ERRATUM

Page 5; Section 1.8, line 2: art should read art

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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY

VOLUME 4 [Whole Volume]

Seneca Morphology and Dictionary

Wallace L. Chafe

SMITHSONIAN PRESS

Washington: 1967

A Publication of the
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
United States National Museum

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CARD 65-62172

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1967

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - $2.25

Contents

INTRODUCTION

SYMBOLS

ABBREVIATIONS

MORPHOLOGY

1. Phonemes

2. Method

3. Automatic alternations

4. Prosodic variants

5. The irreducible verb stem

6. The singular subjective prefix

7. The irreducible noun

8. The modal verb

9. The nonsingular subjective prefix

10. The objective prefix

11. The transitive prefix

12. The nominalizer

13. The root suffixes

14. The incorporated noun root

15. The reflexive/reciprocal base

16. The eventuative and facilitative

17. The progressive

18. The continuative

19. The past

20. The attributive suffixes

21. The primary prefixes

22. The duplicative

23. The negative

24. The translocative

25. The secondary prefixes

26. Irregularities

27. Colloquial style

28. Idiolect variants

29. Charts

Index of terms in the morphology

DICTIONARY

ENGLISH INDEX TO THE DICTIONARY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Seneca Morphology and Dictionary

Introduction

This work is an extended description of the structure of words in the Seneca language. A description of the grammar of Seneca words has already been published in the International Journal of American Linguistics (Chafe, 1960, 1961 a). A major omission from that work, however, was a comprehensive list of the verb roots, noun roots, and particles of the language, with specification of their grammatical peculiarities and examples of their use. The present work is designed to fill that gap. Its chief purpose is to make available a Seneca dictionary, or lexicon. Since, however, the dictionary contains many references to paragraphs in the Seneca Morphology mentioned above, it was thought useful to republish that work as part of this volume. Republication seems all the more useful in view of the fact that the original Seneca Morphology is scattered through eight numbers of two different volumes of the journal. Minor revisions and corrections have been made, but extensive changes, however desirable they might have been, were out of the question because the references in the dictionary were already keyed to paragraph numbers in the original version, as were the references given in the Grammatical Commentary of Seneca Thanksgiving Rituals (Chafe, 1961 b).

Seneca is at present the native language of a few thousand persons, most of whom live on the Allegany, Cattaraugus, and Tonawanda Reservations in western New York State and on the Grand River Reserve in Ontario, Canada. There are few if any speakers now under 30 years of age. Seneca is historically important as the language of the Five (now Six) Nations of the Iroquois and as the language of Handsome Lake, the Iroquois prophet (Parker, 1913; for a history of the Seneca see Parker, 1926). Within the Iroquoian language family, Seneca is a member of the Northern Iroquoian subgroup, which includes also Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and Tuscarora among the languages still spoken. Seneca is most closely related to Cayuga, but the two are different enough to be considered separate languages. The dialect differentiation within Seneca itself is minor. Earlier works on Seneca include several brief grammatical sketches (Voegelin and Preston, 1949, and Holmer, 1952, 1953, 1954) and texts (Hewitt, 1903, 1918). A list of still earlier sources is available in Pilling (1888).

The material on which this work is based was obtained during four summers of fieldwork, 1956–59, on the three New York reservations. It consists of an extensive corpus of Seneca words and texts, including formal speeches, legends, historical accounts, and conversations. I am deeply grateful for the assistance provided by numerous speakers of Seneca, above all by Solon Jones and Leroy Button of the Cattaraugus Reservation, Lena P. Snow, Tessie Snow, and Edward Curry of the Allegany Reservation, and Corbett Sundown and Betsy Carpenter of the Tonawanda Reservation. Appreciation is also due to William N. Fenton, Floyd G. Lounsbury, the Smithsonian Institution, Yale University, and especially to the New York State Museum and Science Service, under whose auspices the fieldwork was conducted. Both the Smithsonian Institution and the University of California provided support for the completion of the manuscript, and thanks are due to Karlena Glemser, Myra Rothenberg, and Aura Cuevas for their help in this regard.

The lexicon of a language is a vast terrain which no one could hope to explore fully during a few scattered field trips. Although grammatical analysis can perhaps lead to a point of diminishing returns after a reasonable period of investigation, I doubt that such a point has even been approached for the vocabularies of any languages except those few which have a long tradition of lexicography. Certainly the experience which I and others have had with American Indian languages refutes the ethnocentric myth that such languages are poor in their means of expression. What is given in the dictionary of this work is simply what I was able to obtain in a period that was totally inadequate for the purpose.

In making this lexical material available, I have had several possible uses of it in mind. I should say first that I have not intended that anyone should use it for learning to speak the Seneca language, although I would be very happy if someone were to find it helpful for that purpose. Above all I have wanted to provide data that can be used in comparative Iroquoian studies. Such work is stymied, as it is in most American Indian language families, by the absence of detailed lexical material. This is the first modern dictionary of any Iroquoian language, and I fervently hope that other and better ones will follow. Reconstruction, subgrouping, and the possible establishment of relationships outside the family cannot proceed without them. Second, the listing of roots with examples of their use will serve to elucidate the morphological patterns of the language beyond the few examples provided in the morphology, and to show something of the scope and frequency of constructions mentioned there. I regret the absence of syntactic examples; this compilation is a byproduct of a preoccupation with morphology. Examples of syntactic patterns as well as further morphological examples may be culled from my “Seneca Thanksgiving Rituals” and from Hewitt's texts. Finally, this material may prove useful in “language and culture” studies of various kinds.

The dictionary is for the most part a list of the verb roots and noun roots which I have recorded within Seneca words, with typical examples of their occurrence. Such entries are written with initial and final hyphens and with the appropriate abbreviation (“vb. rt.” or “nn. rt.”) immediately following the main entry. A few items are not clearly analyzable into root and suffix, but do occur with recognizable prefixes. They are entered with only an initial hyphen, and identified with the word “stem.” Items neither preceded nor followed by hyphens are whole words not analyzable as verbs or nouns; elsewhere I have called them “particles” [5.1]. I have also included all of the affix allomorphs previously listed in [30.2]. They can be identified by the presence of initial and/or final hyphens and the lack of any identification as either root or stem.

The initial entry is followed by any possible variant shapes, with indications as to their conditioning, and then by any other pertinent morphophonemic information. Most importantly, a verb root is followed in parentheses by the allomorphs of three of its aspect suffixes, in the order (1) descriptive, (2) iterative, (3) imperative. The punctual allomorph, which is not listed, is identical with the imperative except that wherever the imperative has h, the punctual has ʔ [8.2]. A blank indicates that no aspect suffix of that kind has been recorded. Thus (-′ʔ, -′ʔs, —) indicates that the descriptive allomorph is the iterative allomorph -′ʔs, and the imperative (and punctual) allomorphs unknown or nonoccurrent. Following the morphophonemic information is the English gloss or glosses. A verb root or noun root is then followed by examples of its occurrence in words. Illustrations of various affixes and of incorporated forms are given when available.

After the Seneca lexicon, an index to the English glosses is provided as an English-Seneca reference. Only the main Seneca entries are cited, but they will lead to whatever pertinent material on the gloss in included.

The alphabetical order followed in the listing of Seneca items is a, æ, e, ε, h, i, j, k, n, o, ɔ, s, t, u, w, y, ʔ. Symbols other than these are ignored in the alphabetizing, but affixes beginning with (C), :, and Ø are listed in that order at the end of the dictionary.

There follows a synopsis of the description contained in the morphology, which should be consulted for further details.

Seneca verbs normally contain as a minimum a verb root (e.g., -kε- see) followed by one of 4 aspect suffixes (-kε:h DESCRIPTIVE, -kεh ITERATIVE, -kεh IMPERATIVE, -kεʔ PUNCTUAL), and preceded by one of 64 pronominal prefixes which indicate the subject, the object, or a combination of both (kε: kεh I see it, ʔake: keh it sees me, kɔ:kεh I see you, shakoti:kεh they (masc.) see her, etc.), although a few elliptical forms occur without a pronominal prefix (thɔwi:sas, name of a dance ritual performed by women).

The verb root may be expanded by the addition of a root suffix, of which there are 15, although a particular root may occur with only a few or with none of them. Root suffixes include the DIRECTIVE (he:enɔs he goes there), two OPPOSITIVES (sehotɔ:koh open the door!; tewakε:hsowéhsɔ:h I've uncovered my feet), three CAUSATIVES (kahtɔ́ʔthaʔ I make it disappear, ʔakta:tɔh I've put it in place, ʔakέɔthwεh I've poured it), three INCHOATIVES (wiyóʔheʔs it becomes good, ʔakyέ:ʔɔh I've gotten hurt, ʔoʔ Wáhtɔʔ it disappeared), an INSTRUMENTAL (yeniyotáhkwaʔ used for hanging, hanger), a CAUSATIVE-INSTRUMENTAL (ʔóεʔhesthaʔ used for stopping, station), a DISTRIBUTIVE (háihsakhɔh he's looking for things), a DATIVE (hakhní:nɔʔseh he buys it for me), an AMBULATIVE (hatɔ́:neʔ he says it while walking), and a TRANSIENT (hóihsakhɔ:h he's gone looking for it). The last is sometimes followed by a special aspect morpheme, the PURPOSIVE (háihsakheʔ he came to look for it). The verb root may also be expanded by the occurrence before it of an incorporated noun root (hanɔ́hsakeh he sees the house), or by the REFLEXIVE (satyε:h sit yourself down!) or RECIPROCAL (ʔoʔká- tathe: ʔ I cut myself) morphemes.

The aspect suffix may be expanded in several ways. Before the descriptive morpheme may occur the EVENTUATIVE (ʔonénɔsʔɔh it's finally warm) or FACILITATIVE (ʔonɔʔnowέskɔ:h it melts easily). After the descriptive may occur the PROGRESSIVE morpheme followed by any of the four major aspect suffixes (hoetkεʔɔ́:tyeʔ he's getting progressively uglier). Either the descriptive or the iterative morpheme may be followed by either the CONTINUATIVE or PAST (ʔεkayasɔ́:ɔk it will continue to be called; hanɔ́eʔskwaʔ he used to like it).

The pronominal prefix of a verb may be preceded by one or more of several other prefixes. Of very frequent occurrence are the modal prefixes, of which there are three: the INDICATIVE (ʔoʔke:kεʔ I saw it, or see it just at this instant), the FUTURE (ʔεke:kεʔ I will see it), and the OPTATIVE (ʔa:ke:kεʔ I ought to or might see it). The punctual aspect suffix and the continuative suffix are always preceded by one of these modal prefixes, and the latter are nearly always accompanied by either the punctual or continuative, although occasionally a modal prefix occurs with the imperative suffix. Other prefixes include the CISLOCATIVE (tyoti:yɔ:h they (nonmasc. nonsg.) have come in), the REPETITIVE (shata:kheʔ he's running again), the DUPLICATIVE (teyóhsohkwa:ke:h two colors), the NEGATIVE (teʔ watiyε:thwas they (nonmasc. pl.) don't plant), the TRANSLOCATIVE (heyakawe:nɔ:h she has gone there), the PARTITIVE (niwεnɔti:h how many of them (nonmasc. pl.) there are), the COINCIDENT (tsikeksaʔá:h when I was a small child), and the CONTRASTIVE (thiyokweʔta: teʔ it's a different person). Various combinations of these prefixes may occur. The cislocative and repetitive are mutually exclusive, and the cislocative and translocative, which are semantically incompatible, also do not co-occur. The partitive, coincident, and contrastive are mutually exclusive as well, and none of these three seems to co-occur with either the negative or translocative.

Seneca nouns contain as a minimum a noun root (-ahsíʔta- foot) followed by one of three noun suffixes (-ahsíʔtaʔ SIMPLE NOUN SUFFIX, -ahsíʔtaʔkeh EXTERNAL LOCATIVE, -ahsíʔtakɔ:h INTERNAL LOCATIVE) and preceded by a pronominal prefix (kahsíʔtaʔkeh on my foot, ʔakwahsiʔtáʔkeh on our feet). In place of the noun root there may be a verb root followed by the nominalizer morpheme (kaʔhásteshæʔ power, with -ʔhaste- be powerful). Such a nominalized verb root may also occur in place of the incorporated noun root in a verb (hotiʔhastéshæyεʔ they (masc.) have power).

Either a verb or a noun, although evidently not a verb containing a modal prefix, may be followed by an attributive suffix, including the AUGMENTATIVE (ʔostówæʔko:wa:h Great Feather Dance), the DIMINUTIVE (kakε:tʔah it's whitish), the CHARACTERIZER (káεhtakɔ:kha: ʔ the swamp variety), the POPULATIVE (ʔoʔsoækó: onɔʔ person or people from Pinewoods), the DECESSIVE (haksótkε:ɔʔ my deceased grandfather), and the PLURALIZER (howέshɔʔoh his belongings).

Verb roots denoting kinship relationships are in some instances unique in the grammar of their pronominal prefixes. A discussion of their peculiarities may be found on pp. 20–21 of Chafe, 1963.

Variation in the phonemic shapes of Seneca morphemes is conditioned by a wide variety of interacting factors, both phonological and morphological. It is described in the morphology in Sections [3] and [4] and in the subsequent discussions of specific morphemes and morpheme classes. All forms listed in the dictionary, unless they are complete words (identifiable by the absence of preceding or following hyphens), are cited in the basic prosodic shape [4.1] of their basic allomorphs [3.2].

A summary of the automatic alternations is given in [3.24]. Section [4] discusses prosodic variants (those which exhibit variations in stress and vowel length), and may be summarized as follows. One conditioning factor is the status of a vowel as even or odd, reckoned according to basic allomorphs rather than the actually occurring shapes. Another factor is a vowel's status as final (the last vowel in a word) or prefinal, again with respect to basic allomorphs. A third factor is a vowel's status as basically strong or basically weak. Basically strong vowels are indicated in morpheme citations with an accent mark, a morphophonemic symbol which should not be taken to imply that the vowel is always or even ever stressed when it occurs in a full word. When there has been no evidence one way or the other for their status in this regard, vowels are arbitrarily listed here as basically weak; that is, without accent.

Every complete word contains at the most only one strong stress that is morphologically conditioned, although syntactic factors may add another stress when the word occurs in a complete utterance. A vowel is morphologically stressed if it is even, prefinal, and basically strong. If the prefinal vowel of a word is odd or basically weak, stress will occur on the nearest preceding even vowel that is either basically strong itself or has somewhere between it and any even prefinal vowel, if there is one, either (a) a basically strong vowel, (b) h or ʔ (c) a cluster of two consonants not including n, w, or y, or (d) sn, sw, or, if resulting from [3.8] (cf. [14.4]), sy. Many words have no morphological strong stress.

Vowel length is in a sense complementary to stress, occurring with basically weak vowels under certain complex conditions. Any basically weak vowel is long if it is final, and also if it is prefinal and even. It is also long if it is prefinal and odd, so long as (a) the following phoneme is a single consonant other than h or ʔ, and (b) the vowel is not a, æ, or ɔ. In some morphemes, however, ɔ will also be long under such circumstances; if so, it is listed as ɔ(:). Restriction (b) above also does not apply if the a, æ, or ɔ is the first vowel in a word—that is, they will then be long—unless the word ends in the imperative morpheme. Occasionally restriction (a) above does not apply to a single consonant, which acts in this respect as if it were a cluster; such consonants are listed with a following (C); for example, t(C). Length, furthermore, never occurs between two basically weak vowels unless they are the prefinal and final vowels of a word.

Vowel length has two sources besides that just described. One, the result of two identical vowels in sequence, is provided for in [3.19]. The other results from the replacement of h by length between a vowel and n, w, or y; this alternation is symbolized by (h/:) [6.3].

SYMBOLS

In addition to the accent mark, which is used to indicate basically strong vowels as noted above, the following morphophonemic symbols are used in this work:

aæ is represented by a:a if length is conditioned between the vowels, but by æ: (< ææ by [3.19]) otherwise [5.4].

æ see aæ above; but see also [14.4] for the replacement of æ by n or y, and of a preceding a by e or ε.

(C) initial in a morpheme indicates that the preceding allomorph is that which regularly occurs before a consonant, although here it occurs before a vowel [6.3].

(C) after a consonant indicates that the consonant does not condition length in a preceding basically weak prefinal odd vowel [4.6]. See also y(C) below.

(ε) is replaced by the objective allomorph -o- when the objective morpheme precedes [10.8].

(h) is represented by h after a consonant, but by no phoneme after a vowel [6.3].

(h)æ initial in a morpheme is replaced by: (< a by [3.19]) after any allomorph ending in a [6.9].

(hy) is represented by hy after a consonant, but by no phonemes after a vowel [6.3].

(h/:) is represented by h after a consonant, but by: after a vowel [6.3].

ɔ(:) indicates that the ɔ will be followed by: when odd and prefinal and followed by a single consonant other than h or ʔ [4.6].

y (superscript) initial in a morpheme indicates that the y is lacking after the first person allomorph k- [6.10].

y(C) initial in a morpheme indicates that the y conditions preceding allomorphs that regularly occur before consonant clusters [6.10].

(y) is represented by y after a consonant, but by no phoneme after a vowel [6.3].

( ) parentheses surrounding the final vowel of a morpheme indicate that it is the combining vowel [7.4, 14.4].

Ø is zero, no overt phoneme.

A number of the examples in the dictionary are given in the colloquial style, for which reference must be made to [26.6] and [27.1-10].

ABBREVIATIONS

Numerals in square brackets, here and throughout this volume, refer to paragraphs in the morphology.

All. |  | Allegany Reservation
ambul. |  | ambulative [13.13]
asp. |  | aspect
attr. |  | attributive [20.1-7]
augment. |  | augmentative [20.2]
Cat. |  | Cattaraugus Reservation
caus. |  | causative [13.5, 5, 7]
caus.-inst |  | causative-instrumental [13.7]
charact. |  | characterizer [20.4]
cisloc. |  | cislocative [21]
coin. |  | coincident [25.3]
comb. |  | combining (allomorph) [7.4, 14.3-4]
cont. |  | continuative [18]
contr. |  | contrastive [25.4]
dat. |  | dative [13.12]
desc. |  | descriptive [5.6-7]
dimin. |  | diminutive [20.3]
direct. |  | directive [13.2]
dist. |  | distributive [13.10]
du. |  | dual
dupl. |  | duplicative [22.1]
even. |  | eventuative [16]
excl. |  | exclusive
ext. |  | external [7.5]
fem. |  | feminine [6.1, 7]
fut. |  | future [8.5]
HSL |  | Chafe, 1963
impv. |  | imperative [5.10-11]
inch. |  | inchoative [13.5, 8–9]
incl. |  | inclusive
incorp. |  | incorporated, incorporating [14.3]
indic. |  | indicative [8.6]
inst. |  | instrumental [13.11]
intens. |  | intensifier [13.16]
intr. |  | intransitive
iter. |  | iterative [5.8-9]
lit. |  | literally
loc. |  | locative
masc. |  | masculine [6.1, 6]
neg. |  | negative [23]
neut. |  | neuter [6.1, 8]
nn. |  | noun
nom. |  | nominalizer [12]
nonmasc. |  | nonmasculine
nonsg. |  | nonsingular
obj. |  | objective
oppos. |  | oppositive [13.4, 6]
opt. |  | optative [8.4]
part. |  | partitive [25.2]
pl. |  | plural
plur. |  | pluralizer [20.7]
popul. |  | populative [20.5]
pref. |  | prefix
prog. |  | progressive [17]
punc. |  | punctual [8.2]
purp. |  | purposive [13.15]
recip. |  | reciprocal [15]
ref. |  | reference, referring
refl. |  | reflexive [15]
repet. |  | repetitive [21]
rt. |  | root
spl. |  | simple [7.5]
suff. |  | suffix
Ton. |  | Tonawanda Reservation
tr. |  | transitive
trans. |  | transient [13.14]
transloc. |  | translocative [24]
var. |  | variant (local or stylistic)
vb. |  | verb
vow. |  | vowel

Morphology

1. PHONEMES

1.1. The following paragraphs do not constitute a complete description of Seneca phonology, but are simply an outline of the phonemes that are contained in morphological constructions.¹ On the basis of their distributional characteristics these phonemes can be assigned to one or the other of three major classes: VOWELS, CONSONANTS, and PROSODIC PHONEMES. The vowels can be subclassified into the ORAL VOWELS i, e, æ, a, and o, and the NASALIZED VOWELS ε and ɔ. The consonants include the RESONANTS y, w, and n, and the OBSTRUENTS t, k, s, j, h, and ʔ. Of the latter, t, k, s, and j will be referred to as ORAL OBSTRUENTS, h and ʔ as LARYNGEAL OBSTRUENTS. The prosodic phonemes relevant to the morphology include two STRESSES and VOWEL LENGTH. The stresses will be called STRONG, marked with an acute accent mark, and WEAK, unmarked. Vowel length is marked with a colon. Another prosodic phoneme, OPEN JUNCTURE, which is contained only in syntactic constructions, will be mentioned in this section with regard to the conditioning of allophones and in [3] with regard to the conditioning of allomorphs. It is marked by word space. Three additional phonemes, u, b, and m, which occur in the morphology with extremely limited distribution, are discussed in [1.20-2].

1.2. i is a high front vowel [i]: nikaióʔtε:h the way it is, hotihikwǽ:ɔh he has put his hat on.

1.3. e is a high-mid front vowel. Its high allophone [I] occurs in postconsonantal position before i or an oral obstruent: hoyéiʔɔh it's right for him, fits him, ʔo:nekanos water. Its low allophone [e] occurs in all other environments: niyo:weʔ how far it is, waskwe:s long bridge, teyɔ́tyaʔtatenyeʔs she changes her form.

1.4. æ is a low front vowel [æ]: hóæhtɔh he has passed by, ʔoʔkawisænɔwεʔ the ice melted.

1.5. a is a low central vowel. Its high allophone [Λ] occurs in postconsonantal position before i, y, w, or an oral obstruent: waiwáste:is he noticed it, hayásɔ:nɔʔ it was his name, ʔεyawi:sat it will glance off of it. Its low allophone [a] occurs in all other environments: niakɔhsáʔa:h he's got a small face, ha:ya:s he calls it. Before ε or ɔ́ it is nasalized [ą]: waεnɔtésʔa: ʔ they prepared, hehsáɔɔtɔ:h ask him!

1.6. o is a mid back vowel. It is weakly rounded. Its high allophone [U] occurs in postconsonantal position before i or an oral obstruent: niyóiwa:ke:h how many different customs there are, the final o in ʔo:nekanos water. Its low allophone [o] occurs in all other environments: ʔoʔεno:weʔ nothing but pole, konónɔʔto:tsɔ:h she has peeled the potatoes.

1.7. ε is a low-mid front vowel. It is nasalized [ε]: ʔoyέʔkwaʔɔ:weh native tobacco, haʔtekakέhɔεh midsummer.

1.8. ɔ is a low back vowel. It is weakly rounded and nasalized [ɔ̨]: taɔwɔyɔʔ they handed it to him, yot6ʔskothaʔ she bakes it.²

1.9. y is a palatal semivowel. After s it is voiceless and spirantized [Y̌] (distinguished from palatalized allophones of s by being a slit spirant): hosyɔ:ni:h he has made it. After h it is voiceless and optionally spirantized, [Y̌] in free variation with [Y̌]: hothyo:wi:h he has told about it, wá:khyo:wiʔ he told me. After t or k it is voiced and optionally spirantized, [y] in free variation with [y̌]: tyotyéεhtoh it's first, ʔoʔkyaʔk I broke it off. Otherwise it is voiced and not spirantized [y]: yeya:soh she is called, hayanɔte:nyeʔs he changes a tire.

1.10. w is a velar semivowel. It is weakly rounded [w]: ʔóiwawe: soʔ there are a lot of things, ʔɔkwεnɔwi:sat I mentioned it.

1.11. n is a released³ apico-alveolar nasal [n]: niyoniya:yεʔ the way the snow is, ʔoʔkhnɔ́kwa:ni:nɔʔ I bought milk.

1.12. t is an apico-alveolar stop. It is voiceless and aspirated [t‘] before an obstruent or open juncture: hotkáʔwεh he has provided it, hotha:ʔ he's talking, hakso:t my grandfather. Between a nasalized vowel and open juncture, however, its aspiration is frequently so weak as to be inaudible: ʔoʔkyεt I hit it, ʔisnɔ:t give it food! It is voiced and released⁴ [d] before a vowel or resonant: nɔʔtetwateʔ it's between us (incl. pl.), satyε:h sit down!

1.13. k is a dorso-velar stop. It is voiceless and aspirated [k’] before an obstruent or open juncture: ktakheʔ I'm running, he:awak he's my son. As with t, the aspiration is often very weak between a nasalized vowel and open juncture: hatɔ́:k he used to say it. It is voiced and released [g] before a vowel or resonant: ʔoʔkékaʔtsiʔ I took it apart, ʔakyε:thɔh I've planted it.

1.14. s is a spirant with blade-alveolar groove artic-ulation [s]. It is always voiceless, and is fortis everywhere except between vowels: hosheʔ he, it is chasing him, keswáes I dislike it. Before y it is palatalized [Š]: hosyɔ:ni:h he has made it. Between t and i it is optionally palatalized ([s] in free variation with [Š]): wernitsi:- yo: h the day is good. It is lenis intervocalically: wa: se: ʔ it's new.

1.15. j is a voiced alveolar affricate [dz]: kεjoh fish, je:nɔ:h grab it! Before i it is optionally palatalized ([dz] in free variation with [dž]): wa:ji:h it's dark, black.⁵

1.16. h is a voiceless segment [h] colored by an immediately preceding and/or following vowel and/or resonant: hothɔ:teʔ he's hearing it, hakátehwεh he's corrupted me, ʔakhnɔ́hsɔ:ni:h I've built a house.

1.17. ʔ is a glottal stop [ʔ]: hoʔhástεʔɔh he's gotten strong, ʔ>εyóʔkæ:h it will become night.

1.18. Strong stress is distinguished from weak stress by a relatively greater volume and higher pitch occurring simultaneously with a vowel: hotehsaʔoh he's ready, ʔáoʔkætes it gets high, hatɔ́: k he used to say it.

1.19. Vowel length is realized as a doubling of the duration of the preceding vowel, so long as there is not another vowel following: hɔta: ʔthaʔ he shakes it, syatɔ:h write! If it occurs between two vowels, the total lengthening is equivalent to the duration of a single vowel, but with half the quality of the preceding vowel and half that of the following vowel: hokarot he's telling stories, in which the a: o is equivalent in duration to a sequence of three vowels and the a and o qualities are of equal duration, i.e., one and one half times a single vowel.

1.20. The phoneme u, a high back vowel which is weakly rounded [u], occurs only in and adjacent to the morpheme -úʔu:-/-uʔú:- be tiny, niwuʔu:h how tiny it is, niyukuʔú:h how tiny she is.

1.21. The voiced labial phonemes b and m occur only in a few nicknames: kóʔbit, takam, jita:m.

2. METHOD

2.1. A preliminary discussion of the method of analysis followed in this work is unavoidable. At the outset, given a body of phonemically transcribed utterances, analysis into morphs is accomplished on the basis of contrasts in form and meaning found to exist between partially identical utterances. Overlapping morphs are recognized when the assignment of a particular phoneme is ambiguous. Zero morphs are recognized when comparison with other forms clearly indicates the presence of a meaning that cannot be assigned to any overt morph. All these morphs are then assigned to morphemes according to principles in Chafe, 1959 b.

2.2. With utterances reduced to sequences of morphemes, the procedure traditionally followed in the analysis of polysynthetic languages has been to assign the morphemes to position classes.⁶ In this work the morpheme sequences are instead organized into immediate constituents (ICs). Analysis of this sort has in the past been applied to utterances of sentence or phrase length, but seldom in a systematic fashion to those generally shorter utterances and utterance segments which may be called words. I believe there is much to be said for the assumption made here that all grammar “from morpheme to utterance” is describable in terms of ICs. The alternative, so far as morphology is concerned, is to assume that each word is nothing more than a string of morphemes, each of which has the same affinity to every other morpheme in the word. If such words occasionally appear in some languages, they can, even within the framework suggested here, be viewed as special cases of multiple constituency. It is assumed here that most polymorphemic words, in fact all those discussed in this work, contain a hierarchical arrangement of morphemes. In some respects morphology provides a better testing ground for IC theory than does syntax: The number of basic elements and their combinations is incomparably smaller, and order is not a variable.

2.3. It is further assumed that ICs are distinguished from other morpheme sequences by their relatively greater freedom of occurrence. A general definition is possible: The ICs of an utterance, as well as of other ICs, are the smallest number of jointly exhaustive segments into which the utterance or IC can be divided in order to yield segments that have maximum freedom of occurrence with adjacent morphemes and morpheme sequences. Any sequence composed of ICs will be called a CONSTITUTE.

2.4. In the actual procedure of determining morphological ICs I have found it more satisfactory to “work up” rather than to “work down,” principally because the number of choices to be made at any one point is thereby reduced. I start with what can be termed IRREDUCIBLE utterances: those from which no morpheme can be deleted and an occurrent utterance retained. An irreducible Seneca utterance is, for example, kihsa:s I'm looking j or it, containing an intonation contour (not symbolized here), and the morphemes k- first person, -ihsa:- look for, and -s iterative.

2.5. The IC structure of these irreducible utterances must next be determined. The intonation contour has by far the greatest freedom of occurrence of any tentative segment of kihsa:s, and the first division is made between it and the remaining morphemes. The possible divisions of what is left, the three-morpheme sequence k-ihsa:-s, are into (a) k- and -ihsa:s, (b) kihsa:- and -s, (c) k-, -ihsa:-, and -s, and (d) k—s and -ihsa:-. The possibility (d) of a discontinuous IC is considered only if the same sequence occurs elsewhere continuously, and this is not true of k—s. The possibility (c) of multiple ICs is considered only if a choice between tentative dichotomous ICs, here between (a) and (b), cannot be made, since ICs are defined as the smallest number of segments fulfilling the other conditions. If the various freedoms of occurrence of the tentative ICs in (a) and (b) are examined, k- is found to exceed kihsa:- by approximately the same amount that -s exceeds -hsa:s, the one comparison cancelling the other, kihsa: - has a slight but not convincing edge over -ihsa: s. The decisive fact is that k- occurs followed by a large number of sequences consisting of many morphemes later classified as noun roots which are in turn followed by several other morphemes later classified as noun suffixes: kahsíʔtaʔ my foot. No comparable sequences occur before -s. Thus, k- is clearly freer in occurrence than -s, and the ICs of kihsa: s are determined to be k- and -ihsais. The ICs of the remaining sequence, -ihsais, can only be -ihsa: - and -s.

2.6. With the IC structure of the irreducible utterances determined in this way, those utterances are next considered which are identical with irreducible utterances except for the presence of one additional morpheme, e.g., kihsa: skwaʔ I used to look for it, and the IC structure of these new utterances is determined in the same fashion. The procedure is continued by progressively considering new utterances that contain one additional morpheme beyond the content of the utterances already analyzed.

2.7. Implicit in the above is the requirement that an IC once established is always an IC. This requirement will be given further significance below, but here it can be seen as an aid in the limitation of possible alternative analyses. Within the utterance kihsa: skwaʔ, for example, the possible ICs are only (a) kihsa :s- and -kwaʔ and (b) k- and -ihsa:skwaʔ. A division into kihsa:- and -skwaʔ is not considered as a possibility because it is already known that in the sequence k-ihsa:-s the first division is between k- and -ihsa:s. In this case freedoms of occurrence dictate the choice of k- and -ihsa:skwaʔ from the two possibilities mentioned, and the division of the second IC of this pair into -ihsa:- and -skwaʔ, which last can only be divided into -s- and -kwaʔ.

2.8. Some utterances which are not analyzable by the procedure so far given are identical with analyzable utterances except for the occurrence of some one morpheme in place of another. These parallel utterances are then analyzed in a parallel fashion. The ICs of wati:hsa:s they (nonmasc.) are looking for it, for example, are determined to be wati- and -:hsa:s,⁷ since preceding analysis has established the ICs of hatí:hsa:s they (masc.) are looking for it, differing from the other by one morpheme, as hatí- and -:hsa-s.⁸

2.9. To summarize, ICs are established by applica-tion of the criterion of relative freedoms of occurrence within the framework of “working up” from irreducible utterances by the addition of one morpheme at a time. Added restrictions and extensions are: (a) the exclusion of discontinuous ICs that are never continuous, (b) the respect for IC divisions once established, and (c) the parallel analysis of parallel utterances.

2.10. A point is reached in this procedure where it is no longer possible to adhere to the restriction listed as (b) above and arrive at a unique analysis; where a morpheme sequence established as an IC in one utterance and a different sequence established as an IC in another utterance both occur in some third utterance in which they cannot both be ICs. For example the ICs of kyethwdsnaeh I do 'plant and of ʔi: ʔkyεthwás I'm the one who plants are, in each case, the intonation contour and the remainder. But these two remainders cannot both be ICs with the intonation contour in ʔí:ʔkyεthwásnaeh I'm the one who does plant. Constitutes whose ICs are always unambiguously analyzable as ICs are MORPHOLOGICAL CONSTITUTES, while those whose ICs cannot always be so analyzed are SYNTACTIC CONSTITUTES. The ICs of syntactic constitutes are SYNTACTIC ICs. Morphological constitutes which occur as syntactic ICs are WORDS; e.g. kyεthwás I plant,⁹ naeh emphatically, ʔí: ʔ I.

2.11. ICs and constitutes are particular morphemes and morpheme sequences. Their description would be endlessly tedious, and in fact incomplete, if they were not assigned to classes. I find it simpler to arrive at a classification procedure by considering first the classification of constitutes. It is assumed as a basis for this classification that every constitute has a GRAMMATICAL MEANING over and above the meanings of its ICs, and that it is possible to determine whether two constitutes have the same or different grammatical meanings (just as in the establishment of morphemes it is assumed possible to determine whether two morphs have the same or different meanings). The assumption of this kind of meaning has been made in the past in order to account for the ambiguity of such phrases as “ld men and women,” but it has seldom or never been employed in the analysis of words.

2.12. Constitutes WHICH HAVE ONE IC IN COMMON and either (a) have the same grammatical meaning, or (b) occur as ICs in exactly the same range of larger constitutes, are members of the same CONSTITUTE CLASS. k|ihsa:s I'm looking for it and k|yaʔtíhsa:s I'm looking for the body belong to the same constitute class by criterion (a), since they both have a grammatical meaning which can be glossed as “actor-action.” On the other hand k|ihsa:s and ʔk|íhsa:s it's looking jor me belong to the same constitute class by criterion (b), since they are mutually substitutable as ICs in the same range of larger constitutes; e.g. teʔ|kíhsa:s I'm not looking for it, teʔ|wákihsa:s it's not looking for me.

2.13. Constitute classes with partially identical memberships are said to OVERLAP. Thus the two constitute classes referred to directly above overlap, since each contains kjihsa:s. Constitutes which belong to the same or overlapping constitute classes are members of the same CONSTRUCTION.¹⁰ Thus k|ihsa:s, k|yaʔtíhsa:s, and ʔak|íhsa:s all belong to one construction. The classification of constitutes into constructions is basic to the organization of this work.

2.14. ICs which are substitutable for each other in a particular construction will be referred to as members of a CONSTITUENT of that construction. The term “constituent,” then, is used here to denote a class of ICs. Both k- and ʔak- belong to one constituent of the construction described above, while -ihsa:s and -yaʔtíhsa:s belong to the other.

2.15. Certain subclassifications of constructions and constituents are also useful. The members of a particular construction which belong to the same constituent of some larger construction belong to the same CONSTRUCTION SUBCLASS. Thus k|ihsa:s and ʔak|íhsa:s belong to the same construction subclass by virtue of occurring as the same constituent in a larger, in fact several larger constructions; e.g., the negative construction with teʔ- [2.12]. The members of a particular constituent which belong to the same construction or which are single morphemes belong to the same CONSTITUENT SUBCLASS; e.g., ʔak- me and ho- him (hóihsa:s it's looking for him), which both belong to the objective construction consisting of a pronominal morpheme plus the objective morpheme ʔa-/-o-. The members of a constituent which contain the smallest number of morphemes form the IRREDUCIBLE CONSTITUENT; e.g., -ihsa:|s be looking for, -nɔeʔ|s like (khnɔeʔs I like it). An irreducible constituent that consists of single morphemes is a MORPHEME CLASS; e.g., the class containing k -first person and ha- masculine (háihsars he's looking for it). The members of a constituent which do not belong to the irreducible constituent belong to an EXPANDED CONSTITUENT, which is said to be an EXPANSION of the irreducible constituent; e.g., -yaʔt| íhsa:- look for the body belongs to an expansion of the morpheme class represented by -íhsa: - look for.

3. AUTOMATIC ALTERNATIONS

3.1. Words are described in this work in the phonemic shapes that they have as isolated declarative utterances, preceded and followed by open juncture. Additional allomorphs of some morphemes occur in syntactic constructions. Such variants are predictable from the shapes described here and their description will be left to a study of the syntax.

3.2. Allomorphs are conditioned either by phonological features, grammatical features, or a combination of both; i.e., by phonological features occurring within a specific grammatical environment. This section discusses alternations which are subject to purely phonological conditioning. Except for the prosodic variants discussed in [4], all other alternations will be described in the body of the grammar in connection with the particular morpheme sequences to which they are relevant. The allomorphs of a morpheme from which the alternations described in this section can be inferred will be called its BASIC ALLOMORPHS. Only the basic allomorphs of a morpheme will subsequently be listed in the grammar. The phonologically conditioned variants implied by a basic allomorph will be called its AUTOMATIC VARIANTS. The paragraphs which follow are summarized in [3.24].

3.3. A basic allomorph containing t or k occurs in an automatic variant without this phoneme whenever, if it did occur, it would be followed by an s that is in turn followed by another obstruent or open juncture: -théʔt- pound corn has the automatic variant -théʔ- in ''othéʔshæʔ flour; -ato:wæe:t- hunt has the automatic variant -ato:wæ:- in hato:wæ:s he hunts; -yaʔk- break has the automatic variant -yaʔ- in ha:yaʔs he breaks it.

3.4. A basic allomorph containing t or k occurs in an automatic variant without this phoneme whenever, if it did occur, it would be preceded by t, k, or s and followed by open juncture: -oʔkt- come to the end has the automatic variant -oʔk in ʔo:toʔk it's at the end; -st- CAUSATIVE has the automatic variant -s in sakto:kεs I straightened again. It will be seen below that resonants never occur before open juncture, and the statement made above applies equally to basic allomorphs containing t or k plus a resonant: -a:tkw- dance has the automatic variant -a:t in tehnya:t let's dance!

3.5. A basic allomorph containing t occurs in an automatic variant with h in place of the t between a vowel and n: -at- reflexive has the automatic variant -ah- in sahnónɔʔto:tsih peel your potatoes!

3.6. A basic allomorph containing h occurs in an automatic variant without the h whenever, if it did occur, it would be followed by two obstruents or by one obstruent plus open juncture: -hewaht- punish has the automatic variant -ewat- (the absence of the first h is nonautomatically determined) in shakoewáthaʔ he punishes people, the devil, shetwáewat let's punish him! As in [3.4], this statement also applies when there is in the basic allomorph an additional resonant phoneme, which is then also lacking before open juncture: -hkw- instrumental has the automatic variant -k in ʔoʔkóʔktak I used it to end up with.

3.7. Automatic variants without h also occur when this phoneme, if it did occur, would be (a) between two obstruents, (b) before sn, or (c) between open juncture and y. As an example of (a), -hso: t- be grandparent to has the automatic variant -so:t in hakso:t he's my grandfather. An example of (b) is the occurrence of -hs- you in the automatic variant -s- in hesnɔ́eʔs you like him. An example of (c) is the occurrence of h- masculine in an automatic zero allomorph at the beginning of yaktos they (masc. du.) return (colloquial).

3.8. A basic allomorph containing either h or ʔ occurs in an automatic variant without the laryngeal obstruent whenever, if it did occur, it would be preceded by s and followed by a resonant: -ʔnikɔ́ε- mind has the automatic variant -nikɔ́ε- in snikɔ́εʔ your mind; -hyatɔ:- write has the automatic variant -yatɔ:- in syatɔ:h write!

3.9. An epenthetic h, which may be considered an empty morph, occurs automatically between k and n; e.g., between k- I and -nɔeʔ- like in khnɔeʔs I like it. A basic allomorph containing ʔ occurs in an automatic variant without the ʔ (but with the epenthetic h) between k and n: -ʔníkɔε- mind has the automatic variant -níkɔε- in ʔakhníkɔεʔ my mind.

3.10. A basic allomorph containing a resonant occurs in an automatic variant without the resonant whenever, if it did occur, it would be followed by an obstruent or open juncture. Examples of such variants before open juncture were included in [3.4] and [3.6]. Examples before obstruents are the occurrence of -ahsarw- begin in the automatic variant -ahsa:- in wahsa:haʔ it begins; and of -iey- die as -ie- in waʔáieʔ she died.

3.11. A basic allomorph containing y occurs in an automatic variant without the y whenever, if it did occur, it would be preceded by a consonant and followed by i: -ahtε:ty- travel has the automatic variant -:htε:t- [3.19] in wá:htε:tiʔ he traveled.

3.12. Analogously, a basic allomorph containing w occurs in an automatic variant without the w whenever, if it did occur, it would be preceded by an obstruent and followed by o and ɔ: -yεʔkw- tobacco has the automatic variant -yέʔk- in kayέʔko:t standing tobacco, hayέʔ- kɔthwas he burns tobacco.

3.13. A basic allomorph containing w occurs in an automatic variant with y in place of the w between a vowel and o or ɔ: -skaw- bush has the automatic variant -skay- in ʔoskayowa:neh the bush is big, ʔoteskay o: ni: h the bush is growing.

3.14. A basic allomorph containing a occurs in an automatic variant with o in place of the a after n, a nasalized vowel, or a nasalized vowel plus w, sw, ʔw, or a laryngeal obstruent: -a:w belong to has the automatic variant -ɔ:w- in hono:weh it belongs to them; -ati- he on the other side of has the automatic variant -ɔti- in jawέɔtih on the other side of the flower; -ase- be new has the automatic variant -ɔse- in hoɔwɔse: ʔ his boat is new; -átε:ɔno- be shady has the automatic variant -ɔ́tε:ɔno- in ʔεswɔ́tε:ɔnos it will make shade again; -a: ti- be on the other side of has the automatic variant -ɔ:ti- in nɔʔwɔ:tih on which side it is; -a:w- objective has the automatic variant -ɔ:w- in nɔʔɔ:wεh how it happened; -háʔ- hire has the automatic variant -hɔ́ʔ- in ʔakatεhɔ́ʔɔh I've hired it.

