a; teleš, n1d.

Bastardia: Bastardia viscosa (L.) HBK.: nap’ap’ e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n)1e.

Bauhinia: Bauhinia albiflora Britt. & Rose: ʔik’al voy čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); bik’it voy čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš voy č’iš teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); sakil voy čih teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); voy čih teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
Bauhinia divaricata L.: sakil voy čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); voy čih teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
Bauhinia pauletia Pers.: bik’it voy čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); č’iš voy č’iš teʔ, nphn n type nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); mačita teʔ, nphr(n type n).
Bauhinia ungulata L.: eahal voy čih teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

Beaucarnia: Beaucarnia goldmanii Rose: bik’it kašlan tok’oy, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Begonia: Begonia bišerrata Lindl.: muk’ta vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); pošil ʔeal, nphr(n of n).
Begonia fischeri var. tovarensis Irmscher: muk’-ta vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
Begonia plebeja Liebm.: pohov e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Berchemia: Berchemia scandens (Hill.) Trel.: eis ʔuč ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

Berula: Berula erecta (Huds.) Cov.: ʔalavena nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); kokoʔon nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); kulantu e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Beta: Beta vulgaris L.: metabel, n1d.

Bidens: Bidens aurea (Ait.) Sherff: bik’it sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); eoein matas, nphr(aj & n); matas, n1e; matasil be e’i’ʔlel, nphr(nphr/natt & n/ type n).
Bidens cf. triplinervia HBK.: ʔit’iš matas, nphr(n4f of n5).
Bidens chrysanthemifolia (Kunth) Sherff: ʔit’iš matas, nphr(n4f of n5); k’oš sakil sahoʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Bidens ferulifolia (Jacq.) DC: ʔit’iš matas, nphr(n4f of n5); hič’il ʔanal sahoʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Bidens ostruthioides (DC.) Sch. Bip.: ʔit’iš matas, nphr(n4f of n5); k’anal matas, nphr(aj & n); matas, n1e; matasil teʔtik, nphr(natt & n); sahoʔal teʔtik, nphr(natt & n).
Bidens pilosa L.: k’ak’al mae’ul, nphr(aj & n) or nphr(n type n); k’ak’al mae’ul, nphr(aj & n) or nphr(n type n); k’oš matas, nphr(aj & n); k’oš sakil matas, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); matas, n1e; matas e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); sakil matas, nphr(aj & n).
Bidens squarrosa HBK.: eis čauk ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
Bidens triplinervia var. mollis (Poepp. & Endl.) Sherff: k’ak’al ʔuč’ maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); muk’ta k’anal matas, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Bixa: Bixa orellana L.: voʔos, n1a.

Bletia: Bletia reflexa Lindl.: muk’ta k’ohom, nphr(aj & n).
Bletia sp.: ʔuč’ul voʔal ba ton, nphr(nphr/x type natt/ type nphr/n of n/).

Boa: Boa constrictor: bolera, n5.

Bocconia: Bocconia arborea S. Wats.: ʔama čauk, nphr(n4f of n5); bonob kamosa teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); eis čauk, nphr(n of n)5; muk’ta ʔama čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/); pošil haval ʔokol, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/).
Bocconia frutescens L.: muk’ta ʔama dauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/); pošil haval ʔokol, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/).

Boerhaavia: Boerhaavia diffusa L.: eahal kilahtik neš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta bertulaka, nphr(aj & n).
Boerhaavia erecta L.: pueul ničim, nphr(aj & n); vaʔahtik neš, nphr(aj & n).

Bogenhardia: Bogenhardia crispa (L.) Kearney: eoein e’iʔel, nphr(aj & n); eoein čičol č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Boldoa: Boldoa purpurascens Cav.: k’oš ʔitah hsoktom, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of agn/).

Boletus: Boletus affinis Peck.: k’anal homoč’-ʔut sekub t’ul, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/n of n/).
Boletus sp.: eahal sekub t’ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of it/); k’anal sekub t’ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš k’anal sekub t’ul, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta sekub t’ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/}; sakil sekub t’ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sekub vakas, nphr(n of n).

Bomarea: Bomarea acutifolia (Link & Otto) Herb.: ʔat e’iʔ ʔak’, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n.
Bomarea hirtella (HBK.) Herb.: ʔat e’iʔ ʔak’, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n; loʔbol čih, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5); niʔ e’iʔ, nphr(n of n); pošil sal-¢’iʔ ʔak’, nphr: nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/) type n.

Bombus: Bombus formosus: k’anal vonom, nphr(aj & n)5.
Bombus sp.: hʔalnom vonon, nphr(agn type n)5.

Bonplandia: Bonplandia geminiflora Cav.: yašal nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Borago: Borago officinalis L.: boraha, n1d.

Borreria: Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb.: pošil eaʔnel, nphr(n of vn); sakil pern k’ulub, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); šanšanil be, nphr(natt & n); yašal šanšan, nphr(aj & n).
Borreria sp.: sakil šanšanil be, nphr(aj & nphr/ natt & n/).

Bothrops: Bothrops atrox: navuyaka, n5.

Bougainvillea: Bougainvillea buttiana Holttum & Standl.: ¢ahal kilkil ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Bougainvillea glabra Choisy: yas’yas-ʔulan ničim, nphr(n/aj & Ucpd/ type n).

Bouteloua: Bouteloua media (Fourn.) Gould & Kapadia: k’oš eahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Bouvardia: Bouvardia leiantha Benth.: nič tokail e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
Bouvardia sp.: kampana ničim, nphr(n type n); k’oš kampana ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil kampana ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Brachygastra: Brachygastra sp.: kitara čon, nphr(n type n)1e; kitaron, n1e; varač, n1e.

Brahea: Brahea dulcis (HBK.) Mart.: ba¢’i s’an, nphr(aj & n)5.
Brahea prominens L. H. Bailey: pik’ san, nphr(x type n).
Brassica: Brassica campestris L.: ba¢’i napus, nphr(aj & n); č’iš napus, nphr(aj & n); napus, n1a.
Brassica juncea (L.) Coss.: č’ulul mustisya, nphr(aj & n); mustisya, n1a.
Brassica oleracea L. ʔoʔon vakas ʔitah, nphr: nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5) type n; ba¢’i ʔitah, nphr(aj & n)1d; kolinabo, n; muruc’ ʔitah, nphr(aj & n).

Breweria: Breweria sulphurea Brandegee: sakil kampana ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Brickellia: Brickellia guatemalensis Rob.: k’oš ¢o¢-niʔ teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
Brickellia scoparia (DC.) A. Gray: ¢u¢ub, n.

Bromelia: Bromelia hemisphaerica Lam.: čimpo pašak’, nphr(x type n)5; kinya pas’ak’, nphr(n type n)5.
Bromelia pinguin L.: kinya pašak’, nphr(n type n)5.
Bromelia plumieri (E. Morr.) L. B. Sm.: pašak’, n1a: potpot pašak’, nphr(aj & n).

Bubo: Bubo virginianus: ʔičin, n5.

Buchnera: Buchnera pusilla HBK.: yašal nočleb vonon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Bucida: Bucida macrostachya Standl.: kaču toro, nphr(n of n); muk’ta kaču toro teʔ nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

Buddleia: Buddleia americana L.: ʔit’iš eele-pat, nphr(n4f of n/x & ncpd/): k’oš eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); sakil eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
Buddleia amplexicaulis Standl. & Steyerm.: čan-eelav, n(num & ncpd); čan-eelav eele-pat. nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n/x & ncpd/); k’oš eele-pat. nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
Buddleia chordata HBK.: eele-pat, n(x & ncpd)1e.
Buddleia crotonoides A. Gray: bik’it eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); eele-pat, n(x & ncpd)1e; čan-eelav, n(num & ncpd); čan-eelav eele-pat, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n/x & ncpd/): k’oš eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
Buddleia nitida Benth.: ʔik’al eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); eele-pat. n(x & ncpd)1e; čan-eelav, n(num & ncpd); hʔak’-eeluel, agn(tv & ncpd).
Buddleia skulchii Morton: ʔk’al eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); bae’i eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); eele-pat, n(x & ncpd)1e; sakil eele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).

Buettneria: Buettneria aculeata Jacq.: makom ʔak’, nphr(n type n); makom č’iš, nphr(n type n); yašal makom č’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Bufo: Bufo horribilis: henhen, n1e.
Bufo valliceps: ʔamuč, n1a; meʔ voʔ, nphr(n of n)5.

Bunchosia: Bunchosia lanceulata Turcz.: muk’ta venteš mol, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Bunchosia montana Juss.: ¢o¢-niʔ teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5: k’an-ʔič ʔak’, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

Bursera: Bursera aff. simaruba (L.) Sarg.: sal-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd)5.
Bursera bipinnata (DC.) Engl.: ʔač’el pom, nphr(n type n).
Bursera cf. diversifolia Rose: ʔač’el pom, nphr(n type n).
Bursera excelsa (HBK.) Engl.: bae’i pom, nphr(aj & n); pom rioš, nphr(n of n).
Bursera tomentosa (Jacq.) Tr. & Pl.: bae’i pom, nphr(aj & n).

Buteo: Buteo nitidus: himič’ šik, nphr(n type n)5.

Byrsonima: Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) DC: čiʔ, n1d; naneiʔ, n1a.

C

Caesalpinia: Caesalpinia exostemma DC: k’oš mačita teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.: mačita teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Calceolaria: Calceolaria tripartita R. & P.: k’oš pueul, nphr(aj & n); pueul e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Calcophyllum: Calcophyllum candidissimum (Vahl.) DC: ʔik’al kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); eahal kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); kanela teʔ, nphr(n type n); muk’ta kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Calea: Calea hypoleuca Rob. & Greenm.: č’a-teʔ e’iʔlel, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n); č’a-teʔ teʔ, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n).
Calea integrifolia (DC.) Hemsl.: hič’il ʔanal eele-pat, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/x & ncpd/).
Calea urticifolia (Mill.) DC: č’ail poš, nphr(aj & n)5.

Calliandra: Calliandra grandiflora (L’Her.) Benth.: eahal nič šašib teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n type n/); č’ič’ niʔ, nphr(n of n); č’ič’ niʔ teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n): šašib, n5.
Calliandra houstoniana (Mill.) Kuntze: č’ič’ niʔ, nphr(n of n).
Calliandra penduliflora Rose: k’oš voy čih teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
Calliandra porloricensis (Jacq.) Benth.: ʔolnob kai, nphr(n4d of n5); muk’ta šašib k’aʔesob nukul, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/); sakil šašib, nphr(aj & n); šašib, n5; šašib teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Calochortus: Calochortus ghiesbreghtii S. Wats.: k’oš eahal tub čil, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Calocitta: Calocitta formosa: ʔalperes mut, nphr(agn type n)1e.

Calopogonium: Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) Sauv.: čenek’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

Calvatia: Calvatia sp.: bik’it čolčol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’anal puepue poš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta čolčol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Calyptocarpus: Calyptocarpus wendlandii Sch. Bip.: hol čoy, nphr(n of n); hol čoy e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); muk’ta hol čoy, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Campelia: Campelia zanonia (L.) HBK.: muk’ta eahal e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta yašal e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Campylorhynchus: Campylorhynchus zonatus: činkataranka, n5.

Canavalia: Canavalia glabra (Mart. & Gal.) Sauer: barsin ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); botil ʔak’, nphr(n type n); mačita ʔak’, nphr(n type n); pek’ moel, nphr(n of n); teʔ-ʔak’, n(aj & ncpd).
Canavalia hirsutissima Cav.: ʔok’ e’iʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); eahal ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); čenek’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n); mačita ʔak’, nphr(n type n); pek’ moel, nphr(n of n).
Canavalia villosa Benth.: mačita ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

Canis: Canis latrans: ʔok’il, n5.

Canna: Canna edulis Ker: č’uč’, n1d; k’oš eahal č’uč’. nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš č’uč’, nphr(aj & n).

Cantharellus: Cantharellus sp.: eahal mana ʔok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/); sak-balon, n(aj & ncpd).

Capparis: Capparis flexuosa (L.) L.. sakil čenek’ ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Caprimulgus: Caprimulgus ridgwayi: čukčuk bikil, nphr(aj & n)5.
Caprimulgus vociferus: kurkuvic’, n5.

Capsicum: Capsicum annuum var. minimum (Mill.) Heiser: ʔič mut, nphr(n4d of n5); eoʔ mut ʔič, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)1a; k’oš eoʔ mut ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/ type n): tempič, n; tempič ʔič, nphr(n type n); tempran ʔič, nphr(aj & n).
Capsicum annuum L.: ʔič ʔuloʔ, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔič kulahtik, nphr(n4d of n5); bak ʔič. nphr(aj & n)1a: bik’it bak ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/): k’oš bak ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj &. n/); k’oš sakil ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); mok-niʔ ʔič, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); muk’ta bak ʔič, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sak-morte, n(aj & ncpd); sakil ʔič, nphr(aj & n)1d; volvol ʔič, nphr(aj & n); yašal sakil ʔič. nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Capsicum pubescens R. & P.: k’anal ʔič, nphr(aj & n); sakil čame-ʔat ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/type n).
Capsicum sp.: eahal čičol teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/): čičol č’o ʔak’. nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); pueul čičol, nphr(aj & n)5.

Cardamine: Cardamine flaccida C. & S.: hero nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/).

Carex: Carex donnell-smithii Bailey: peč’e-ʔok hobel. nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

Carica: Carica cauliflora Jacq.: k’oš papaya, nphr(aj & n); papaya mut, nphr(n of n)1a: teʔtikal papaya, nphr(natt & n).
Carica papaya L.: papaya, n1a.

Casearia: Casearia nitida Jacq.: kahve teʔ, nphr(n type n); venteš mamal, nphr(n of n).

Casimiroa: Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex.: ʔah-teʔ, n(n & ncpd)1a; sakil ʔah-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/).

Cassia: Cassia biflora L.: eis čitom teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); čenek’ teʔ, nphr(n type n); k’oš ʔolnob teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pueul čih, nphr(n of n); šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Cassia cf. palmeri Wats.: k’oš šašib, nphr(aj & n).
Cassia cf. stenocarpoides (Britt.) Standl.: ʔolnob č’o, nphr(n4d of n5); k’oš šat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Cassia chiapensis Standl.: k’anal šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); soro teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.
Cassia emarginata L.: ʔit’iš eoʔ šulem teʔ, nphr: n4f of nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); mačita teʔ, nphr(n type n); sakil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e; šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Cassia hispidula Vahl.: pošil meʔ vinik, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/).
Cassia nicaraguensis Benth.: ʔit’iš habnal, nphr(n4f of n5); bik’it voy čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta habnal, nphr(aj & n); šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Cassia occidentalis L.: ʔolnob čih, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔolnob vet, nphr(n4d of n5); č’aben kaʔ, nphr(n of n); muk’ta ʔolnob č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); yašal ʔolnob e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Cassia reticulata Willd.: ʔolnob teʔ, nphr(n type n).
Cassia skinneri Benth.: bik’it eahal ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’anal šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta ʔolnob č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); yaš-ʔib teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); yašal ʔolnob teʔ nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Cassia londuzii Standley: lan teʔ, nphr(x type n); santa-roša teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); santa-rošail teʔ, nphr(natt/aj & ncpd/ & n); yaš-ʔib teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
Cassia tristicula Kunth: veʔel č’o, nphr(n of n).
Cassia uniflora Mill.: čenek’ e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); k’anal ʔolnob e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk’ta ʔolnob č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); yolum, n.

Cassidix: Cassidix mexicanus: bak mut, nphr(aj & n)1e.

Castilleja: Castilleja arvensis C. & S.: bot’-hol e’iʔlel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); hʔak’-ʔuč, agn(tv & ncpd); pošil balamil, nphr(n of n); soltaro poš, nphr(n type n).
Castilleja integrifolia L. f.: ʔik’al pom e’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; bik’it nočleb vonon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); bik’tal hʔak’-ʔuč, nphr(aj & agn/tv & ncpd/); ¢alub kelem, nphr(n of n); k’anal ʔik’al pom e’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’anal nič primon, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’oš ʔik’al pom e’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); yalem bek’et(2), nphr(aj & n); yalem bek’et e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Cathartes: Cathartes aura: eahal hol šulem, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5; eahal niʔ šulem, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n)5; tararan, n1e.

Catopheria: Catopheria chiapensis A. Gray: muk’ta yaš-čel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); yaš-čel, n(aj & ncpd); yaš-čelul, n(aj & ncpd).

Cavendishia: Cavendishia guatemalensis var. chiapensis (Brandegee) L. Wms.: konkon, n.

Cayaponia: Cayaponia attenuata (Hook. & Arn.) Cogn.: šavon ʔak’, nphr(n type n); veʔel mut, nphr(n of n).
Cayaponia racemosa (Mill.) Cogn.: savon ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

Ceanothus: Ceanothus coeruleus Lag.: ʔik’al pomos, nphr(aj & n); sakil pomos, nphr(aj & n); sakil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.

Cecropia: Cecropia peltata L.: k’orok’ teʔ, nphr(x type n).

Cedrela: Cedrela odorata L.: eahal č’ut-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/ aj & ncpd/); č’ut-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd); sakil č’ut-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).

Ceiba: Ceiba aesculifolia (HBK.) B. & R.: mohan, n5; nantaʔ, n.
Ceiba sp.: mohan, n5.

Celtis: Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg.: či ʔak’, nphr(n type n); loʔbol htiʔ-sip, nphr(n of agn/tv & ncpd/).

Cenchrus: Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult.: bik’it mosote hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); eukum hobel, nphr(n type n); č’iš mosote, nphr(aj & n); sakil mosote, nphr(aj & n).
Cenchrus pilosus HBK.: mosote hobel, nphr(n type n).

Centrosema: Centrosema plumieri Benth.: ʔok’ e’iʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n).
Centrosema pubescens Benth.: ʔok’ e’iʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); čenek’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n); k’oš mačita ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Centurus: Centurus aurifrons: bah-teʔ mut, nphr(vn/tv & ncpd/ type n)5; tunsarek, n5.

Cerastium: Cerastium vulcanicum Schlecht.: k’oš sakil ʔanal moy, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & nphr/n4f of n5/); sakil e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n).

Ceryle: Ceryle alcyon: heak-čoy, agn(tv & ncpd); htiʔ-čoy, agn(tv & ncpd).

Cestrum: Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl.: ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5; bik’it ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.
Cestrum guatemalense var. gračile Morton: tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.
Cestrum guatemalense Francey: hič’il ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’oš tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.
Cestrum nocturnum L.: bik’it ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Cestrum sp, : savon teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Chamaedorea: Chamaedorea nubium Standl. & Steyerm.: čayna ničim, nphr(n type n); muk’ta č’ib, nphr(aj & n).
Chamaedorea sp.: bae’i č’ib, nphr(aj & n); č’ib, n1a.

Charadrius: Charadrius vociferus: meʔ ʔač’el, nphr(n of n)5.
Chamaedorea sp.: k’oš sakil č’um-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/); muk’ta sakil č’um-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/); sakil eop-č’um-teʔ, nphr: aj & n(aj & ncpd/n & ncpd/).

Cheilanthes: Cheilanthes farinosa (Forsk.) Kaulf.: sakil eib, nphr(aj & n).

Chenopodium: Chenopodium ambrosioides L.: kokoʔon, n1a.
Chenopodium murale L.: tan e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); tan e’ul ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).

Chimaphila: Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Barton: k’oš ʔon teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pošil pošlom, nphr(n of n).

Chiranthodendron: Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Larreategui: k’am-šoč’, n(x & ncpd)1a.

Chloris: Chloris virgata Swartz: ʔit’iš ʔakan hobel, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); poe-nič hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

Chlorophora: Chlorophora tinctoria Gaud.: hol tuk’ teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); k’anal teʔ, nphr(aj & n); mora, n; mora teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Chodanthus: Chodanthus puberulus Siebert: teʔ-ʔak’, n(aj & ncpd).

Chordeiles: Chordeiles minor: haval ʔek’el, nphr(aj & n)5.

Chrysanthemum: Chrysanthemum coronarium L.: krisantema, n.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.: k’oš markarita, nphr(aj & n); markariton, n1a; muk’ta markarita, nphr(aj & n); pino markarita, nphr(aj & n).
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.: krisantema ničim, nphr(n type n).
Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh.: hharal-meʔtik, agn(aj & ncpd) la; ničim hč’ul-me’ʔtik, nphr(n4d of agn/aj & ncpd/); ničim hharal-me’ʔtik, nphr(n of agn/aj & ncpd/).

Chusquea: Chusquea sp.: ne kotom, nphr(n of n).

Chysis: Chysis sp.: ʔat kotom, nphr(n4d of n5).

Cirsium: Cirsium horridulum Michx.: eahal č’iš, nphr(aj & n); eahal loʔbalal č’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); eahal sakil č’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); loʔbol č’iš, nphr(n type n).

Cissampelos: Cissampelos pareira L.: kururin, n; kururin ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

Cissus: Cissus cacuminis Standl.: eahal ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); eahal veʔel ʔinatab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); e’itesob holol, nphr(n of n).
Cissus sicyoides L.: eahal veʔel ʔinatab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Cissus sp.: veʔel ʔinatab, nphr(n of n).

Citharexylum: Citharexylum donnell-smithii Greenm.: kahve teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Citrullus: Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.: šantia, n1a.

Citrus: Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle: teʔel ʔelamoniš, nphr(natt & n).
Citrus aurantium L.: ʔalašaš, n.
Citrus limetta Risso: č’ulul lima, nphr(aj & n); haš’-čuʔ lima, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); naranha lima, nphr(n type n); teʔel lima, nphr(n of n).
Citrus medica L.: sila, n1a.
Citrus sinensis(L.) Osbeck: naranha, n1a; pimil pat naranha, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Clavaria: Clavaria sp.: k’anal ʔišim čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k’oš ʔišim čih. nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); neš’neštik ʔišim čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); sak-vayan ʔišim čih, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n4d of n5/); sakil ʔišim čihal k’a-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n4d of natt/ & n/aj & ncpd/); šulub čih, nphr(n of n).

Clematis: Clematis dioica L.: ʔič ʔak’, nphr(n type n)5; ʔiči ʔak’, nphr(x type n); ʔičil ʔak’, nphr(natt & n); muk’ta e’ušub, nphr(aj & n).
Clematis grossa Benth.: ʔič ʔak’, nphr(n type n)5; ʔiči ʔak’, nphr(x type n).

Cleome: Cleome aculeata L.: veʔel čintuliʔ, nphr(n of n).
Cleome magnifica Briq.: paʔ ʔitah, nphr(x type n)1d.

Clethra: Clethra lanata Mart. & Gal.: bak ʔamuč teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/) type n; muk’ta k’ošoš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); toh-čʔ teʔ, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n).

Clitocybe: Clitocybe aurantiaca Studer: k’anal č’iš mana ʔok, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/x type n4f/).
Clitocybe clavipes (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer: ʔik’-al ʔat kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).
Clitocybe sp.: k’abiš toh, nphr(n of n)1a; k’anal mana ʔok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/); sak-balon, n(aj & ncpd).

Clitoria: Clitoria polystachya Benth.: sakil čenek’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Clusia: Clusia rosea Jacq.: memela teʔ, nphr(n type n); pik’in teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Cnemidophorus: Cnemidophorus sp.: patiš, n1e.

Cnidoscolus: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I. M. Jtn.: la, n1e; muk’ta la, nphr(aj & n); sakil la, nphr(aj & n).
Cnidoscolus aff. aconitifolius (Mill.) I. M. Jtn.: bae’i la, nphr(aj & n); čon la, nphr(n type n); la kaʔ, nphr(n of n); muk’tik la, nphr(aj & n).

Coaxana: Coaxana ebracteata Rose: ʔama čauk, nphr(n4f of n5); k’oš k’ail, nphr(aj & n).

Cobaea: Cobaea scandens Cav.: kampana ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

Coccoloba: Coccoloba mayana Lundell: karnero teʔ, nphr(n type n); k’ošoš teʔ, nphr(n type n)5.
Coccoloba sp.: karnero teʔ. nphr(n type n); k’ošoš teʔ, nphr(n type n)5.

Coccyzus: Coccyzus americanus: ʔora mut, nphr(n type n)5; maʔ-šat mut. nphr(n/aj ncpd/ type n)5.
Coccyzus minor: ʔora mut, nphr(n type n)5; ma-ʔ-šat mut. nphr(n/aj ncpd/ type n)5.

Cochlospermum: Cochlospermum vitifolium Willd. ex Spreng: puekuy, n5; sam-pilpe teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); šinal teʔ. nphr(aj & n).

Cocos: Cocos nucifera L.: koko. n5.

Coendu: Coendu mexicanus: č’iš ʔuč. nphr(n type n)5.

Coffea: Coffea arabica L.: teʔel kahve, nphr(n of n).

Colaptes: Colaptes cafer: tuktuk, n1e.

Coleonyx: Coleonyx elegans: ninyo, n1a.

Colinus: Colinus virginianus: čintuliʔ, n1e: vaskis mut, nphr(n type n)5.

Collybia: Collybia dryophila (Bull, ex Fr.) Kummer: sak-balon, n(aj & ncpd).
Collybia sp.: čečeval satin. nphr(natt & n); k’anal mana ʔok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/); sak-balon, n(aj & ncpd); sakil bililuš. nphr(aj & n).

Cologania: Cologania broussonetii (Balb.) DC.?: ʔak’ vob ʔak’. nphr(nphr/n4e of n5/ type n); čenek’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n); čenek’ č’o ʔak’. nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); k’oš šut, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta ʔak’ vob, nphr(aj & nphr/n4e of n5/).
Cologania glabrior Rose: čenek’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

Columba: Columba fasciata: č’ačak, n1e; k’uš ¢ukutin, nphr(aj & n)5.

Columbigallina: Columbigallina passerina: pulivok, n1d; soltaro mut, nphr(n type n)5; toltora, n5.

Combretum: Combretum fruticosum (Loefl.) Stuntz.: ʔič’ak mut ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); sakil teʔ-ʔak’, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).

Commelina: Commelina alpestris Standl. & Steyerm.: k’oš yašal e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); yašal nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Commelina coelestis Willd.: ʔik’al e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); eahal e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); e)emeniʔ, n5; k’oš e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); k’oš yaš’al e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Commelina diffusa Burm. f.: ʔuč’ul voʔ e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/x type n/) type n; bik’itik e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); k’oš e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); k’oš yaš’al e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); yašal me e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Commelina erecta L.: buluk’ šat e’iʔlel, nphr(n/x & n/ type n); k’oš yašal e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n).

Conepatus: Conepatus mesileucus: sak-pat, n(aj & ncpd)1d.

Conium: Conium maculalum L.: ʔenkahe, n5.

Conocybe: Conocybe sp.: sakil ʔat kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).

Conopholis: Conopholis americana (L.) Wallr.: ʔahan čenekue, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔahan hoh, nphr(n4d of n5).

Contopus: Contopus pertinax: ʔulišpipiʔ, n5; p’okoyoʔ, n5; toe-hol mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

Conyza: Conyza chilensis Spreng.: muk’ta nap’ap’ e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Conyza parva Cronq.: muk’ta pič’ tuluk’, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Copnnus: Coprinus comatus (Muell. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray: sakil balahtik ʔat kaʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).

Coragyps: Coragyps atratus: ʔik’al hol šulem, nphr(nphr/ aj & n/ type n)5; ʔik’al šulem, nphr(aj & n)5.

Cordia: Cordia alliodora (R. & P.) Cham.: eahal be šinič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); sakil be šinič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); teʔel marimpa, nphr(n of n).
Cordia dentata Poir.: nankipu, n; nankipu teʔ, nphr(n type n).
Cordia dodecandra DC: muk’ta nankipu, nphr(aj & n).
Cordia ferruginea Roem. & Schult.: k’ašk’aš e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); voel čue, nphr(n of n); veʔel kulahteʔ, nphr(n of n).
Cordia joliosa Mart. & Gal.: hič’il ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); sak-paran teʔ, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); voel kulahteʔ, nphr(n of n); veʔel mut, nphr(n of n).
Cordia sebestena L.: muk’ta nankipu, nphr(aj & n).

Coreopsis: Coreopsis mutica DC: eahal teʔ, nphr(aj & n); k’an-ʔič, n(aj & ncpd)5.

Coriandrum: Coriandrum sativum L.: kulantu, n1a.

Coriaria: Coriaria thymifolia H. & B. ex Willd.: loʔbol vet, nphr(n of n).

Cornus: Cornus excelsa Kunth: ʔisbon, n1d.

Cortinarius: Cortinarius sp.: eahal k’abiš toh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); čečeval bae’i teʔ, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/).

Corvus: Corvus corax: hoh, n1e.

Cosmos: Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.: eahal kampray, nphr(aj & n); kampray, n; sak-vayan kampray, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); sak-vayan ničim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n).
Cosmos crithmifolius HBK,: bik’it sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n).

Cracca: Cracca sp.: čenek’ č’o, nphr(n of n).

Cranichis: Cranichis trilobala L. O. Wms.: e’emeniʔal ba ton, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/).

Crataegus: Crataegus pubescens (HBK.) Steud.: bik’it k’at’iš, nphr(aj & n); eahal sihom k’at’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); č’iš(1), n5; k’anal k’at’iš, nphr(aj & n); k’anal sihom k’at’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); k’at’iš, n1a; k’oš k’anal sihom k’at’iš, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); muk’ta eahal k’at’iš, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta k’anal k’at’iš’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Craterellus: Craterellus cornucopoides Fr.: ʔat buro čon, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); ʔik’al pila, nphr(aj & n).

Crepidotus: Crepidotus sp.: kusumal čikin-ib, nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/).

Crescentia: Crescentia cujete L.: boč, n1a; maluk, n1e; pisis boč teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Crocodilus: Crocodilus americanus: lagarto, n1a.

Crotalaria: Crotalaria incana L.: k’oš č’aben, nphr(aj & n).
Crotalaria longiroslrata H. & A.: bae’i č’aben, nphr(aj & n)5; e’unbalal č’aben, nphr(aj & n)5; č’aben, n1a; muk’ta č’aben, nphr(aj & n).
Crotalaria maypurensis HBK.: č’aben kaʔ, nphr(n of n); muk’ta č’aben čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Crotalaria mucronata Desv.: e’unbalal č’aben, nphr(aj & n)5; muk’ta e’unbalal č’aben, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Crotalaria pumila Ort.: bik’it č’aben, nphr(aj & n); č’aben, n1a; č’aben č’o, nphr(n of n); k’oš č’aben, nphr(aj & n); tontikil č’aben, nphr(natt & n)5.
Crotalaria quercetorum Brandeg. vel. aff.: č’aben ʔantivo, nphr(n of n); č’aben č’o, nphr(n of n).
Crotalaria sagittalis L.: pošil vayičil, nphr(n of n).

Crotalus: Crotalus durissus: ʔaha-čon, n(n type ncpd)5; k’anal ʔaha-čon, nphr(aj & n/n type ncpd/)5.
Crotalus sp.: ʔik’al ʔaha-čon, nphr(aj & n/n type ncpd/)5.

Croton: Croton ciliato-glanduliferus Ort.: nap’-ʔus e’iʔlel, nphr(n/tv & ncpd/ type n); pošil sep’, nphr(n of n); sakil eunenn e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/).
Croton guatemalensis Lotsy: k’oš ʔuč, nphr(aj & n).
Croton sp.: eahal nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); muk’ta nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); yaš-ʔib teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

Crotophaga: Crotophaga sulcirostris: e’ok-niʔ mut, nphr(zj/aj & ncpd/ & n)5; hʔak’-čin, agn(tv & ncpd); htiʔ-sip, agn(tv & ncpd).

Crusea: Crusea calocephala C. & S.: eahal šanšanil be, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).
Crusea parviflora Hook. & Am.: euneun e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); sakil šanšanil be, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).
Crusea subulata (DC.) A. Gray: eie e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Cryptotis: Cryptotis sp.: hlut’ieh-be č’o, agn: nphi(n/tv ncpd/ type n)5.

Crypturellus: Crypturellus cinnamomeus: ʔalak’ balamil, nphr(n4f of n5)5; ʔuyhan mut, nphr(n type n)1a; pertis mut, nphr(n type n)5.

Ctenasaua: Ctenasaua pectinata: ʔik’al ʔinatab, nphr(aj & n)5.

Ctenasauris: Ctenasauris similis: eahal ʔinatab, nphr(aj & n)5.

Cucumis: Cucumis anguria L.: č’akoʔ ʔak’, nphr(n type n); č’um-teʔ č’o, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n); č’um-teʔ poš, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n); šantia č’o, nphr(n of n).
Cucumis melo L.: melon, n1a.

Cucurbita: Cucurbila jicifolia Bouché: čih-čon mail, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); kašlan e’ol, nphr(aj & n); sakil mail, nphr(aj & n); yašal mail, nphr(aj & n).
Cucurbita moschata Duch.: ʔak’ č’um, nphr(n4e of n5); korneta č’um, nphr(n type n); šk’un-pat č’um, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n); šk’un č’um, nphr(n type n); teʔ-pat č’um, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
Cucurbita pepo L.: e’ol, n1a.

Cuphea: Cuphea aequipetala Cav.: ʔit’iš nocleb vonon, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); hipleb vonon, nphr(n of n); lučleb vonon, nphr(n of n); nočleb e’unun e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); nočleb vonon, nphr(n of n); nočleb vonon e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
Cuphea cyanea DC: eahal pie’oe’, nphr(aj & n); eahal pom e’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’anal pom e’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); nap’ap’ e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n)1e; nap’ap’ nič, nphr(aj & n); nap’ap’ nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); nuk’ čil ʔuloʔ, nphr(n of nphr/n4d of n5/); pošil ʔane e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); pošil eaʔnel, nphr(n of vn); pošil č’ič’. nphr(n of n); pošil č’ič’ eaʔnel, nphr(n of nphr/n type n/); pošil sim-nak’al, nphr(n of n/n & ajcpd/); pueul e’iʔlel, nphrfn type n).
Cuphea leptopoda Hemsl.: nap’ap’ e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n)1e; yašal nap’ap’, nphrfaj & n).
Cuphea pinetorum Benth.: muk’ta nočleb vonon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Cuphea utriculosa Koehne: eie e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); yašal nič eie, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Cupressus: Cupressus lusilanica Mill.: ʔok’il teʔ, nphr(n type n)1e; nukul pat, nphr(n type n): sipres, n.

Cuscuta: Cuscuta corymbosa R. & P. var. (grandiflora), Engelm.: k’an-ak’, n(aj & ncpd)1a.
Cuscuta tinctoria Engelm.: k’an-ak’, n(aj & ncpd)1a.

Cyanocitta: Cyanocitta stelleri: heš, n1d.

Cyathus: Cyathus sp.: ten ʔišim ʔuč. nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/).

Cyclanthera: Cyclanthera bourgaeana Naud.: č’um-teʔ č’o, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n).
Cyclanthera langaei Cogn.: ʔit’iš č’upak’, nphr(n4f of n5); bae’i č’upak’, nphr(aj & n); č’upak’ e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); poloe’, n1a.

Cydonia: Cydonia oblonga Miller: nimproniš, n1a.

Cymbispatha: Cymbispatha commelinoides (Roem. & Schult.) Pichon: ʔik’al e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); ʔoʔlol e’emeniʔ, nphr(n type n); eahal e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); k’oš e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); yaš-ʔulan nič e’emeniʔ, nphr: nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n4f) type n.

Cymbopogon: Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.: limon hobel, nphr(n type n); teʔ limon, nphr(n type n).

Cynanchum: Cynanchum sp.: mikulaš ʔitah, nphr(n type n).

Cynoglossum: Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & Drum.: k’oš boraha, nphr(aj & n).

Cyperus: Cyperus alternifolius I..: krus hobel, nphr(n type n).
Cyperus flavus (Vahl) Nees: tuil ʔisim hobel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Cyperus hermaphroditus Standl.: krus hobel, nphr(n type n): k’anal ʔisim be, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/): šanšan e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).
Cyperus melanostachyus HBK.: veʔel kaʔ hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
Cyperus sp.: k’oš ʔisim be hobel. nphr: aj & nphr(nphr’n4f of n5/ type n); k’oš’ kakaš’on hobel. nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’otoš, n; peeahtik hobel. nphr(aj & n).
Cyperus specttibilis Link: čikin t’ul hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); k’oš krus hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Cyperus virens Michaux: muk’ta ʔisim be, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/).

Cypripedmm: Cypripedium irapeanum Llave & Lex.: pueul, n1a.

Cyrtomium: Cyrtomium remoti-sporum (Fourn.) Morton: ʔik’al muk’ta eib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); č’ib eib, nphr(n type n).

D

Dactyloctenium: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Richt.: kakašon hobel, nphr(n type n): k’lahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n); sakil hobel. nphr(aj & n); tiʔ ba vakaš, nphr(nphr/n of n/ of n).

Dactylortyx: Dactylortyx thoracicus: ʔub, n5: čintuliʔ, n1e.

Dahlia: Dahlia australis var. chiapensis Soren.: eahal č’oliv, nphr(aj & n); k’oš č’oliv, nphr(aj & n).
Dahlia coccinea Cav.: ʔama čauk, nphr(n4f of n5); eahal č’oliv, nphr(aj & n); č’oliv čih, nphr(n of n); k’anal č’oliv, nphr(aj & n); k’oš eahal č’oliv, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš k’anal č’oliv, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta ʔama čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/); sakil pom e’unun. nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); teʔtikal č’oliv, nphr(natt & n).
Dahlia imperialis Roezl ex Ort.: bae’i č’oliv, nphr(aj & n): č’oliv, n1a.
Dahlia pinnata Cav.: sakil pino dalya, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Dahlia variabilis (Willd.) Desf.: moraro dalya. nphr(aj & n).

Daldinia: Daldinia concentrica (L. ex Fr.) Ces.& de Not.: t’ot’, n1a.

Dalea: Dalea leponna (Ait.) Bullock: sat mes, nphr(n of n); yašal nič e’iʔlel. nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Dalea lutea var. gigantea (Rose ex Rydb.) Barneby: eukum teʔ, nphr(n type n); č’išal toh e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/natt & n/ type n); muk’tik sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sat mes, nphr(n of n).
Dalea sericea Lag.: bot’-hol e’iʔlel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); eukum e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); eukum nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n); sakil e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n).
Dalea tomentosa (Cav.) Willd. var. psoraleoides (Moric.) Barneby: euncun t’e’iʔlel. nphr(aj & n).
Dalea tsugoides (Rydb.) Barneby.: eukum teʔ, nphr(n type n); k’oš k’an-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).
Dalea versicolor Zucc: eukum e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); pošil sim-nak’al, nphr(n of n/n & ajcpd/).

Dalembertia: Dalembertia triangularis Muell. Arg.: bankilal hol ʔolol, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); hol ʔolol, nphr(n of n)5.

Dama: Dama virginiana: eahal teʔtikal čih, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/)5; teʔtikal čih, nphr(natt & n)1a; yačal teʔtikal čih, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/)5.

Dasyrautilla: Dasymutilla sp.: bolom čon(1), nphr(n type n)5.

Dasypus: Dasypus novemcinctus: ʔib, n1d; e’omol čon, nphr(n type n)5; kapon, n1a; kapon čon, nphr(n type n)1e.

Datura: Datura Candida (Pers.) Saff.: čaʔ-koh kampana ničim, nphr(n/num & nccpd/ type nphr/n type n/); kampana e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); kampana ničim, nphr(n type n).
Datura stramonium L.: eahal č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(n type n); makom ʔuč, nphr(n of n); počil yerva, nphr(n of n).

Daucus: Daucus carota var. saliva L.: sanoria, n1a.

Davilla: Davilla aspera var. matudae (Lundell) L. O. Wins.: kokov teʔ, nphr(n type n); moro hol teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); vuš teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Delonix: Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf.: mačita teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Dendrocopus: Dendrocopus villosus: tiʔ, n5.

Dendropanax: Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Dene. & Planch.: tempiš, n.

Deppea: Deppea grandiflora Schlecht.: k’anal ʔič’ak mut, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); muk’ta č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).

Desmanthodium: Desmanthodium caudatum Blake: k’unil ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Desmanthus: Desmanthus virgatus var. depressus (H. & B.) Turner: ʔolnob č’o, nphr(n4d of n5).

Desmodium: Desmodium amplifolium Hemsl.: ʔit’iš tan kaʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); eahal eukum teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk’ta tan kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Desmodium chiapense Brandeg.: tan kaʔ, nphr(n of n).
Desmodium maxonii (Standl.) Steyerm.: ʔit’iš tan kaʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); k’oš tan kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); tan kaʔ, nphr(n of n).
Desmodium orbiculare Schlecht.: tan kaʔ, nphr(n of n).
Desmodium palmeri Hemsl.: eahal ʔak’ nphr(aj & n).
Desmodium sericophyllum Schlecht.: eahal eoein ʔak’ nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil eoein ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Desmodium skinneri Benth.: tan kaʔ, nphr(n of n).
Desmodium sp.: k’oš eahal ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/).
Desmodium strobilaceum Schlecht.: veʔel kaʔ, nphr(n of n).

Desmodus: Desmodus rotundus: pepen č’o, nphr(n type n)5; pepen htiʔ-čih, nphr(n type agn/tv & ncpd/)5; pepen soe’ nphr(n type n)5.