3.15. The above alternation does not, however, occur before o, ʔo, ʔa, :yo, or :ya. Examples are naotiyáʔtawεh how it happened to them, naʔóskastheʔt it was the only way, naʔáhtεʔεh which things, ná:yoʔha:- ste:k how strong it might be, naryakεʔ she might say. In some idiolects it does not occur before :a. An example is na:aye:ʔ how he did it alongside nɔ:ɔye:ʔ.

3.16. A basic allomorph containing ε occurs in an automatic variant with e in place of the ε before o: -έ- flower has the automatic variant -é- in ʔawéowa:nεh big flower. In addition, a basic allomorph containing ε occurs in an automatic variant with e in place of the e before e, and with i in place of the e before i. In both cases vowel length occurs in place of the second vowel [3.19]: ʔε- future has the automatic variant ʔe- in ʔé:hse:kεʔ you will see him, the automatic variant ʔi- in ʔi:nɔhkwáʔsyɔ:niʔ the two of them will fix the medicine. In some idiolects these alternations do not occur before :e or :i; cf. [3.18].

3.17. A basic allomorph containing ɔ occurs in an automatic variant with o in place of the ɔ before o. As an example, -ɔ- you has the automatic variant -o- in ʔoʔkó:owiʔ I told you.

3.18. The alternation described at the beginning of [3.16] does not occur before :o, and this is true in some idiolects of the alternation described in [3.17]: kajέiot blazing iire, ʔoʔkɔ́:owiʔ alongside ʔoʔkó:owiʔ.

3.19. A basic allomorph containing an initial vowel not followed by vowel length occurs in an automatic variant with vowel length in place of the vowel whenever an identical vowel precedes: -a- he has the automatic variant -: - after wa- in wa:yakεʔt he went out.

3.20. A basic allomorph containing an initial vowel followed by vowel length occurs in an automatic variant with the length preceding the vowel whenever any SINGLE vowel directly precedes it: -a:tye- progressive has the automatic variant -:atye- in hothyówi: atyeʔ he was talking along about it (but -e:s- be long occurs in its basic allomorph after TWO immediately adjacent vowels in ʔóae:s long road).

3.21. A basic allomorph containing vowel length occurs in an automatic variant without the length in any vowel cluster (sequence of two or more vowels, with or without vowel length, but with no intervening consonant), if the cluster is followed by more than one vowel in the same word: -i:w- thing, matter, etc. has the automatic variant -iw- in waʔeiwáste: is she noticed it.

3.22. A basic allomorph containing an initial vowel plus vowel length occurs in an automatic variant without the length whenever another vowel length precedes in the same vowel cluster: -a:- take has the automatic variant -a- after - :- (itself an automatic variant of -a- [3.19]) in hwá:aʔ he took it. The result of this alternation is that no vowel cluster contains more than one vowel length.

3.23. A basic allomorph containing a strongly stressed vowel occurs with strong stress on the preceding vowel instead whenever a single vowel (but not a sequence of two vowels) immediately precedes: -ɔ́shæ- box has the automatic variant -ɔshæ-, with strong stress on the preceding vowel, in káoshæʔ a box.

3.24. The following is a summary of the automatic alternations described in this section:

t, k alternate with zero before s plus another obstruent or open juncture [3.3], and between t, k, s and open juncture [3.4].

t alternates with h between a vowel and n [3.5].

h alternates with zero before two obstruents or one obstruent plus open juncture [3.6], between two obstruents, before SD, and between open juncture and y [3.7].

h, ʔ alternate with zero between s and a resonant [3.8].

Zero alternates with h between k and n [3.9].

ʔ alternates with zero between k and n [3.9].

A resonant alternates with zero before an obstruent or open juncture [3.10].

y alternates with zero between a consonant and i [3.11].

w alternates with zero between an obstruent and o, ɔ [3.12].

w alternates with y between a vowel and o, ɔ [3.13].

a alternates with ɔ after n, a nasalized vowel, or a nasalized vowel plus w, sw, or a laryngeal obstruent [3.14-5].

ε alternates with e before o, e; with i before i [3.16, 18].

ɔ alternates with o before o [3.17-18].

A vowel alternates with vowel length after an identical vowel [3.19].

Vowel plus vowel length alternates with vowel length plus vowel after any vowel [3.20].

Vowel length alternates with zero in a vowel cluster followed by more than one additional vowel [3.21], and after a vowel preceded by another vowel length in the same vowel cluster [3.22].

Strong stress is displaced to an immediately preceding single vowel [3.23].

4. PROSODIC VARIANTS

4.1. Section [3] discussed the automatic variants of basic allomorphs, and in particular [3.19-23] described automatic alternations that involve the prosodic phonemes (vowel length and strong and weak stress). Certain other alternations involving these phonemes are predictable on the basis of a combination of phonological and grammatical features, and are thus not automatic in the sense of the alternations of [3]. They are nevertheless predictable in general terms if, in addition to the shape of basic allomorphs, only word boundaries and the status of vowels as basically strong or basically weak (see below) are given. With reference to the occurrence and position within them of the prosodic phonemes, we shall say that basic allomorphs have a BASIC PROSODIC SHAPE, which then occurs in PROSODIC VARIANTS that are conditioned in the manner described in this section. Subsequent to this section only the basic prosodic shape of basic allomorphs will be listed. It should be kept in mind that the prosodic variants discussed here are still basic allomorphs, and as such are subject to the automatic alternations of [3.19-23]. The automatic alternations apply to the prosodic variants discussed below, rather than to the corresponding basic prosodic shapes. The alternations of this section, in other words, should be considered as applying before those of [3].

4.2. Reference will be made below to EVEN and ODD vowels. The status of a vowel in this regard is determined by its count from the beginning of the word, but with the count made as if the automatic variants described in [3.19-22] were replaced by their basic allomorphs. For example the strongly stressed vowel in waiwáste:is he noticed it is an even vowel, since the basic allomorphs involved are wa-a-i: w-ástei-st, occurring in the variants described in [3.4, 3.19-22] and below. The additional terms FINAL and PREFINAL refer respectively to the last and next to the last vowel in a word, again with reference to the basic allomorphs involved: The strongly stressed vowel in hakɔejέ:ɔʔ he coaxes them is not prefinal, the basic allomorphs being ha-k-ɔ-ejεɔ́-ɔʔ.

4.3. Certain vowels will be called BASICALLY STRONG, and will be marked with the acute accent in the listing of the basic prosodic shape of the allomorph in which they are contained; e.g., the vowel in -yέht- hit. All other vowels are BASICALLY WEAK. Some basic allomorphs have the effect of causing an immediately preceding vowel to be basically strong, and they are indicated by a preceding accent mark in the listing of allomorphs: -′st- causative. The characteristics which distinguish basically strong from basically weak vowels will appear below. This use of the accent mark in morph citations to indicate basically strong vowels is simply for the purpose of aiding morphophonemic description, and should not be confused with the use of the same symbol in complete words to indicate strong stress [1.1, 1.18]. A basically strong vowel does not always, or necessarily ever occur with strong stress.

4.4. With the above features and terminology established, it is now possible to describe the occurrence of strong stress within a word. A basically strong vowel occurs with strong stress if it is both even and prefinal: ʔakyέhtɔh I've hit it. If the prefinal vowel of a word is either odd or basically weak, and thus occurs with weak stress, strong stress occurs on the nearest preceding even vowel that either is basically strong itself (hoyέhtɔ:ɔtyeʔs he keeps hitting it), or has somewhere following it (but before any even prefinal vowel if there is one) (a) a basically strong vowel, (b) a laryngeal obstruent, (c) a cluster of any two obstruents, or (d) s plus n or w.¹¹ An example of (a) is hotiyehtoh he has hit it; of (b), waɔwokɔ́taʔe:k they struck him on the nose; of (c), tɔtáwaskwe:k it closed its mouth again; and of (d), ʔakásnowæ:tɔh I'm going fast, ʔotéswate: - nyɔʔ Changing Ribs Dance. No word has more than one strong stress, and many words have none; e.g., hatiwεnotatyeʔs the thunderers, hoyεtɔta: ʔtɔh he's shaking the wood. Note in the last example that ʔ follows an even prefinal vowel and does not, therefore, condition a strong stress.

4.5. The remainder of this chapter is concerned with the occurrence of vowel length in prosodic variants. Any BASICALLY WEAK vowel is automatically followed by vowel length in certain positions within a word. One such position is when the vowel is either final or both prefinal and even: -es- be long has the prosodic variant -e:s- in ʔonǽhte:s long leaf, tewáɔhte: sɔs it has long ears, donkey.

4.6. This length also occurs after a basically weak ODD prefinal vowel, but only if the following phoneme is a single resonant or ORAL obstruent: -εn- song has the prosodic variant -ε:n- in ʔakatε:no:t I'm singing-, and note the -e:s- in ʔonæhte:sɔs long leaves. It does not occur even then if the vowel is a, æ, or ɔ: heayakεʔs he goes out, wε:níshæteʔ today, ʔεkɔ:wɔtεʔ I'll set the time. There are, nevertheless, some basic allomorphs in which ɔ is followed by length under the conditions described at the beginning of this paragraph: honɔ́hsɔ:ni:h he has made a house. Such allomorphs will be listed with the length given in parentheses: -ɔ(:)ni- make. As a further exception, the length does occur also after a, ee, or ɔ if this phoneme is the first vowel in a word that does not end in the imperative morpheme: ha:tɔh he says it, wa:ji:h it's dark, but syatɔ:h write Finally, there are a few allomorphs in which a single oral obstruent does not condition the length described in this paragraph. Such an obstruent behaves in this respect as if it were part of a consonant cluster, and will be indicated in allomorph listing by a following (C): -t(C)έ- be benefited by a ceremony (kotεs there's a ceremony on her behalf).

4.7. There is one further general limitation on the occurrence of the vowel length described in [4.5-6]: It does not occur within a cluster of only basically weak vowels unless it is directly between the prefinal and final vowels of a word; -εn- song does not contain the length in ʔoεnɔʔ its song, but -kaa- story does have the prosodic variant -ka:a- in kaka:aʔ a story.

4.8. Besides the occurrences of vowel length ac-counted for in [3.19] and [4.5-6], there are many basic allomorphs whose basic prosodic shapes contain vowel length to begin with (subject always to the automatic alternations described in [3.20-2]): -í:wa- custom (ki:wayεte:ih I knovj the customs). Length of this type, however, is subject to a special restriction; it is always absent after any sequence of two or more directly preceding vowels: ʔóiwaʔ custom.

4.9. There are, finally, still other basic prosodic shapes which will be listed with GEMINATE vowels. This device is used because of and to indicate the effect of these allomorphs on the determination of even and odd vowels ([4.2], but ultimately subject to [3.19]): -takíiʔ- ta-fry (ʔaktakí:ʔta:h I've fried it).

5. THE IRREDUCIBLE VERB STEM

5.1. Any word that contains an aspect suffix will be called a VERB, while any word that contains a noun suffix will be called a NOUN. All other words are PARTICLES. These three morphologically defined word classes coincide approximately, but not exactly, with word classes defined syntactically. The structure of particles will not be described in this work; most of them consist of only one or two morphemes. [5] and [6] deal with the structure of the irreducible [2.15] verb, [7] with that of the irreducible noun.

5.2. The constituents of the irreducible verb are a SINGULAR SUBJECTIVE PREFIX and an irreducible VERB STEM, the latter consisting in turn of a VERB ROOT followed by an ASPECT SUFFIX. Singular subjective prefix, verb root, and aspect suffix are morpheme classes. The structure can be diagramed as follows:

An example from [2] is kihsa:s I'm looking for it, with the singular subjective prefix k- first person and the verb stem -ihsa:s, the latter composed of -ihsa:- look for and -s iterative [2.4 ff.]. The structure of the irreducible verb stem will be taken up in this section. The construction which combines the stem with a singular subjective prefix is dealt with in [6].

5.3 Verb roots form a large, vaguely defined morpheme class whose limits vary considerably from idiolect to idiolect. Many verb roots have only one basic prosodic shape, which then occurs in the alternates described in [3] and [4]. Others have several basic prosodic shapes, a complete description of which will be found in the dictionary. Simply as examples of alternations conditioned by the aspect suffix, the following may be noted: (a) verb roots which end in -kt_ before the descriptive and iterative morphemes, but -ket- before the imperative: -hsáʔkt-/-hsáʔket- bend; (b) verb roots which end in -ʔw- before the descriptive and iterative, but lack these two phonemes before the imperative: -itáʔw-/-itá- sleep; (c) verb roots which end in -′ʔ- before the descriptive morpheme, but -′h- before the iterative and imperative: -swáέʔ-/-swáέh- dislike. There are still other alternations conditioned in similar ways, some of them types that recur with several roots and others unique.

5.4. One type of alternation calls for special comment. Certain root morphemes will be listed as containing the vowel sequence aæ, a sequence that never actually occurs. This is a device to indicate that the morpheme occurs with a:a if vowel length is conditioned between the two vowels as described in [4], and that it occurs with ææ (i.e., æ:, according to [3.19]) otherwise. Note the alternative forms of -kwεtaǽʔ- become lonely in hakwεtæ:ʔs he becomes lonely, hatikwεta :aʔs they become lonely.¹² Other morphophonemic alternations indicated by this device are of little relevance here.

5.5. The aspect suffix restricts the meaning of the verb root which it follows in various ways, described below. There are four aspect suffixes of widespread occurrence: the DESCRIPTIVE, ITERATIVE, IMPERATIVE, and PUNCTUAL.¹³ The first three are described in this chapter. The punctual, because it occurs only within a modal verb, is introduced with the latter in [8]. Two additional aspect suffixes, the PURPOSIVE and the NEGATIVE PAST, are taken up in still later chapters. A verb stem containing the descriptive morpheme is referred to as being IN THE DESCRIPTIVE ASPECT, and similarly with the other aspect suffixes. The allomorphs of the aspect suffix morphemes are conditioned by the preceding morpheme in an unpredictable fashion, and must be listed for each verb root. Except for a correlation between the shapes of the imperative and punctual morphemes [8], moreover, the aspect allomorphs are also largely independent of each other.

5.6. The descriptive morpheme (-′ʔ/-ʔ/-′h/-h/-έh/-ɔ́h/-ɔh/-Ø)¹⁴ restricts the meaning of the verb root to a continuous action or state without defined temporal limits: -′ʔ in haʔha:steʔ he's strong (-ʔhaste-),¹⁵ -ɔ́h in haya:sɔh he's called, his name is (-yas-), -Ø in kani:yɔ: t it's hanging, it's been hung (-niyɔt-). With a verb root that does not have a directly adjectival translation in English, no very satisfactory English equivalent is usually available: ho:kɔh (-k- eat) may be translated he is eating it, he has eaten it, or he ate it.¹⁶ I shall use the convention of translating such descriptive forms with the English perfect, e.g., he has eaten it, but the arbitrariness of this convention should be clearly realized. In narration the descriptive is used in a special way: to indicate action in the past. Thus in translating a narrative he ate it would be the most appropriate English equivalent for the above example.

5.7. Examples of the descriptive allomorphs are: -′ʔ in ha:etkεʔ he's ugly (-etkε-), in wa:se:ʔ it's new (-ase-), -′h in haji: nɔh he's a male (-jinɔ-), -h in wa:ke: h it's different separate things (-ake-), -έh in hokwέh he's picked it (-kw-), -ɔ́h in kanɔ:hɔh it's full (-nɔh-), -ɔh in hokáʔtsɔ:h he's taken it apart (-káʔts-), -Ø in ʔi:yɔ:s it's long (-ɔs-).

5.8. The iterative morpheme (-háʔ/-′á/-áʔ/-′ɔ́/-′h/′-s/-s/-ás/-′ʔs/-éʔs/-έs/-ɔ́s/-ɔ́/-ʔs/-séʔ/-Ø) restricts the meaning of the verb root to repeated or periodic events, or to an episodic event in progress but incapable of indefinite prolongation: -háʔ in haníyɔthaʔ he hangs it, is hanging it, -′h in ha:kεh he sees it (-kε-), -s in haʔya: s he shoots it, is shooting it (-′ʔyak-; [3.3]). The meaning is comparable to that of the German present tense; cf. er hängt es, etc. With a verb root denoting some kind of linear motion, the iterative is often translated with the word around (or about): -′ʔs in hata:kheʔs he's running around (-takhe-; cf. the descriptive -′ʔ in hata:kheʔ he's running). With a verb root normally translated into English as an adjective, a plural meaning is given by the iterative: -′ʔs in wi:yoʔs it's good repeatedly, several things are good (-iyo-).

5.9. Examples of the iterative allomorphs are: -háʔ in wahsa:haʔ it begins (-ahsaw-; [3.10]), -′áʔ in hatá:nyoaʔ he fishes (-atá:nyo-), -áʔ in hɔ́isyɔhkwaʔ he persists (-ɔisyɔ́hkw-), -′ɔ́ʔ in khyatɔ́:ʔ I write (-hyatɔ-; [3.19]), -′h in hanέhkwih he hauls it away (-nέhkwi-), -′s in kanɔ́ʔnɔwεs it melts (-nɔʔnɔwε-), -s in hahso:s he paints (-áhso-), -ás in kekwas, I pick it, -′ʔs in ka:etkεʔs ugly things, -éʔs in kakwe :nyeʔs it's able to (-kweny-), -έs in teyé:nyaʔkhεs¹⁷ she puts it together (-:nyaʔkh-), -ɔ́s in yekέhsos she's rinsing it (-kέhs-), -ɔ́ʔs in kakε:tɔ́ʔs white things (-kεεt-), -séʔ in tekaʔnɔwehǽ: ʔseʔ it postpones it (-ʔnɔwehaǽʔ-), -Ø in ha:ya:s he calls it.

5.10. The imperative morpheme (-′h/-h/-áh/-ǽh/-έh/-íh/-óh/-t/-k/-Ø), as the name implies, restricts the meaning of the verb root to an exhortation: -′h in ha:kεh let him see it!, -έh in sniyo:tεh hang it up!, -Ø in ʔi:se:k eat it!

5.11. Examples of the imperative allomorphs are: -′h in snεhkwih haul it away!, -h in sesʔa:h eat it up! (-sʔa-), -ah in haske:hah let him fight over it! (-askeh-), -ǽh in snekéæh drink ! (-hneké-; [3.8]), -έh in wahsa: wεh let it begin!, -íh in sekέhsih rinse it!, -óh in se:koh pick it! (-kw-; [3.12]), -t in ka:kεʔt let it dissolve! (-kέʔ-), -k in howáʔhiʔk let him stutter! (-wáʔhíʔ-), -Ø in sɔʔne:k move it out of the way! (-ɔ́ʔnek-).

6. THE SINGULAR SUBJECTIVE PREFIX

6.1. The stem of the irreducible verb may be preceded by one of five singular subjective prefix morphemes: the FIRST PERSON, SECOND PERSON, MASCULINE, FEMININE, and NEUTER. The first person (k-/ke-) and second person (s-/se-/j-/ji-) morphemes denote respectively the speaker and the hearer. The masculine morpheme (ha-/hæ-/hε-/h-) denotes a male human being. The feminine morpheme (ye-/y[ε]-/y[ɔ]-/y-/yak-/ya-)¹⁸ either denotes a female human being or is an indefinite reference to people in general, translatable as people, they, one. The neuter morpheme (ka-/kæ-/kε-/w-y-/k-) denotes either an animal or something inanimate.

6.2. The grammatical meaning of this construction varies somewhat depending on the aspect of the verb stem. If a singular subjective prefix occurs with a descriptive stem, the meaning of the stem is always intransitive and describes the person or thing denoted by the prefix: kiʔtyɔʔ I'm set, settled, seated; I dwell (-íʔtyɔ-), haya:soh he's called, his name is, kani:yɔ:t it's hanging. If a singular subjective prefix occurs with an iterative or imperative stem, it indicates the performer or instigator of whatever is denoted by the stem—if the meaning of the stem is transitive, a neuter goal is understood: he:eyos he's dying (-íey-), yeníy- ɔthaʔ she's hanging it, ʔí:se:k (you) eat it! (with initial ʔi by [6.11]).

6.3. The allomorph of the singular subjective prefix morpheme is largely determined by the initial phoneme or phonemes of the basic allomorph of the following morpheme. There are, however, a few verb roots whose conditioning of prefix allomorphs must be individually described. Some verb roots also have alternate shapes which are conditioned by the preceding morpheme. Of these root alternations, some are frequent enough to warrant special symbolization in the listing of roots. An (h) at the beginning of a root indicates that the basic allomorph begins with h after a consonant, but has no corresponding phoneme after a vowel. A (y) indicates y after a consonant and no corresponding phoneme after a vowel, (hy) indicates hy after a consonant and no corresponding phonemes after a vowel, (h/:) indicates that the basic allomorph begins with h after a consonant, but: after a vowel. (C) represents no phoneme, but indicates that the preceding allomorph is that which regularly occurs before a consonant, although here it occurs before a vowel. When a prefix allomorph is said to occur before a root morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant, basic allomorphs listed as beginning with the above symbols are understood to be included, unless specifically excepted. Examples of roots with these beginnings are: -'(h)etkε- be bad, ugly, -(y)ɔkw- take for one's own, -′(h/:)yatɔ- write, -(C)ǽʔthε- climb.

6.4. The first person morpheme has the following allomorphs: k- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel, a single resonant, t not final in a word, or any of the alternations given special symbolization in [6.3]: kɔheʔ I'm alive (-ɔhe-), kye:nɔ:s I grab it (-yenɔ-), ktakheʔ I'm running, khetkεʔ I'm ugly, khyatɔ́:ʔ I write, kæʔthεs I climb; ke- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with k, s, ʔ, word-final t, or any cluster of two consonants that does not consist of h followed by a resonant: ke: keh I see it, kesáeʔta:s I eat beans (-saeʔta-k-),¹⁹ keʔéothaʔ I'm setting traps (-ʔé-ot-), ʔi:ke:t I'm standing (-t-; [6.11]), kethéʔthaʔ I pound (-théʔt-).

6.5. The second person morpheme has the following allomorphs in word-initial position.²⁰ s- occurs in the same environments as the first person allomorph k-, but not before i, (C)i, or y: sɔheʔ you're alive, stakheʔ you're running, shetkεʔ you're ugly, syatɔ:h write! [3.8], sæʔthéh climb!; se- occurs in the same environments as the first person allomorph ke-: se:keh you see it, setheʔt pound it!; j- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with i, (C)i, or y, and in the case of y the y is replaced by (C): jiʔtyɔ:h set it! ʔijet hit it! (-yέht- [6.11, 4.6 end]); ji- occurs before the verb root -jakɔ- do one's best: jija:kɔ:h do your best!

6.6. The masculine morpheme has the following allomorphs in word-initial position: ha- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant, but not before (C)se or (y) ɔ́: hayέthaʔ he hits it (-yέht- [3.6]), háihsa:s he's looking for it; hæ- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (C)æ: hǽ:ʔthεs he climbs [3.19]; hε- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (y) ɔ́ or i, and in the latter case the i is lacking: hεɔkwas he takes it for his own, hεʔtyɔʔ he dwells (-íʔtyɔ-); h- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel other than i: hosæ: s he's sprinkling it (-os(C) æ-), hɔ́heʔ he's alive, ha:tɔh he says it (-atɔ-), hεnέyɔ:ʔ he tells foriunes (-εneyɔ-).²¹

6.7. The feminine morpheme has, the following allomorphs in word-initial position: ye- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant or i, and in the latter case the i is lacking: yeyέthaʔ she hits it, people hit it, yéihsa:s she's looking for it, yeʔtyɔʔ she dwells; y[ε]- occurs before and overlaps a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with e, [ε] occurring in place of the e: ʔi:yεʔ she's walking (-e- [6.11]); y[ɔ]- occurs before and overlaps a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a, [ɔ] occurring in place of the a: yɔ:tɔh she says it; y- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with ε: yεnéyɔ:ʔ she tells fortunes; yak- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with o or ɔ, as well as before the morphemes -a- be of a certain size and -aʔá.a- be small: yakó:ɔʔ she mends (-oɔ-), yakɔ:heʔ she's alive, niya:kaʔ how big she is, niyakaʔá:h she's small;²² ya- occurs before the morpheme -íey- die: yáie:yɔs she's dying.

6.8. The neuter morpheme has the following allomorphs: ka- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant, but not before (C) æ or (y)ɔ: kayέthaʔ it hits it, káihsa:s it's looking for it; kæ- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (C) æ: kæ:ʔthεs it climbs; kε- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (y)ɔ or i, and in the latter case the i is lacking: keokwas it takes it for its own, kεʔtyɔʔ it dwells-, w- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a, e, or ε, and before the verb root -iyo- be good, beautiful: wa: tɔh it says, wεtɔ́:s it waves (-εtɔ́-), wi:yo:h it's good; y- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with o or ɔ: yokhas it's dripping (-okh-), yɔheʔ it's alive; k- occurs before a very small number of roots beginning with o: kowarneh it's big (-owanε-).

6.9. A few morphophonemic items require further comment. First of all, any root whose basic allomorph begins with (h) æ occurs in an allomorph with a in place of the ae after any allomorph that ends in a (i.e., of the above, masculine ha- and neuter ka-): -′(h)ǽht- pass by occurs as -áht- (and -′:t- by automatic alternations [3.6, 19,23]) in ha:thaʔ he passes by, ká:thaʔ it passes by.

6.10. There are also certain categories of roots beginning with yε that require special mention. One group behaves, in the conditioning of preceding allomorphs, as if the roots began with a consonant cluster. These roots will be listed with an initial y (C).²³ -y(C) έ- know how in keyέɔh I know how. Another group lacks the initial y after the first person allomorph k-. These roots will be listed with an initial superscript y: -yέhse- be at home in kehseʔ I'm at home. A third group exhibits neither of these irregularities: -yεtei- know in kyεte:ih I know it.

6.11. Finally, no verb contains fewer than two vowels. If a verb would otherwise contain only a single vowel, its initial morpheme occurs in an allomorph beginning with ʔi. Examples are ʔij- second person in ʔijεt hit it!, ʔike- first person in ʔi:ke:t I'm standing. With a masculine allomorph, however, the i is basically strong and the following h is lacking (cf. [8.7]): ʔía- masculine in ʔi:at he's standing.

7. THE IRREDUCIBLE NOUN

7.1. The structure of the irreducible noun is analogous to that of the irreducible verb. There is a singular subjective prefix followed by an irreducible NOUN STEM, the latter consisting of a NOUN ROOT and a NOUN SUFFIX:

An example from [2] is kahsíʔtaʔ my foot, with the subjective prefix k- first person and the noun stem -ahsíʔtáʔ, the latter composed of -ahsíʔta- foot and -′ʔ simple noun noun suffix.

7.2. Only the noun stem calls for detailed description. The singular subjective prefix morphemes were described in [6], and the manner of their morphophonemic combination with noun roots is identical with that described for verb roots. With a noun stem the singular subjective prefix denotes, usually, the inalienable possessor of whatever is denoted by the stem, and thus is semantically limited to occurrence with stems indicating something that can be possessed in this way: k- first person in káɔhtaʔ my ear (-aɔ́ht-), se- second person in sekɔ́taʔkeh on your nose (-kɔt-), ha- masculine in ha:waji:yæʔ his family (-′[h/:]wajiy- [æ]-), ye- feminine in yewε:nɔ́ʔ her, one's voice (-wεn-), ka- neuter in kaká: ʔ its eye (-ká-). Most noun stems denoting body parts regularly occur with subjective prefixes. The neuter singular subjective prefix also occurs with many stems denoting things that are not inalienably possessed, in which case not possession, but only general existence is indicated: ka- in kasnɔʔ bark (-sn-). There are some noun stems that apparently occur only with the neuter singular subjective prefix: kaji:staʔ ember (-jist-).

7.3. What is actually a sixth singular subjective prefix morpheme, the INDEFINITE, occurs only before the noun root -ɔkwe- person and has the indefinite denotation otherwise included in the meaning of the feminine morpheme. It has the word-initial shape ʔ-, and anomalously conditions length after the following vowel when that vowel is both prefinal and the first in the word: ʔɔ:kweh person (cf. yakɔ:kweh female person, woman).

7.4. The irreducible noun stem, as has been noted, consists of a noun root followed by a noun suffix. In certain environments both noun and verb roots occur in what will be called their COMBINING ALLOMORPHS, and it is the combining allomorph of a noun root that occurs before a noun suffix. The combining allomorph is identical with the basic allomorph except for a supplementary final vowel most often a, but in some morphemes æ or ε. There is no supplementary vowel if the root already ends in a vowel, or if it ends in ʔ. In listing noun and verb roots, if the combining allomorph ends in æ or ε this vowel will be given at the end of the root in parentheses: -′(h)ɔ́sh(æ)- box. If no such vowel is indicated, and the root ends in a consonant other than the supplementary vowel of the combining allomorph is a (or ɔ́ by [3.14]).

7.5. There are three noun suffix morphemes: the SIMPLE NOUN SUFFIX, INTERNAL LOCATIVE, and EXTERNAL LOCATIVE. The simple noun suffix (-′ʔ/-′h) indicates nothing more than that the stem is a noun stem: -′ʔ in káɔshæʔ box, kaʔwástaʔ stick (-ʔwást-). The internal locative (-kɔh) indicates that reference is made to a location inside, or sometimes under, whatever is denoted by the noun root: káɔshækɔ:h in the box, kanɔ́hsakɔ:h under the house (-nɔ́hs-).²⁴ The external locative (-′ʔkéh/-′: néh) indicates that reference is made to a location on or at whatever is denoted by the stem: -′ʔkéh in káɔshæʔkeh on the box, yɔ́εjaʔkeh on the earth (-ɔ́εj-).

7.6. The simple noun suffix allomorph is -′ after all but a very few noun roots which take -′h: ʔɔ:kweh person, kεjɔ́h fish (-ij[C]ɔ-). The internal locative has only the basic prosodic shape -kɔh. The external locative allomorph is -′ʔkéh after all but a very few noun roots which occur with -′:néh (some, but not all, being the same morphemes that take the simple noun suffix allomorph -′h): ʔɔkwé:neh where people are, koshé: neh in the winter (-oshe-).

8. THE MODAL VERB

8.1. There is one expansion of the entire verb structure described in [5] and [6] which is of such frequent occurrence that it seems advisable to introduce it at this point, even before expansions of the internal constituents of the irreducible verb are discussed. This is the MODAL expansion, and a verb containing it will be termed a MODAL VERB. It consists simply in the addition of a MODAL PREFIX to the structure already described, with the restriction that the verb stem must contain either the imperative or punctual aspect morpheme.²⁵

8.2. The imperative morpheme was described in [5.10-11]. The punctual morpheme (-′ʔ/-ʔ/-áʔ/-ǽʔ/ -έʔ/-íʔ/-óʔ/-t/-k/-Ø) restricts the meaning of the verb root to one unique event: -′ʔ in ʔεke:kεʔ I'll see it,²⁶ -έʔ in ʔεsniyɔ :tεʔ you will hang it, -Ø in ʔε:ye:k she will eat it. Its allomorphs and their conditioning are identical with those of the imperative morpheme except that wherever the latter has the phoneme h the punctual has ʔ.

8.3. The modal prefix morphemes are three: INDICATIVE, OPTATIVE, and FUTURE.²⁷ The indicative morpheme (ʔoʔ-/wa-) indicates that the second constituent's meaning is an incontestable fact, the validity of which is established either at the moment of the utterance or shortly prior to it: ʔoʔ- in ʔoʔkiʔ I say it, said it (-i-), referring either to what I am immediately saying or to what I have just recently said; wa- in wa:ayɔʔ he arrives, arrived (-yɔ-), said either at the moment of his arrival or not long after. I shall use the convention of translating indicative forms with an English past, e.g., I said it, he arrived, but it must be emphasized that a present tense translation is equally possible. The above examples contained the punctual morpheme. The indicative occurs with an imperative verb stem only within a further expansion of the entire verb, discussed in a later chapter.

8.4. The optative morpheme (ʔaa-) indicates that the second constituent's meaning is of possible or likely validity, and usually that the possibility is a desired one: ʔa:kiʔ I might, should, ought to say it, ʔa:ye:yεt she might, ought to hit it. The optative occurs with an imperative verb stem only in the presence of the contrastive morpheme, introduced later.

8.5. The future morpheme (ʔε-) indicates that whatever is denoted by the second constituent is certain to take place at some time in the future: ʔε:kiʔ I'll say it. It often has a strongly imperative connotation: ʔεhse:k you'll eat it!, eat it! When it occurs with an imperative verb stem and the word is preceded by the particle sε:nɔh don't, the resultant meaning is that of a prohibition: sε:nɔ́h ʔεehsih don't say it!

8.6. In word-initial position before subjective prefix morphemes the optative and future morphemes have only the basic prosodic shapes ʔaa- and ʔε- respectively. The indicative allomorph ʔoʔ- occurs before all except the masculine and feminine morphemes, which condition wa-.

8.7. After any modal prefix the initial h of the masculine morpheme is lacking and the immediately preceding vowel is basically strong [4.3]: wa:akεʔ he saw it, ʔá:akεʔ he ought to see it, ʔε:ɔkεʔ he will see it [3.14]. After the indicative morpheme only, ʔ occurs in place of y in the feminine allomorphs: waʔe:kεʔ she saw it. After the optative and future morphemes, but not the indicative, hs occurs in place of s or j in the second person allomorphs: ʔá:hse:kεʔ you ought to see it, ʔεhse:kεʔ you will see it, nεhsye:ʔ how you will do it (-ye-).²⁸ With these exceptions, the same allomorphs occur after the modal prefix morphemes as in word- initial position: ʔoʔke :kεʔ I saw it, ʔoʔse :kεʔ you saw it, ʔεye:kεʔ she'll see it, ʔoʔka:kεʔ it saw it, ʔεka:kεʔ it will see it.

9. THE NONSINGULAR SUBJECTIVE PREFIX

9.1. The term PRONOMINAL PREFIX will be used from this point on to include the singular subjective prefix described in [6], which is the irreducible pronominal prefix, and the expansions of it to be described in [9-11]. These include the nonsingular subjective prefix [9], the singular and nonsingular objective prefix [10], and the transitive prefix [11].

9.2. The singular subjective prefix described in [6] may be expanded by the suffixation to it of a NUMBER MORPHEME to form a NONSINGULAR SUBJECTIVE PREFIX. The number morphemes introduced in this section are the DUAL (-ni-/-n-/-ny-) two and the PLURAL (-wa-/-wæ-/-wε-/-w-/-y-/-Ø-/-ti-/-n-) three or more. A third, the NONSINGULAR (two or more), will appear in [10] and [11]. These morphemes are not in all cases simply added to the pronominal morphemes of [6], but condition certain modifications of the pronominal constituent. The following diagram shows in a general way the structure of a verb or noun containing the nonsingular subjective prefix; the modal prefix may or may not be present [8].²⁹

An example is ha|ti- masculine plural in hatí:hsa:s they're looking for it, hatí: waji :yæʔ their family.

9.3. Instead of being added directly to the first person morpheme the number morpheme occurs with the EXCLUSIVE PERSON construction, consisting of the first person morpheme (-k-) preceded by the exclusive person morpheme (ʔa-), which indicates that reference is made to someone in addition to the speaker, but excluding the hearer: ʔakhníyεthaʔ we (excl. du.) are hitting it (with h between the k and n by [3.9]), ʔakwá- yεthaʔ we (excl. pl.) are hitting it.

9.4. There is also an INCLUSIVE PERSON morpheme (h-/t-), indicating that the hearer is included, which occurs alone (not in construction with the first person morpheme) before the number morpheme. The inclusive allomorph is h- before the dual morpheme, t- before the plural: hniyεthaʔ we (incl. du.) are hitting it, twayεthaʔ we (incl. pl.) are hitting it.

9.5. The second person (s-/j-) and masculine (h-/ha-/hε-) morphemes occur directly before the number morpheme. The second person allomorph is s- everywhere except before the plural allomorph -Ø-, where it is j- [9.8]: sniyεthaʔ you (du.) are hitting it, swayεthaʔ you (pl.) are hitting it. The masculine allomorph is h- before the dual morpheme, ha- before the plural allomorph -ti-, and hε- before the plural allomorph -n- [9.9]: hniyέthaʔ they (masc. du.) are hitting it,³⁰ hatíyεthaʔ they (masc. pl.) are hitting it, hεníʔtyɔʔ they (masc. pl.) dwell.

9.6. Neither the feminine nor the neuter morpheme occurs before the number morpheme, but their meanings are combined in the NONMASCULINE morpheme (k-/wa-/wε-), which does so occur. The nonmasculine allomorph is k- before the dual morpheme, wa- before the plural allomorph -ti-, and wε- before the plural allomorph -n-: khniyέthaʔ they (nonmasc. du.) are hitting it, watíyεthaʔ they (nonmasc. pl.) are hitting it, wεnítyɔʔ they (nonmasc. pl.) dwell.

9.7. The dual allomorphs occur as follows: -ni- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant: hniyε:thoh let's (incl. du.) plant! (-yεthw-), sni:awiʔ you (du.) are carrying something (-′[h]awi-); -n- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel other than a or ε: ʔihneʔ we (incl. du.) are walking (-e-), khnɔheʔ they (nonmasc. du.) are alive (-ɔhe-); -ny- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a or ε: ʔakya:tɔh we (excl. du.) say it (-atɔ-), hnyεtɔ́:s they (masc. du.) are waving it (-εtɔ́-).

9.8. The plural allomorphs can be divided into those which occur after the first person, inclusive person, and second person morphemes (-wa-/-wæ-/-wε-/-w-/-y-/-Ø-), and those which occur after the masculine and non-

masculine morphemes (-ti-/-n-). The first group occurs as follows: -wa- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant, but not before (C) æ or (y)ɔ: ʔakwátheʔthaʔ we (excl. pl.) are pounding (-théʔt-), twa:nékeæh let's take a drink! (-′[h/:]neké-); -wæ- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (C)æ: swǽ:ʔthεh you [pl.] climb! -wε- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (y)ɔ or i, and in the latter case the i is lacking: ʔakwεɔkwεh we (excl. pl.) have taken it for our own (-[y]ɔkw-), swεʔtyɔ you (pl.) dwell (-ítyɔ-); -w- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a, e, or ε, and before the morpheme -i- say: ʔitweʔ we (incl. pl.) are walking, ʔiswih (you [pl.]) say it! (-i-); -y- occurs after the first and inclusive person morphemes before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with o or ɔ ʔaky:ɔheʔ we (excl. pl.) are alive, tyɔheʔ we (incl. pl.) are alive; -Ø- occurs after the second person morpheme (j-) before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with o or ɔ: jɔheʔ you (pl.) are alive.

9.9. After the masculine and nonmasculine morphemes the plural allomorphs occur as follows: -ti- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant: hatítheʔthaʔ they (masc. pl.) are pounding, watítheʔthaʔ they (nonmasc. pl.) are pounding; -n- occurs before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel: hεnɔ:tɔh they (masc. pl.) say it (-atɔ-; [3.14]), wεnɔ:tɔh they (nonmasc. pl.) say it.

9.10. When the indicative morpheme precedes a non- singular subjective prefix, its word-initial allomorph is wa- before the exclusive person and masculine morphemes, ʔoʔ- before the nonmasculine, and ʔe- before the inclusive and second persons. The optative allomorph is ʔae- before the inclusive and second persons, ʔaa- otherwise. The future allomorph is in all cases ʔε-.

9.11. After any modal prefix the masculine allomorph -′:- occurs in place of the word-initial h- (before the dual morpheme): wa:ni:yεt they (masc. du.) hit it, ni:yεt they (masc. du.) might hit it, ʔε:ni:yεt they (masc. du.) will hit it. The initial masculine allomorphs ha- and hε- (before the plural morpheme) occur without the initial h and the immediately preceding vowel is basically strong (cf. [8.7]): wa:ti:yεt they (masc. pl.) hit it (with the masculine allomorph: by [3.19]), waεnɔtékoʔ they (masc. pl.) fled (-atéʔkw-), ʔá:ti:yεt they (masc. pl.) might hit it, ʔaεnɔ́teʔkoʔ they (masc. pl.) ought to flee, ʔεɔti:yεt they (masc. pl.) will hit it [3.14], ʔε:notéʔkoʔ they (masc. pl.) will flee. After the optative and future morphemes, but not the indicative, the exclusive person allomorph is -ya-, rather than the word-initial ʔa- [9.3]: ʔa:yakwa:yεt we (excl. pl.) might hit it, ʔεyakwayεt we will hit it. With these exceptions, the same allomorphs occur after the modal prefix morphemes as in word-initial position.

9.12. The following is a list of the nonsingular subjective prefixes, exemplified both in word-initial position and after the indicative and future morphemes. The verb root is -kε- see in the iterative (-kέh) and punctual (-kέʔ) aspects.

ʔakhni-/ʔakhn-/ʔakhny- (/-yakhni- etc.) we (excl. du.): ʔakhni:kεh we see it, waʔákhnirkεʔ we saw it, ʔεyákhni:kεʔ we'll see it.

ʔakwa-/ʔakwæ/ʔakwε-/ʔakw-/ʔaky- (/-yakwa- etc.) we (excl. pl.): ʔakwa:kεh we see it, waʔakwakεʔ we saw it, ʔεyakwakεʔ we'll see it.

hni-/hn-/hny- we (incl. du.): hni:kεh we see it, ʔehni:kεʔ we saw it, ʔεhni:kεʔ we'll see it.

twa-/twæ-/twε-/tw-/ty- we (incl. pl.): twa:kεh we see it, ʔetwa:kεʔ we saw it, ʔetwa:kεʔ we'll see it.

sni-/sn-/sny- you (du.): sni:kεh you see it, ʔesni:kεʔ you saw it, ʔεsni:kεʔ you'll see it.

swa-/swæ-/swε-/sw-/j- you (pl.): swa:kεh you see it, ʔeswa:kεʔ you saw it, ʔεswa:kεʔ you'll see it.

hni-/hn-/hny- (/-′:ni- etc.) they (masc. du.): hni:kεh they see it, wa:ni:kεʔ they saw it, ʔεni:kεʔ they'll see it.

hati-/hεn- (/-′ati- etc.) they (masc. pl.): hati:kεh they see it, wa:ti.-kεʔ they saw it, ʔεɔti:kεʔ they'll see it.

khni-/khn-/khny- they (nonmasc. du.): khni:kεh they see it, ʔoʔkhni:kεʔ they saw it, ʔεkhni:kεʔ they'll see it.

wati-/wεn- they (nonmasc. pl.): wati:kεh they see it, ʔoʔwati:kεʔ they saw it, ʔεwɔti:kεʔ they'll see it.