Dianthus: Dianthus caryophyllus L.: ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan klavel, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); klavelina, n; korona klavel, nphr(n type n); pino klavel, nphr(aj & n).
Dianthus chinensis L.: markarita e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Diastatea: Diastatea micrantha (HBK.) Mc V.: pošil satil, nphr(n of n).

Dichaea: Dichaea sp.: kilahtik yašal eib, nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/).

Dichondra: Dichondra argentea H. & B. ex Willd.: čikin č’o, nphr(n of n)5; čikin č’o poš, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); merio poš, nphr(n type n); pošil k’ok’, nphr(n of n); sakil čikin č’o poš, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); sakil pošil k’ok’, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Didelphis: Didelphis marsupialis: ʔuč, n5; e’al-ne ʔuč, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

Digiticalia: Digiticalia chiapensis (Hemsl.) Pippen: ʔama čauk, nphr(n4f of n5); hok’leb eoʔop e’unun, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/).

Dioscorea: Dioscorea cj. dugesii Robinson: e’itesob ʔat, nphr(n4f of n5).
Dioscorea convolvulacea Cham. & Schlecht.: čačiʔ ʔak’, nphr(n type n).
Dioscorea cymosula var. cinerea Uline: ʔohov ʔak’ nphr(n type n).
Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill: sakil t’ut’ ʔak’ nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Dioscorea nelsonii Uline ex Kunth: muk’ta ʔohov ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil ʔohov ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Dioscorea sp.: p’uk, n.

Diospyros: Diospyros digyna Jacq.: ʔuč, n5
Diospyros nicaraguensis Standl.: bik’it k’ošoš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Diphysa: Diphysa floribunda Peyr.: yaš-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd).
Diphysa pubenilenta Rydb.: k’oš milob č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Dodonaea: Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.: bak niʔ teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/) type n; bak teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5; sakil bak teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); šulal na, nphr(natt & n).

Dolichos: Dolichos lablab L.: ʔik’al paskuʔal čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); paskwa čenek’, nphr(n type n).

Dorstenia: Dorstenia contrajerva L.: kontiyerva, n1d.

Drimys: Drimys granadensis L. f. var. mexicana (DC.) A. C. Sm.: č’ulul ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’ošoš teʔ, nphr(n type n)5.

Drymaeus: Drymaeus ghiesbreghtii: ʔunen k’obol, nphr(aj & n)1e.

Drymarchon: Drymarchon corais: meʔel čon, nphr(n type n)1e.

Drymaria: Drymaria multiflora Brandeg.: pošil č’o e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); pošil k’ak’al ʔoʔon, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/); pošil satil, nphr(n of n); sakil ʔibal ton, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).

Duchesnea: Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke: k’oš makom, nphr(aj & n); makom e’i’ʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Dyssodia: Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) Hitchc: k’anal mač’ul e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

E

Echeandia: Echeandia macrocarpa Greenm.: ʔit’iš bae’i č’upak’, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/); č’upak’ hoh, nphr(n of n); k’anal tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš k’anal tub čil, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Echeandia macrophylla var. longifolia Weatherby: k’oš tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Echeveria: Echeveria aff. acutifolia Lindl.: pošil nuk’ul, nphr(n of n).
Echeveria prob. mucronata Schlecht.: pošil čin, nphr(n of n); pošil nuk’ul, nphr(n of n).
Echeveria sessiliflora Rose: pošil nuk’ul, nphr(n of n).

Echinopepon: Echinopepon horridus Naud.: č’um-teʔ č’o, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n).

Ehretia: Ehretia luxiana Donn. Sm.: ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5; k’oš ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Ehretia tinifolia L.: karnero teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Eira: Eira barbara: sak-hol, n(aj & ncpd)5.

Elaenia: Elaenia jlavogaster: yarnš, n5.

Elaphoglossum: Elaphoglossum hirtum (Swartz) C. Chr.: ʔoʔin ʔibal k’aʔ-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/).
Elaphoglossum longifolium Jacq.: ʔamal lanal eib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Eleodes: Eleodes sp.: tu-eis čon, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)1e.

Eleusine: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.: ʔakan hobel, nphr(n4f of n5); kakašon hobel, nphr(n type n).

Elyonurus: Elyonurus barbiculmis Hack.: k’oš eahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Elytraria: Elytraria imbricata (Vahl.) Pers.: pošil yerva, nphr(n of n); voe-hol poš, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

Enterolobium: Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.: pit, n1e.

Epidendrum: Epidendrum arbuscula var. radioferens AHS.: muk’ta ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).
Epidendrum arbuscula Lindl.: muk’ta ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).
Epidendrum cochleatum L.: ʔuč’ul voʔ čuč, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of n5); ʔuč’ul voʔ hʔik’al, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of agn); muk’ta ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).
Epidendrum ibaguense HBK.: e’emeni’ʔal č’en, nphr(natt & n); kilahtik ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); muk’ta eahal e’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); ničim moletik, nphr(n4d of n5).
Epidendrum ochraceum Lindl.: k’oš ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); volahtik ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).
Epidendrum parkinsonianum Hook.: kilahtik ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).
Epidendrum sp.: ʔuč’ul voʔ ʔantivo, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of n5); bik’it ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); k’oš ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); muk’ta ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).
Epidendrum varicosum Batem.: ʔuč’ul voʔ teʔ, nphr(nphr/x type n/)4e of n; muk’ta ʔuč’ul voʔ ta lumtik, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/) & prep & n; sakil ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).

Epilachna: Epilachna sp.: čanul ʔanal čenekʔ, nphr(n of nphr/n4f of n5/).

Epiphyllum: Epiphyllum crenatum (Lindl.) G. Don var. kimnachii Bravo: čikin ton, nphr(n of n)1a; č’iš čikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil čikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Epiphyllum sp.: čikin ton, nphr(n of n)1a; č’is čikin ton, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Equisetum: Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun: tut, n1a.
Equisetum myriochaetum Schlecht. & Cham.: muk’ta ʔama čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/).

Erigeron: Erigeron karwinskianus DC: pošil sal-¢’iʔ, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/).

Erodium: Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her.: ʔakuša e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); ʔakuša habnal, nphr(n type n); hič’il ʔakuša e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’oš ʔakuša e’i’ʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Erodium moschatum (L.) L’Her.: ʔakuša e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Eryngium: Eryngium ghiesbreghtii Dene.: keb čih, nphr(n of n); pošil čakal, nphr(n of n).

Erythrina: Erythrina chiapasana Krukoff: šʔukun, n1e.
Erythrina goldmanii Standl.: sʔukun, n1e.

Escobedia: Escobedia guatemalensis Loes.: bik’tal kampana ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); kampana č’ulelal, nphr(n type n); k’oš kampana ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Escobedia laevis Schlecht.: ʔit’iš bae’i ʔasasena, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/); bae’i ʔasasena, nphr(aj & n).

Eucalyptus: Eucalyptus globulus Labill.: kampor, n1a.

Eugenia: Eugenia acapulcensis Steud.: ʔit’iš pašamum, nphr(n4f of n5); č’it teʔ, nphr(n type n); muk’ta pašamum, nphr(aj & n); pašamum, n; vietikal č’it, nphr(natt & n).
Eugenia amatenangensis Lundell: kahve teʔ, nphr(n type n).
Eugenia carranzae Lundell: č’it teʔ, nphr(n type n).
Eugenia jambos L.: k’oš ʔuč, nphr(aj & n).
Eugenia laughlinii Lundell: ʔit’iš č’it, nphr(n4f of n5).
Eugenia yunckeri Standl.: pašamum teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Eupatoriastrum: Eupatoriastrum nelsonii Greenm.: pueul sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); voe-sahoʔ, n(aj & ncpd).
Eupatoriastrum sp.: k’oš k’ail, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta sakil sahoʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil k’ail, nphr(aj & n).

Eupatorium: Eupatorium areolare DC: ʔit’iš šolom, nphr(n4f of n5); sakil k’an-ʔič, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).
Eupatorium cf. eriocarpum Rob.: ʔit’iš ton k’ail, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/).
Eupatorium chiapense Rob.: muk’ta k’ail, nphr(aj & n).
Eupatorium daleoides (DC.) Hemsl.: tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.
Eupatorium erythropappum Rob.: muk’tik č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); sakil č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
Eupatorium imitans Rob.: yašal nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Eupatorium leucocephalum Benth.: sakil ničim, nphr(aj & n).
Eupatorium ligustrinum DC: bae’i č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); č’a-teʔ, n(x & ncpd)1a; k’oš č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); muk’ta č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); pom č’a-teʔ, nphr(n type n/x & ncpd/).
Eupatorium mairetianum DC: bik’tal č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
Eupatorium muelleri Sch. Bip. ex Klatt: muk’ta čikin č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil voy mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Eupatorium orbesioides Rob.: yašal nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Eupatorium pycnocephalum Less.: yašal nič e’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Eupatorium quadrangulare Dae: sakil e’i’ʔlel, nphr(aj & n).
Eupatorium schultzii Schnittsp.: sakil e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n).
Eupatorium sp.: k’oš yaš-čel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).

Euphorbia: Euphorbia biformis S. Wats.: k’oš sakil ničim santo, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Euphorbia densiflora (K1. & Garke) K1.: kilkil pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); meša ¢’ʔ’tel, nphr(n type n).
Euphorbia dentata Michx.: k’oš pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).
Euphorbia francoana Boiss: pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).
Euphorbia glomerifera (Millsp.) Wheeler: pošil tiʔben lukum, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/).
Euphorbia graminea Jacq.: k’ask’as ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta ničim santo, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ničim santo, nphr(n of n); pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).
Euphorbia heterophylla L.: k’oš pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk’ta pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).
Euphorbia hirta L.: ničim santo, nphr(n of n).
Euphorbia hypericifolia L.: ničim santo, nphr(n of n); pošil yayihel, nphr(n of vn); sakil pošil tiʔben lukum, nphr: aj & nphr(n of nphr/n of n/).
Euphorbia leucocephala Lotsy: ¢ahal ničim santo, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); mukumu, n; muk’ta ničim santo, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ničim ʔanima, nphr(n of n); ničim hsoktom, nphr(n4d of agn); ničim ninyo, nphr(n of n); sakil mukumu, nphr(aj & n); sakil ničim, nphr(aj & n); sakil pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzch.: k’unil ʔok teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Euphorbia sp.: yašal pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Evolvulus: Evolvulus alsinoides L.: sakil ¢un¢un ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Eysenhardtia: Eysenhardtia adenostylis Baill.: k’oš k’an-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); yaš-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd).

F

Falco: Falco sparverius: liklik, n5.

Felis: Felis concolor: leon, n1a.
Felis pardalis: ¢’ib bolom, nphr(aj & n)5.
Felis weidii: k’oš bolom, nphr(aj & n)5.
Felis yagouaroundi: ¢ahal bolom, nphr(aj & n)5.

Fernaldia: Fernaldia pandurata A. DC.) Woods.: čikin čih, ’deer’s ear’ or ’sheep’s ear’; čikin čih ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); keb čih, nphr(n of n); keb vakaš ʔitah, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); sakil čikin čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); veʔel čih, nphr(n of n).

Ficus: Ficus carica L.: ʔik’uš, n1a.
Ficus cookii Standl.: ¢ahal mutut, nphr(aj & n).
Ficus cotinifolia HBK.: mutut, n5; sakil mutut, nphr(aj & n).
Ficus glabrata HBK.: ʔamat, n5.
Ficus glaucescens (Liebm.) Miq.: ʔamat, n5.

Foeniculum: Foeniculum vulgare L.: ʔinoho, n1d.

Fomes: Foeniculum vulgare L.: ʔinoho, n1d.

Fuirena: Fuirena simplex Vahl: k’oš tut, nphr(aj & n).

Furcraea: Furcraea sp.: či, n1a.

Fuschia: Fuschia boliviano Carr.: muk’ta pi¢’o¢’, nphr(aj & n).
Fuschia encliandra subsp. tetradactyla (Lindl.) Breedlove: ¢ahal teʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Fuschia microphylla HBK. ssp. quercetorum Breedlove: ¢ahal pom ¢’unun teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); č’il-teʔ vet, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); venteš čih, nphr(n of n).
Fuschia paniculata Lindl.: ʔič’ak mut, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔič’ak mut ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n).
Fuschia splendens Zucc: muk’tik primon, nphr(aj & n).

G

Galactia: Galactia discolor Donn. Sm.: čenek’ cih teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb: sakil pek’ meʔel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Galinsoga: Galinsoga caracasana (DC.) Sch. Bip.: ʔuskunteʔ, n(x type ncpd)5; ¢ahal ʔuskun-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x type ncpd/); kuskun-teʔ, n(x type ncpd); k’oš sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); sakil ʔuskun-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x type ncpd/).

Galium: Galium sp.: ʔit’iš sikil ton, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/); k’oš nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Galium uniculatum ssp. obstipum (Schlecht.) Ehrendorfer: k’oš nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Galphimia: Galphimia glauca Cav.: k’anal ʔič’ak mut, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k’anal konkon, nphr(aj & n); muil teʔ, nphr(aj & n); ničim hsoktom, nphr(n4d of agn).

Garrya: Garrya laurifolia Hartw.: ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5; k’oš ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Gaudichaudia: Gaudichaudia albida C. & S.: k’anal lak’, nphr(aj & n); k’anal ¢o¢in ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’anal č’ušuv ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’oš k’anal ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Gaultheria: Gaultheria odorata Willd.: ʔaha-teʔes, n(n & ncpd)1d; muk’ta ʔaha-teʔes, nphr(aj & n).

Gaura: Gaura hexandra Gómez Ortega: muk’ta nočleb vonon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Gaya: Gaya minutiflora Rose: k’oš sayavun, nphr(aj & n).

Genipa: Genipa sp.: maluk, n1e.

Geococcyx: Geococcyx velox: k’aʔ-čih mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5; k’uš hol, nphr(aj & n)5.

Geothlypis: Geothlypis trichas: č’ikč’ik, n5.

Geranium: Geranium goldmanii Rose ex Hanks & Small: muk’ta ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk’tik kuč-¢’uhul, nphr(aj & n/tv & ncpd/).
Geranium seemannii Peyr.: ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); kuč-¢’uhul, n(tv & ncpd); k’ask’as ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); k’oš -ʔakuš’a ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pošil vayičil, nphr(n of n); sakil ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil k’oš ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Gladiolus: Gladiolus horlulanus L. H. Bailey: ʔik’-loʔan ¢ahal pino bukaro, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & aj & nphr/aj & n/); bukaro, n1d; čihal bukaro, nphr(aj & n); sakil pino bukaro, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Glaucidium: Glaucidium brasilianum: kuškuš, n1e.

Glaucomys: Glaucomys volans: pepen čuč, nphr(n type n)1e.

Gliricidia: Gliricidia ehrenbergii (Schl.) Rydb.: ʔit’iš yaš-teʔ, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/5).
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.: milob č’o teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

Gnaphalium: Gnaphalium sp.: muk’ta nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta pošil yayihemal, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); nap’ap’ ¢"iʔlel, nphr(aj & n)1e; pošil hol šaluʔ, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/); sakil nap’ap’ ¢"iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); talesob čuʔul ¢"iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); tusnuk’ ¢"iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Gomphrena: Gomphrena decumbens Jacq.: pošil sim-nak’al, nphr(n of n/n & ajcpd/); sakil bot’-hol ¢’iʔlel, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

Gonolobus: Gonolobus barbaratus HBK.: ¢o¢il ʔak’, nphr(aj & n).

Gossypium: Gonolobus sp.: č’um-teʔ ʔak’, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n); kranata ʔak’, nphr(n type n); matal ʔak’, nphr(n type n); mikulaó ʔitah, nphr(n type n).

Gouania: Gossypium hirsutum L.: tušnuk’, n1a.

Govenia: Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Urban: balahtik pek’ meʔel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); makom č’iš, nphr(n type n); teʔ-ʔak’, n(aj & ncpd).

Gronovia: Govenia liliacea (Llave & Lex.) Lindl.: kola, n; kolail vob, nphr(natt & n).
Govenia sp.: kola, n; sera ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).
Govenia superba (Llave & Lex.) Lindl.: kola ¢’iʔlel, npbr(n type n); kola vob ʔantivo, nphr(nphr/n4e of n4d/ of n5); p’uk, n.

Gronovia: Gronovia scandens L.: ¢o¢il ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); k’oš la, nphr(aj & n); k’oš šelahtiic la, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Gronovia urens L.: kilahtik la, nphr(aj & n).

Guazuma: Guazuma tomentosa HBK.: ʔakit, n5.
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.: ʔakit, n5; veʔel vakaš, nphr(n of n).

Gymnopodium: Gymnopodium floribundum var. antigonoides (Rob.) Standl. & Steyerm.: sakil pomos, nphr(aj & n).

Gyrocarpus: Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq.: muk’ta šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & n),

Gyroporus: Gyroporus castaneus: k’oš sekub t’ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

H

Habenaria: Habenaria clypeata Lindl.: ʔoʔlol ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(n type n).
Habenaria sp.: pošil č’en šok, nphr(n of nphr/n type n/).

Haemotoxylum: Haemotoxylum brasiletto Karst.: sakil brasil, nphr(aj & n).

Hamelia: Hamelia patens Jacq.: ¢ahal pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pošil sim-nak’al, nphr(n of n/n & ajcpd/).

Haplophyton: Haplophyton cinereum (A. Rich) Woods.: pošil makoʔ, nphr(n of n); pošil makoʔ con, nphr(n of nphr/n type n/).

Hauya: Hauya elegans HBK.: sakil kanela, nphr(aj & n).

Hecubaea: Hecubaea scorzoneraefolia DC: sakramentual ničim, nphr(natt & n)1a.

Hedeoma: Hedeoma costatum Gray: ¢un¢un ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n).

Helianthemum: Helianthemum glomeratum Lag. ex DC: tan ¢iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); tan poš, nphr(n type n)1a.

Heliconia: Heliconia aff. librata Griggs: k’oš loʔbol, nphr(aj & n).

Heliocarpus: Heliocarpus donnell-smithii Rose: bot, n5; bot ʔak’, nphr(n type n)5; ¢’am-teʔal na, nphr(natt/x & ncpd/ & n).

Heliotropium: Heliotropium angiospermum Murr.: ʔalavena ¢’iʔel, nphr(n type n).
Heliotropium indicum L.: sakil malva, nphr(aj & n).

Heloderma: Heloderma horridum: meʔ ʔus, nphr(n of n)5.

Helosis: Helosis mexicana Liebm.. ʔik’al ʔahan čuč, nphr: aj & nphr(n4d of n5).

Helvella: Helvetia crispa (Scop.) Fr.: sakil ʔat hʔik’al, nphr: aj & nphr(n4d of agn).
Helvella lacunosa Afz. ex Fr.: ʔat hʔik’al, nphr(n4d of agn).

Hemerocallis: Hemerocallis fulva L.: k’anal ʔasasena, nphr(aj & n).

Herissantia: Herissantia crispa (L.) Briq.: čičol ʔak’, nphr(n type n); pu¢ul čičol ʔak’, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Herpetotheres: Herpetotheres cachinnans: vakos, n1e.

Heterocentron: Heterocentron subtriplinervium (L. & O.) A. Br. & Bouche: eahal šanšan, nphr(aj & n); muk’- ta vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); vala-pohov, n(x & ncpd).

Heterogeomys: Heterogeomys hispidus: ba, n1a.

Heteropogon: Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.: 9ik’al c’is hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Heteropteris: Heteropteris beecheyana Juss.: ʔak’ moletik, nphr(n4d of n5); ¢ahal ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal pek’ meʔel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ¢ahal teʔ-ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); teʔ-ʔak’, n(aj & ncpd).

Hibiscus: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.: ¢ahal kampana, nphr(aj & n); eahal kampana nicim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Hieracium: Hieracium jaliscense var. ghiesbreghtii Rob. & Greenm.: k’anal ¢o¢in e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Hippeastrum: Hippeastrum solandriflorum Herb.: sakil ʔasasena, nphr(aj & n).
Hippeastrum sp.: ¢ahal lirio, nphr(aj & n)5.

Hiraea: Hiraea reclinata Jacq.: teʔ-ʔak’, n(aj & ncpd).

Holodiscus: Holodiscus argenteus (L. f.) Maxim.: ¢ahal pomos, nphr(aj & n); k’oš pomos, nphr(aj & n); sakil pomos, nphr(aj & n).

Houstonia: Houstonia serphyliacea (Schlecht.) C. L. Smith: mail ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Hura: Hura polyandra Baill.: šinal teʔ, nphr(aj & n).

Hybanthus: Hybanthus verbenaceus HBK.: k’oš sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Hydnum: Hydnum repandum L: k’anal č’iš mana ʔok, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/x type n4f/).

Hygrophorus: Hygrophorus sp.: k’anal pišolito, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta sak-balon, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).

Hyla: Hyla walkeri: k’oš yašal ʔamuč, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5.

Hylocichla: Hylocichla mustelina: č’iš-tot, nphr(aj & ncpd)1e.

Hymenea: Hymenea courbaril L.: č’ilim teʔ, nphr(n type n)1d.

Hymenocallis: Hymenocallis aff. galvestonensis Baker: sakil sakramentual ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).

Hypericum: Hypericum uliginosum HBK.: ¢i¢ poš, nphr(n type n); pošil ʔul hʔalnom, nphr: n4f of nphr(n4d/3s/ of agn).

Hypomyces: Hypomyces laclifluorum (Schw. ex Fr.) Tul.: čakat’ob, n1d; pišol kelem, nphr(n of n).

Hypoxis: Hypoxis decumbens L.: veʔel čintuliʔ, nphr(n of n); veʔel mut, nphr(n of n).

Hyptis: Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq.: yašal muk’ta pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Hyptis suaveolens Poit.: ¢ukum ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); ¢ukum nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n); čan-¢elav sun, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n); č’iš sahoʔ, nphr(n type n); yašal nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Hyptis tomentosa Poit.: sakil pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Hyptis urticoides Kunth: ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; sakil pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Hyptis verticillata Jacq.: ʔalavena ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); yašal nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

I

Icterus: Icterus maculi-alatus: tuč’ič’, n1a.

Iguana: Iguana iguana: yašal ʔinatab, nphr(aj & n)5.

Ilex: Ilex brandegeana Loes.: k’oš ʔoven, nphr(aj & n).
Ilex vomitoria Ait.: k’oš ¢ahal k’ošoš teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Indigofera: Indigofera densiflora Mart. & Gal. vel aff.: č’aben teʔ, nphr(n type n).
Indigofera miniata Gómez-Ortega: k’oš šašib č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Indigofera thibaudiana DC: k’oš šašib, nphr(aj & n).

Inga: Inga spuria H. & B. ex Willd.: ¢’erel, n; čalon, n; čenek’ teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Inocybe: Inocybe sp.: sakil ʔat kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).

Ipomoea: Ipomoea alba L.: sakil puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Ipomoea breedlovei L. Wms.: ¢ahal ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n); kampana ʔak’, nphr(n type n); muk’ta ʔik’-loʔan puyuʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ type n); muk’ta puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n); muk’tik puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.: ʔik’al nič puyuʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n): yaš-ʔulan puyuʔ, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); yašal puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Ipomoea lindenii M. & G.: čikin č’o ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); k’oš puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n); yašal puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Ipomoea microsticta Hallier f.: ʔamolio, n1a.
Ipomoea pauciflora M. & G.: muk’ta sakil kampana ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); muk’ta sakil puyuʔ, nphr(aj & nphr(aj & n/); pohov ʔak’, nphr(n type n); posil yayihel, nphr(n of vn); sakil ʔak’, nphr(aj & n).
Ipomoea purpurea var. purpurea Roth: k’oš pik’ok’, nphr(aj & n); pik’ok’, n1a.
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth var. diversifolia (Lindley) O’Donnell: k’oš pik’ok’, nphr(aj & n).
Ipomoea seducta House: k’oš pik’ok’ ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); puyuʔ, n1e.
Ipomoea signata House: puyuʔal vi¢tik, nphr(natt & n).
Ipomoea sp.: ¢o¢il ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); ¢o¢in ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); čičol č’o, nphr(n of n); hit’ob na, nphr(n of n); k’oš pik’ok’, nphr(aj & n); k’oš puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n); k’oš puyuʔ ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pik’ok’, n1a; pik’ok’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n); puyuʔ, n1e; sakil ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); sakil ¢o¢il ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil ¢o¢in ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Ipomoea suffulta (HBK.) Don: mis ¢’iʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
Ipomoea triloba L.: ʔištalal ʔak’, nphr(n type n); bikil ¢’iʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
Ipomoea tyrianthina Lindl.: ¢o¢iron pik’ok’, nphr(aj & n); pik’ok’, n1a.

Iresine: Iresine angustifolia Euphr.: ʔit’iš šolom, nphr(n4f of n5); k’ask’as teʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Iresine celosia L.: ¢ahal k’ask’as ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); kokoʔon ve’el čih, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); ničim hč’ul-meʔtik valalupa, nphr: n of nphr(agn/aj & ncpd/ type n); ničim valalupa, nphr(n of n); ničimal k’in valalupa, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/); pošil čakal, nphr(n of n); pošil voʔan, nphr(n of n).
Iresine nigra Uline & Bray: k’ask’as teʔ, nphr(aj & n).

Isocarpha: Isocarpha oppositifolia (L.)0 R. Br.: tan ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n).

Isochilus: Isochilus linearis (Jacq.) R. Br.: k’oš čičol č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš č’ibal teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).

J

Jacobinia: Jacobinia sp.: ¢ahal hik’ik’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/).

Jacquemontia: Jacquemontia nodiflora (Desr.) G. Don: sakil ʔak’, nphr(aj & n).
Jacquemontia pentanlha (Jacq.) D. Don: ¢o¢il ʔak’, nphr(aj & n); k’oš puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n); k’oš yašal puyuʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Jacquinea: Jacquinea aurantiaca Ait.: ¢ahal ʔama čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/); ¢ahal č’oliv, nphr(aj & n); mahob ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

Jacquinia: Jacquinia aurantiaca Ait.: mahob ʔik’al, nphr(n of n).

Jasminum: Jasminum mesnyi Hance: č’aben ʔak’, nphr(n type n).
Jasminum sambac (L.) Soland.: sakil ničim teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Jatropha: Jatropha curcas L.: pinyon, n.

Juglans: Juglans regia L.: ton bek’, nphr(n type n)1a.

Junco: Junco phaenotus: ¢i¢il-ʔul, n(unanalyzed cpd)5; yukyuk mut, nphr(aj & n5).

Juniperus: Juniperus gamboana Martinez: ʔok’il teʔ, nphr(n type n)1e; k’uk’ toh, nphr(n type n); nukul pat, nphr(n type n); sipres, n.

Justicia: Justicia clinopodium A. Gray ex Greenm.: hipleb vonon, nphr(n of n); muk’ta nočleb vonon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Justicia sp.: pošil k’ak’et, nphr(n of n).

K

Kallstroemia: Kallstroemia maxima (L.) Hook. & Arn.: manya čenek’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n).
Kallstroemia rosei Rydb.: k’anal nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); meša ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Kearnemalvastrum: Kearnemalvastrum lacteum (Ait.) Bates: muk’ta pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’tik pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil ʔuč’ maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).

Kohleria: Kohleria elegans (Dene.) Loes.: ¢ahal pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš ¢o¢-niʔ teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); voʔos teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Krameria: Krameria revolula Berg: muk’ta tan poš, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); posil sim-nak’al, nphr(n of n/n & ajcpd/); sakil ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n).

L

Lactarius: Lactarius sp.: ¢ahal čikin, nphr(aj & n); k’anal mana ʔok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/); sakil ¢o¢in pišolito, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil mana ʔok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/); sakil pišolito, nphr(aj & n).
Lactarius volemus (FT.) FT.: ¢ahal čečeval san-antreš, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/); ¢ahal čikin, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal yuy čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’anal mana ʔok, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n4f/).

Lagascea: Lagascea helianthifolia HBK.: ¢ohoh, n; sakil sun, nphr(aj & n); soh, n.

Lagenaria: Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.: ʔak’ pulun voʔ, nphr(n4e of nphr/n of n/); ba¢’i ¢u, nphr(aj & n); ¢oʔ kaʔ ¢u, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); ¢oʔ kaʔ hay, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n)5; č’akoʔ, n1a; muk’ta ¢u, nphr(aj & n); neneʔ ¢u, nphr(n type n); peron ¢u, nphr(n type n); pulum voʔ, nphr(n of n); suy ¢u, nphr(n type n); suy hay, nphr(n type n).

Lamourouxia: Lamourouxia lanceolata Benth.: ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5.
Lamourouxia viscosa HBK.: bukaro ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); lučleb ¢’unun, nphr(n of n); muk’ta ¢ahal pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); nič pok’ ʔuloʔ, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ of n); primon, n1e.

Lantana: Lantana achyranthifolia Desf.: ʔalavena ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); bot’-hol ¢’iʔlel. nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); sakil č’il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ten-hol poš, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
Lantana glandulosissima Hayek: č’elop vet, nphr(n of n); č’il-teʔ vet, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); č’il vet, nphr(n of n); voʔtus ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).
Lantana hirta Grah.: ʔik’al sat ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/) type n: č’elop vet; nphr(n of n); č’ll-teʔ vet, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); pošil k’ak’al sik, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/); sakil č’il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Lantana hispida HBK.: č’il vet, nphr(n of n); č’iš č’il-teʔ vet, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n): muk’ta č’il-teʔ vet, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); muk’ta č’il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Lantana moritziana Otto & Dietr.: ¢ahal č’il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); č’il-te’ʔ vet, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); č’il vet, nphr(n of n); muk’ta č’elop vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Lasiacis: Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Beauv.: ʔah kotom, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔahis, n; ʔik’ob čih, nphr(n of n); k’oš ʔah, nphr(aj & n); k’oš ne kotom, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Lasiacis ruscifolia (HBK.) Hitchc: puh-ʔakan hobel, nphr(n/aj & n/ type n).
Lasiacis sorghoidea (Desv.) Hitchc. & Chase: ne kotom, nphr(n of n).

Lathyrus: Lathyrus latifolius L.: karvensa, n1a.

Leccinum: Leccinum sp.: ¢ahal sekub t’ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Lemaireocereus: Lemaireocereus sp.: ʔoy vinahel, nphr(n4e of n5).

Lentinus: Lentinus lepideus (FT. ex Fr.) Fr.: tahčuč, n1a.
Lentinussp.: tahčučal k’aʔ-teʔ, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/).

Leochilus Leochilus pygmaeus (Lindl.) B. & H.: k’oš ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).

Lepechinia Lepechinia schiedeana (Schlecht.) Vatke: ʔik’al kuč-č’uhul, nphr(aj & n/tv & ncpd/); ʔisim ʔuč, nphr(n4d of n5); čilčil ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta čilčil ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); na p’iliš, nphr(n of n); nočleb p’iliš, nphr(n of n); pošil ʔobal, nphr(n of n)5.

Lepidium: Lepidium virginicum L. var. pubescens (Greene) C. L. Hitchc.: k’oš’ pič’, nphr(aj & n); pič’, n.

Lepiota: Lepiota sp.: k’oš sakil ʔat kaʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).

Leptotila: Leptotila verreauxi: k’uš kumum, nphr(aj & n)1e.

Leucaena: Leucaena brachycarpa Urb.: ¢ahal ʔolnob, nphr(aj & n).
Leucaena collinsii B. & R.: pakaʔ ʔolnob, nphr(n type n).
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit: ba¢’i ʔolnob, nphr(aj & n)5.

Leucophoyx: Leucophoyx thula: h¢ak-čoy, agn(tv & ncpd); karsa, n1e.

Liabum: Liabum glabrum var. hypoleucum Greenm.: suil ʔitah, nphr(x type n).

Licania: Licania arborea Seem.: karnero teʔ, nphr(n type n).
Licania platypus Fritsch.: ʔi¢ompi, n1d; ma¢’an-¢o¢, nphr(x & n)1a.

Licaria: Licaria cf. peckii (I. M. Jtn.) Kosterm.: ¢i¢ teʔ(1), nphr(n type n).

Ligustrum: Ligustrum lucidum Ait.: ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5.

Lilium: Lilium sp.: ba¢’i ʔasasena, nphr(aj & n).

Linum: Linum mexicanum HBK.: ¢i¢ teʔ(1), nphr(n type n); ¢u¢ub. n; lok’esob holobil, nphr(n of n).
Linum schiedeanum S. & C: ¢i¢ ¢’lʔlel, nphr(n type n); k’oš’ ¢i¢ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Lippia: Lippia bracteosa (Mart. & Gal.) Moldenke: ʔik’al sat ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/) type n.
Lippia cardiostegia Benth.: bik’it sak-nič te’, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); k’oš sak-nič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); sakil č’il vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil sak-nič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
Lippia chiapensis Loes.: bik’it sak-nič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); k’oš sak-nič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); k’uš-pevul, n(aj & ncpd)5; muk’ta č’elop vet, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta č’il-teʔ vet, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); sakil ¢ele-pat, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
Lippia substrigosa Turcz.: sak-nič teʔ, nphr(n/ aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

Lisianthus: Lisianthus cuspidatus Bertol: yašal nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Lithospermum: Lithospermum calycosum (Macbride) Jtn.: k’anal pi¢’o¢’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Lithospermum distichum Ortega: muk’ta tan poš ¢’iʔlel, nphr: aj & nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n).

Litsea: Litsea glaucescens Kunth.: ʔašuš ¢is ʔuč, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); ba¢’i ¢is ʔuč, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ¢is ʔuč, nphr(n of n)1f.
Litsea neesiana (Schauer) Hemsl.: ʔit’iš ¢is ʔuč, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/).

Llavea: Llavea cordifolia Lag.: sakil čib, nphr(aj & n).

Lobelia: Lobelia laxiflora HBK.: bik’it primon, nphr(aj & n); kampana č’o ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); k’oš primon, nphr(aj & n); primon, n1e.

Loeselia: Loeselia glandulosa: (Cav.) Don: k’oš ten¢un, nphr(aj & n).
Loeselia mexicana (Lam.) Brand.: pošil k’ok’, nphr(n of n).

Lolium: Lolium multiflorum Lam.: veʔel vakaš, nphr(n of n).

Lonchocarpus: Lonchocarpus minimiflorus Donn. Sm.: ¢oʔ šulem teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

Lonicera: Lonicera mexicana (Kunth) Rehder: ʔič’ak mut ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n).

Lopezia: Lopezia hirsuta Jacq.: muk’ta nočleb vonon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Lopezia langmaniae Miranda: k’ask’as ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); k’unil ʔok teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’unil teʔ, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta k’anal pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.

Lophosoria: Lophosoria quadripinnata (Gmel.) C. Chr.: sakil ʔok ¢ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Loxocemus: Loxocemus sp.: savanero, n5.

Ludwigia: Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven.: kačimpa ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); k’anal kampana ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven: k’anal nič nab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Luehea: Luehea candida (DC.) Mart.: muk’ta tušnuk’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil tušnuk’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); tušnuk’ teʔ. nphr(n type n)5.

Luffa: Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. J. Ruem.: čuk’ob k’uʔul ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); č’upak’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n); hušob-bail ʔak’, nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n).

Lupinus: Lupinus sp.: čenek’ čih, nphr(n of n); č’aben ʔantivo, nphr(n of n); č’aben ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); č’aben čih, nphr(n of n); muk’ta č’aben čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Lycaste: Lycaste cruenta Lindl.: k’anal ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).

Lycogala: Lycogala epidendrum: sat pukuh(2), nphr(n of n).
Lycogala sp.: ʔik’al sat pukuh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Lycoperdon: Lycoperdon sp.: ʔoʔon tuluk’, nphr(n4d of n5); k’anal čolčol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta sakil čolčol be, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pu¢pue poš. nphr(aj & n).

Lycopersicum: Lycopersicum esculentum var. cerasiforme Mill.: bik’tal ¢ahal čičol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5.
Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.: k’oš ¢ahal čičol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš čičol, nphr(aj & n); muk’tik ¢ahal čičol, nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/)5.

Lycopodium: Lycopodium clavatum L.. balahtik šanšan, nphr(aj & n).
Lycopodium complanatum L.. kilahtik šanšan, nphr(aj & n); kilahtik šanšanil balamil, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); šanšan, n1a.
Lycopodium taxifolium: Swartz: ne ¢’iʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
Lycopodium tuerkheimii Maxon: balahtik šanšanil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).

Lysiloma: Lysiloma acapulcensis Benth.: ʔik’al suk, nphr(aj & n).
Lysiloma kellermannii B. & R.: ʔik’al suk, nphr(aj & n).
Lysiloma mullifoliata B. & R.: sakil suk, nphr(aj & n).

Lythrum: Lythrum lanceolatum Ell.: ¢i¢ teʔ(1), nphr(n type n); ¢u¢ub, n; kwenta talel, nphr(n4f of n4d/lp/).

M

Machaerium: Machaerium biovulatum Micheli: muk’ta ʔič’ak mis, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).

Mahonia: Mahonia chiapensis Lundell: k’an-teʔ, n(aj & ncpd).
Mahonia volcania Standl. & Steyerm.: č’iš ničim, nphr(n type n).

Malaxis: Malaxis fastigata (Reichb. f.) O. Ktze.: hutuhu, n.

Malus: Malus pumila Miller: ba¢’i man¢ana, nphr(aj & n)5; ¢ahal tanhero man¢ana, nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/); kamosa man¢ana, nphr(aj type n); kašlan man¢ana, nphr(aj & n)1d; perote man¢ana, nphr(n type n)); sakil tanhero man¢ana, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Malva: Malva nicaeensis All: bik’tal pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pak’ čak, nphr(n of n).
Malva parviflora L.. k’oš pak’ čak. nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pak’ čak, nphr(n of n).

Malvaviscus: Malvaviscus arboreus tar. arboreus Cav.: ¢’oban ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); ¢’oban teʔ, nphr(n type n); k’oš ¢’oban, nphr(aj & n); k’oš ¢’oban teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Malvaviscus arboreus var. mexicanus Schlecht.: ʔuč’ maš, nphr(n4d of n5).

Mandevilla: Mandevilla sp.: čenek’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n); lansa ʔak’, nphr(n type n).
Mandevilla subsagiltata (R. & P.) Woods.: k’anal č’ušuv ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’oš pohov ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Mandevilla tubiflora (Mart. & Gal.) Woods.: k’anal č’ušuv ʔak’. nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pohov ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

Mangifera: Mangifera indica L.: manko, n1a.

Manihot: Manihot escutenla Crantz: ¢’in-teʔ, n(x & ncpd) la.

Manilkara: Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg: muy, n1a.

Maranta: Maranta arundinacea L.: č’uč’, n1d; k’oš č’uč’, nphr(aj & n); sakil č’uč’, nphr(aj & n).

Marasmius: Marasmius sp.: ¢ahal čečeval nukul pat, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/); kusumal ba¢’i teʔ, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/); k’abiš toh, nphr(n of n)1a; k’oš bililuš, nphr(aj & n); sakil kusumal balamil, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).

Marina: Marina procumbens (S. & M. ex DC.) Barneby: k’ik’i šašib, nphr(aj & n); šašib, n5.
Marina scopa Barneby: mesob hol bakal, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/).
Marina spiciformis (Rose) Barneby: k’oš sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Martynia: Martynia annua L.: pošil ʔaha-čon, nphr(n type n/aj & ncpd/).

Matthiola: Matthiola incana R. Br.: ¢’iʔ ničim, nphr(n type n).

Mazama: Mazama americana: hul-bak, n(aj & ncpd)5.

Medicago: Medicago polymorpha L.: muk’ta ¢ahal pi¢ak’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); pi¢ak’, n1e.

Megarhyncus: Megarhyncus pitangua: č’ituriʔ, n5.

Meiracyllium: Meiracyllium trinasutum Reichb. f.: setahtik ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).

Melampodium: Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.) DC: k’oš piliš, nphr(aj & n).
Melampodium linearilobum DC: k’oš matas, nphr(aj & n).
Melampodium montanum Benth.: k’anal nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’anal sahoʔal teʔtik, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); k’išin poš ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’oš sahoʔal teʔtik, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); pošil ¢aʔnel, nphr(n of vn); sahoʔal teʔtik, nphr(natt & n); šinal poš, nphr(aj & n); vač’ teʔ poš, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n).

Melanerpes: Melanerpes formicivorus: bah-teʔ mut, nphr(vn/tv & ncpd/ type n)5; reketo, n5; tunsarek, n5.

Melanotis: Melanotis caerulescens: hloʔ-makom, agn(tv & ncpd)5; k’ub-tot, n(tv & ncpd)5.

Melanotus: Melanotus caerulescens: sak-č’ut mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

Melanthera: Melanthera nivea (L.) Small: č’iš sahoʔ, nphr(n type n); sanoʔ, n1a; sakil sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n).

Melia: Melia azedarach L.. paraiso tei, nphr(n type n).

Melilotus: Melilotus alba Desv.: ʔalpaho, n1d; č’aben ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); k’anal č’aben ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); veʔel t’ul, nphr(n of n); veʔel vakaš, nphr(n of n).
Melilotus indica (L.) All.: č’aben ¢’lʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Melipona: Melipona sp.: kačimpa pom, nphr(n type n)1e; mermeho, n1d.