10. THE OBJECTIVE PREFIX

10.1. Both the singular [6] and nonsingular [9] subjective prefixes may be modified by the OBJECTIVE morpheme (ʔa-/-a-/-æ-/-ε-/-Ø-/-o-/-aw-/-ɔ-/-wa-/ʔɔ-/-yɔ-) to form a singular or nonsingular OBJECTIVE PREFIX:

The position of the two constituents varies according to the morphemes involved; the objective morpheme sometimes precedes, sometimes follows, and sometimes occurs within the other constituent, whose membership also varies in some instances (in the nonsingular objective prefix) from that described in [9].

10.2. The grammatical meaning of this construction varies according to the type of stem with which it occurs. With a descriptive verb stem, the pronominal constituent is modified by the objective morpheme to indicate either the performer or goal of whatever is denoted by the stem, and a neuter goal or, as the case may be, performer is understood: sanyo :h (-nyo- kill), with the second person singular objective prefix sa-, means either you've killed it or it's killed you (cf. [5.6]);

ʔakíʔtyɔʔ, with the first person singular objective prefix ʔak-, means either I've seated it or it's seated me (cf. kiʔtyɔʔ I dwell, etc. in [6.2]). With the masculine and feminine morphemes, however, a performer that is masculine or feminine, respectively, may also be understood: honyo:h he's killed it, it's killed him, but also he's killed him; konyo:h she's killed it, it's killed her, but also she's killed her. There are certain verb stems with which only an objective prefix occurs, and with these in the descriptive aspect the pronominal constituent is usually translated as a person or thing described: hotáʔɔh he's asleep (-itáʔ-), honya:kɔh he's married (-nyak-), hoyɔ: ti:h he's smiling (-yɔ[:]ti-).

10.3. With a verb stem in any other aspect, the pronominal constituent of the objective prefix denotes simply the goal of whatever is denoted by the stem, with either a neuter, or, under the conditions noted above, a masculine or feminine performer understood: sanyos it's killing you, honyos it's killing him, he's killing him, konyos it's killing her, she's killing her. With stems that take only the objective prefix, however, the pronominal constituent is usually translated as the performer: hotáʔwas he sleeps (-itáʔw-; [5.3]), honya:s he marries, sayɔ:tih (you) smile!

10.4. With a noun stem, the pronominal constituent is modified by the objective morpheme to indicate in most cases the alienable possessor of whatever is denoted by the stem (cf. [7.2]): ʔakáɔhtaʔ my interpreter (cf. káɔhtaʔ my ear), saʔáshæʔ your basket (-ʔásh[æ]-), hoεnɔʔ his song (-εn-), koya:aʔ her bag (-ya[æ]-; [5.4]), ʔoʔnɔʔ its arrow (-′ʔn-). A few stems denoting body parts occur with an objective prefix: ʔakyɔ:skwaʔ my rib (-yɔskw-), ʔakéthwεhsaʔ my liver (-thwέhs-). The neuter objective prefix also occurs with many stems to indicate specific existence: ʔosnɔʔ the bark (cf. kasnɔʔ bark), and a number of stems occur only with the neu ter objective form: ʔonέɔʔ corn (-nέ-).

10.5. The pronominal morphemes of the singular objective prefix are identical with those of the singular subjective prefix; i.e., the first person (-k-/-ke-), second person (s-), masculine (h-), feminine (k-), and neuter (ʔ-) morphemes. The pronominal constituent comes first unless it is the first person morpheme: s|a- second person|objective in sáihsa: s it's looking for you, h|o- masculine|objective in hóihsa:s it's looking for him, but ʔa|k- objective|first person in ʔakíhsa:s it's looking for me.

10.6. The first person allomorphs are -k-/-ke- after the objective, conditioned as described in [6.4]. With the first person morpheme the objective allomorph is ʔa- in word-initial position: ʔaka:wεh it belongs to me (-awε-), ʔakétheʔtɔh I've pounded it.

10.7. After the second person morpheme (s-) the objective allomorph is -a- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant, o, or ɔ, but not before (C)æ or (y)ɔ: sayέhtɔh you've hit it, sáosæɔh you've sprinkled it (-osæ-); -æ- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (C)æ: sæ:ʔthε:h you've climbed it; -ε- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with (y)ɔ or i, and in the latter case the i is lacking: sεɔkwεh you've taken it for your own, sε:tah go to sleep!; and -Ø- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a, e, or ε: seʔɔh you have intended it (-eʔ-), sa:wεh it belongs to you.

10.8. After the masculine (h-), feminine (k-), and neuter (ʔ-) morphemes the objective allomorph is -o- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant, a, or i, and in the latter two cases the a or i is lacking: hoyέhtɔh he's hit it, ko:wεh it belongs to her, ʔotáʔɔh it's asleep; -a- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with o or ɔ: háosæɔh he's sprinkled it; and -aw- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with e or ε: hawe: ʔɔh he has intended it. There are, however, some roots in ε before which -o- occurs, the ε then being absent. Such roots will be listed with initial (ε): -(ε)nɔ́htɔ- know (ʔakέnɔhtɔʔ I know it, honɔ́htɔʔ he knows it).

10.9. When a modal prefix is present, the word- initial indicative allomorph is ʔ- before the first person, ʔe- before the second person, and wa- before the masculine, feminine, and neuter singular objective prefixes. The optative allomorph is ʔae- before the second person singular objective prefix, ʔaa- before the others. The future allomorph is ʔε- before all of them.

10.10. After the indicative prefix (ʔ-) the objective allomorph before the first person morpheme is -ɔ-: ʔɔkyεt it hit me; after the optative and future it is -wa-: ʔa: wakyεt it might hit me, ʔεwɔ:kyεt it will hit me [3.14]. The second person allomorph remains s- in the singular objective prefix after any modal prefix (cf. [8.7]): ʔesa:yεt it hit you, ʔaesayεt it might hit you, ʔεsa:yεt it will hit you. After any modal prefix the h of the masculine allomorph is lacking and the preceding vowel is basically strong: wa:oyεt it hit him, ʔá:oyεt it might hit him, ʔε: oyεt it will hit him [3.18]. After the indicative morpheme (wa-) the feminine allomorph is -ʔak- and the neuter -ʔ-: waʔako:yεt it hit her, waʔo- :yεt it hit it. After the optative (ʔaa-) and future (ʔε-) morphemes the feminine allomorph is -yak- and the neuter -y-: ʔεyako:yεt it will hit her, ʔεyo:yεt it will hit it.

10.11. As noted in [10.1], the membership of the pronominal constituent in the nonsingular objective prefix is not identical with that of the nonsingular subjective prefix. For one thing the objective prefix makes no distinction between exclusive and inclusive persons, but combines their meanings by prefixing the objective morpheme (ʔɔ-) directly to the construction first person| number morpheme (dual or plural): ʔɔkhníyεthaʔ it's hitting us (du.), ʔɔkwáyεthaʔ it's hitting us (pl.).

10.12. The objective morpheme occurs in a zero allomorph in the second person nonsingular objective prefix: sniyέthaʔ it's hitting you (du.), swayέthaʔ it's hitting you (pl.). ³¹

10.13. In the masculine and nonmasculine nonsingular objective prefixes no distinction is made between dual and plural; i.e. the dual and plural morphemes do not occur, but their meanings are combined in the NONSINGULAR morpheme (-ti-/-n-) two or more: hotíyεthaʔ it's hitting them (masc.), ʔotíyεthaʔ it's hitting them (nonmasc.). Here the objective morpheme (-o-) occurs between the masculine (h-) or nonmasculine (ʔ-) morpheme and the nonsingular. The latter occurs in the allomorph -ti- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant, and -n- before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel (cf. [9.9]): hotítheʔtɔh they (masc.) have -pounded it, ʔotítheʔtɔh they (nonmasc.) have pounded it, honɔteʔkwεh they (masc.) have fled, ʔonɔ́teʔkwεh they (nonmasc.) have fled.

10.14. When the indicative morpheme precedes a nonsingular objective prefix, its word-initial allomorph is wa- before the objective, masculine, and nonmasculine morphemes and ʔe- before the second person. The optative allomorph is ʔae- before the second person, ʔaa- elsewhere. The future allomorph is ʔε-.

10.15. After any modal prefix the masculine allomorph h- is lacking and the immediately preceding vowel is basically strong: waoti:yεt it hit them (masc.), ʔáoti:yεt it might hit them (masc.), ʔeoti:yεt it will hit them (masc.) [3.16]. After the optative and future morphemes, but not the indicative, the objective allomorph is -yɔ- rather than the word-initial ʔɔ-, and the nonmasculine allomorph is -y- rather than ʔ-: ʔa:yɔkwa:yεt it might hit us (pl.), ʔεyɔkwayεt it will hit us (pl.), ʔa:yoti:yεt it might hit them (nonmasc.), ʔεyoti:yεt it will hit them (nonmasc.). With these exceptions, the same allomorphs occur after the modal prefix morphemes as in word-initial position.

10.16. The following is a list of the singular and nonsingular objective prefixes:

ʔak-/ʔake- (/ɔk- etc. and -wak etc.) me: ʔake:kεh it sees me, ʔɔke:kεʔ it saw me, ʔεwɔke:kεʔ it will see me.

sa-/sæ-/sε-/s- you: sa:kεh it sees you, ʔesa:kεʔ it saw you, ʔεsa:kεʔ it will see you.

ho-/ha-/haw- (/-′o- etc.) him: ho:kεh it sees him, wa:okεʔ it saw him, ʔε:okεʔ it will see him.

ko-/ka-/kaw- (/-ʔako- etc. and -yako- etc.) her: ko:kεh it sees her, waʔako:kεʔ it saw her ʔεyako:kεʔ it will see her.

ʔo-/ʔa-/ʔaw- (/-yo- etc.) it: ʔo:kεh it sees it, waʔo:keʔ it saw it, ʔεyo:kεʔ it will see it.

ʔɔkhni-/ʔɔkhn-/ʔɔkhny- (/-yɔkhni- etc.) us (du.) ʔɔkhni:kεh it sees us, ʔɔkhni:kεʔ it saw us, ʔεyɔ́khni:kεʔ it will see us.

ʔɔkwa-/ʔɔkwæ-/ʔɔkwε-/ʔɔkw-/ʔɔky- (/-yɔkwa- etc.) us (pl.): ʔɔkwa:kεh it sees us, waʔɔkwakεʔ it saw us, ʔεyɔkwakεʔ it will see us.

sni-/sn-/sny- you (du.): sni:kεh it sees you, ʔεsni:kεʔ it saw you, ʔεsni:kεʔ it will see you.

swa-/swæ-/swε-/sw-/j- you (pl.): swa:kεh it sees you, ʔeswa:kεʔ it saw you, ʔεswɔ:kεʔ it will see you [3.14].

hoti-/hon- (/-′oti- etc.) them (masc.): hoti:kεh it sees them, waoti:kεʔ it saw them, ʔeoti:kεʔ it will see them.

ʔoti-/ʔon- (/-yoti- etc.) them (nonmasc.): ʔoti:kεh it sees them, waʔoti:kεʔ it saw them, ʔεyoti:kεʔ it will see them.

11. THE TRANSITIVE PREFIX

11.1. The pronominal prefixes so far described often have transitive meanings (or at least translations), usually with either the performer or the goal neuter [6.2, 10.2], but sometimes with two masculines or two feminines [10.2]. There is, however, another expanded pronominal prefix, the TRANSITIVE PREFIX, in which each of the constituents contains a pronominal morpheme: One constituent, the SUBJECT, denotes the performer and the other, the OBJECT, denotes the goal of whatever is indicated by the verb stem. A transitive prefix almost never occurs with a noun stem.³² The following diagram indicates the general structure of verbs containing this construction:

An example is s|k- second person| first person in skihsa:s you're looking for me. The order of the constituents varies, depending on the particular morphemes involved, and in some cases the object contains the objective morpheme, thus defining another construction subclass [2.15] of the objective prefix described in [10]. In addition, certain of the transitive prefixes occur as constituents with the number morphemes, defining another subclass of the transitive construction.

11.2. First to be considered are the transitive prefixes containing a first person subject and second person object or vice versa. The constituents are simply the first person (k-/-ke-) and second person (s-/ta-/-ɔ[:]-/ -ɔ[:]y-) morphemes, and the subject precedes the object: kɔyέthaʔ I'm hitting you, skyεthaʔ you're hitting me. As subjects, the first and second person allomorphs are k- and s- respectively, except that in a word that ends in the imperative morpheme the second person allomorph is ta- before the first person: takɔh give it to me! (-ɔ-). As an object, the first person morpheme has the allomorphs -k-/-ke-, conditioned as described in [6.4], The second person morpheme has, as an object, the allomorphs -ɔ(:)- and -ɔ(:)y- [4.6], with -ɔ(:)- occurring before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant or i (and the i is lacking), and -ɔ(:)y- occuring before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel other than i: kɔʔtyɔʔ I've seated you, kɔya:wi:h I've given it to you (-awi-).

11.3. The two constitutes described above also occur followed by the dual and plural morphemes, in which case the second person allomorph is -Ø- as the object, and the allomorphs of the number morphemes are identical with those described for their occurrence after the first person and inclusive person morphemes in [9.7-8]. The grammatical meaning here is unique: The number morpheme sets a limit on the number of individuals denoted by either of the constituents. With the dual morpheme either the subject or the object, or both, refers to a group of two, but neither can refer to a larger group: khniyεthaʔ I'm hitting you (du.), we (du.) are hitting you (sg.), or we (du.) are hitting you (du.); skhniyέthaʔ you (sg.) are hitting us (du.), you (du.) are hitting me, or you (du.) are hitting us (du.). With the plural morpheme at least one of the constituents refers to a group of three or more: kway- έthaʔ I'm hitting you (pl.), we (du.) are hitting you (pl.), we (pl.) are hitting you (sg.), we (pl.) are hitting you (du.), or we (pl.) are hitting you (pl.); skwayέthaʔ you (sg.) are hitting us (pl.), you (du.) are hitting us (pl.), you (pl.) are hitting me, you (pl.) are hitting us (du.), or you (pl.) are hitting us (pl.).

11.4. The masculine morpheme (h-/Ø-/sh-/she-/he-) occurs as the first constituent in the transitive prefix before any of the subjective or objective morphemes or constructions [6, 9, 10] that contain the first, inclusive, or second person morphemes, as well as before the UNRESTRICTED THIRD PERSON morpheme (-ɔwɔ-/-ɔwæ-/ -ɔwε-/-ɔwɔy-/-ɔw-)³³ he, she, they, the feminine singular objective construction, and the NONSINGULAR THIRD PERSON objective construction. If the second constituent is objective (contains the objective morpheme), it is the object; if subjective, it is the subject and the masculine morpheme is the object. But the masculine morpheme, whether subject or object, always comes first.

11.5. Before the first person singular object the masculine allomorph is h- and the objective allomorph -a- (cf. [10.6]): hakyέthaʔ he's hitting me. Before the second person singular object the masculine morpheme has a zero allomorph in word-initial position and the second person allomorph is -y- (cf. [10.7]): yayέthaʔ he's hitting you. Before the first person dual and plural objects the masculine allomorph is sh- and the objective allomorph -ɔ- (cf. [10.11]): shɔkhníyεthaʔ he's hitting us (du.), shɔkwáyεthaʔ he's hitting us (pl.). Before the second person dual and plural objects [10.12] the masculine allomorph is she-: shesníyεthaʔ he's hitting you (du.), sheswáyεthaʔ he's hitting you (pl.). The masculine allomorph sh- also occurs before the feminine singular object, where the feminine allomorph is -ak- (cf. [10.8]): shakóyεthaʔ he's hitting her. The nonsingular third person objective construction consists of the NONSINGULAR THIRD PERSON morpheme (-ak-) they, followed by the objective morpheme -ɔ(:)-/-ɔ(:)y-, homonymous with and conditioned in the same way as the second person allomorphs described in [11.2]. It is preceded by the masculine allomorph h-: hakɔ́yεthaʔ he's hitting them, hakɔyawi:h he's given it to them.

11.6. Before the first person singular subject the masculine (object) allomorph is h-; the first person allomorphs are -e-/-ey-, with -e- occurring before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant or i (and the i is lacking), and -ey- occurring before a vowel other than i: heyέthaʔ I'm hitting him, heʔtyɔʔ I've seated him, heya:wi:h I've given it to him. Before the second person singular subject the masculine allomorph is he-, the second person allomorph -′hs-/- -′hse-, conditioned as described in [6.5], but with -′hs- and -′hse- in place of s- and se- and with -′hs- rather than j- before i or y:hehsa:wi:h you've given it to him, hehsíʔtyɔʔ you've seated him. Before the exclusive dual and plural subjects the masculine allomorph is sh- and the exclusive allomorph -a- (cf. [9.3]): shakhní- yεthaʔ we (excl. du.) are hitting him, shakwáyεthaʔ we (excl. pl.) are hitting him. Before the inclusive and second person dual and plural subjects [9.4-5] the masculine allomorph is she-: shehníyεthaʔ we (incl. du.) are hitting him, shetwáyεthaʔ we (incl. pl.) are hitting him, shesníyεthaʔ you (du.) are hitting him, sheswáyεthaʔ you (pl.) are hitting him.³⁴ Before the unrestricted third person subject the masculine allomorph is h-; the UNRESTRICTED THIRD PERSON morpheme has the allomorphs -ɔwɔ-/-ɔwæ-/-ɔwε-/-ɔwɔy-/-ɔw-, with -ɔwɔ- occurring before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant other than (C)æ or (y)ɔ, -ɔwæ- occurring before (C)æ, -ɔwε- before (y)ɔ and i (and the i is lacking), -ɔwɔy- before o or ɔ, and -ɔw- before a, e, or ε: hɔwɔ́yεthaʔ he, she, they are hitting him, hoɔwέʔtyɔʔ he, she, they have seated him, hɔwɔ:wi:h he, she, they have given it to him.

11.7. Another morpheme which occurs only in the transitive prefix is the RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON (ʔ_/ʔe-/-he-/-hey-) she, they, excluding the masculine singular meaning but including the masculine non- singular. This morpheme occurs in a way that is similar but not identical to the occurrence of the masculine morpheme described in [11.4-6].

11.8. As a subject it precedes the first and second person nonsingular objective construction [10.11-12], which, however, occur only with the nonsingular number morpheme (-hi-/-hiy-/-i-/-iy-) rather than with the dual and plural. Its allomorph is before the objective morpheme (-ɔ-) that precedes the first person, and ʔe- before the second person morpheme (here -ts-), which conditions a zero allomorph of the objective. The nonsingular allomorphs -hi-/-hiy- occur after the first person morpheme, and -i-/-iy- occur after the second person. The forms without y occur before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant or i (and the i is lacking); the forms with y before a vowel other than i. Examples are ʔɔkhíyεthaʔ she, they are hitting us, ʔɔkhiyawi:h she, they have given it to us, ʔetsíyεthaʔ she, they are hitting you (nonsg.), ʔetsiyawi:h she, they have given it to you (nonsg.).

11.9. As an object, unlike the masculine morpheme, the restricted third person FOLLOWS the first (k-) and second (s-) person subjects. In this environment the restricted third person allomorphs are -he-/-hey-, the former occurring before a morpheme whose basic allomorph begins with a consonant or i (and the i is lacking), the latter before a vowel other than i: kheyέthaʔ I'm hitting her, them, kheya:wi:h I've given it to her, them, sheyέthaʔ you're hitting her, them, sheya:wi:h you've given it to her, them.

11.10. The restricted third person object does, however, precede its other subjects, the exclusive, inclusive, and second person nonsingular, which (as in [11.8]) occur with the nonsingular morpheme rather than the dual and plural. The nonsingular allomorphs are -hi-/-hiy-/-i-/-iy-, conditioned as in [11.8], with -hi-/-hiy- occurring also after the inclusive person morpheme. Before the exclusive person nonsingular subject the restricted third person allomorph is and the exclusive person allomorph -a-: ʔakhíyεthaʔ we (excl.) are hitting her, them. Before the inclusive person nonsingular subject the restricted third person allomorph is ʔe-; the inclusive person allomorph is -t-: ʔethíyεthaʔ we (incl.) are hitting her, them. Before the second person non- singular subject the restricted third person allomorph is also ʔe-; the second person allomorph is -ts-:ʔetsíyεthaʔ you (nonsg.) are hitting her, them³⁵

11.11. It may have been noticed that the restricted third person morpheme does not occur as subject with a first or second person singular object. Instead, its meanings are divided between two other morphemes: the feminine (ʔ-/ʔe-),³⁶ already familiar, and a new one, the NONSINGULAR THIRD PERSON (h-/hɔ-) they. The first and second person objective construction follows the subjects, and occurs in the allomorphs already described [10.6-7], but the objective allomorph is -ɔ- before the first person. The feminine and non- singular third person allomorphs are ʔ- and h- respectively before the first person object, ʔe- and hɔ- before the second person: ʔɔkyέthaʔ she's hitting me, hɔkyέthaʔ they're hitting me, ʔesáyεthaʔ she's hitting you (sg.), hosáyεthaʔ they're hitting you (sg.).

11.12. There is also a transitive constitute consisting of a neuter subject and neuter object. As the first constituent, the neuter morpheme has the shape k-; as the second, the shape -ɔwɔ-/-ɔwæ-/-ɔwε-/-ɔwɔy-/-ɔw-, homonymous with and conditioned in the same way as the unrestricted third person morpheme described in [11.6]: kɔwɔ́yεthaʔ it's hitting it, kɔwɔ:wi:h it has given it to it.

11.13. Finally, there are three other members of the transitive construction which occur as constituents with a number morpheme (cf. [11.3]), in this case the non- singular morpheme (-ti-/-n-). The transitive constituents are sh|ako- he|her [11.5] and two others not yet encountered. These have the masculine (h-) and nonmasculine (k-) morphemes as objects, followed by the restricted third person morpheme (-ɔwɔ-/-ɔwε-) as subject. The nonsingular morpheme in all three cases applies semantically to the first of the two constituents, whether it is subject (as with shako-) or object (as with hɔwɔ-/hɔwε- and kɔwɔ-/kɔwε-). The nonsingular allomorphs -ti- and -n- are conditioned as described in [10.13]. The restricted third person allomorph -ɔwɔ- occurs before -ti-, -ɔwε- before -n-.³⁷ Examples are shakotiyέthaʔ they (masc.) hit her, shakonɔwi:h they (masc.) have given it to her, hɔwɔtiyέthaʔ she, they are hitting them (masc.), hɔwεnɔwi:h she, they have given it to them (masc.), kɔwɔtiyέthaʔ she, they are hitting them (nonmasc.), kɔwεnɔwi:h she, they have given it to them (nonmasc.).

11.14. The word-initial indicative allomorph is ʔoʔ- before any transitive prefix beginning with k or s. It is wa- before any other. The optative and future allomorphs are ʔaa- and ʔε- respectively before any transitive prefix.

11.15. After any modal prefix, any transitive prefix beginning with h in word-initial position followed by a vowel occurs without the h, but with the preceding vowel basically strong: waɔsayεt they hit you, ʔáɔsa:yεt they might hit you, ʔεɔsayεt they will hit you. Also after any modal prefix, the masculine allomorph is -′:- rather than -Ø- before the second person singular object (cf. [11.5]): wa:ya:yεt he hit you, ʔá:yayεt he might hit you, ʔε:ya:yεt he'll hit you. After the optative and future morphemes, but not the indicative, any transitive prefix beginning with ʔ occurs with y in place of the ʔá:yɔkhi:yεt she, they might hit me, ʔεyɔ́khi:yεt she, they will hit me. With these exceptions, the same allomorphs occur after the modal prefix morphemes as in word-initial position.

11.16. The following is a list of the transitive prefixes:

kɔ(:)-/kɔ(:)y- I… you: kɔ:kεh I see you, ʔoʔkɔ:kεʔ I saw you, ʔεkɔ:kεʔ I'll see you.

sk-/ske-/tak-/take- you… me: ske:kεh you see me, ʔoʔske:- kεʔ you saw me, ʔεske:kεʔ you'll see me.

khni-/khni-/khny- I, we… you (du.) [11.3]: khni:kεh I, we see you, ʔoʔkhni:kεʔ I, we saw you, ʔεkhni:kεʔ I, we will see you.

kwa-/kwæ-/kwε-/kw-/ky- I, we… you (pl.): kwa:kεh I, we see you, ʔoʔkwa:kεʔ I, we saw you, ʔεkwa:kεʔ I, we will see you.

skhni-/skhn-/skhny- you… me, us (du.): skhni:kεh yov see me, us, ʔoʔskhni:kεʔ you saw me, us, ʔεkhni:kεʔ you'll see me, us.

skwa-/skwæ-/skwε-/skw-/sky- you… me, us (pl.): skwa:kεh you see me, us, ʔoʔskwa:kεʔ you saw me, us, ʔεskwa:kεʔ you'll see me, us.

hak-/hake- (/-′ak- etc.) he… me: hake:kεh he sees me, wa:ke:kεʔ he saw me, ʔεɔke:kεʔ he'll see me.

ya-/yæ-/yε-/y- (/-′:ya- etc.) he… you: ya:kεh he sees you, wa:ya:kεʔ he saw you, ʔε:ya:kεʔ he'll see you.

shɔkhni-/shɔkhn-/shɔkhny- he… us (du.): shɔkhni:kεh he sees us, ʔoʔshɔ́khni:kεʔ he saw us, ʔεshɔ́khni:kεʔ he'll see us.

shɔkwa-/shɔkwæ-/shɔkwε-/shɔkw-/shɔky- he… us (pl.): shɔ- kwa:kεh he sees us, ʔoʔshɔkwakεʔ he saw us, ʔεshɔkwakεʔ he'll see us.

shesni-/shesn-/shesny- he… you (du.): shesni:kεh he sees you, ʔoʔshésni:kεʔ he saw you, ʔεshésni:kεʔ he'll see you.

sheswa-/sheswæ-/sheswε-/shesw-/skej- he… you (pl.): sheswa:kεh he sees you, ʔoʔshéswakεʔ he saw you, ʔεshéswakεʔ he'll see you.

shako-/shaka-/shakaw- he… her: shako :kεh he sees her, ʔoʔshako:kε he saw her, ʔ εshako: kεʔ he'll see her.

hakɔ(:)-/hakɔ(:)y- (/-′akɔ[:]- etc.) he… them: hakɔ:kεh he sees them, wa:kɔ:kεʔ he saw them, ʔεɔkɔ:keʔ he'll see them.

he-/hey- (/-′e- etc.) I… him: he:kεh I see him, wa:ekεʔ I saw him, ʔε:ekεʔ or ʔe:ekεʔ I'll see him [3.16].

héhs-/héhse- (/-′éhs- etc.) you… him: hehse:kεh you see him, wáehse:kεʔ you saw him, ʔé:hse:kεʔ you'll see him.

shakhni-/shakhn-/shakhny- we (excl. du.)… him: shakhni:kεh we see him, ʔoʔshákhni:kεʔ we saw him, ʔεshákhni:kεʔ we'll see him.

shakwa-/shakwæ-/shakwε-/shakw-/shaky- we (excl. pl.)… him: shakwa: kεh we see him ʔoʔshakwakεʔ we saw him, ʔεshakwakεʔ we'll see him.

shehni-/shehn-/shehny- we (incl. du.)… him: shehni:kεh we see him, ʔoʔshéhni:kεʔ we saw him, ʔ εshéhni: kεʔ we'll see him.

shetwa-/shetwæ-/shetwε-/shetw-/shety- we (incl. pl.)… him: shetwa:kεh we see him, ʔoʔshetwakεʔ we saw him, ʔεshetwakεʔ we'll see him.

shesni-/shesn-/shesny- you (du.)… him: shesni:kεh you see him, ʔoʔshésni:kεʔ you saw him, ʔεshésni:kεʔ you'll see him.

sheswa-/sheswæ-/sheswε-/shesw-/shej- you (pl.)… him: sheswa:kεh you see him, ʔoʔshéswakεʔ you saw him, ʔεshéswakεʔ you'll see him.

hɔwɔ-/hɔwæ-/hɔwε-/hɔwɔy-/hɔw- (/-′ɔwɔ- etc.) he, she, they… him: hɔwɔ:kεh he, she, they see him, waɔwɔkεʔ he, she, they saw him, ʔεɔwɔkεʔ he, she, they will see him.

ʔɔkhi-/ʔɔkhiy- (/-yɔkhi- etc.) she, they… us: ʔɔkhi:kεh she, they see us, waʔɔ́khi:kεʔ she, they saw us, ʔεyɔ́khi:kεʔ she, they will see us.

ʔetsi-/ʔetsiy- (/-yetsi- etc.) she, they… you (nonsg.): ʔetsi:kεh she, they see you, waʔétsi:kεʔ she, they saw you, ʔεyétsi:- kεʔ she, they will see you.

khe-/khey- I… her, them: khe:kεh I see her, them, ʔoʔkhe:kεʔ I saw her, them, ʔεkhe:kεʔ I'll see her, them.

she-/shey- you… her, them: she:kεh you see her, them, ʔoʔshe:kεʔ you saw her, them, ʔεshe:kεʔ you'll see her, them.

ʔakhi-/ʔakhiy- (/-yakhi- etc.) we (excl.)… her, them: ʔakhi:kεh we see her, them, waʔákhi:kεʔ we saw her, them, ʔeyákhi:kεʔ we'll see her, them.

ʔethi-/ʔethiy- (/-yethi- etc.) we (incl.)… her, them: ʔethi:kεh we see her, them, waʔéthi:kεʔ we saw her, them, ʔεyéthi:- kεʔ we'll see her, them.

ʔetsi-/ʔetsiy- (/-yetsi- etc.) you (nonsg.)… her, them: ʔetsi:kεh you see her, them, waʔétsi:kεʔ you saw her, them, ʔεyétsi:kεʔ you'll see her, them.

ʔɔk-/ʔɔke- (/-yɔk- etc.) she… me: ʔɔke:kεh she sees me, waʔεke:kεʔ she saw me, ʔεyɔke:kεʔ she'll see me.

hɔk-/hɔke- (/-′ɔk- etc.) they… me: hɔke:kεh they see me, waɔke:kεʔ they saw me, ʔεɔke:kεʔ they'll see me.

ʔesa-/ʔesæ-/ʔesε-/ʔes- (/-yesa- etc.) she… you: ʔesa:kεh she sees you, waʔesakεʔ she saw you, ʔεyesakεʔ she'll see you.

hɔsa-/hɔsæ-/hɔsε-/hɔs- (/-′ɔsa- etc.) they… you: hɔsa:kεh they see you, waɔsakεʔ they saw you, ʔεɔsakεʔ they'll see you.

kɔwɔ-/kɔwæ-/kɔwε-/kɔwɔy-/kɔw- it… it: kɔwɔ:kεh it sees it, ʔoʔkɔwɔkεʔ it saw it, ʔεkɔwɔkεʔ it will see it.

shakoti-/shakon- they (masc.)… her: shakoti:kεh they see her, ʔoʔshakoti:kεʔ they saw her, ʔεshakoti:kεʔ they'll see her.

hɔwɔti-/hɔwen- (/-′ɔwɔti- etc.) she, they… them (masc.): hɔwɔti:kεh she, they see them, waɔwɔti:kεʔ she, they saw them, ʔεɔwɔti:kεʔ she, they will see them.

kɔwɔti-/kɔwεn- she, they … them (nonmasc.): kɔwɔti:kεh she, they see them, ʔoʔkɔwɔti:kεʔ she, they saw them, ʔεkɔwɔti:kεʔ she, they will see them.

12. THE NOMINALIZER

12.1. The position occupied by the verb or noun root in the structures described up to this point may also be filled by an expansion. The term EXPANDED BASE is introduced here to cover such an expansion; i.e., a morpheme sequence substitutable for a root. The already described occurrences of simple verb and noun roots can be regarded as instances of irreducible bases. First to be described here is the one expanded noun base. The several expanded verb bases are taken up in [13-15].

12.2. The expanded noun base consists of a verb root followed by the NOMINALIZER morpheme -sh(æ)-/ -′sh(æ)-/-ʔsh(æ)-/-′ʔsh(æ)-:

Examples are kaʔhásteshæʔ power (verb root -ʔhaste- be powerful), ʔothéʔshæʔ meal, flour (-théʔt- [3.3] pound corn), ʔotεɔnóshækɔ:h in the shade (-atέɔno- be shady).

12.3. The verb root occurs before the nominalizer in its most common basic allomorph or an automatic variant, although there are a few roots which occur here in their combining allomorph ([7.4]; see the second example below). The allomorphs of the nominalizer are conditioned by the verb root in an unpredictable fashion, but -sh(æ)- occurs with the largest number of roots. Examples of the four allomorphs are: -sh(æ)- in ʔotεono:shæʔ shade, umbrella, parasol, -′sh(æ)- in kaʔnikɔhtáshæʔ thinking cap (-ʔnikɔht- be wise), -ʔsh(æ)- in ʔakatokε:ʔshæʔ my ax (-atokε- be an ax), -′ ʔsh(æ)- in ʔonowǽ:ʔshæʔ soap (-nówaæ- wash).

13. THE ROOT SUFFIXES

13.1. One expanded verb base involves the occurrence of one or more ROOT SUFFIXES after the verb root:

These suffix morphemes can be ranked according to their relative closeness to the verb root when more than one occurs, the lower numbered rank occurring closer to the root. Those within the same rank (e.g., 1) are in contrastive distribution. Some ranks can be subdivided on the basis of their conditioning of aspect allomorphs; those within the same subdivision (e.g. 2 a) condition the same aspect allomorphs. The ranking is as follows:

1 a. Directive

1 b. Causative III³⁸

1 c. Oppositive II

2 a. Causative II, Inchoative II

2 b. Oppositive I

3. Causative I, Causative-Instrumental

4 a. Inchoative I

4 b. Inchoative III

5. Distributive

6. Instrumental

7. Dative

8 a. Ambulative

8 b. Transient

The allomorph of the root suffix itself, if it has several, is conditioned unpredictably by the preceding morpheme.

13.2. The directive morpheme, -n-, occurs only with a few verb roots whose meanings involve motion, all of them ending in e, and is usually accompanied by either the cislocative or the translocative morpheme, neither of which has yet been described. It apparently indicates that the motion takes place in a specific direction. It conditions the aspect allomorphs -ɔh descriptive, -ɔ́s iterative, and -h imperative)³⁹ Examples are hewáktakhe: nɔ:h⁴⁰ I've run there (-takhe- run), he:enɔs he goes there (-e- go, walk), hε:ke:? I'll go there [3.10].

13.3. The causative III morpheme, -hw-, also occurs with a very small number of verb roots, adding a causative meaning. It is preceded by the most common basic allomorph of the root, and conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -ɔ́h descriptive, -ás iterative, and -óh imperative [3.12]. Examples are ʔakέɔthwεh I've poured it (-εɔt- pour), ʔoʔkέɔthoʔ I poured it, hoʔwε:- thwεh he's killed, massacred them (-aʔwεt- die in quantity).

13.4. The oppositive⁴¹ II morpheme, -′hs-, likewise occurs with only a few verb roots, the resulting meaning being in some sense the opposite of that of the root alone. However, with a root that already denotes some kind of imbalance or undoing the oppositive indicates multiplication of this state or activity. It is preceded by the most common basic allomorph of the root, and conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -ɔh descriptive, -ɔ́s iterative, and -íh imperative. The following examples of the oppositive II contain also several expansions that have not yet been discussed: tewakε:- hsowéhsɔ:h I've uncovered my feet (-owe- cover), ʔoʔ- thεnɔhtíahsiʔ they replaced (several things) (-tía- be unequal).

13.5. The causative II morpheme, -t-/-at-/-æt-/-et-, and the inchoative II morpheme, -′ʔ-/-′h-/-έʔ-/-έh- occur with a somewhat larger number of verb roots than do the three morphemes already discussed. They indicate respectively causation and coming into being. They condition the following aspect allomorphs: -ɔ́h descriptive, -s iterative [3.3, 3.6], and -Ø imperative. Most roots which occur with these morphemes have their most common basic allomorphs and are followed by causative II -t- and inchoative II -′ʔ-/-′h- (-′ʔ- before the descriptive aspect and -′h- before any other): ʔonέsto:tɔh it has frozen it (-nésto- be frozen), wa:tí- ashε:t they called a council (-′[h]áshε- hold a council); ʔakyέ:ʔɔh I've gotten hurt (-yεε- be hurt), ʔoʔkye:ih I fit into it (-yei- be fitting). A few roots ending in e lack the e in this environment, and it is these roots which condition the causative II allomorphs -at-/-æt- (which one of the two being unpredictable), as well as the inchoative II allomorphs -έʔ-/-έh- (-έʔ- before the descriptive, -έh- elsewhere): ʔakta:tɔh I've put it in place (-te- be in place), hasno:wæ:s he's making speed, going fast (-asnowe- be fast); ʔosnówεʔɔh it's gotten fast, waʔósno :wεh it got fast. The root -ahtεty- move, travel conditions the causative II allomorph-et-: ʔεyákohtε:- tye: t it will move her. There are a few verb roots after which the allomorphic distribution differs uniquely from that described above. The root -skatkw- laugh, for example, not only conditions irregularly the inchoative II allomorphs -έʔ-/-έh- but also occurs with -έʔ- (not -έh-) before the iterative morpheme: haska:tkwεʔs he's laughing.

13.6. The oppositive I morpheme, -kw-/-ɔ(:)kw-, has meanings like those of the oppositive II. It is preceded by the combining allomorph of the root, and conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -έh descriptive, -ás iterative, -óh imperative. The usual oppositive I allomorph is -kw-: sehotɔ:koh open the door! (-tɔ[:]- close). After a morpheme that conditions the descriptive allomorph -ɔh, however, the oppositive I is -ɔ(:)kw-: ʔoʔ kékhahsɔ :koʔ I separated several things (-kháhs- separate). The oppositive I may also occur after the oppositive II, and has then the multiplicative meaning: ʔoʔtkεʔnyowéhsɔ:koʔ I uncovered my hands (specifically both of them).

13.7. The causative I morpheme, -′ʔt-/-′ht-/-t-/-ht-, and the causative-instrumental morpheme, -′st-/-st-, occur with a large number of verb roots. The meaning of causative I is causative, and occasionally instrumental. The causative-instrumental morpheme has more often an instrumental meaning, but a causative meaning with some roots and an inchoative meaning with a few others. With the exception of the causative I allomorph -t-, these morphemes are preceded by the combining allomorph of the root. They condition the following aspect allomorphs: -ɔ́h descriptive, -háʔ iterative, -Ø imperative. There is no predictability as to which allomorph of either morpheme occurs with which verb root, but causative I -t-/-ht- and causative- instrumental -st- occur only with a very small number of roots. Examples of the causative I morpheme are: -′ʔt- in kahtɔ́ʔthaʔ I make it disappear (-áhtɔ- be lost), -′it- in ʔakétkihtɔh I've gotten it dirty (-tki- be dirty), -t- in yɔwɔ: ktha ʔ people use it for sifting, sifter (-awak- sift), -ht- in hotiyεʔkwáhsɔnye:htɔh they (masc.) have made it savor the tobacco (-hsɔnye- savor, with an incorporated noun root [14]). Examples of the causative- instrumental morpheme are -′st- in ʔóεʔhesthaʔ stopping place, station (-′[h]έʔhe- stop),⁴² ʔεkánɔʔnos [3.4] it will get cold (-nɔ́ʔno- be cold), -st- in waʔɔ́kwεtε: stheʔt we (pl.) are pitiable (-itε- show pity). The causative I morpheme may occur after the oppositive I, which then has the allomorph -kwa-: ʔakókwahtɔh I've made it come out of the water (-o- be in water).

13.8. The inchoative I morpheme, -′ʔ-/-′ʔhéʔ-/-′éʔ-/-héʔ-, like the inchoative II and III, indicates coming into being. The preceding morpheme occurs in its combining allomorph before -′ʔ-, but in its most common basic allomorph before the other inchoative I allomorphs. The inchoative I conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -ɔ́h descriptive, -s iterative, -t imperative. Examples of its occurrence are ʔakóʔktaʔɔh I've gotten to the end (-óʔkt- be at the end), ʔoʔyɔ:sheʔt it became long (-ɔs- be long), wiyóʔheʔs it becomes good (-iyo- be good).

13.9. The inchoative III morpheme, -′ʔ-, differs from the inchoative I only in conditioning the imperative (and punctual) allomorph -Ø rather than -t: ʔoʔwáhtɔ́ʔ it disappeared (-áhtɔ- be lost).

13.10. The distributive morpheme, -hɔ-/-′ɔ-/-′:nɔ-/-′syɔ-/-nyɔ-/-ɔ-/-nɔ-/-′ʔhɔ-/-′hsɔ-/-′ʔsɔ-/-shɔ-, indicates that several objects or several locations in space or time are involved in the meaning of the base: -hɔ- in háih- sakhɔh he's looking for several things, looking in several places, looking at various times. The preceding morpheme occurs in its combining allomorph except before the distributive allomorph -hɔ- (see preceding example). The distributive conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -′ʔ descriptive, -′h iterative, -h imperative. Examples of the other distributive allomorphs are: -′ɔ- in hatiyεthwákwaɔh they (masc. pl.) are harvesting things (-yεthw- plant, with oppositive I -kwa-), -′:nɔ- in ʔoshéta:nɔʔ they are numbered (-áshet- number), -′syɔ- inʔ óetkεʔsyɔʔ things have spoiled (-′[h]etkε- be bad, with inchoative I -′ʔ-), -nyɔ- in kate:nyɔʔ things are in place (-te- be in place), -ɔ- in kají:otɔʔ things are blocked up (-jíot- be blocked up), -nɔ- in ha: wi:nɔh he's carrying things (-′[h]awi- carry), -′ʔhɔ- in hanέhkwiʔhɔh he's hauling things (-nέhkwi- haul), -′hsɔ- in wáoshehsɔ:ʔ it chased him here and there (-she- chase), -′ʔsɔ- in ʔoʔkáʔseʔ- sɔ:ʔ several animals hauled it or it hauled several things (-′ʔse-), -shɔ- in ʔo:nékitkε: shɔʔ springs, lit. emerging waters (-itkε- emerge). The allomorph -nyɔ- sometimes occurs after another distributive allomorph, yielding a double distributive: háihsakhɔ:nyɔh he's looking for several things, etc. (cf. háihsakhɔh above).