Melothria: Melothria pendula L.: ʔič ʔak’, nphr(n type n)5; č’um-teʔ poš, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n); šantia ʔak’, nphr(n type n); šantia ʔantivo, nphr(n of n).

Mentha: Mentha citrata Ehrh.: ba¢’i ʔalavena, nphr(aj & n)5.

Mentzelia: Mentzelia aspera L.. muk’ta k’anal nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel. nphr(aj & n)1e.

Mephitis: Mephitis macroura: poyoy, n1e.

Merremia: Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urban: č’upak’ č’o ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); k’oš puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n); puyuʔ, n1e; sakil nič puyuʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); sakil puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f.: muk’ta k’anal puyuʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Miconia: Miconia glaberrima (Schlecht.) Naud.: ba¢’i čil habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); sakil čil habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).
Miconia guatemalensis Cogn.: ¢ahal čil habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); čil habnal, nphr(x type n)1a.
Miconia mexicana (Bonpl.) Naud.: ¢ahal čil habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).

Micropleura: Micropleura renifolia Lag.: krem poš. nphr(n type n); loh-ʔat poš, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

Micrurus: Micrurus browni: kantela čon. nphr(n type n)5.

Milleria: Milleria quinqueflora L.. sakil sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n).

Mimosa: Mimosa albida H. & B.: čame-ʔat č’iš, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/type n); lo¢’om čih, nphr(x & n); lo¢’om čih ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/x & n/ type n); lo¢’om čih č’iš, nphr(nphr/x & n/ type n); lot’om č’iš, nphr(x & n); makom č’iš, nphr(n type n).
Mimosa invisa Mart.: leb so¢’, nphr(x of n).
Mimosa pigra L.: ʔolnob č’iš ʔak’, nphr(n type nphr/n type n/).

Mimulus: Mimulus glabratus HBK.: ʔalavena e’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Mimus: Mimus gilvus: balun-ʔok’es, n(num & ncpd)5; sempal, n1d.

Mirabilis: Mirabilis cf. jalapa L.: muk’ta ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Mirabilis jalapa L.: bik’it malva, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal kampana ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ¢ahal kampana ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ¢’oban ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); k’ask’as ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); malva, n; malvarisko, n; pošil k’ak’et, nphr(n of n); veʔel č’o, nphr(n of n).

Momotus: Momotus mexicanus: kul, n5; ru, n5; turn, n5.
Momotus momota: kul, n5; ru, n5; tum, n5.

Monnina: Monnina xalapense HBK.: loʔbol mut, nphr(n of n); pi¢’o¢’, n; veʔel čih, nphr(n of n).

Montanoa: Montanoa hexagona Rob. & Greenm.: sakil k’ol-k’oš, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
Montanoa seleriana Rob. & Greenm.: ʔit’iš ton k’ail, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); k’oš ton k’ail, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Montanoa sp.: ʔit’iš šolom, nphr(n4f of n5); č’iš k’ail, nphr(aj & n); č’išal k’ail, nphr(aj & n); k’eveš k’ail, nphr(n type n); sakil k’ail, nphr(aj & n).
Montanoa speciosa DC: ʔit’iš ton k’ail, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); sakil ničim, nphr(aj & n).

Moringa: Moringa oleijera Lam.: hasinto teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Morpho: Morpho sp.: yašal pepen, nphr(aj & n)5.

Muhlenbergia: Muhlenbergia breviligula Hitchc: ¢ahal č’iš hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); č’iš hobel, nphr(n type n); hobelal šalma, nphr(natt & n).
Muhlenbergia gigantea (Fourn.) Hitchc: ¢ahal č’iš hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Muhlenbergia macroura (HBK.) Hitchc.: ʔana hobel, nphr(x type n)1d.
Muhlenbergia robusla Fourn.: č’iš hobel, nphr(n type n); hobelal šalma, nphr(natt & n); muk’ta č’iš hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Muhlenbergia sp. cj. emersleyi Vasey: č’iš hobel, nphr(n type n).
Muhlenbergia spicijormis Trin.: ¢ahal hobel, nphr(aj & n).
Muhlenbergia stricta (Presl.) Kunth: č’iš hobel, nphr(n type n); hobelal na, nphr(natt & n).
Muhlenbergia tenella (HBK.) Trin.: ¢ukum hobel, nphr(n type n); k’un-hobel, n(aj & ncpd); sakil k’un-hobel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); yašal k’un-hobel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).

Muntingia: Muntingia calabrura L.: čiš-teʔ ʔak’, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n)5; čiš-teʔ mut, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n); makuliškuat, n; muk’ta čiš-teʔ ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n).

Mus: Mus musculus: lumtikil č’o, nphr(natt & n)5.

Musa: Musa paradisiaca L.: čan-¢elav loʔbol, nphr(n/ num & ncpd/ type n); man¢ana kinya, nphr(n type n)5; sera kinya, nphr(n type n).

Mustela: Mustela frenata: saben, n5; yašal saben, nphr(aj & n)5.

Myadestes: Myadestes obscurus: tak’in ʔantivo, nphr(n of n)5.

Mycena: Mycena sp.: ¢ahal ʔat kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); ¢ahal k’abiš toh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); čečeval ba¢’i teʔ, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/); čečeval nukul pat, nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/); k’oš ʔat kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k’oš k’anal ʔat kaʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k’oš sakil ʔat kaʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).

Myiarchus: Myiarchus tuberculifer: ʔulišpipiʔ, n5; p’okoyoʔ n5.

Myioborus: Myioborus miniatus: ¢ahal katal, nphr(aj & n)5; katal mut, nphr(n type n)5.

Myiozetes: Myiozetes similis: č’ituriʔ, n5.

Myrcianthes: Myrcianthes fragrans (Sur.) Me V.: bik’it k’ošoš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Myrica: Myrica cerifera L.: k’oš satin, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta satin, nphr(aj & n); satin, n1a.

Myriocarpa: Myriocarpa longipes Liebm.: počahtik ʔanal ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

N

Naematoloma: Naematoloma sp.: čečeval čikin-ib, nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/); čečeval k’aʔ-teʔ, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/)5; čečeval tulan, nphr(natt & n).

Nasua: Nasua narica: kotom, n1e.

Neckera: Neckera urnigera C. M. Crum: k’anal ¢on-teʔal teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n).

Nectandra: Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb.: ¢i¢ teʔ(1), nphr(n type n).

Neopringlea: Neopringlea viscosa (Liebm.) Rose: k’oš ʔakit, nphr(aj & n).

Nerium: Nerium oleander L.: k’oš pataš, nphr(aj & n).

Nicotiana: Nicotiana tabacum L.: ʔanal moy, nphr(n4f of n5); sakil moy, nphr(aj & n).

Ninia: Ninia diadenaia: ʔik’al hčabahom čon, nphr(aj & nphr/agn type n/)5.
Ninia sebae: hčabahom čon, agn(nphr/agn type n/)5; k’anal hčabahom čon, nphr(aj & nphr/ agn type n/)5.

Nissolia: Nissolia fruticosa Jacq.: botil ʔak’, nphr(n type n); tan kaʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

Nopalea: Nopalea sp.: petok, n1d.

Notholaena: Notholaena sinuata (Swartz) Kaulf.: muruč’ ¢ib, nphr(aj & n); yasal eib, nphr(aj & n).

Nothoscordum: Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britt.: k’oš tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Notiochelidon: Notiochelidon pileata: haval ʔek’el, nphr(aj & n)5; hepel ʔek’el, nphr(aj & n)5.

Nyctibius: Nyctibius griseus: šoč’, n5.

Nyctidromus: Nyctidromus albicollis: kavayero, n5.

o

Ocimum: Ocimum americanum L.: k’oš ʔarvahaka, nphr(aj & n).
Ocimum micranthum Willd.: ʔit’iš ʔarvahaka, nphr(n type n); k’oš ʔarvahaka, nphr(aj & n); pimenta ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); veʔel č’o, nphr(n of n).

Odontoglossum: Odontoglossum bictoniense (Batem.) Lindl.: ʔuč’ul voʔ bolom, nphr(nphr/x type n/4d of n5); ʔuč’ul voʔal ba ton, nphr(nphr/x type natt/ type nphr/n of n/).
Odontoglossum egertonii Lindl.: bik’tal ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).
Odontoglossum stellalum Lindl.: peč’ahtik ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).

Oecopetalum: Oecopetalum mexicanum Greenm. & Thomps.: kakav teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Oenothera: Oenothera kunthiana (Spach) Munz: k’oš ¢ahal kampana ničim, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk’ta pošil ʔapon, nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/).
Oenothera laciniata Hill: ʔorisyon ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); pu¢ul ʔunetik, nphr(n of n).
Oenothera rosea L’Her ex Ait.: ¢ahal pošil ʔapon, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pošil ʔapon, nphr(n of n).

Olmediella: Olmediella betsehleriana (Goepp.) Loes.: k’olo-maš teʔ, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n).

Operculina: Operculina pinnatifida (HBK.) O’Donell: sakil pik’ok’, nphr(aj & n).
Operculina pteripes (G. Don) O’Donell: k’anak pik’ok’ ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’anal puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta k’anal puyuʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Oplismenus: Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) Beauv.: ʔakan hobel, nphr(n type n)5; ʔisim be hobel, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ type n); k’oš ¢ahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Opuntia: Opuntia sp.: ʔik’-loʔan petok, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); loʔbalal petok, nphr(aj & n); teʔnikil petok, nphr(natt & n).

Oreopanax: Oreopanax capitatus (Jacq.) Dene. & Planch.: kahanab teʔ, nphr(n type n); matapalo, n.
Oreopanax obtusifolius L. Wms.: ʔit’iš memela teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/).
Oreopanax peltatus Linden ex Regel: habnal, n; kelem habnal, nphr(n type n).
Oreopanax xalapensis (HBK.) Dene. & Planch.: ʔic’ak mut, nphr(n4d of n5); hič’ilik ʔanal habnal, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); muk’ta habnal, nphr(aj & n).

Oreophasis: Oreophasis derbianus: tab, n5

Origanum: Origanum vulgare L.: ʔoregano, n.

Ortalis: Ortalis vetula: vokoto, n5.

Orthogeomys: Orthogeomys grandis: ba, n1a.

Orthosanthus: Orthosanthus chimborascensis var. centroamericanus Steyerm.: ničim ʔuč, nphr(n of n); peč’ahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n); peč’e-ʔok hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); š’anšan hobel, nphr(n type n).

Ostrya: Ostrya guatemalensis (Winkl.) Rose: ¢’utuh teʔ, nphr(x type n)5; sakil ¢’utuh teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).

Otus: Otus barbarus /identification uncertain/: kuškuš, n1e.

Oxalis: Oxalis albicans Kunth: bik’it vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
Oxalis corniculata L.: k’oš vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
Oxalis latifolia HBK.: ʔoʔlol vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); ¢o¢in vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); vala-pohov, n(x & ncpd).
Oxalis sp.: muk’ta vala-pohov, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); vala-pohov, n(x & ncpd).

Oxybelis: Oxybelis aeneus: ʔitah čon, nphr(n type n)5.

Oxypetalum: Oxypetalum cordifolium (Vent.) Schlechter: kanava ʔak’, nphr(n type n); šinal ʔak’, nphr(natt & n).

P

Pachychilus: Pachychilus indiorum: puy, n1a; šuti, n1a.

Pachyrhizus: Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban: hikamo, n1d.
Pachyrhizus strigosus Clausen: čenek’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n); hikamo ʔak’, nphr(n type n); mačita ʔak’, nphr(n type n); yašal mačita ʔak’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Panaeolus: Panaeolus sp.: ʔik’al ʔat kaʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).

Panicum: Panicum bulbosum HBK.. k’ohom hobel, nphr(n type n); sakil sakaton, nphr(aj & n).
Panicum hirticaule Presl.: ba¢’i ʔakan hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Panicum maximum Jacq.: ʔoʔol sakaton, nphr(aj & n); bik’it sakaton, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta sakaton, nphr(aj & n); puh-ʔakan hobel, nphr(n/aj & n/ type n); sakaton, n1a; sakil sakaton, nphr(aj & n).
Panicum reptans L.. ¢a¢al t’ul hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); k’ik’i hobel, nphr(aj & n).
Panicum xalapense HBK.: ¢un¢un hobel, nphr(aj & n).

Panthera: Panthera onca: bolom, n1e; mol bolom, nphr(aj & n)5.

Panus: Panus sp.: čikin č’o čon, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); kačuča čohver, nphr(n4d of n5); sak-ʔitah, n(aj & ncpd)1e.

Parathesis: Parathesis chiapensis Fern.: pimenta teʔ, nphr(n type n).
Parathesis leptopa Lundell: k’oš haʔas teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pimenta teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Parietaria: Parietaria debilis Forst.: sikil ton, nphr(aj & n)1e.

Parmentiera: Parmentiera edulis DC: čačiʔ, n1d.

Paspalum: Paspalum botterii (Fourn.) Chase: ʔakan hobel, nphr(n type n)5.
Paspalum distichum L.: peč’e-ʔok hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
Paspalum plicatulum Michx.: yašal kakašon hobel, rrphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Passiflora: Passiflora foetida var. lanuginosa Killip.: kranata č’o, nphr(n of n).
Passiflora ligularis L.: ba¢’i kranata, nphr(aj & n); kranata, n1a.
Passiflora subpeltala Ortega: kranata ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

Pedilanthus: Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit.: muk’ta ʔama čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/).

Pelargonium: Pelargonium hortium L. H. Bailey: ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan ¢ahal ničim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); ¢ahal ničim, nphr(aj & n)1a; sak-vayan ¢ahal ničim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); sakil ¢ahal ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Peltostigma: Peltostigma ptelioides (Hook.) Walp.: fresno, n.

Penelope: Penelope purpurescens: ʔk’-mut, n(aj & ncpd)5.

Pennisetum: Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) L. Richt.: meno, n; meskero, n.

Peperomia: Peperomia campylotropa A. W. Hill: merio ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); pimenta ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); sentavo ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).
Peperomia deppeana Schlecht.: setahtik višobtakil, nphr(aj & n).
Peperomia galioides HBK.: ba¢’i višobtakil, nphr(aj & n); k’oš ¢ahal višobtakil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); višobtakil, n1a.
Peperomia humilis (Vahl.) A. Dietr.: muk’ta višobtakil, nphr(aj & n).
Peperomia liebmanii C. DC: muk’ta višobtakil, nphr(aj & n).
Peperomia pellucida (L.) HBK.: muk’tik vala-pohov ¢’iʔlel, nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n).
Peperomia quadrifolia (L.) HBK.: višobtakil, n1a.

Pepsis: Pepsis sp.: k’ak’al ʔat, nphr(aj & n4f)5.

Perezia: Perezia reticulata (Lag.) A. Gray: pošil yayihemal(1), nphr(n1f of n1d).

Peromyscus: Peromyscus sp.: sak-ʔeoval, n(aj & ncpd) 1 d.

Persea: Persea americana var. drymifolia (S. & C.) Blake: ¢i¢ teʔ(2), nphr(n type n).
Persea americana L.: ʔoven teʔ, nphr(n type n); ba¢’i ʔon, nphr(aj & n); č’ail ʔon, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta ʔon, nphr(aj & n); yaš-ʔon, n(aj & ncpd)1a.

Perymenium: Perymenium nelsonii Rob.: muk’ta top’ol, nphr(aj & n); petet teʔ, nphr(n type n); top’ol, n; top’ol teʔ, nphr(n type n).
Perymenium purpusii Brandeg.: čak’ak’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); k’oš k’an-ʔič, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); pošil čin, nphr(n of n).
Perymenium strigillosum (Rob. & Greenm.) Greenm.: k’anal top’ol, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta top’ol, nphr(aj & n).

Petastdma: Petastelma patelliferum (Schlecht.) Miers: kilul sat ʔak’, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); sakil teʔ - ʔak’, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); teʔ-ʔak’, n(aj & ncpd).

Petiveria: Petiveria alliacea L.: soro teʔ, nphr(n type n)1a.

Petrochelidon: Petrochelidon fulva: haval ʔek’el, nphr(aj & n)5.

Petroselinum: Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A. W. Hill: kulantu č’o, nphr(n of n).

Phaseolus: Phaseolus atropurpureus S. & M. ex DC: ʔok’ ¢’iʔ ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n).
Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb.: ʔaros čenek’, nphr(n type n); ¢ahal ʔaros čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Phaseolus coccineus L.. ʔik’al la¢ botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Phaseolus dumosus Macf.: ¢ahal ʔibes, nphr(aj & n); k’anal ʔibes, nphr(aj & n); sak-vayan čenek’, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); sakil ʔibes, nphr(aj & n); vayuʔ čenek’, nphr(aj & n).
Phaseolus formosus HBK.: ʔik’al botil, nphr(aj & n); ʔik’al la¢ botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); botil čenek’, nphr(n type n); ¢ahal botil, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal ¢’ibal botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); ¢ahal pinto la¢ botil, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta ʔik’al botil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil botil, nphr(aj & n).
Phaseolus heterophyllus Willd.: k’oš šut, nphr(aj & n).
Phaseolus leiosepalus Piper: bik’it šut, nphr(aj & n); k’oš šut, nphr(aj & n); š’ut, n1a; šut čenek’, nphr(n type n).
Phaseolus lunatus L.: ʔik’al pataš čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ʔik’al patašet, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal švet’, nphr(aj & n); ¢’ibal pataš čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pataš čenek’, nphr(n type n)1a; patašet, n; sakil k’ahbenal čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/ natt & n/); sakil pataš čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakil švet’, nphr(aj & n); švet’ čenek’, nphr(n type n)5.
Phaseolus vulgaris L.: ¢ahal čenek’, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal šʔak’il čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ¢ahal šk’un, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal šlumil čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ¢ahal šteʔ-pat, nphr(n & ncpd); ¢’ibal čenek’, nphr(aj & n); ¢’ibaron čenek’, nphr(aj & n); čana čenek’, nphr(x type n); k’anal čenek’, nphr(aj & n); k’oš sakil čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta ʔak’il čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk’ta ʔik’al čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta ʔik’al šlumil, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta sakil čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/); muk’ta šlumil čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pinto ʔaros čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sak-vayan čenek’, nphr(aj/aj &Ucpd/ & n); sak-vayan sakil čenek’, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); šk’un čenek’, nphr(n type n); šlumil čenek’, nphr(n type n)5.

Pheucticus: Pheucticus ludovicianus: loro mut, nphr(n type n)1d.

Philodendron: Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott.: ʔok’ vakaš, nphr(n4d of n5); loʔbol ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

Phloeoceastes: Phloeoceastes guatemalensis: kalpintero mut, nphr(agn type n)5.

Phoebe: Phoebe helicterifolia (Meissn.) Mez: k’ošoš teʔ, nphr(n type n)5.

Pholiata: Pholiata sp.: čečeval taki-teʔ, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/); k’oš k’anal yuy, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Phoradendron: Phoradendron nervosum Oliver: k’anal nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); muk’ta nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); muk’tik nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); nok’- ol sik’ol, nphr(x & n)1e.

Phragmites: Phragmites communis Trin.: ʔah ʔama, nphr(n4e of n5); ʔan¢il ʔah, nphr(natt & n); vinik ʔah, nphr(n type n).

Phyllanthus: Phyllanthus grandifolius L.: ¢ahal k’ol-k’oš, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); k’ol-k’oš, n(x & ncpd)1a; k’ol-k’oš moletik, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n); sakil k’ol-k’oš, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
Phyllanthus mcvaughii Webster: ¢ahal teʔ, nphr(aj & n); pošil čin, nphr(n of n); veʔel sak-č’ut mut, nphr: n4d of nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
Phyllanthus sp.: ton k’ail, nphr(n type n).

Phylloporus: Phylloporus sp.: k’anal kusumal čikin-ib, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/); sakil p’oko-ʔok, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd4f/).

Phyllotopsis: Phyllotopsis sp.: k’anal kusumal čikin-ib, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/).

Phymosia: Phymosia rosea (DC.) Kearney: ¢’oban, n.

Physalis: Physalis nicandroides Sehlecht.: muk’ta sakil čičol č’o, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pu¢ul čičol, nphr(aj & n)5.
Physalis philadelphica Lam.: ba¢’i čičol, nphr(aj & n); čičol č’o, nphr(n of n); pahal čičol, nphr(aj & n); pu¢ul čičol, nphr(aj & n)5.
Physalis sp.: čičol č’o, nphr(n of n); čičol moletik, nphr(n of n); čičol teʔ, nphr(n type n); muk’ta pu¢ul čičol, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Phytolacca: Phytolacca octandra L.. maruč ʔitah, nphr(n type n)1a; maruč ¢’iʔlel ʔob, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n); sakil ʔob, nphr(aj & n)5; sakil sat ʔob, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Phytolacca rugosa A. Br. & Bouché: ʔob, n1a; ¢ahal ʔob, nphr(aj & n)5; ¢ahal sat ʔob, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); sat ʔob, nphr(n of n).

Piaya: Piaya cayana: ¢’ehaʔ, n1e.

Picramnia: Picramnia letramera Turcz.: k’oš ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); venteš mol, nphr(n of n).

Pilotrichella: Pilotrichella rigida (C. M.) Besch.: k’anal ¢on-teʔal teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n).

Pinaropappus: Pinaropappus roseus Less.: k’oš klavel, nphr(aj & n); pošil čakal, nphr(n of n); sak-vayan klavel, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n).

Pinguicula: Pinguicula moranensis HBK.: pošil ʔeal, nphr(n of n).

Pinus: Pinus chiapensis (Martinez) Andresen.: nukul pat, nphr(n type n).
Pinus michoacana Martinez: sakil ʔahan toh, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Pinus monlezumae Lamb.: ʔik’al ʔahan toh, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ba¢’i toh, nphr(aj & n); hayal pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); pimil pat ʔahan toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n type n/); pimil pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Pinus oaxacana Mirov: ba¢’i toh, nphr(aj & n); hič’il ʔanal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); pimil pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); vinik ʔahan toh, nphr(n type nphr/n type n/); yihil ʔanal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Pinus oocarpa Scheide: ʔahan toh, nphr(n type n)1e; hič’il ʔanal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); yihil ʔanal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl.: ba¢’i toh, nphr(aj & n); hayal pat toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); hič’il ʔanal toh, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Piper: Piper sp.: mumun, n1a.

Pipilo: Pipilo erythropthalmus: ʔik’al k’oviš, nphr(aj & n)5; k’oviš, n1e.

Piptadenia: Piptadenia biuncifera Benta.: ʔit’is suk, nphr(n4f of n5); č’iš ʔolnob, nphr(n type n); sakil ʔolnob, nphr(aj & n).

Piqueria: Piqueria trinervia Cav.: čičik’uy, n1e; k’oš ¢ahal čičik’uy, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Pisonia: Pisonia macranthocarpa Donn. Sm.: krus č’lš, nphr(n type n).

Pitangus: Pitangus sulphuratus: č’ituriʔ, n5.

Pitcairnia: Pitcairnia breedlovei L. B. Smith: ʔumaʔ ʔec𠆙, nphr(aj & n)5; č’iš ʔeč’, nphr(n type n).
Pitcairnia kanvinskyana Schult.: ʔan¢il ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/)
Pitcairnia purpusii L. B. Smith: č’iš ʔan¢il ʔeč’, nphr(n type nphr/natt & n/).
Pitcairnia sp.: ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, nphr(aj & n)5.

Pithecellobium: Pithecellobium arboreum (L.) Urb.: čenek’ teʔ, nphr(n type n).
Pithecellobium sp.: č’iš voy čih teʔ, nphr: n type nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

Pithecoctenium: Pithecoctenium echinatum (Jacq.) Schum.: ʔušub ʔak’, nphr(n4f type n5); čan-¢elav ʔak’, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n); čukob čitom ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); hušob-bail, n(n & rpncpd); hušob-bail ʔak’, nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n).

Pituophis: Pituophis lineaticollis: čih-čon, n(aj & n)5.

Plantago: Plantago alismatifolia Pilger: ʔok’ ¢’iʔ, nphr(n4d of n5); pošil sep’, nphr(n of n).
Plantago hirtella HBK.: ʔok’ ¢’iʔ nphr(n4d of n5); ʔok’ ¢’iʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); počahtik ʔanal ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); pošil k’ok’, nphr(n of n); pošil mahbenal, nphr(n of n).
Plantago major L.. lan teʔ, nphr(x type n).

Platanus: Platanus chiapensis Standl.: hač’ub teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Platymiscium: Platymiscium dimorphandrum Donn. Sm.: lumpisera, n.

Pleurotus: Pleurotus sp.: sak-ʔitah, n(aj & ncpd)1e.

Pluchea: Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass.: ¢ahal sitit, nphr(aj & n); sakil sitit, nphr(aj & n); sitit, n5.

Plumeria: Plumeria alba L.: sakil pataš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Plumeria rubra L.: ¢ahal pataš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’anal pataš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); moraro pataš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Pluteus: Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff. ex Fr.) Kummer: ʔik’al čečev, nphr(aj & n); sakil čečeval tulan, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).

Podilymbus: Podilymbus podiceps: h¢ak-čoy, agn(tv & ncpd).

Poeppigia: Poeppigia procera Presl.: molino teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Pogonatum: Pogonatum flexuosum (C. M.) Broth.: ¢on-teʔal balamil, nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n); k’oš šanšan, nphr(aj & n); k’oš šanšanil balamil, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).

Polioptila: Polioptila albiloris: pič’ mut, nphr(x type n)5.
Polioptila caerulea: ¢’inil mut, nphr(aj & n)5.

Polistes: Polistes sp.: ʔovišpo, n1e; čak-lakan teʔ, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n)1e.

Polyclathra: Polyclathra cucumerina Bertol.: č’um-teʔ ʔak’, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n); šenebal poš, nphr(n type n).

Polygala: Polygala costaricensis Chodat.: pošil čuvah, nphr(n of n)5; yašal nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Polygonum: Polygonum punctatum Ell.: ʔat nab, nphr(n4f of n5); kokoʔon nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); yail ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n).

Polymnia: Polymnia maculata Cav,: bik’it k’ail, nphr(aj & n); k’oš k’ail, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta k’ail, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta sun, nphr(aj & n).

Polypodium: Polypodium angustifolium var. amphostenon (Kunze ex Klotzsch) Hieron: ʔik’al kilahtik ¢ib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Polypodium angustifolium Sw.: ¢ibal c’ut teʔ, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/); kilahtik ¢ib, nphr(aj & n); sakil kilahtik ¢ib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Polypodium munchii Christ: ¢ibal k’aʔ-teʔ, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/).
Polypodium xalapense (Fée) Christ: sakil kilahtik ¢ib, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Polypogon: Polypogon elongatus HBK.: ʔakan hobel, nphr(n type n)5.
Polypogon semiverticillata (Forsk.) Hyl.: veʔel t’ul, nphr(n of n).

Polyporus: Polyporus pergamenus Fries: ¢ahal kusumal k’aʔ-toh, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/).
Polyporus sp.: kusumal balamil, nphr(natt & n); k’anal kusum. nphr(aj & n): sakil kusumal k’aʔ-toh, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/); sakil kusumal taki-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/).
Polyporus versicolor L. ex. Fries: kusumal ʔit’iš ʔon teʔ, nphr: natt & nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); kusumal pat toh, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/).

Polystichum: Polystichum distans Fourn.: ¢ahal.¢ib, nphr(aj & n).
Polystichum pallidum Fourn.: muk’ta ¢ib, nphr(aj & n).

Popilius: Popilius sp.: čanul k’a’i-te’ʔ, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/)5.

Portulaca: Portulaca oleracea L.: bertulaka, n5.
Portulaca oleracea L.. ¢ahal tranhero ’is-ak’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).

Potos: Potos flatus: ʔuyuh, n5.

Pouteria: Pouteria campechiana: k’anas-teʔ, nphr(x & ncpd)1a; noʔčiʔ, n1d.

Pouteria: Pouteria mammosa (L.) Cronq.: haʔas, n1d.

Pouzolzia: Pouzolzia cf. purpusii Brandeg.: sakil čil habnal, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).

Pres Ionia: Prestonia mexicana A. DC. vel. aff.: šulub vakaš ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
Prestonia sp.: ʔat karnero ʔak’, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n; ʔat vakaš ʔak’, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n.

Prionosciadium: Prionosciadium nelsoni C. & R.: muk’ta ʔama čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/).

Priva: Priva aspera HBK.: ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; eahal pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta eahal pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); puh- ʔakan pom ¢’unun, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type nphr/n of n/); veʔel k’oviš, nphr(n of n).
Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers.: ʔik’al nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš nap’ap’ ¢’iilel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); nap’ap’ e*iʔlel, nphr(aj & n)1e; yašal nap’ap’ e’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Procyon: Procyon lotor: meʔel čon(1), nphr(n type n)1e; napač, n1e.

Prunella: Prunella vulgaris L.: ʔarvahaka ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); bot’-hol ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); bot’-hol ničim, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); pošil sep’, nphr(n of n); yašal nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Prunus: Prunus armeniaca L.: kašlan turasnu, nphr(aj & n)1a.
Prunus capuli Cav.: bae’i čiš-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); loʔalal čiš-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
Prunus domestica L.: ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan sirvela, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); ¢ahal sirvela, nphr(aj & n); k’anal sirvela, nphr(aj & n); sakil sirvela, nphr(aj & n).
Prunus persica (L.) Stokes: ba¢’i sakil turasnu, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); ba¢’i turasnu, nphr(aj & n); karirat, n1d; karirat turasnu, nphr(n type n); k’anal karirat, nphr(aj & n); k’anal priskuʔ, nphr(aj & n); k’os merokotom, nphr(aj & n); luranko, n1a; luranko turasnu, nphr(n type n); sakil priškuʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Prunus serolina Ehrh.: eahal čiš-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); čiš-teʔ, n(x & ncpd)1a; sakil loʔbalal čiš-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).

Psaltriparus: Psaltriparus minimus: ¢’irin mut, nphr(n type n)5.

Pseudobombax: Pseudobombax ellipticum (HBK.) Dugand: mail teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Pseudomyrmex: Pseudomyrmex ferruginea: čanul čohčoh, nphr(n of n)5.

Psidium: Psidium guajava L.: kašlan potov, nphr(aj & n); k’oš potov, nphr(aj & n); potov, nia; teʔtikil potov, nphr(natt & n).
Psidium guineense Sw.: ba¢’i potov, nphr(aj & n); potov, nia; sakil potov, nphr(aj & n).

Psilocybe: Psilocybe sp.: k’oš k’anal ʔat kaʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).

Psilorhinus: Psilorhinus mexicanus: ʔik’-mut, n(aj & ncpd)5; maʔ-sat mut, nphr(n/aj ncpd/ type n)5.

Psittacanthus: Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don: k’anal nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); k’oš nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(aj & nphr/x & n/); nok’- ol sik’ol, nphr(x & n)1e; nok’ol sik’ol hʔik’- al, nphr(nphr/x & n/ of agn).

Psychotria: Psychotria sp.: ʔit’iš sakil kanela teʔ, nphr: n4f of nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); pošil pat kaʔ, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/); sakil kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Ptilogonys: Ptilogonys cinereus: ʔulišpipiʔ, n5; p’okoyoʔ, n5; tok-hol mut, nphr(aj & ncpd)5; t’ok-hol mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

Punica: Punica granatum L.: granada, n.

Pyllophaga: Pyllophaga sp.: kumum, n1e.

Pyrogocorypha: Pyrogocorypha sp.: kočiʔ, n1a.

Pyrus: Pyrus communis L.: ba¢’i peleš, nphr(aj & n)5; kaslan peleš, nphr(aj & n)1a; peron, n.

Quassia: Quassia amara L.: čan-eelav ʔak’, nphr(n/num & ncpd/ type n); teʔ-ʔak’, n(aj & ncpd).

Quercus: Quercus acatenangensis Trel.: čikin-ib, n(n of ncpd)5; hayal pat čikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of ncpd/).
Quercus candicans Nee: pi mil pat čikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of ncpd/); sap yok, n(aj & ncpd)5.
Quercus crassifolia H. & B.: ba¢’i teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5.
Quercus mexicana H. & B.: pimil pat čikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of ncpd/).
Quercus peduncularis Nee: ba¢’i teʔ, nphr(aj & n)5; k’eveš tulan, nphr(n type n).
Quercus polymorpha Benth.: ¢’o¢’op, n5; č’ulul ʔanal čikin-ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n/n of ncpd/); k’eveš tulan, nphr(n type n).
Quercus rugosa Nee: ʔik’al tulan, nphr(aj & n); eahal tulan, nphr(aj & n); hayal pat tulan, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’an-tulan, n(aj & ncpd); sakil tulan, nphr(aj & n).
Quercus segoviensis Liebm.: k’eveš tulan, nphr(n type n); tulan. n1a.

R

Rana: Rana pipiens: meʔ voʔ, nphr(n of n)5; rana, n1e.

Randia: Randia aculeata L.: ʔit’iš boč, nphr(n4f of n5); boč pukuh, nphr(n4d of n5); ¢imaʔ č’iš, nphr(n type n); č’iš te, nphr(n type n)1e; k’ib teʔ, nphr(n type n); pošil tanal ʔeal, nphr(n of nphr/n of n/); yašal č’iš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Ranunculus: Ranunculus geoides HBK.: k’ohom(1), n; pošil čuvah, nphr(n of n)5; pošil sep’, nphr(n of n).

Rapanea: Rapanea juergensenii Mez: tilil, n1a.
Rapanea myricoides (Schlecht.) Lundell: č’ulul ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); šulal na, nphr(natt & n).

Raphanus: Raphanus sativus L.: ʔalavanuš, n1d; č’iš ʔalavanuš, nphr(n type n); k’oš kašlan ʔalavanuš, nphrfaj & nphr/n type n/); muk’ta ʔalavanuš, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta kašlan ʔalavanuš, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); natikil ʔalavanuš, nphr(aj & n); sakil lalavanuš, nphr(aj & n).

Rattus: Rattus rattus: karánsa č’o, nphr(n type n)5; merikáno č’o, nphr(aj & n)1e.*

Rauvolfia: Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.: ʔič šulem, nphr(n4d of n5); veʔel kulahtei, nphr(n of n); veʔel mut, nphr(n of n).

Renauldia: Renauldia mexicana (Mitt.): k’anal ¢on-teʔal teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n).

Rhamnus: Rhamnus discolor (Donn. Sm.) Rose: hamal ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); muk’ta bak teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); veʔel ku- Iahteʔ, nphr(n of n).
Rhamnus nelsonii Rose: ʔahoh t o, nphr(n type n); loʔbol heš teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

Rhodophyllus: Rhodophyllus sp.: ʔik’al bililuš, nphr(aj & n).

Rhus: Rhus schiedeana Schlecht.: č’ulul ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); pah-ʔul, n(aj & ncpd) Id.
Rhus terebinthifolia S. & C: k’oš pah-ʔul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); pah-ʔul, n(aj & ncpd)1d; pah-ʔul ʔak’, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); posil ʔeal, nphr(n of n); sakil k’os’ pah-ʔul, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).

Rhynchelytrum: Rhynchelytrum roseum (Nees) Stapf & Hubb.: ¢ahal hobel, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal nič hobel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); č’iš hobel, nphr(n type n); k’oš ¢ahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Rhynchosia: Rhynchosia discolor Mart. & Gal.: k’anal pek’ meʔel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pek’ meʔel, nphr(n of n).
Rhynchosia longeracemosa Mart. & Gal.: mačita ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

Riiynchospora: Rhynchospora ciliata (Vahl.) Kukenthal: sakil krus hobel, nphrlaj & nphr/n type n/).

Ricinus: Ricinus communis L.: ʔit’iš č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); ¢ahal č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); č’upak’ teʔ. nphr(n type n); muk’ta č’upak’ teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/(; sakil č’upak’ teʔ, nphrlaj & nphr/n type n/).

Rondeletia: Rondeletia sp.: ba¢’i kanelo, nphr(aj & n); k’ask’as ničim, nphr(aj & n); tut ničim, nphr(n type n).

Rorippa: Rorippa nastunium-aquaticum L.. hero, n1a; vok voʔ, nphr(n of n).
!Rorippa X sterilis Airy Shaw: bero, n1a.

Rosa: Rosa banksiae R. Br.: k’oš k’anal roša, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
!Rosa chinensis Jacq.: eahal roša, nphrlaj & n); ¢’unbalal ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan roša, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); ¢’unbalal sakil roša, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta sakil roša, nphrlaj & nphr/aj & n/); sak-vayan roša, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); sak-vilan ¢’unbalal roša. nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); sak-vilan roša, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n).
Rosa sp.: ¢ahal roša, nphr(aj & n); ¢’unbalal bik’tal eahal roša, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš eahal roša, nphrlaj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš sak-vayan eahal roša, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); makom roša. nphr(n type n|; sak-pak’an roša, nphr: aj(aj & P, P2cpd & n).

Rubus: Rubus adenotrichus Schlecht.: makom, n1a; makom vet, nphrln of n); tanal makom, nphrfaj & n).
Rubus coriifolius Liebm.: kašlan makom, nphr(aj & n); tušum makom, nphrfn type n).
Rubus eriocarpus Liebm.: šoto-čak, n(aj & ncpd) la.
Rubus fagifolius S. & C č’ail makom. nphrlaj & n).
Rubus humistraius Steud.: eahal makom, nphr(aj & n).
Rubus irasuensis Liebm.: ba¢’i makom. nphrlaj & n); pahal makom, nphrfaj & n).
Rubus sapidus Schlecht.: kašlan makom, nphr(aj & n).
Rubus sp.: muk’ta kašlan makom, nphrfaj & nphr/aj & n/).
Rubus trilobus Ser.: nuk’ čih, nphr(n of n)1d.

Ruellia: Ruellia hookeriana (Nees) Hemsl.: yašal kampana ¢’iilel, nphrlaj & nphr/n type n/).
Ruellia inundata HBK.: ¢un-hol ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n/ aj & ncpd/ type n); ten¢un. n; teneun ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); ten¢un poš, nphr(n type n).
Ruellia megasphaera Lindau: k’ask’as š’iʔlel, nphrlaj & n). n
Ruellia nudifhra (Engelm. & Gray) Urban: yašal kampana ¢’iilel, nphrlaj & nphr/n type n/).
Ruellia puberula (Leonard) Thorp & Barkley: ʔok’ ¢ʔ\i, nphr(n4d of n5).

Rumex: Rumex obiusifotius ssp. oblusifolius L.: počahtik ʔanal ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); pošil ʔeal, nphr(n of n).

Russelia: Russelia sarmenlosa Jacq.: ¢ahal k’ask’as ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’ask’as ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n).

Russula: Russula flava (Romell) Romell: k&anal yuy čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Russula sp.: ʔik’-loʔan yuy čauk, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/); ʔik’al bililuš, nphr(aj & n); ¢ahal yuy čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); čečeval ba¢’i teʔ, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/); k’anal p’oko-ʔok, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd4f/); sakil yuy čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); yuyal čikin-ib, nphr(natt & n/n of ncpd/).

Ruta: Ruta graveolens L.: lula, n1a.

S

Sabal: Sabal sp.: ba¢’i palma, nphr(aj & n); palma, n1d.

Saccharum: Saccharum officinarum L.: ¢ahal valeʔ, nphr(aj & n); sakil valeʔ, nphr(aj & n).

Sageretia: Sageretia elegans (HBK.) Brogn.: ʔoš-ʔu, n(num & ncpd)1e.

Salix: Salix bonplandiana HBK.: sakil tok’oy, nphr(aj & n).
Salix chilensis Mol.: kilahtik tok’oy, nphr(aj & n); sakil tok’oy, nphr(aj & n).
Salix taxifolia HBK.: k’os tok’oy, nphr(aj & n).

Salmea: Salmea scandens (L.) DC.: ʔit’iš k’an-ʔič, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/); k’oš sakil k’an-ʔič, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).

Salvia: Salvia cacaliaefolia Benth.: ʔitah ʔantivo, nphr(n4d of n5); muk’ta ʔuč’ul voʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).
Salvia chiapensis Fern.: ¢ahal pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš ¢ahal pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pom ¢’unun, nphr(n of n)5.
Salvia cinnabarina M. & G.: bik’it ¢ahal pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ¢ahal pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Salvia coccinea Juss: pom ¢’unun, nphr(n of n)5.
Salvia excelsa Benth.: ¢ahal pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta eahal pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pom ¢’unun, nphr(n of n)5; sakil pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Salvia holwayi Blake: muk’ta ¢ahal pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta posil k’ok’, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pom ¢’unun, nphr(n of n)5.
Salvia lavanduloides Benth.: bakal ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); pošil ʔobal, nphr(n of n)5; pošil hik’ik’ul ʔobal, nphr(n of nphr/aj & n/); yašal ¢ukum ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Salvia misella Kunth: ʔalavena ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); k’oš nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/); nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel nphr(aj & n)1e.
Salvia polystachya Ort.: ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; č’iš pom ¢’unun, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/); k’os ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); venteš mol, nphr(n of n); yašal pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Salvia purpurea Cav.: ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; buluk’ sat ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n/x & n/ type n); ¢ahal pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta yašal pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); yasal pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Salvia rubiginosa Benth.: yašal pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Salvia sp.: mišto, n1d.
Salvia tilliaefolia Vahl.: ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/)5; buluk’ sat ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n/x & n/ type n); č’ail ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); k’oš yašal pom ¢’unun, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); nočleb buluk’ sat, nphr(x & n,).
Salvia urica Epl.: nočleb ¢’unun, nphr(n of n); yaš-ʔulan pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/); yašal nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/ aj & n/ type n); yašal pom ¢’unun, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Sambucus: Sambucus mexicana Presl: ʔik’al šutaš čihil teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/); ba¢’i čihil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); čihil teʔ, nphr(aj & n); sakil čihil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil šutaš čihil teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n type nphr/aj & n/).