13.11. The instrumental morpheme, -′hkw-, has the meaning which its name implies: yeniyɔtáhkwaʔ people use it for hanging, hanger (-niyɔt- hang). The preceding morpheme occurs in its combining allomorph. The instrumental conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -ɔ́h descriptive, -áʔ iterative, -Ø imperative [3.6]. Other examples are tyɔhéhkɔh we (incl. pl.) use it for living, our sustenance (-ɔhe- be alive), ʔoʔkóʔktak I used it to end up with (-óʔkt- be at the end).

13.12. The dative morpheme, -ni-/-i-/-′ʔse-/-′hse-/-e-/-ε-/-′ʔs-/-′ás-/-hás-/-′s-/-Ø-/-se-, indicates that the meaning of the base is for the benefit of or directed toward some person or thing: -ni- in hɔwɔ́tithæ: nih she, they talk to them (masc.). The preceding morpheme occurs in its combining allomorph except before the dative allomorph -hás-. The dative conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -h descriptive, -′h iterative, -′h imperative. The dative allomorphs -ni-/-i-/-′ʔse-/-′hse-/-e- occur only before the descriptive and iterative morphemes: -ni- in hakhyatɔ:ni:h he has written it for me (-′[h/:]yatɔ- write), -i- in kóihsakih it looks for it for her, monkey (-[C]íhsak- look for), -′ʔse- in hakhní: nɔʔseh he buys it for me (-′[h/:]ninɔ- buy), -′hse- in ʔakέɔhse:h I've said to it (-ε- say), -e- in he:wa:hse:h I've covered him with a blanket (-′[h/:]wahs- cover with a blanket). The allomorphs -ε-/-′ʔs-/-′ás-/-hás-/-′s-/-Ø- occur only before the imperative and punctual morphemes: -ε- in ʔoʔkɔ́ihsa:kεʔ I looked for it for you, -′s- in wá:khni:nɔʔs he bought it for me, -′ás- (-′ɔ́s: by [3.14]) in wa:khatɔ́:s he wrote it for me, -hás- in ʔέɔkɔehas he will put it on it for them (-′[h]e- put on), -′s- in ʔoʔkέos I said to it, -Ø- in wáewa:s I covered him with a blanket. Dative -se- occurs before all four aspect allomorphs: kóæʔse:h it has caught up with her (-[h]ǽʔ- catch up with), ʔεyakóæ- it will catch up with her.

13.13. The ambulative morpheme, -′:ne-, indicates that the meaning of the base involves walking: hatɔ́: neʔ he says it while walking (-atɔ- say). The preceding morpheme occurs in its combining allomorph. The ambulative conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -′ʔ descriptive, -′ʔs iterative, -′h imperative. Other examples are honɔ:ktáni:neʔs he's sick but walking around, (-nɔ́ɔkt-feel sick, with dative -ni-), wá:kε:neʔ he saw it as he walked.

13.14. The transient morpheme, -′ʔn-/-′:n-/-′ʔh-/ -′Ø-/-h-/-ɔ́-/-′hs-/-′sh-, indicates that the meaning of the base involves movement from one location to another: -h- in hóihsakho:h he's gone looking for it. The preceding morpheme occurs in its combining allomorph except before the transient allomorph -h-. The transient conditions the following aspect allomorphs: -ɔh descriptive, -éʔs iterative, -áh (or occasionally -ǽh) imperative. Other examples are: -′ʔn- in hayέ: nekéæʔneʔs he goes drinking (-′[h/: ]neké[æ]- drink), -′ :n- in hayέ: nɔh let him go and leave it! (-yε- leave), -′ʔh- in hakáweʔheʔs he goes rowing (-kawe- row), -′Ø- in hohkíʔwa: ɔh he has gone on the warpath (-áhkíʔw- make war), -ɔ́- in hahtέt- yɔeʔs he goes traveling (-ahtεty- travel), -′hs- in wa:- yεthwáhsaʔ he went planting (-yεthw- plant), wa:- yéhsæʔ he went and accomplished it (-yei- accomplish), -′sh- in ʔεekatεnɔ́ʔɔshæʔ I'll go and watch over it (-atεnɔʔɔ- watch over).

13.15. An additional aspect morpheme that occurs only after the transient morpheme is the PURPOSIVE. It indicates purpose or intention, and occurs both with and without a modal prefix. It has only the shape -éʔ and is preceded by the various transient allomorphs described in [13.14]: háihsakheʔ he came (or went) to look for it, wáihsa:kheʔ he intends to go and look for it, ʔέɔihsa:kheʔ he'll come to look for it.

13.16. There is another morpheme, the INTENSIFIER -hjiwε-, which occurs very rarely but seems to be classifiable as a root suffix. It has been recorded only with the iterative -′h: sathɔ́tehji: wεh you are listening carefully, teaka:nǽhji:wεh he is observing closely.

14. THE INCORPORATED NOUN ROOT

14.1. A second expanded verb base consists of either a simple verb root or the expansion described in [13] preceded by an INCORPORATED NOUN ROOT:

When the verb root has a transitive meaning, the noun root denotes its goal or, occasionally, its instrument: hayέʔkɔthwas he burns tobacco (-yέkw- [3.12] tobacco; -ɔthw- burn), ʔakijakɔh I'm eating fish (-ij -fish; -k- eat), wá:ʔhnyayεt he hit it with a club (-′ʔhny- club) -yέht- hit). When the meaning of the verb root is intransitive, the noun root denotes either the performer or the thing described: kanǽhtεʔs the leaf falls (-nǽht- leaf; -ε- fall, with inchoative I -′ʔ-), waʔε:no:t the pole is standing upright (-aʔεn- pole-, -ot- stand upright). If the verb root has an adjectival meaning and is followed by the iterative morpheme, the meaning of the noun root is pluralized: kaʔháhtowa:nεs the logs are big (-ʔháht- log; -owanε- be big).

14.2. The place of the noun root may be taken by the expanded noun base (nominalized verb root [12]), as in the following examples: hotiʔhastéshæyεʔ they (masc.) have power (-ʔhaste- be strong, with nominalizer -sh[æ]-; -yε- have), wε:níshæteʔ the day is present, today. The nominalized constituent may also be an expanded verb base, rather than a simple root: kanɔhsakáyɔsyo: t the old house is standing (-nɔ́hs- house, -akayɔ- be old, with nominalizer -sy- [14.4, 3.8]; -ot- stand upright). Still more intricate sequences may results from the inclusion of root suffixes: ʔoʔkehotɔkwaʔshǽkaha: thoʔ I turned the key (-ho- door, -tɔ- close, with oppositive I -kwa- and nominalizer --′ʔsh[æ]-; -kahat- turn, with causative III -hw- [3.12]).

14.3. In most cases the incorporated noun root occurs in its combining allomorph before a consonant, its most common basic allomorph before a vowel (see examples above). There are some verb roots, however, which, although beginning with a consonant, are not preceded by the combining allomorph of the noun root: ʔoʔkyɔ: - tyaʔk I cut a tree (-[y]ɔt- tree; -yák- cut), ʔakáskwe:kɔh I've closed my mouth (-ask- mouth; -wek- close). There are other morphophonemic irregularities associated with particular combinations of roots; e.g., sometimes a noun root with final w has a supplementary i before a verb root with initial y: keskawi:yaʔs I cut bushes (-skaw- bush). When the verb root -yáʔk- cut, break is preceded by a noun root ending in s, the resulting sy is replaced by j: watényaʔjaʔs violet, lit. its neck breaks (-′nyaʔs- neck). A fairly large number of verb roots have a different, usually shorter, allomorph with an incorporated noun root than elsewhere: -ε- fall in kanǽhtεʔs the leaf falls, but -aʔsε- in waʔsεʔs it falls; -nɔwε- melt in ʔowisænɔ: wε:h the ice has melted, but -nɔʔnɔwɔ- in ʔonɔ́ʔnɔwε:h it has melted.

14.4. Noun roots with combining allomorphs in æ or ε [7.4] are subject in some environments to alternations that require special mention. If the following verb root begins with the vowel a, this a is absent; i.e., it is replaced by the æ or ε: niyoweʔsǽa:h small cover (-awéʔs[æ]- cover; -aʔáa- be small). If the following verb root begins with y, the æ or ε is replaced by n: wa:kanyaʔk he broke off the story (-ka[æ]- story). If the æ or ε is preceded by an obstruent or a basically strong vowel and the following verb root begins with o or ɔ, the æ or ε is replaced by y: kane:styo: t standing board (-nest[æ]- board). If the æ or ε is preceded by a single basically weak a or ε and the following verb root begins with o, the æ or ε is not present, but the preceding a is replaced by e: sekeotεh tell a story! Under the same conditions, but before a verb root beginning with ɔ, the a is replaced by ε: sekεɔtεh attach the inner bark! (-ka[æ]- inner bark, homonymous with story). These alternations are found also, although the conditions arise more rarely, when verb roots in æ or ε are followed by root suffixes or aspect suffixes containing the stated initial phonemes.

14.5. A noun root whose most common basic allomorph ends in sh occurs with ts instead before a verb root beginning with i: wε:nítsi:yo:h beautiful day (-ε:nish- day; -iyo- be beautijul).

15. THE REFLEXIVE/RECIPROCAL BASE

15.1. A third expanded verb base consists of a verb root or the expansion described in 13 and/or 14 preceded by either the REFLEXIVE or the RECIPROCAL morpheme:

15.2. The reflexive morpheme, -at-/-ate-/-ah-/-a(C)- /_atε-/-(ε)-/-an-/-εn-/-(ε)n-/-εni-/-(ε)ε-, indicates that the total meaning of the base immediately involves or affects the person or thing denoted by the pronominal prefix, or the subject of a transitive prefix. Its meaning is roughly comparable to the middle voice of some Indo- European languages: -at- in kató:ɔʔ I'm mending it for myself (-oɔ- mend), satyε:h sit down! (-yε- set down). With some verb roots, otherwise transitive in meaning, the resultant meaning is intransitive: ʔoʔtwato: wε: ʔ⁴³ it split (-owε- split; cf. ʔoʔtko:wε:ʔ I split it). With other verb roots the resultant meaning is specialized, at least from the point of view of the English translation: ʔotɔ:ni:h it is growing (-ɔ[:]ni- make).

15.3. The reciprocal morpheme, -atat-/-atate-/-atah-/ -ata(C)-/-atatε-/-atan-, indicates that the total meaning of the base has as both its performer and its goal the person or thing denoted by the pronominal prefix. With some verb roots a further distinction is made as to whether the pronominal prefix refers to the same or different individuals. If the performer and goal are identical, the pronominal prefix is objective: -atat- in waʔakotati:yoʔ she killed herself (-iyo- kill). If the performer and goal are not identical, the pronominal prefix is subjective: waʔɔtati:yoʔ she killed her,⁴⁴ waεnɔtáthyo: wiʔ they (masc. pl.) told one another (-′[hy]owi- tell). With other verb roots, however, a subjective prefix is used when the performer and goal are identical: ʔoʔkátathe: ʔ I cut myself (-'[h]en- cut [3.10]).

15.4. With regard to their conditioning of the preceding pronominal prefix morphemes, the reflexive and reciprocal morphemes do not differ from verb or noun roots whose basic allomorphs begin with a, ε, or (ε); cf. [6, 9-11]. The reflexive allomorphs occur as follows: -at- occurs before a verb root whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel, a single consonant other than t or n, or any of the alternations given special symbolization in [6.3] provided this alternation is not followed by n: see examples in [15.2] and ʔakátke:tεh I'm scratching myself (-ket- scratch), kathwatases I circle around it (-′[h/:]watase- turn); roots whose basic allomorph begins with j have s instead following the reflexive -at-: tewátsisto:kwas furefly, lit. it scatters sparks (-jist- spark); -ate- occurs before a verb root whose basic allomorph begins with two consonants or one consonant plus (C), but not before t, ʔn, or any alternation of [6.3]: ʔakátesyɔ:ni:h I've prepared it for myself (-′syɔ[:]ni- prepare), ʔakáteʔho:ɔh I'm covered (-ʔho- cover); -ah-, -a(C)-, -atε-, and -(ε)- occur in an unpredictable fashion before verb roots whose basic allomorphs begin with t, n, ʔn, or an alternation of [6.3] followed by n, but -a(C)- occurs only before (h/:)n while -ah- never does, and -(ε)- has not been recorded before t: -ah- in ʔakáhtenyɔ:h I've changed (-teny- change), -a(C)- in tɔtakahnɔ́ʔne: tεʔ ⁴⁵ I added something to what I had already done (-′[h/:]nɔ́ʔnet- add one thing over another), -atε- in ʔakátε:ni:nɔʔ I've sold it (-′[h/:]ninɔ- buy), -(ε)- in ʔakεno:wε:h I'm a liar (-nowε- lie). The allomorphs -an-/-εn-/-εni-/-(ε) ε- occur only before incorporated noun roots: -an- in wa:nyεʔkwá: æʔt he got himself into the snowdrift (-yεʔkwa[æ]- smoke, snowdrift), -εn- in wa:kεni:jɔʔ he gave me his fish (-ij- fish), -εni- in hεnisʔohtáehaʔ he puts his hand on it (-sʔóht- hand), -(ε) ε- in ʔakε:hsíʔtyaʔkɔh my foot's cut off (-ahsíʔt- foot, with the initial a absent).

15.5. The reciprocal allomorphs occur as follows: -atat- occurs before a verb root whose basic allomorph begins with a vowel, a resonant other than n, or any of the alternations given special symbolization in [6.3] provided this alternation is not followed by n: see examples in [15.3]; -atate- occurs before a verb root whose basic allomorph begins with an obstruent, but not before t, ʔn, or any alternation of [6.3]:⁴⁶ waʔɔtate:- kεʔ she saw her (-kε- see), ʔakatatéʔseʔs I drag myself around (-′ʔse- drag); -atah-, -ata(C)-, and -atatε- occur unpredictably before verb roots whose basic allomorphs begin with t, n, ʔn, or an alternation of [6.3] followed by n but -ata(C)- occurs only before (h/:)n while -atah- never does: -atah- in yɔtahnóɔhkwaʔ she loves her (-noɔ́hkw- love); -atatε- in teonɔtátεʔnya: εʔ they (masc.) will look after themselves, lit. put in their hands (-ʔny- hand); -atan- occurs before the verb roots -itε- behave kindly toward and -ɔkóht- put through an opening: ʔεtwatani:tε: ʔ we (incl. pl.) will have a bee, lit. behave kindly toward each other, wa:yatanɔ:kot they (masc. du.) had a ceremony, lit. put each other through an opening.

15.6. A reflexive base may also occur with the nominalizer to form an expanded noun base (cf. [12.2]): ʔakátaʔti:shæʔ my cane (-aʔti- lean). A noun stem constructed in this way rarely occurs with a neuter pronominal prefix. Instead there occurs an eliptical form with no pronominal prefix at all. The reflexive morpheme, being thus in initial position, has allomorphs beginning with ʔ: ʔatáʔtishæʔ cane.

16. THE EVENTUATIVE AND FACILITATIVE

16.1. There are four structurally different expansions of the aspect suffix. The first of these involves the occurrence of theEVENTUATIVE orFACILITATIVE morpheme before the descriptive:

16.2. The eventuative morpheme, -′sʔ-/-ɔ́sʔ-, indicates that something occurs in the course of events, eventually, finally: ʔonénɔsʔɔh it's finally warm (-nenɔ- be warm), ʔakahtɔnísʔɔh in the course of events it has become lost to me (-áhtɔ- lose, with dative -ni).

16.3. The descriptive allomorph is -ɔ́h following the eventuative. The morpheme preceding the eventuative occurs in its combining allomorph if its most common basic allomorph ends in a consonant other than ʔ: ʔakahsehtásʔɔh I've finally hidden it (-ahséht- hide). The eventuative allomorph is -ɔ́sʔ- after morphemes that condition the descriptive allomorph -ɔh: ʔokwé- nyɔsʔɔh it's finally been able to (-kweny- be able).

16.4. The facilitative morpheme, -′sk-, indicates that something occurs easily, with facility: ʔonɔʔnɔwέskɔ :h it melts easily (-nɔʔnɔwε- melt), ʔo:nísko:h it barks at every little thing (-′[h/:]ni- bark). The descriptive allomorph is -ɔh following the facilitative; otherwise its morphophonemics is like that of the eventuative, except that the facilitative itself has only the one allomorph.

17. THE PROGRESSIVE

17.1. The second expanded aspect suffix consists of the descriptive morpheme followed by thePROGRESSIVE morpheme, -atye-/-tye-, with this combination in turn followed by one of the four principal aspect morphemes:

17.2. The resultant meaning is one of progression, often translatable as along or all along: hoetkεʔɔ́: tyeʔ he's getting progressively uglier (-′[h]etkε- be ugly, with inchoative I -′ʔ-), waʔohtenyɔ́: tyeʔ it's in the process of changing (-teny- change), kεhɔ́ktatyeʔ along next to the river (-kt- be next to, with incorporated noun root -ihɔ- river).

17.3. The aspect allomorphs which follow the progressive morpheme are: -′ʔ descriptive, -′ʔs iterative, and -′h imperative. The descriptive allomorph which precedes the progressive is identical with that occurring in word-final position, except that final h or ʔ is lacking and the vowel preceding word-final h is basically strong, whether or not it is otherwise: see waʔohtenyɔ́: tyeʔ above, where the descriptive allomorph is -ɔ́- (word- final -ɔh). Preceding verb roots ending in e occur here without the e: swathɔtatyeʔ you (pl.) have been listening along (-athɔ[:]te- listen). The progressive allomorph is-atye- after a consonant or basically strong vowel (see examples above), -tye- after a basically weak vowel: hoyεtatyeʔ he has it along with him (-yεta- have, with -Ø- descriptive [word-final -ʔ]).

18. THE CONTINUATIVE

18.1. The third expanded aspect suffix occurs only within a modal verb. It consists of either the descriptive or the iterative morpheme followed by theCON- TINUATIVE morpheme, -ak/-ek/-k:

18.2. The resultant meaning is one of continuation: ʔεkayasɔ́:ɔk it will continue to be called (-yas- call, name), ʔa:ki: wayεtέia:k I should always know the customs (-yεtei- know, with incorporated noun root -[C]í:w- matter, custom).

18.3. The descriptive allomorph which precedes the continuative morpheme is like that which precedes the progressive [17.3], but verb roots in e retain the e. Following the descriptive, the continuative allomorph is -ak after a consonant or basically strong vowel, -k after a basically weak vowel: ʔεyokwenyɔ́:ɔk it will continue to be possible (-kweny- be possible, with -ɔ́- descriptive [word-final -ɔh]), ʔεwɔ́kathɔ:te:k I'll continue to be listening (-athɔ[:]te- listen, with -Ø- descriptive [word- final -′ʔ]). Some roots whose word-final descriptive allomorph is -′ʔ, -ʔ, or -Ø occur here in their combining allomorph, are followed by the descriptive allomorph -′ʔ-, and the continuative allomorph is -k: ʔεka:taʔk it will aways be standing (-t- stand).

18.4. The iterative allomorph which precedes the continuative morpheme is the same as in word-final position, except that -′hs- occurs in place of word-final -′s, -hs- in place of -s, -h- in place of -háʔ, -′Ø- in place of -′h, and -Ø- in place of -áʔ. Following the iterative the continuative allomorph is -ek after s, -ak otherwise: ʔεɔtatyέʔse:k he'll continue to stand around (-t- stand, with the progressive construction preceding the continuative), ʔεyétheʔtha:k she'll always pound corn (-théʔt- pound corn, with iterative -h- [word-final -háʔ]).

19. THE PAST

19.1. The fourth expanded aspect suffix never occurs within a modal verb. It consists of either the descriptive or the iterative morpheme followed by thePASTmorpheme, -k/-ʔ/-ák/-nɔ́ʔ/-kwáʔ.

19.2. The resultant meaning is one of occurrence in the past: hayásɔ:nɔʔ it was his name, he was called (cf. haya:sɔh he is called), hanɔ́eʔskwaʔ he used to like it (cf. hanɔ́eʔs he likes it).

19.3. The descriptive or iterative allomorph which precedes the past morpheme is the same as in word-final position, except that final ʔ is lacking,: occurs in place of h in descriptive allomorphs, and -′Ø- occurs in place of the iterative allomorph -′h. The past allomorphs occur as follows: -k occurs after the iterative allomorphs -há- (word-final - háʔ) and -á- (word-final -áʔ), and sometimes, depending on the pre-aspect morpheme, after the descriptive allomorph -′Ø- (word-final -′ʔ): ʔote:khak it was burning (cf. ʔote:khaʔ it is burning), ʔakwanɔtayεtáhkwak we (excl. pl.) used to use it for establishing a town, used to camp there (cf. ʔakwanɔtayε- táhkwaʔ we camp there), hokáʔtek he had a lot of it (cf. hokáʔteʔ he has a lot of it); -ʔ occurs otherwise after the descriptive allomorph -′Ø-: ʔakéhse: ʔ I was riding on its back (cf. ʔakéhseʔ I am riding on its back); -ák occurs after the descriptive allomorph -Ø- (word-final -Ø) and the iterative allomorph -′Ø- (word-final -′h): hokeotak he was telling a story (cf. hoka:ot he is telling a story), hatɔ́:k he used to say (cf. ha:tɔh he says); -nɔ́ʔ occurs after descriptive allomorphs ending in: (word-final h) hokwέ:nɔʔ he had picked it (cf. hokwεh he has picked it) -kwáʔ occurs after iterative allomorphs ending in s yokháskwaʔ it was dripping (cf. yokhas it drips).

20. THE ATTRIBUTIVE SUFFIXES

20.1 A nonmodal verb [8.1] or a noun may be followed by anATTRIBUTIVE SUFFIX, which modifies its meaning in a more or less adjectival or adverbial fashion:

The attributive suffixes are described individually in the following paragraphs. Their allomorphs, when there are several, are not systematically predictable. In some, but not all morphemes a word-final h or ʔ is lacking before one of these suffixes.

20.2. The AUGMENTATIVE morpheme, -kowah, indicates greatness of size or importance: hatíyosko:wa:h he's a great fighter (cf. hati:yos he fights), ʔostówæʔko:- wa:h Great Feather Dance (cf. ʔosto:wæʔ headdress).

20.3. The DIMINUTIVE morpheme, -ʔáh/-háh, indicates smallness or approximation: kakε: tʔah it's whitish (cf. kakε: εt it's white), hotyánɔtʔah he's kind of funny, cute (cf. hotya:nɔt he's funny), hoyɔ́tihah Smiley (cf. hoyɔ: tih he smiles).

20.4. The CHARACTERIZER morpheme, -khaʔ/-kéaʔ/ -káʔ/-kaʔ, indicates that something is characterized by the meaning of what precedes: -khaʔ in káehtakɔ: kha: ʔ characterized by being in the swamp, the swamp variety (cf. káεhtakɔ:h in the swamp), -kéaʔ in ʔokeoʔjáʔke: aʔ green snake (cf. ʔokéoʔjaʔ grass), -káʔ in jo:wέʔstakaʔ ⁴⁷ sea gull (cf. ʔo:wέʔstaʔ foam), -kaʔ in ʔonɔ́taʔke:ka: ʔ the Onondaga, lit. characterized by being on the hill (cf. ʔonɔ́taʔkeh Onondaga Reservation, lit. on the hill).

20.5. The POPULATIVE morpheme, -′(C)onɔ́ʔ, indicates reference to someone who lives at or is a member of something: ʔoʔsoækó: onɔʔ person from Pinewoods (cf. ʔoʔsóækɔ:h Pinewoods, lit. in the pines, a settlement on the Cattaraugus Reservation), ʔakatɔní: onɔʔ member of my father's clan (cf. ʔakatɔni: h my father's clan).

20.6. The DECESSIVE morpheme, -kέɔʔ, indicates that something or someone formerly existed, but no longer does: keksaʔá:kε:ɔʔ I was once a small child (cf. keksáʔa:h I am a small child), haksótke:ɔʔ my deceased grandfather (cf. hakso:t my grandfather). It may also occur after another attributive suffix: haksotkowákε: ɔʔ my deceased great grandfather (cf. haksótko: wa:h my great grandfather, with the augmentative [20.2]).

20.7. The PLURALIZER morpheme, -shɔ́ʔ/-shɔ́ʔɔ́h, indicates pluralization: keʔnyáʔshɔʔ my fingers (cf. keʔnyaʔ my finger), ʔoyɔwɔʔshɔ́ʔɔh tall weeds (cf. ʔoyɔ:wɔʔ tall weed), howέshɔʔɔh his belongings (cf. ho:- wεh it belongs to him).

21. THE PRIMARY PREFIXES

21.1. The entire verb structure which has been described up to this point will be called the MINIMAL VERB.⁴⁸ The minimal verb may be expanded by the occurrence of several classes of prefixes.⁴⁹ There are five of these classes altogether, two of which, the primary and secondary prefixes, contain several morphemes each, while the other three, the duplicative, negative, and translocative prefixes, are each single morphemes.

21.2. First to be discussed are the PRIMARY prefixes, which simply precede the total minimal verb if it is nonmodal:

When a modal prefix is present [8], the primary prefix sometimes precedes, sometimes follows, and sometimes is infixed within the modal morpheme. There are two primary prefix morphemes, theCISLOCATIVE and the REPETITIVE.⁵⁰

21.3. The cislocative morpheme (t-/ti-) differs somewhat in meaning according to whether the meaning of what follows involves or does not involve a change of location. If a change of location is involved, the cislocative indicates that it takes place in a direction toward the speaker or some other reference point: t- in tyeyεtinyɔ́ʔthaʔ she's bringing in wood, tyoti:yɔ:h they (nonmasc. nonsg.) have come in. If a change of location is not involved, the cislocative indicates that the meaning is temporarily pinpointed in space or time: tyeta:- tyeʔs she's standing there, theya:wi:h I've given it to him for a moment, handed it to him (cf. heya:wi:h I've given it to him to keep). It often occurs in place names: tkanɔtæ:kwεh where the chosen town is, Canandaigua, N. Y.).

21.4. The repetitive morpheme (s-/ji-/t-/[j]-) indicates that the meaning of what follows represents one particular occurrence or repetition of a phenomenon that involves several occurrences. It is usually translated again, back, other, one, or (with the negative prefix described in [23]) no longer: s- in shata: kheʔ he's running again, swa:tih it's on the other side, swε:níshæ:t one day. It often occurs in personal names: shonɔ́ʔkais he is one who has a long horn, the long-horned one.

21.5. After a primary prefix the shape of the pronominal prefix is the same as that which occurs after the optative or future morpheme [8.7, 9.11, 10.10, 10.15, 11.15], except that word-initial h remains, initial ʔ or y is absent with the overlapping repetitive allomorph [j]- (see below), and s occurs in place of initial sh (see also [3.7]).

21.6. The cislocative allomorphs occur as follows: ti- occurs before the inclusive person morpheme and before the second person if the latter is directly followed by the objective, dual, or plural: tityáhsawεh let's (incl. du.) begin (at this point): tiswanɔkeʔ you (pl.) live there; t- occurs elsewhere: see examples in [21.3] and tsiʔtyɔʔ where you are settled, tska:wi:h you've handed it to me.

21.7. The repetitive allomorphs occur as follows: ji- occurs in the same environments as cislocative ti: jitwáhtε:tih let's (incl. pl.) travel back!, jisa:kɔh you've eaten it again; t- occurs before any other morpheme beginning with s: tsiʔtyɔʔ you are settled again ( homonymous with the cislocative; see above), tsɔkwa:wi:h he has given it back to us (pl.); [j]- occurs before and overlaps a morpheme with word-initial ʔ or y, the ʔ or y being absent: jakwέʔtyɔʔ (initial ʔa-) we (excl. pl.) are settled again, jeyáʔta: t (initial ye-) she's the other woman; s- occurs elsewhere: see examples in [21.4] and skakέhtæ:t one layer.

21.8. A primary prefix may begin with initial ʔi, under the conditions described in [6.11]: ʔitye:t she's standing there.

21.9. With the indicative morpheme the cislocative and repetitive allomorphs are t- and s- respectively. They precede the indicative, which occurs in the following allomorphs: -e- occurs before the inclusive person morpheme and before the second person if the latter is directly followed by the objective, dual, or plural: teswatye: εt you (pl.) initiated it (at a particular point), setwaiwásyɔ:niʔ we (incl. pl.) fixed the matter up again, made restitution; -Ø- occurs before the objective morpheme (-ɔ́-; [10.10]): sɔkáshæ:ʔt it occurred to me again, I remembered it; -a- occurs elsewhere: tasa:tih throw it here!,⁵¹ sa:onya:k he married again.

21.10. With the optative morpheme the cislocative and repetitive allomorphs are also -t- and -s-, but they are infixed within the optative, which occurs in the allomorphs ʔɔɔ-e-/ʔɔɔ-/ʔɔɔ-a-, conditioned in analogous fashion to the indicative allomorphs described in [21.9]: ʔɔ:setwátkɔ:tak we (incl. pl.) ought to go there again, ʔɔ:sɔkyεt it might hit me again, ʔɔ́:tashakaɔʔ he ought to hand it to her.

21.11. The future morpheme, ʔε-, precedes the cislocative and repetitive, which occur in the allomorphs described in [21.6, 7]: ʔεthέnɔʔswa: tɔʔ they (masc. pl.) will erect a dam there, ʔεtítwathwataseʔ we (incl. pl.) will circle around it there, ʔεsho: nya:k he'll marry again, ʔεjitwáiwasyɔ:niʔ we (incl. pl.) will make restitution.

22. THE DUPLICATIVE

22.1 The DUPLICATIVE⁵² prefix is a single morpheme (te-/t-/-ti-), which precedes ⁵³the minimal verb either directly or with an intervening primary prefix:

The duplicative morpheme indicates that more than a single person, thing, action, or state is involved in the meaning of the verb: te- in teyákwatha:haʔ we (excl. pl.) talk together, te:ayaʔs he's breaking it in pieces (cf. ha:yaʔs he's breaking it), teyɔkwatawεnye:h we (pl.) are moving about, tekatenyeʔs it changes, tejitwatas let's (incl. pl.) stand it back up! In some words it indicates that precisely two entities are involved: teyóhsohkwa:ke:h two colors, teyóni:eyɔ:h they two (nonmasc. nonsg.) are dead, teyotɔεjoʔktáhkɔh both ends of the earth. It is used in the enumeration of two entities: tekhni: (two) téanoʔjo:t he has two teeth. In the presence of the cislocative morpheme the duplicative usually has a meaning similar to that of the repetitive (which is mutually exclusive with the cislocative): tethóktɔ:h he has come back here.

22.2. After the duplicative morpheme the shape of the pronominal prefix is the same as that which occurs after the optative or future morpheme (cf. [21.5]). When it directly precedes either a pronominal or primary prefix, the shape of the duplicative morpheme is te-: see examples in [22.1].

22.3. When it occurs alone with the indicative morpheme, the duplicative morpheme comes second. The indicative allomorph in such a case is ʔoʔ-, and the duplicative allomorphs are as follows: -ti- ⁵⁴ occurs before the inclusive person morpheme and before the second person if the latter is directly followed by the objective, dual, or plural: ʔoʔtitwatékhahsiʔ we (incl. pl.) separated, ʔoʔtiswayá:yaʔk you (pl.) crossed over; -t- occurs elsewhere: ʔoʔtye:taʔt she took a stand, ʔoʔtháhkwaʔt he lifted it.

22.4. When it occurs alone with the optative or future morpheme, the duplicative precedes and has the shape t-. The optative and future morphemes occur in their word-initial allomorphs except that they lack initial ʔ: taetwayá:yaʔk we (incl. pl.) ought to cross over, tεye:taʔt she will take a stand.

22.5. When the duplicative, primary, and modal prefixes are all three present, the duplicative has the allomorph t- and comes first. The allomorphs of the primary and modal prefixes are like those described in [21.9-11], except that initial ʔ is lacking and the indicative has the discontinuous shape -ɔ-e-/-ɔ-/-ɔ-a-; cf. [21.10]. Examples with the indicative are: tɔtayakwa- kaweʔ we (excl. pl.) rowed back this way, tɔsa:yá:yaʔk he crossed back over. With the optative: tɔ: tá: tka: εkoʔ he ought to look back, tɔ:tesweʔ you (pl.) ought to come back. With the future: tεthati:taʔt they (masc. pl.) will take a stand there, tεsktas I'll set it back up.

23. THE NEGATIVE

23.1. The NEGATIVE prefix is also a single morpheme (teʔ-/te-/taʔ-), which precedes the minimal verb, although there may be an intervening primary or duplicative prefix or both:

As its name implies, the negative morpheme indicates negation: teʔ- in teʔwatiyε: thwas they (nonmasc. pl.) don't plant, teʔtyenɔkek she didn't live there.

23.2. After the negative morpheme the shape of the pronominal prefix is the same as that which occurs after the indicative morpheme [8.7, 9.11, 10.10, 10.15, 11.15], except that the objective allomorph is -a-, not -ɔ- [10.10]. A modal prefix occurs in its word-initial allomorph, except that the indicative allomorph -ʔa- replaces ʔoʔ- or wa-. If a primary or duplicative prefix is present, it occurs in its word-initial allomorph. The negative allomorphs occur as follows: te- occurs before the same immediately following environments as the indicative allomorph wa- [8.6, 9.10, 10.9, 10.14, 11.14], as well as directly before any modal prefix: teεnɔto:kwas they (masc. pl.) don't get out of the water, teʔɔ́khi:kεh she doesn't see us, teʔáyoska:stheʔt it didn't become the only one, teʔa:yokwe:niʔ it might not be possible; taʔ- occurs before the duplicative morpheme: taʔtéayaʔs he doesn't break it in pieces; teʔ- occurs elsewhere: see examples in [23.1] and teʔki: wastésthak I wasn't noticing it, teʔtsétwathɔ: teʔ we (incl. pl.) aren't listening to him any more.

23.3. An additional aspect morpheme that occurs only in the presence of the negative prefix is theNEGATIVE PAST. It indicates one unique occurrence in the past, and is thus semantically similar to the punctual morpheme [8.2] except for the added element of time. In shape the negative past morpheme consists of ʔ preceded by a phoneme sequence identical with the descriptive allomorph that would be conditioned by the same preceding environments, except that the final ʔ or h or the descriptive allomorph is lacking and the vowel is always weak: téotaʔɔ:ʔ he didn't go to sleep (cf. hotáʔɔh he's asleep), te:okε: ʔ he didn't see it (cf. ho:kε:h he has seen it), téohse: ʔ he wasn't on horseback (cf. hohseʔ he's on horseback).

24. THE TRANSLOCATIVE

24.1. The TRANSLOCATIVE prefix is again a single morpheme (he-/h-/haʔ-) which precedes the minimal verb. There may be an intervening primary prefix (but only the repetitive morpheme, never the cislocative), duplicative prefix, or negative prefix (within which the translocative is infixed):

The translocative morpheme indicates that something takes place in a direction away from the speaker or some other reference point, or, if no change of location is involved, that something is relatively far away (cf. [21.3]): he- in heoyakέʔɔh he has departed, heyakawe:- nɔ:h she has gone there, heshatinɔ:keʔ they (masc. pl.) live over there again. If quantity is involved in the meaning of the minimal verb, the translocative indicates completion or sufficiency. Usually the duplicative prefix is also present in such cases: haʔteyóiwake:h all the different things, everything, haʔtékyaʔti: h just me alone, (without the duplicative) hekáyaʔti:h just it, only.

24.2. After the translocative morpheme the shape of the pronominal prefix is the same as that which occurs after the optative or future morpheme (cf. [21.5, 22.2]). The modal, primary, and duplicative prefixes occur in their word-initial allomorphs except that initial ʔ is lacking. The translocative (-h-) is infixed within the negative, occurring after the t of the negative allo- morphs. The translocative allomorphs occur as follows: h- occurs before all morphs that begin with a vowel, before the indicative allomorph -wa-, and within the negative morpheme: heswe:ʔ you (pl.) went there, hεɔyakεʔt he'll depart, hwa:yakεʔt he departed, theʔ- twe: thaʔ we (incl. pl.) don't go there; haʔ- occurs before the duplicative morpheme: haʔtaetwáya:yaʔk we (incl. pl.) ought to cross over to there; he- occurs elsewhere: see examples in [24.1].

25. THE SECONDARY PREFIXES

25.1. A SECONDARY prefix may also directly precede the minimal verb, or there may be an intervening primary or duplicative prefix:⁵⁵

There are three secondary prefix morphemes, thePARTITIVE, COINCIDENT, andCONTRASTIVE.

25.2. The partitive morpheme (ni-/n-/nɔʔ-) indicates that a particular part or aspect of what follows is referred to: ni- in niyohsohkóʔtε:h it's a (particular) sort of color, what color it is. It can often be translated how, or, with a minimal verb that denotes quantity, how much, how many: niyáwεʔɔh how it has happened, nikye:haʔ how I do it, niwεnɔti:h how many of them (nonmasc. pl.) there are. It is used in enumeration with numbers of three or more: sε (three) niyónæhtɔ:t there are three leaves on it, sε niká: wista: ke: h three dollars.

25.3. The coincident morpheme (tsi-/ts-/tsaʔ-) indicates that the meaning of what follows coincides in time or space with some other reference: tsi- in tsikeksaʔá:h when I was a small child, tsikɔ:heʔ since I've been alive, tsi: at while he's standing; tsaʔ- in tsaʔte:waʔ it's the same size.

25.4. The contrastive morpheme (thi-/th-/thaʔ-) indicates a contrast or difference of some sort: thi- in thiyɔ́kweʔta: teʔ it's a different person. The contrast is often with the normal state of things: thikakaitatyeʔs it's leaning abnormally back and forth, thityɔ:heʔ we (incl. pl.) are living in an abnormal manner. If the minimal verb contains both the optative and imperative morphemes, the resultant meaning is that of a negative future: th- in tha: watíyεthoh they (nonmasc. pl.) aren't going to plant, tha: tékhɔ: nih he isn't going to eat.

25.5. After a secondary prefix the shape of the pronominal prefix is the same as that which occurs after the optative or future morpheme (cf. [21.5, 22.2, 24.2]). The modal, primary, and duplicative prefixes occur in their word-initial allomorphs except that initial ʔ is lacking and the indicative allomorph is -a- in place of wa- and -aʔ- in place of ʔoʔ-: tsaεnɔti:yoʔ when they (masc. pl.) fought, tsaʔkati:yoʔ when I fought. The secondary prefix allomorphs occur as follows: Partitive n-, coincident ts-, and contrastive th- occur before all morphs that begin with a vowel: nεyɔ́nisheʔt how long the time will become, nɔʔje:h do it so! [3.14, 6.5, and fn. 51 above], tsaʔwátahkwiʔ when it was finished, thá:kahtε:tih I'm not going to travel. Partitive nɔʔ-, coincident tsaʔ-, and contrastive thaʔ- occur before the duplicative morpheme: nɔʔté:yateʔ how far apart they (masc. du.) are, tsaʔtéyoʔtε: h it's of the same kind, thaʔta:kyaʔk I'm not going to break it in pieces. Partitive ni-, coincident tsi-, and contrastive thi- occur elsewhere: see examples in [25.2-4].

26. IRREGULARITIES

26.1. Sometimes morpheme sequences are found that do not fit any pattern described thus far. It is characteristic of these sequences that they occur with and include only a relatively limited number of particular root morphemes, whereas the sequences already described occur with a much wider selection of roots. In that sense the patterns discussed in this section are irregular.

26.2. There are a few instances of compound verb roots composed of two verb roots in sequence: ʔotε:teʔ it's standing still in the air (-tε- fly, -te- be in place); honɔtkεníhsaʔɔh they (masc.) are holding a meeting (-kεny- [3.11] hold a contest, -ihsáʔ- finish, complete, and -at- reflexive). Occasionally a verb base expanded in a regular way occurs in positions regularly occupied by a single verb root morpheme only: -asyɔny- clothe (-ash[æ]- clothing [ʔ] and -ɔny- make [14]) in kotyaʔ- tasyɔnyaʔtáhkɔh she has clothed her body; -atatɔ- trade, exchange (-atat- reciprocal and -ɔ- give [15]) in ʔoʔthε- nɔhnɔ́hsata: tɔʔ they traded houses.

26.3. The causative I [13.7] or instrumental [13.11] morpheme sometimes occurs in the position regularly occupied by the nominalizer [12.2]: -′ʔt- in ʔojíkwεʔtaʔ venereal disease (-jikwε- have venereal disease); -′ht- in kaʔséhtaʔ wagon (-′ʔse- haul)-, -′hkw- in ʔohsóhkwaʔ paint as a noun (-ahso- paint as a verb). Note the structure described at the beginning of [14.2] in hasyóεʔtaji: nɔh he's strongly masculine (-syóε- be reckless with causative I, and -jinɔ- be male).

26.4. A noun suffix [7.5], rather than an aspect suffix, sometimes occurs after a verb base: -′ʔ simple noun suffix in kanyotaiyoʔ Handsome Lake, the Seneca prophet (-iyo- be beautiful with incorporated noun root -nyota- lake)-, -′ʔkéh external locative in waɔníʔkeh railroad track (-ɔni- make with -á- road); -′: néh external locative in kaʔsehtowánε: neh on the train (-owanε- be big with -′ʔséht- wagon [26.3]). Sometimes in cases of this type the noun suffix has an irregular allomorph (one not listed in [7.6]): simple noun suffix -ʔ in kaksokε: yɔ: ʔ Grinding Dishes, a dance (-keyɔ- shell, peel with -ks- dish); external locative -kéh in hohso:tkeh where his grandparents are (-′hsot- be grandparent to); external locative -′hkéh in ʔotε: nisyóʔktahkeh at the end of the day (-óʔkt- come to the end with -έ:nísh[æ]- [14.4] day).

26.5. Occasionally a noun is found with one of the prefixes described in [21-25]. Note the occurrence of the negative prefix teʔ- [23] in teʔkakæ:ʔ not a story (cf. kaka:aʔ [5.4] story); and of the partitive prefix ni- [25.2] in niyóiwaʔ (some aspect) of the matter (cf. ʔóiwaʔ matter), niyokæ:ʔ how much the price (-ka[æ]- price), niyó: waʔkeh at which time (-′[h/:]w- specific time).

26.6. Besides the elliptical forms mentioned in [15.6], some other noun stems occur without the neuter pronominal prefix, either consistently (like kiskwi:s pig) or in stylistic alternation with the regular form: stówæʔko:wa:h Great Feather Dance (alternating with ʔostówæʔko: wa: h). In the latter case; i.e., where there is an alternation, the elliptical form may be assignable to the colloquial style described in [27]. Words whose full form would begin with y[ɔ]- feminine [6.7] have elliptical forms beginning with ʔɔ-: ʔɔthɔwi:sas, name of a women's ritual dance (alternating with yɔthɔwi: sas).

26.7. While the paragraphs above have dealt with the irregular occurrence of morphemes already introduced in previous sections, this and the following paragraph deal with morphemes not previously described. One is a unique pronominal prefix, ji-, which occurs only in some animal names: jinɔ́htaiyɔ:ʔ mouse (lit. rummager, meddler), jikɔ́hsahsεʔ wildcat (lit. fat face), jinɔ́hsanɔh cricket (lit. it watches over the house), jisha:ɔt oriole (lit. halter on it).

26.8. There is one morpheme, -kwah toward, in the direction of, which may be regarded as anENCLITIC. While it seems not to be an independent word by the definition in [2.10], it is irrelevant in the identification of final and prefinal vowels in the preceding word [4.5-7]; i.e., the vowel which precedes it behaves as if it were final so far as the determination of length is concerned. Furthermore, the preceding vowel always has strong stress, and if this vowel is immediately followed by final h when the enclitic is not present, the h is replaced by length. Examples are swa:tí:kwa:h toward the other side (cf. swa: tih on the other side); tyone:nɔ́ʔkwa:h toward the south (cf. tyone:nɔʔ the south, lit. where it is warm).

26.9. Finally, a number of verb roots which denote kinship relationships occur with special shapes or meanings of the pronominal prefixes. A detailed discussion of these irregularities will be found in section la of the Glossary in Chafe, 1963.

27. COLLOQUIAL STYLE

27.1. Some of the words that have been described up to this point contrast with other words that are partially alike in form and identical in meaning except for a connotation of colloquialness or informality. These latter words will be said to belong to theCOLLOQUIAL STYLE, and to contrast with words belonging to the FORMAL STYLE. The two styles differ in the following ways.

27.2. Formal words that contain e preceded by a consonant and followed by a vowel contrast with colloquial words that contain no e, but instead have length after the following vowel: formal teoskǽ:ʔwεh/ colloquial to:skǽ:ʔwεh his mouth is open; formal héεnɔhsatases/colloquial hέ:nɔhsatases he goes around the house.

27.3. Formal words that contain i preceded by a consonant and followed by a vowel contrast with colloquial words that contain y in place of the i and length after the following vowel: formal nioyaʔtáwεʔɔh/ colloquial nyo:yaʔtáwεʔɔh how it has happened to him; formal thíayaʔta: teʔ/colloquial thyá:yaʔta: teʔ he's a different man. In similar fashion, an initial ʔo followed by a vowel in formal style contrasts with initial w and a lengthened following vowel in colloquial style: formal ʔóæʔkaeʔ/colloquial wǽ: ʔkaeʔ it's leaning against it.

27.4. Formal words that contain the vowel sequence oɔ contrast with colloquial words that contain ɔ: instead: formal ʔóɔyaʔε: ʔ/colloquial ʔɔ́:yaʔε:ʔ the color of the sky, blue.

27.5. Formal words that begin with the negative allomorphs teʔ- or te- [23] contrast with colloquial words in which the place of the e in this allomorph is taken by a vowel identical with whatever vowel occurs next in the word: formal teʔakonɔ́htɔʔ/colloquial taʔakonɔ́htɔʔ she doesn't know it; formal teʔɔkwεnɔ́htɔʔ/ colloquial tɔʔɔkwεnɔ́htɔʔ we (pl.) don't know it.

27.6. Formal words that contain the sequences khni and khny contrast with colloquial words that contain ki and ky respectively instead: formal khniʔtyɔʔ/ colloquial kiʔtyɔʔ they (nonmasc. du.) dwell; formal ʔakhnyato:wæ:s/colloquial ʔakyato:wæ:s we (excl. du.) hunt; formal khnyaktɔs/colloquial kyaktɔs they (nonmasc. du.) return.

27.7. Formal words that contain the sequences hni and hny in which the h is an allomorph of the inclusive person morpheme contrast with colloquial words that contain ti and ty respectively instead: formal hniʔtyɔʔ/ colloquial tiʔtyɔʔ we (incl. du.) dwell; formal nɔʔtéhn- yateʔ/colloquial nɔʔtetyateʔ between us (incl. du.); formal hnyaktɔs/colloquial tyaktɔs we (incl. du.) return.

27.8. Formal words that contain the sequences hni and hny in which the h is an allomorph of the masculine morpheme contrast with colloquial words that contain hi and (h/:)y respectively instead: formal hniʔtyɔʔ/col- loquial hiʔtyɔʔ they (masc. du.) dwell; formal nɔʔtéhn- yateʔ/colloquial nɔʔté:yateʔ between them (masc. du.); formal hnyaktɔs/colloquial yaktɔs [3.7] they (masc. du.) return.

27.9. Formal words that contain the coincident allomorphs tsi-/ts-/tsaʔ- [25.3] contrast with colloquial words that contain shi-/sh-/shaʔ- instead: formal tsaʔwátahkwiʔ/colloquial shaʔwátahkwiʔ when it was finished; formal tsaʔtέyoʔtε:h/colloquial shaʔtéyoʔtε:h it's of the same kind.

27.10. Formal words that contain length within a vowel cluster contrast with colloquial words in which the length is absent: formal hoka: ot/colloquial hokaot he's telling stories; formal hawé:eyɔ:h/colloquial hawé:yɔ:h [3.19] he's dead.

28. IDIOLECT VARIANTS

28.1 There are other variants which can be associated, not with a particular style within the speech of one individual, but with one or another particular speaker. Some differences of this type can undoubtedly be assigned to geographically conditioned dialect variation. There are lexical items, usually denoting recent cultural innovations, which are clearly in this category: waɔníʔkeh railroad track, lit. where the road is made [26.4] (Tonawanda Reservation); kε:wέ:tεhta:ʔ railroad track, lit. wire laid out flat (Cattaraugus and Allegany Reservations). Having worked in depth with only a few speakers on each reservation, however, I have found it in most cases impossible to distinguish local differences from individual differences in the same locality. With a larger samp]ing from each area, a profitable study of this question could be made. A few examples of individual variation follow. While a particular speaker commonly uses one variant in his own speech, he is usually, although not always, aware of the other variant and may occasionally use it (cf. the two pronunciations of the word route in English).

28.2. The phoneme sequence ǽ:ɔ varies with both ǽ:ε and έ:ε. An example is contained in the word nikatakǽ:ɔh it's thin (-takaǽ- be thin with -ɔ́h descriptive), which has the variants nikatakǽ: εh and nika- takέ: εh.

28.3. The indicative prefix followed by the first person objective prefix sometimes occur as ʔoʔwak- rather than ʔɔk- [10.10]: ʔɔkyε: εh/ʔoʔwakyε: εh it hurt me.

28.4. There is a noun stem -ɔhwɔ́ʔ which occurs with the objective prefix [10.5, 10.8] and is translatable as an emphatic personal pronoun: haɔhwɔʔ he himself, kaɔhwɔʔ she herself, honɔ:hwɔʔ they (masc.) themselves. In some idiolects these words are rather ha:hɔʔ, ka:hɔʔ, and honɔ:hɔʔ. The first two of these variants have prefixes which seem to be anomalous, since they are those which regularly occur only before roots beginning with o or ɔ.

28.5. Examples of particular words which have variant forms are: ʔawέʔɔhsaʔ/ʔawǽʔɔhsaʔ sunflower (the prefix in the second form again anomalous [10.8]), and yɔwɔ:kthaʔ/yεwɔ:kthaʔ sifter, sieve [13.7].

29. CHARTS

CHART 2. Summary of Noun Structure

INDEX OF TERMS IN THE MORPHOLOGY

Ambulative morpheme [13.1, 13.13]

Animal names [26.7]

Aspect suffix [5.2, 5.5-11]

Attributive suffix [20.1-7]

Augmentative morpheme [20.2]

Automatic alternations [3.1-24]

Automatic variant [3.2]

Base [12.1]

Basic allomorph [3.2]

Basic prosodic shape [4.1]

Basically strong vowel [4.3]

Basically weak vowel [4.3]

Causative I morpheme [13.1, 13.7, 26.3]

Causative II morpheme [13.1, 13.5]

Causative III morpheme [13.1, 13.3]

Causative-instrumental morpheme [13.1, 13.7]

Characterizer morpheme [20.4]

Cislocative morpheme [21.2-3, 21.6, 21.9-11, 22.1]

Coincident morpheme [25.1, 25.3, 25.5, 27.9]

Colloquial style [26.6, 27.1-10]

Combining allomorph [7.4, 13.6-8, 13.10-14, 14.3, 16.3-4, 18.3]

Compound verb root [26.2]

Consonants [1.9-17]

Constituent [2.14]

Constitute [2.3]

Construction [2.13]

Continuative morpheme [18.1-4]

Contrastive morpheme [25.1, 25.4-5]

Dative morpheme [13.1, 13.12]

Decessive morpheme [20.6]

Descriptive morpheme [5.5-7, 6.2, 13.2-8, 13.10-14, 17.1, 17.3, 18.1, 18.3, 19.1, 19.3]

Dialect variation [28.1]

Diminutive morpheme [20.3]

Directive morpheme [13.1-2]

Distributive morpheme [13.1, 13.10]

Double distributive [13.10]

Dual morpheme [9.2, 9.7, 11.3]

Duplicative morpheme [21.1, 22.1-5, 23.1, 24.1-2, 25.1, 25.5]

Elliptical form [15.6, 26.6]

Enclitic [26.8]

Even vowel [4.2]

Eventuative morpheme [16.1-3]

Exclusive person morpheme [9.3, 9.11, 11.6, 11.10]

Expanded aspect suffix [16-19]

Expanded base [12-15]

Expanded noun base [12.1-3, 14.2, 15.6]

Expanded pronominal prefix [9-11]

Expanded verb base [13.1-15, 14.1-5, 15.1-6]

Expansion [2.15]

External locative morpheme [7.5-6, 26.4]

Facilitative morpheme [16.1, 16.4]

Feminine morpheme [6.1, 6.7, 8.7, 9.6, 10.5, 10.8, 10.10, 11.5, 11.11, 26.6]

Final vowel [4.2]

First person morpheme [6.1, 6.4, 9.3, 10.5-6, 11.2-6, 11.9]

Formal style [27.1]

Future morpheme [8.3, 8.5-7, 9.10, 10.9-10, 10.14, 22.4-5, 25.2]

Grammatical meaning [2.11]

Idiolect variants [28.1-5]

Immediate constituent [2.2-9]

Imperative morpheme [5.5, 5.10-11, 6.2, 8.1-5, 13.2-14, 17.3]

Inchoative I morpheme [13.1, 13.8]

Inchoative II morpheme [13.1, 13.5]

Inchoative III morpheme [13.1, 13.9]

Inclusive person morpheme [9.4, 11.4, 11.6, 11.10, 27.7]

Incorporated noun root [14.1-5]

Incorporating allomorph [14.3-5]

Indefinite morpheme [7.3]

Indicative morpheme [8.3, 8.6-7, 9.10, 10.9-10, 10.14, 11.14, 21.9, 22.3, 22.5, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5]

Instrumental morpheme [13.1, 13.11, 26.3]

Intensifier morpheme [13.16]

Internal locative morpheme [7.5-6]

Irreducible constituent [2.15]

Irreducible noun [7.1-6]

Irreducible utterance [2.4]

Irreducible verb [5.1-11, 6.1-11]

Irregularities [26.1-9]

Iterative morpheme [5.5, 5.8-9, 6.2, 13.2-8, 13.10-14, 13.16, 16.1, 17.3, 18.1, 18.4, 19.1, 19.3]

Kinship terms [26.9]

Masculine morpheme [6.1, 6.6, 6.11, 8.7, 9.5, 9.11, 10.5, 10.8, 10.10, 10.13, 10.15, 11.4-6, 11.13, 11.15, 21.5, 27.8]

Minimal verb [21.1]

Modal prefix [8.1-7]

Morpheme class [2.15]

Morphological constitute [2.10]

Morphophonemic symbols [5.4, 6.3, 6.9-10, 10.8]

Negative morpheme [21.1, 23.1-3, 24.1, 26.5, 27.5]

Negative past morpheme [5.5, 23.3]

Neuter morpheme [6.1, 6.8, 7.2, 9.6, 10.5, 10.8, 10.10, 11.12]

Nominalizer morpheme [12.2-3, 14.2, 15.6]

Nonmasculine morpheme [9.6, 10.13, 10.15, 11.13]

Nonsingular morpheme [9.2, 10.13, 11.8, 11.10, 11.13]

Nonsingular objective prefix [9.1, 10.11-16]

Nonsingular subjective prefix [9.1-12]

Nonsingular third person morpheme [11.5, 11.11]

Noun [5.1]

Noun root [7.1-4]

Noun stem [7.1-6, 26.6]

Noun suffix [7.1-6, 26.4]

Number morpheme [9.2, 11.3, 11.13]

Objective morpheme [10.1, 10.6-8, 10.10-13, 11.5, 11.8, 11.11, 23.2]

Objective prefix [10.1-16, 15.3]

Odd vowel [4.2]

Oppositive I morpheme [13.1, 13.6]

Oppositive II morpheme [13.1, 13.4]

Optative morpheme [8.3-4, 8.6-7, 9.10, 10.9-10, 10.14, 11.14, 21.10, 22.4-5, 24.2, 25.5]

Particle [5.1]

Partitive morpheme [25.1-2, 25.5, 26.5]

Past morpheme [19.1, 19.3]

Phonemes [1.1-22]

Plural morpheme [9.2, 9.8-9, 11.3]

Pluralizer morpheme [20.7]

Populative morpheme [20.5]

Prefinal vowel [4.2]

Primary prefix [21.1-11, 22.1, 23.1, 24.1-2, 25.1, 25.5]

Progressive morpheme [17.1-3]

Pronominal prefix [9.1, 15.6]

Prosodic phonemes [1.18-19]

Prosodic variants [4.1-9]

Punctual morpheme [5.5, 8.1-5]

Purposive morpheme [5.5, 13.15]

Reciprocal morpheme [15.1, 15.3-5]

Reflexive morpheme [15.1-2, 15.4, 15.6]

Repetitive morpheme [21.2, 21.4, 21.7, 21.9-11, 22.1]

Restricted third person morpheme [11.7-11, 11.13]

Root suffix [13.1-15, 14.2]

Second person morpheme [6.1, 6.5, 8.7, 9.5, 10.5, 10.7, 10.10, 11.2-6, 11.8-10]

Secondary prefix [21.1, 25.1-5]

Simple noun suffix morpheme [7.5-6, 26.4]

Singular objective prefix [9.1, 10.1-10, 10.16]

Singular subjective prefix [5.2, 6.1-11, 7.1-3, 9.1]

Stress [1.18, 3.23, 4.4]

Subjective prefix [6.1-11, 9.1-12, 15.3]

Syntactic constitute [2.10]

Transient morpheme [13.1, 13.14]

Transitive prefix [9.1, 11.1-16]

Translocative morpheme [21.1, 24.1-2]

Unrestricted third person morpheme [11.4, 11.6]

Verb [5.1]

Verb root [5.2-4, 6.3, 6.9-10]

Verb stem [5.2-11]

Vowels [1.2-8]

Vowel length [1.19, 3.19-22, 4.5-9, 26.8, 27.10]

Word [2.10]

Dictionary

1. -a-, VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ʔs, —), with part., be of a certain size: ni:kaʔ how big I am; with fem. -yak- [6.7], niya:kaʔ how big she is; with dupl. and coin., tsaʔte:waʔ it's the same size; with nn. rt. -ɔ́εj(a)-, niyɔ́ε1aʔ how big the earth is; with nn. rt. -jíʔt(a)-, nikájiʔtaʔs the size of the birds; with inch. I -′ʔhéʔ-, nɔʔwɔ́ʔheʔt it became a certain size.
VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), with dupl., defile, offect adversely by touching: with nn. rt. -ksáʔt(a)-, ʔoʔtyéksaʔ- ta: ʔ she (ref. to a menstruating woman) touched the child and thus caused it to behave badly; with nn. rt. -′(h/ :)was(a)- and dat.-sʔe-/-s-, ʔoʔthɔ́wɔ:- wa:sa:s he touched his (another man's) snowsnake and thus broke the good luck spell which had been placed on it.
EXCLUSIVE PERSON [11.6, 11.10]
INDICATIVE [21.9, 25.5]
OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.7–8, 11.5, 23.2]
road: see -(h) a(a)- (497).

2. -á- ITERATIVE [19.3]

3. -′a- MASCULINE [8.7, 9.11, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5]
take: see -′(h)a- (496).

4. -′á- ITERATIVE [19.3]

5. -a(C)- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4]

6. -′(C)(a)- put on: see -′(h)e- 540).

7. -aa- OPTATIVE [22.4, 24.2, 25.5]

8. -á(a)- road: see -(h)á(a)- (497).

9. -aáaʔke- VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), be at the edge of, be next to: wá:aʔkeh it's at the edge; with nn. rt. -yat(a)-, ʔoyatá: aʔkeh at the edge of the grave, lit. of the hole; with nn. rt. -ɔ́εj(a)-, niyɔεjá:aʔkeh which is next to the earth, ref. to wild strawberry.

10. -aæ- open: see -takaǽʔw- (1656).

11. -a(æ)- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -h), with cisloc. or transloc., grab, seize: with nn. rt. -nεsh(a)-, tsakónεsha:ɔh he has grabbed her arm, heshakonέshεɔs he grabs her arm; with nn. rt. -hsin(ɔ)-, tashákohsi:nɔ: ʔ he grobbed her leg.

12. -aǽʔse-/-εέʔse- (after n), VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), be cousins (in older usage, the relationship between members of the same generation whose parents are consanguineally related if these related parents are of opposite sex): ʔakyǽ:ʔse:ʔ we (excl. du.) are cousins, yǽ:ʔse:ʔ they (masc. du.) are cousins, hεnέ:ʔse:ʔ they (masc. pl.) are cousins; with nom. and vb. rt. -ε-, honε:ʔséshεʔ they're in opposite moieties; with ext. loc. and -kwah, hεnε:ʔse:ʔké:kwa:h they're in the opposite moiety.

13. -aǽʔw- open: see -takaǽʔw- (1656).

14. -ae- OPTATIVE [22.4, 24.2, 25.5]

15. -áetkε- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, be bad: wa:etkεʔ it's bad. Cf. -′(h)etkε- (552).

16. -ah- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4]

17. -áh- IMPERATIVE [5.10–11, 13.14]

18. -(C)áh- VB. RT. (—, -Ø), with dupl., put in. with nn. rt. -ʔwást(a)-, ʔoʔtháʔwasta:ah he put in the stick.

19. -áhj(a)- NN. RT., hand: with vb. rt. -kwaíhs-,
waʔɔhjakwáihsiʔ she extended her hand; with vb. rt. -kweʔnɔ( :)ni-, make a fist: ʔoʔtyɔhjakwéʔnɔ:- niʔ she made a fist; with vb. rt. -(C) (æ)- and dupl., push: tewákahja:ʔ I've pushed it, teyɔ́hjahaʔ wheelbarrow, lit. people push it.

20. -ahjiyo- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′s, -h), with dupl., scratch, scrape: tewákahji:yoʔ it has scratched me, I've gotten a scratch, tewákahji:yos I get scratched, with recip., ʔoʔthotatáhji:yo:ʔ he scratched himself, ref. to a self-inflicted injury.

21. -ahjíʔk(æ)- NN. RT., cloud: with vb. rt. -stε-, ʔohjíʔkæstε: ʔ big cloud; with vb. rt. -kæεt-, ʔohjíʔkækε: εt white cloud; with vb. rt. -awέεt-, tawatahjiʔkæwέ: εt a cloud came up.

22. -ahjíʔke-/-ahjíʔk(æ)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be cloudy: ʔohjíʔkeʔ it's cloudy; with prog., teyóhjiʔkæ:tyeʔ clouds are in it all along, its clouding up, with caus. II, tawáhjiʔkæ:t it got clouds in it, became cloudy.

23. -ahjoka(æ)- NN. RT., handful: with vb. rt. -i-, wahjokaih a handful; with vb. rt. -′hkw-, ʔoʔtháhjoka:ak he picked up a handful.

24. -ahka(æ)- NN. RT. chip: ʔohka:aʔ chip; with plur., ʔohkæ: ʔshɔ́ʔɔh chips; with vb. rt. -okw- and caus. I, yɔhkeokwáthaʔ chisel, lit. people scatter chips with it; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, tewáhkεɔt eaves, lit. attached chips; taʔtewahkέɔtkeh at the one without eaves, ref. to extinct Cayuga street Longhouse at Cattaraugus Reservation; with vb. rt. -akwaʔsʔáa-, niyohkæ:kwaʔsʔá:h pepperidge (Nyssa sylvatico), lit. small chips; with vb. rt. -ot-, tap a tree: hεnɔ́hke:othaʔ they tap the tree.

25. -ahkaíέh-/-ahkaíέʔ- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), with obj., become annoyed: ʔakahkáiεʔɔh I'm annoyed, hohkáiεs he's becoming annoyed, ʔɔkáhkaiεh I became annoyed.

26. -ahket- come: see -áktɔ- (77).

27. -áhkε- see -hsin(ɔ)- (684).

28. -ahkiwe- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), perform the Dance for the Dead: ʔohki:we:h Dance for the Dead, Feast of the Dead, Chanters for the Dead; with prog., swatahkiwéatyeʔ were you (pl.) singing ʔohki:- we:hʔ, were you drunkʔ

29. -ahkíʔw- VB. RT (—, -ás, —), make war: hahkíʔwas he makes war; with past, hεnɔhkiʔwáskwaʔ they used to make war; with trans. -′Ø-, go to war: hohkíʔwa: ɔh he has gone to war.

30. -áhkók yellow corn bread: see -(h)áhkók- (501).

31. -ahkw(a)- NN. RT., suit: wahkwa:se:ʔ new suit; with vb. rt. -kwek-, ʔohkwakwe: kɔh the whole suit. Cf. -ahkwas-, -ahkyowe- (33, 36).
NN. RT., with vb. rt. -yε- and refl.: leave something somewhere temporarily: ʔakátahkwa:yεʔ I've left it there temporarily; ʔεkheyatáhkwayε: ʔ I'll leave them (e.g., my children) here temporarily, park them here.

32. -ahkwaish(æ)- NN. RT., cluster, bundle: ʔohkwáishæʔ cluster, bundle; with vb. rt. -niyɔ(:)t-, wahkwái- shæni:yɔ:t hanging cluster.

33. -ahkwas- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be wrapped in a blanket: ʔakáhkwasɔh I'm wrapped in a blanket; with caus. I -t-, hahkwa:sthaʔ he's wrapping himself in a blanket. Cf. -ahkwa-, -ahkyowe- (31, 36).

34. -ahkwis- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -Ø), drum, ref. to behavior of ruffed grouse: wahkwi:sas it's drumming; also bear young without a known father or parthogenetically: kohkwi:sεh she's had a child without a known father; wεnɔ́hkwi: sas they are reproducing parthogenetically.

35. -ahkwíʔhɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′h, -h), clean up, tidy up: ʔakáhkwiʔhɔʔ I've cleaned up, sahkwíʔhɔ:h clean up!

36. -ahkyowe- VB. RT. (-ʔ, —), be covered by a blanket: ʔakáhkyo:we:ʔ I'm covered by a blanket. Cf. -ahkw(a)-, -ahkwas-, -ʔhowek- (31, 33, 2010).

37. -ahs- foot: see -ahsíʔt(a)- (47).

38. -ahs(a)- hip: see -(h)ahs(a)- (502).

39. -áhsaw- VB. RT. (-ʔ, -háʔ, -έh), begin: ʔohsa:ʔ it has begun; hahsa:haʔ he begins; often with cisloc: tityáhsawεh let's begin!; with double dist. -ɔ-nyɔ-: ʔέ:nɔhsawɔnyɔ: ʔ they'll begin the various things.

40. -ahsawee- VB. RT. (-ʔ, —), be unsociable, retiring: hohsawe:eʔ he's unsociable.

41. -ahsáʔk- VB. RT. (-έh, -háʔ, -Ø), cough: ʔakáhsaʔkeh I've coughed, hahsáʔkhaʔ he coughs, sahsaʔk cough!; with ext. loc. -′:néh [3.9], kahsáʔkhneh name of a fall month, lit. when I cough.

42. -ahséht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), hide: ʔakáhsehtɔh I've hidden it; hahséthaʔ he hides it; with dat. -ni-/-ε- and nn. rt. -(C)í:w-: ʔoʔkɔiwáhsehtεʔ I hid the matter from you.

43. -áhsε- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be fat: ʔohsε:h it's fat, ʔakáhsε:h I'm fat; with nn. rt. -kɔ́hs(a)-, jikɔ́hsahsεʔ [26.4] wildcat, Peace Queen, lit. fat face.

44. -ahsεnɔ- VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), with dupl. and transloc., be half, in the middle: haʔtéwahsε:nɔh it's half, it's in the middle.

45. -ahsεthw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), with dupl., cry, weep: tewákahsε:thwεh I'm crying, ʔoʔtyɔ́hsε- thoʔ she cried; tewáhsεthwas flea, lit. it cries (ref. to dog with fleasʔ) .

46. -ahsía-/-ahsí(æ)- (comb.) VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), with duph, be hemmed in, stuffed in: tewáhsi:aʔ it's hemmed in; with nn. rt. -ʔwást(a)- and caus. I -′ht-, ʔoʔtkeʔwastáhsiæt I stuffed a stick in.

47. -ahsíʔt(a)-/-ahs- (incorp. before vow.), NN. RT.,foot: kahsíʔtaʔ my foot; with vb. rt. -owek- and refl. -(ε)ε-, ʔoʔtkέ:hso:we :k I covered my feet, put my shoes on; with vb. rt. -yáʔk- and refl., ʔakε:hsíʔtyaʔkɔh my foot is cut off; with -yáʔk-, obj., and cisloc., stumble: tawakahsíʔtyaʔk I stumbled; with vb. rt. -εt-, caus. III, and refl., kick: ʔoʔkέ:hsε:thoʔ I kicked it, yέ:hsεthwas football game; with vb. rt. -tía- and refl., teyε:- hsiʔtatías Alternate Feet Dance, Doorkeepers' Dance.

48. -ahso-/-ahsó- (before desc.)/-ahsóh- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), paint, dye, color: ʔakáhsoɔh I've painted it, hahso:s he's painting, sahsoh paint it!; with caus. I -′ht-, kahsóthaʔ I paint with it; with caus. II, yɔhso: thaʔ paintbrush, also the plant Hieracium aurantiacum or H. pratense; with inst. [20.4], ʔohsóhkwaʔ paint, dye, color; plus vb. rt. -óʔtε-, myohsohkóʔtε:h what color it is; plus vb. rt. -ake-, haʔteyohsóhkwake:h all different colors.

49. -ahsɔ(:)t(a)- NN. RT., night, darkness; with vb. rt. -te-, wahsɔtateʔ night (is present); with vb. rt. -(C)ik-, teyótahsɔtaikɔh Dark Dance, lit. it's dark; with vb. rt. -ake-, ke:i niwáhsɔta:ke:h Four Nights (a ceremony) .

50. -aht- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o-or-ó-, dive. ʔakáhtoɔh I've dived, sahto:h dive in!; with -o- aud oppos. I, wahto:kwas it emerges (partially) from the water.

51. -áht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), with dupl. and coin, make the correct choice: tsaʔtewakáhtɔh I've made the correct choice, gotten it right, tsaʔtkat I chose correctly, tsaʔtε:wɔt [3.6, 3.14] it will be the right one.

52. -áht(a)- NN. RT., sugar or hard maple (Acer sac- charum): wahtaʔ sugar or hard maple.

53. -ahtáhkw(a)- NN. RT., shoe: ʔahtáhkwaʔ shoe; with vb. rt. -ʔɔ(:)we-, ʔahtáhkwaʔɔ:weh native shoe, moccasin; with vb. rt. -yε- and dupl., tε:- nɔhtahkwayέɔʔ Moccasin Game, lit. they bet on a shoe; with vb. rt. -net- and refl. -(ε)ε-, tesε:- htáhkwane :tεh put on your rubbers or overshoes !

54. -ahtakw- VB. RT. (-έh, -as, -óh), with obj.,fail in an attempt: ʔakáhtakwεh I've failed, been unable to do it, ʔakáhtakwas I can't do it; with cisloc. and dupl., try again: tεthóhtakoʔ he'll try again; with caus. I -ht-, dat., and refl., give up, be entrusted with: ʔakatahtákwahta:ni:h I've given up, been entrusted with it.

55. -ahtatáhkw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), with dupl., make a groove or ditch: teyohtatáhkwεh it has made a groove, tewahtatáhkwas it makes ditches.

56. -ahtatá: y-/-ahtatái- (comh. and hefore impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -′h), hop up and down, pop up, start (from fright), burst: ʔohtáta:yɔ:h it's hopping up and down, it has burst, ʔoʔwahtatáiʔ it burst, ʔoʔkahtatáiʔ I started; with caus. I -′ʔt- and dupl., bounce: ʔoʔthahtatáiaʔt he bounced it.

57. -ahtatɔkw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), pop, burst: ʔohtatɔkwεh it has popped, wahtatɔkwas it popss popcorn (Zea mays everta) .

58. -áhtáʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -t), with obj., become satiated, full (from eating): ʔakáhtaʔɔh I'm full, ʔɔkáhtaʔt I got full.

59. -ahtεty- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -éʔs or -ɔ́s, -íh), go, move, travel, continue on, operate: ʔakáhtεtyɔ:h I've gone, I'm traveling, ʔohtε:tyɔ:h it's going, continuing, in operation, hahtε:tyeʔs or hahtε:tyɔs he goes; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, ʔoʔwati:wáhtε:-tiʔ the ceremony went on; with caus. I -′ʔt-, tεtyákohtε:tyaʔt it will start her on her way back here; with caus. II [13.5] ʔεyákohtε:tye:t it will move her.

60. -áhtɔ(:)- VB. RT. (—, -′ɔʔ, -h), with obj., lose: ʔakáhtɔ: ʔ I lose it, wáohtɔ: ʔ he lost it; with caus. I -′ʔt-, ʔεkáhtɔʔt I'll make it disappear; with inch. I -′ʔ-, ʔohtɔ́ʔɔh it's lost, ʔoʔwáhtɔʔt it disappeared; with inch. III [13.9], ʔoʔwáhtɔʔ it disappeared; with dat. -ni-, ʔakáhtɔ:ni:h I've lost it.

61. -ahtɔnyɔʔsh(æ)- NN. RT., coarse powder, grit: ʔohtɔ́nyɔʔshæʔ coarse powder, grit.

62. -ahtyawee- VB. RT. (-ʔ, be taboo: wahtyawe eʔ it's taboo; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, repet., and neg., teʔskaiwáhtyawe:eʔ the matter isn't taboo any more.

63. -ahtyawεεt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), menstruate: kohtyawε:tɔh she's menstruating; with refl., avoid something taboo: hatahtyawέ:thaʔ he avoids it; with dat. -ni-/-ε-, restrict, quarantine: wáɔsahty- awε:tεʔ they restricted you.

64. -ahtyɔ́hkw- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -áʔ, -Ø), frighten, startle: ʔakáhtyɔhkɔh I've frightened it, hahtyɔ́hkwaʔ he's frightening it, ʔɔkáhtyɔk it frightened me.

65. -ahtyɔ́ht- VB. RT (-Ø, -ɔ́ʔs, —), be frightening, startling: ʔohtyɔt it's frightening, ʔohtyɔ́htɔʔs several things are frightening; with inch. I -heʔ-, waʔóhtyɔtheʔt it was startling.

66. -ahw- realise: see -(h) ahw- (503).

67. -aji- become dark: see -awaji- (279).

68. -ak CONTINUATIVE [18.1, 18.3—4]

69. -ak- FEMININE [11.5]
NONSINGULAR PERSON [11.5]
be near: see -akt- (76).

70. -ák PAST [19.1, 19.3]

71. -akahat- be lying on one's back with legs spread apart: see -′(h)akahat- (505).

72. -askaʔshɔ́ʔɔ- VB. RT. (-′h, —), be barefoot: ʔakaskaʔshɔ́ʔɔh I'm barefoot, hoskáʔshɔʔɔh he's barefoot; with inch. I -′ʔhéʔ-, waoskaʔshɔ́ʔɔʔheʔt he became barefoot.

73. -akayɔ- VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), be old, ref. to something inanimate: waka:yɔh it's old; with vb. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, ʔóiwaka:yɔh the old custom; with vb. rt. -nɔ́hs(a)-, kanɔ́hsaka:yɔh an old house.

74. -ake- VB. RT. (-h, —, -h), be separate entities: wa:ke:h it's (composed of) separate entities; regularly with dupl. or part. in enumeration beyond one (cf. -t-). with nn. rt. -ksáʔt(a)-, tekáksaʔta:ke:h two children; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, ke:i niyóiwa:ke:h the Four Rituals; with nn. rt. -nɔ́hs(a)- and dist. -′:nɔ-, nitho- tinɔhsaké:nɔʔ how many of their houses there were there; with dupl. and transloc., every: haʔtewake:h every one; plus nn. rt. -έ:nísh(æ)-, haʔtewε:níshæke:h every day. Var. -e- (368).

75. -akέ:yat- put at the top: var. of -kέ:yat- (1011).

76. -akt-/-ak- (before dimin.), VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be near: with nn. rt. -yaʔt(a)-, yeyáʔta:k [3.4] near her; with nn. rt. -ihs(a)- and prog., kεhsáktatyeʔ along close to the wall; with dimin., be next to: wakʔah next to it, kahátakʔah next to the forest. Cf. -kt- (1058).

77. -áktɔ-/-áhket- (before impv.) VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -Ø), come: haktɔs he comes; with repet., return: shoktɔ:h he has returned; with transloc., go somewhere and come back: hewákaktɔ:h I've been there and come back, hoʔkáhke:t I went there and returned; with nn. rt. -wiy(æ)-, refl., and trans. -′:n-, ʔεkatwiyǽktɔ:nɔʔ I'll go and see the child.

78. -akwaʔsʔáa-/-ʔsʔáa- (incorp.) VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), with part., be small, ref. to seVeral things: niwakwaʔsʔá:h they're small; with nn. rt. -jíʔt(a)-, nikajiʔtáʔsʔa:h small birds; with nn. rt. -nyóʔt(a)-, nikanyoʔtáʔsʔa:h small animals. Cf. -aʔáa- (304).

79. -akwέht- VB. RT. (-Ø, -—, —), be wide: with nn. rt. -(h)á(a)-, ʔo:akwεt wide road; with refl., wata:- kwεt it's wide.

80. -akwεhtaʔáa- VB. RT. (-′h, with part., be narrow: with nn. rt. -kɔ́hs(a)-, niakɔhsakwεh- táʔa:h his face is narrow; with refl., mwatak- wεhtaʔá:h it's narrow. Cf. -akwέht-, -aʔáa- (79, 304).

81. -akʔáa- VB. RT. (-′h, —), with part., be short: niwákʔa:h it's short; with nn. rt. -ih(C)(ɔ)-, nikεhɔkʔá:h short creek; with nn. rt. -ahsɔ(:)- t(a)-, niwahsɔtákʔa:h short night.

82. -an- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4]

83. -anyεh have as sister-in-law: see -yanyέh (1857).

84. -aɔ́ht(a)- NN. RT., ear: ʔóɔhtaʔ ear; with obj. pref. other than neut., interpreter: ʔakáɔhtaʔ my interpreter; with Vb. rt. -iyo-, caus.-inst., and refl., listen attentively: ʔoʔkatáɔhti:yos I listened attentively.

85. -áɔ(:)k- VB. RT. (-έh, -háʔ, -Ø), hear, understand: ʔaká:ɔkεh I've heard it, understood it, ka:ɔkhaʔ I hear it, understand it; with nn. rt. -wεn(ɔ)-, ʔεyɔkhiwέnɔ:ɔk they will hear our voices; heyó:- ɔkεh Akron, lit. heard over there (also tyó: ɔkot); with caus. I -′ʔt-, notify: wáeya: ɔkaʔt I noticed him.

86. -aɔ́sh(a)- NN. RT., cap: wáɔshaʔ cap.

87. -áɔ(:)tɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), ask (tr.): heyá:ɔtɔʔ I've asked him, hakaɔtɔ́:ʔ he asks me, hehsá: ɔtɔ: h ask him!; with refl., ask (intr.): wá:ta:ɔtɔ:ʔ he asked; with dist. -nyɔ-, hatáɔtɔ:nyɔh he asks a lot of questions.

88. -ás ITERATIVE [5.8—9, 13.3, 13.6]

89. -′ás DATIVE [13.12]

90. -as(æ)- NN. RT., with dimin. in ʔosǽʔah or ʔonɔ́sæʔah green, unripe corn or beans.

91. -ase- be new, young: see -awase- (282).

92. -asha-/-asha(æ)- (comb.) VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, -έh), with dupl., look out for, take care of: with recip., to:tata:sha:ʔ he's looking out for himself, ʔoʔthotatáshaεʔ he looked out for himself; with inch. I -′ʔ- and obj., remember: ʔakáshæ:ʔɔh I remember it, ʔεwɔ́kasha:aʔt I'll remember it; with cont., ʔεwɔkashǽ: ʔse :k they'll continue to remember him; with double dist. -′ʔsyɔ-nyɔ-, ʔakashǽ:- ʔsyɔnyɔh I remember things.

93. -ashaænye- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′h, -h), with dupl, practice: tó:nɔshæ:nyeʔ they've practiced; tέ:- nɔshæ:nyeh they practice, ʔoʔthέnɔshæ:nye:ʔ they practiced.

94. -ashaek-/-ashae- (before desc.) VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -Ø), expect, be on guard against: ʔakáshaeʔ I'm expecting it, sasha:ek be on guard against it, be careful!

95. -asháʔktɔ-/-asháʔket- (before impv.)/-áʔktɔ-/-áʔket- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -Ø), with dupl, bend, become crooked: teyóshaʔktɔ:h it's bent, crooked, ʔoʔtwáshaʔke: t it bent; with nn. rt. -kɔ(:)t(a)- and refl., tewakatkɔ́taʔktɔ:h my nose is crooked; with inch. I -′ʔhéʔ-, teyoshaʔktɔ́ʔheʔɔh it has gotten bent. Cf. -hsáʔktɔ- (673). Var. -aʔktɔ-: see -ih(C)(ɔ)- (761).

96. -ash(æ)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, dress: ʔakásyɔ:ni:h I've dressed; plus nom., ʔasyɔ́ny- ashæʔ clothes; with vb. rt. -ihsáʔ- [14.5], finish dressing: ʔakatsihsáʔɔh I've finished dressing.

97. -ásh(æ)- flame: see -(h)ásh(æ)- (509).

98. -ashet- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -Ø), count, number: ʔakáshe:tεh I'm counting, ʔoshe:tεh it's numbered, hashe:tas he counts, ʔoʔkhéyashe:t I counted them; with caus. I -′ʔt- and inst., ʔɔkwatashetaʔtáhkɔh we use it for counting; with dist. -′:nɔ-, ʔoshéta:nɔʔ they're numbered.

99. -ashet(a)- NN. RT., number: ʔoshe:taʔ number.

100. -ashéʔn(ɔ)- NN. RT., lump: with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, ʔoshéʔnɔ: t there's a lump on it; plus refl. satásheʔ- nɔ:t you have a berry basket on; plus inst., yɔtasheʔnɔ́tahkwaʔ berrypicking bosket.

101. -áShε- VB. RT. (-h, —), be ten: washε:h ten; with dupl., tewáshε:h twenty; with part., sε niwáshε:h thirty; with nn. rt. -(h/:)wíst(a)-, sε niyo :wistáshε :h thirty dollars; nɔʔtewεʔnyaʔ- eshǽshε:h thousand, lit. ten hundreds (see -ʔny(a)-; 2069).

102. -′ashε-/-′ashεt(a)- hold a council: see -′(h)ashε- (510).

103. -ashεnɔnyásh(æ)- NN. RT., security, property, belongings: ʔakashεnɔ́nyashæʔ my security etc.

104. -ashεtáʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), tread, step on: ʔakashεtáʔɔh I'm treading, hashε:taʔs he treads, sashε:taʔt step on it!; with dist. -syɔ-, tewaka- shέtaʔsyɔʔ my feet are on the ground.

105. -ashokw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), bite: ʔakáshokwεh I've bitten, hasho:kwas he bites, ʔoʔkásho:koʔ I took a bite; with caus. I -′ht- [26.4], ʔashókwahtaʔ pipe.

106. -áshw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), with obj., discard, throw away: ʔakáswεh [3.8] I've thrown it away, hoswas he throws it away, sashoh throw it away!

107. -ask(a)- NN. RT., mouth: with vb. rt. -wek-, cisloc., and dupl., tɔtáwaskwe :k it closed its mouth again; with vb. rt. -aǽʔw-, teoskǽ:ʔwεh he has opened his mouth.

108. -askeh- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -áʔ), fight for: ʔakáSkehεh I'm fighting for it, haske:has he fights for it; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, wa:yaʔtáskehaʔ he fought for the body.