Sanvitalia: Sanvitalia procumbens Lam.: k’oš sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n).

Saracha: Saracha procumbens (Cav.) R. & P.: čičol č’o, nphr(n of n).

Sarcoramphus: Sarcoramphus papa: rey šulem, nphr(n type n)1e.

Sarcostemma: Sarcostemma bilobum H. & A.: pohov ʔak’, nphr(n type n); sakil k’an-ak’ ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

Satureja: Satureja brownii (Sw.) Briq.: bik’it yaš-čel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); bik’tal yaš-čel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); k’oš habnal, nphr(aj & n); k’oš yaš-čel, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); pošil čuvah, nphr(n of n)5; pošil k’ok’, nphr(n of n); yaš-čel, n(aj & ncpd).
Satureja mexicana (Benth.) Briq.: čulelal ničim, nphr(n type n).

Saurauia: Saurauia oreophila Hemsl.: ʔit’is ʔahoh, nphr(n4f of n5); teʔ la, nphr(n type n).
Saurauia scabrida Hemsl.: ʔahoʔ teʔ, nphr(n type n); teʔ la, nphr(n type n).

Sayornis: Sayornis nigricans: ʔik’al mut, nphr(aj & n)5.

Scardafella: Scardafella inca: pulivok, n1d; soltaro mut, nphr(n type n)5; toltora, n5.

Sceloporus: Sceloporus malachitkus: ʔoko¢, n1e.

Schizocarpon: Schizocarpon attenuatum Cogn. et Rose ex Rose: k’anal č’um-teʔ č’o, nphr: aj & nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n).

Schizophyllum: Schizophyllum commune Fr.: sakil kusum, nphr(aj & n).

Schkuhria: Schkuhria anthemoidea (DC.) Coult.: voʔtus ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Schoenocaulon: Schoenocaulon officinale (S. & C.) Gray: k’ašib hobel, nphr(n type n).

Schrankia: Schrankia leptocarpa DC.: k’oš leb so¢’, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ničim č’o, nphr(n of n).

Scirpus: Scirpus californicus (C. A. Meyer) Steudel: ʔan¢il puh, nphr(natt & n); puh ʔoy balamil, nphr(n type nphr/n4e of n5/); vinik puh, nphr(n type n).
Scirpus validus Vahl.: ʔoy vinahel, nphr(n4e of n5); puh, n1a.

Sciurus: Sciurus deppei: ¢ahal čuč, nphr(aj & n)5.
Sciurus griseoflavius: yašal čuč, nphr(aj & n)5.

Sclerocarpus: Sclerocarpus uniserialis var. frutescens (Brandeg.) Feddema: k’oš č’iš sahoʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’oš sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n).

Scleroderma: Scleroderma sp.: muk’ta čolčol be, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Scutellaria: Scutellaria chalicophila Loesen.: vaʔahtik čak’ak’, nphr(aj & n).

Sechium: Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.: č’um-teʔ, n(n & ncpd)1a; k’oš sakil č’um-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/); muk’ta sakil č’um-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/); sakil ¢op-č’um-teʔ, nphr: aj & n(aj & ncpd/n & ncpd/); t’araš č’um-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/); yašal ¢op-č’um-teʔ, nphr: aj it n(aj & ncpd/n & ncpd/); yašal č’um-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/).

Sedum: Sedum guatemalensis Hemsl.: k’oš pimil ʔanal, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Sedum praealtum DC.: pimil ʔanal, nphr(aj & n)1a.

Selaginella: Selaginella pallescens (Presl.) Spring: šanšanil ton, nphr(natt & n).

Selenicereus: Selenicereus sp.: ne bolom, nphr(n of n).

Senecio: Senecio hartwegii Benth.: k’oš k’anal ton k’ail, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Senecio kermesinus Hemsl.: k’oš k’an-ʔič ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
Senecio salignus DC.: ba¢’i čilkat, nphr(aj & n); čilkat, n5; k’oš čilkat, nphr(aj & n).
Senecio thomasii Klatt: k’oš suil ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).
Senecio uspantanensis (Coult.) Greenm.: ʔič’ak mut teʔ, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); č’ulul ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Serjania: Serjania lobulata Standl. & Steyerm.: sakil čukob čitom ʔak’, nphr: aj &. nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).
Serjania sp.: k’oš pek’ meʔel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil pek’ meʔel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Sesbania: Sesbania emerus (Aubl.) Urban: punyal ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Setaria: Setaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauv.: ʔisim be hobel, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ type n); ¢ukum hobel, nphr(n type n); peč’ahtik ¢ahal hobel, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Setophaga: Setophaga picta: ¢ahal katal, nphr(aj & n)5.

Sialia: Sialia sialis: kere-ʔučul, nphr(x & ncpd)5.

Sicyos: Sicyos microphyllus HBK.: ¢op-čum-teʔ č’o, nphr: aj & nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n); č’um-teʔ ʔak’, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n).
Sicyos sp.: č’um-teʔ č’o, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ of n).

Sida: Sida acuta Burm.: muk’ta sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Sida alba L.: k’anal sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Sida rhombifolia L.: hič’il ʔanal pak’ čak, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/); k’anal pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’anal sat mes, nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pak’ čak, nphr(n of n); pak’ čak ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); sat mes, nphr(n of n).

Siegesbeckia: Siegesbeckia jorullensis HBK.: k’oš k’ail, nphr(aj & n); nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n)1e.

Sigmodon: Sigmodon hispidus saluratus: čitom č’o, nphr(n type n)1d.

Simsia: Simsia amplexicaulis (Cav.): č’iš sahoʔ, nphr(n type n); muk’ta k’anal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & phr/aj & n/): muk’ta sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); muk’-ta sahoʔ) ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sahoʔ, n1a; sakil sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Simsia foetida Blake: ¢ahal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); č’is sahoʔ, nphr(n type n); k’anal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); sahoʔ, n1a.
Simsia sanguinea A. Gray: k’oš piliš, nphr(aj & n).

Sisyrinchium: Sisyrinchium angustissimum (Rob. & Greenm.) Greenm. & Thomps.: peč’ahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n); peč’e-ʔok ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); peč’e-ʔok hobel. nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Sisyrinchium convolutum Nocca: k’anal peč’e-ʔok hobel. nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); peč’e-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd); peč’e-ʔok e’ičlel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); peč’e-ʔok hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
Sisyrinchium scabrum: peč’ahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n); peč’e-ʔok nič nab, nphr(n/aj & epd/ type nphr/n of n/).
Sisyrinchium linctorium HBK.: k’anal peč’e-ʔok, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).

Sitophilus: Sitophilus ordinarius: čanul ʔišim, nphr(n of n)5.
Sitophilus zeamais: čanul ʔišim, nphr(n of n)5.

Smilacina: Smilacina paniculala Mart. & Gal.: čaynail ¢’iʔlel, nphr(natt & n).
Smilacina scilloidea Mart. & Gal.: ʔat ¢’iʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n.

Smilax: Smilax jalapensis Schlecht.: ʔik’al ¢’usub, nphr(aj & n); t’ut’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n); ’ut’ak ʔak’, nphr(n type n).
Smilax mollis H. & B.: k’oš’ k’anal t’ut’ ʔak\ nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); t’ut’ 9ak\ nphr(n type n).

Sobralia: Sobralia decora Batem.: ʔit’iš č’ib, nphr(n4f of n5).

Solarium: Solanum aff. douglasii Dunal: ʔunen mu, nphr(aj & n)1a.
Solanum aligerum Schlecht.: sat pukuh(1), nphr(n of n).
Solanum arrazolense Coult. & Donn. Sm.: muk’-ta čičol č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Solanum brachystachys Mart. & Gal.: sakil tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sat pukuh(1), nphr(n of n); tuil te9, nphrfaj & n)1e.
Solanum cervantesii Lag.: sat pukuh(1), nphr(n of n).
Solanum dulcamaroides Dunal: hič’il yašal pek’ meʔel, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Solanum erianthum D. Don.: hik’ik’ teʔ, nphr(aj & n); moy toʔ, nphr(n type n); vi¢tikal moy teʔ, nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/).
Solanum hernandezii M. & S.: k’uš-pevul, n(aj & ncpd)5.
Solanum hispidum Pers.: k’uš-pevul, n(aj & ncpd)5; muk’ta k’uš-pevul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); sakil k’uš-pevul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).
Solanum mammosum L.: čučuʔ, n1a.
Solanum mitlense Dunal: bik’it sak-nič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); k’uš-pevul, n(aj & ncpd)5; sak-nič teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
Solanum nigrum L.: ʔunen mu, nphr(aj & n)1a.
Solanum nodiflorum Jacq.: ʔunen mu, nphr(aj & n)1a; č’ail ʔunen mu, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); teʔtikil ʔunen mu, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/).
Solanum oaxacanum Dunal: sakil ʔič’ak mis, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).
Solanum somniculentum Kunze: sakil ʔic hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); yašal ʔič hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).
Solanum sp.: ¢’itesob holol, nphr(n of n); čičol ʔak’, nphr(n type n).
Solanum tuberosum L.: ba¢’i ʔis-ak"’, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); ¢ahal tranhero ʔis-ak’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); sakil tranhero ʔis-ak’ nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
Solanum verbascifolium L.: hik’ik’ teʔ, nphr(aj & n); kampana ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Sida: Sida acuta Burm.: muk’ta sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Sida alba L.: k’anal sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Sida rhombifolia L.: hič’il ʔanal pak’ čak, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/); k’anal pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); k’anal sat mes, nphrfaj & nphr/n of n/); k’oš sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pak’ čak, nphr(n of n); pak’ čak ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n); sat mes, nphr(n of n).

Siegesbeckia: Siegesbeckia jorullensis HBK.: k’oš k’ail, nphr(aj & n); nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n)1e.

Sigmodon: Sigmodon hispidus saluratus: čitom č’o, nphr(n type n)1d.

Simsia: Simsia amplexicaulis (Cav.): č’iš sahoʔ, nphr(n type n); muk’ta k’anal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & phr/aj & n/): muk’ta sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); muk’-ta sahoʔ) ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sahoʔ, n1a; sakil sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Simsia foetida Blake: ¢ahal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); č’is sahoʔ, nphr(n type n); k’anal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n); sahoʔ, n1a.
Simsia sanguinea A. Gray: k’oš piliš, nphr(aj & n).

Sisyrinchium: Sisyrinchium angustissimum (Rob. & Greenm.) Greenm. & Thomps.: peč’ahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n); peč’e-ʔok ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); peč’e-ʔok hobel. nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n). Sisyrinchium convolutum Nocca: k’anal peč’e-ʔok hobel. nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); peč’e-ʔok, n(aj & ncpd); peč’e-ʔok e’ičlel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); peč’e-ʔok hobel, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).
Sisyrinchium scabrum: peč’ahtik hobel, nphr(aj & n); peč’e-ʔok nič nab, nphr(n/aj & epd/ type nphr/n of n/).
Sisyrinchium linctorium HBK.: k’anal peč’e-ʔok, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).

Sitophilus: Sitophilus ordinarius: čanul ʔišim, nphr(n of n)5.
Sitophilus zeamais: čanul ʔišim, nphr(n of n)5.

Smilacina: Smilacina paniculala Mart. & Gal.: čaynail ¢’iʔlel, nphr(natt & n).
Smilacina scilloidea Mart. & Gal.: ʔat ¢’iʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n.

Smilax: Smilax jalapensis Schlecht.: ʔik’al ¢’usub, nphr(aj & n); t’ut’ ʔak’, nphr(n type n); ’ut’ak ʔak’, nphr(n type n).
Smilax mollis H. & B.: k’oš’ k’anal t’ut’ ʔak\ nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); t’ut’ 9ak\ nphr(n type n).

Sobralia: Sobralia decora Batem.: ʔit’iš č’ib, nphr(n4f of n5).

Solarium: Solanum aff. douglasii Dunal: ʔunen mu, nphr(aj & n)1a.
Solanum aligerum Schlecht.: sat pukuh(1), nphr(n of n).
Solanum arrazolense Coult. & Donn. Sm.: muk’-ta čičol č’o, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Solanum brachystachys Mart. & Gal.: sakil tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sat pukuh(1), nphr(n of n); tuil te9, nphrfaj & n)1e.
Solatium cervantesii Lag.: sat pukuh(1), nphr(n of n).
Solatium dulcamaroides Dunal: hič’il yašal pek’ meʔel, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Solatium erianthum D. Don.: hik’ik’ teʔ, nphr(aj & n); moy toʔ, nphr(n type n); vi¢tikal moy teʔ, nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/).
Solatium hernandezii M. & S.: k’uš-pevul, n(aj & ncpd)5.
Solatium hispidum Pers.: k’uš-pevul, n(aj & ncpd)5; muk’ta k’uš-pevul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); sakil k’uš-pevul, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).
Solatium mammosum L.: čučuʔ, n1a.
Solatium millense Dunal: bik’it sak-nič teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); k’uš-pevul, n(aj & ncpd)5; sak-nič teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
Solatium nigrum L.: ʔunen mu, nphr(aj & n)1a.
Solatium nodiflorum Jacq.: ʔunen mu, nphr(aj & n)1a; č’ail ʔunen mu, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); teʔtikil ʔunen mu, nphr(natt & nphr/aj & n/).
Solatium oaxacanum Dunal: sakil ʔič’ak mis, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).
Solatium somniculentum Kunze: sakil ʔic hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); yašal ʔič hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).
Solatium sp.: ¢’itesob holol, nphr(n of n); čičol ʔak’, nphr(n type n).
Solatium tuberosum L.: ba¢’i ʔis-ak"’, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); ¢ahal tranhero ʔis-ak’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); sakil tranhero ʔis-ak’ nphr: aj & nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/).
Solatium verbascifolium L.: hik’ik’ teʔ, nphr(aj & n); kampana ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).

Sonchus: Sonchus asper (L.) Hill: č’iš čikario, nphr(aj & n).
Sonchus oleraceus L.: čikario, n1a; č’iš čikario, nphr(aj & n).

Sorex: Sorex sp.: hlut’ieh-be č’o, agn: nphr(n/tv & ncpd/ type n)5.

Sorghum: Sorghum vulgare Pers.: tukum hʔik’al, nphr(n of agn)5.

Spilanthes: Spilanthes americana (L. f.) Hieron.: čak’ak’, n5; čak’ak’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); k’anal nič pošil k’ok’, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type nphr/n of n/); k’oš čak’ak’, nphr(aj & n); k’oš k’anal sahoʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); pošil sal-¢’iʔ, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/).
Spilanthes ocymifolia (Lam.) A. H. Moore: č’inin ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); vač’ teʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n).

Spilogale: Spilogale angustifrons: k’oš poyoy, nphr(aj & n)1d.

Spinus: Spinus nolatus: č’ikč’ik, n5; k’anal ¢’irin mut, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/)5; k’anal č’ivil mut, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/)5.

Spiraea: Spiraea cantoniensis Lour.: ʔit’iš pomos, nphr(n4f of n5).

Spiranthes: Spiranlhes aurantiaca (Llave & Lex.) Hemsl.: k’anal peč’e-ʔok, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); k’anal tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ničim rioš, nphr(n4f of n5).
Spiranthes cinnabarina (Llave & Lex.) Hemsl.: ʔok’ vakaš’, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔuč’ul voʔal ton, nphr(nphr/x type natt/) type n; k’oš tub čil, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ničim hoh, nphr(n of n).
Spiranthes hemichrea Lindl.: ʔat ¢’iʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr: nphr(n4d of n5) type n.

Spondias: Spondias mombin L.: ʔat čitom poʔon, nphr: nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5) type n; hovos, n5; te-ʔtikal poʔon, nphr(natt & n).
Spondias purpurea L.: ba¢’i poʔon, nphr(aj & n); k’anal poʔon, nphr(aj & n); yašal poʔon, nphr(aj & n).

Sporobolus: Sporobolus poiretii (Roem. & Schult.) Hitchc: ʔakan hobel, nphr(n type n)5.

Stachys: Stachys coccinea Jacq.: ʔit’iš ʔik’al pom ¢’unun, nphr: n4f of nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); ten ʔuč, nphr(n4d of n5).
Stachys radicans Epl.: ¢o¢il habnal, nphr(aj & n).

Stelgidopteryx: Stelgidopteryx ruficollis: haval ʔek’el, nphr(aj & n)5.

Stemmadenia: Stemmadenia obovata (H. & A.) Schum.: čoč, n1a.
Stemmadenia sp.: čoč, n1a.

Stenophysa: Stenophysa nitens Philippi: pošil čuvah, nphr(n of n)5; puyal ʔuk’um, nphr(natt & n)5.

Sterculia: Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karst.: kastanya, n.

Stereum: Stereum hirsutum Fries: k’anal kusum, nphr(aj & n).
Stereum sp.: k’anal kusumal k’aʔ-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/).

Stevia: Stevia connata Lag.: meshob ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).
Stevia lucida Cav.: ¢’akob-bail poš, nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n); ¢’akob bak, nphr(n of n); č’a-teʔ poš, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n); muk’ta č’a-teʔ, nphrfaj & n/x & ncpd/); nap’ap’ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n)1e; nap’ap’ pošil ʔik’, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Stevia polycephala Bertol.: ba¢’i č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); bik’it č’a-teʔ, nphr(aj & n/x & ncpd/); ¢’akob-bail, n(n & rpncpd); ¢’akob-bail ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n/n & rpncpd/ type n); č’a-teʔ, n(x & ncpd)1a; č’ail poš, nphr(aj & n)5; pošil ʔik’, nphr(n of n).
Stevia rhombifolia HBK… ʔak’ubal ʔus, nphr(n4d of n5); č’a-teʔ kaʔ, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n); č’ail ¢’iʔlel, nphr(aj & n); sakil nič ¢’ʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).
Stevia serrata Cav.: sakil č’a-teʔ kaʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ of n); sakil nič ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Stigmaphyllon: Sligmaphyllon ellipticum (HBK..) Juss.: čab-ʔak’, n(aj & ncpd).
Stigmaphyllon humboldtiana Juss.: pepen ʔak’ nphr(n type n).

Stillingia: Stillingia acutifolia (Benth.) Hemsl.: ʔahval teʔ, nphr(n type n)5.

Stipa: Stipa ichu (Ruiz & Pavon) Kunth: ne čuč hobel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

Streptoprocne: Streptoprocne zonaris: haval ʔek’el, nphr(aj & n)5.

Struthanthus: Struthanthus marginatus (Desr.) Blume: nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(x & n)1e.
Struthanthus tacanensis Lundell: nok’ol sik’ol, nphr(x & n)1e.

Styrax: Styrax argenteus Presl: muk’tik bak teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Suillus: Suillus sp.: ¢ahal yuyal k’aʔ-teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/); k’anal sekub t’ul, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Sylvilagus: Sylvilagus floridanus: t’ul, n1e.

Symphoricarpus: Symphoricarpus microphyllus Kunth: pošil t’ahel(1), nphr(n of vn).

Symplocos: Symplocos limoncilla H. & B.: muk’ta pašamum, nphr(aj & n).
Symplocos sp.: ʔah-teʔ kotora, nphr(n4d of n5).
Symplocos vernicosa L. Wms.: muk’ta pašamum, nphr(aj & n); sakil ʔik’al teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).

Synardisia: Synardisia venosa (Mast.) Lundell: ba¢’i k’os, nphr(aj & n); k’os, n1a.

Syngonium: Syngonium podophyllum Schott.: ʔok’ vakaš, nphr(n4d of n5).

T

Tabanus: Tabanus sp.: koč, n1e.

Tabebuia: Tabebuia pentaphylla (L.) Hemsl.: ʔah-teʔ teʔ, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n).

Tacoma: Tacoma stans (L.) HBK.: ʔit’iš k’an-teʔ, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/5).

Tagetes: Tagetes elongata Willd.: kelem voʔtus, nphr(n type n)1d; k’anal kelem voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’oš kelem voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’oš voʔtus, nphr(aj & n); voʔtus ʔuloʔ, nphr(n of n); voʔnus č’o, nphr(n of n).
Tagetes erecta L.: ¢alial kašlan voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); ¢ahal kelem voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ¢ahal voʔtus, nphr(aj & n); ¢eb voʔtus, nphr(n type n); krem voʔtus, nphr(n type n); k’anal ʔan¢il voʔtus, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); k’anal kelem voʔtus, nphrtaj & nphr/n type n/); k’anal po¢an, nphr(aj & n).
Tagetes filifolia Lag.: ¢i¢ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); sakil mač’ul, nphr(aj & n).
Tagetes lucida Cav.: ba¢’i ¢i¢, nphr(aj & n); ¢i¢(1), n1a; ¢i¢al ʔul, nphr(natt & n); ¢i¢il ʔul, nphr(natt & n); k’oš ¢i¢, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta ¢i¢, nphr(aj & n).
Tagetes nelsonii Greenm.: ¢is čauk, nphr(n of n)5.
Tagetes schiedeana Less.: ¢i¢al ʔul, nphr(natt & n); stentehal ¢i¢, nphr(natt & n).

Talinum: Talinum paniculalum (Jacq.) Gaertn.: muk’ta bertulaka, nphr(aj & n).
Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd.: bilil ʔitah, nphr(aj & n); k’oš bilil ʔitah, nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/); vešel čih, nphr(n of n).

Tamandua: Tamandua tetradactyla: ¢’u¢’un-čab, n(tv & ncpd)5.

Tamarindus: Tamarindus indica L.: tamarin, n1a.

Tangavius: Tangavius aeneus: kašlan bak mut, nphr(aj & nphr/ aj & n/)5.

Tapirus: Tapirus bairdii: ¢emen, n5.

Taraxacum: Taraxacum officinale Webb.: pu¢’taob šavon k’ošetik, nphr(nphr/n4f of n5/ of n); tubtaob šavon k’ošetik, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/).

Tax odium: Taxodium mucronatum Ten.: k’isis, n5.

Tayassu: Tayassu pecari: teʔtikal citom, nphr(natt & n)1a.
Tayassu lajacu: hhuyinom, n5; teʔtikal čitom, nphr(natt & n)1a.

Tecoma: Tecoma stans (L.) HBK.: k’anal pu¢ul čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta pu¢ul čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pu¢ul čih, nphr(n of n); pu¢ul čih teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

Tectaria: Tectaria heracleifolia (Willd.) Underw. var.: ¢ib habnal, nphr(n type n).

Tephrosia: Tephrosia cinerea (L.) Pers. vel. aff.: ʔolnob č’o, nphr(n4d of n5).

Ternstroemia: Ternstroemia lepezapole S. & C: ʔit’ič’ tilil, nphr(n4f of n5); k’očoč teʔ, nphr(n type n)5.

Thalictrum: Thalictrum guatemalense C. DC. & Rose: ʔama čauk, nphr(n4f of n5); ʔoʔlol ʔama čauk, nphr(n type nphr/n4f of n5/); ¢is čauk, nphr(n of n)5; k’os ʔama čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/); tuturu, n.

Thamnophis: Thamnophis sp.: ʔakuša čon, nphr(n type n)5.

Thelypteris: Thelypteris kunthii (Desv.) Morton: sakil ʔok ¢ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Thevetia: Thevetia ovata (Cav.) A. DC: čoč, n1a; čoč teʔ, nphr(n type n); maneana to, nphr(n type n); muk’ta čoč, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta čoč teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Thryothorus: Thryothorus modestus: k’ok’-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

Thuidium: Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.) Mitt.: ¢on-teʔal balamil, nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n); ničim ninyo, nphr(n4d of n5).

Thymus: Thymus vulgaris: tomio, n1a.

Tigridia: Tigridia hallbergii Molseed: ʔit’iš koyoy, nphr(n4f of n5); hok’leb vonon, nphr(n of n); teʔtikal hol koy, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/).
Tigridia pavonia DC: hol koy, nphr(n of n); k’oš koykoy, nphr(aj & n); veʔel mut, nphr(n of n).
Tigridia sp.: sakil hol koy, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Tillandsia: Tillandsia butzii Mez: ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, nphr(aj & n)5; k’oš ¢ahal ʔaneil ʔec’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).
Tillandsia capitata Griseb.: k’oš ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Tillandsia fasciculata Sw.: ʔeč’ ʔantivo, nphr(n4f of n5); ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, nphr(aj & n)5; k’oš vohton ʔeč’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Tillandsia guatemalensis L. B. Smith.: ba¢’i čeč’, nphr(aj & n); bik’tal ʔeč’, nphr(aj & n); krus ʔeč’, nphr(n type n)1e; k’oš ʔec’, nphr(aj & n).
Tillandsia ponderosa L. B. Smith: vohton ʔeč’, nphr(n type n)1e.
Tillandsia rodrigueziana Mez: č’iš ʔeč’, nphr(n type n).
Tillandsia seleriana Mez: k’oš vohton ʔeč’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.: ¢on-teʔ, n(n of ncpd)5.
Tillandsia vicenlina Stand1.: ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, nphr(aj & n)5.
Tillandsia violacea Baker: ¢ahal kilon ʔeč’, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); sakil kilon ʔeč’, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).

Tithonia: Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray: k’anal k’ail, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta sakil k’ail, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta sun, nphr(aj & n); ton k’ail, nphr(n type n).
Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) Blake: muk’ta ničim san-lukaš, nphr: aj & nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/)5.
Tithonia scaberrima Benth.: sun, n5.
Tithonia tubaeformis (Jacq.) Cass.: k’anal sun, nphr(aj & n); k’oš sun, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta sun, nphr(aj & n): muk’ta ton k’ail, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sun, n5

Tayassu: Tayassu pecari: teʔtikal citom, nphr(natt & n)1a.
Tayassu lajacu: hhuyinom, n5; teʔtikal čitom, nphr(natt & n)1a.

Tecoma: Tecoma stans (L.) HBK.: k’anal pu¢ul čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta pu¢ul čih, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pu¢ul čih, nphr(n of n); pu¢ul čih teʔ, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n).

Tectaria: Tectaria heracleifolia (Willd.) Underw. var.: ¢ib habnal, nphr(n type n).

Tephrosia: Tephrosia cinerea (L.) Pers. vel. aff.: ʔolnob č’o, nphr(n4d of n5).

Ternstroemia: Ternstroemia lepezapole S. & C: ʔit’ič’ tilil, nphr(n4f of n5); k’očoč teʔ, nphr(n type n)5.

Thalictrum: Thalictrum guatemalense C. DC. & Rose: ʔama čauk, nphr(n4f of n5); ʔoʔlol ʔama čauk, nphr(n type nphr/n4f of n5/); ¢is čauk, nphr(n of n)5; k’os ʔama čauk, nphr(aj & nphr/n4f of n5/); tuturu, n.

Thamnophis: Thamnophis sp.: ʔakuša čon, nphr(n type n)5.

Thelypteris: Thelypteris kunthii (Desv.) Morton: sakil ʔok ¢ib, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n).

Thevetia: Thevetia ovata (Cav.) A. DC: čoč, n1a; čoč teʔ, nphr(n type n); maneana to, nphr(n type n); muk’ta čoč, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta čoč teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).

Thryothorus: Thryothorus modestus: k’ok’-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

Thuidium: Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.) Mitt.: ¢on-teʔal balamil, nphr(natt/n of ncpd/ & n); ničim ninyo, nphr(n4d of n5).

Thymus: Thymus vulgaris: tomio, n1a.

Tigridia: Tigridia hallbergii Molseed: ʔit’iš koyoy, nphr(n4f of n5); hok’leb vonon, nphr(n of n); teʔtikal hol koy, nphr(natt & nphr/n of n/).
Tigridia pavonia DC: hol koy, nphr(n of n); k’oš koykoy, nphr(aj & n); veʔel mut, nphr(n of n).
Tigridia sp.: sakil hol koy, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Tillandsia: Tillandsia butzii Mez: ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, nphr(aj & n)5; k’oš ¢ahal ʔaneil ʔec’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/).
Tillandsia capitata Griseb.: k’oš ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Tillandsia fasciculata Sw.: ʔeč’ ʔantivo, nphr(n4f of n5); ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, nphr(aj & n)5; k’oš vohton ʔeč’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Tillandsia guatemalensis L. B. Smith.: ba¢’i čeč’, nphr(aj & n); bik’tal ʔeč’, nphr(aj & n); krus ʔeč’, nphr(n type n)1e; k’oš ʔec’, nphr(aj & n).
Tillandsia ponderosa L. B. Smith: vohton ʔeč’, nphr(n type n)1e.
Tillandsia rodrigueziana Mez: č’iš ʔeč’, nphr(n type n).
Tillandsia seleriana Mez: k’oš vohton ʔeč’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.: ¢on-teʔ, n(n of ncpd)5.
Tillandsia vicenlina Stand1.: ʔumaʔ ʔeč’, nphr(aj & n)5.
Tillandsia violacea Baker: ¢ahal kilon ʔeč’, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); sakil kilon ʔeč’, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/).

Tithonia: Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray: k’anal k’ail, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta sakil k’ail, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta sun, nphr(aj & n); ton k’ail, nphr(n type n).
Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) Blake: muk’ta ničim san-lukaš, nphr: aj & nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/)5.
Tithonia scaberrima Benth.: sun, n5.
Tithonia tubaeformis (Jacq.) Cass.: k’anal sun, nphr(aj & n); k’oš sun, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta sun, nphr(aj & n): muk’ta ton k’ail, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sun, n5

Tityra: Tityra semifasciata: hovos, n5.

Tournefortia: Tournefortia sp.: tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.
Tournefortia volubilis L.: man¢ana ʔak’, nphr(n type n).

Tradescentia: Tradescentia crassifolia Cav.: ¢’emeniʔ, n5.

Trametes: Trametes sp.: k’anal pošil t’ahel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Trema: Trema micrantha (L.) Blume: ʔit’iš čiš-to ʔak’, nphr: n4f of nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n); k’oš vaš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); nukul pat teʔ, nphr(nphr/n type n/ type n); sakil čiš-tei ʔak’, nphr: aj & nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n); sakil vaš teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); vaš’ ʔak’, nphr(x type n); vaš teʔ, nphr(x type n).

Tremella: Tremella sp.: č’em šok, nphr(x type n).

Trichilia: Trichilia cuneata Radlk.: ʔit’iš’ sal-teʔ, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/).
Trichilia glabra L.: tuil teʔ, nphr(aj & n)1e.
Trichilia hirta L.: ʔit’iš’ hovos. nphr(n4f of n5); ʔit’iš sal-teʔ, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/).
Trichilia sp.: ʔit’iš tempiš, nphr(n4f of n5): po- ʔon teʔ, nphr(n type n).

Tricholoma: Tricholoma sp.: čečeval san-antreš, nphr(natt & n/aj & ncpd/)5; k’oš bililuš, nphr(aj & n); k’oš sakil k’abiš’ toh, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Tridax: Tridax procumbent L: čak’ak’. n5; pošil yerva, nphr(n of n).

Trifolium: Trifolium amabile HBK.: k’oš’ pi¢ak’, nphr(aj & n); pi¢ak’. n1e; pi¢ak’ čitom, nphr(n of n).
Trifolium repens L.: muk’ta pi¢ak’, nphr(aj & n): pi¢ak’, n1e.
Trifolium rhomboideum Schauer: č’aben vet, nphr(n of n).

Trigona: Trigona sp.: ton pom, nphr(n type n)1e.

Trimorphodon: Trimorphodon biscutatus: iak’ con, nphr(n type n)5.

Tripogandra: Tripogandra angustifolia (Rob.) Woods.: k’oš ¢ahal ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Tripogandra disgrega (Kunth) Woods.: bik’it ¢’emeni1ʔ, nphr(aj & n); ¢’emeniʔ, n5; k’oš ʔahal ¢’emeni1ʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & n); k’oš sakil ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Tripogandra elongata (G. F. W. Meyer) Woods.: ¢’emeniʔ ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n).
Tripogandra sp.: ʔoʔlol ¢’emeniʔ, nphr(n type n).

Tripsacum: Tripsacum lanceolatum Rupr. ex Fourn.: hobelal ʔavarto, nphr(natt & n).
Tripsacum laxum Nash: čob ʔantivo, nphr(n4d/3s/ of n5); k’oš ¢ahal šimoi, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); šimoʔ, n1e.

Triticum: Triticum aestivum L.: triko, n1a.

Tritonia: Tritonia crocosmiiflora Nichols.: ʔit’iš bukaro, nphr(n4f of n); k’oš’ bukaro, nphr(aj & n).

Triumfetta: Triumfetta dumetorum Schlecht.: bik’it ʔuč’ maš’, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k’anal ʔuš’ maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/); k’oš ʔuč’ maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).
Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.: ʔak’ č’o, nphr(n4d of n5); ʔak’ob pe¢’, nphr(n of n)5; ʔuč’ mač, nphr(n4d of n5); k’oš ʔuč’ maš, nphr(aj & nphr/n4d of n5/).
Triumfetta sp.: ʔuč’ maš, nphr(n4d of n5).
Triumfetta speciosa Seem.: ʔuč’ maš, nphr(n4d of n5).

Trixis: Trixis nelsonii Greenm.: k’os k’an-ʔič, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).

Troglodytes: Troglodytes musculus: k’ok’-sat mut, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.

Trogon: Trogon citreolus: k’ak’et mut, nphr(aj & n)5.
Trogon mexicanus: k’ak’et mut, nphr(aj & n)5.

Tropidodipsis: Tropidodipsis sp.: kantela čon, nphr(n type n)5.

Turbina: Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf.: k’oš pek’ meʔel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil pek’ meʔel, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Turdus: Turdus assimilis: meuʔ mut, nphr(x type n)5.
Turdus grayi: kašlan č’iš-tot, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/)5.
Turdus infuscatus: ʔik’al č’iš-tot, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/)5.
Turdus rufitorques: č’iš-tot, nphr(aj & ncpd)1e.

Turitella: Turitella?: ʔat nab, nphr(n4f of n5).

Turnera: Turnera ulmifolia L.: muk’ta sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); pu¢ul čih ¢’iʔlel, nphr(nphr/n of n/ type n): sakil sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Tylomys: Tylomys bullaris: čuč č’o, nphr(n type n)1a.

Typha: Typha domingensis Pers.: ʔan¢il puh, nphr(natt & n).
Typha latifolia L.: ʔan¢il puh, nphr(natt & n).

Tyrannus: Tyrannus melancholicus: č’ituriʔ, n5.
Tyrannus verticalis: č’ituriʔ, n5; pahal pil, nphr(aj & n)5.

U

Urocyon: Urocyon cinereoargenteus: vet, n5.

Urtica: Urtica urens L.: ba¢’i la, nphr(aj & n); kilkil la, nphr(aj & n).

Ustulina: Ustulina sp.: sakil t’ot, nphr(aj & n).

V

Vaccinium: Vaccinium confertum HBK.. k’oš ʔaha-teʔes, nphr(aj & n).

Valeriana: Valeriana densiflora var. densiflora Benth.: ʔik’al voy mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); voy mula, nphr(n of n).
Valeriana densiflora Benth.: sakil voy mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); voy mula, nphr(n of n).
Valeriana scandens L.: ʔič’ak mut ʔak’, nphr(nphr/n4d of n5/ type n); ¢ahal puyuʔ, nphr(aj & n).
Valeriana sorbifolia HBK.: bik’it nič nab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta voy mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); voy mula, nphr(n of n). Valeriana urticaefolia HBK.: ʔit’iš voy mula, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); muk’ta voy mula, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).

Verbena: Verbena Carolina L.: ʔalavena ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); pern k’ulub, nphr(x & n); sakil pak’ čak, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Verbena littoralis HBK..: pern k’ulub, nphr(x & n); tan ¢iʔlel, nphr(aj & n).

Verbesina: Verbesina cj. perymenioides Sch. Bip.: nam-teʔ mol, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n).
Verbesina crocata (Cav.) Less.: k’anal po¢an, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta k’an-ʔič, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); po¢ik ničim, nphr(aj & n).
Verbesina gigantoides Rob.: ¢ahal nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); muk’ta nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); nam-teʔ mol, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); sakil nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); yašal nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n).
Verbesina neriifolia Hems].: k’oš sak-paran teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & n); muk’ta k’an-ʔič, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/).
Verbesina perymenioides Sch. Bip.: hič’il ʔanal sun, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); k’anal po¢an teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); muk’ta k’an-ʔič, nphr(aj & n/aj & ncpd/); muk’ta sak-paran teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/ & n).
Verbesina turbacensis HBK..: ¢ahal nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); sakil nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n); sakil šolom, nphr(aj & n).
Verbesina virgala Cav.: sakil nam-teʔ mol, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ of n).

Veraonia: Vernonia deppeana Less.: sakil sitit, nphr(aj & n); sitit, n5.
Vernonia oaxacana Sch. Bip.: sitit, n5.

Vespula: Vespula sp.: ʔakov, n1a; čanul ʔakov, nphr(n of n)5; muyan meʔel, nphr(impv/iv/ & n)1e.

Viburnum: Viburnum elatum Benth.: ʔisbon, n1d; ʔit’iš kahve teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); pašamum. n; pašamum teʔ, nphr(n type n).
Viburnum hartwegii Benth.: ʔa¢’am teʔ, nphr(n type n); hič’il ʔanal teʔ, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ type n); sak-nič teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
Viburnum jucundum Morton: ¢o¢-niʔ teʔ, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n)5.
Viburnum mendax Morton: k’oš ¢o¢-niʔ teʔ, nphr: aj & nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n).

Vicia: Vicia faba L.. ¢ahal havas, nphr(aj & n); sakil havas, nphr(aj & n); tanhero havas, nphr(aj & n)5.

Vigna: Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl.: k’oš ʔik’al kantela čenek’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Wolp.: ʔik’-soman ʔibes, nphr: aj(aj & P; ʔik’al kantela čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ʔik’al šlumil kantela čenek’, nphr: aj & nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/); kantela čenek’, nphr(n type n)1a; k’oš ʔik’al kantela čenek’, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); muk’ta ʔik’al čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta kantela čenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); sakil kantela cenek’, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/).
Vigna vexillata (L.) Rich.: teʔtikal kantela čenek’, nphr(natt & nphr/n type n/).

Viguiera: Viguiera dentata (Cav.) Spreng.: ʔok ne sibak, nphr(n4f of nphr/n of n/); ¢ahal sun, nphr(aj & n); piliš, n1e; piliš ¢’iʔlel, nphr(n type n); piliš teʔ, nphr(n type n); sakil piliš, nphr(aj & n).

Villadia: Villadia sp.: pošil čin, nphr(n of n).

Vinca: Vinca major L.: bioleta, n1d.

Viola: Viola nannei Polak.: bioleta, n1d; kučara nič nab, nphr(n type nphr/n of n/).

Vitis: Vitis bourgaeana Planch.: š’usub, n; š’usub ʔak’, nphr(n type n); k’oš sakil ¢’usub, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš veʔel ʔinatab, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil ¢’usub, nphr(aj & n).
Vitis liliifolia H. & B.. ¢’usub. n; veʔel ʔinatab, nphr(n of n): veʔel vokoto, nphr(n of n).

Vriesea: Vriesea werckleana Mez: ʔan¢il ʔeč’, nphr(natt & n)5.

W

Waltheria: Waltheria americana L.: k’anal sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); muk’ta sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil sat mes, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sat mes. nphr(n of n).

Wigandia: Wigandia kunthii Choisy: čon la, nphr(n type n); k’an-ʔič la, nphr(n/aj & ncpd/ type n); la, n1e; la kaʔ, nphr(n of n); muk’ta la, nphr(aj & n); muk’tik la, nphr(aj & n).

Wilsonia: Wilsonia pusilla: č’ikč’ik, n5.

Wimmeria: Wimmeria pubescens Radlk.: ʔit’iš brasil, nphr(n4f of n); ʔit’iš kanela teʔ, nphr(n4f of nphr/n type n/); bik’it kanela teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ¢ahal teʔ, nphr(aj & n); kanela teʔ, nphr(n type n); pinto teʔ, nphr(aj & n); potosoara, n.

Woodwardia: Woodwardia spinulosa Mart. & Gal.: muk’ta ¢ib, nphr(aj & n).

X

Xanthosoma: Xanthosoma mexicanum Liebm.: k’oš pok’ok’, nphr(aj & n); pok’ok’, n1e.

Xanthoura: Xanthoura yncas: heš, n1d.

Xerocomus: Xerocomus subtomentosus (L. ex Fr.) Quél.: homoč’-ʔut sekub t’ul, nphr(aj/aj & ncpd/type nphr/n of n/).

Ximenia: Ximenia americana L.: poʔon č’iš, nphr(n type n).

Xiphocolaptes: Xiphocolaptes promeropirhyncus: tuktuk, n1e.

Xylaria: Xylaria sp.: ʔisim čih, nphr(n4d of n5); šulub čih, nphr(n of n).

Xylocopa: Xylocopa sp.: ʔik’al vonon, nphr(aj & n)5.