109. -askw(a)- NN. RT., hut, shanty, leanto, shed, porch: with vb. rt. -te-, waskwa:teʔ hut, etc. (is there); with vb. rt. -ó-, waskóɔh bridge, honɔ́skoɔh they've erected a bridge; with vb. rt. -o- and cisloc., twaskoʔ Auburn, N.Y.; with vb. rt. -oweht-, ʔoskówehtɔh strong wind, hurricane, tornado; plus prog., tayoskowéhtɔ:ɔtyeʔ there's a hurricane coming.

110. -asnowe- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be fast: ʔosno:weʔ it's fast; with caus. II -æt-, ʔakásnowæ: tɔh I'm going fast; with inch. II -έh-, waʔósno:wεh it got fast, speeded up.

111. -asta-/-asta(æ)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-ʔ, -háʔ, -έh), cry, weep: kosta:ʔ she has cried, yɔsta:haʔ she's crying, ʔoʔkástaε I cried; with double dist. -ɔ-nyɔ-, hεnɔ́stεɔnyɔh they're crying in several places.

112. -astakέ- (before desc.)/-astakέh- (before impv.) VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -Ø), force out of one's mouth: ʔakastakέɔh I've forced it out of my mouth: with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, refl., and transloc., hoʔkati:- wáStakεh I forced the words out of my mouth there, delivered the message.

113. -aste- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be evaporated: ʔoste:h it's evaporated; with caus. I -′ʔt-, ʔoʔka:steʔt I evaporated it, boiled it down; with dat. -′ʔse-/ -′s-, ʔoʔwa:stes it went dry (on somebody).

114. ʔasteh outside, outdoors; with -kwah [26.8], ʔasté:- kwa:h toward outside; with charact., ʔaste:kha:ʔ the outer part.

115. -asteíst- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -haʔ, -Ø), manage, arrange, referee: ʔakasteistɔh I've managed, arranged it, honɔstéistɔh they're managing it, referees, hasté- isthaʔ he manages it.

116. -astiist- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -Ø), adopt. heyasti:stɔh I've adopted him, ʔé:yasti:is I'll adopt him.

117. -asʔa- VB. RT., consume. with caus. I -′ht- aud transloc., hoʔwa:sʔat it was entirely consumed. Cf. -hsáʔ- (671).

118. -at- VB. RT. (-Ø, —), be inside. ʔI:wa:t it's inside; with dist. -nyɔ-, wata:nyɔʔ things inside; with nn. rt. -khw(a)- and inst., kekhwatahkwaʔ my stomach, lit. I use it for food inside.
CAUSATIVE II [13.5]
REPLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4]

119. -′át- pass by: see -′(h)ǽht- (530).

120. -ata(C)- RECIPROCAL [15.3, 15.5]

121. -atá(a)- NN. RT-, with vb. rt. -yε-, whisker, peek: ʔakáta:ayεʔ I'm whispering, peeking, hata:yέɔ́ʔ he whispers, ʔεkáta:ayε:ʔ I'll whisper; with vb. rt. -nekε-, confer in a whisper: ʔoʔkáta :ne :kε: ʔ I conferred in a whisper; with caus. I -′st-, hata:nékεsthaʔ he seeks advice in a whisper: with dist- -′:nɔ-, waεnɔta:nékε:nɔ: ʔ .

122. -ataæwak- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), fan: kotæ:wa:kɔh she's fanning, yɔtæ:wa:s she fans, waʔɔtæ:wa:k she fanned; with caus. I -t-, yɔtæ:wa:kthaʔ fan.

123. -ataεʔɔ- VB. BASE, with charact. -kaʔ in hotáεʔɔ :- ka: ʔ he belongs to the Heron clan, honɔtáεʔɔ :ka: ʔ they belong to the Heron clan. Var. -taεʔɔ- (1647) .

124. -atah- RECIPROCAL [15.3, 15.5]

125. -atáhkwi- VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -′h), be finished, over with: ʔotáhkwi:h it's finished, watáhkwih let's have it over with.

126. -atahoskw(a)- NN. RT., cheek: katahoskwáʔkeh (on) my cheek (s).

127. -ataíst- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-ε-, stop (tr.). tε:nɔtáista:nih they don't stop it, ʔε:nɔtáistεʔ they'll stop it.

128. -atak- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be deep, saturated (of a color): ʔota:kɔh it's deeply colored, ʔonɔ- takɔh they are deeply colored; with cisloc. and part., nityotakɔh how deep the color is.

129. -atakwέhta-/-kwέhta- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), lay out flat: watákwεhta:ʔ it's lying flat, ʔotákwεhta:ʔ it's been laid out flat; with nn. rt. -nɔt(a)-, kanɔtakwέhta: ʔ town laid out flat, community; with nn. rt. -íʔt-, opt., and dupl. [8.1, fn 15], taεʔtákwεhta:ʔ he's lying very sick. Cf. -atakwέhtε- (130).

130. -atakwέhtε- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., be flat: tewatakwέhtε:h it's flat; with inch. I -′ʔhéʔ-, ʔoʔtwatakwέhtεʔheʔt it became flat. Cf. -takwέhtε-, -atakwέhta- (1669, 129).

131. -atan- RECIPROCAL [15.3, 15.5]

132. -ata:nyo- VB. RT. (—, -′áʔ, —), fish (with hook and line): hatá:nyoaʔ he fishes, with trans. -′:n-, wa:ta:nyó:nɔʔ he went fishing.

133. -atasha(æ)- NN. RT. handle: ʔatáshæ.ʔ handle; with vb. rt. -enε-, watáshaenεʔs drop handle basket, lit. the handle drops.

134. -atasháʔ-/-atásʔa- (before iter. and impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -′s, -h), with dupl., begin an argument: tewakatáshaʔɔh I've begun an argument, tá: tasʔas he begins arguments, ʔoʔtkátasʔa: ʔ I got into an argument; with dist. -hɔ-, tεkatasháʔhɔ: ʔ I'll start arguing about things.

135. -ataskanek- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), want a particular member of the opposite sex: ʔakátaskane :kɔh I've wanted a particular woman (or man, if woman speaking), hatáskane:s he wants a particular woman; with dist. -hɔ-, wεnɔtaskánekhɔ:nyɔh they (nonmasc.) want particular men.

136. -atasʔa- VB. RT. (—, -′s, -h), with dupl., quarrel: te:yátasʔas they (masc. du.) quarrel, tεkhnyá- tasʔa:ʔ they (nonmasc. du.) will quarrel.

137. -atat- RECIPROCAL [15.3, 15.5]

138. -atatawi-/-atatc- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -′h), with dupl., trade, exchange: tewakatatawi:h I've traded it; with nn. rt. -nɔ́hs(a)- and refl., ʔoʔthεnɔhnɔ́hsata:tɔʔ they traded houses. Cf. -awi- and [26.2],

139. -atate- RECIPROCAL [15.3, 15.5]

140. -atate- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -ɔ́s, -h), with obj., be left alone, have left over: ʔakatatε:ɔh I've been left alone, had, some left over, hotatε:ɔs he's being left alone, waotatε:ʔ he was left alone.
RECIPROCAL [15.3, 15.5]

141. -atatɔ- trade: see -atatawi- (138).

142. -atatwεniyo- vb. rt. (-′ʔ, —, —), be free, independent: katatwεni:yoʔ i'm free; with inch. i -′ʔhé;ʔ-, ʔεjitwatatwεníyoʔheʔt we're going to become free again.

143. -atawε- VB. RT. (-h, -′h, -′h), bathe, swim: ʔaka- tawε:h I've bathed, hata:wεh he's bathing, swim-ming, ʔεkatawεʔ I'll bathe.

144. -atáʔsǽh-/-atáʔsǽ- (comb, and before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), distribute goods during the Dance for the Dead (ʔohki:we:h): ʔonɔtaʔsǽɔh they've distributed the goods, wεnɔ́taʔsæs they're distributing the goods, ʔoʔwεnɔtáʔsæh they distributed the goods; with caus. I -′ht-, yɔtáʔsæthaʔ one causes it to be distributed, the goods themselves.

145. -ataʔtóǽh-/-ataʔtóǽ- (comb, and before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́H, -S, -Ø), distribute goods during the Changing Ribs (ʔotéswate:nyɔʔ) Ceremony: ʔonɔtaʔtóæɔh they've distributed the goods, wεnɔtaʔtóæs they're distributing the goods, ʔoʔ- wεnɔtáʔtoæh they distributed the goods; with caus. I -′ht-, yɔtaʔtóæthaʔ one causes it to be distributed, the goods themselves.

146. -atæjɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), break, crack: ʔotæ:jɔʔ it's broken, cracked, watǽjɔ:ʔ it breaks, ʔoʔ- watæjɔ:ʔ it broke.

147. -atǽʔsw(a)- NN. RT., luck: ʔotǽʔswaʔ luck; with vb. rt. -iyo-, honɔ́tæʔswi:yo:h their luck is good.

148. -ate- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4]

149. -at(C)e-/-aty- (before ɔ), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —),

150. usually with dupl., be apart, separated: tewa:teʔ it's apart; nɔʔteyakya: teʔ how far apart we are, the distance between us; with caus. II, tɔ́:saεnɔ- tæ:t they ought to get apart; with dist. -nyɔ-, tewatenyɔʔ how far apart they are; with dist. var. -ɔ- and without dupl., niwa:tyɔʔ how far apart they are.

151. -atéέh-/-atéέʔ- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), become embarrassed, ashamed: ʔakatéεʔɔh I'm embarrassed, hatéεs he gets embarrassed, ʔoʔká- teεh I became embarrassed.

152. -ateέht- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/- ε-, obj., and cisloc. sniff, get the scent: twakatéεhtani:h I've gotten the scent, tyotéεhta:nih it's sniffing, tayotéεehtεʔ it got the scent.

153. -atehkaækt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), become angry: ʔakatehkǽ:ktɔh I'm angry, ʔoʔkátehka:ak I be came angry; with cisloc., growl: tyotéhkæ:ktɔh it's growling, twatéhkæ: s it growls.

154. -atehkwatɔ́h VB. STEM, in jotéhkwatɔh Great Horned Serpent (a mythical creature).

155. -atéhs(a)- NN. RT., nest: ʔatéhsaʔ [15.6] nest; ʔotéhsaʔ nest, its nest; with vb. rt. -ε-, ʔotéhsεʔ it's on the nest, nesting.

156. -atek-/-atekε- (before nom.), vb. rt. (-έh, -háʔ, -Ø), with obj. burn (intr.): ʔote:kεh it has burned, it's burnt, ʔote:khaʔ it's burning, ʔo:te:k let it burn!; with caus. I -′ʔt-, make a fire: ʔakatekáʔtɔh I've made a fire; with inst., yɔtekaʔtáhkwaʔ fire making tool; with nom., ʔotékεʔshæʔ charred remains of afire.

157. -ateo-/-ateoʔ- (comb.) VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, -h), be friends: ʔɔkwate:oʔ we are friends; kyate:oh friend!; with caus. I -′st- and inch. I -héʔ-, waonɔtéoʔstheʔt they became friends; with nom., ʔatéoʔshæʔ [15.6] friendship.

158. -atesεhtaækw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), wake up: hotésεhtæ:kwεh he's awake, wa:tesέhtæ:ko he woke up.

159. -ateswáht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), smell (tr.): ʔakateswáhtɔh I've smelled it, ʔoʔkáteswat I smelled it.

160. -atetkaeʔníst- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), make a noise: ʔotetkáeʔnistɔh it's making a noise, ʔoʔwatetkáeʔ- nis it made a noise. Cf. -(C)ihkaé-, -(C)ihkaéʔni- (758–760).

161. -até:wat- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έh), store, put away: ʔakáte:wa:t I've put it away, haté:wathaʔ he's putting it away, saté: watεh put it away.

162. -ateyak- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), copulate: honoteya:- kɔh they're copulating, hate:ya:s he copulates, wa: te: ya: k he copulated.

163. -atéyέɔ́ʔ VB. STEM, in yaté:yεɔʔ Big Heads (masc. du.; in Midwinter Ceremony), Uncles. -at(C)éʔ VB. STEM, be grandparent to, usually ref.to younger member of relationship (in older usage, the relationship between any consanguin- eal kinsmen two generations apart): heya:teʔ I am his grandparent, my grandson, kheya:teʔ my granddaughter, haka:teʔ my grandfather (cf. -′hsot), yateʔ your grandson; with recip., yata- tateʔ a man and his grandson or granddaughter, a woman and her grandson; with nom., ʔakáteʔ- shæʔ my grandchild(ren); plus vb. rt. -káʔte-, hoteʔshækáʔteʔ he has a lot of grandchildren; with augment., heyáteʔko: wa:h my great-grand-son, kheyáteʔko:wa:h my great-granddaughter.

164. -ateʔjíatha- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be very strong: hatéʔji:athaʔ he's very strong, hεnɔteʔjíathaʔ they're very strong; with inch. I -′ʔhéʔ-, wa:teʔ- jiatháʔheʔt he became very strong.

165. -atéʔkw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), flee, run away (from): ʔakáteʔkwεh I've fled, run away from it, hatéʔkwas he flees, waεnɔtέʔkoʔ they fled.

166. -ateʔsáíst- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), with dupl., become excessive: teyoteʔsáistɔh it has become excessive, ʔoʔtwateʔsáis or ʔoʔtyoteʔsáis it became excessive. Var. -atεʔsáíst- (186).

167. -ateʔsætε- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., prog., and/or dist. -′syɔ-, spread one's arms or wings, threaten to hit: (with prog.) to:teʔsǽtε:ɔtyeʔs he's spreading his arms; (with dist.) teyoteʔ- sǽtεsyɔʔ it has spread its wings, ʔoʔthateʔ- sǽtεsyɔ:ʔ he spread his arms, threatened to hit someone; with prog, and dist., teyonɔteʔsætέ- syɔtyeʔs they are spreading their wings (a ceremonial reference to birds).

168. -atéʔskɔ(:)t- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έʔ), put in oven, bake: waʔɔ́teʔskɔ:tεʔ she put it in the oven, baked it; with past, watéʔskɔ:tak it's been baked. Cf. -ʔskɔ(:)táʔ- (2109).

169. -ateʔsyɔnέht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), with cisloc., slow down: tyoteʔsyɔnέhtɔh it has slowed down, tawáteʔsyɔ:nεt it slowed down.

170. -atéʔtɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h); give birth: kotéʔtɔʔ she has given birth, yɔtéʔtɔ:ʔ she's giving birth, ʔεhsáteʔtɔ:ʔ you will give birth; with trans. -′:n- and purp., katéʔtɔ:neʔ I'm going to give birth, I'm pregnant.

171. -atε- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4]

172. -atέεjó- be necessary: var. of -atɔ́εjó- (228).

173. -at(C)έh-/-at(C)ε- (comb.), VB. RT. (—, -′s, -Ø), benefit (someone) through a medicine ceremony: kotεs she's being benefited by a ceremony, there's a ceremony for her, ʔεwɔkatεh there will be a ceremony for me; with nom., ʔotε:shæʔ medicine ceremony; with nom. and vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, hotέsyɔ:ni:h he's preparing the ceremony; with nom. and vb. rt. -o-, hotε:syoʔ he has the ceremony ready, lit. in the water; plus trans. -′ :n- and purp., hatέsyo:neʔ he intends to prepare for the ceremony; with vb. rt. -yε- and dupl., tε:nɔtέshæyε: ʔ they will bet on the ceremony (the loser of the bet will be obligated to sponsor the ceremony).

174. -atεhsεɔkw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), with dupl., make pale or sickly, offend, disgust; tewakatέh- sεɔkwεh I'm pale, etc., ʔoʔtwakatέhsεɔkoʔ it made me pale, offended me; with dat. -′hse-/-′s-, tewakatεhsέɔkwahse:h I'm disgusted.

175. -atέhsɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), parch, pop (corn): ʔakátεhsɔʔ I've parched, popped it, yɔtέhsɔ:ʔ she's parching it, wá:tεhsɔ:ʔ he parched it.

176. -atεnoɔʔ, be parents-in-law of the same couple, the relationship between sets of parents whose children are married to each other: ʔakwatεno: ɔʔ we (excl. pl.) are parents-in-law of the same couple.

177.-atεnɔ- VB. RT., with caus. I -′ʔt-, take along food: ʔakatεnɔ́ʔtɔh I've taken food with me, waʔɔtε:nɔʔt she took her lunch; with nom., ʔatέnɔʔshæʔ food, lunch; plus vb. rt. -(C)(æ)- and inst., yɔtεnɔʔ- shǽ:hkwaʔ food basket.

178. -atέ:nɔ(:)te-/-atέ:nɔ(:)ty- (before dist.), VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), with dupl., be siblings (in older usage also the relationship between members of the same generation whose parents are consanguine ally related if these related parents are of the same sex): teyakwatέ:nɔ:te:ʔ we (excl. pl.) are siblings, te:yátε:nɔ:te:ʔ they (masc. du.) are siblings; with dist. and plur. (and without dupl.), ʔakwatε:nɔ́tyɔʔshɔʔ we (excl. pl.) are in the same moiety.

179. -atεnɔ́ʔ- VB. RT. (—, -s, —), mourn: yɔtε:nɔʔs she's mourning.

180. -atεnɔʔɔ- VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -′h), watch over: ʔaka- tεnɔ:ʔɔ:h I've watched over it, hatέnɔʔɔs he's watching over it, ʔεhsatεnɔ: ʔɔʔ you'll watch over it; with trans, -′sh-, ʔεkatεnɔ́ʔɔshæʔ I'll go and watch over it. Cf. -nɔ- (1214).

181. -atεnyeht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), send: ʔakatεnye:-htɔh I've sent it, hatέnyethaʔ he sends it, satε:- nye: t send it!

182. -atέɔno- VB. RT., with caus. I -′st-, make shade: ʔotεɔnóstɔh it's shady; ʔεswɔ́tε:ɔnos it will make shade again, ref. to nightfall; with inst., use for shade: yɔtεɔnóstahkwaʔ people use it for shade, umbrella, parasol; with nom., shade: ʔotεɔnó- shækɔ:h in the shade; ʔatέɔno:shæʔ [15.6] umbrella, parasol, toadstool, mushroom, mayapple (Podophyllum pelatum).

183. -atεte- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be loose: ʔotε:teʔ it's loose; with caus. II, ʔoʔwatε:ta:t it came loose.

184. -atεtóek-/-atεtó- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, -Ø), be tightly packed: ʔotεtoɔh it's tightly packed, ʔoʔwatεtó:ek it was tightly packed; with caus. I -t-, hotέto:ektɔh he has packed it tightly; with caus. I and inst., hatεtóektahkwaʔ he packs tightly with it.

185. -atεtonyáʔt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), treat lightly: ʔakatεtónyaʔtɔh I'm treating it lightly, just fooling, hatεtonyáʔthaʔ he treats it lightly, waʔɔtεto:nyaʔt she treated it lightly.

186. -atεʔsáíst- become excessive: var. of -ateʔsáíst- (166)

187. -athaʔa- VB. RT. (-h, —, -h), take possession of: ʔakáthaʔa:h I've taken possession of it; ʔoʔshɔ́k- watha:ʔa:ʔ he took possession of us, ref. to the devil.

188. -atháʔtɔ- VB. RT. (-′h, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), borrow: ʔakáthaʔtɔh I've borrowed it, hatháʔtɔ:ʔ he borrows, hatháʔ- tɔ:h let him borrow it!; with trans. -′: n-, ʔεkathaʔtɔ́ :nɔʔ I'll go and borrow it.

189. -athækwεʔt- .NN. RT., flint, arrowhead: ʔothǽkwεʔ- taʔ flint, arrowhead.

190. -athowe- VB. RT (-′ʔ, —, —), be cold, ref. to weather: ʔotho:weʔ it's cold; with ext. loc. [27.2], ʔothóweʔkeh (in the) north; with caus. II, ʔothowætɔh it's gotten cold.

191. -athóʔ VB. STEM, in hathoʔ Jack Frost.

192. -athɔ(:)te- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), hear, listen: ʔakáthɔ:teʔ I've heard it; with prog., ʔɔkwá- thɔta:tyeʔ we've been listening along; with caus. II, obey: hakáthɔta: tɔh he has obeyed me.

193. -athɔwis- VB. RT. (—, -ás, -Ø), in yɔthɔwi:sas, woman, also (more often) name of a ceremony performed by women to benefit crops (also ʔɔthɔwi:- sas, wεnɔ́thɔwi:sas, or thɔwi:sas); ʔεwέnɔthɔ:- wi:s they will perform thɔwi:sas; with caus. I -′ht-, yɔthɔwisáthaʔ box turtle rattle, lit. they use it for thɔwi:sas.

194. -athw(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -sʔáa- in ʔothwásʔ- a:h young animal, ʔakathwasʔá:h I'm a young one.

195. -athyawɔ́εʔs VB. STEM, in tewathyawɔ́: εʔs Exploding Wren.

196. -athyoskwat- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be a corner: ʔothyo:skwa:t corner; with dist. -ɔ-, ʔothyósk- watɔʔ corners.

197. -athyóʔkt- VB. RT (—, — -έh), with dupl., become dull: ʔoʔtwáthyoʔktεʔ it got dull; with inch. I -′ʔ-, teyothyoʔktáʔɔh it has gotten dull.

198. -ati- VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), with repet., be on the other side of, beyond: swa:tih it's on the other side of it; with nn. rt. -nɔt(a)-, skanɔtatih on the other side of the town; with nn. rt. -kɔ́hs(a)-, shakɔ́hsatih on the other side of his face; with inch. II -′h- and part., nɔʔwɔ:tih on which side.

199. -atihέht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), go downstream: ʔakatihέhtɔh I've gone downstream, waʔakwati:- hεt we went downstream; with dist. -′:nɔ-, ʔε:nɔtihεhtá:nɔ:ʔ they will go downstream (e.g., in several parties).

200. -atiyɔ́hkw- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -áʔ, -Ø), refuse to part with: hotíyɔhkɔh he won't part with it, ʔoʔkati:yɔk I won't part with it.

201. -atiyɔ( :)t- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έh), with dupl., stretch: teyoti:yɔ:t it's stretched, ʔotíyɔthaʔ it stretches, rubber, ʔoʔtkatiyɔ:tεʔ I stretched it. Var. -tiyɔ:t- (1720).

202. atíʔkyɔ- VB. RT. ( -′ʔ, — —), be shy, bashful: hotíʔkyɔʔ he's shy.

203. -atka- provide etc.: see -atkáʔw- (207).

204. -atkaǽʔw-/-atkaæ- (before impv.) VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -′h), with cisloc., come apart, become separated: tyotkǽ:ʔwεh it has come apart, twatkǽ:- ʔwas it comes apart, tawátkæ: ʔ it came apart.

205. -atkáεɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′s, -′h), watch, observe, be a referee: ʔakátkaεɔʔ I'm watching, I'm a referee, hatkáεɔs he watches, ʔoʔkátkaεɔʔ I watched.

206. -atká:nye- VB. RT. (-h, -′h or -′ʔs, -h), play: ʔakátka:nye:h I'm playing, hεnɔ́tka:nyeh or hεnɔ́tka:nyeʔs they play, ʔoʔká, tka:nye:ʔ I played; with trans. -′ʔh-, hεnɔtka:nyéʔheʔs they go and play; with caus. I -′ʔt-, hεnɔtka:nyéʔthaʔ they use it for playing, playing field, game; with nom., ʔatka:nyeʔshæʔ amusement, game, toy; plus nn. rt. -ake-, haʔtewatká:nyeʔshæ:ke:h all kinds of games.

207. -atkáʔw-/-atka- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -′h), provide, release, leave, abandon, give up: ʔakátkaʔwεh I've provided it, etc., hatkáʔwas he provides it, satkah leave it, let go!; with caus. I -′ht-, obj., and cisloc., slip out of one's hand: twakatkaʔwáthaʔ it keeps slipping out of my hand; with dist. -hɔ- [3.10], héotkaʔhɔʔ he has left them there.

208. -atkéɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), peddle, have something for sale: ʔakátkeɔʔ I have it for sale, hatké:ɔʔ he peddles, peddler; with trans. -′:n-, waʔakwatkέ:- ɔnɔʔ we went peddling.

209. -atkέ-/-atkέh- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -ɔ́s, -Ø), get out of bed, arise: ʔakátkεɔh I've gotten out of bed, hatkέɔs he gets up, satkεh get up!; with cisloc. and dupl., tɔ:tetwa:tkεh we would arise again.

210. -atkέhs(æ)- NN. RT., pus: ʔotkέhsæʔ pus; with vb. rt. –0–, ʔoʔkátkεsyo:ʔ I developed a suppurating infection.

211. -atkέ:ni- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be critical: ʔakátkε:- ni:h I'm critical, find fault easily, hotkέ:ni:h he's critical.

212. -atkεʔ ɔ- vb. rt. (—, —, -h), appear momentarily, be visible in glimpses: tawátkεʔɔ:ʔ it appeared there momentarily, one caught a glimpse of it; with dist. -′:nɔ-, wεnɔtkεʔɔ́:nɔh they keep appearing momentarily here and there; with trans, -′in-, watkέʔɔ:neʔs it's around.

213. -atko- VB. RT. (—, -′s, —), be raw: ʔotkos it's raw; with nn. rt. -ʔwá(a)-, ʔoʔwá:tkos raw meat; with nn. rt. -(C)íst(a)-, káistatkos tin, lit. raw metal.

214. -atkóʔt(a)- NN. RT., face paint, sumac (Rhus sp.), elder (Sambucus canadensis): ʔotkóʔtaʔ face paint, etc.; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, honɔtkoʔ- tɔ́nya:nɔʔ their faces were painted; with vb. rt. -(O)(æ)- and inch. I, kotkóʔtæ:ʔs poison sumac (Rhus vernix).

215. -atkɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), possess evil power, be a witch: ʔotkɔʔ evil power, kotkɔʔ she's a witch, honɔ:tkɔʔ they are witches.

216. -atkw- VB. RT. (-έh, -áʔ, -Ø), with dupl., dance: tewákatkwεh I'm dancing, te:atkwaʔ he dances, tetwa:t [3.4] let's dance!; with trans, -′:n-, tetwátkwa:nɔ:h let's go and dance!

217. -atoha- VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), be in confusion, disarray: teyótaha: ʔ it's in confusion, everything's out of place.

218 -atokε- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), ax: ʔato:kεʔ ax, ʔakato:kεʔ or (with nom.) ʔakatokε:ʔshæʔ my ax.
VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., be between: with nn. rt. -′(h)eoʔt(a)-, tekaeóʔtato :kε:h between two guns. Cf. -okε- (1378).

219. -atokέh- VB. RT. (—, —, -Ø), with dupl., try hard to do something: ʔoʔtkato :kεh I tried hard to do it.

220. -atokέht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), be straight, go directly: ʔotókεhtɔh it's straight, hoʔwato:kεt it went directly there; ʔoatókεhtɔh straight road; with dupl., go against, oppose, play against: ʔoʔtwato:kεt it went against it, tε:nɔtókεthaʔ they play against each other, to:nɔtókεhtɔh they are against each other, opponents, enemies. Cf. -tokε- (1748).

221. -atoty-/-atotyak- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -Ø), grow up, grow to maturity: ʔakatotyεh Im' grown up; wa:totya:k he grew up; with cont., ʔεwɔtotyáhse:k it will always grow to maturtiy; with trans. -′:n- and purp., tayɔtotyá:neʔ people are going to grow up.

222. -atowæt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), hunt: ʔakatowæ:tɔh I'm hunting, hato:wæ:s he hunts, hunter; with trans, -h-, hatowætheʔs he goes hunting.

223. -atóʔ(æ)- NN. RT., hump: ʔotóʔæʔ hump, also buffalo mullet, a fish of the sucker (Catostomidae) family; see also -kwa(æ)- (1063).

224. -atoʔkǽhkw- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -áʔ, -Ø), come to the surface, float: ʔotóʔkæhkɔh it has come to the surface, it's floating, watóʔkæhkwaʔ it floats, ʔoʔwátoʔkæk it came to the surface.

225. -atɔ- VB. RT. (—, —, -h), satisfy: ʔɔka:tɔ:ʔ it satisfied me, waʔo:tɔ:ʔ it satisfied it. say: see -ε- (409).

226. -atɔeshέht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), pant: hotɔeshέhtɔh he's panting, ʔoʔwátɔ:eshεt it panted.

227. -atɔeswéʔt-/-atɔesweʔtáʔ- (before desc.) VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -έh), lose one's breath: ʔakatɔesweʔ- táʔɔh I've lost my breath, hatɔeswέʔthaʔ he gets short of breath, ʔεyɔtɔ́esweʔtεʔ she'll lose her breath.

228. -atɔ́εjó-/-atɔ́εjo- (comb.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, -—), with dupl., be necessary: teyotɔεjoɔh it's necessary; with dat. -ni-/-′ás- and obj., want, need: tewakatɔ́εjo:nih I want it, tεthotɔ́εjoas he'll want it. Var. -atέεjó- (172).

229. -atɔhnyáʔk- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), kill oneself: ʔotɔ́hnyaʔkɔh it's killed itself, wεnɔ́tɔhnyaʔs they kill themselves, ʔoʔwátɔhnyaʔk it killed itself.

230. -atɔhnyε- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, —), (save, put away: ʔakátɔhnyεʔ i've saved it, hatɔ́hnyεɔʔ he's saving it.

231. -atɔhɔ́e-/-atɔhɔ́- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, -έh), become happy: ʔakatɔhɔ́eʔ I'm happy, waεnɔtɔ́hɔεʔ they became happy.

232. -atɔ́ishε- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), rest: ʔakátɔ:ishεʔ I've rested, hatɔishέɔʔ he rests, satɔ́ishε:h take a rest !; with caus. I -′ht-, accompany a Personal Chant (ʔatɔ:wεʔ) by repeating héʔ héʔ héʔ …: hotɔishέhtɔh he has accompanied the chant, (with dat.) hakatɔ́ishεhta:nih he accompanied my chant.

233. -atɔni- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be of one's father's clan: ʔakatɔni:h my father's clan; with popul., ʔakatɔní:onɔʔ people of my father's clan. Var. -atɔ(:)ni-: ʔakatɔ:ni:h my father's clan.
NN. RT. (ʔ), with vb. rt. -ʔáa- in ʔotɔniʔá:h baby.

234. -atɔ́:nɔ- VB. RT. (—, -′ʔs, —), hold a Condolence Ceremony: hεnɔ́tɔ:nɔʔs they're holding a Condolence Ceremony; with dat. -′ʔs,ʔε:nɔtɔ́ :nɔʔs they'll hold a Condolence Ceremony (for someone); with nom., ʔatɔ́:nɔshæʔ Condolence Ceremony.

235. -atɔny- breathe: see -atɔ(:)wi- (242).

236. -atɔɔt- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έh), sing a Personal Chant (ʔatɔ:wεʔ): hotɔ:t he's singing a Personal Chant, hatɔ:thaʔ he sings a Personal Chant, wa:tɔ:tεʔ he sang a Personal Chant; with inst., hatɔ:táhkwak he used to use it as a Personal Chant.

237. -atɔskwi- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be wrinkled: ʔotɔ:- skwi:h it's wrinkled, honɔ́tɔskwi:h they're wrinkled; with nn. rt. -kɔ́hs(a)- and dist. -′syɔ-, hotkɔhsatɔ́skwisyɔʔ his face has wrinkles.

238. -atɔswéʔt- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-ε- and obj., be hungry: ʔakatoswéʔtanih I'm hungry; with neg. and repet., taʔɔsawakatɔ́sweʔtεʔ I'll never get hungry again.

239. -atɔt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), amount to (yields ordinal translation of a numeral): sε watɔ:thaʔ it amounts to three, it's the third, wis hatɔ:thaʔ he's the fifth; with dupl., eat together: teyɔkwatɔ:- tɔh we're eating together, tetwa:tɔ:t let's eat together!

240. -atɔtaikt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), with dupl. laugh loudly, guffaw: tewakatɔtaiktɔh I'm guffawing, ta:tɔtáikthaʔ he guffaws, ʔoʔthatɔta:ik he guffawed.

241. -atɔwε- see ʔatɔ:wεʔ (1975).

242. -atɔ(:)wi-/-atɔny- (before iter.), VB. RT. (-h, -éʔs, -′h), breathe: ʔakatɔ:wi:h I'm breathing, hatɔ:- nyeʔs he breathes, wa:tɔ:wiʔ he took a breath.

243. -atɔ́:witáʔt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), rock (back and forth): ʔakatɔ:wítaʔtɔh I'm rocking.

244. -atɔ́ʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), cause, provide, change into, become: ʔotɔ́ʔɔh it has caused it, etc., ʔεwɔ: tɔʔ it will cause it, ʔoʔwa:tɔʔ it changed into it; with vb. rt. -yáʔt(a)- and refl., honɔ́tyaʔta:tɔʔs their bodies are transformed; with prog., ʔotɔ́ʔɔ:- ɔtyeʔ it's becoming, changing into something; with repet., recover (from an illness): ʔεjɔ:tɔʔ she'll recover; with caus.-inst., watɔ́ʔɔsthaʔ it grows abundantly; ʔasté ʔεka:tɔʔ I'll go outside to the toilet; with sεhkeh and contr., sεhkeh thiyótɔʔɔh it's abnormal.

245. -atɔʔse-/-atɔʔs- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-h, —, -Ø), be available in abundance: jɔkwátɔʔse:h it's available to us in abundance again, we have enough of it for our wants, ʔe: otɔ: ʔs he'll have enough of it.

246. -atɔʔseʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be available in abundance: ʔakátɔʔse: ʔɔh it's available to me in abundance, I have enough of it for my use.

247. -atsέht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), become tired: ʔakátsεhtɔh I'm tired, hatsέthaʔ he gets tired, wa:atsεt he got tired.

248. -atsíh VB. STEM, be friends, ritual siblings: ʔaka:tsih my friend, my ritual sibling, ʔɔkwa:tsih we are friends, honɔ: tsih they are friends.

249. -atsihash(æ)- NN. RT., garters: ʔatsíhashæʔ [15.6] or, with anomalous -oʔo- (plur.ʔ) and spl. nn. suff. (ʔ), tewatsihásyɔʔɔ:ʔ garters, also Garter Dance. Cf. -hsin(ɔ)- and -(h/:)waha- (684 and 708).

250. -atsinɔnɔsk(æ)- NN. RT., splinter: ʔotsinɔnɔ: skæʔ splinter.

251. -atsiʔkwathw- VB. RT. (-′έh, -as, -óh), visit briefly: honɔ́tsiʔkwa:thwεh they've made a brief visit, waʔɔ́tsiʔkwa:thoʔ she visited briefly, dropped in for a short time.

252. -atsiʔwa(æ)- VB. RT. (-ʔ, -háʔ, -έh), watch, stare at: ʔakátsiʔwa: ʔ I've been watching, staring at it, hatsíʔwahaʔ he watches, ʔoʔkátsiʔwa: εʔ I watched it; with trans, -′:n-, ʔεtwatsiʔwǽ:nɔʔ we'll go and look at it.

253. -atwεnowe- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), ridicule, make fun of: hotwεno:we:h he's ridiculing it.

254. -atwεnɔt- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-hás-, wish someone well: wa:katwέnɔthas he wished me well; with cont., tεkɔyatwεnɔtáni:ak I'll be wishing you well.

255. -atwεnɔtaksh(æ)- NN. RT., hope, a wishing for the best: ʔatwεnɔta:kshæʔ hope. Cf. -atwεnɔt- (254).

256. -atwεtéht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), lend: ʔakatwε-téhtɔh I've lent it, ʔoʔkatwε:tet I lent it; with dat. -ni-/-ε-, heyatwεtéhtani:h I've lent it to him.

257. -aty- be apart, separated: see -at(C)e- (149).

258. -aty-/-atyε- (before dat.), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -éʔs, -íh), with obj. and cisloc. or transloc., throw: hewaka- tyɔ:h I've thrown it, he:otyeʔs he throws it; with dat. -′ʔse-/-′ʔs-, thakátyεʔse:h he has thrown it to me, ta:katyεʔs he threw it to me.

259. -atyaækhɔsh(æ)- NN. RT., feast for the dead: ʔatyǽ:khɔ:shæʔ feast for the dead (in general), Tenth Day Feast, One Year Feast; with augment., ʔatyæ:khɔ́shæʔko:wa:h Condolence Ceremony.

260. -atyáhkw (a)- NN. RT., spot, dot: with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)-, ʔotyáhkwa: ʔ it has a spot in (or on) it; with dist., ʔotyáhkwεɔnyoʔ it has spots.

261. -atyake- VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -′h), urinate: ʔakatyake:h I'm urinating, hatya :kes he urinates, ʔoʔkatyakeʔ I urinated.

262. -atyanɔ́ht- VB. RT. (-Ø, -ɔ́ʔs, —), be funny: ʔotya:-nɔt it's funny; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, ʔoti:- watyánɔhtɔʔs funny stories; with dimin., be cute: hotyánɔtʔah he's cute.

263. -atyanɔ́ʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -k), poison: kotyánɔʔɔh she is poisoned, honɔtyanɔʔs it poisons them, waʔakotya:nɔʔk it poisoned her; with dist. -′ʔ cause to dream: ʔɔkatyanɔ́ʔsyɔ: ʔ it made me dream.

264. -atyáshw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), notify, invite: yɔtyáswas she notifies, ʔεyɔ́tyashoʔ she will notify.

265. -atyaʔtawíʔsh(æ)- NN. RT., smock: ʔatyaʔtawíʔ- shæʔ smock.

266. -atye- PROGRESSIVE [17.1, 17.3]

267. -atyeænέʔt- NN. RT., hoof: ʔotyeænέʔtaʔ hoof

268. -atyeǽʔt- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be weak, submissive, incompetent: ʔotye:æʔt it's weak, etc.; with nn. rt. -ʔnikɔ́(ε)- and refl. -ah-, sahníkɔεtye: æʔt your mind is submissive.

279. -atyeɔ- VB. RT. (—, —, -h), happen unexpectedly or accidentally to: ʔɔkatye:ɔʔ it happened to me unexpectedly, I had an accident, also it served me right; with even., hotyéɔsʔɔh it has finally happened to him by accident; with nom., ʔatyéɔ- shæʔ accident; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w- and obj., have an accident: wáoti:watye:ɔʔ he had an accident; ʔati:watyéɔshæʔ accident; with caus.-inst. -′st-, ʔakatyéɔstɔh it has happened to me unexpectedly.

270. -atyeʔníht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), get enough: ʔakatyeʔníhtɔh I have enough, hatyéʔnithaʔ he gets enough, wá:tyeʔnit he got enough; with nn. rt. -(h/:)wíst(a)- and refl., waenɔthwistatyéʔnit they got enough money.

271. -atyε- throw: see -aty- (258).

272. -atyεεkwáh- VB. RT. (—, —,-Ø), become suddenly aware: ʔoʔkatyε:kwah the first thing I knew.

273. -atyέεthw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), with cisloc., pull: twakátyε: εthwεh I've pulled it, thatyέ:- thwas he pulls it, tasátyε: εthoh pull it!; with caus. I -′ht-, jerk: thotyε:thwáhtɔh he has jerked it, tasátyε: εthwat jerk it!; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w- and transloc., heki:watyέ: thwas I take hold of and follow the tradition.

274. -atyóh VB. STEM, be brothers-in-law or sisters-in-law: ʔakya: tyoh we (excl. du.) are brothers-in-law or sisters-in-law, yatyoh your brother-in-law, sister-in-law.

275. -atyoɔ- VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, -h), kill: ʔakatyo:ɔʔ I've killed it, ʔoʔkatyo:ɔʔ I killed it.

276. -atyowe- VB. RT., with augment, in shakotyo-wéhko:wa:h, name of the false-face prototype; meaning unclear but possibly defend, protect, so that the name would mean the great one who defends people.

277. -atʔεsh(æ)- NN. RT., pile, stack, cord (of wood): ʔotʔe:shæʔ pile, stack, cord; with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔoʔtkátʔεsyo:tεʔ I piled it up, made a pile.

278. -aw- OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.8]

279. -awaji-/-aji- (incorp. and after neut.), VB. RT.(-h, -′s or -′ʔs, -′h), become dark, black: wa:ji:h it's dark: ʔotkwέhtæ:ji:h dark red; wεta:jis it's getting dark, evening; with inch. I -′ʔhéʔ-, wajíʔheʔs it gets dark; with plur., wajíshɔʔɔh things are dark.

280. -awak- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), sift: ʔakawakɔh I've sifted it, yɔ:wa:s she's sifting it, ʔoʔka:wa:k I sifted it; with caus. I -t-, yɔwɔ:kthaʔ or yεwɔ:- kthaʔ sifter, sieve; with nn. rt. -aʔkέ(ε)-, yɔʔkέ:- wɔ:kthaʔ ash sifter.

281. -′awák have as one's child: see -′(h)awák (515).

282. -awase-/-ase- (incorp. and after neut.), VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), be new, young: wa:se:ʔ it's new; ʔakawase: ʔ mine is new; with nn. rt. -ɔkweʔt(a)-, hɔkwéʔtase: ʔ young man, lit. he's a young person; with nn. rt. -yέʔkw(a)-, ʔoyέʔkwase:ʔ new tobacco; with inch. I -′ʔhέʔ-, ʔakawaséʔheʔɔh I've gotten a new one.

283. -aweoʔt(a)- pipe: see -eoʔt(a)- (396).

284. -aweɔ- see -nέʔt(a)- (1166).

285. .-awethaǽh-/-awethah- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), put between: ʔakáwetha:hɔh I've put it between, hawéthæ:s he puts it between, ʔoʔkáwe- tha:ah I put it between; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, kaiwawéthahɔh Inserted Message (name of a ritual speech at Cattaraugus Reservation); with nn. rt. -(C)εn(ɔ)-, kaenɔwéthahɔh Inserted Song (a ceremony).

286. -awéʔs(æ)- NN. RT., cover, lid: ʔowéʔsæʔ cover, lid; ʔoʔkáweʔsæ:koʔ I took the lid off; with vb. rt. -′(h)(æ)- and inch. II, cover (vb.): ʔakaweʔsǽ:ɔh I've covered it; plus refl., ʔakatawéʔseɔh I'm covered up; plus vb. rt. -′(h/:)yatɔ- and nom., ʔεkhyatɔshǽweʔsæh I'll cover it with paper.

287. -awε- VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), belong to: ʔaka:wεh it belongs to me, ho: wεh it belongs to him; with plur., ʔakawεshɔ́ʔɔh my belongings; with caus.-inst., ʔεyakowέstheʔt it will become hers.