Xylosma: Xylosma albidum Lundell: ʔakit, n5; č’it, n; yašal č’it, nphr(aj & n).
Xylosma flexuosum (HBK.) Ilemsl.: ʔisim bolom, nphr(n4d of n5).

Y

Yucca: Yucca elephantipes Regel: ʔoy vinahel, nphr(n4e of n5); či met, nphr(n type n); či vet, nphr(n of n); kašlan tok’oy, nphr(aj & n)5.

Z

Zantedeschia: Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng.: kartučo, n1a; kartučo ničim, nphr(n type n).

Zanthoxylum: Zanthoxylum culantrillo HBK.: ʔičak mis, nphr(n4d of n5).
Zanthoxylum foliosum Donn. Sm.: ʔičak mis, nphr(n4d of n5).

Zea: Zea mays L.: baʔyi ¢’unubil, nphr(aj & n); baʔyi k’on, nphr(aj & n); bik’it k’ob-¢’iʔ, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/); bik’it k’on ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); bik’it masanil ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); bik’it pinto ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); bik’it sakil ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); ¢ahal ʔišim, nphr(aj & n); ¢’akal k’on, nphr(aj & n); čimpo ʔišim, nphr(x type n); čimpo k’on, nphr(x type n); čiš-teʔ ʔišim, nphr(n/x & ncpd/ type n); čiš-teʔ k’anal ʔišim, nphr: n(x & ncpd) type nphr(aj & n); č’ič’el hč’ul-totik ʔišim, nphr: nphr(n4d of agn/aj & ncpd/) type n; hič’il bakal, nphr(aj & n); k’anal ʔišim, nphr(aj & n); k’anal čimpo ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); k’ob-¢’iʔ, n(n & ncpd); k’ob-¢’iʔ ʔišim, nphr(n/n & ncpd/ type n); k’oš ¢ahal ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); k’oš čimpo ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); k’oš sakil čimpo ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); masanil ʔišim, nphr(natt & n); muk’ta ʔik’al ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta ʔivriro ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta k’anal ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); muk’ta k’on, nphr(aj & n); muk’ta masanil ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/ type n); muk’ta sakil ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); napalu, x; napalu ʔišim, nphr(x type n); pača, n1d; pimil sat, nphr(aj & n); pinto ʔišim, nphr(aj & n); pinto čimpo ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/aj & n/); povlano ʔišim, nphr(aj & n); rokame ʔišim, nphr(x type n); sak-vayan k’anal ʔišim, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/aj & n/); sakil ʔišim, nphr(aj & n); sakil čimpo ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); sakil k’ob-¢’iʔ, nphr(aj & n/n & ncpd/); sakil pinto čimpo ʔišim, nphr: aj & nphr(aj & nphr/x type n/); sakil ton ʔišim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); sakramentual ʔišim, nphr(natt & n); ton ʔišim, nphr(n type n).

Zephyranthes: Zephyranthes aff. brevipes Standl.: sakil nič hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/); sakil ničim hoh, nphr(aj & nphr/n of n/).
Zephyranthes brevipes Standl.: ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan ničim hoh, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/).
Zephyranthes cahnata Herb. vel. aff.: ʔik’ʔik’-loʔan ničim hoh, nphr(aj/aj & Ucpd/ & nphr/n of n/).

Zexmenia: Zexmenia frutescens (Mill.) Blake: bik’it top’ol, nphr(aj & n); k’oš petet teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); k’oš top’ol, nphr(aj & n); k’oš top’ol teʔ, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/).
Zexmenia strigosa (DC.) Sch. Bip.: č’iš sahoʔal teʔtik, nphr(n type nphr/natt & n/); muk’ta sahoʔ, nphr(aj & n).

Zinnia: Zinnia elegans L.: ¢ahal ʔolonal ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/natt & n/); ¢ahal č’iš ničim, nphr(aj & nphr/n type n/); ¢ahal ničim ta ʔolon ʔosil, nphr(nphr/aj & n/ & prep & nphr/n type n/); ničim san-lukaš, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/): ničim san-lukaš, nphr(n4f of n/aj & ncpd/5); voʔtus, n1a.
Zinnia peruviana L.. ʔit’iš ¢ahal krisantema, nphr(n4f of nphr/aj & n/): ničim san-lukaš, nphr(n of n/aj & ncpd/).

Atlas

ʔa¢’am voʔ 1 3A 92

ʔa¢’am voʔ 1 3B 116

ʔač’ ʔeskwela 1 6B 515

ʔač’ be 1 5A 405

ʔač’ be 1 6C 555

ʔač’ čanob vun 1 6B 515

ʔač’ krus 1 3A 68

ʔač’ voʔ 1 9C 697

ʔač’ voʔ 3 1B 913

ʔač’eltik 1 4A 267

ʔah-teʔ 3 4B 985

ʔah-teʔtik 5 4A 66

ʔahan toh 1 8B 644

ʔahan toh 3 1B 904

ʔahan tohtik 1 3C 205

ʔahistik 1 7D619

ʔahtik 3 4B 977

ʔahtik ta yolon č’ib 3 1C 933

ʔakovtik 1 4B 301

ʔak’ol mukenal 1 3B 129

ʔak’ol ravol 1 2A 13

ʔak’ol tiʔ be 1 3B 162

ʔak’olal voʔ 1 9C 701

ʔalavenail voʔ 1 4B 287

ʔalavenail voʔ 1 5B 427

ʔalkuʔ 3 2C 957

ʔalkuʔ č’en 1 8D 682

ʔaltamira 5 5B 190

ʔamataltik 5 4B 128

ʔamatenango 5 3A 25

ʔamerika 5 5B 201

ʔamušton 5 4B 117

ʔana hobeltik 1 5C 451

ʔan¢il ton 1 2A 8

ʔan¢il ton 1 3C 222

ʔan¢il ton 1 4C 360

ʔan¢il ton 1 7B 599

ʔan¢il ton ta yolon pahal čiš-teʔ 1 4C 354

ʔangostura 5 4B 132

ʔankostura 5 4B 132

ʔanob 4 3B 1034

ʔarenal 5 3B 39

ʔasyento yuʔun bik’it nič 4 3B 1041

ʔaurora 5 4B 137

ʔavan č’en 1 3C 221

ʔavanebal 3 2C 957

ʔáwa bendito 5 3B 35

ʔawakatenango 5 3A 29

ʔeklišya 1 3A 72

ʔeklišya ta muk’ta hok’ 1 9C 702

ʔeklišya ta ʔapas 1 6C 576

ʔel ʔálto de hesus 5 4C 156

ʔel ganyóte 5 5B 200

ʔepal ʔok’oč 1 9C 715

ʔera 1 3A 58

ʔera 3 1C 930

ʔeradura 5 4B 121

ʔerahe ta yok vi¢il soktom 1 13B 832

ʔeratik 1 4A 233

ʔeskalera 5 4B 146

ʔičin ton 1 1A 2

ʔič’ob ʔipal 1 3B 128

ʔič’ob ʔipal 1 7B 598

ʔič’ob yipal 1 10C 771

ʔikoʔ 3 5C 1013

ʔik’-usal voʔ 1 9B 692

ʔik’al lumal krus 1 4A 252

ʔik’al lumtik 1 2B 41

ʔik’al lumtik 1 3B 153

ʔik’al lumtik 1 4A 271

ʔik’al nab 1 3A 88

ʔik’al nab 5 4A 62

ʔik’al nail č’en 1 3C 212

ʔik’al voʔ 1 9B 691

ʔinternado 1 3A 55

ʔis-ak’tik 1 5B 418

ʔisbontik 5 4A 56

ʔisbontik yak’ol sna manvel sarate 1 3B 145

ʔisbontikal voʔ 1 3A 82

ʔiskipula 1 3A 73

ʔoʔlol ʔontik 3 1B 927

ʔoʔlol vi¢ 4 1C 1018

ʔočel tontik 3 4C 992

ʔočel tontik ta ba šoktik 3 5C 1008

ʔóha blánka 5 4B 88

ʔóho de ʔáwa 5 4B 101

ʔóho de ʔáwa 5 6B 215

ʔokote 1 10B 739

ʔok’il teʔtik 2 6C 872

ʔok’oč 1 10C 785

ʔok’oč ton 1 6C 546

ʔok’oč ton 3 4C 989

ʔolon mukenal 1 4A 227

ʔolon setel ton 1 6C 562

ʔolon tiʔ be 1 3B 188

ʔontik 1 9D 730

ʔontik 3 4B 984

ʔoven č’en 1 5C 450

ʔual voʔ 1 9C 696

ʔuk’um čukiyaka 5 5B 205

ʔuk’um ta ¢’ub 1 6A 479

ʔuk’um ta č’uč’tik 1 10B 736

ʔuk’um ta yolon šʔukun 1 4A 250

ʔuk’um trapič 5 5B 174

ʔuk’umaltik 3 5C 1010

ʔuliʔal voʔ 5 4B 87

ʔunen krus 1 3B 146

ʔunen teʔtik 1 3B 115

ʔunin hiphip ba k’o ta ni-nab sikil ʔuk’um 4 2C 1031

ʔunyon 5 2B 6

ba ʔik’al lum 1 4A 270

ba ʔis-ak’tik 1 5B 415

ba ʔon teʔtik 3 1B 925

ba ʔuk’um 2 7C 876

ba č’en 1 3B 122

ba č’enal ʔok’oč 1 10C 786

ba č’ib 3 2C 954

ba hobeltik 1 11B 815

ba hok’ob lumal p’in 1 6C 566

ba htek-lum 1 5A 384A

ba k’o yav sna mol čus 1 6B 523

ba moktik 1 4C 339

ba nab homal stentehtik 1 4C 344

ba ne kotomtik 1 2B 37

ba ni-nab k’ak’eb 1 7D 637

ba nič nabtik 1 3B 154

ba ravoltik 1 3B 114

ba ravoltik 2 3C 844

ba sak-č’en ta muk’ta vi¢ 1 2B 18

ba stenteh 2 8B 884

ba turasnutik 1 3B 154

ba valeʔtik 2 6C 875

ba vi¢ 3 2D 966

ba vi¢ ta ba sakil č’en 1 6C 573

ba voʔ 1 4C 348

ba voʔ 3 1B 906

ba yav ten 1 4D 381

ba yočob 1 6C 543

ba yut č’en 1 7D 630

ba yut yiʔil 1 6A 470

baba č’entik 1 6C 567

balan 5 2B 10

bantera tulan 3 2B 947

be čihtik 2 1D 834

be-oʔ skwenta yak’ol ʔa¢’am 1 5A 389

be-oʔ skwenta yašal ʔosil 1 5A 396

be-oʔ ta ʔah-teʔ 1 4B 282

be-oʔ ta ba ravoltik 1 3A 110

be-oʔ ta yolon sak-be 1 5A 394

be-oʔ ta yolon sna mol k’o 1 4B 302

be-oʔal ʔahtik 3 4B 987

be-oʔal ʔanob 4 3B 1035

be-oʔal ʔik’al lum 1 4A 263

be-oʔal ʔisbontik 1 2B 48

be-oʔal ʔoven ʔon 1 5A 397

be-oʔal ¢is čauktik 1 4A 256

be-oʔal ¢on-teʔ vi¢ 1 7D 629

be-oʔal č’a-teʔtik 1 4B 326

be-oʔal hol na k’is 3 4C 990

be-oʔal hoyihel 1 8C 650

be-oʔal k’aʔ-krus 1 5A 392

be-oʔal k’ak’et teʔ 1 8C 653

be-oʔal lorn ʔa¢’am 1 5A 388

be-oʔal mohon tulan 1 4B 311

be-oʔal mukenal 1 6A 490

be-oʔal na maštik 4 3B 1040

be-oʔal pera 1 8C 652

be-oʔal sak-č’en 1 5B 420

be-oʔal taʔal hom 1 8C 650

be-oʔal vaʔal ton 1 4B 284

be-oʔal yaʔal šmail 1 5B 426

be-oʔal yaleb taiv 1 4B 319

be-oʔal yav pus 1 4B 321

be-oʔal yiʔal 4 3A 1032

be-oʔal yolon č’en 1 5A 404

be skwenta ¢obol tohtik 1 6A 474

be skwenta nab 1 6A 486

be šbat skwenta ʔik’al voʔtik 1 6A 487

be šbat skwenta yut yiʔil 1 6A 481

be šbat ta ¢’unbal čitik 1 10C 782

beka čačiʔ 5 3B 51

belel ʔač’ ʔasyento 4 6C 1059

belel ʔalkuʔ 3 2C 953

belel ʔamušton 4 4C 1051

belel ʔera 3 1B 926

belel ʔik’al voʔ 1 8B 641

belel ʔis-ak’tik 1 5B 421

belel ʔolon 1 8D 684

belel ʔolon ʔosil 1 5C 444

belel ʔolon ʔosil yuʔun hyaʔal ¢’iʔetik 1 9C 723

belel ʔon teʔ 1 4A 255

belel ʔuk’um 1 10B 746

belel ʔuk’um k’ak’eb 3 5C 1006

belel ʔuk’um trapič 4 6C 1061

belel bik’it nič 4 3B 1037

belel brasilya 5 2B 9

belel č’ohbil tohtik 1 3B 132

belel habnaltik 1 7B 602

belel kelem ton 1 11C 821

belel kolónya kastanya 4 3C 1046

belel koral ton 1 9C 713

belel koyoral 1 10C 781

belel k’aʔ-homtik 1 7B 592

belel k’anal ʔišimtik 1 6C 544a

belel k’ulebal 1 9C 714

belel lorio 1 10C 777

belel mankotik 1 10C 791

belel milameʔ 4 4C 1050

belel mukenal 1 6B 513

belel mukenal 1 4A 235

belel na čih 1 4A 264

belel na šulemtik 1 10C 764

belel nantayapa 4 5B 1053

belel nibak 1 8B 639

belel nič teʔtik 1 4D 383

belel pahal čiš-teʔ 1 4C 337

belel pasteʔ 3 1B 923

belel pat ʔosiltik 1 6C 544a

belel pe¢ toh 1 6A 485

belel plan 4 4C 1052

belel p’ih 1 6B 529

belel saʔob šantik 1 7B 593

belel sak-č’en 3 1B 909

belel sak-hol ton 1 10C 803

belel-san-pégro 4 3C 1047

belel san-pégro 4 4C 1049

belel san-sígro 3 3B 967

belel soktom 1 9C 722

belel soktom 1 10C 777

belel sompreron 4 6C 1057

belel tulanil voʔ 1 6C 545

belel vunal 4 6D 1062

belel yaʔal čitom 1 10C 768

belel yaʔal hutub 1 6C 553

belel yav ten 1 4D 373

belen 5 3B 47

bentita 5 5B 169

betanya 5 5B 177

bik’it ʔah-teʔtik 1 8D 686

bik’it ʔik’al voʔ 1 7A 591

bik’it ʔuk’um 1 10B 740

bik’it ba čokoʔ 1 4A 231

bik’it hoyihel 1 8B 642

bik’it kármen 5 4B 120

bik’it krus 1 3A 59

bik’it k’on lum 1 6C 552

bik’it mukenal 1 3B 118

bik’it nab 5 4A 59

bik’it nab 5 5B 207

bik’it nail č’en 3 1B 894

bik’it potovtik 1 9D 733

bik’it soral 1 6B 530

bik’it toč’ 1 3C 211

bik’it vaʔal ton 1 4A 273

bik’it voʔ 1 3C 215

bik’it yašal č’en ta ʔibestik 3 5B 994

bištik ta ba šoktik 3 5C 1012

biyaermosa 5 5B 189

bokeron 5 4B 152

bolom ton 1 3A 53

bolom ton 1 7D 632

botil čenek’tik 1 7D 618

botiltik 1 10B 750

briyante 5 4C 160

burbučal voʔ 1 3A 57

burero 2 7C 881

buro č’en 2 7C 879

buro vi¢ 4 1D 1020

busul ton 1 9A 689

bwelta be ta taki-ʔuk’um 1 4B 316

bwelta be yu’un saʔob šantik 1 8B 640

bwelta č’ib 3 2C 955

¢ahal ʔuk’um 2 5C 865

¢ahal č’en 1 8C 664

¢ahal č’en 1 11B 813

¢ahal k’at’iš 1 4A 245

¢ahal k’at’iš 1 6B 504

¢ahal k’at’iš 1 7B 601

¢ahal lumtik 1 2A 5

¢ahal mutut 1 8D 687

¢ahal mutut 1 10C 770

¢ahal poso 5 4A 60

¢ahal tan 1 7B 595

¢ahal teʔtik 1 9C 724

¢ahal teʔtik č’ieb yisim čih 1 4D 366

¢ahal yemel 1 4B 327

¢eleh tontik 1 4C 343

¢eleh tontik 1 4C 357

¢eleh tontik šul-voʔ 1 4C 342

¢emen vi¢ 1 4A 232

¢ibtik ta vaʔal ton 1 8C 661

¢ibtik ta yak’ol yaʔal ¢’iʔ 1 8C 669

¢ibtikal voʔ 1 4A 224

¢ie ta yak’ol sna ʔantun lopis 1 3A 111

¢is čauktik 1 4A 251

¢oʔoptik 1 3B 186

¢ob-tahal 5 3A 25

¢oh lum 2 6C 874

¢on-teʔ teʔtik 1 4B 305

¢on-teʔ vi¢ 1 7D 628

¢’ahal č’en 5 5B 171

¢’ahal nab 1 3B 135

¢’ahom pik’ 2 4C 848

¢’akal čik’ob tan 1 5B 424

¢’akav ʔuk’um 2 5C 867

¢’anal voʔ 1 3B 156

¢’el k’ak’eb 3 5C 1004

¢’iʔleltikal voʔ 1 10C 799

¢’otan krus 3 2B 950

¢’ub 1 6A 483

¢’ubal lum 1 10C 797

¢’ubal lumtik 1 4D 374

¢’uiltasob voʔ 1 3A 65

¢’unbaltik yuʔun čakan pom 4 2C 1030

¢’unob trigotik 1 4C 363

čaʔ-pe¢ tel 1 3B 131

čačiʔ 5 4B 83

čahal teʔtik 1 2B 25

čahal teʔtik 1 2B 29

čahal teʔtik 1 5D 459

čak kokoʔontik 1 6C 557

čak mok 1 3B 187

čak mok 1 4D 378

čak moktik 3 1B 911

čak noktik 1 2B 50

čak teʔtik 1 4B 329

čak toh 3 1A 891

čakan pom 4 2C 1028

čameb baka 1 9C 717

čameb čihtik 1 3B 185

čameb k’ol-hol 1 4B 281

čameb mal hili-ʔat 1 2B 34

čameb mok-hol 1 4B 281

čamik 5 1B 1

čanob vun 1 3A 66

čanob vun ta ʔelan voʔ 3 1B 895

čanob vun ta bik’it hoyihel 1 8B 643

čanob vun ta čaynatik 1 7C 609

čanob vun ta čikin-ibal voʔ 1 9C 727

čanob vun ta hok’ č’enom 1 8D 679

čanob vun ta muk’ta hok’ 1 10C 788

čanob vun ta na čih 1 3B 192

čanob vun ta naben čauk 1 6B 534

čanob vun ta pasteʔ 1 4C 359

čanob vun ta pat ʔosil 1 4B 290

čanob vun ta s¢elehtik 1 3B 166

čanob vun ta sek’emtik 1 8C 667

čanob vun ta yaleb taiv 1 5B 428

čapob vob 1 3B 117

čayal voʔ 1 10C 804

čenek’ultik 5 4A 71

čiʔil voʔ 1 6C 542

čiʔil ʔuk’um 5 4B 93

čičoltik 1 4D 384

čih-čonal voʔ 1 4A 255

čih-čonal voʔ 1 8C 671

čihil teʔtik 5 4A 69

čihil teʔtikal voʔ 1 3A 91

čikin č’en 1 9C 704

čikin-ibal voʔ 1 9D 728

čikin-ibtik ta belel ʔolon ʔosil 1 7D 624

čikin-ibtik ta sbelel k’ailtik 1 7D 621

čik’ob ʔak’altik 1 2B 25

čik’ob met 1 4B 318

čik’ob tan 1 4B 315

čik’ob tantik 1 6B 501

čik’ob tantik 1 7D 623

čiš-teʔ č’en 1 5C 452

čiš-teʔtik 1 4C 338

čivero 5 4A 64

čokoʔ 2 3C 842

čonob loʔbol 4 1D 1023

čoreadero 2 11D 890

čuʔ tulan 1 6D 578

čučal voʔ 1 9C 721

čuklebal ton ta yok sak-č’en 1 2B 23

čukul šokomtik 1 4A 248

čukul tontik 1 4A 262

čukul yut pe¢’ 1 6B 500

čukultik 1 3B 125

č’a-teʔtik 1 4C 335

č’abentik 5 4B 124

č’ah tontik 1 5 A 401

č’ail poštik 2 6C 869

č’ayeb ʔib ta šʔukun 3 2D 963

č’en ʔana 4 3C 1044

č’en ʔok’il 1 4A 240

č’en ʔok’il 1 5C 447

č’en čih 1 8C 648

č’en čihal voʔ 1 9B 694

č’en čiloʔ 2 4C 860

č’en hʔik’al 1 3B 123

č’en htuk’avil 1 4A 237

č’en novilyo 4 3C 1045

č’en ta k’am-šoč’ 1 4C 345

č’en ta p’ih 1 5B 438

č’entik ta yaʔal šmail 1 5B 422

č’entikal voʔ 1 4D 371

č’entikal voʔ 1 7C 611

č’ib 3 2C 956

č’ibtik 1 6D 588

č’ibtik ta šokon bolom ton 1 7D 631

č’iš ta ʔuk’um 1 4B 278

č’ištikal voʔ 1 3A 56

č’iš’tikal voʔ 1 4D 368

č’ištikil voʔ 1 3A 56

č’ivit ta na čih 1 3C 201

č’ohol voʔ 1 3A 98

č’ohol voʔ 1 4B 294

č’ohon tak’in 1 10B 745

č’ul-ton 1 5A 412

č’ut č’entik 1 4A 261

dolores 5 5B 188

fínka saus 5 4A 68

haʔabtik 5 4B 85

habnal č’en 3 2B 949

habnaltik 1 6B 498

habnaltik 1 7B 603

hap ʔosil 1 6B 516

havob teʔ 3 1B 900

hč’ul-meʔtik 1 6B 506

hč’ul-meʔtik valalupa ta šokon muk’ta be 1 6B 517

heč krus 1 4C 364

heč k’anal lumtik 1 4D 377

heč mok 3 2B 943

heč šʔukun 1 4A 258

heč toč’ 1 3C 202

heč tontik 3 2B 944

hečal voʔ 1 10C 769

hečobal bik’it nič 4 3C 1043

heriko 5 4C 157

hipleb ʔakov 1 9C 710

hipleb bolom 1 9C 707

hobel 5 4A 54

hobel haʔ 5 4A 72

hobeltik 3 1B 914

hok’ č’enomal voʔ 1 9D 731

hok’ p’uyumal voʔ 1 8C 655

hok’ sal 3 5B 997

hok’leb bolom 1 9C 707

hok’leb kantela 3 1B 89

hok’ob lum 2 1C 833

hok’ob lum ta č’entik 1 7B 604

hok’ob lumal p’in 3 4B 975

hok’ob yiʔ 1 4B 285

hok’ob yiʔ 1 6B 528

hol ba k’o 1 4A 230

hol bolom 3 5C 1002

hol mušul vi¢ 1 3A 60

hol na ʔičin 1 4A 227

hol na čivo 1 11C 816

hol na k’is 3 4C 991

hol ni-oʔ 2 2C 839

hol san-kištoval 1 3A 83

hol sisil vi¢ 1 3A 112

hol šk’uk’ teʔ 1 7C 613

hol tal ʔohov 1 9D 732

hol tohtik 1 2B 44

hol tontik 1 4C 357

hol tontik 1 6C 541

hol tontik 1 6D 579

holom na 2 4C 856

hom 3 1B 912

hom čih 1 8C 651

homal ʔalavenatik 1 4B 287

homal ʔosil 1 4C 355

homal ʔosil 1 6A 493

homal ʔosil 1 6C 572

homal ʔosil ta polo¢’tik 1 6D 583

hovo 5 4B 112

hoyo č’en 1 4A 257

hulian 5 5B 214

hušob k’ob čoʔ 1 3B 178

huteb čauk 1 12A 828

kah¢ahel turasnutik 1 6B 502

kahvetik ta yolon voʔ ta ʔibestik 3 5B 998

kail 5 2B 15

kalvario 1 3 A 100

kalvario 1 12A 827

kalvario 3 1B 907

kalvario skrus hvakinetik 1 6C 544

kampaménto ʔokote 1 11B 812

kampana č’en 1 7B 593

kampana č’en 3 1B 893

kampana č’en 3 4B 983

kampanatik 1 9C 711

kampo 1 3A 109

kámpo gránde 5 4A 70

kámpo sánto 2 9B 887

kampor 1 2A 11

kandelaryo 5 3B 45

kantelaria 5 5B 211

kánya kastiya 5 2B 17

kanyita 2 9B 889

karisal 5 4A 65

karisal 5 4B 90

karmelito 5 3A 26

kása ráyo 5 5B 212

kása vyéha 5 5B 194

kašail voʔ 1 8D 677

kavésa ʔáwa 5 4B 150

kavilto 1 3A 67

kayehon ta muk’ta ʔon teʔ 3 1B 920

kelem ton 1 3C 220

kelem ton 1 11C 825

kinta 1 1A 4

kokoʔontik 1 5C 448

kolmena 1 11B 811

kolónya ʔinas ʔayento 1 10B 749

kolónya bénte 5 4B 131

kolónya santa-fe 5 4B 143

kolónya yok ¢’iʔ 5 4A 67

komem papyan 1 3B 194

komitan 5 2A 3

konkorya 5 3C 52

konsepsyon 5 4B 91

koral buro 1 4C 355

koral č’en 3 1C 932

koral ton 1 9C 706

koral ton 1 10C 766

koral ton ta belel ʔač’ lum 4 1D 1025

koral vakaštik 1 3C 200

kotol č’iš 1 4A 236

kotol tulan 3 2B 942

koyol 5 4B 145

koyoral 1 11C 824

kranado 5 2B 16

kranatatik 1 7D 626

kranatatik 1 8C 675

kranatatik 3 1C 928

krus ʔuč 1 3A 81

krus čikito 5 5B 202

krus mučik 1 3A 85

krus ninyo 1 7C 606

krus ta ʔoʔlol be 3 1B 912

krus ta ba ʔuk’um 1 3A 71

krus ta ba ¢’uiltasbil voʔ 1 3A 71

krus ta ba toč’ 1 3C 213

krus ta ba tontik 1 7C 606

krus ta ba yočob 1 3C 209

krus ta belel ʔuk’um 1 9C 705

krus ta belel p’ih 1 5B 435

krus ta ¢oh lum 2 6C 873

krus ta č’en hʔik’al 1 4B 283

krus ta č’en ta yolon nab 1 10C 753

krus ta hap ʔosil 1 6B 512

krus ta lom č’en 1 5B 437

krus ta mes toh 1 11A 809

krus ta minaš 1 3B 146

krus ta s¢eleh 1 4A 265

krus ta shol hč’ul-meʔtik 1 6B 503

krus ta sok’on 1 3B 130

krus ta tiʔ be 1 10C 759

krus ta toh 1 3C 199

krus ta volol tontik 1 4C 336

krus ta yak’ol č’en hʔik’al 1 4B 283

krus ta yak’ol nen ton 1 3A 104

krus ta yak’ol sna hʔernantisetik 1 4B 323

krus ta yaleb taiv 1 4B 320

krus ta yelav htek-lum 1 4B 288

krus ta yok ʔa¢’am 1 3A 59

krusal be 2 2C 836

krusal be 3 4B 977

krusal be ʔič’ob ʔipal 1 4C 357

krusal be sčikin smok hvaltoletik 1 4C 361

krusal be ta čameb hčamuʔ 1 4B 281

krusero be 1 6A 475

krusila 5 4B 102

kunul bak 3 2B 940

kupasmi 5 5B 195

kupihano 5 4B 116

kupiya 5 5B 197

kušulil voʔ 1 10C 779

k’ailtik 1 7D 625

k’ak’et krus 1 3C 213

k’ak’et krus 1 4C 358

k’am-šoč 1 2B 30

k’am-šoč 3 2B 946

k’am-šoč ta ba kampana č’en 1 7B 594

k’an-teʔ 1 5A 385

k’an-teʔ 1 5A411

k’anal ʔišimtik 1 4A 233

k’anal lumtik 1 4B 274

k’anal lumtik 1 4B 299

k’anal lumtik 1 4D 374

k’anal lumtik 1 8C 658

k’anal lumtik 1 8D 685

k’anal lumtik 3 1B 903

k’anal lumtik 3 2C 951

k’anal ton 1 8C 664

k’anal ton 1 10C 762

k’anob čih moletik 1 11B 813

k’atal be 1 3B 119

k’atal be 1 6D 580

k’atal be 1 8D 684

k’atal be 2 4C 863

k’atal be 3 1B 924

k’atal be 3 4B 986

k’atal be belel sok’on 1 3B 173

k’atal be šk’ot ta setel ton 1 4B 303

k’atal betik ta shelavel šʔukun 3 1D 939

k’atal betik yav hom 3 4B 980

k’at’iš 1 5D 460

k’at’iš ta tulan 1 4B 277

k’at’ištik 1 6C 574

k’elob ʔosil 1 5B 432

k’eveš 1 4A 250

k’ol-k’oštik 3 1B 898

k’olo-maštik 1 3B 198

k’olo-maštik 1 5B 430

k’olo-maštik 1 6B 505

k’on lum 1 6C 550

k’onk’on lum 1 6C 550

k’oš ʔasyento 1 12C 831

k’oš voʔ 1 3B 178

k’oš voʔ 1 10C 784

k’uk’ č’en 1 7C 613

k’ulebal 1 10C 790

k’ulebal santa-roša 1 10C 778

k’ulebal yolon ¢ahal mutut 1 10C 773

la mesíya 5 2B 8

lač-čikin 2 4C 851

laguna 5 4B 147

láha tendiro 5 3B 49

lahča-voʔ 4 2C 1029

lamleb vakaš 4 1C 1016

lansa vi¢ 1 2A 12

lansa vi¢ 5 4B 86

latikil voʔ 1 8C 673

lek’ob ʔa¢’am kaʔ 1 5A 402

limatik 5 4B 114

limetonal voʔ 1 6C 548

limon 5 2A 4

limon 5 3B 41

limoš hol 5 3A 24

loʔboltik 1 10C 793

loʔob čih 1 10C 758

loʔobtik 1 3A 57

lok’ santo 1 5D 462

lok’eb šuč 1 3B 191

lok’em hč’ul-meʔtik 1 5A 386

lok’esob ton ta na čih 1 4B 322

lolores 5 4B 109

lom č’en 1 9C 708

lom č’en 3 1B 908

lom č’en 3 1B 910

lom č’entik 1 4B 286

lom č’entik 1 10C 755

lomal tohtik 4 3B 1036

lomol čihil teʔtik 1 4D 375

lomol šimoʔ 1 11C 820

lomol šokom 1 4A 241

lopis matyo 5 5B 181

lorio 1 11C 822

los ʔáltos de heriko 5 4C 153

los ʔorkónes 5 2B 20

lučleb šulem 1 6A 478

lučul ton krus 1 7C 607

lukumtik 1 2B 25

lum čak voʔ 1 10C 798

mačal voʔ 1 8D 676

mačita 1 5A 403

madronal 5 3A 28

mahbil ta čauk vinik 1 10C 792

mahob čenek’ 4 1C 1015

mahob pepen 1 4A 239

maluko 5 4B 149

manko 1 10B 742

manko ta s¢’el tiʔ tontik 3 5C 1005

mankornal ton 4 6C 1056

mankornal tulan 1 4B 329

mankotik 1 6A 465

mankotik 1 10B 742

mankotik 5 4B 127

marimpa č’en 4 1C 1017

markanton 5 3B 31

martil 1 3A 54

matamoro 5 4B 77

matanika 5 5B 183

matastik 1 9C 719

merikoal voʔ 1 10C 794

mersel 5 4B 79

mes teʔtik 1 3B 155

mes teʔtik ta yolon yav sna čoto 1 3B 175

mes teʔtik ta pat tiʔ be 1 3B 176

mesia 5 4B 92

mi¢i-ton 5 4A 53

minaš 1 3B 129

minaš 4 6C 1060

minaš ta yak’ol tok’oyal voʔ 1 3B 137

minaš yuʔun karvon 1 3B 194

mišik’ balamil 1 3A 70

mišik’ pom 3 2C 958

mit’mit’ č’en 2 6C 871

moč teʔ 1 4A 244

mohon 1 3B 161

mohon 1 4B 313

mohon s¢’el sna ʔuloʔetik 1 2B 31

mol čikin-ib ta ʔak’ol ravol 1 3A 108

mol čik’ob tan 1 4B 309

mol k’at’iš 1 6B 519

mol k’ulebal 1 9C 716

mol toh 1 3B 199

mol tulan 1 4B 296

mol tulan 2 6C 870

montahiltik 5 3B 50

mónte hímba 5 4B 129

mónte ríko 5 5B 191

mu¢ob ton 1 6B 525

muhural 1 12C 830

mukenal 1 6C 569

mukenal 1 9C 700

mukenal 1 10B 752

mukenal ta č’ištik 1 3C 204

mukenal voʔ 1 3C 217

mukenal yuʔun hok’ č’enom 1 8C 674

mukenal yuʔun pe¢ toh 1 6A 484

mukenal yuʔun yaleb taiv 1 5B 434

mukob tuento 1 4D 367

muk’ta ʔah-teʔtik 1 8D 681

muk’ta ʔok’oč 1 10C 800

muk’ta ʔuk’um 1 10B 736

muk’ta ba čokoʔ 1 4A 229

muk’ta ba k’o 2 7C 878

muk’ta ba¢’i teʔ 1 4B 313

muk’ta be-oʔ 2 4C 862

muk’ta čikin-ib 1 6B 507

muk’ta č’iš 1 6A 477

muk’ta kármen 5 4B 127A

muk’ta krus 1 3A 61

muk’ta mutut 1 11C 819

muk’ta nab 3 1D 938

muk’ta nab 5 5B 180

muk’ta nič 5 4A 74

muk’ta poso 3 4B 978

muk’ta potovtik 1 8D 688

muk’ta slomleh 1 5C 454

muk’ta slomleh 1 5D 458

muk’ta teʔ 1 2A 9

muk’ta teʔ 1 4B 329

muk’ta teʔ s¢’akinaheb hnupunel 1 4D 369

muk’ta toč’ 1 3C 206

muk’ta toh 1 6B 497

muk’ta ton 1 3A 64

muk’ta ton 2 8B 883

muk’ta tulan 1 3B 169

muk’ta vi¢ 1 2B 16

muk’ta vi¢ 1 6B 506

muk’ta vi¢ 1 7C 613

muk’ta vi¢ 5 4A 63

muk’ta vi¢ 5 4A 73

muk’ta voʔ 1 3A 103

muk’ta voʔ 1 8D 678

muyel kampanatik 1 9C 709

muyeltilc k’anal lumtik 3 1B 915

na ʔik’ 1 10B 744

na čivo 1 11C 817

na hoh 1 3A 52

na kašlan 1 6B 522

na maštik 1 11C 818

na šulemtik 1 10C 757

na ta pit 1 10D 806

na volov 1 6A 489

na vonon 1 10B 747

nab 3 1B 902

nab ta lansa vi¢ 1 2A 10

nab ta naben čauk 1 6C 540

nab ta pahal čiš-teʔ 1 4C 349

nab ta šʔukun 3 1D 937

nab ta šul-voʔ 1 4C 351

nab ta yut smok ʔamališ 3 1B 916

načoh 5 3B 33

nail č’en 1 10B 748

nail č’en 1 10C 765

nail č’en ta šʔukun 3 2D 962

nail č’en ta yolon muk’ta be 1 10C 754

nail teʔ ta yok sak-č’en 1 2B 28

nakleb ʔok 2 4C 849

nantaburiʔ 5 5B 173

nantalum 5 4B 111

nantamuhuʔ 5 4B 119

nantayapa 5 5B 176

nantayu¢i 5 4B 118

naranhail voʔ 1 10C 795

naranhatik 3 1C 931

narsiso 5 5B 206

natihočob 3 3B 968

natiholom 5 4B 89

natil stenteh 1 6A 494

nativirat 5 4C 163

ne kotomtik ta yelav sak-č’en 1 2B 32

nekeb vi¢ 1 2B 17

nekeb vi¢ 1 3B 117

nekeb vi¢ 1 5B 416

neleh ¢on-teʔ 1 7C 606

nen ton 1 3A 99

ni-nab ʔa¢’am 1 4A 234

ni-nab ʔuk’um 1 5A 386

ni-nab ʔuk’um 2 4C 859

ni-nab čak tan 1 4A 246

ni-nab čiloʔ 1 3A 107

ni-nab čoke 1 4A 228

ni-nab k’ak’eb 1 7D 634

ni-nab sikil ʔuk’um 4 2C 1029

ni-nab voʔ 1 10C 787

ni-nab voʔtik 1 4B 297

ni-nab yuk’umal čakan pom 4 2C 1027

nibak 2 9B 886

nič nabtik 1 3B 148

noéve ʔera 5 5B 208

noévo leon 5 4B 75

noktik 1 2B 49

noktikil ʔuk’um 1 3C 202

nuhul č’en 1 3A 53

nukul pattik 1 6C 564

nupob ʔornamentu 1 3A 97

nupob ʔornamentu 1 5A 390

nupob ʔornamentu 1 6B 520

nupob ʔornamentu 1 6C 575

nupob ʔornamentu ta yak’ol sna mol kasya 1 6B 518

nupob-bail krus 1 10C 789

nupob k’uʔul 1 3A 71

nupob ničim 1 9C 704

nupob ničim 1 10C 790

pač’al yiʔtik 1 3B 142

pah-ʔulal voʔ 1 9B 693

pahal be 1 3B 181

pahal be 1 4C 337

pahal be 1 8C 659

pahal be 1 8C 670

pahal be 1 10C 772

pale ton 1 3C 214

paral 5 4C 154

pasteʔal voʔ 1 4D 371

páso de čiápa 5 5B 186

páso yuʔun san-antonyo 5 5B 172

pat ʔahtik 3 1C 934

pat ʔapas 1 7D 620

pat ʔera 1 6C 551

pat ʔosil 1 4B 300

pat ʔosil 1 9C 703

pat ʔosil 3 1B 896

pat betik 2 4C 852

pat č’ohbil tohtik 1 2B 20

pat hol bolom 3 5C 1003

pat kalvario 1 3A 101

pat k’at’iš 1 5D 457

pat k’at’iš 1 5D 461

pat moktik 3 1B 901

pat mol na 1 3B 184

pat sakil č’en 1 6C 570

pat šk’uk’ teʔ 1 7C 614

pat teʔal ʔuk’um 1 10B 737

pat teʔal ʔuk’um 1 10B 741

pat teʔtik 1 10C 774

pat tiʔ be ta yosil ʔaleman 1 3B 176

pat tihob tak’in 1 6C 560

pat toh 1 3A 93

pat tontik 1 4B 276

pe¢ toh 1 6A 488

pe¢’tik 1 6B 499

peškária ʔuk’um 1 11C 823

petoktik 1 3C 223

pila 2 8A 882

pinola 5 3A 27

plan 5 4B 96

planta 2 7C 880

poblason 5 2B 19

poketal voʔ 1 4B 294

pokoʔ be 1 6A 482

pokoʔ na ʔiskipula 1 3A 74

pok’eb 3 4B 971

pomal voʔ 1 10C 796

popol ton 1 3A 95

portin 3 1B 922

portin 3 5C 1000

portiyo 5 3B 46

porvenir 5 2B 14

potosin 1 3 A 78

prudensya 5 2B 5

puhtik 1 4B 291

pulatual voʔ 1 12B 829

pum-lahan ʔuk’um 2 3C 841

pus č’en 1 5B 441

pus č’en 1 6C 547

pus č’en 3 1B 921

puyal voʔ 1 3B 190

puyal voʔ 1 4B 286

pwénte kolgánte 5 5B 179

pwérto ʔokote 1 11B 810

pwérto méhiko 5 4B 123

p’aheb tum hkašlan 1 7D 616

p’ehel ton 1 8C 656

p’ih č’en 1 5B 438

p’llišal voʔ 1 7D 636

rančero 5 3B 37

ránčo-alelísa 5 4B 144

ránčo noévo 5 5B 192

ránčo san-antonyo 5 4B 151

ránčo san-matyuʔ 5 4C 164

ránčo víspo 5 4B 133

ráyo ʔalpáro 5 4B 134

rekreo 5 4B 113

rekwérdo 5 4B 100

resal č’en 1 11C 814

ribéra del ʔamatal 5 5B 199

río dorádo 5 4C 159

río san-agustin 5 4B 106

rosario 1 11A 807

rosario 5 3A 21

róyo de ʔeskaído 5 5B 187

róyo ránčo noévo 5 4B 135

saʔob č’ib 1 5B 422

sak-be 1 5A 393

sak-be 2 5C 868

sak-č’en 1 2B 21

sak-č’en 1 5 A 414

sak-č’en 1 5B 423

sak-č’en 1 6C 539

sak-č’en 1 11B 811

sak-č’en 3 1B 918

sak-hol ton 1 10C 805

sak-lum 2 4C 847

sak-lum 5 5B 170

sakil č’en 1 2B 21

sakil krus 1 3A 59

sakil na 1 3A 94

sakil roša 1 4C 362

sakil ton 1 3B 164

sakil tontik 1 2B 41

sakil tontik 1 7D 627

sakil voʔ 1 11A 808

saksak-krus 2 9B 888

sakwálpa 5 4A 57

san-antonyo 3 3D 970

san-antonyo 5 4B 141

san-bisénte 5 2B 13

san-bisénte 5 4B 126

san-fihényo 5 4C 155

san-fransisko 5 5B 210

san-hwakin 5 4B 84

san-hwakin 5 4B 125

san-hwan 5 4B 142

san-hwaníto 5 3B 34

san-kaytan 5 4B 81

san-kištoval 1 3A 76

san-lukaš 4 1D 1022

san-luis 5 3B 40

san-markuš 5 4B 140

san-markuš 5 5B 210

san-marsel 5 4B 104

san-martin 5 4B 148

san-mikulaš 5 3A 23

san-pékro 5 4B 105

san-sígro 3 4B 976

san-tiégo 5 3B 32

san-tukaš 4 1D 1022

sánta-elena 5 3B 44

sánta-krus 5 4B 122

sánta-krus 5 5B 193

sánta-loísa 5 3B 30

sánta-lusía 5 4B 82

sánto ʔaryo 5 2B 18

sánto teʔ 1 4A 243

sánto tomaš 5 4B 138

sap-yoktik 1 8D 683

sapotal 5 5B 203

sat voʔ 5 4B 101

satintik 1 4D 367

sba sloʔbol maltil boč 1 6A 471

sba yaʔal h¢o¢iletik 1 4A 274

sba yav sčob ʔantun lopis 1 2B 29

sba yosil ʔanima ʔalkalte 1 6A 467

sba yosil mol petul k’obyoš 1 4C 346

sbe-oʔal čenek’ teʔtik 1 6A 473

sbe-oʔal sak-č’en 1 5A 408

sbe-oʔal sak-lum 2 5C 868

sbe-cal sak-puk’an voʔ 1 6A 476

sbe-oʔal yosil ʔanima mol čeho 1 5A 406

sbe-oʔal sna šunkaʔ 1 5A 403

sbe skaʔ hhili-ʔatetik 1 3B 149

sbelel hečal voʔ 1 10C 776

sbelel sna hč’ul-meʔtik 1 5A 400

sbelel sna hč’ul-meʔtik 2 4C 854

sbelel stenteh lum 2 4C 853

sbelel yaʔal hpe¢ tohetik 1 6B 495

s¢eleh ʔik’al lumtik 1 5B 431

s¢eleh ba ʔontik 3 1B 925

s¢eleh mes teʔtik 3 1B 897

s¢eleh mohon 1 4C 340

s¢eleh teʔtik 1 4C 346

s¢eleh tohtik 1 3B 121

s¢eleh vov čitik 1 2C 51

s¢elehtik 1 3B 170

s¢elehtik 1 3B 190

s¢’el habnaltik ta šk’uk’ teʔ 1 7D 617

s¢’el voʔ ta ʔibestik 3 4B 986

sčameb mol koneho 1 3B 120

sč’ak sba belel ʔa¢’am 1 9A 690

sč’ak sba belel habnaltik 1 7B 600

sč’ak sba belel kokoʔontik 1 6C 544

sč’ak sba belel na čih 1 3B 151

sč’ak sba sbe hpintoletik 1 4C 337

sepel stenteh 2 3C 845

sepel ton 1 8C 668

séro bankil 5 4B 136

séro bérde 5 4B 139

setel hobel 4 5B 1054

setel ton 1 3B 141

setel ton 1 3B 152

setel ton 1 6C 558

séyo vola 5 4B 130

shečobal p’ilišal voʔ 1 7D 633

shečobal sna hruisetik 1 4C 340

shelavel sna mol manvel ʔok’il 1 3B 138

shomal 3 2B 941

shomal k’am-šoč’tik 1 6D 586

shomal saʔob č’ibtik 1 6D 587

shomal ta yolon sna hrominetik 3 5C 1001

shomal turasnutik 1 6D 582

shomal yaʔal šmail 1 5B 430

shomal yolon tenal voʔ 3 5C 1007

sikil ʔuk’um 5 4B 103

silensyo 5 4B 108

simyénto krus 1 8C 672

sip 5 4A 61

sitittik 1 10C 761

sk’aʔ ravol k’ohčoʔ 1 3A 102

skahve hrominetik 3 5B 995

skalvario hʔernantisetik 1 4B 325

skalvario hčikin-ibal voʔ 1 9C 725

skalvario hlorio 1 11C 817

skalvario hsek’emtik 1 8C 666

skalvario muk’ta hoyihel 1 8C 647

skrus ʔalbmoetik 1 3A 89

skrus ʔanima mol ʔantun vet 1 3A 80

skrus ʔanima mol manvel k’obyoš 1 3A 79

skrus čep k’olo-maš 1 4B 314

skrus hburoetik 1 3A 75

skrus h¢o¢iletik 1 4A 260

skrus hčiloetik 1 6B 535

skrus hmartinisetik 1 6B 526

skrus maryan ʔok’il 1 3A 90

skrus mekoetik 1 3A 90

skrus mol markuš tan hol 1 3B 197

skrus mol nišyo 1 3A 90

skrus mol petul buro 1 3A 87

skrus mol sarate 1 3A 86

skrus šun buro 1 3B 172

skrus tan hol 1 3A 84

sk’aʔ-na ʔiskipula 1 3A 74

sk’aʔ-ravol k’ohčoʔ 1 3A 102

slomleh ʔač’eltik 1 4B 297

slomleh hvaltoletik 1 4C 356

slomleh krus mol 1 4D 365

slomleh šlok’ č’ail ta č’en 1 4D 376

slomleh tum 1 4D 370

slomleh turesnutik 1 5D 456

slomleh yosil ʔanima palas k’obyoš 1 5C 446

smukenal hʔelan voʔ 1 3C 218

smukenal hnaben čauk 1 6B 521

smukenal hpasteʔ 1 3C 219

smukenal hsek’emtik 1 8C 657

smukenal hyaʔal ¢’iʔetik 1 9C 712

sna ¢ankuʔ 2 4C 861

sna kušul rioš 1 5A 391

sna mayštro ta sek’emtik 1 8C 667

snup sba be ta čikin-ib 1 6C 554

sokoltenángo 5 2B 7

soktom 5 5B 185

somprerito 5 5B 204

sompreron 4 6C 1058

soral buro 1 3B 165

soral moktik 2 2C 835

soraltik 3 1B 917

sportin soltero 3 5C 1000

stenteh 1 4B 304

stenteh ¢’ubal lum 1 10C 801

stenteh lum 1 6A 469

stenteh yaleb taiv 1 10C 802

stiʔ be pelis 1 3A 96

stiʔ sbe mol lukaš ¢o¢il 1 3B 136

st’inleh tohtik 1 2B 43

sučyápa 5 5B 213

suron ton 1 5B 425

sutut teʔ 1 5A 407

suytik 3 2B 945

šam-pilpe 5 4A 55

šantikil voʔ ta vi¢tik 3 2C 952

šʔeč’ ta koyoral 1 9C 722

šʔoč belel ba č’en 1 10C 763

šʔoč belel kranado 5 3B 38

šʔoč belel ne kotomtik 1 2B 38

šʔoč belel pat tohtik 1 7B 598

šʔoč belel san-lukaš 4 1D 1021

šʔoč belel tiʔ nail č’en 1 4B 324

šʔoč belel turasnutik 1 3B 160

šʔoč sbe skaro ʔaleman 1 2B 50

šʔukun 3 1D 935

šʔukun k’eveš 1 4A 254

šbat belel muk’ta nab 3 1D 936

šbat belel pat vi¢ 1 6B 510

šbat belel šoktik 3 5C 1005

šila ton 3 1B 919

šila ton 3 2C 959

šišib tontik 1 4B 279

šišib tontik 1 5A 409

škankreh 5 4B 110

šk’ehi belel ʔa¢’am 1 4A 244

šk’ehi belel ʔapas ta sna mol ʔiyen 1 6B 511

šk’ehi belel voʔ-bi¢ 1 4A 244

šk’ehp’uh belel k’on lum 1 6C 549

šk’elvan vinik 2 4C 855

šk’ot ta šila ton 3 2C 953

šk’uk’ teʔ 1 7C 612

šlok’ be ta čič teʔ 2 4C 854

šlok’ pahal voʔ ta čak loʔboltik ta šok 1 6A 466

šlok’ sbe hbarioetik 1 4A 238

šlok’ voʔ č’en ta ʔik’al lum 1 4A 263

šlok’ yoʔon ton 2 3C 840

šmuy sbelel shol hč’ul-meʔtik 1 6B 508

šohol ¢i¢tik 1 3A 109

šok 1 6A 467

šokon na ʔik’ 1 6C 565

šokon sakil č’en 1 2B 26

šokon yav sčob kuk 1 2B 43

šokon yek’lal kaʔ tulan 1 2B 42

šoktik 3 5C 1010

šul voʔ 1 4C 347

šuš voʔ 1 10B 743

šutio 5 4B 99

šyal belel pahal be 1 6D 589

šyal bik’it be šk’ot ta san-lukaš 3 2D 965

t šlok’ ʔuk’um ta loʔboltik ta ¢’ub 1 6A 492

t šlok’ ʔuk’um ta yolon ʔis-ak’tik 1 5B 419

taʔal ¢ele-pat 1 7B 597

taʔal hom 1 7C 608

taki-ʔuk’um 1 4B 317

taki-ʔuk’um 1 9C 698

taki-be-oʔ 1 10B 735

taki-be-oʔ 5 5B 168

taki-be-oʔ ta belel ʔač’ lum 4 1D 1024

tanke yuʔun šuč’ 1 3B 191

teleb ʔanima 1 9C 718

tenel čikin-ibtik 3 2D 961

tenob tak’in 1 5A 410

teopiska 5 3A 24

tiʔ be 1 5A 387

tiʔ be belel htek-lum 1 3B 163

tiʔ be kaʔ 1 4D 380

tiʔ be ta nab 1 3B 140

tiʔ be ta yak’ol bik’it nič 4 3B 1039

tiʔ č’olivtik 1 4B 275

tiʔ naetik 1 5A 390

tiʔ nail č’en 1 5B 440

tiʔ tohtik 1 1A 1

tiʔ tohtik 1 9C 695

tiʔ tohtik ta ba šoktik 3 5C 1009

tiʔ tontik 1 3A 101

tiʔ voʔ 1 4B 293

tihera 1 2A 6

tihi-nuk’al voʔ 1 3B 133

tohtik ta yolon šoktik 3 5C 1014

tohtikal voʔ 1 7C 611

tohtikal voʔ 1 8C 662

tohtikil voʔ 1 5C 447

tok’oyal voʔ 1 3B 133

ton k’ail 1 5C 445

tonaladito 5 3B 36

ton ¢’ikin 1 2B 15

top’olil voʔ 1 9C 726

trapič 5 4A 74

tuil voʔ 4 4B 1048

tulanil voʔ 1 5C 455

tulanka 5 3A 22

tulantik 3 1B 899

turasnutik 1 3B 147

turesnutik 1 7C 605

tušnuk’ teʔtik 4 1C 1019

tušta 5 5B 198

tuttik 1 6C 556

tuttik 1 8C 645

tuttikal ʔuk’um 1 6C 563

tuvoʔ 2 5C 866

tyéra blánka 5 2B 12

tyéra blánka 5 3B 43

tyéra pintado 5 3B 42

t’aht’ah be 1 4A 260

t’el tohtik 1 3B 183

vaʔal šokom 2 4C 864

vaʔal ton 1 3C 220

vaʔal ton 1 4B 280

vaʔal ton 1 5C 449

vaʔal ton 1 6B 509

vaʔal ton 1 8C 663

vač k’ulebal 1 10C 780

vakatenango 5 3A 29

vakaš ton 1 3A 69

vakaš ton 1 3C 216

valalupa 5 2B 11

valalupa 5 4B 97

ventana 1 2A 7

ventana č’en 5 3B 48

vi¢il naben čauk 1 6B 503

vi¢il naben čauk 1 6B 506

víya las rósas 5 3A 27

vispera 5 4B 115

voʔ-č’oh voʔ 1 3A 105

voʔ skwenta šok 1 6A 464

voʔ ta ʔalavenatik 1 3B 171

voʔ ta ʔelan voʔ 3 1B 905

voʔ ta ʔibestik 3 5B 996

voʔ ta ʔik’al lumtik 1 5B 427

voʔ ta čikin-ibal voʔ 1 9D 728

voʔ ta č’iš 1 3B 179

voʔ ta muk’ta vi¢ 1 2B 27

voʔ ta natil stenteh 1 6A 491

voʔ ta nič teʔtik 4 3B 1038

voʔ ta pasteʔ 1 4D 371

voʔ ta puhtik 1 3B 143

VOʔ ta p’ih 1 5B 442

voʔ ta sak-lum 2 4C 846

voʔ ta sok’on 1 3B 143

voʔ ta šokon mušul vi¢ 1 3A 62

voʔ ta šʔukun 3 2D 964

voʔ ta šul-voʔ 1 4C 350

voʔ ta toh 1 8D 678

voʔ ta tulan 1 4B 277

voʔ ta yaʔal šulem 1 6A 491

voʔ ta yaleb taiv 1 5B 433

voʔ ta yut č’en 1 8D 680

vok’eb se¢’ 1 12B 829

vok’em tenel teʔ 5 4A 58

vok’ob šokom 1 3A 113

volol ʔon teʔtik 1 4A 247

volol tontik ta ba pok’eb 1 6D 581

vom č’en 1 4C 353

vom č’enal voʔ 1 4D 372

vuk-voʔ 1 8A 638

vuku-moč 1 10C 775

vunal 5 4B 119

vuš ton 1 3B 189

vuš ton 5 4B 98

yaʔahvil 1 2A 7

yaʔal ʔač’ mcʔel 1 9C 699

yaʔal ʔakuš 1 8D 685

yaʔal ʔalyaš 1 4A 225

yaʔal ʔana 1 5A 403

yaʔal ʔanima 1 4A 225

yaʔal ʔantel 1 10C 783

yaʔal ʔantun tontik 1 6B 524

yaʔal ʔuč 1 3A 77

ya’al bik’it hoyihel 1 8C 645

yaʔal buro 1 3A 62

yaʔal ¢’iʔ 1 9C 720

yaʔal čep teratol 1 4B 289

yaʔal čep tuluk’ 1 6B 527

yaʔal čitom 1 10C 767

yaʔal čolol 1 7D 635

yaʔal hʔernantisetik 1 4B 331

yaʔal hʔesetik 1 4C 333

yaʔal hʔik’al ta pat muk’ta vi¢ 1 2A 14

yaʔal hʔoko¢etik 1 4B 331

yaʔal hʔok’iletik 1 4A 267

yaʔal hbulučetik 1 6B 538

yaʔal h¢o¢iletik 1 4A 269

yaʔal h¢uetik 1 6B 536

yaʔal hčaynaetik 1 7C 613

yaʔal hč’oetik 1 3B 174

yaʔal heš 1 3B 126

yaʔal hhobelahel 1 3C 208

yaʔal hkokovetik 1 4B 307

yaʔal hkomisetik 1 4B 307

yaʔal hkulantuetik 1 3B 193

yaʔal hk’ak’et teʔ 1 8C 654

yaʔal hk’obyošetik 1 4C 332

yaʔal hk’oetik 1 4B 295

ya’al hk’on lumetik 1 6C 548

yaʔal hmeʔtik čepa 1 3B 178

yaʔal hmin 1 8C 646

yaʔal hmučiketik 1 3B 177

yaʔal hnuhetik 1 3B 150

yaʔal hrominetik 1 3B 124

yaʔal hsan-antonyo 3 3C 969

yaʔal hsan-tukaš meʔel 1 9C 699

yaʔal hsek’emtik 1 7C 611

yaʔal hsimyénto krusetik 1 8D 676

yaʔal hsisiletik 1 6B 537

yaʔal hsoktom 2 3C 844

yaʔal hšakrišetik 1 6B 533

yaʔal hšutetik 1 4B 293

yaʔal hteratoletik 1 4B 292

yaʔal htontobetik 1 3B 139

yaʔal htontobetik 1 4B 331

yaʔal htuluk’etik 1 4B 310

yaʔal hutub 1 6C 559

yaʔal hvi¢etik 1 6B 532

yaʔal kaʔ 1 3B 157

yaʔal kaʔ 1 7C 610

yaʔal kaʔ ta ¢’el ʔis-ak’tik 1 4A 272

yaʔal kulahteʔ 1 5D 463

yaʔal lantu 1 4D 383

yaʔal lores 3 4B 972

yaʔal manvel romin 1 3B 143

yaʔal markuš hoyihel 1 8C 649

yaʔal maryan pat ʔosil 1 6B 531

yaʔal meʔel 1 4B 292

yaʔal mol mikel ʔok’il 1 4A 268

yaʔal mol šap vaskes 1 9D 729

yaʔal šap kalvarioetik 1 8C 665

yaʔal šmail 1 5B 429

yaʔal špavav 3 4B 973

yaʔal šulem 1 6B 496

yaʔal teleš ʔač’eltik 1 4A 266

yaʔal vakaš 1 6B 514

yaʔal vakaš 2 8C 885

yaʔam ton 2 2C 838

ya¢’am kaʔ 2 7C 877

yah-teʔ kotom 3 4B 974

yak’ob ¢’ub 1 5B 417

yak’ol ʔeklišya 1 6D 577

yak’ol ʔis-ak’tik 1 5A 415

yak’ol habnal č’en 3 2B 948

yak’ol kampana č’en 3 4B 981

yak’ol k’eveš 1 4A 253

yak’ol naetik 1 5A 384a

yak’ol voʔ sna mol kirivin 1 5B 436

yak’ol yav sčob komis 1 2B 33

yalavenatik 5 2A 2

yaleb voʔ 1 3C 210

yalel ¢’albil teʔ 2 4C 857

yalel čikin-ibtik 2 4C 850

yaš-tinintik 1 4B 312

yašal ʔosil 1 5 A 395

yašal č’en 3 4B 982

yašal krus 4 1D 1026

yav ʔasyento 1 10B 734

yav ʔeklišya 1 10B 751

yav ʔeklišya 1 11C 826

yav ʔera ta p’ih 1 5B 439

yav ʔišim 1 10B 738

yav č’ivit 2 4C 858

yav hom 1 3B 182

yav hom 1 4D 379

yav koral 3 4C 993

yav k’aʔ-k’o 1 6A 468

yav loʔbol 1 10C 756

yav lok’ob-bail 1 8C 660

yav mailtik 3 2D 960

yav mulino 1 3B 195

yav na ta nab 1 10B 749

yav nab 1 2A 10

yav nab 1 3B 180

yav nab 1 4A 226

yav nab 2 2C 837

yav nab ta yolon sna čep tontob 1 4C 352

yav nabtik 1 4B 306

yav naetik 1 4C 341

yav naetik 1 5 A 413

yav naetik 1 10C 760

yav pus 1 4B 328

yav pus 3 4C 988

yav rikotik 1 3B 191

yav san-hose 5 4B 76

yav sčob hpulanetik 1 2B 22

yav sčob komis 1 2B 35

yav sčob krus 1 3B 158

yav sčob krus mol 1 2B 40

yav sčob pelis 1 3B 159

yav shorn sčih hravoletik 12B 19

yav sna ʔanima kalo 1 6A 475

yav sna ʔanima mol šun ʔoko¢ 1 4A 249

yav sna čak veš 4 6B 1055

yav sna čoto 1 3B 168

yav sna hčamuʔ 1 6D 585

yav sna hmak-sik 1 2B 47

yav sna hmuk’ta hok’ 1 10B 749

yav sna mol lol ¢oʔoptik 1 2B 46

yav sna mut 3 4B 975

yav šuč’ 1 7B 596

yav teltel na 1 5A 410

yav ten 1 4D 382

yav tiʔ be skwenta yut yiʔtl 1 6A 472

yek’lal kaʔ tulan 1 2B 36

yelav sna mol čep kon¢eres 1 3B 115

yemeltik 1 3A 63

yemeltik ta na čih 1 4B 327

yemenal voʔ 1 6C 568

yiʔal yuʔun belel bik’it nič 4 3B 1033

yič’ob ʔik’ hʔik’al 1 3B 127

yič’ob ʔip ʔanima 1 3B 138

yič’ob ʔip ʔanima 1 3B 144

yič’ob ʔip hč’ul-totik ta toč’ 1 3C 213

yočeb voʔ 1 10C 771

yočob 1 6C 540

yočob 1 10C 758

yočob ta bik’it toč’ 1 3C 211

yočob ta muk’ta toč’ 1 3C 207

yok ʔon teʔtik 3 1C 929

yok ʔontik 3 1C 929

yok mušul vi¢ 1 3A 64

yok ni-oʔ 2 3C 843

yok sakil č’en 1 2B 24

yok sakil č’en 1 6C 571

yok sisil vi¢ 1 3A 106

yok vi¢ ta tihob tak’in 1 6C 561

yokinaheb nab 1 3B 134

yokyok vi¢tik ta ʔapas 1 7C 615

yol teʔ krus 1 4C 334

yolon č’en 1 5A 398

yolon č’en 1 5A 399

yolon č’en 5 4B 80

yolon mukenal 1 6A 480

yolon natil stenteh 1 6A 487

yolon sna ʔantun ʔiyen 1 6B 507

yolon sna mol hwan 1 5B 437

yolon sna hrominetik 3 5C 999

yolon yav sčob kuk 1 2B 45

yolon yek’lal kaʔ tulan 1 2B 39

yosil maltil romin 1 4A 242

yosil maryan k’obyoš 1 5B 443

yosil mayštro 1 6D 584

yosil mol ʔoko¢ ta ʔana hobeltik 1 5C 453

yosil mol hili-ʔat 1 4B 308

yosil mol hilverto 4 7C 1063

yosil mol k’o 1 4A 259

yosil yakan č’o 1 3B 167

yuk’umal ʔačote 5 5B 184

yuk’umal ʔučtik 5 5B 166

yuk’umal bik’it nič 4 3B 1042

yuk’umal briyante 5 4C 161

yuk’umal ¢’aheb 1 10B 741

yuk’umal kayahon 5 5B 196

yuk’umal krus ʔálto 5 5B 167

yuk’umal k’ak’eb 3 5C 1011

yuk’umal k’elob ʔosil 5 4B 94

yuk’umal laha 5 5B 165

yuk’umal makoyta 5 4C 158

yuk’umal matanika 5 5B 171

yuk’umal milame 5 4B 95

yuk’umal nantaburiʔ 5 5B 178

yuk’umal nantayapa 5 5B 182

yuk’umal pit 5 5B 175

yuk’umal san-matyuʔ 5 4C 162

yuk’umal san-torenso 5 4B 78

yuk’umal santo rominko 5 5B 209

yuk’umal toč’ 1 3C 203

yuk’umal vunal 5 4B 107

yuk’unaheb hšutetik 1 4B 298

yut č’en 1 7D 622

yut mohon 1 4B 330

yut yiʔal 1 7A 590

yut yošoʔ-k’otik 1 1A 3

Maps

KEY FOR MAP ONE

1 1A tiʔ tohtik

2 1A ʔičin ton

3 1A yut yošoʔ-k’otik

4 1A kinta

5 2A ¢ahal lumtik

6 2A tihera

7 2A ventana

7 2A yaʔahvil

8 2A ʔan¢il ton

9 2A muk’ta teʔ

10 2A nab ta lansa vi¢

10 2A yav nab

11 2A kampor

12 2A lansa vi¢

13 2A ʔak’ol ravol

14 2A yaʔal hʔik’al ta pat muk’ta vi¢

15 2B ton ¢’ikin

16 2B muk’ta vi¢

17 2B nekeb vi¢

18 2B ba sak-č’en ta muk’ta vi¢

19 2B yav shorn sčih hravoletik

20 2B pat č’ohbil tohtik

21 2B sak-č’en

21 2B sakil č’en

22 2B yav sčob hpulanetik

23 2B čuklebal ton ta yok sak-č’en

24 2B yok sakil č’en

25 2B čanal teʔtik

25 2B čik’ob ʔak’altik

25 2B lukumtik

26 2B šokon sakil č’en

27 2B voʔ ta muk’ta vi¢

28 2B nail teʔ ta yok sak-č’en

29 2B čahal teʔ tik

29 2B sba yav sčob ʔantun lopis

30 2B k’am-šoč’

31 2B mohon s¢’el sna ʔuloʔetik

32 2B ne kotomtik ta yelav sak-č’en

33 2B yak’ol yav sčob komis

34 2B čameb mal hili-ʔat

35 2B yav sčob komis

36 2B yek’lal kaʔ tulan

37 2B ba ne kotomtik

38 2B šʔoč belel ne kotomtik

39 2B yolon yek’lal kaʔ tulan

40 2B yav sčob krus mol

41 2B sakil tontik

41 2B ʔik’al lumtik

42 2B šokon yek’lal kaʔ tulan

43 2B st’inleh tohtik

43 2B šokon yav sčob kuk

44 2B hol tohtik

45 2B yolon yav sčob kuk

46 2B yav sna mol lol ¢oʔoptik

47 2B yav sna hmak-sik

48 2B be-oʔal ʔisbontik

49 2B noktik

50 2B čak noktik

50 2B šʔoč sbe skaro ʔaleman

51 2C s¢eleh vov čitik

52 3A na hoh

53 3A bolom ton

53 3A nuhul č’en

54 3A martil

55 3A ʔinternado

56 3A č’ištikal voʔ

56 3A č’ištikil voʔ

57 3A burbučal voʔ

57 3A loʔobtik

58 3A ʔera

59 3A bik’it krus

59 3A krus ta yok ʔa¢’am

59 3A sakil krus

60 3A hol mušul vi¢

61 3A muk’ta krus

62 3A voʔ ta šoko’n mušul vi¢

62 3A yaʔal buro

63 3A yemeltik

64 3A muk’ta ton

64 3A yok mušul vi¢

65 3A ¢’uiltasob voʔ

66 3A čanob vun

67 3A kavilto

68 3A ʔač’ krus

69 3A vakaš ton

70 3A mišik’ balamil

71 3A krus ta ba ¢’uiltasbil voʔ

71 3A krus ta ba ʔuk’um

71 3 A nupob k’uʔul

72 3A ʔeklišya

73 3A ʔiskipula

74 3A pokoʔ na ʔiskipula

74 3A sk’aʔ-na ʔiskipula

75 3A skrus hburoetik

76 3A san-kištoval

77 3A yaʔal ʔuč

78 3A potosin

79 3A skrus ʔanima mol manvel k’obyoš

80 3A skrus ʔanima mol ʔantun vet

81 3A krus ʔuč

82 3A ʔisbontikal voʔ

83 3A hol san-kištoval

84 3A skrus tan hoi

85 3A krus mučik

86 3A skrus mol sarate

87 3A skrus mol petul buro

88 3A ʔik’al nab

89 3A skrus ʔalbinoetik

90 3A skrus maryan ʔok’il

90 3A skrus mekoetik

90 3A skrus mol nišyo

91 3A čihil teʔtikal voʔ

92 3A ʔa¢’am voʔ

93 3A pat toh

94 3A sakil na

95 3A popol ton

96 3A stiʔ be pelis

97 3A nupob ʔornamentu

98 3A č’ohol voʔ

99 3A nen ton

100 3A kalvario

101 3A pat kalvario

101 3A tiʔ tontik

102 3A sk’aʔ ravol k’ohčoʔ

102 3A sk’aʔ-ravol k’ohčoʔ

103 3A muk’ta voʔ

104 3A krus ta yak’ol nen ton

105 3A voʔ-č’oh voʔ

106 3A yok sisil vi¢

107 3A ni-nab čiloʔ

108 3A mol čikin-ib ta ʔak’ol ravol

109 3A kampo

109 3A šohol ¢i¢tik

110 3 A be-oʔ ta ba ravoltik

111 3A ¢i¢ ta yak’ol sna ʔantun lopis

112 3A hol sisil vi¢

113 3A vok’ob šokom

114 3B ba ravoltik

115 3B yelav sna mol čep kon¢eres

115 3B ʔunen teʔtik

116 3B ʔa¢’am voʔ

117 3B čapob vob

117 3B nekeb vi¢

118 3B bik’it mukenal

119 3B k’atal be

120 3B sčameb mol koneho

121 3B s¢eleh tohtik

122 3B ba č’en

123 3B č’en hʔik’al

124 3B yaʔal hrominetik

125 3B čukultik

126 3B yaʔal heš

127 3B yič’ob ʔik’ hʔik’al

128 3B ʔič’ob ʔipal

129 3B minaš

129 3B ʔak’ol mukenal

130 3B krus ta sok’on

131 3B čaʔ-pe¢ teʔ

132 3B belel č’ohbil tohtik

133 3B tihi-nuk’al voʔ

133 3B tok’oyal voʔ

134 3B yokinaheb nab

135 3B ¢’ahal nab

136 3B stiʔ sbe mol lukaš ¢o¢il

137 3B minaš ta yak’ol tok’oyal vʔ

138 3B shelavel sna mol manvel ʔok’il

138 3B yič’ob ʔip ʔanima

139 3B yaʔal htontobetik

140 3B tiʔ be ta nab

141 3B setel ton

142 3B pač’al yiʔtik

143 3B voʔ ta puhtik

143 3B voʔ ta sok’on

143 3B yaʔal manvel romin

144 3B yič’ob ʔip ʔanima

145 3B ʔisbontik yak’ol sna manvel sarate

146 3B krus ta minaš

146 3B ʔunen krus

147 3B turasnutik

148 3B nič nabtik

149 3B sbe skaʔ hhili-ʔatetik

150 3B yaʔal hnuhetik

151 3B sč’ak sba belel na čih

152 3B setel ton

153 3B ʔik’al lumtik

154 3B ba nič nabtik

154 3B ba turasnutik

155 3B mes tcʔtik

156 3B ¢’anal voʔ

157 3B yaʔal kaʔ

158 3B yav sčob krus

159 3B yav sčob pelis

160 3B šʔoč belel turasnutik

161 3B mohon

162 3B ʔak’ol tiʔ be

163 3B tiʔ be belel htek-lum

164 3B sakil ton

165 3B soral buro

166 3B čanob vun ta s¢elehtik

167 3B yosil yakan č’o

168 3B yav sna čoto

169 3B muk’ta tulan

170 3B s¢elehtik

171 3B voʔ ta ʔalavenatik

172 3B skrus šun buro

173 3B k’atal be belel sok’on

174 3B yaʔal hč’oetik

175 3B mes teʔtik ta yolon yav sna čoto

176 3B mes teʔtik ta pat tiʔ be

176 3B pat tiʔ be ta yosil ʔaleman

177 3B yaʔal hmučiketik

178 3B hušob k’ob čoʔ

178 3B k’oš voʔ

178 3B yaʔal hmeʔtik čepa

179 3B voʔ ta č’iš

180 3B yav nab

181 3B pahal be

182 3B yav hom

183 3B t’el tohtik

184 3B pat mol na

185 3B čameb čihtik

186 3B ¢oʔoptik

187 3B čak mok

188 3B ʔolon tiʔ be

189 3B vuš ton

190 3B puyal voʔ

190 3B s¢elehtik

191 3B lok’eb šuč’

191 3B tanke yuʔun šuč’

191 3B yav rikotik

192 3B čanob vun ta na čih

193 3B yaʔal hkulantuetik

194 3B komem papyan

194 3B minaš yuʔun karvon

195 3B yav mulino

197 3B skrus mol markuš tan hol

198 3B k’olo-maštik

199 3C krus ta toh

199 3B mol toh

200 3C koral vakaštik

201 3C č’ivit ta na čih

202 3C heč toč’

202 3C noktikil ʔuk’um

203 3C yuk’umal toč’

204 3C mukenal ta č’ištik

205 3C ʔahan tohtik

206 3C muk’ta toč’

207 3C yočob ta muk’ta toč’

208 3C yaʔal hhobelahel

209 3C krus ta ba yočob

210 3C yaleb voʔ

211 3Cbik’it toč’

211 3C yocob ta bik’it toč’

212 3C ʔik’al nail č’en

213 3C k’ak’et krus

213 3C krus ta ba toč’

213 3C yič’ob ʔip hč’ul-totik ta toč’

214 3C pale ton

215 3C bik’it voʔ

216 3C vakaš ton

217 3C mukenal voʔ

218 3C smukenal hʔelan voʔ

219 3C smukenal hpasteʔ

220 3C kelem ton

220 3C vaʔal ton

221 3C ʔavan č’en

222 3C ʔan¢il ton

223 3C petoktik

224 4A ¢ibtikal voʔ

225 4A yaʔal ʔalyaš

225 4A yaʔal ʔanima

226 4A yav nab

227 4A hol na ʔičin

227 4A ʔolon mukenal

228 4A ni-nab čokoʔ

229 4A muk’ta ba čokoʔ

230 4A hol ba k’o

231 4A bik’it ba čokoʔ

232 4A ¢emen vi¢

233 4A k’anal ʔišimtik

233 4A ʔeratik

234 4A ni-nab ʔa¢’am

235 4A belel mukenal

236 4A kotol ¢’iš

237 4A č’en htuk’avil

238 4A šlok’ sbe hbarioetik

239 4A mahob pepen

240 4A č’en ʔok’il

241 4A lomol šokom

242 4A yosil maltil romin

243 4A sánto teʔ

244 4A moč teʔ

244 4A šk’ehi belel voʔ-bi¢

244 4A šk’ehi belel ʔa¢’am

245 4A ¢ahal k’at’iš

246 4A ni-nab čak tan

247 4A volol ʔon teʔtik

248 4A čukul šokomtik

249 4A yav sna ʔanima mol šun ʔoko¢

250 4A k’eveš

250 4A ʔuk’um ta yolon šʔukun

251 4A ¢is čauktik

252 4A ʔik’al lumal krus

253 4A yak’ol k’eveš

254 4A šʔukun k’eveš

255 4A belel ʔon teʔ

255 4A čih-čonal voʔ

256 4A be-oʔal ¢is čauktik

257 4A hoyo č’en

258 4A heč šʔukun

259 4A yosil mol k’o

260 4A skrus h¢o¢iletik

260 4A t’aht’ah be

261 4A č’ut č’entik

262 4A čukul tontik

263 4A be-oʔal ʔik’al lum

263 4A šlok voʔ č’en ta ʔik’al lum

264 4A belel na čih

265 4A krus ta s¢eleh

266 4A yaʔal teleš ʔač’eltik

267 4A yaʔal hʔok’iletik

267 4A ʔač’eltik

268 4A yaʔal mol mikel ʔok’il

269 4A yaʔal h¢o¢iletik

270 4A ba ʔik’al lum

271 4A ʔik’al lumtik

272 4A yaʔal kaʔ ta e"el ʔis-ak’tik

273 4A bik’it vaʔal ton

274 4B k’anal lumtik

274 4A sba yaʔal h¢o¢iletik

275 4B tiʔ č’olivtik

276 4B pat tontik

277 4B k’at’iš ta tulan

277 4B voʔ ta tulan

278 4B č’iš ta ʔuk’um

279 4B šišib tontik

280 4B vaʔal ton

281 4B čameb k’ol-hol

281 4B čameb mok-hol

281 4B kmsal be ta čameb hčamuʔ

282 4B be-oʔ ta ʔah-teʔ

283 4B krus ta č’en hʔik’al

283 4B krus ta yak’ol č’en hʔik’al

284 4B be-oʔal vaʔal ton

285 4B hok’ob yiʔ

286 4B lom č’entik

286 4B puyal voʔ

287 4B homal ʔalavenatik

287 4B ʔalavenail voʔ

288 4B krus ta yelav htek-lum

289 4B yaʔal čep teratol

290 4B čanob vun ta pat ʔosil

291 4B puhtik

292 4B yaʔal hteratoletik

292 4B yaʔal meʔel

293 4B tiʔ voʔ

293 4B yaʔal hšutetik

294 4B č’ohol voʔ

294 4B poketal voʔ

295 4B yaʔal hk’oetik

296 4B mol tulan

297 4B ni-nab voʔtik

297 4B slomleh ʔač’eltik

298 4B yuk’unaheb hšutetik

299 4B k’anal lumtik

300 4B pat ʔosil

301 4B ʔakovtik

302 4B be-oʔ ta yolon sna mol k’o

303 4B k’atal be šk’ot ta setel ton

304 4B stenteh

305 4B ¢on-teʔ teʔtik

306 4B yav nabtik

307 4B yaʔal hkokovetik

307 4B yaʔal hkomisetik

308 4B yosil mol hili-ʔat

309 4B mol čik’ob tan

310 4B yaʔal htuluk’etik

311 4B be-oʔal mohon tulan

312 4B yaš-tinintik

313 4B mohon

313 4B muk’ta ba¢’i teʔ

314 4B skrus čep k’olo-maš

315 4B čik’ob tan

316 4B bwelta be ta taki-ʔuk’um

317 4B taki-ʔuk’um

318 4B čik’ob met

319 4B be-oʔal yaleb taiv

320 4B krus ta yaleb taiv

321 4B be-oʔal yav pus

322 4B lok’esob ton ta na čih

323 4B krus ta yak’ol sna hʔernantisetik

324 4B šʔoč belel tiʔ nail č’en

325 4B skalvario hʔernantisetik

326 4B be-oʔal č’a-teʔik

327 4B yemeltik ta na čih

327 4B ¢ahal yemel

328 4B yav pus

329 4B čak teʔtik

329 4B mankornal tulan

329 4B muk’ta teʔ

330 4B yut mohon

331 4B yaʔal htontobetik

331 4B yaʔal hʔemantisetik

331 4B yaʔal hʔoko¢etik

332 4C yaʔal hk’obyošetik

333 4C yaʔal hʔesetik

334 4C yol teʔ krus

335 4C č’a-teʔtik

336 4C krus ta volol tontik

337 4C belel pahal čiš-teʔ

337 4C pahal be

337 4C sč’ak sba sbe hpintoletik

338 4C čis-teʔtik

339 4C ba moktik

340 4C shečobal sna hruisetik

340 4C s¢eleh mohon

341 4C yav naetik

342 4C ¢eleh tontik šul-voʔ

343 4C ¢eleh tontik

344 4C ba nab homal stentehtik

345 4C č’en ta k’am-šoč’