288. -awέet- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), put up, put over: ʔakáwε:εtɔh I've put it up, over, hawέ:thaʔ he's putting it up (e.g., pitching hay), ʔoʔkáwε:εt I put it up; with refl., ʔoʔwatawέ:εt it went up, climbed over; with dist. -ɔ-, (ʔo)táwε: εtɔʔ otter (Lutra canadensis), seal (Phoca vitulina, etc.); táwε:εtɔʔ ʔoεnɔʔ Otter Dance.

289. -awέhte- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), supplement: ʔowέhteʔ there's something supplementing it; with caus. II, add to: ʔakáwεhta:tɔh I've added to it.

290. -awεnye- VB. RT. (-h, -′h or -′s, -h), usually with dupl., stir, move about: teyɔkwatawεnye:h we are moving about, teyɔwεnyeh she stirs it, tε:nɔwε:- nyes they're stirring, also (obsolescent) they're working in the garden; tɔ́: sa: tawε: nye: ʔ he might move about again; with trans. -′ʔh-, tesawεnyéʔ- hah go and stir it!

291. -awέ(ɔ)-flower: see -έ(ɔ)- (457).

292. -awi- carry: see -′(h)aw(C)i- (516).

293. -awi-/-ɔ- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -′h), give: haka:wi:h he has given it to me, khe:wístawis I give them money, ʔoʔkhe:yɔʔ I gave it to them; with cisloc., give temporarily, hand (something to someone): takhe:yɔʔ I handed it to them; with refl., give away; ʔoʔka:tɔʔ I gave it away; with nn. rt. -ashet(a)- and dist. -′ʔhɔ-, ʔoʔkheyashe- tawíʔhɔ:ʔ I gave them numbers.

294. -awihsáʔ-/-awísʔa- (before iter, and impv.)/-ihsáʔ-/ -ísʔa- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -′s, -h), create, complete, ripen: (with refl.) ʔotawihsáʔɔh it's ripened; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, hoyaʔtihsáʔɔh he has completed the bodies (ref. to the Creator); with nn. rt. -(h)εt(a)-, refl., and dist. -hɔ-, waεnɔthε- tihsáʔhɔ:ʔ they finished their planting.

295. -awine- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ʔs, -′h), with nn. rt. -yáʔt-, creep, crawl: watyáʔtawi: neʔ it's crawling, watyáʔ- tawi:neʔs it crawls; with cisloc., tawátyaʔtawi:- neʔ it's creeping this way.

296. -awísʔa- create, complete: see -awihsáʔ- (294).

297. -awiyo-/-iyo- (incorp. and after neut. w-), VB. RT. (-h, -′ʔs, —), be good, beautiful: wi:yo:h it's good; with nn. rt. -έ(ɔ)-, ʔawέ:iyo:h beautiful flower, ʔawέ:iyoʔs beautiful flowers; with inch. I -′ʔhéʔ-, ʔowiyoʔhéʔɔh it has become good, ʔakawiyóʔ- heʔɔh mine has become good; with nn. rt. -ʔnikɔ́-, caus.-inst., and inst., ʔɔkwaʔnikɔiyóstahkɔh it makes us happy.

298. -á:y(a)- NN. RT., fruit, berry: ʔo:yaʔ fruit, berry; with vb. rt. -nɔke-, wa:yanɔkeʔ berries are present in abundance; with vb. rt. -ki-, ʔo:ya:kiʔ berry water (ceremonial mixture of berries and water); with vb. rt. -aji-, ʔo:ya:jiʔ huckleberry, blueberry (Vaccinium sp.); with vb. rt. -(C)ik- [ʔ], wa:ya:is muskmelon (Cucumis melo); with vb. rt. -óʔyak-, caus. I -t-, and refl., yɔtá:yoʔ- ya: kthaʔ yellow wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria); with vb. rt. -(C)eó-, spl. nn. suff., and refl. [15.6], ʔata:yéoɔʔ Strawberry Ceremony, lit. the gathering in of berries.

299. -ayáʔt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), put in, keep in: ʔakáyaʔtɔh I've got it in (something), hoʔsa:yaʔt put it in there!

300. -aʔ- NN. RT., creature, living thing: with vb. rt. -sʔáa-, niwáʔsʔa:h or niwεnɔʔsʔá:h small creatures, niεnɔʔsʔá:h small people; with vb. rt. -owa-, ʔoʔo:wa:ʔ [26.4] owl, moth, owl-shaped brooch; plus dimin., ʔoʔówaʔah owl-shaped brooch; ʔoʔo:- wá:ʔ ʔoʔnɔʔ silver fern, lit. owl's arrow.
INDICATIVE [25.5]

301. -áʔ ITERATIVE [5.8–9, 13.11]
PUNCTUAL [8.2]

302. -′áʔ ITERATIVE [5.8–9]

303. -aʔ(a)- step: see -(h)aʔ(a)- (522).

304. -aʔáa-/-sʔáa- (after some nn. rts.)/-ʔáa-(after some nn. rts.), VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), with part., be small: niwáʔa:h it's small, niyakaʔá:h she's small [6.7]; nikakɔhsáʔa:h small face; niahsɔhkæ:sʔá:h he has small lips; nikajiʔtáʔsʔa:h small birds; see also -atɔni- (233). Cf. -akwaʔsʔáa- (78).

305. -áʔa(æ)- NN. RT., veil, netting: ʔotáʔæ: ʔ veil, netting; with vb. rt. -o-, ʔotáʔeoɔh it's covered with a veil (ref. to mythical source of the wind); with vb. rt. -t- and dist., ʔotáʔæ:tɔʔ cobweb; with vb. rt. -(C) (æ)- and dist., tewáʔæ:ɔʔ lacrosse (stick or game), lit. nettings on them.

306. -aʔεn(ɔ)- NN. RT., pole, stick, bow, yard (measure): ʔoʔε:nɔʔ pole, waʔε:nɔʔ bow; with vb. rt. -ake-, sε niyóʔεnɔ:ke:h three yards; with vb. rt. -ʔe-, waʔέnɔʔe:ʔ Strike-the-Stick Dance; with vb. rt. -ot-, yɔʔέnothaʔ pole bean; plus inst., yɔʔεno- táhkwaʔ beanpole; with vb. rt. -′(h)e-, refl., and dupl., tεhsataʔέnɔεʔ you will hem the top of the basket.

307. -áʔha(æ)- VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), with dupl., protrude through an opening: tewáʔha:ʔ it's protruding through an opening; with inch. I -′ʔ-, tewáʔhæ:ʔs it keeps sticking out; with nn. rt. -kɔ́hs(a)-, ʔoʔthakɔhsáʔhæ: ʔt his face appeared in the opening; with nn. rt. -nɔ́ʔε(ε)- and prog., nɔʔtekhnɔʔέ:ʔhæ:tyeʔs how my head keeps protruding.

308. -aʔhɔt(æ)-/-aʔhɔty- (before dist.), VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έh), attach, put together: ʔakáʔhɔ:t I've attached something to it, haʔhɔ: thaʔ he's putting it together, ʔoʔkáʔhɔtεʔ I attached something to it; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, ʔε:ni:wáʔhɔtεʔ they'll take up the matter; with dist. -ɔ-, ʔakáʔhɔtyɔʔ I've attached things, added one thing after another; with oppos. I and dupl., come apart: ʔoʔtwátaʔhɔtækoʔ it came apart.

309. -aʔíst- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -há, -Ø), with dupl., run into, make a hole in, pierce, puncture, cause pleurisy: tewakaʔístɔh I've run into it, made a hole in it, gotten pleurisy; with nn. rt.-(h)ɔt(a)-or-(y)ɔt(a)-, tεɔtíɔtaʔis they're going to make a hole in the tree; with inst., teyɔʔistáhkwaʔ tool for making holes, drill, auger.

310. -áʔk- break, cut: see -yáʔk- (1866).

311. -aʔka(æ)- rely on: see -(C)æʔkae- (358).

312. -aʔkáht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), pierce, stab, peck: ʔakáʔkahtɔh I've pierced it, etc., haʔkáthaʔ he pierces it, ʔoʔkáʔkat I pierced it; with inst., yɔʔkáhtahkwaʔ punch, pick.

313. -áʔket- bend: see -asháʔktɔ- (95)

314. -aʔkέ(ε)- NN. RT., ashes, powder, dust: ʔoʔkε:ʔ ashes, powder, dust; with vb. rt. -ʔε-, ʔoʔkέ:ʔε:ʔ the color of ashes, gray.

315. -aʔkεt(a)-flute: see -(h)aʔkεt(a)- (523).

316. -aʔkóhs(a)- NN. RT., group: waʔkóhso:t there's a group standing; ʔoʔkóhsaʔ a kind of weed(ʔ); with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)-, ʔoʔkóhsa:ʔ verse (e.g., a biblical verse).

317. -áʔktɔ-, -aʔktɔ- bend: see -asháʔktɔ- (95).

318. -aʔs- NN. RT., ear: with vb. rt. -wek- and dist., teyɔkwatáʔswekhɔʔ we're closing our ears; with -wek- and neg., tá:ʔswe:kɔh he's deaf, lit. his ears aren't whole.

319. -áʔsε-/-ε- (incorp.), VB. RT.: with caus. I -′ht-, drop, make fall, knock down: ʔakáʔsεhtɔh I've dropped it; plus nn. rt. -ʔhosh(æ)- and cisloc., thoʔhóshεhtɔh he's dropped the ball; plus vb. rt. -nɔke- and nom., waʔakonɔ́keshεt it knocked down their house; with inch. I -′ʔ- fall: waʔsεʔs it falls; plus nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)- and transloc., hoʔkáyaʔtεʔt its body fell in there; with dat. -′ʔse-/-′ʔs- and obj., drop inadvertently: ʔakáʔsεʔse :h I've dropped it inadvertently; plus nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, ʔɔkwaiwέʔse:h we've accidentally omitted the matter; with refl. and caus. I, reject: waɔkatáʔsεt they rejected me; with nn. rt. -ɔ́εj(a)- and dist. -′ʔsyɔ-, tyɔεjέʔsyɔ:ʔ sunken areas of land, Sugar Grove, Pa.

320. -aʔskwíhs(a)- NN. RT., ax: ʔaʔskwíhsaʔ ax; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- and inst., teyoʔskwihsɔ́tahkɔh double bitted ax. Cf. -aʔtkwíhs- (326).

321. -aʔswáht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), put out a fire: ʔakáʔswahtɔh I've put out the fire, haʔswáthaʔ he puts out fires, fireman, saʔswat put out the fire!

322. -aʔswatɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), build a dam: waʔswa:tɔʔ dam, ʔεthέnɔʔswa:tɔ:ʔ they will build a dam there, thεnɔ́ʔswatɔ:h let them build a dam there!; with trans. -′ :n- and purp., hεnɔʔ- swatɔ́:neʔ they intend to build a dam

323. -áʔt(a)- core: see -(h)áʔt(a)- (526).

324. -aʔtaíε-/-aʔtaí(a)- (comb.)/-taíε-/-taí(a)- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be hot, warm: ʔoʔtáiε:h it's hot; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)- and caus. I -′ʔt-, ʔɔkwayaʔtataiáʔthaʔ it makes us warm, heater, stove; with inch. II, tεtyoʔtáiεh it will get warm again there; with nom., ʔoʔtaiέshæʔ sweat.

325. -aʔtíh-/-aʔtí- (before desc.)/-aʔti- (comb.)/-íh-/-í-/-i- (incorp. with some nn. rts.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, -Ø), lean: ʔakáʔtiɔh I've leaned it; waεnɔthɔ́wɔʔtih they leaned their boat against it; tεkáhjih I'll lean on my hands; with nom., ʔatáʔtishæʔ [15.6] cane, ʔεkataʔtísyoi:tεʔ I'll use my cane, lit. stand up my cane; with inch. I -heʔ, ʔoʔwáʔtiheʔt it came to lean against it; with nn. rt. -yáʔt- arrive: ʔoʔkyáʔtaʔti:heʔt I arrived; with dist. -′hsɔ-, waεnɔthɔwɔʔtíhsɔ: ʔ they leaned their boats against it.

326. -aʔtkwíhs(a)- NN. RT., ax: ʔaʔtkwíhsaʔ ax. Cf. -aʔskwíhs(a)- (320).

327. -aʔwasha(æ)- NN. RT., earring: ʔaʔwáshæ:ʔ earring.

328. -aʔwεt- VB. RT., with caus. Ill, kill a number of people or animals, massacre: hoʔwε:thwεh he's killed them, haʔwε:thwas he kills them; with nn. rt. -ij(C)(a)-, wáεjaʔwε:thoʔ he killed fish; with inch. I -′ʔ- die: koʔwέtaʔɔh she's dead, hεnɔ́ʔ- wε: taʔs they're dying off.

329. -aʔy(a)- NN. RT., anus: with vb.rt.-káεt-,ʔoʔyáka:- εt anus, also a kind of squash; with vb. rt. -aji-, saʔya:jih black anus! (an insult).

330. -æ- OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.7]

331. -′æse- MASCULINE [8.7, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5]

332. -(C)æ- NN. RT., wind: with vb. rt. -te-, ʔo:æteʔ wind; with vb. rt. -ʔhaste-, kǽ: ʔhasteʔ strong wind; with vb. rt. -(C) (æ)-, kæ :.haʔ the wind is blowing, ʔoʔkæ:εʔ the wind blew; with vb. rt. -awεnye-, teyoæwε:nye:h the breeze is stirring.

333. -(C)(æ)- (æ comb, only) /-(y)- (before dist.), VB. RT. (-ʔ, -há -έh), put in, incorporate in: ʔi:ka:ʔ [6.11] it's in it; with nn. rt. -′(h/:)nek(a)-, ʔo:ne:ka:ʔ there's water in it, ha: nekahaʔ he puts water in it, wá: neka: εʔ he put water in it; with nn. rt. -jihsɔ́ʔt(a)-, kajíhsɔʔta:ʔ there's a star in (the sky); plus double dist. -ɔ-nyɔ-, kaj íhsɔʔtεɔnyɔh [14.4] there are stars in it; with oppos. I, take out, choose: hæ:kwas he's taking it out, choosing it; plus refl., turn aside: ʔoʔkatækoʔ I turned aside; with inst., yǽ:hkwaʔ [27.2] or kǽ:hkɔh it's used, to put something in, container; with inch. I -′ʔ- get into: ʔo:nekǽ: ʔɔh water has gotten into it; plus obj., catch (a disease): ʔɔkæʔt I caught it; plus refl. and dupl., meet: ʔoʔthya:tæʔt they (du.) met.

334. -ǽh IMPERATIVE [5.10–11, 13.14]

335. -ǽhkw(a)- bread: see -(h)ǽhkw(a)- (529).

336. -(C)ǽhkw(a)- NN. RT., sun, moon: with vb. rt. -(C) (æ)-, kǽhkwa:ʔ sun, moon, (with dimin.) hekǽ:hkwa:ʔah afternoon; with vb. rt. -itkε-, inch. I, and cisloc., tkǽ:hkwitkεʔs the east, lit. the sun emerges there; with vb. rt. -ε-, inch. I, and transloc., hekǽ:hkwεʔs the west, lit. the sun drops there; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)-, inst., and neg., teʔkæ:hkwǽ:hkɔh the north (obsolescent), lit. the sun isn't there; with vb. rt. -áhtɔ(:)- and inch. I, ʔεkæ:hkwáhtɔʔt eclipse, lit. the sun or moon will disappear; with vb. rt. -(C)ænye- and refl., menstruate: kotǽhkwæ: nye:h she's menstruating.

337. -ǽht- pass by: see -′(h)ǽht- (530).

338. -(C)æhtá:ne- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be itchy: with nn. rt. -aʔεn(ɔ)-, koʔenέ:hta:neʔ (næ:>nε:) poison ivy (Rhus radicans), (but ʔakáʔεnε: ʔɔh I've got poison ivy); with nn. rt. -(h) εhta(æ)-, thεhtsǽ:hta:neʔ caterpillar.

339. -æhw- pass through one phase: see -′(h)æhw- (531).

340. -(C)ǽit-/-(h)ǽit- (after some prefs.), VB. RT. (-Ø, -έh), tree, plant a tree: kæ:it tree, ʔoʔkhǽ:- itεʔ I planted a tree; with dist. -ɔ-, kæ:tɔʔ trees; with refl., ʔakátæ:it my tree; with cont., ʔεkǽ:- itaʔk the tree will always be there, ʔεwɔkathǽ :itaʔk my tree will always be there.

341. -(C)ækεnye-/-kεnye- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -′, -h), roll roughly, maul: ʔakækεnye:h I've rolled it, mauled it, ʔεkækεnye: ʔ I'll maul it; with nn. rt. -ij(C)(a)-, hεjakεnyeh he's rolling the fish, cleaning it.

342. -(C)ækɔ́ew- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -h), wipe: ʔakǽkɔ:- ewεh I've wiped it, hǽ:kɔ:ewas he's wiping it, sækɔ́:eh wipe it!

343. -(C)ækwaht(a)-, NN. RT., palm of the hand, sole of the foot: ʔóækwahtaʔ palm, sole, kækwáhtaʔkeh on my palm, sole.

344. -(C)ænǽhto- give someone a black eye: var. of -(C) ænɔ́hto- (347).

345. -(C)æn(ɔ)- NN. RT., sap, nectar: ʔoænɔʔ sap, nectar. (Not identical with ʔowæ:nɔʔ; see the following.)

346. -(C)æn(ɔ)-/-wæn(ɔ)- (after o)/-yæn(ɔ)- (after i), NN. RT., sugar, maple sugar, candy: ʔowæ:nɔʔ sugar, etc.; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, be sweet: ʔowænɔeʔ it's sweet; with vb. rt. -kέʔ-, ʔowænɔkέʔɔh it's sweetened; with vb. rt. -ki-, ʔowænɔkiʔ sap, syrup; with vb. rt. -ot-, tap a tree: hatiyæno:thaʔ they're tapping the trees; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, kæ:nɔ:nih honeybee, honey.

347. -(C)ænɔ́hto- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′áʔ -h), with dupl., give someone a black eye: tewakænɔ́htoʔ I have a black eye, ʔoʔthakænɔ́hto:ʔ he gave me a black eye. Var. -(C) ænǽhto- (344).

348. -(C)ænɔwε- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be wet: ʔoænɔwε:h it's wet, damp.

349. -(C)ænye-/-kaænye- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -′h, -h), rub: ʔakæ:nye:h I've rubbed it, kεʔnyakæ:nyeh I'm rubbing it with my hand, ʔoʔtkatέ:hsiʔtakæ:- nye:ʔ I rubbed it with my feet; with vb. rt. -ahsíʔt(a)- and refl., ʔε:hsíʔtakæ:nye:ʔ [15.6] or ʔέ: skæ: nye: ʔ Women's Shuffle Dance; plus augment.,ʔε:skæ:nyέʔko:Wa:h Great Shuffle Dance; ʔε: skæ: nye: ʔ kaεnɔkáyɔkha: ʔ Old-Fashioned Shuffle Dance, lit. old song type; ʔεwεnέ:- skæ:nye:ʔ they'll dance ʔέ:skæ:nye:ʔ;also ʔεwεnέɔskæ:nye:ʔ.

350. -æt- CAUSATIVE II [13.5]

351. -(C)æt- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έh), get on, perch: ka:at [5.4] it's on it; with refl., watæ:thaʔ it perches, ʔoʔwatætεʔ it perched; with inst., yɔtǽtahkwaʔ saddle; with dist. -ɔ-, watiætɔʔ they're on it in several places; evidently this rt. with inch. I -′ʔ- kæ: taʔs kind of duck that perches in a tree (would expect ka:ataʔs).

352. -(C)ætahs(a)- NN. RT., heel: ʔóætahsaʔ heel, kætáhsaʔkeh on my heel.

353. -(C)ætnεʔt(a)- NN. RT., fern: ʔóætnεʔtaʔ fern.

354. -(C)ætyeht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø:), with transloc., go with: heyoætye:htɔh it has gone with it; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, hεkáʔtæ:tye:t I'll go with it, go along.

355. -(C)æwist(a)- NN. RT., peeling, bat: ʔóæwistaʔ peeling, bat; with vb. rt. -′(h)-, dist., and dupl., tekælig;:wístaɔh birch (Betula sp.), lit. peelings on it.

356. -(C)æyaʔtáhkw- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -á -Ø), tease: ʔakæyaʔtáhkɔh I'm teasing it, hæ:yaʔtáhkwaʔ he teases it, ʔoʔkæyaʔtak I teased it.

357. -ǽʔ PUNCTUAL [8.2] catch up: see -(h) ǽʔ- (533).

358. -(C)æʔkae-/-(C)æʔka(æ)- (comb.)/-aʔka(æ)- (var- after refl.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be leaning against: ʔóæʔkaeʔ or wǽ:ʔkaeʔ (cf. [27.3]) it's leaning against it; with caus. I -′ht-, ʔoʔkǽʔkæ:t [3.6] I leaned it against it; with caus. I and refl., rely on: ʔakatæʔkǽ:htɔh or ʔakataʔkǽ:htɔh I'm relying on it; with caus.-inst. and refl., ʔεwɔtæʔ- kǽistak it will be reliable; with inst., kǽ:kaehkɔh something that can be relied on.

359. -(C)æʔneka(æ)-, VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -ɔ́s, -h), with dupl., tear apart: tewákæʔnekεɔh I've torn it apart, tǽ: ʔnekεɔs [27.2] he tears it to pieces, ʔoʔtkǽne ka: ʔ I tore it apart; with refl., explode: ʔoʔtwátæʔ- ne :ka: ʔ it exploded.

360. -(C)æʔnekε-/-nekε- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), with dupl., put together: tewákæʔne:kε:h I've put them together; tεɔwotíæʔne :kε: ʔ they'll put them together, arrange a marriage; with refl., tε:- yátæʔne:kε:ʔ they (du.) will be put together, be married; with caus.-inst., tewakæʔnékεstɔh I've put them together; with trans, -′hs- and refl., teyɔtæʔnékεhseʔs she keeps going and getting married; with nn. rt. -(h)á(a)-, dist. -′syɔ-, and refl., watha:nékεsyɔʔ roads close together, but see dist. -′: nɔ- with nn. rt. -atá-.

361. -(C)æʔnεtak-/-nεtak- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), stick on, attach: óæʔnεta:kɔh it's stuck on, ʔoʔkǽnε:ta:k I stuck it on; with cisloc., tyóæʔnε:ta:s it's sticky; with caus. I -t-, kǽ: ʔnεta:ktɔh it's attached to it; with nn. rt. -nɔkt(a)-, honɔ́ktanεtakɔh he's confined to bed, bedridden.

362. -(C) æʔnieʔ VB. STEM, have as sister-in-law (used only by a man): ʔakǽʔni:eʔ my sister-in-law.

363. -(C)æʔnɔhs(a)- NN. RT., tongue: kæʔnɔ́hsaʔkeh (on) my tongue.

364. -æʔɔhs(a)- sunflower; var. of -εʔɔhs(a)- (482).

365. -ǽʔt(a)-, feather: see -(h)ǽʔt(a)- (535).

366. -(C)ǽʔtheh- VB. RT. (—,—, -Ø), persist: ʔoʔkǽʔ- the:h I persisted, made sure I finished it.

367. -(C)ǽʔthe- VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -′h), climb: hóæʔthε:h he has climbed, hǽ:ʔthεs he climbs, ʔoʔkǽʔthεʔ I climbed.

368. -e- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ʔs, -′h), walk, go: ʔi:keʔ [6.11] I'm walking, ʔieʔ he's walking; ʔi:keʔs I'm walking around, also I'm here, present; ʔεya:khneʔ we (excl. du.) will walk, go; with direct, and transloc., hewake:nɔ:h I've gone there; with direct., cisloc., and part., nithawe:nɔ:h how he has come from there.
(-h, —, -h), think, believe, decide: ʔi:ke :h I think, believe; ʔi:eh he thinks; ʔoʔke: ʔ I thought, decided .be separate entities, var. of -ake- (74): with nn. rt.
-(C)í:w(a)-, haʔteyóiwe:h everything.
DATIVE [13.12]
FIRST PERSON [11.6]
INDICATIVE [21.9, 24.2, 25.5]
close: see -εɔ́ʔek- (464).

369. -′e- MASCULINE [11.15, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5] arrive ref. to time: see -′(h)e- (541).

370. -(C)e-/-(C)- (before imp v.), VB. RT. (-ʔ, -háʔ, -έh), put in: ho:eʔ he has put it in; haehaʔ he puts it in; ʔisεh [6.11] put it in!; wa:εʔ he put it in; with inst., teyóehkɔh putty or rags for stuffing cracks, calking.

371. -(C)e(æ)- NN. RT., cornstalk: ʔoeæʔ cornstalk, also swamp saxifrage (Micranthes pennsylvanica); with charact., ʔóeæʔke:kha: ʔ cornstalk bean.

372. -(C)eé- gather together: see -(C)eéek- (373).

373. -(C) eéek-/-(C)eé- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), gather together, gather in: hatí:es they're gathering things together; with nn. rt. -ʔnst(a)-, hatiʔnisté:es they're gathering in corn; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)- and refl., honɔtyaʔté: ɔh they've gathered together; without refl., waotiyaʔté:ek it gathered them together; with trans, -h- and purp., ʔakwata:yé:kheʔ we're going to gather in berries, hold the Strawberry Dance. Var. -(C)eóek-/ -(C)eó- (394).

374. -eéht- shout: see -(h)eéht- (542).

375. -éey- die: see -íey- (749).

376. -eeyɔ́ʔt(a)- NN. RT., corpse: ʔawe:y6ɔ́ʔtaʔ corpse; with vb. rt. -k(C)ε-, wé:yɔʔta:kεs the corpse stinks.

377. -(C)eh- VB. RT., with dat. -′hse-/-′s-, place food before, serve: hakɔekáhseh. he's placing food before them, serving them, ʔεkhe:has I'll serve them.

378. -ehe- VB. RT., want, think of: with prog., sehe:tyeʔ what do you wantʔ; with cont., ʔεkéhe:ak I'll be thinking of it.

379. -ehɔs VB. STEM, be related as son-in-law to parents-in-law: ʔakhne:hɔ:s we (excl. du.) are related as son-in-law to parent-in-law, ʔakwe:hɔ:s we (excl. pl.) are so related.

380. -eht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), with cisloc., come from somewhere: twake:htɔh I've come from there; with transloc., go somewhere: hoʔke:t I went there; with inst., hewakehtáhkɔh the way I've gone there; with contr., do something intentionally: thiwá- kehtɔh I've done it on purpose.

381. -éht(a)- dirt: see -(h)éht(a)- (545).

382. -′ejεɔ-/-′ejaɔ- coax: see -′(h)ejεɔ- (546).

383. -ek- VB. RT. (-έh, —, —), in hewe:kεh that's all that's left to do.

384. -ek CONTINUATIVE [18.1, 18.3]

385. -′ek- VB. RT., with nn. rt. -wεn(ɔ)-, dist. -hɔ-, and dupl., reject someone's proposal: ʔoʔthewεnɔ́- ekhɔ: ʔ I rejected his proposal.

386. -ekέ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be the mouth of a stream: ʔawékεɔh it's the mouth of a stream; with transloc., heyawekέɔh the mouth of the stream is there.

387. -′en- cut: see -′(h) en- (547).

388. -enε- make fall: see -ʔhnyenε- (2005).

389. -enɔ- VB. RT. (-ʔ, — —), be different: with dupl., tewe:nɔ:ʔ it's different; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, kyaʔte:nɔ:ʔ I'm different; with inch. I -′ʔhéʔ-, ʔoʔtwénoʔheʔt it became different.

390. -en(ɔ)- ridge: see -(h)en(ɔ)- (548).

391. -é:n(ɔ)- bundle: see -(h)é:n(ɔ)- (549).

392. -(C)eó- gather together: see -(C)eéek- (373).

393. -éoék VB. STEM, in ʔawéoek thorn, hawthorn (Crataegus sp.). Cf.-έ(ɔ)-(456).

394. -(C)eóek- gather together: var. of -(C)eéek- (373).

395. -éohkw(a)- NN. RT., in ʔóeohkwaʔ vegetable matter floating on water, algae, sweetflag (Acorus calamus); with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔóeohko:t cattail (Typha latifolia). Cf. -έ(ɔ)- and -o- (457 and 1361).

396. -eoʔt(a)-/-aweoʔt(a)- (incorp.), NN. RT., pipe, conduit, stovepipe, lamp chimney: ʔawéoʔtaʔ pipe, etc., also sweetflag (Acorus calamus); with vb. rt. -ɔtaǽh-, hεnɔwéoʔtɔta:as they're putting in a pipe.

397. -′eoʔt(a)- gun: see -′(h)eoʔt(a)- (551).

398. -es- be long: see -ɔs- (1470).

399. -eso-/-weso- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be much, many: we:soʔ it's a lot; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, ʔóiwawe:soʔ many things; with nn. rt. -jihsɔ́ʔt(a)-, ʔojíhsɔʔtawe:soʔ many stars.

400. -et- CAUSATIVE II [13.5]

401. ′etkε- be bad: see -′(h)etkε- (552).

402. -′ewáht- punish: see -′(h)ewáht- (554).

403. -ey-, FIRST PERSON [11.6]

404. -eyɔ́ʔt(a)- ref. to sick people: see -(h)eyɔ́ʔt(a)- (556).

405. -éʔ PURPOSIVE [13.15]

406. -′éʔ- INCHOATIVE I [13.8]

407. -eʔɔ- VB. RT. (-′h, —, -h), decide, intend, ordain: hawe: ʔɔh he has ordained it; with neg., taʔákeʔɔ: ʔ [27.5] I didn't intend it.

408. -éʔs ITERATIVE [5.8–9, 13.14]

409. -ε- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -ɔ́s, -h), with obj., leave something: hawε:ɔs he leaves some, ʔɔkε:ʔ I left some; with recip., swatatε:ɔh you who are left. (before desc., and after fem. before impv.)/-atɔ- (before iter.) /-i- (before impv. otherwise) /-εɔ- (comb.), VB. RT. (-h, -′h, -′h), say: ʔa:kε:h I've said it, ha:tɔh he says it, ʔoʔkiʔ I said it; with dat. -′hse-/-′ɔ́s-, ʔakέɔhse:h I've said to it; with caus. I -′ʔt- and inst., yɔtɔ́ʔtahkwaʔ lit. people use it for saying, ref. to recitation of chiefs' names in Condolence Ceremony; with irregular fem. -ʔak-/-yak- before -e- and punc., waʔa:kεʔ she said it, na:yakεʔ what people might say.
DATIVE [13.12]
FUTURE [22.4–5, 25.2]
OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.7]
drop, fall: see -áʔse- (319).

410. -ε-/-εt(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, -h), establish: with nn. rt. -atéhs(a)-, ʔotéhsεʔ it's nesting; with vb. rt. -háʔ- [3.14], refl., and nom., ʔεkatεhɔ́ʔ- shε:ʔ I'll hire some help; with dist., -ɔ-, ʔakatε- hoʔshε:tɔʔ I've got several hired helpers. Cf. -yε-(1886).

411. -′e- MASCULINE [8.7, 9.11, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5] be in the middle of: see -′(h)ε- (561).

412. -έ- DESCRIPTIVE [17.3, 18.3]

413. -(ε)- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4]

414. -έ:- DESCRIPTIVE [19.3]

415. -έ(ε)- NN. RT., moss: ʔawέ:ʔ moss; with vb. rt. -′(h)e-, ʔowέ:eʔ there's moss on it; with vb. rt. -o-, ʔawέoʔ scum.

416. -(ε) ε- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4]

417. -εεhta:néʔ VB. STEM: see -aʔεn(ɔ)- (306).

418. -(ε)έhtat- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), with dupl., run: tέ:hta:s he runs, also rank below subchief, messenger; tε:nέ:hta:s they run, footrace; tesέ:- hta:t run!, ʔoʔtkέ:hta:t I ran.

419. -(ε)έʔska(æ)- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, -h), with cisloc., start to run: thóεʔskεɔh he started to run, takέ: ska: ʔ I started to run.

420. -έh DESCRIPTIVE [5.6–7, 13.3, 13.6]
IMPERATIVE [5.10–11]

421. -έh- INCHOATIVE II [13.5]

422. -έh-/-έʔ- (before desc.)/-wέ/-wέʔ- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -′s, -Ø), usually with part., happen: niyáwεʔɔh how it has happened, what has happened, niya:wεs how it happens, nɔʔɔ:wεh how it happened; with vb. rt. -yáʔt(a)- and transloc., hεyɔk w ayáʔ tawεh it will happen to us; with caus.-inst. and inst., nityawεstáhkɔh how it happened; with dist. -′syɔ-, nɔʔɔ́wεsyɔ:ʔ what happened (several times or in several places).

423. -εhjiʔ(æ)- fried strip of meat: see -(h) εhjiʔ(æ)- (564).

424. -έhs(a)- dottle: see -(h)έhs(a)- (565).

425. -έht(a)- swamp: see -(h)έht(a)- (567).

426. -έhta-/-έhta(æ)- lay flat: see -tέhta-/-tέhta(æ)- (1691).

427. -εhta(æ)- fuzz: see -(h)εhta(æ)- (568).

428. -έhtat- run: see -(ε)έhtat- (418).

429. -εhtohkw(a)- clay: see -(h)εhtohkw(a)- (569).

430. -εka(æ)- NN. RT., sucker on a cornstalk: ʔawεkæ:ʔ sucker on a cornstalk.

431. -′εkáhs(a)- stick: see -′(h) εkáhs(a)- (570).

432. -εn- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4]

433. -(ε)nέoɔ́ʔ VB. STEM, in konéoɔʔ Thanksgiving Dance, Worship Dance, Drum Dance; honéoɔʔ male helper in ʔohki:we:h Ceremony, pl. honέneoɔʔ.

434. -εneyɔ- VB. RT. (—, -′ɔ́ʔ, —), tell fortunes: hεnéyɔ:ʔ he tells fortunes, yεnéyɔ: ʔ she tells fortunes.

435. -ɔni- REFLEXIVE [15.2, 15.4]

436. -(ɔ)niǽhkw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), with cisloc., start to run: twakεníæ>hkwεh I started to run, thεníæhkwas he's getting ready to run, takεní- æhkoʔ I started to run.

437. -(ε)nihε- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), stop, quit: ʔakέnihεʔ I've quit, hεníhεoʔ he quits, ʔoʔwέnihε: ʔ it stopped.

438. -(ε)níhw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), with dupl., lightning flash: teyónihwεh lightning has flashed, ʔoʔtwέnihoʔ lightning flashed; with dist. -′hsɔ-, tewεnihwáhsɔh a rapid succession of lightning flashes.

439. -εní:n- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ot-, put on an apron: ʔεkέni:no:tεʔ I'll put on an apron; with nom., ʔεní:notaʔshæʔ [15.6].

440. -εni'ɔʔt(a)- NN. RT., recorded only with vb. rt. -ʔe- and dupl. in twεniɔʔtáʔsyoh the ice or frost is cracking.

441. -(ε)nish(æRT., shelf: ʔεni:shæʔ[15.6] ʔakέnishæʔ my shelf.

442. -έ:nísh(aelig;)- NN. RT., day: ʔε:níshæʔ [26.6] day; with vb. rt. -te-, wε:níshæteʔ today; with vb. rt. -iyáʔk-, teyotε:nitsiyáʔkoh [14.5] Sunday, lit. the broken day; with unique vb. stem, wε:nish- æséʔa:nehorʔε:nishæséʔa:neh in the morning, forenoon; with vb. rt. -óʔkt- and refl., ʔotέ:nisyoʔk the end of the day; plus ext. loc. [26.4], ʔotε:- nisyóʔktahkeh at the end of the day; ska:t wε:níshæteʔ Monday, lit. day number one, tekhni: wε:níshæteʔ Tuesday, etc.; also (with inst.), ska:t wε:nishætéhkɔh Monday, etc.

443. -(ε)niyast(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -yε-, store in one's clothing: ʔakεniyástayεʔ I have it on me, tucked away in my bosom, pocket, clothing; ʔoʔkεniyástayεʔ I tucked it away in my clothing.

444. -(ε)níʔje- VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), dance the War Dance (wasa:seʔ): honíʔje:h he's dancing wasa:seʔ, waεnεníʔje:ʔ they danced wasa:seʔ.

445. -έ:ní.ʔt(a)- NN. RT., month, moon: ʔε:níʔtaʔ [26.6] month; with vb. rt. -ase-, wε: níʔtase: ʔ new moon; with vb. rt. -′(h) ε-, dupl., and transloc., haʔ- tewε:níʔtaεh middle of the month; with vb. rt. -óʔkt-, watε:niʔtóʔkthaʔ end of the month.

446. -(έ) :notɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), flood: ʔo:no:tɔʔ it has flooded, wε:nótɔ: ʔ it floods, ʔoʔwέ:no:tɔ: ʔ it flooded. Cf. -′(h/:) not- (614).

447. -(C)εn(ɔ)- NN. RT., song: kaεnɔʔ song, ʔoεnɔʔ its song; with plur., hotiεnɔ́ʔshɔʔ their songs; with vb. rt. -ot- and refl., sing: katέnothaʔ I sing; plus inst., yɔtεnotáhkwaʔ musical instrument; with vb. rt. -ɔkóht- and refl., hold a ceremony: wa:tεnɔ:kot he held a ceremony; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, refl., and dupl., wish for something to happen: tewakatε:nɔ:t I'm wishing it would happen; with vb. rt. -ɔtaǽh-, inch. I -héʔ-, and dat., prey on one's mind: ʔεsaεnɔ́taheʔs it will prey on your mind.

448. -(ε)nɔ́et- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ or -s, -Ø), spend the night, stay overnight: ʔakέnɔ:etɔh I've spent the night, stayed overnight, hεnɔ́ethaʔ or hεnɔ́:es he spends the night, ʔεkέnɔ:et I'll spend the night; with caus.-inst. and inst., tɔtayakwέnɔ:estak where we stayed overnight; with trans, -h-, ʔεkέnɔ:- ethaʔ I'll go to bed.

449. -(ε)nɔ́htɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), with desc.,- know: ʔakέnɔhtɔʔ I know it; with dist. -nyɔ-, think: ʔoʔkέnɔhtɔ:nyɔ: ʔ I thought; with iter., impv., or punc., and cisloc., control, force: thεnɔ́htɔ:ʔ he controls it, is the ruler, ʔεtkέnɔ- htɔ: ʔ I'll force it; with preceding and dat. -ni-/ -′ɔ́s-, thakɔyεnɔ́htɔ:ni:h he makes them do it, taey εnɔ́htɔ:s I made him do it.

450. -(ε)nɔwɔyε- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, -h), settle to the bottom: ʔonɔwɔyεʔ it has settled to the bottom, ʔoʔwεnɔwɔ:- yε: ʔ it settled to the bottom.

451. -(ε)nɔʔkeǽht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø) wait: ʔakεnɔʔ- kéæhtɔh I'm waiting, ʔεswέnɔʔke:æt you will wait; with refl., try: ʔakatεnɔ́ʔkeæhtɔh I've tried it, hatεnɔʔkéæthaʔ he's trying it, satέnɔʔke: æt try it!; with nom., measurement: ʔotεnɔʔkeæhtá- shæʔ measurement; with vb. rt. -ε-, measure: ʔakatεnɔʔkéæhtashεʔ I've measured it; with inst., ʔɔkwatεnɔʔkeæhtashέtahkɔh we have used it for measuring.

452. -εnyáhs(a)- NN. RT., heart: ʔawέnyahsaʔ heart, ʔakεnyahsáʔkeh (on) my heart.

453. -ε:nyaska(æ)- NN. RT., brooch: ʔε:nyáskæ: ʔ [26.6] brooch.

454. -εɔ- say: see -ε- (409).

455. -έɔ- VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -h), with transloc., take: heonɔthwajiyέrɔh they've taken their families; with dist. -′hsɔ-, waεnɔthwajiyέɔhsɔ: ʔ they took their families; with cisloc., bring: tyóiwε:ɔh it has brought the news, follow: see -έɔwi- (463).

456. -έ(ɔ)- tree: see -(h)έ(ɔ)- (572).

457. -έ(ɔ)-/-awέ(ɔ)- (see below), NN. RT., flower: ʔawέɔʔ flower; ʔawέ:iyo:h beautiful flower; var. -awέ(ɔ)- with vb. rt. -te-, dupl., and coin, in shaʔtewawέ- ɔteʔ joe-pyeweed (Eupatorium maculatum), lit. the flower lies even; with vb. rt. -atak-, ʔawέɔta:- kɔh a kind of bean, also a wild flower.

458. -έɔhɔ́ʔ VB. STEM: see tekεɔtέɔhɔʔ under -(y)ɔt(a)- (1946).

459. -eɔ́ɔsh(æ)- cradle board: see -iɔ́ɔsh(æ)- (781).

460. -εɔt- VB. RT., with caus. Ill, pour: ʔakέɔthwεh I've poured it, ʔoʔkεothoʔ I poured it; with inch. I -′ʔ-, ʔoʔwεɔtaʔt it poured.

461. -(ε)ɔteny- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -íh), spin, revolve, turn (tr.): ʔakεɔtenyɔs it spins me, I'm dizzy; with caus. I -′ʔt-, intr.: ʔakεɔtényaʔtɔh I'm spinning, wεɔtenyáʔthaʔ it whirls around.

462. -έɔw- be holding: see -′(h)aw- (514).

463. -έɔwi-/-έɔ- (before impv.) VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ʔ_s, -h), follow: with vb. rt. -yan(ɔ)-, hayánε:ɔwiʔ he's following its tracks, janέ: ɔh follow its tracks!, ʔεkɔyanέ:ɔʔ I'll follow your tracks; with caus. I -t-, see -ya(æ)-, -it(a)- (1840, 800).

464. -εɔʔek-/-εɔʔe- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-h, —, -Ø), with dupl., close: teyotεɔʔe:h it has closed, tεwɔtεɔʔe:k it will close.

465. -(ε)ɔʔt- VB. RT., with caus. II, blow: ʔakέɔʔta:tɔh I'm blowing, hέɔʔta:s he blows, ʔoʔkέɔʔta:t I blew; with caus.-inst., yέɔʔtasthaʔ flute.