346 4C sba yosil mol petul k’obyoš

346 4C s¢eleh teʔtik

347 4C šul voʔ

348 4C ba voʔ

349 4C nab ta pahal čiš-teʔ

350 4C voʔ ta šul-voʔ

351 4C nab ta šul-voʔ

352 4C yav nab ta yolon sna čep tontob

353 4C vom č’en

354 4C ʔan¢il ton ta yolon pahal čiš-teʔ

355 4C homal ʔosil

355 4C koral buro

356 4C slomleh hvaltoletik

357 4C hol tontik

357 4C krusal be ʔič’ob ʔipal

357 4C ¢eleh tontik

358 4C k’ak’et krus

359 4C čanob vun ta pasteʔ

360 4C ʔan¢il ton

361 4C krusal be sčikin smok hvaltoletik

362 4C sakil roša

363 4C ¢’unob trigotik

364 4C heč krus

365 4D slomleh krus mol

366 4D ¢ahal teʔtik č’ieb yisim čih

367 4D mukob tuento

367 4D satintik

368 4D č’ištikal voʔ

369 4D muk’ta teʔ s¢’akinaheb hnupunel

370 4D slomleh turn

371 4D č’entikal voʔ

371 4D pasteʔal voʔ

371 4D voʔ ta pasteʔ

372 4D vom č’enal voʔ

373 4D belel yav ten

374 4D k’anal lumtik

374 4D ¢’ubal lumtik

375 4D lomol čihil teʔtik

376 4D slomleh šlok’ č’ail ta č’en

377 4D heč k’anal lumtik

378 4D čak mok

379 4D yav hom

380 4D tiʔ be kaʔ

381 4D ba yav ten

382 4D yav ten

383 4D belel nič teʔtik

383 4D yaʔal lantu

384 4D čičoltik

384a 5A ba htek-lum

384a 5A yak’ol naetik

385 5A k’an-teʔ

386 5A lok’em hč’ul-meʔtik

386 5A ni-nab ʔuk’um

387 5A tiʔ be

388 5A be-oʔal lom ʔač’am

389 5A be-oʔ skwenta yak’ol ʔač’am

390 5A nupob ʔornamentu

390 5A tiʔ naetik

391 5A sna kušul rioš

392 5A be-oʔal k’aʔ-krus

393 5A sak-be

394 5A be-oʔ ta yolon sak-be

395 5A yašal ʔosil

396 5A be-oʔ skwenta yašal ʔosil

397 5A be-oʔal ʔoven ʔon

398 5A yolon č’en

399 5A yolon č’en

400 5A sbelel sna hč’ul-meʔtik

401 5A č’ah tontik

402 5A lek’ob ʔa¢’am kaʔ

403 5A mačita

403 5A sbe-oʔal sna šunkaʔ

403 5A yaʔal ʔana

404 5A be-oʔal yolon č’en

405 5A ʔač’ be

406 5A sbe-oʔal yosil ʔanima mol čeho

407 5A sutut teʔ

408 5A sbe-oʔal sak-č’en

409 5A šišib tontik

410 5A tenob tak’in

410 5A yav teltel na

411 5A k’an-teʔ

412 5A č’ul-ton

413 5A yav naetik

414 5A sak-č’en

415 5B ba ʔis-ak’tik

415 5A yak’ol ʔis-ak’tik

416 5B nekeb vi¢

417 5B yak’ob ¢’ub

418 5B ʔis-ak’tik

419 5B t šlok’ ʔuk’um ta yolon ʔis-ak’tik

420 5B be-oʔal sak-č’en

421 5B belel ʔis-ak’tik

422 5B č’entik ta yaʔal šimail

422 5B saʔob č’ib

423 5B sak-č’en

424 5B ¢’akal čik’ob tan

425 5B suron ton

426 5B be-oʔal yaʔal šmail

427 5B voʔ ta ʔik’al lumtik

427 5B ʔalavenail voʔ

428 5B čanob vun ta yaleb taiv

429 5B yaʔal šmail

430 5B k’olo-maštik

430 5B shomal yaʔal šmail

431 5B s¢eleh ʔik’al lumtik

432 5B k’elob ʔosil

433 5B voʔ ta yaleb taiv

434 5B mukenal yuʔun yaleb taiv

435 5B krus ta belel p’ih

436 5B yak’ol voʔ sna mol kirivin

437 5B krus ta lom č’en

437 5B yolon sna mol hwan

438 5B č’en ta p’ih

438 5B p’ih č’en

439 5B yav ʔera ta p’ih

440 5B tiʔ nail č’en

441 5B pus č’en

442 5B voʔ ta p’ih

443 5B yosil maryan k’obyoš

444 5C belel ʔolon ʔosil

445 5C ton k’ail

446 5C slomleh yosil ʔanima palas k’obyoš

447 5C č’en ʔok’il

447 5C tohtikil voʔ

448 5C kokoʔontik

449 5C vaʔal ton

450 5C ʔoven č’en

451 5C ʔana hobeltik

452 5C čiš-teʔ č’en

453 5C yosil mol ʔoko¢ ta ʔana hobeltik

454 5C muk’ta slomleh

455 5C tulanil voʔ

456 5D slomleh turesnutik

457 5D pat k’at’iš

458 5D muk’ta slomleh

459 5D čahal teʔtik

460 5D k’at’iš

461 5D pat k’at’iš

462 5D lok’ santo

463 5D yaʔal kulahteʔ

464 6A voʔ skwenta šok

465 6A mankotik

466 6A šlok’ pahal voʔ ta čak loʔboltik ta šok

467 6A sba yosil ʔanima ʔalkalte

467 6A šok

468 6A yav k’aʔ-k’o

469 6A stenteh lum

470 6A ba yut yiʔil

471 6A sba sloʔbol maltil boč

472 6A yav tiʔ be skwenta yut yiʔil

473 6A sbe-oʔal čenek’ teʔtik

474 6A be skwenta ¢obol tohtik

475 6A krusero be

475 6A yav sna ʔanima kalo

476 6A sbe-oʔal sak-puk’an voʔ

477 6A muk’ta č’is

478 6A lučleb šulem

479 6A ʔuk’um ta ¢’ub

480 6A yolon mukenal

481 6A be šbat skwenta yut yiʔil

482 6A pokoʔ be

483 6A ¢’ub

484 6A mukenal yuʔun pe¢ toh

485 6A belel pe¢ toh

486 6A be skwenta nab

487 6A be šbat skwenta ʔik’al voʔtik

487 6A yolon natil stenteh

488 6A pe¢ toh

489 6A na volov

490 6A be-oʔal mukenal

491 6A voʔ ta natil stenteh

491 6A voʔ ta yaʔal šulem

492 6A t šlok’ ʔuk’um ta loʔboltik ta ¢’ub

493 6A homal ʔosil

494 6A natil stenteh

495 6B sbelel yaʔal hpe¢ tohetik

496 6B yaʔal šulem

497 6B muk’ta toh

498 6B habnaltik

499 6B pe¢’tik

500 6B čukul yut pe¢’

501 6B čik’ob tantik

502 6B kah¢ahel turasnutik

503 6B krus ta shol hč’ul-meʔtik

503 6B vi¢i] naben čauk

504 6B ¢ahal k’at’iš

505 6B k’olo-maštik

506 6B hč’ul-meʔtik

506 6B muk’ta vi¢

506 6B vi¢il naben čauk

507 6B muk’ta čikin-ib

507 6B yolon sna ʔantun ʔiyen

508 6B šmuy sbelel shol hč’ul-meʔtik

509 6B vaʔal ton

510 6B šbat belel pat vi¢

511 6B šk’ehi belel ʔapas ta sna mol ʔiyen

512 6B krus ta hap ʔosil

513 6B belel mukenal

514 6B yaʔal vakaš

515 6B ʔač’ čanob vun

515 6B ʔač’ ʔeskwela

516 6B hap ʔosil

517 6B hč’ul-meʔtik valalupa ta šokon muk’ta be

518 6B nupob ʔornamentu ta yak’ol sna mol kasya

519 6B mol k’at’iš

520 6B nupob ʔornamentu

521 6B smukenal hnaben čauk

522 6B na kašlan

523 6B ba k’o yav sna mol čus

524 6B yaʔal ʔantun tontik

525 6B mu¢ob ton

526 6B skrus hmartinisetik

527 6B yaʔal čep tuluk’

528 6B hok’ob yiʔ

529 6B belel p’ih

530 6B bik’it soral

531 6B yaʔal maryan pat ʔosil

532 6B yaʔal hvi¢etik

533 6B yaʔal hšakrišetik

534 6B čanob vun ta naben čauk

535 6B skrus hčiloetik

536 6B yaʔal h¢uetik

537 6B yaʔal hsisiletik

538 6B yaʔal hbulučetik

539 6C sak-č’en

540 6C nab ta naben čauk

540 6C yočob

541 6C hol tontik

542 6C čiʔil voʔ

543 6C ba yočob

544 6C kalvario skrus hvakinetik

544 6C sč’ak sba belel kokoʔontik

544a 6C belel k’anal ʔišimtik

544a 6C belel pat ʔosiltik

545 6C belel tulanil voʔ

546 6C ʔok’oč ton

547 6C pus č’en

548 6C hmetonal voʔ

548 6C ya’al hk’on lumetik

549 6C šk’ehp’uh belel k’on lum

550 6C k’on lum

550 6C k’onk’on lum

551 6C pat ʔera

552 6C bik’it k’on lum

553 6C belel yaʔal hutub

554 6C snup sba be ta čikin-ib

555 6C ʔač’ be

556 6C tuttik

557 6C čak kokoʔontik

558 6C setel ton

559 6C yaʔal hutub

560 6C pat tihob tak’in

561 6C yok vi¢ ta tihob tak’in

562 6C ʔolon setel ton

563 6C tuttikal ʔuk’um

564 6C nukul pattik

565 6C šokon na ʔik’

566 6C ba hok’ob lumal p’in

567 6C baba č’entik

568 6C yemenal voʔ

569 6C mukenal

570 6C pat sakil č’en

571 6C yok sakil č’en

572 6C homal ʔosil

573 6C ba vi¢ ta ba sakil č’en

574 6C k’at’ištik

575 6C nupob ʔornamentu

576 6C ʔeklišya ta ʔapas

577 6D yak’ol ʔeklišya

578 6D čuʔ tulan

579 6D hol tontik

580 6D k’atal be

581 6D volol tontik ta ba pok’eb

582 6D shomal lurasnutik

583 6D homal ʔosil ta polo¢’tik

584 6D yosil mayštro

585 6D yav sna hčamuʔ

586 6D shomal k’am-šoč’tik

587 6D shomal saʔob č’ibtik

588 6D č’ibtik

589 6D šyal belel pahal be

590 7A yut yiʔal

591 7A bik’it ʔik’al voʔ

592 7B belel k’aʔ-homtik

593 7B belel saʔob šantik

593 7B kampana č’en

594 7B k’am-šoč’ ta ba kampana č’en

595 7B ¢ahal tan

596 7B yav šuč’

597 7B taʔal ¢ele-pat

598 7B šʔoč belel pat tohtik

598 7B ʔič’ob ʔipal

599 7B ʔan¢il ton

600 7B sč’ak sba belel habnaltik

601 7B ¢ahal k’at’iš

602 7B belel habnaltik

603 7B habnaltik

604 7B hok’ob lum ta č’entik

605 7C turesnutik

606 7C krus ninyo

606 7C krus ta ba tontik

606 7C neleh ¢on-teʔ

607 7C lučul ton krus

608 7C taʔal hom

609 7C čanob vun ta čaynatik

610 7C yaʔal kaʔ

611 7C č’entikal voʔ

611 7C tohtikal voʔ

611 7C yaʔal hsek’emtik

612 7C šk’uk’ teʔ

613 7C hol šk’uk’ teʔ

613 7C k’uk’ č’en

613 7C muk’ta vi¢

613 7C yaʔal hčaynaetik

614 7C pat šk’uk’ teʔ

615 7C yokyok vi¢tik ta ʔapas

616 7D p’aheb turn hkašlan

617 7D s¢’el habnaltik ta šk’uk’ teʔ

618 7D botil čenek’tik

619 7D ʔahistik

620 7D pat ʔapas

621 7D čikin-ibtik ta sbelel k’ailtik

622 7D yut č’en

623 7D čik’ob tantik

624 7D čikin-ibtik ta belel ʔolon ʔosil

625 7D k’ailtik

626 7D kranatatik

627 7D sakil tontik

628 7D ¢on-teʔ vi¢

629 7D be-oʔal ¢on-teʔ vi¢

630 7D ba yut č’en

631 7D č’ibtik ta šokon bolom ton

632 7D bolom ton

633 7D shečobal p’ilišal voʔ

634 7D ni-nab k’ak’eb

635 7D yaʔal čolol

636 7D p’ilišal voʔ

637 7D ba ni-nab k’ak’eb

638 8A vuk-voʔ

639 SB belel nibak

640 8B bwelta be yu’un saʔob šantik

641 8B belel ʔik’al voʔ

642 8B bik’it hoyihel

643 8B čanob vun ta bik’it hoyihel

644 8B ʔahan toh

645 8C tuttik

645 8C ya’al bik’it hoyihel

646 8C yaʔal hmin

647 8C skalvario muk’ta hoyihel

648 8C č’en čih

649 8C yaʔal markuš hoyihel

650 8C be-oʔal hoyihel

650 8C be-oʔal taʔal hom

651 8C hom čih

652 8C be-oʔal pera

653 8C be-oʔal k’ak’et teʔ

654 8C yaʔal hk’ak’et teʔ

655 8C hok’ p’uyumal voʔ

656 8C p’ehel ton

657 8C smukenal hsek’emtik

658 8C k’anal lumtik

659 8C pahal be

660 8C yav lok’ob-bail

661 8C ¢ibtik ta vaʔal ton

662 8C tohtikal voʔ

663 8C vaʔal ton

664 8C k’anal ton

664 8C ¢ahal č’en

665 8C yaʔal šap kalvarioetik

666 8C skalvario hsek’emtik

667 8C čanob vun ta sek’emtik

667 8C sna mayštro ta sek’emtik

668 8C sepel ton

669 8C ¢ibtik ta yak’ol yaʔal ¢’iʔ

670 8C pahal be

671 8C čih-čonal voʔ

672 8C simyénto krus

673 8C latikil voʔ

674 8C mukenal yuʔun hok’ č’enom

675 8C kranatatik

676 8D mačal voʔ

676 8D yaʔal hsimyénto krusetik

677 8D kaš’ail voʔ

678 8D muk’ta voʔ

678 8D voʔ ta toh

679 8D čanob vun ta hok’ č’enom

680 8D voʔ ta yut č’en

681 8D muk’ta ʔah-teʔtik

682 8D ʔalkuʔ č’en

683 8D sap-yoktik

684 8D belel ʔolon

684 8D k’atal be

685 8D k’anal lumtik

685 8D yaʔal ʔakuš

686 8D bik’it ʔah-teʔtik

687 8D ¢ahal mutut

688 8D muk’ta potovtik

689 9A busul ton

690 9A sč’ak sba belel ʔa¢’am

691 9B ʔik’al voʔ

692 9B ʔik’-usal voʔ

693 9B pah-ʔulal voʔ

694 9B č’en čihal voʔ

695 9C tiʔ tohtik

696 9C ʔual voʔ

697 9C ʔač’ voʔ

698 9C taki-ʔuk’um

699 9C yaʔal hsan-tukaš meʔel

699 9C yaʔal ʔač’ meʔel

700 9C mukenal

701 9C ʔak’olal voʔ

702 9C ʔeklis’ya ta muk’ta hok’

703 9C pat ʔosil

704 9C čikin č’en

704 9C nupob ničim

705 9C krus ta belel ʔuk’um

706 9C koral ton

707 9C hipleb bolom

707 9C hok’leb bolom

708 9C lom č’en

709 9C muyel kampanatik

710 9C hipleb ʔakov

711 9C kampanatik

712 9C smukenal hyaʔal ¢’iʔetik

713 9C belel koral ton

714 9C belel k’ulebal

715 9C ʔepal ʔok’oč

716 9C mol k’ulebal

717 9C čameb baka

718 9C teleb ʔanima

719 9C matastik

720 9C yaʔal č’iʔ

721 9C čučal voʔ

722 9C belel soktom

722 9C šʔeč’ ta koyoral

723 9C belel ʔolon ʔosil yuʔun hyaʔal ¢’iʔetik

724 9C ¢ahal teʔtik

725 9C skalvario hčikin-ibal voʔ

726 9C top’olil voi

727 9C čanob vun ta čikin-ibal voʔ

728 9D čikin-ibal voʔ

728 9D voʔ ta čikin-ibal voʔ

729 9D yaʔal mol šap vaskes

730 9D ʔontik

731 9D hok’ č’enomal voʔ

732 9D hol tal ʔohov

733 9D bik’it potovtik

734 10B yav ʔasyento

735 10B taki-be-oʔ

736 10B muk’ta ʔuk’um

736 10B ʔuk’um ta č’uč’tik

737 10B pat teʔal ʔuk’um

738 10B yav ʔišim

739 10B ʔokote

740 10B bik’it ʔuk’um

741 10B pat teʔal ʔuk’um

741 10B yuk’umal ¢’aheb

742 10B manko

742 10B mankotik

743 10B šuš voʔ

744 10B na ʔik’

745 10B č’ohon tak’in

746 10B belel ʔuk’um

747 10B na vonon

748 10B nail č’ea

749 10B kolónya ʔinas ʔayento

749 10B yav na ta nab

749 10B yav sna hmuk’ta hok’

750 10B botiltik

751 10B yav ʔeklišya

752 10B mukenal

753 10C krus ta č’en ta yolon nab

754 10C nail č’en ta yolon muk’ta be

755 10C lom č’entik

756 10C yav loʔbol

757 10C na šulemtik

758 10C loʔob čih

758 10C yočob

759 10C krus ta tiʔ be

760 10C yav naetik

761 10C sitittik

762 10C k’anal ton

763 10C šʔoč belel ba č’en

764 10C belel na šulemtik

765 10C nail č’en

766 10C koral ton

767 10C yaʔal čitom

768 10C belel yaʔal čitom

769 10C hečal voʔ

770 10C ¢ahal mutut

771 10C yočeb voʔ

771 10C ʔič’ob yipal

772 10C pahal be

773 10C k’ulebal yolon ¢ahal mutut

774 10C pat teʔtik

775 10C vuku-moč

776 10C sbelel hečal voʔ

777 10C belel lorio

777 10C belel soktom

778 10C k’ulebal santa-roša

779 10C kušulil voʔ

780 10C vač k’ulebal

781 10C belel koyoral

782 10C be šbat ta ¢’unbal čitik

783 10C yaʔal ʔantel

784 10C k’oš voʔ

785 10C ʔok’oč

786 10C ba č’enal ʔok’oč

787 10C ni-nab voʔ

788 10C čanob vun ta muk’ta hok’

789 10C nupob-bail krus

790 10C k’ulebal

790 10C nupob ničim

791 10C belel mankotik

792 10C mahbil ta čauk vinik

793 10C loʔboltik

794 10C merikoal voʔ

795 10C naranhail voʔ

796 10C pomal voʔ

797 10C ¢’ubal lum

798 10C lum čak voʔ

799 10C ¢’iʔleltikal voʔ

800 10C muk’ta ʔok’oč

801 10C stenteh ¢’ubal lum

802 10C stenteh yaleb taiv

803 10C belel sak-hol ton

804 10C čayal voʔ

805 10C sak-hol ton

806 10D na ta pit

807 11A rosario

808 11A sakil voʔ

809 11A krus ta mes toh

810 11B pwérto ʔokote

811 11B kolmena

811 11B sak-č’en

812 11B kampaménto ʔokote

813 11B k’anob čih moletik

813 11B ¢ahal č’en

814 11C resal č’en

815 11B ba hobeltik

816 11C hol na čivo

817 11C na čivo

817 11C skalvario hlorio

818 11C na maštik

819 11C muk’ta mutut

820 11C lomol šimoʔ

821 11C belel kelem ton

822 11C lorio

823 11C peškária ʔuk’um

824 11C koyoral

825 11C kelem ton

826 11C yav ʔeklišya

827 12A kalvario

828 12A huteb čauk

829 12B pulatual voʔ

829 12B vok’eb se¢’

830 12C muhural

831 12C k’oš ʔasyento

832 13B ʔerahe ta yok vi¢il soktom

MAP 1.—Zinacantán (central sector, including Muk’ta Hok’).

KEY FOR MAP TWO

833 1C hok’ob him

834 1D be čihtik

835 2C soral moktik

836 2C krusal be

837 2C yav nab

838 2C yaʔam ton

839 2C hol ni-oʔ

840 3C šlok’ yoʔon ton

841 3C pum-lahan ʔuk’um

842 3C čokoʔ

843 3C yok ni-oʔ

844 3C ba ravoltik

844 3C yaʔal hsoktom

845 3C sepel stenteh

846 4C veʔ ta sak-lum

847 4C sak-lum

848 4C ¢’ahom pik’

849 4C nakleb ʔok

850 4C yalel čikin-ibtik

851 4C lač-čikin

852 4C pat betik

853 4C sbelel stenteh lum

854 4C sbelel sna hč’ul-meʔtik

854 4C šlok’ be ta čič teʔ

855 4C šk’elvan vinik

856 4C holom na

857 4C yalel ¢’albil teʔ

858 4C yav č’ivit

859 4C ni-nab ʔuk’um

860 4C č’en čiloʔ

861 4C sna ¢ankuʔ

862 4C muk’ta be-oʔ

863 4C k’atal be

864 4C vaʔal šokom

865 5C ¢ahal ʔuk’um

866 5C tuvoʔ

867 5C ¢’akav ʔuk’um

868 5C sak-be

868 5C sbe-oʔal sak-lum

869 6C č’ail poštik

870 6C mol tulan

871 6C mit’mit’ č’en

872 6C ʔok’il toʔtik

873 6C krus ta ¢oh lum

874 6C ¢oh lum

875 6C ba valeʔtik

876 7C ba ʔuk’um

877 7C ya¢’am kaʔ

878 7C muk’ta ba k’o

879 7C buro č’en

880 7C planta

881 7C burero

882 8A pila

883 8B muk’ta ton

884 8B ba stenteh

885 8C yaʔal vakaš

886 9B nibak

887 9B kámpo sánto

888 9B saksak-krus

889 9B kanyita

890 11D čoreadero

MAP 2.—Zinacantán (northern sector, Salinas and trail to Ixtapa).

KEY FOR MAP THREE

891 1A čak toh

892 1B hok’leb kantela

893 1B kampana č’en

894 1B bik’it nail č’en

895 1B čanob vun ta ʔelan voʔ

896 1B pat ʔosil

897 1B s¢eleh mes teʔtik

898 1B k’ol-k’oštik

899 1B tulantik

900 1B havob teʔ

901 1B pat moktik

902 1B nab

903 1B k’anal lumtik

904 1B ʔahan toh

905 1B voʔ ta ʔelan voʔ

906 1B ba voʔ

907 1B kalvario

908 1B lom č’en

909 1B belel sak-č’en

910 1B lom č’en

911 1B čak moktik

912 1B hom

912 1B krus ta ʔolol be

913 1B ʔač’ voʔ

914 1B hobeltik

915 1B muyeltik k’anal lumtik

916 1B nab ta yut smok čamališ

917 1B soraltik

918 1B sak-č’en

919 lB šila ton

920 1B kayehon ta muk’ta ʔon teʔ

921 1B pus č’en

922 1B portin

923 1B belel pasteʔ

924 1B k’atal be

925 1B ba ʔon teʔtik

925 1B s¢eleh ba ʔontik

926 1B belel ʔera

927 1B ʔoʔlol ʔontik

928 1C kranatatik

929 1C yok ʔon teʔtik

929 1C yok ʔontik

930 1C ʔera

931 1C naranhatik

932 1C koral č’en

933 1C ʔahtik ta yolon č’ib

934 1C pat ʔahtik

935 1D šʔukun

936 1D šbat belel muk’ta nab

937 1D nab ta šʔukun

938 1D muk’ta nab

939 1D k’atal betik ta shelavel šʔukun

940 2B kunul bak

941 2B shomal

942 2B kotol tulan

943 2B heč mok

944 2B heč tontik

945 2B suytik

946 2B k’am-šoč’

947 2B bantera tulan

948 2B yak’ol habnal č’en

949 2B habnal č’en

950 2B ¢’otan krus

951 2C k’anal lumtik

952 2C šantiki] voʔ ta vi¢tik

953 2C belel ʔalkuʔ

953 2C šk’ot ta šila ton

954 2C ba č’ib

955 2C bwelta č’ib

956 2C č’ib

957 2C ʔalkuʔ

957 2C ʔavanebal

958 2C mišik’ pom

959 2C šila ton

960 2D yav mailtik

961 2D tenel čikin-ibtik

962 2D nail č’en ta šʔukun

963 2D c’ayeb ʔib ta sʔukun

964 2D voʔ ta šʔukun

965 2D šyal bik’it be šk’ot ta san-lukaš

966 2D ba vi¢

967 3B belel san-sígro

968 3B nauhočob

969 3C yaʔal hsan-antonyo

970 3D san-antonyo

971 4B pok’eb

972 4B yaʔal lores

973 4B yaʔal špavav

974 4B yah-teʔ kotom

975 4B hok’ob lumal p’in

975 4B yav sna mut

976 4B san-sígro

977 4B krusal be

977 4B ʔahtik

978 4B muk’ta poso

980 4B k’atal betik yav hom

981 4B yak’ol kampana č’en

982 4B yasal č’en

983 4B kampana č’en

984 4B ʔontik

985 4B ʔah-teʔ

986 4B k’atal be

986 4B s¢’el voʔ ta ʔibestik

987 4B be-oʔal ʔahtik

988 4C yav pus

989 4C ʔok’oč ton

990 4C be-oʔal hol na k’is

991 4C hol na k’is

992 4C ʔočel tontik

993 4C yav koral

994 5B bik’it yašal č’en ta ʔibestik

995 5B skahve hrominetik

996 5B voʔ ta ʔibestik

997 5B hok’ sal

998 5B kahvetik ta yolon voʔ ta ʔibestik

999 5C yolon sna hrominetik

1000 5C portin

1000 5C sportin soltero

1001 5C shomal ta yolon sna hrominetik

1002 5C hol bolom

1003 5C pat hol bolom

1004 5C ¢’el k’ak’eb

1005 5C manko ta s¢’el tiʔ tontik

1005 5C šbat belel š’oktik

1006 5C belel ʔuk’um k’ak’eb

1007 5C shomal yolon tenal voʔ

1008 5C ʔočel tontik ta ba šoktik

1009 5C tiʔ tohtik ta ba šoktik

1010 5C šoktik

1010 5C ʔuk’umaltik

1011 5C yuk’umal k’ak’eb

1012 5C bištik ta ba šoktik

1013 5C ʔikoʔ

1014 5C tohtik ta yolon šoktik

MAP 3.—Zinacantán (southeastern sector, including northern edge of Vi¢tik).

KEY FOR MAP FOUR

1015 1C mahob čenek’

1016 1C lamleb vakaš

1017 1C marimpa č’en

1018 1C ʔolol vi¢

1019 1C tušnuk’ teʔtik

1020 1D buro vi¢

1021 1D šʔoč belel san-lukaš

1022 1D san-lukaš

1022 1D san-tukaš

1023 1D čonob loʔbol

1024 1D taki-be-oʔ ta belel ʔač’ lum

1025 1D koral ton ta belel ʔač’ lum

1026 1D yašal krus

1027 2C ni-nab yuk’umal čakan pom

1028 2C čakan pom

1029 2C lahča-voʔ

1029 2C ni-nab sikil ʔuk’um

1030 2C ¢’unbaltik yuʔran čakan pom

1031 2C ʔunin hiphip ba k’o ta ni-nab sikil ʔuk’um

1032 3A be-oʔal yuʔun belel bik’it nič

1034 3B ʔanob

1035 3B be-oʔal ʔanob

1036 3B lomal tohtik

1037 3B belel bik’it nič

1038 3B voʔ ta nič teʔik

1039 3B tiʔ be ta yak’ol bik’it nič

1040 3B be-oʔal na maštik

1041 3B ʔasyento yuʔun bik’it nič

1042 3B yuk’umal bik’it nič

1043 3C hečobal bik’it nič

1044 3C č’en ʔana

1045 3C č’en novilyo

1046 3C belel kolónya kastanya

1047 3C belel san-pégro

1048 4B tuil voʔ

1049 4C belel san-pégro

1050 4C belel milameʔ

1051 4C belel ʔamušton

1052 4C belel plan

1053 5B belel nantayapa

1054 5B setel hobel

1055 6B yav sna čak veš

1056 6C mankomal ton

1057 6C belel sompreron

1058 6C sompreron

1059 6C beʔaʔasyento

1060 6C minaš

1061 6C belel ʔuk’um trapič

1062 6D belel vunal

1063 7C yosil mol hilverto

KEY FOR MAP FIVE

1 1B čamik

2 2A yalavenatik

3 2A komitan

4 2A limon

5 2B prudensya

6 2B ʔunyon

7 2B sokoltenángo

8 2B la mesíya

9 2B belel brasilya

10 2B balan

11 2B valalupa

12 2B tyéra blánka

13 2B san-bisénte

14 2B porvenir

15 2B kail

16 2B kranado

17 2B kánya kastiya

18 2B sánto ʔaryo

19 2B poblason

20 2B los ʔorkónes

21 3A rosario

22 3A tulanka

23 3A san-mikulaš

24 3A limoš hol

24 3A teopiska

25 3A ¢ob-tahal

25 3A ʔamatenango

26 3A karmelito

27 3A pinola

27 3A víya las rósas

28 3A madronal

29 3A vakatenango

29 3A ʔawakatenango

30 3B sánta-loísa

31 3B markanton

32 3B san-tiégo

33 3B načoh

34 3B san-hwaníto

35 3B ʔáwa bendito

36 3B tonaladito

37 3B rančero

38 3B šʔoč belel kranado

39 3B ʔarenal

40 3B san-luis

41 3B limon

42 3B tyéra pintado

43 3B tyéra blánka

44 3B sánta-elena

45 3B kandelaryo

46 3B portiyo

47 3B belen

48 3B ventana č’en

49 3B láha tendiro

50 3B montahiltik

51 3B beka čačiʔ

52 3C konkorya

53 4A mi¢i-ton

54 4A hobel

55 4A šam-pilpe

56 4A ʔisbontik

57 4A sakwálpa

58 4A vok’em tenel te?

59 4A bik’it nab

60 4A ¢ahal poso

61 4A sip

62 4A ?ik’al nab

63 4A muk’ta vi¢

64 4A čivero

65 4A karisal

66 4A ʔah-teʔtik

67 4A kolónya yok ¢’iʔ

68 4A fínka saus

69 4A čihil teʔtik

70 4A kámpo gránde

71 4A čenek’ultik

72 4A hobel ha?

73 4A muk’ta vi¢

74 4A muk’ta nič

74 4A trapič

75 4B noévo leon

76 4B yav san-hose

77 4B matamoro

78 4B yuk’umal san-torenso

79 4B mersel

80 4B yolon č’en

81 4B san-kaytan

82 4B sánta-lusía

83 4B čači?

84 4B san-hwakin

85 4B haʔastik

86 4B lansa vi¢

87 4B ʔuliʔal voʔ

88 4B ʔóha blánka

89 4B natiholom

90 4B karisal

91 4B konsepsyon

92 4B mesia

93 4B čiʔil ʔuk’um

94 4B yuk’umal k’elob ʔosil

95 4B yuk’umal milame

96 4B plan

97 4B valalupa

98 4B vuš ton

99 4B šutio

100 4B rekwerdo

101 4B sat voʔ

101 4B ʔóho de ʔawa

102 4B krusila

103 4B sikil ʔuk’um

104 4B san-marsel

105 4B san-pékro

106 4B río san-agustin

107 4B yuk’umal vunal

108 4B silensyo

109 4B lolores

110 4B škankreh

111 4B nantalum

112 4B hovo

113 4B rekreo

114 4B limatik

115 4B vispera

116 4B kupihano

117 4B ʔamušton

118 4B nantayu¢i

119 4B nantamuhuʔ

119 4B vunal

120 4B bik’it kármen

121 4B ʔeradura

122 4B sánta-krus

123 4B pwérto méhiko

124 4B č’abentik

125 4B san-hwakin

126 4B san-bisénte

127 4B mankotik

127a 4B muk’ta kármen

128 4B ʔamataltik

129 4B mónte hímba

130 4B séyo vola

131 4B kolónya bénte

132 4B ʔangostura

132 4B ʔankostura

133 4B ránčo víspo

134 4B ráyo ʔalpáro

135 4B róyo ránčo noévo

136 4B séro bankil

137 4B ʔaurora

138 4B sánto tomaš

139 4B séro bérde

140 4B san-markuš

141 4B san-antonyo

142 4B san-hwan

143 4B kolónya santa-fe

144 4B ránčo-alelísa

145 4B koyol

146 4B ʔeskalera

147 4B laguna

148 4B san-martin

149 4B maluko

150 4B kavésa ʔáwa

151 4B ránčo san-antonyo

152 4B bokeron

153 4C los ʔáltos de heriko

154 4C paral

155 4C san-fihényo

156 4C ʔel ʔálto de hesus

157 4C heriko

158 4C yuk’umal makoyta

159 4C río dorado

160 4C briyante

161 4C yuk’umal briyante

162 4C yuk’umal san-matyuʔ

163 4C nativirat

164 4C ránco san-matyuʔ

165 5B yuk’umal laha

166 5B yuk’umal ʔučtik

167 5B yuk’umal krus ʔálto

168 5B taki-be-oʔ

169 5B bentita

170 5B sak-lum

171 5B yuk’umal matanika

171 5B ¢’ahal č’en

172 5B páso yuʔun san-antonyo

173 5B nantaburiʔ

174 5B ʔuk’um trapič

175 5B yuk’umal pit

176 5B nantayapa

177 5B betanya

178 5B yuk’umal nantaburiʔ

179 5B pwénte kolgánte

180 5B muk’ta nab

181 5B lopis matyo

182 5B yuk’umal nantayapa

183 5B matanika

184 5B yuk’umal ʔačote

185 5B soktom

186 5B páso de čiápa

187 5B róyo de ʔeskaído

188 5B dolores

189 5B biyaermosa

190 5B ʔaltamira

191 5B mónte ríko

192 5B ránčo noévo

193 5B sánta-krus

194 5B kása vyéha

195 5B kupasmi

196 5B yuk’umal kayahon

197 5B kupiya

198 5B tušta

199 5B ribéra del ʔamatal

200 5B ʔel ganyóte

201 5B ʔamerika

202 5B krus čikito

203 5B sapotal

204 5B somprerito

205 5B ʔuk’um čukiyaka

206 5B narsiso

207 5B bik’it nab

208 5B noéve ʔera

209 5B yuk’umal santo rominko

210 5B san-fransisko

210 5B san-markuš

211 5B kantelaria

212 5B kása ráyo

213 5B sučyápa

214 5B hulian

215 6B ʔóho de ʔáwa

MAP 5.—Grijalva River basin.

Appendix

UNATTESTED GENERIC PLANT NAMES

ʔahan ¢’iʔlel /Voʔ-ba¢/

ʔahan teʔ /Naben Čauk/

yahan hʔik’al /Čaynatik/

ʔakan teʔ /Voʔ-bi¢/

ʔak’ yašal vo /Pat ʔOsil/

yak’ hnibak /Pat ʔOsil/

ʔalverha /Na Čih, Pat ʔOsil, Voʔ-bič, ʔElan Voʔ/

yeč’ hoh /Čaynatik, Pat ʔOsil/

yič ¢’iʔ /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom/

yič’ak katuʔ /Pat ʔOsil/ cf. yič’ak mis.

yič’ak mašuʔ /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom/ cf. yič’ak mis

yon čuč /Pasteʔ/

ʔorkana /ʔElan Voʔ/

yu mamal /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom/

ʔun-teʔ /ʔElan Voʔ/

ʔuva /Pat ʔOsil/

bak-hulan teʔ /Čaynatik, Voʔ-bi¢, ʔElan Voʔ/

barbasko /Na Čih, Pat ʔOsil, ʔApas, Pasteʔ/

beltura ¢’iʔlel /Čaynatik, Sek’emtik, Voʔ-bič, ʔElan Voʔ/

boka ʔitah /Čaynatik, Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom, Sek’emtik, Voʔ-bi¢, ʔElan Voʔ cf. mikulaš ʔitah

bu¢’ hobel /Voʔ-bl¢/

¢uk¢uk hobel /Čaynatik/

¢’akvaneh poš /Pat ʔOsil/

¢’omol /ʔApas, Voʔ-bi¢, ʔElan Voʔ/

čak-teʔ /ʔElan Voʔ/

čak veš /Voʔ-bi¢/

čin teʔ /Muk’ta Hok’, Sek’emtik, Pat ʔOsil, Voʔ-bi¢, ʔElan Voʔ/

činkuya /Pat ʔʔOsil, ʔApas, Voʔ-bi¢, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf. čin-hol k’eveš

čuč ʔak’ /Čaynatik, Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom, Sek’emtik ʔApas, Voʔ-bi¢/

hom ʔakan /Htek-lum, Čaynatik, Sek’emtik, ʔApas, Voʔ-bi¢, Pasteʔ/

kabenal ¢’iʔlel /Voʔ-bi¢/

kačimpa teʔ /Htek-lum/

kačumpa teʔ /Hok’ Č’enom/

kapulin /ʔApas/ cf. čišteʔ

loʔsan poš /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom, Voʔ-bi¢/

kovana teʔ /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom, Sek’emtik, Na Čih, Naben Čauk, Voʔ-bi¢, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf. kanela teʔ

kranata čuč /ʔApas/

kuliš ʔitah /Čaynatik, Muk’ta Hok/, Hok’ Č’enom, Sek’emtik, Pat ʔOsil, Naben Čauk, ʔApas, Voʔ-bi¢, ʔElan Voʔ/

lirio /Pat ʔOsil/

lučamaria /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom, Sek’emtik, Pat ʔOsil, Naben Čauk, ʔApas, Voʔ-bi¢/

mahava ʔak’ /Čaynatik, Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom, Sek’emtik, Pat ʔOsil, Naben Čauk, Voʔ-bi¢/

man¢ana čuč /Sek’emtik/

mangal teʔ /Voʔ-bi¢/

maraviya /Voʔ-bi¢/

mataraton /ʔApas, Pasteʔ/ cf. milob č’o

milo /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom/

mistura poš /Pat ʔOsil/

moy ʔitah /Čaynatik, Voʔ-bi¢/

na šinic teʔ /Pat ʔOsil, Voʔ-bi¢/

nampina teʔ /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom, Sek’emtik, Naben Čauk, Voʔ-bi¢/

namta teʔ /ʔApas/

nanta /ʔApas/

nilo /Voʔ-bi¢/

nočoč ¢’iʔlel /Voʔ-bi¢/

pah sip /Voʔ-bi¢/

palopinto /Na Čih, Pasteʔ/

pansuro teʔ /Naben Čauk/

petet maš /Čaynatik, Sek’emtik, Voʔ-bi¢/

pi /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom, Sek’emtik/

pinya teʔ /Čaynatik, Voʔ-bi¢/

pirik’ ničim /Naben Čauk/

počo teʔ /Na Čih, Pat ʔOsil, Voʔ-bi¢, ʔElan Voʔ/

pomom ¢’iʔlel /Voʔ-bi¢/

preno teʔ /Pat ʔOsil/

pučleb ninyo /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom/ cf. ¢on-teʔal balamil

ratonero /Naben Čauk/

sak-sat /ʔElan Voʔ/

salya hobel /Pat ʔOsil, Naben Čauk, ʔApas, Voʔ-bi¢, ʔElan Voʔ/

santo teʔ /Pat ʔOsil/

saus /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom, Sek’emtik, Pat ʔOsil, Naben Čauk, Voʔ-bi¢/ cf. k’isis

savus /Čaynatik, ʔApas, ʔElan Voʔ/

sekarovel /Naben Čauk/

šanil ʔišim /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom/ cf. pik’ šan

šerep ʔanal ¢’iʔlel /Voʔ-bi¢/

šinic teʔ /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom, Pat ʔOsil, Voʔ-bi¢/

šulem ʔak’ /Čaynatik, Voʔ-bi¢/

šulem poš /Voʔ-bi¢/

šulem teʔ /Pasteʔ/

tak’ol teʔ /Voʔ-bi¢/

tano /ʔElan Voʔ/

stenteh hobel /Čaynatik, Pat ʔOsil, Naben Čauk/

tenten hobel /Pat ʔOsil, Naben Čauk, Voʔ-bi¢/

vako ʔak’ /Htek-lum, Naben Čauk, ʔApas/

yaš-¢eluel /ʔApas/

yuka /ʔApas/ cf. ¢in-teʔ

yukaʔ /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom, Na Čih, Naben Čauk, Voʔ-bi¢, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf. ¢in-teʔ

UNATTESTED SPECIFIC PLANT NAMES

sonso ʔeč’ /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom cf. ʔumaʔ ʔeč’

sot ʔeč’ /Voʔ-bi¢/

yat vakaš čenek’ /Na Čih, Pat ʔOsil/

čin-kul k’eveš /Na Čih, Pasteʔ/ cf čin-hol k’eveš

yat čitom pašak’ /Pat ʔOsil/

ninyo pašak’ /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom/

simaron poʔon /Htek-lum, Čaynatik, Pat ʔOsil, ʔApas, Voʔ-bi¢/ cf. teʔtikil poʔon

UNATTESTED VARIANT PLANT NAMES

ʔaho /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom/ cf. ʔahoʔ teʔ

ʔakuš ¢’iʔlel /Pasteʔ/ cf. ʔakuša ¢’iʔlel

yak’ ʔuč /Voʔ-bi¢/ cf. hʔak’-ʔuč

ʔalfaho /Voʔ-bi¢/ cf. ʔalpaho

ʔarvensa /Pasteʔ/ cf. karvensa

ʔelomonis /Čaynatik, Hok’ Č’enom, Sek’emtik/ cf ʔelamoniš

beltoraka /Čaynatik, Hok’ Č’enom, Naben Čauk, ʔApas, Voʔ-bi¢, Pasteʔ, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf belturaka

¢ima /Na Čih/ cf. ¢imaʔ

¢’elel teʔ /Pat ʔOsil, ʔApas, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf. ¢’erel

¢’emeni /Čaynatik, Naben Čauk/ cf. ¢’emeniʔ

¢’usub /Muk’ta Hok’/ cf. ¢’usub

čapaneko ʔak’ /Muk’ta Hok’/ cf. čiapaneko ʔak’

čič-teʔ /Muk’ta Hok’, Voʔ-bi¢, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf čiš-teʔ

čikaryo /Pasteʔ/ cf. čikario

frasil /Voʔ-bi¢/ cf. prasil

kahvel /Čaynatik, Hok’ Č’enom, Pasteʔ, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf. kahve

kastansia /Sek’emtik/ cf.kastanya

kervehača /Sek’emtik, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf. kevrahača

končiyerva /Voʔ-bi¢/ cf. kontiyerva

k’ayil /Čaynatik, Sek’emtik/ cf. k’ail

k’oro teʔ /Naben Čauk/ cf. k’orok’ teʔ

malok /Pat ʔOsil, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf. maluk

man¢aniya /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom/ cf. man¢anilya

margarita /Naben Čauk, Voʔ-bi¢/ cf. markarita

mololinyo /Pat ʔOsil, Pasteʔ, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf. molino teʔ

mustesya /Na Čih, Pat ʔOsil, ʔApas, Voʔ-bi¢/ cf. mustisya

nanciʔ /Sek’emtik, Pat ʔOsil, Voʔ-bi¢, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf. nan¢iʔ

noči /Čaynatik, Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom, Sek’emtik, Pat ʔOsil, Naben Čauk, ʔApas, Voʔ-bi¢, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf noʔčiʔ

papayusa /Sek’emtik, Pat ʔOsil/ cf. papausa

pašamun /Pat ʔOsil, ʔApas, Voʔ-bi¢, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf. pašamum

patašete ničim /Pat ʔOsil/ cf. pataš ničim

pimyenta teʔ /Voʔ-bi¢/ cf. pimenta teʔ

pulin voʔ /Čaynatik/ cf. pulun voʔ

ravano /Na Čih/ cf. ʔalavanuš

rimponiš /Hok’ Č’enom/ cf. nimproniš

sanaoria /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom/ cf. sanoria

sanorya /Naben Čauk/ cf. sanoria

silo /Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom/ cf. sila

šančia /Pasteʔ/ cf. šantia

šenobal /Na Čih, Pasteʔ, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf. šenebal poš

šimo /Sek’emtik, Na Čih, ʔElan Voʔ/ cf. šimoʔ

turesno /Muk’ta Hok’/ cf. turasnu

turesnu /Hok’ Č’enom/ cf. turasnu

t’erel teʔ /Voʔ-bl¢/ cf. ¢’erel

vamoč /Čaynatik, Muk’ta Hok’, Hok’ Č’enom, Na Čih, Pat ʔOsil/ cf. vamuč

References

Acheson, Nicholas A.

1966. Etnozoología zinacanteca. Pages 433-454 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

Aguirre Beltrán, Gonzalo

1953. Formas de gobierno indígena. Mexico City: Imprenta Universitaria.

Aguirre Beltrán, Gonzalo, and Ricardo Pozas A.

1954. Instituciones indígenas en el México actual. Pages 171-269 in Alfonso Caso, editor, Métodos y resultados de la politica indigenista en México. Memorias del Instituto Nacional Indigenista, volume 6.

Bahr, Donald M.

1962. An Exploration of Men’s Use and Views of the Physical World in Two Highland Maya Municipios. A.B. honors thesis. Harvard College.

Basauri, Carlos

1940. La población indígena de México. 3 volumes. Mexico City.

Becerra, Marcos

1933. El antiguo calendario chiapaneco: Estudio comparativo entre este y los calendarios precolomales maya, quiche, y nahua. Mexico City.

Berlin, Brent

1968. Tzeltal Numeral Classifiers: A Study in Ethnographic Semantics. The Hague: Mouton

Berlin, Brent, Dennis E. Breedlove, and Peter H. Raven

1973a. General Principles of Classification and Nomenclature in Folk Biology. American Anthropologist, 75(a): 214-241.

1973b. Principles of Tzeltal Plant Classification: An Introduction to the Botanical Ethnography of a Mayan Speaking Community in Highland Chiapas. New York: Seminar Press.

Berlin, Brent, and others.

In press. Cultural Significance and Lexical Retention. In Munro S. Edmonson, editor, Meaning in Mayan Languages. The Hague: Mouton.

Berlin, Heinrich

1951. The Calendar of the Tzotzil Indians. Pages 155-161 in Sol Tax, editor, The Civilizations of Ancient America. Selected Papers of the 29th International Congress of Americanists, Chicago.

Blaffer, Sarah C.

1969. The Blackman of Zinacantan. A.B. honors thesis, Harvard College.

1972. The Blackman of Zinacantan: A Central American Legend. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Blom, Frans

1959. Historical Notes Relating to the Pre-columbian Amber Trade from Chiapas. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fu̇r Vȯlkerkunde in Hamburg, 25:24-27.

Brazelton, T.B., John S. Robey, and George Collier

1969. Infant Development in the Zinacanteco Indians of Southern Mexico. Pediatrics, 44(2):274-293.

Bricker, Victoria Reifler

1966. El hombre, la carga y el camino: Antiguos conceptos mayas sobre tíempo y espacio, y el sistema zinacanteco de cargos. Pages 355-370 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

1967. The Meaning of Laughter in Zinacantan: An Analysis of the Humor of a Highland Maya Community. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.

1970. Relationship Terms with the Usative Suffix in Tzotzil and Yucatec Maya. Pages 75-86 in Papers from the Sixth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

In press a. Three Genres of Tzotzil Insult. In Munro S. Edmonson, editor, Meaning in Mayan Languages. The Hague: Mouton.

In press b. The Structure of Ranking and Classification in Three Highland Mayan Communities. Estudios de Cultura Maya, volume 9

In press c. The Ethnographic Context of Some Traditional Mayan Speech Genres. In R. Bauman and J. Sherzer, editors, Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

In press d. Ritual Humor in Highland Chiapas. Austin: University of Texas Press.

In press e. Some Cognitive Implications of Informant Variability. Language in Society, volume 3

Bulmer, Ralph, and Michael Tyler

1968. Karam Classification of Frogs. Journal of the Polynesian Society, 77:333-385.

Bunnin, Nicholas F.

1966. La industria de las flores en Zinacantan. Pages 208-282 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los Zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

Bunzel, Ruth

1940. The Role of Alcoholism in Two Central American Cultures. Psychiatry, 3:361-387

1959. Chichicastenango and Chamula. Pages 74-86 in R. G. McCarthy, editor, Drinking and Intoxication: Selected Readings in Social Attitudes and Controls. New Haven: Publication Division Yale Center of Alcohol Studies.

1960. El papel del alcoholismo en dos culturas centroamericanas. Boletin del Instituto Nacional Indigenista, 3:27-81.

Calnek, Edward E.

1959. Distribution and Location of the Tzeltal and Tzotzil Pueblos of the Highlands of Chiapas from Earliest Time to the Present. In Norman A. Mc- Quown, editor, Report on the “Man-in-Nature” Project of the Department of Anthropology of the University of Chicago in the Tzeltal-Tzotzil-speaking Region of the State of Chiapas, Mexico. 3 volumes. Chicago. Hectographed manuscript.

1962. Highland Chiapas before the Spanish Conquest. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago.

Cancian, Francesca M.

1963. Family Interaction in Zinacantan. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.

1964. Interaction Patterns in Zinacanteco Families. American Sociological Review, 29(4):540

1965. The Effect of Patrilocal Households on Nuclear Family Interaction in Zinacantan. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 5:299-315

1966. Patrones de interaccción en las familias zinacantecas. Pages 251-274 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

Cancian, Frank

1963a. Informant Error and Native Prestige Ranking in Zinacantan. American Anthropologist, 64(3):1068-1075.

1963b. Economics and Prestige in a Maya Community: A Study of the Religious Cargo System in Zinacantan, Chiapas, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University

1964. Some Aspects of the Social and Religious Organization of a Maya Society. Pages 335-343 in Actas y Memorias del XXXV Congresso Internacional de Americanistas, Mexico, 1962

1965a. Efectos de los programas económicos del gobierno mexicano en las tierras altas mayas de Zinacantan. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 5:28 1-297

1965b. Economics and Prestige in a Maya Community: A Study of the Religious Cargo System in Zinacantan, Chiapas, Mexico. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

1966a. Algunos aspectos de la organizatión social y religiosa de una sociedad maya. Pages 315-326 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

1966b. El error de los informantes y la graduatión nativa del prestigio en Zinacantan. Pages 327-336 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

1967. Stratification and Risk-taking: A Theory Tested on Agricultural Innovation. American Sociological Review, 32(6):912-927

1968. Political and Religious Organizations. Pages 283-298 in Robert Wauchope and Evon Z. Vogt, editors. Social Anthropology of Middle America. Handbook of Middle American Indians, volume 6. Austin: University of Texas Press.

1972. Change and Uncertainty in a Peasant Economy: The Maya Corn Farmers of Zinacantan. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Carroll, Lewis

1962. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. New York: Collier Books

Casagrande, Joseph B.

1963. Language Universals in Anthropological Perspective. Pages 220-235 in Joseph H. Greenberg, editor, Universals of Language. Cambridge, Mass.: The M.I.T. Press.

1954. The Ends of Translation. International Journal of Linguistics, 20(4):335-340

Castaneda, Carlos

1972. A Separate Reality: Further Conversations with Don Juan. New York: Pocket Books.

Cerda Silva, Roberto de la

1975. Etnografia de México: Sintesis monográfica. Mexico City: Instituto de Investigations Sociales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico.

Charencey, Charles Félix Hyacinthe Gouhier, comte de

1866. Abrégé de grammaire de la langue tzotzil avec textes d’aprés le manuscript du R.P. Dan Manuel Hidalgo. Revue de Lingüistique et de Philologie Comparée, 19:170-188

1885. Vocabulaire de la langue tzotzil. Mémoires de la Académic Nationale des Sciences, Arts et Belle-Lettres de Caen, pages 251-289.

1899. Vocabulario tzotzil-español: Dialecto de los indios de la parte oriental del estado de Chiapas. Revue de Lingüistique et de Philologie Comparée, 22:247-273.

1910. Sur la langue tzotzile et sa numeration. Verhandlungen des XVI Internationalen Amerikanistenkongresses, Wien, 1908, 16:597-610.

1912. De la formation des voix verbales en tzotzil. Actas del XVII^0 Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Buenos Aires, 1910, 17:167-175.

Childs, Carla

1970. Pattern Representation in Zinacantan. A.B. honors thesis, Harvard College.

Colby, Benjamin N.

1960a. Social Relations and Directed Cultural Change among the Zinacantan. Practical Anthropology, 7 (6): 241-250.

1960b. Ethnic Relations in the Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.

1961. Indian Attitudes toward Education and Inter-ethnic Contact in Mexico. Practical Anthropology, 8(2): 77-85.

1964. Elements of a Mesoamerican Personality Pattern. Actas y Memorias del XXXV Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Mexico, 1962, 2:125-129.

1966a. Ethnographic Semantics: A Preliminary Survey. Current Anthropology, 7(1):3-32.

1966b. Ethnic Relations in the Chiapas Highlands. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press.

1968. Mesoamerican Psychological Orientations. Pages 416-431 in Robert Wauchope and Evon Z. Vogt, editors, Social Anthropology of Middle America. Handbook of Middle American Indians, volume 6. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Colby, Benjamin N., and Pierre van den Berghe

1961. Ethnic Relations in Southeastern Mexico. American Anthropologist, 63(4):772-792.

1966. Relaciones étnicas en el sureste de México. Pages 29-62 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

Colby, Lore M.

1960. Tzotzil Dictionary. Manuscript of 147 pages.

1964. Zinacantan Tsotsil Sound and Word Structure. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.

1966. Esquema de la morfología tzotzil. Pages 373-395 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

Collier, George A.

1963. Zinacantan Color Categories. A.B. honors thesis, Harvard College.

1966. Categorías del color en Zinacantan. Pages 414-432 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

1967. Familia y tierra en varias comunidades maya. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 6:301-336

1968. Land Inheritance and Land Use in a Modern Maya Community. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.

1969. Computer Processing of Genealogies and Analysis of Settlement Pattern. Human Mosaic 3(2):- 133-141.

In press. The Impact of Air Photo Technology on the Study of Demography and Ecology in Highland Chiapas. In Aerial Photography in Anthropological Field Work. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Collier, George A., and Victoria R. Bricker

1970. Nicknames and Social Structure in Zinacantan. American Anthropologist, 72(2):289-302.

Collier, Jane Fishburne

1966. El noviazgo zinacanteco como transactión económica. Pages 235-250 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

1968. Courtship and Marriage in Zinacantan. Pages 139-201 in Contemporary Latin American Culture. Middle American Research Institute Publication 25. New Orleans: Tulane University Press.

1970. Zinacanteco Law: A Study of Conflict in a Modem Maya Community. Ph.D. dissertation, Tulane University.

1973. Law and Social Change in Zinacantan. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Cowan, Marion M.

1956. Una gramatica castellana-tzotzil. Mexico City: Instituto Linguistico de Verano.

1962. A Christian Movement in Mexico. Practical Anthropology, 9:193-204.

1968. The Verb Phrase in Huixtec Tzotzil. Language, 44(2):284-305.

1969. Tzotzil Grammar. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.

Delgaty, Alfa

1961. Notes on Dependent Versus Independent Nouns in Tzotzil. Pages 413-419 in A William Cameron Townsend en el vigésimoquinto aniversario del Instituto Linguistico de Verano. Mexico City: Instituto Linguistico de Verano.

Delgaty, Colin C.

1961. Tzotzil Verb Phrase Structure. Mayan Studies, (1):81-120

1964. Vocabulario tzotzil de San Andrés, Chiapas. Mexico City: Instituto Linguistico de Verano.

Diaz del Castillo, Bernal

1939. Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España. Mexico City: P. Robredo.

Diccionario en lengua sotzil

n.d. Spanish-Tzotzil manuscript of 351 pages. Princeton University Library.

Dickens, Charles

1854. Hard Times. New York: T.L. McElrath and Co.

Duby, Gertrude

1961. Chiapas indígena. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Móxico.

Early, John D., S.J.

1965. The Sons of San Lorenzo in Zinacantan. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.

1966. El ritual zinacanteco en honor del Señor Esquipulas. Pages 337-354 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antnpología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

Eaton, Helen Slocomb

1940. Semantic Frequency List for English, French, German, and Spanish. New York: Dover Publications.

Edel, Matthew

1966. El ejido en Zinacantan. Pages 163-182 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antnpología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

Edmonson, Munro S.

1971. The Book of Counsel: The Popol Vuh of the Quiche Maya of Guatemala. Middle American Research Institute, Publication 35. New Orleans: Tulane University.

Fábrega, Horacio Jr.

1970a. On the Specificity of Folk Illnesses. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 26(3):305-314.

1970b. Dynamics of Medical Practice in a Folk Community. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 48(4), part 1:391-412.

1971. Some Features of Zinacantecan Medical Knowledge. Ethnology, 10(1):25-43.

Fábrega, Horacio Jr., and Daniel Silver

1970. Some Social and Psychological Properties of Zinacanteco Shamans. Behavioral Science, 15(6):- 471-486.

Favre, Henri

1964. Notas sobre el homicidio entre los chamulas. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 4:305-332.

1971. Changement et continuite chez les Mayas du Mexique: Contribution à l’étude de la situation coloniale en Aménque latine. Paris: Éditions Anthropos.

Fishburne, Jane H.

1962. Courtship and Marriage in Zinacantan. A.B. honors thesis, Radcliffe College.

Freeman, Susan Tax

1964. Displacement Activity in Zinacantan. América Indígena, 24(2): 111-121.

1966. Actividad de desplazamiento en Zinacantan. Pages 298-314 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antnpología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

Gossen, Gary H.

1970. Time and Space in Chamula Oral Tradition. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.

1971. Chamula Genres of Verbal Behavior. Journal of American Folklore, 84(331): 145-167

1972. Temporal and Spatial Equivalents in Chamula Ritual Symbolism. Pages 135-149 in W. Lessa and E. Z. Vogt, Reader in Comparative Religion. 3d edition. New York: Harper and Row.

In press a. Chamula Tzotzil Proverbs: Neither Fish nor Fowl. Pages 205-233 in Munro S. Edmonson, editor, Meaning in Mayan Languages, The Hague: Mouton.

In press b. Another Look at World View: Aerial Photography and Chamula Cosmology. In Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Aerial Photography in Anthropological Field Work. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

In press c. Chamulas in the World of the Sun: Time and Space in a Maya Oral Tradition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Gramática del tzotzil

1818. Old grammar cited in Antonio Garcia de León, 1971. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.

Greenhouse, Carol J.

1971. Litigant Choice: Secular and Non-secular Options in Zinacanteco Conflict Resolution. A.B. honors thesis, Harvard College.

Guarnaccia, Peter Joseph

1972. Land and Tortillas: Land Reform in a Maya Indian Village in Mexico. A.B. honors thesis, Harvard College.

Gudeman, Stephen

1961. Toward a Model of the Highland Maya Economics. A.B. honors thesis, Harvard College.

Guiteras-Holmes, Calixta

1948. Organization social de tzeltales y tzotziles, México. América Indígena, 8:45-62.

1951. El calpulli de San Pablo Chalchihuitan. Pages 199-206 in Homenaje al Doctor Alfonso Caso. Mexico: Nuevo Mundo.

1956. Background of a Changing Kinship System Among the Tzotzil Indians of Chiapas. Manuscript.

1961a. La magia en la crisis del embarazo y parto en los actuales grupos mayances de Chiapas. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 1:159-166.

1961b. Perils of the Soul: The World View of a Tzotzil Indian. Glencoe: Free Press.

Haas, Mary R.

1962. What Belongs in the Bilingual Dictionary? International Journal of American Linguistics, 28(2), part 4:45-50.

Harvard Chiapas Project

1968. Tzotzil-English English-Tzotzil Field Dictionary. Computer printout adapted from Robert M. Laughlin, Tzotzil-English dictionary manuscript.

Haviland, John B.

1971. Gossip and Reputation in Zinacantan. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.

Holland, William R.

1961a. Relaciones entre la religion tzotzil contemporanea y la maya antigua. Anales del Instituto Nacional de A ntropología e Historia, 13:113-131.

1961b. El tonalismo y el nagualismo entre los tzotziles. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 1:167-181

1963a. Medicina maya en los altos de Chiapas: Un estudio del cambio socio-cultural, Colección de Antropologia Social, volume 2. Mexico City: Institute Nacional Indigenista.

1963b. Psicoterapia may a en los altos de Chiapas. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 3:201-277

1965. Contemporary Tzotzil Cosmological Concepts as a Basis for Interpreting Prehistoric Maya Civilization. American Antiquity, 29:301-306

Holland, William R., and R. G. Tharp

1964. Highland Maya Psychotherapy. American Anthropologist, 66:41-52.

Holmer, Linnéa K.

1970. Aerial Photography: New Perspectives on Anthropological Research. A.B. honors thesis, Harvard College.

Hopkins, Nicholas A.

1967. A Short Sketch of Chalchihuitán Tzotzil. Anthropological Linguistics, 9:9-25.

1969. A Formal Account of Chalchihuitan Tzotzil Kinship Terminology. Ethnology, 8(1):85-102.

1970. Estudio preliminar de los dialectos del tzeltal y del tzotzil. Pages 185-214 in Norman McQuown and Julian Pitt-Rivers, editors, Ensayos de antropología en la zona central de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 8. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

Hotchkiss, John C.

1968. The Institutional Milieu of Ladinoization in Teopisca, Chiapas, Mexico. Actas y Memorias del XXXVII Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Buenos Aires, 1966, 1:413-440.

Hymes, Dell H.

1962. The Ethnography of Speaking. Pages 13-53 in Thomas Gladwin and William C. Sturtevant, editors, Anthropology and Human Behavior. Washington, D.C.: The Anthropological Society of Washington.

IBM System/360 Operating Systems: Programmer’s Guide to Debugging

1972. Poughkeepsie: IBM Corporation, Programming System Publications.

Instituto Nacional Indigenista

n.d. a. La deuda del sol, y otros cuentos. Nuestros Cuentos, number 1.

n.d. b. El muchacho en la cueva, y otros cuentos. Nuestros Cuentos, number 2.

n.d. c. La casa de los tigres, y otros cuentos. Nuestros Cuentos, number 3.

1964. Realidades y proyectos: 16 años de trabajo. Mexico City: Instituto National Indigenista.

Jacobs, Kenneth, and Robert E. Longacre

1967. Patterns and Rules in Tzotzil Grammar. Foundations of Language, 3:325-389.

Johnson, Samuel

1797. A Dictionary of the English Language: In Which Words Are Deduced from Their Originals, Explained Their Different Meanings, and Authorized by the of the Writers in Whose Works They Are Found.Edinburgh: T. Brown

Kaufman, Terrence S.

1964. Materiales lingüísticos para el estudio de las relaciones internas y externas de la familia de idiomas mayanos. Pages 81-136 in Evon Z. Vogt and Alberto Ruz L., editors, Desarrollo cultural de los mayas. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Méx-ico.

1969. Some Recent Hypotheses on Mayan Diversification. Language-Behavior Research Working Paper 26. Berkeley: University of California. Mimeographed.

1970. La posición del tzeltal y del tzotzil en la familia linguistica mayance. Pages 171-183 in Norman McQuown and Julian Pitt-Rivers, editors, Ensayos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 8. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

1972. El proto tzeltal-tzotzil: Fonología comparada y diccionario reconstruido. Centro de Estudios Mayas, volume 5. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Kortright, Francis H.

1953. The Ducks, Geese, and Swans of North America: A Vade Mecum for the Naturalist and the Sportsman. Harrisburg: Stockpole Co.

Laughlin, Ledlie I.

1971. Pewter in America: Its Makers and Their Marks. 3 volumes. Barre: Barre Publishers.

Laughlin, Robert M.

1952. A Nesting of the Double-Toothed Kite in Panama. Condor, 54(3): 137-139

1956. To Chase with Fire: A Study of W H. Hudson. A.B. thesis, Princeton University.

1960. To the People of the Bat. South Kent School Alumni Magazine, winter (special supplement).

1962. El símbolo de la flor en la religión de Zinacantan. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 2:123-139

1963. Through the Looking Glass: Reflections on Zinacantan Courtship and Marriage. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.

1966. Oficio de tinieblas: Como el zinacanteco adivina sus sueños. Pages 396-413 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

1969. The Tzotzil. Pages 152-194 in Ethnology of Middle America, volume 7 in Robert Wauchope and Evon Z. Vogt, editors, Handbook of Middle American Indians. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Laughlin, Robert M., and W. S. Merwin

1972. Two Zinacantec Poems. Review, winter, pages 48-49.

Lazos, Feliciano J., and Manuel L Solórsano

1869. Aguaiic iscotol lumalic te indioetic (Oid los pueblos todos de indios sublevados). San Cristóbal las Casas: Tipografía del Porvenir.

León, Antonio García de

1971. Los elementos del tzotzil colonial y moderno. Centro de Estudios Mayas, volume 7. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Libro en que se trata de la lengua tzotzil

1832. Manuscript, microfilm, in Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico City. Serie Chiapas, spool 70.

McQuown, Norman A.

1964. Los orígenes y la diferenciación de los mayas según se infiere del estudio comparativo de las lenguas mayanas. Pages 49-80 in Evon Z. Vogt and Alberto Ruz L., editors, Desarrollo cultural de los mayas. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

McQuown, Norman A., and Julian A. Pitt-Rivers, editors

1970. Ensayos de antropología en la zona central de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 8. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

Menget, Patrick

1968. Murder and Death in Chamula. Natural History, 77(1):48-57.

Miles, Suzanne W.

1952. An Analysis of Modern Middle American Calendars: A Study in Conservatism. Pages 274-284 in Sol Tax, editor, Acculturation in the Americas. Selected Papers of the 29th International Congress of Americanists, Chicago.

Miller, Frank C.

1959. Social Structure and Medical Change in a Mexican Indian Community. Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University.

1960. The Influence of Decision-making on the Process of Change: The Case Of Yalcuc. Alpha Kappa Deltan, Special Issue on the Social Anthropology of Middle America, pages 29-35.

1964. Tzotzil Domestic Groups. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 94(2):142-182.

1965. Cultural Change as Decision-making: A Tzotzil Example. Ethnology, 4(1):53-65.

Miyamoto, John Michael

1969. Cognitive Equivalence in Zinacantan: A Developmental Study. A.B. honors thesis, Harvard College.

Modiano, Nancy

1968. A Chamula Life. Natural History, 67:58-63.

Molina, Cristóbal

1934. War of the Castes: Indian Uprisings in Chiapas 1867-70. Middle American Research Institution Publication, 8:359-397. New Orleans: Tulane University Press.

Montagu, Roberta, and Eva Hunt

1962. Nombre, autoridad y el sistema de creencias en los altos de Chiapas. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 2:141-147.

Morris, Charles W.

1939. Foundations of the Theory of Signs. Number 2 in volume 1 of Otto Newrath, editor, International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. Chicago.

Newman, Stanley S.

1954. Semantic Problems in Grammatical Systems and Lexemes: A Search for Method. Pages 82-91 in Harry Hoijer, editor, Language in Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Nida, Eugene A.

1964. Toward a Science of Translating: With Special Reference to Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Translating. Leiden: E. J. Brill

Onions, C.T. (editor)

1955. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historic Principles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Passin, Herbert

1942. Tarahumara Prevarication: A Problem in Field Method. American Anthropologist, 44(2):235-247.

Perchonock, Norma, and Oswald Werner

1969. Navaho Systems of Classification: Some Implications for Ethnoscience. Ethnology, 8(3):229-242.

Pineda, Vicente

1888. Historia de las sublevaciones mdígenas habidas en el estado de Chiapas. San Cristóbal las Casas.

Pope, Carolyn

1969 The Funeral Ceremony in Zinacantan. A.B. honors thesis, Radcliffe College.

Pozas A., Ricardo

1945. El fraccionamiento de la tierra por el mecanismo de herencia en Chamula. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 7:187-197.

1952a. Juan Pérez Jolote: Biografía de un tzotzil. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica.

1952b. El trabajo en las plantaciones de café y el cambio socio-cultural del indio. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 13:31-48.

1959a. Chamula: Un pueblo indio de los altos de Chiapas. Memorias del Instituto Nacional Indigenista, volume 5.

1962. Juan the Chamula: An Ethnological Re-creation of the Life of a Mexican Indian. L. Kemp, translator. Berkeley: University of California.

Praharaj, Gopal Chandra, rai bahadur

1937. The Oriya Language and Lexicon. Cuttack, India: Utkal Sahitya Press.

Price, Richard S.

1968. Land use in a Maya Community. International Archives of Ethnography, 51:1-19.

In press. Land Use in a Maya Community. In Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Aerial Photography in Anthropological Field Work. Cambridge: Harvard University Pres

Price, Sally H.

1966. I Was Pashku and My Husband Was Telesh. Radcliffe Quarterly, May-June, pages 4-8.

Proclama del duque infantado presidente

1812. Manuscript in Princeton University Library.

Quine, Willard V.

1964. The Problem of Meaning in Linguistics. Pages 21-32 in Jerry A. Fodor and Jerrold J. Katz, editors, The Structure of Language: Readings in the Philosophy of Language. New York: Prentice-Hall.

Remesal, Antonio de

1932. Historia general de las Indias Occidentales, y particular de la gobemación de Chiapa y Guatemala, 2 volumes. Guatemala City.

Ritvo, Phyllis Z.

1972. "Christ and His Brothers” as Reflections of the Developing Child in Zinacantan. A.B. honors thesis. Harvard College.

Rodaz, Juan de

1688. Arte de la lengua tzotzlem o zinacanteca con explicacion del año salary un tratado de las quentas de los indios en lengua tzotzlem. Manuscript microfilm in Museo Nacional de Antropología, Mexico City, Serie Chiapas, Spool 94.

Rojas Gonzales, F., and Roberto de la Cerda Silva

1941. Los tzotziles. Revista Mexicana de Socwlogí a, 3:113-142.

Rosaldo, Renato

1968. Metaphors of Hierarchy in a Mayan Ritual. American Anthropologist, 70(2):524-536.

Rosenberg, Mark L.

1968. Zinacantan: Which Doctor? Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin, 42(3):12-16.

Rus, Jan

1969. Pottery Making in Chamula. A.B. honors thesis, Harvard College.

Rush, Timothy

1971. Nabenchauc Disputes: The Social Basis of Factions in a Mexican Indian Village. A.B. honors thesis, Harvard College.

Salovesh, Michael

1965. Pautas de residencia y estratificación entre los mayas: Algunas perspectivas de San Bartolomé, Chiapas. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 5:317-338.

Sanchez, Jose Maria

1895. La lengua tzotzil en Chiapas. San Cristóbal las Casas: Tipografía y Encuadernación el Trabajo.

Santamaría, Francisco J.

1959. Diccionario de mejicanismos. Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa, S.A.

Sarles, Harvey B.

1970. El sistéma de preguntas y respuestas en tzotzil. Pages 237-262 in Norman McQuown and Julian Pitt-Rivers, editors, Ensayos de antropología en la zona central de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 8. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

n.d. A Dictionary of a Tzotzil Language as Spoken in San Bartolomé de los Llanos (Venustiano Carranza), Chiapas, Mexico. Manuscript.

Schuller, Rudolf

1925. La lengua ts’ots’il. International Journal of American Linguistics, 3:193-218.

Schulz, Ricardo P. C.

1942. Apuntes sobre cálculos relativos al calendario de los indígenas de Chiapas. El México Antiguo, 6:6-14.

1953. Nuevos datos sobre el calendario tzeltal y tzotzil de Chiapas. Yan, 2:114-116.

Silver, Daniel B.

1966a. Enfermedad y curación en Zinacantan: Esquema provisional. Pages 455-473 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropoloíga Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

1966b. Shamanism in Zinacantan. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.

Smith, Lars Christian

1970. Making a Living in Lomo: The Consequences of Economic Change in a Maya Community. A.B. honors thesis, Harvard College.

Starr, Frederick

1899. The Indians of Southern Mexico. Chicago

1902. Notes upon the Ethnography of Southern Mexico. Reprinted from volume 9 in Proceedings of Davenport Academy of Sciences, Davenport, Iowa, part 2. Putnam Memorial Publication Fund.

Stauder, Jack

1966. Algunos aspectos de la agricultura zinacanteca en Tierra Caliente. Pages 145-162 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto National Indigenista.

Strodt, Barbara S.

1967. A Reconsideration of the Study of Culture Contact. A.B. honors thesis, Radcliffe College.

Stubblefield, Philip G.

1962. Folk Medicine in Two Mayan Towns. A.B. honors thesis, Harvard College.

Tax, Sol

1944. Information About the Municipio of Zinacantan, Chiapas, Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, 6:181-195.

Thomsen, Evelyn

1966. How To Handle an Earth Lord. A.B. honors thesis, Vassar College.

Trosper, Ronald L.

1968. Tradition and Economic Growth in Zinacantan: Gradual Change m a Mexican Indian Community. A.B. honors thesis, Harvard College.

Ullman, Stephen

1962. Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Oxford: Basil Blackwell and Mott.

1963. Semantic Universals. Pages 172-207 in Joseph H. Greenberg, editor, Universals of Language. Cambridge, Mass.: The M.I.T. Press.

van den Berghe, Pierre, and Gwendoline

1966. Compadrazgo and Class in Southeastern Mexico. American Anthropologist, 68(5): 1236-1244

van den Berghe, Pierre, and Benjamin N. Colby

1961. Ladino-Indian Relations in the Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Social Forces, 40(1):63-71.

Villa Rojas, Alfonso

1962. Distribución y estado cultural de los grupos mayances del México actual. Estudio de Cultura Maya, 2:45-77.

1963. El nagualismo como recurso de control social entre los grupos mayances de Chiapas, México. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 3:243-260.

1964. Barrios y calpules en las comunidades tzeltales y tzotziles del México actual. Actas y Memorias del XXXV Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, México, 1962, 1:321-334.

Villagutierre Soto-Mayor, Juan de

1933. Historia de la conquista de la provincia de el Itza, reduccion, y progresos de la de el Lacandón, y otras naciones indios barbaros, de las mediaciones de el reyno de Guatimala, a las provincias de Yucatán, en la América Septentrional. Guatemala City.

Voegelin, Carl F.

1959. Review of Zuni Dictionary by Stanley Newman. American Anthropologist, 61(1):162-163

Vogt, Evon Z.

1961. Some Aspects of Zinacantan Settlement Patterns and Ceremonial Organization. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 1:131-146.

1964a. Ancient Maya Concepts in Contemporary Zinacantan Religion. VIe Congrès International des Sciences Anthropologiques et Ethnologiques, Paris. 2.497-502.

1964b. The Genetic Model and Maya Cultural Development. Pages 9-48 in Evon Z. Vogt and Alberto Ruz L., editors, Desarrollo cultural de los mayas. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

1964c. Summary and Appraisal. Pages 385-403 in Evon Z. Vogt and Alberto Ruz L., editors, Desarrollo cultural de los mayas. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

1964d. Some Implications of Zinacantan Social Structure for the Study of the Ancient Maya. Actas y Memorias del XXXV Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, México, 1962, 21:307-319.

1964e. Cosmología maya antigua y tzotzil contemporanea: Comentario sobre algunos problemas metodológicos. América Indígena, 24(3): 211-219.

1964f. Ancient Maya and Contemporary Cosmology: A Comment on Some Methodological Problems. American Antiquity, 30(2): 192-195.

1965a. Ceremonial Organization in Zincantan. Ethnology 4(1):39-52.

1965b. Structural and Conceptual Replication in Zinacantan Culture. American Anthropologist, 67(2):342-353.

1965c. Zinacanteco “Souls.” Man, 29:33-35.

1966a. Algunas implicaciones de la estructura social de Zinacantan en el estudio de los antiguos mayas. Pages 96-112 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Institute Nacional Indigenista.

1966b. Algunos aspectos de patrones de poblamiento y de la organización ceremonial de Zinacantan. Pages 63-87 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Institute Nacional Indigenista.

1966c. Conceptos de los antiguos mayas en la religión zinacanteca contemporánea. Pages 88-96 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Institute Nacional Indigenista.

1966d. Los hʔiloletik: Organización y funciones del chamanismo en Zinacantan. Pages 113-128 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

1966e. Réplica estructural y réplica conceptual en la cultura zincacanteca. Pages 129-141 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

1966f. Ancestor Worship in Zinacantan Religion. Actas del XXXVI Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Madrid, 1964, 3:281-285.

1966g. Hʔiloletik: The Organization and Function of Shamanism in Zinacantan. Pages 359-369 in Antropología de Mesoamenca: Homenaje al Roberto J. Weitlaner. Mexico City.

1967. Tendencia de cambio en las tierras altas de Chiapas. América Indígena, 27(2): 199-222.

1968a. People of the Bat Country. Harvard Alumni Bulletin, May 11, pages 12-25.

1968b. Penny Capitalists or Tribal Ritualists?—The Relationship of Market Behavior to Ceremonial Life in a Modern Maya Community. Proceedings, VIIIth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Tokyo and Kyoto, Japan, 1968, 2:243-244.

1968c. Recurrent and Directional Processes in Zinacantan. Actas y Memorias del XXXVII Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Buenos Aires, 1966, 1:441-447.

1969a. Chiapas Highlands. Pages 133-151 in Ethnology of Middle America, volume 7 in Robert Wauchope and Evon Z. Vogt, editors, Handbook of Middle American Indians. Austin: University of Texas Press.

1969b. Zinacantan: A Maya Community in the Highlands of Chiapas. Cambridge: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press.

1970a. The Zinacantecos of Mexico: A Modern Maya Way Life. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

1970b. Human Souls and Animal Spirits in Zinacantan. Pages 1148-1167 in Jean Pouillon and Pierre Maranda, editors, Échanges et communications, mélanges offerts à Claude Lévi-Slrauss à I’occaswn 60ème anniversaire. Paris: Mouton.

1971. Summary and Appraisal. Pages 409-447 in Evon Z. Vogt and Alberto Ruz L., editors, Desarrollo cultural de los mayas. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mé xico.

1973. Gods and Politics in Zinacantan and Chamula. Ethnology, 12(2):99-113

In press. Aerial Photography in Highland Chiapas. In Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Aerial Photography in Anthropological Field Work. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Vogt, Evon Z., and A. Kimball Romney

1971. The Use of Aerial Photographic Techniques in Maya Ethnography. VIIe Congrès International sciences Anthropologiques et Ethnologiques, Moscow,1964, 11:156-171.

Vogt, Evon Z., and Catherine C.

1970. Lévi-Strauss among the Maya. Man, 5(3):- 379-392.

Vogt, Evon Z., and Frank Cancian

Social Integration and the Classic Maya: Some Problems in Haviland’s Argument. American Antiquity, 35(1): 101-102.

Vogt, Evon Z. (editor)

1966. Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

in press. Aerial Photography in Anthropological Field Work. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Vogt, Evon Z., and Alberto Ruz L. (editors)

1964. Desarrollo cultural de los mayas. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Warfield, James

1966. La arquitectura en Zinacantan. Pages 183-207 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

Wasserstrom, Robert

1970. Our Lady of the Salt. A.B. honors thesis, Harvard College.

Wauchope, Robert

1938. Modern Maya Houses. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 502

Weathers, Kenneth

1946. La agricultura de los tzotzil de Nabenchauc, Chiapas, México. America Indígena, 6:315-319.

Weathers, Nadine

1947. Tzotzil Phonemes with Special Reference to Allophones of B. International Journal of American Linguistics, 13:108-111.

1950. Morphological Analysis of a Tzotzil (Mayan) Text. International Journal of American Linguistics, 16:(2):91-98.

n.d. Tzotzil-Castellano. In Materials on the Mayan Languages of Mexico: Texts and Dictionaries in Chol, Tojolabal and Tzotzil. Manuscripts on Middle American cultural anthropology, series 4, no. 26. University of Chicago Library: Department of photographic reproduction.

Weathers, Nadine, and Kenneth

1949. Diccionario español-tzotzil y tzotzil-español. Mexico: Instituto Linguistico de Verano.

Weekley, Ernest

1921. An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. London: J. Murray.

Wilson, Carter

1966. Crazy February. New York: J. B. Lippincott.

1972. A Green Tree and a Dry Tree. New York: Macmillan.

Wood, Elena Uribe C.

1966. Un tzotzil llamado Chep. Comunidad: Cuadernos difusión cultural, 1(4): 104-109.

Wren, Linnéa Holmer

In press. Aerial Photography in the Investigation of Settlement Patterns and Trails in Highlands Chiapas. In Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Aerial Photography in Anthropological Field Work. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Ximénes, Francisco

1929-1931. Historia de la provincia de San Vincente de Chiapa y Guatemala de la orden de nuestro glorioso padre Domingo. 3 volumes. Guatemala City.

Zabala, Manuel T.

1961. Instituciones políticas y religiosas de Zinacantan. Estudios de Cultura Maya, 1:147-158.

Zimbalist, Michelle

1966. La Granadilla: Un modelo de la estructura social zinacanteca. Pages 275-297 in Evon Z. Vogt, editor, Los zinacantecos: Un pueblo tzotzil de los altos de Chiapas. Colección de Antropología Social, volume 7. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional Indigenista.

EPILOGUE

k’usi yepal li yo kee,

li yo htiʔe,

kahval,

mi h-p’el ša van yeč,

mi h-p’el ša van mu yečuk,

mi h-p’el ša van mu hnaʔbe smelol,

mi h-p’el ša van mu hnaʔbe stohol,

k’u šʔelan ih¢ak ta vun,

ih¢ak ta ¢’ib,

ti yo k’ope,

ti yo rasone,

č’ul-pertonaluk,

č’ul-lesensyauk,

t aničim ba,

t aničim sat,

kahval.

This is the sum of my humble mouth,

My humble lips,

My Lord,

If there be one word true.

And another word false,

If its nature I misread,

If its essence I misread,

As I put to paper,

As I put in writing,

The lordly word,

The lordly thought,

May there be holy pardon,

And divine forgiveness,

Before Thy beauteous face,

Before Thy beauteous eyes,

My Lord.

R.M.L.

Publication in Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology

Manuscripts for serial publications are accepted by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to substantive review, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums. Non-Smithsonian authors should address inquiries to the appropriate department. If submission is invited, the following format requirements of the Press will govern the preparation of copy. (An instruction sheet for the preparation of illustrations is available from the Press on request.)

Copy must be typewritten, double-spaced, on one side of standard white bond paper, with 1½” top left margins, submitted in ribbon copy with a carbon or duplicate, and accompanied by the original artwork. Duplicate copies of all material, including illustrations, should be retained by the author. There may be several paragraphs to a page, but each page should begin with a new paragraph. Number consecutively all pages, including title page, abstract, text, literature cited, legends, and tables. The minimum length is 30 pages of typescript and illustrations.

The title should be complete and clear for easy indexing by abstracting services. Include an abstract as an introductory part of the text. Identify the author on the first page of text with an unnumbered footnote that includes his professional mailing address. An index, if required, may be supplied by the author when he returns page proof.

For references within the text, use the author-date system: “(Jones 1910)” or “Jones (1910).” If the reference is expanded, abbreviate the data: “Jones (1910:122, pi. 20: fig. 1).”

Simple tabulations in the text (e.g., columns of data) may carry headings or not, but they should not contain rules. Formal tables must be submitted as pages separate from the text, and each table, no matter how large, should be pasted up as a single sheet of copy.

Use the metric system instead of (or in addition to) the English system.

Illustrations (line drawings, maps, photographs, shaded drawings) can be intermixed throughout the printed text. They will be termed Figures and should be numbered consecutively; however, if a group of figures is treated as a single figure, the individual components should be indicated by lowercase italic letters on the illustration, in the legend, and in text references: “Figure 9b.” If illustrations (usually tone photographs) are printed separately from the text as full pages on a different stock of paper, they will be termed Plates, and individual components should be lettered (Plate 9b) but may be numbered (Plate 9: figure 2). Never combine the numbering system of text illustrations with that of plate illustrations. Submit all legends on pages separate from the text and not attached to the artwork.

In the bibliography (usually called “Literature Cited”), spell out book, journal, and article titles, using initial caps with all words except minor terms such as “and, of, the.” (For capitalization of titles in foreign languages, follow the national practice of each language.) Underscore (for italics) book and journal titles. Use the colon-parentheses system for volume, number, and page citations: “10(2):5-9.” Spell out such words as “figures” and “plates” (or “pages” when used alone).

For free copies of his own paper, a Smithsonian author should indicate his requirements on “Form 36” (submitted to the Press with the manuscript). A non-Smithsonian author will receive 50 free copies; order forms for quantities above this amount with instructions for payment will be supplied when page proof is forwarded.