466. -έs, ITERATIVE [5.8–9]

467. -εt- VB. RT., with inch. I -′ʔ-, conclude, finish: with nn. rt. -khw(a)-, ʔakekhwεtáʔɔh I've finished eating; with nn. rt. -jέ(ε)-, kajέ:εtaʔs the fire's going out; with nn. rt. -(C) æ-, ʔoʔká:εtaʔt the wind stopped blowing; with caus. Ill, ʔoʔkáεthoʔ the wind stopped blowing; with caus. Ill and nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, destroy, demolish: ʔakí:wεthwεh I've destroyed it; with caus. Ill, caus. I -′ht-, nn. rt. -ahs-, and refl., kick: ʔakε:hsέthwahtɔh I've kicked it, yέ:hsεthwas football game, lit. people kick.

468. -εt(a)- NN. RT., day, Sunday, week: with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ty- and cisloc., tawεtɔ:tiʔ daybreak, tεja- wεtɔ:tiʔ it will be morning; with vb. rt. -aji-, wεta:jis evening; with vb. rt. -ati-, swεta:tih next week, also Tuesday or any day after Monday; with vb. rt. -atokέht-, ʔawεtatókεhtɔh Sunday; also (ʔa)wεtatokεhtɔ́ʔkeh; with vb. rt. -εt- and inch. I, ʔoʔwεtε:taʔt Monday; with vb. rt. -′(h) ε-, transloc., and dupl., haʔtewεtáεh Wednesday, haʔtewεtáεh ʔεyóhεʔtkeh (see -hέʔ-) Thursday; with vb. rt. -akt-, wε:ta:k Saturday; plus dimin., wεta:kʔah Friday; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, dupl., and part., nɔʔtewatεtaeʔ one week,
establish: see -ε- (410).
planted area: see -(h)εt(a)- (575).

469. -′εte- be in the lead: see -′(h)εte- (576).

470. -εtetkaæte-/-εtetkaæt- (before dist.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -—, —), be pleasant, fun: ʔawέtetkæ:teʔ it's fun; with nom., ʔawεtetkæ: téshæʔ pleasure, fun; with dist. -ɔ-, hotέtetkæ:tɔʔ he's having (all kinds of) fun. Var. -εtotkaæte- (472).

471. -εto- RT. with charact. in ʔawεtoʔkέ:aʔ pea (Pisum sativum).

472. -εtotkaæte- be fun: var. of -εtetkaæte- (470).

473. -εtɔ́-/-εtɔ́h- (before impv.) VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -ɔ́s, -Ø), wave: ʔakέtɔ:h I'm waving it, hεtɔ́:s he waves it; with nn. rt. -ʔny(a)-, refl., and transloc., hwáεʔ- nyε:tɔh he waved his hand, groped about.

474. -έ:wɔ(:)tέʔ VB. STEM, be uncle to, usually ref. to younger member of relationship (in older usage, the relationship of a man who is consanguineally related to and the same generation as one's natural mother): heyέ:wɔ:tεʔ I'm his uncle, my nephew, kheyέ:wɔ:tεʔ my niece, hehsέ:wɔ:tεʔ your nephew, hɔwɔ́yε: wɔ:tεʔ their nephew.

475. -έʔ PUNCTUAL [8.2]

476. -έʔ- INCHOATIVE II [13.5]
happen: see -έh- (422).

477. -′έʔhe- stop: see -′(h)έʔhe- (579).

478. -έʔkw- swell: see -tέʔkw- (1695).

479. -(ε)ʔneóʔkt- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έh), with cisloc., be unable to reach: thonέʔneoʔk [3.4] they're unable fo reach it, ʔεtyakwεʔnέoʔktεʔ it won't be within our reach.

480. -εʔnika(æ)- NN. RT., in ʔεʔnika:aʔ [26.6] hoop.

481. -(ε)ʔnikɔhɔ- VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, -έh), with dupl., long to be somewhere else: tewakεʔnikɔhɔ: ʔ I'm longing fo be somewhere else; with repet., tεshεʔnikɔ́hɔεʔ he's longing to go back, go home.

482. -εʔɔhs(a)- NN. RT., sunflower (Helianthus annuus): ʔawέʔɔhsaʔ sunflower; with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔawέʔ- ɔhso:t fungus. Var. -æʔɔhs(a)- (364).

483. -έʔska(æ)- start to run: see -(ε)έʔska(æ)- (419).

484. -έʔta- burn: see -(h)έʔta- (581).

485. -(C)έʔthɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), lie with or next to: hóεʔthɔʔ he's lying with it.

486. h- INCLUSIVE PERSON [9.4]
MASCULINE [6.1, 6.6, 9.5, 10.5, 10.8, 10.13, 11.4–6, 11.13]
NONSINGULAR THIRD PERSON [11.11]
TRANSLOCATIVE [24.1–2]

487. -h DESCRIPTIVE [5.6–7, 13.12]
IMPERATIVE [5.10–11, 13.2, 13.10]

488. -h- NN. RT., plant: with vb. rt. -es-, niyo:he:s how tall the plant is, ʔotíhe:sɔs tall plants.
ITERATIVE [18.4]
TRANSIENT [13.14]
tie around: see -(h/:)waha- (708).

489. -′h DESCRIPTIVE [5.6–7]
IMPERATIVE [5.10–11, 13.12–13, 17.3]
ITERATIVE [5.8–9, 13.10, 13.12, 13.16]
SIMPLE NOUN SUFFIX [7.5–6]

490. -′h- INCHOATIVE II [13.5]

491. -′(h)-put on: see -′(h)e- (540).

492. ha- MASCULINE [6.1, 6.6, 9.5]

493. -ha- tie around: see -(h/:)waha- (708).

494. -há- ITERATIVE [19.3]

495. -(h)a- road: see -(h)á(a)- (497).

496. -′(h)a- VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), with transloc., take: hewa: kha: h I've taken it, hewa: kha: s it takes me, hwá:aʔ he took it; with dist. -′hsɔ-, hwá:ahsɔ:ʔ he took things; with cont., hεyέahse:k she will always take it.

497. -(h) á(a)-/-(h) a- (before some vb. rts.) /-á(a)- (before others), NN. RT., road, trail, path, furrow, row of corn kernels: with vb. rt. -te-, ʔo:ateʔ road etc.; with vb. rt. -atokέht- and refl., ʔotha: tókεhtɔh the road is straight; with vb. rt. -o(:)ni- and ext. loc. [26.4], waɔníʔkeh railroad track; with -o(:)ni- and nom., waoníʔshæʔkeh railroad track; plus vb. rt. -tέhta-, waɔniʔ- shætέhta:ʔ railroad track; with vb. rt. -o-, oppos. I, and refl., honɔ́tha:okwεh their landing place (for boats); with vb. rt. -o- (-ʔhowek-) and dupl., teyáoɔh [ya < yoaʔ] plantain (Plantago major), lit. covering the path, also toad rush (cf. -keoʔj(a)-); with vb. rt. -(C) (æ)-, caus. I, and transloc., heyó:æhtɔh or heyǽ:æhtɔh North Collins, N.Y., lit. where the road has been put on; with vb. rt. -ine- and refl., walk: kathá:ineʔ I'm walking; plus ext. loc. [26.4], ʔatháinɔʔkeh [15.6] on a journey; with vb. rt. -′hkw-, refl., and dupl., take a walk, tewakathá:hkwεh I've taken a walk.

498. háeʔ hi (greeting).

499. háeʔkwah also. Var. hǽ:ʔkwah (534).

500. -háh DIMINUTIVE [20.3]

501. -(h)áhkók VB. STEM, in ká:hkok yellow combread

502. -(h)ahs(a)- NN. RT., hip: ʔakháhsaʔkeh on my hip

503. -(h)ahw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), with nn. rt. -(C) í: w(a)-, realize: ʔakí: wa: ahw εh I've realized, ʔoʔkí:wa:ahoʔ I realized; with dist. -′hsɔ-, ʔεswaiwá:hwahsɔ: ʔ you (pl.) will realize various things.

504. -hák VB. STEM, be aunt to, ref. to older member of relationship (in older usage, the relationship of a woman who is consanguineally related to and the same generation as one's natural father): ʔake:hak she is aunt to me, my aunt (HSL 20), howɔ:hak his aunt or aunts, ho:hak his aunt, ʔo: hak her aunt (HSL 21).

505. -′(h) akahat-, VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), with dupl., be lying on one's back with legs spread apart: tekhá- kaha: t I'm lying on my back with my legs spread apart, teká:ka:ha:t it's lying, etc., also a kind of bean; with inch. I -′ʔ-, ʔoʔtha:káhataʔt he got down on his back with his legs spread apart.

506. -hakwete-/-kwεte- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), with dupl., be an opening: teyóhakwε:teʔ it's an opening; with nn. rt. -hat(a)-, teyóhatakwε:teʔ an opening in the woods, clearing; with caus. II, ʔoʔtkέhakwε:ta:t I made an opening; with dist. -nyɔ-, teyóhakwεtenyɔʔ it has openings in it, Swiss cheese.

507. -hás- DATIVE [13.2]

508. -(h)as- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -′(h)(æ)-, dist., and refl. in (ʔo)thásεɔʔ tree toad.

509. -(h)ásh(æ)- NN. RT., flame, torch: ká:shæʔ flame, torch; with vb. rt. -ɔtye- and caus. I, ká:syɔtye:- thaʔ [14.4] lion, mythical Fire Dragon.

510. -′ (h) ash ε-/-′(h) ash εt (a) - (comb.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′5ʔ, -h), hold a council, confer: hotíashεʔ they're holding council, hatiashέɔʔ they hold council, council members, ʔetwá:shε: ʔ we'll hold a council; with inst., hatiashέtahkwaʔ council house, courthouse; with oppos. I, wa: tíashεta :koʔ after they had held a council.

511. -hat(a)- NN. RT., forest, woods: kaha:taʔ forest, kahatakɔ:h in the forest, also blue cohosh (Caulo- phyllum thalictroides); with vb. rt. -ot-, kaha: to: t grove; with vb. rt. -yáʔk- and dimin. (ʔ), kaha- tiyáʔkɔʔɔh Crossing the Woods ceremony.

512. -hatε- VB. RT. (—, -′h, -′h), miss, feel the absence of: haha:tεh he misses it, wa:yáhatεʔ he hated to see you go.

513. -hathe- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′h, -′h), with dupl., become light: teyóhatheh it gets light (personal name); with repet., tεjóhatheʔ it will get light again; with dist. -′:nɔ-, tetyohathέ:nɔh aurora borealis; with nom. and vb. rt. -iyo-, teyohathέtsi:yo:h nice bright day; with caus. I -′ʔt-, inst., and refl. -ate-, teyɔkwatehathέʔtahkɔh that which gives us light, ref. to sun.

514. -′(h)aw-/-έɔw- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), be holding, have: ʔikha: ʔ [3.10] I'm holding it, have it, ha:aʔ he's holding it; with nn. rt. -aʔskwíhs(a)-, haʔskwíhsε:ɔʔ he's holding an ax; with dist. -nyɔ-, khawa:nyɔʔ I'm holding things.

515. -′(h)awák VB. STEM, have as one's child (in older usage, the relationship either of a natural parent or of one who is consanguineally related to and the same generation and sex as a natural parent): he:awak I have him as my child, my son, khe:awak my daughter, hakha:wak he has me as his child, my father, shakóawak he has her as his child, his daughter; with plur., hɔwɔtíawakshɔʔ their children; with recip., yatáthawak they (masc. du.) are to each other as parent to child, a man and his son or daughfer, a woman and her son.

516. -′(h)aw(C)i- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ʔs, -′h), carry: khawiʔ I'm carrying it, ha:awiʔs he's carrying it around; with transloc., hoʔká:awiʔ it carried it there, also it's nearing the time; with caus. I -ht-, take along. há:withaʔ he takes it along; with caus. I and inst., bring about: thotiawíhtahkɔh they've brought it about; with dist. -nɔ- and prog., ha:winɔ:tyeʔ he's carrying them along.

517. -há:y- NN. RT., with vb. rt.-ɔ(:)ni- and refl. in (ʔo)thá:yɔ:nih wolf, honɔ́tha:yɔ:nih Wolf Clan.

518. ha: yok a type of bean, Roman bean, cockleberry bean.

519. haʔ TRANSLOCATIVE [24.1–2]

520. -háʔ ITERATIVE [5.8–9, 13.7]

521. -háʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -t), hire: wáɔkehaʔt they hired me; with refl. -atε- [3.14], ʔakatεhɔ́ʔɔh I've hired; with nom., ʔakέhaʔshæʔ my hired help; with vb. rt. -ε-/-εt(a)- and refl., hotέhɔʔshεʔ he has help assigned to him.

522. -(h)aʔ(a)- NN. RT., step, pace, rod: with vb. rt. -′hkw- and refl., tewakatháʔahkwεh I've taken a step; with vb. rt. -ake-, niyóaʔa:ke:h how many paces, rods; with vb. rt. -awέεt- and refl., step up, step over: wa:thaʔáwε: εt he stepped up, stepped over.

523. -(h)aʔkεt(a)- NN. RT., flute: ká:ʔkε:taʔ flute used in Little Water ceremony.

524. haʔkwístεʔ something, anything.

525. -háʔt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h,'-háʔ, -0), usually with refl. -ate-, dry: ʔakateháʔtɔh I'm drying it, yɔtéhaʔ- thaʔ she's drying it, also parching corn; with dist. -′:nɔ-, yɔtehaʔtá:nɔh she's drying things, hanging out clothes; with inst., yeháʔtahkwaʔ or yɔtehaʔ- táhkwaʔ drier, clothesline.

526–(h)áʔt(a)- NN. RT., core, woody portion of a twig, bread inside of crust: ʔóaʔtaʔ core, etc.; with vb. rt. -nɔwε-, eat: ʔakháʔtanɔ:wε:h I've eaten, yεaʔtano:wεs people eat it, food; with vb. rt. -thε-, be thirsty: khaʔta:thεs I'm thirsty; with vb. rt. -aji-, ká:ʔtajiʔ ostrich.

527. hæ- MASCULINE [6.1, 6.6]

528. -′(h)æ- put on: see -′(h)e- (540).

529. -(h)ǽhkw(a)- NN. RT., bread: ʔóæhkwaʔ or ʔǽ:- khwaʔ bread; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- and refl., bake: yɔthæhkɔthaʔ she's baking; with -ɔ(:)t- and past, ká:hkɔ:tak baked bread; with vb. rt. -ó- and past, ká:hkok boiled bread; with vb. rt. -owa- and repet., jóæhko:wa:ʔ or jǽ: hko: wa:ʔ pigeon, dove (from shape of tailʔ); with vb. rt. -'(h) (ae)- and dist., ʔóæhkwεɔnyɔʔ peacock (from markings on tailʔ); with vb. rt. -(C)eó-, desc., spl. nn. suff. [26.4], and refl. [15.6], ʔathæhkwέoɔʔ the gathering in of bread, Harvest Ceremony; with vb. rt. -kiíʔta-, ka:hkwakí: ʔta: ʔ fry bread, ghost bread.

530. -′(h)ǽht-/-′át- (after an a that is both even and prefinal), VB. RT. (-ɔH, -Há;ʔ, -Ø), pass by, pass through: ʔakhǽhtɔh I've passed by, passed through, ʔóæhtɔh it has passed by, it's over, ʔoʔká:t it passed by; with refl., ʔakáthæhtɔh I've had an opportunity.

531. -′(h)æhw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), with transloc., pass through one phase, cycle, go from one point to the next: hewákæhwεh I've gone through one phase, cycle, from one point to the next, hέ: ahwas he goes, etc., also he has a birthday; ska:t hεská:- hoʔ one year hence.

532. -(h) ǽit- tree: see -(C)ǽit- (340).

533. -(h)ǽʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -t), catch up: ʔakhǽʔoh I've caught up, ʔεkhæʔt I II catch up; with dat. -se-, kóæʔse:h she's caught up to her.

534. hǽ:ʔkwah also: var. of háeʔkwah (499).

535. -(h)ǽʔt(a)- NN. RT., feather: ʔóæʔtaʔ feather.

536. -hǽʔthε- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), have gray hair:

537. ʔakέhæʔthεʔ I have gray hair. hæʔtɔh juneberry (Amelanchier canadensis)

538. he- MASCULINE [11.4, 11.6]
TRANSLOCATIVE [24.1–2]

539. -he- RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.7, 11.9]

540. -′(h)e-/-′(h)- (before impv.)/-′(h)(æ)- (comb.)/ -′(C)(a)- (comb, after a), VB. RT. (-ʔ, -háʔ, -έh), put on: ʔakhe: ʔ I've put it on it, ha:ehaʔ he puts it on it, wá: εʔ he put it on it; with nn. rt. -stow- (æ)-, hostówæ:eʔ he has a headdress on; with nn. rt. -ʔny(a)- and refl., hεʔnyáehaʔ he keeps putting his finger on it; with refl., ʔoʔka:thεʔ I put it on myself, e.g., on my shoulder; with inst., khæhkwaʔ place on which I put something; with inch. II, nn. rt. -ihikwa(æ)-, and refl., hotihikwǽ-: ɔh he has put his hat on; with dat. -ni-, hakɔ́æni: h he has put it on something for them, put it before them; with oppos. I, take off: ʔakhæ:kwεh I've taken it off; with dist. -ɔ-, under various nn. rts.

541. -′(h)e- VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), with transloc., arrive ref. to time: heyó:eh it's time, hoʔká:eʔ the time arrived; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, heskáiwa:es the ceremony comes every so often; with nn. rt. -έ:nish(æ)-, hoʔwε:nishǽ:eʔ the day came; with trans. -′hs- and purp., hoʔkáehseʔ it's nearing the time.

542. -(h)eéht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), with obj. and dupl., shout, scream: tewakhέ:htɔh I've shouted, ʔoʔthó:et he shouted.

543. heh where.

544. hέhko:wa:h flint corn (Zea mays indurata), hominy corn, calico corn.

545. -(h)έht(a)- NN. RT., dirt, soil: ʔóehtaʔ dirt, soil; with vb. rt. -owanε-, káehtowa:nεh big field; with vb. rt. -kahat-, caus. Ill, and caus. I -′ht- ye: htakahathwáthaʔ plow.

546. -′(h)ej εɔ-/-′(h)ejaɔ- (if a is both even and prefinal), VB. RT. (—, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), coax, urge, encourage: hakɔejέ:ɔʔ (iter., ε not prefinal) he coaxes them, ʔoʔkhέ:ja:ɔʔ I coaxed them; with dist. -nyɔ- and inst., kaejεɔnyɔk let it be used for encouragement!

547. -′(h)en- VB. RT. (-έh, -ɔ́s, -ʔ), cut: ʔakhe:nεh I'm cutting it, ha:enɔs he cuts it; with recip., ʔoʔ- kátathe: ʔ [3.10] I cut myself.

548. -(h)en(ɔ)- NN. RT., ridge: with vb. rt. -te-, kaenɔteʔ ridge; with vb. rt. -tέhta- and cisloc., tkaenɔtέ- hta:ʔ Silver Creek, N Y.

549. -(h)έ:n(ɔ)- NN. RT., bundle, load; with vb. rt. -ste-, ʔóenɔsteʔ heavy load; with vb. rt. -ɔny(a)-, dist., and refl., waεnɔthe:nɔnyá:nɔ: ʔ they made bundles; with vb. rt. -ot-, dist., and refl., waʔakwa- thέ: no: tɔ: ʔ we loaded up.

550. -heóhs(a)- NN. RT., urine: ʔohέohsaʔ urine, ʔakehέohsaʔ my urine.

551. -′(h)eoʔt(a)- NN. RT., gun: káeoʔtaʔ gun; with vb. rt. -awak-, play the flute: háeoʔta:wa:s he's playing the flute; plus caus. -inst., ye:oʔtáwasthaʔ flute.

552. -′(h)etkε- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ʔs, —), be bad, evil, ugly: khetkεʔ I'm bad, ugly, ha:etkεʔ he's ugly; with nn. rt. -ksáʔt(a)-, haksáʔta:etkεʔ he's a bad child; with caus. I -t-, ʔoʔkáetkε:t it made it bad, spoiled it; with inch. I -′ʔ-, ʔóetkεʔɔh it has become bad, spoiled.

553. hetkεh up in the air

554. -′(h)ewáht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), punish: khέ:wahtɔh I've punished her, ʔoʔkhέ:ewat I punished her; with dist. -′:nɔ-, ʔoʔkhe:wáhta:- nɔ:ʔ I punished several of them; with i-ecip. and repet., confess, repent: skatathewáthaʔ I repent.

555. -hey- RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.7, 11.9]

556. -(h)eyɔ́ʔt(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -yε- and coin., tsiye :yɔ́ʔtayεʔ when she was sick; plus refl., ʔakatheyɔ́ʔtayεʔ I've got a sick person (on my hands, to take care of). Cf. -eeyɔ́ʔt(a)- (376).

557. -hέʔ- INCHOATIVE I [13.8]

558. -hέʔt(a)- NN. RT., porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum): kahέʔtaʔ porcupine; with obj., ʔohέʔtaʔporcupine guill.

559. hε- MASCULINE [6.1, 6.6, 9.5]

560. -hε-/-thε- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be dry: ʔohε:h it's dry; with caus.-inst. -′st-, ʔohέstɔh it has dried up; with caus.-inst. and dist., ʔohέsta:nɔʔ it's gotten dry everywhere; with nn. rt. -ʔnεy(a)- and inch. II, hoʔnεyathέʔɔh he's become skinny.

561. -′(h)ε- VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), be in the middle of, half of: with nn. rt. -hat(a)-, kahátaεh in the middle of the forest; often with transloc. and dupl.: plus nn. rt. -nɔ́hs(a)-, haʔtekanɔ́hsaεh in the middle of the house, half the house; plus nn. rt. -ka(æ)-, haʔteyokǽ:εh half price; plus nn. rt. -έ:nish(æ)-, haʔtewε:níshε:h midday, noon (haʔtewε: níshæεhʔ). VB. RT. (—, —, -′h), say: tɔtέtwaεʔ we (incl. pl.) say it here again.

562. hέ:es panther, tiger, leopard; hέ:es ʔohka:aʔ tiger's tail, mullon.

563. -hεέnɔk- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), with obj., want to urinate: ʔakehέ:nɔ:kɔh I've been wanting to urinate, ʔakehέ:nɔ:s [3.3] I want to urinate, ʔɔkehέ: nɔ: k I wanted to urinate.

564. -(h) εhjiʔ(æ)- NN. RT., fried strip of meat: ʔóεhjiʔæʔ fried strip of meat.

565. -(h)έhs(a)- NN. RT., dottle (unsmoked tobacco left in pipe): ʔóεhsaʔ dottle; with vb. rt. -ɔhe-, káεhsɔheʔ daddy-longlegs (Phalangium opilio, etc.).

566. -hέht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), with dupl., stay up all night: tewakehέhtɔh I've stayed up all night, tá:hεthaʔ he stays up all night, ʔoʔtke:hεt I stayed up all night.

567. -(h)έht(a)- NN. BT., swamp: káεhtaʔ swamp, káεhtakɔ:h in the swamp.

568. -(h) ehta(æ)- NN. RT., fuzz, fine hair, cloth: ʔóεhtæ: ʔ fuzz, káεhtæ:ʔ cloth; with vb. rt. -(C) e-, káεhtæ:eʔ peach; with vb. rt. -tέhta(æ)- and inst., yeεhtæ:tεhtǽ:hkwaʔ rug; with vb. rt. -ot- and dist., ʔóεhteotɔʔ standing fuzz (as on a caterpillar).

569. -(h) ehtohkw(a)- NN. RT., clay: ʔóεhtohkwaʔ clay.

570. -′(h) εkáhs(a)- NN. RT., stick, pole, limb: ʔóεkahsaʔ stick, etc.; with vb. rt. -te-, káεkahsa:teʔ hanging limb; with vb. rt. -ε-, inch. I, neg. past, and neg., teʔakoεkahsέʔɔ: ʔ a limb didn't fall on them.

571. hε:nɔh don't!

572. -(h) έ(ɔ)- NN. RT., tree: with vb. rt. -es-, káεes a tall tree; with vb. rt. -kέ:yat-, kaεkέ:ya:t at the top of a tree.

573. hέ:ɔweh where.

574. -′(h)εt- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -έʔs, -Ø), go to the front, go ahead, get in the lead: ʔakhε:tɔ:h I'm in front, ʔo:εtɔ:h it's ahead, also in the future, ha:εteʔs he gets in the lead, ʔishε:t get in the front!; with plur., ʔóetɔshɔʔ head ones (in the longhouse).

575. -(h)εt(a)- NN. RT., planted area, garden: kaεtakɔ:h in the garden; with vb. rt. -ísʔa- and refl., ʔoʔkathεtísʔa: ʔ I finished my planting; ʔo:εtaʔ a throw in bowl or dice game, all dice one color; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)-, ʔoʔkáεta:εʔ the dice came up all one color.

576. -′(h)εte- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be in the lead: hi:εteʔ [27.8] they (masc. du.) are in the lead. Cf. -′(h) εt- (574).

577. -hέʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -′s, -t), become day, dawn: with cisloc., tyohέʔɔh when day has dawned, at daybreak; ʔεyo:hεʔt tomorrow; waʔo:hεʔt the next day; with double dist. -′syɔ-nyɔ-, ʔohέʔsyɔnyɔh day after day, every day.

578. hεʔεh no.

579. -′(h)έʔhe- VB. RT., with inch. I -′ʔ- and obj., stop: ʔóεʔheʔɔh it has stopped, ʔóεʔheʔs it stops, sáεʔheʔt stop!; with caus.-inst., ʔóεʔhesthaʔ stopping place, station, depot; with caus. I -′ht-, see -(C)i:w(a)- (808).

580. hέʔo:wεʔ loon (Gavia sp.)

581. -(h)έʔta-/-έʔta- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), burn (tr.): ʔakhέʔta:h I've burned it, háεʔta:s he's burning it; with nn. rt. -sʔóht(a)- and refl., ʔoʔkεnisʔóhtεʔta: ʔ I burned my hand.

582. -hi- NONSINGULAR [11.8, 11.10]

583. -′(h)i-/-′(h)íh- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), spill: ʔakhiɔh I've spilled it, hais he keeps spilling it, ʔoʔkhih I spilled it; with inch. I -′ʔ-, spill (intr.), flow out, drip out: ʔóiʔɔh it has spilled, etc.; plus nn. rt. -′(h/:)nek(a)-, ʔoʔká:- neka:iʔt the water spilled; with double dist. -′hsɔ-nyɔ-, háihsɔnyɔh he's spilling things.

584. -′(h)iha(æ)- argue: var. of -(C)iha(æ)- (753).

585. hihí:ih great horned owl. Var. ʔohí:ih (2074).

586. -′(h)íht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), with dupl., break in pieces, smash, crush, grind: tewákhihtɔh I've broken it in pieces, tá:ithaʔ he smashes it, ʔoʔtkáit it broke it in pieces; with dist. -′:nɔ- and nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, ʔoʔthoyaʔtaihtá:nɔ: ʔ it ran over him repeatedly.

587. hi:kε:h this one, that one, he, she, it.

588. -hísh(æ)- NN. RT., wood nettle (Laportea canadensis): ʔohíshæʔ wood nettle.

589. -(h)ísh(æ)- NN. RT., leggings: káishæʔ leggings; haʔno:waʔ ʔóíshæʔ pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea), lit. turtle's leggings.

590. -(h)iskwanyέʔt(a)- NN. RT., rotten wood in a powdery state: ʔoiskwanyέʔtaʔ powdery rotten wood; with vb. rt. -ʔε-, ʔoiskwanyέʔtaʔε: ʔ brown.

591. -′(h)íst- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), shove, push, move along, put forth, produce: ʔakhístɔh I've shoved it, etc., káisthaʔ it pushes it along; with refl., sathis move over!; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, hayaʔtáisthaʔ he always wants to do everything.

592. -hiy- NONSINGULAR [11.8, 11.10]

593. hiʔnɔʔ the Thunderer, red ant.

594. -(h)íʔskw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), with dupl. and obj., slip: tewákhiʔskwεh I've slipped, tεsáiʔskoʔ you'll slip.

595. -hjiwε- INTENSIFIER [13.16]

596. -hjíʔ VB. STEM, have an older sibling: hahjiʔ my older brother, ʔahjiʔ my older sister. See -atέ:- nɔ(:)te- (178).

597. -hkáʔt(a)- NN. RT., heart of a tree or stem: ʔohkáʔtaʔ heart of a tree or stem; with vb. rt. -aʔíst- boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum).

598. -′hkέh EXTERNAL LOCATIVE [26.4]

599. -′hkε- see -hsin(ɔ) (684).

600. -ʔkεʔ VB. STEM, have as younger sibling: heʔkε:ʔ I have him as younger sibling, my younger brother, kheʔkε: ʔ my younger sister, hakέʔkε: ʔ he has me as younger sibling, my older brother; with recip., twatáteʔkε:ʔ we (incl. pl.) are as older to younger siblings, our younger brothers, White men. See -atέ:nɔ(:)te- (178).

601. -′hkw- VB. RT. (-έh, -áʔ, -Ø), with dupl., lift, pick up, receive: tewákehkweh I've lifted it, etc., tá: hkwaʔ he lifts it, receives it, te: se: k pick it up !; teyóhkwaʔ it lifts it, also it throbs, pulse; with caus. I -′ʔt-, ʔoʔtkέhkwaʔt I lifted it; with dist. -′:nɔ-, tewakehkwá:nɔʔ I've picked up the things; with dat. -ni-/-ε- and nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, tεɔwɔ́iwahkwεʔ they'll raise a ceremony for him.
INSTRUMENTAL [13.11]

602. -hkw(a)- NN. RT., place, spot: ʔohkwaʔ place, spot.

603. -′(h/:)neht(a)- NN. RT., plateau: with unidentified vb. rt., ka:nέhtaεʔ on the plateau, Four Mile Level (section of Cattaraugus Reservation); with vb. rt. -ati-, ska:nέhtatih on the other side of the plateau, Albany, N.Y.

604. -′(h/:)nek(a)- NN. RT., liquid, water, drink, whiskey: ʔo: ne: kaʔ whiskey; with vb. rt. -no-, ʔo: nekanos water; plus cisloc., tyo:nekano:h Coldspring (section of Allegany Reservation); with vb. rt. -owanε-, ʔo:nekowa:nεh large lake, ocean; with vb. rt. -aʔáa-, nika:nekáʔa:h Little Water medicine; with vb. rt. -nɔwε-, ka:nekanɔ:wεs lead (the metal), lit. it melts into liquid; with vb. rt. -óa-, ka:neko:aʔ snowsnake lead.

605. -(h/:)nekέ-/-(h/:)neke- (before iter.)/-(h/:)nekέ- (æ)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-έh, -háʔ, -ǽh), drink: ho:nέkeεh he has drunk, ha:nέkehaʔ he's drinking, wa:nέkeæʔ he drank; with trans. -′ʔn-, ha:nekέæʔneʔs he goes and drinks.

606. -(h/:)nε(ε)- NN. RT., vagina: ka:nε:εʔ vagina, ʔakhnέ:ʔkeh (on) my vagina.

607. -(h/:)nέhs(a)- NN. RT., shoulder: khnεhsáʔkeh (on) my shoulder, ha:nέhsaʔkeh (on) his shoulder; with vb. rt. -awέhte-, caus. II, and refl. -ε-, ʔoʔke:nehsáwεhta:t I put my shoulder next to it, hugged the wall (to avoid detection).

608. -′(h/:)nεy(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -es-, be tall: ye:nε:ye:s she's tall; with vb. rt. -akʔáa-, be short (in stature): niye:nεyákʔa:h she's short.

609. -(h/:)nέʔníʔ STEM, in ska:nέʔniʔ kind of tree with very long roots, mentioned in the Good Message.

610. -′(h/:)ni- VB. RT. (-h, -′h, -′h), bark, howl: ka:nih it barks, ʔεká:niʔ it will bark; with caus.-inst., inst., and transloc., hewati:nístahkwaʔ place where they bark; with trans. -′:n-, purp., and cisloc., taká:ni:neʔ it came barking.

611. -(h/:)Níhs(a)- NN. RT., American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana): ka:níhsaʔ American hornbeam.

612. -′(h/:)ninɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′s or -′h, -′h), buy: ʔakhni:nɔʔ I've bought it, ʔa:khni:nɔʔ I ought to buy it; with refl. -atε-, sell: ʔakátε:ni:nɔʔ I've sold it, hatέ:ni:nɔs or hatέ:ni:nɔh he sells; with dat. -′ʔse-/-′ʔs-, hakate:nínɔʔse:h he has sold it for me.

613. - (h/:) niy-/- (h/:) niye- or - (h/:) niy æ- (comb.) /- (h/:) -ni- (before inch. I), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be solid, -firm, hard, tough: ʔo:ni:yɔh it's solid etc.; with caus. I -′ht- and inst., ʔo:niyehtáhkɔh it's used for making it solid; with caus. II, ho:niyætɔh he's made it solid; with inst. and nn. rt. -(C)i:- w(a)-, ʔoiwa:níyehkɔh food provided at a ceremony; lit. it's used for solidifying the ceremony; with caus.-inst. -st-, nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, and cont., ʔoʔkaiwá:niyæ:stak it continues to bind the matter; with inch. I -hέʔ-, waʔó: niheʔt it hardened.

614. -′(h/:)not- NN. RT., depth of water: with vb. rt. -es-, ʔo:no:te:s deep water; with vb. rt. -akʔáa-, niyo:notákʔa:h shallow water. Cf. -(έ):notɔ- (446).

615. -′(h/:)note- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -s, —), pile up: with nn. rt. -ʔney(a)-, dupl., and part., nɔʔtiswaʔnέya:- nɔ: teʔ how your bones are in a great pile; with nn. rt -yεʔkwa(æ)-, ʔoyεʔkwǽ:no:te:s big snow-drifts; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)- and prog., preach: hóiwa:notatyeʔ he's preaching.

616. -′(h/:)noʔska(æ)- NN. RT., notch (more accurately the raised portion between two notches), point: ʔo:nóʔskæ:ʔ notch, ka:nóʔskæ:ʔ point, rasping stick; with vb. rt. -t- and repet., jo:nóʔskæ:t one notch, one minute; with vb. rt. -ot- [14.4] and dist., ka:nóʔskeotɔʔ tally stick.

617. -′(h/:)noʔskæ- VB. RT. (-ɔh, —ás, -—), hiccup: ʔakέ:noʔska:ɔh I've hiccuped, ho:nóʔskæ:s he's hiccuping.

618. -′(h/:)n(ɔ)- NN. RT., fat, grease, oil, lard: ʔo:nɔʔ fat, etc.; with vb. rt. -ó- and cisloc., tka:noʔs Oil City, Pa.; ʔonέɔʔ ʔo:nɔʔ corn oil.

619. -(h/:)nɔt(æ)- VB. RT. (—, —, -έh), follow closely: wáɔwɔ:nɔ:tεʔ she followed close behing him; with prog, and repet., ʔεshέsnɔtæ:tyeʔ [3.7] you'll follow along behind him (said in organizing a dance).

620. -′(h/:)nɔw(ɔ)- NN. RT., riffles, rapids: ka:nɔwɔkɔ- :h in the riffles, Warren, Pa.; ka:nɔ́wɔʔkeh Caughnawaga Reserve; with vb. rt. -tase-, ʔo:nɔwɔta:se:h whirlpool; with vb. rt. -ε- (-áʔsε-) and caus. I, ʔo:nówεhtɔh riffle, stripe; with vb. rt. -te- and cisloc., tha:nɔwɔteʔ Tonawanda Reservation.

621. -(h/:)nɔwɔ́ɔ́s VB. STEM, in ka:nɔ́wɔ:s coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara).

622. -(h/:)nɔ́ʔnet-/-net- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -eh.), add one thing over another: ʔo:nɔ́ʔne:t it has one thing added over another, goes in steps or series; with repet., sho:nɔ́ʔne:t he's next in line, subchief, vice-president; plus refl. -atε-, shε- nɔtε:nɔ́ʔne:t chiefs, hatε:ne:t keeper of the Little Water medicine; but with refl. -ah-, cisloc., and dupl., tɔta:hnɔ́ʔne:tεʔ he put one coat on over another one, said it over again, etc.; see also -ahtáhkw(a)- (53).

623. -(h/:)nɔ́ʔsh(a)- NN. RT., buttocks: ʔo:nɔ́ʔshaʔ buttocks.

624. -′(h/:)ny- NN. RT.: see -′(h/:)nyo- (632).

625. -(h/:)nyahka(æ)- NN. RT., curved runner (of a sleigh or sled): ka:nyáhkæ:ʔ runner.

626. -(h/:)nyaka(æ)- NN. RT., pied-billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps), helldiver: ka:nyakæ:ʔ pied-billed grebe.

627. -(h/:)nyáʔkh- VB. RT. (-eh, -έs, -áh), with dupl., put together, construct: tewake:nyáʔkhεh I've put it together, teyέ:nyaʔkhεs she's putting it together, tεkέ:nyaʔkhaʔ I'll put it together; with dist. -′ɔ-, ka:nyáʔkhaɔʔ patchwork quilt.

628. -(h/:)nyáʔs(a)- NN. RT., neck, throat: ʔo:nyáʔsaʔ neck, throat, also any squash or gourd with a neck, crookneck squash; with vb. rt. -okaætase-, teyako: nyáʔsokæ: ta: ses mandrake (Mandragora officinarum), lit. it twists your neck; with vb. rt. -yáʔk- (sy>j) and refl. -ate-, tewate:nyáʔjaʔs or watέ:nyaʔjaʔs violet (Viola cucullata), lit. the neck breaks; ʔo:nyáʔsaʔ kastáwεʔsæʔ squash rattle, gourd rattle.

629. -(h/:)nye(æ)-/-(h/:)nya(æ)- (incorp.), NN. RT., nut meat: ʔo:nye:æʔ nut meat; with vb. rt. -iyo-, ʔo:nyaiyo:h good nut meat.

630. -(h/:)nyέʔst(a)- NN. RT., chestnut (Castanea dentata): ʔo: nyέʔstaʔ chestnut.

631. -(h/:)nyetahs- see -(h/:)nyɔtahs- (641).

632. -′(h/:)nyo- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′áʔ, -h), row a boat: ʔoʔkέ:nyo:ʔ I rowed the boat; shakó:nyoaʔ he rows people, ferryman. Probably nn. rt. -′(h/:)- ny- and vb. rt. -o-.

633. -(h/:)nyóaέʔ STEM, in ji:nyóaeʔ bluebird (Sialia sialis), blue.

634. -′(h/:)nyot-/-ot- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έh), stand upright: ka:nyo:t it's standing upright, ʔoʔkέ:nyo:tεʔ I stood it upright; with oppos. I, hotí:nyota:kwεh they've pulled it up (a tree by the roots); with nn. rt. -aʔεn(ɔ)-, waʔε:no:t a post standing upright.

635. -(h/:)nyoʔk(a)- NN. RT., nutshell: with vb. rt. -yáʔk-, refl., and dupl., tekate:nyóʔkyaʔs I'm cracking nuts.

636. -(h/:)nyóʔkw(a)-, NN. RT., nut: ʔo:nyóʔkwaʔ nut; jo:nyóʔkwa:k black walnut (Juglans nigra), lit. let it eat the nut [ʔ]; jo:nyóʔkwe:s butternut (Juglans cinerea), lit. long nut; ʔo :nyóʔkwaji- wakεh bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), lit. bitter nut; also vertebra prominens (seventh cervical vertebra): ho:nyóʔkwaʔkeh on his vertebra prominens.

637. -(h/:)nyɔ́hs(a)- NN. RT., squash, any cucurbitaceous plant: ʔo:nyɔ́hsaʔ squash, etc., also a throw in dice game (all identical but one); with vb. rt. -owane-, ʔo:nyɔ́hsowa:nεh pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo); with vb. rt. -ʔɔ(:)we-, ʔo:nyɔ́hsaʔɔ:weh Indian-squash; with vb. rt. -atko-, ʔo: nyɔ́hsatkos watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris); with vb. rt. -o- and past, ka:nyɔ́hsok boiled squash; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, refl., and past, watέ:nyɔhsɔ: tak baked squash.

638. -′(h/:)nyɔkwa(æ)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -iyo- and spl. nn. suff. [26.4] in hatí:nyɔkwaiyoʔ (they are members of the) Deer Clan.

639. -(h/:)nyɔkwiʔs(æ)- NN. RT., grape (Vitis sp.): ʔo:nyɔ́kwiʔsæʔ; with vb. rt. -ki-, ʔo:nyɔ́kwiʔsæ:- kiʔ wine.

640. -(h/:)nyɔskwæe- NN. RT., cucumber (Cucumis sativus): ʔo:nyɔ́skwæ:eʔ cucumber.

641. -(h/:)nyɔtahs- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -es- in ji:nyɔ́- tahse:s mosquito. Var. -(h/:)nyεtahs- (631).

642. -(h/:)nyɔ́ʔɔ- VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), be a White man: ha:nyɔ́ʔɔh White man, hatí:nyɔʔɔh White men; with charact., ka:nyɔ́ʔɔkha: ʔ that which is characteristic of White men, the English language; with nom., ka:nyɔ́ʔɔshæʔ iron; plus vb. rt. -tέhta-, ka:nyɔʔɔshætεhta: ʔ railroad track.

643. -hó(a)-/-ho- (before some vb. rts.), NN. RT., door: kahóaʔ door; with vb. rt. -káεt-, kahóka:εt doorway; with vb. rt. -tɔ(:)-, oppos. I, and nom., kahotɔkwáʔshæʔ key; with vb. rt. -ot- and dupl., tá:ho:othaʔ [27.2] goalie (in lacrosse).

644. hokwá:kwa:h that way, towards there. Cf. -kwah (1065). Var. hɔkwá:kwa:h (655).

645. hó:ɔweh there, over there

646. -′(h)os(æ)- NN. RT., basswood (Tilia americana): ʔo:osæʔ basswood; with vb. rt. -okε- and cisloc., tetyó:syo:ke:h [14.4] Buffalo, N.Y., ht. between the basswoods (cf. tósyo:wε:h) (1754).

647. -hoskwah VB. STEM, in kaho:skwa:h dace.

648. -(h)Oʔ(æ)- NN. RT., lap: khoʔæʔkeh on my lap.

649. -hoʔkwa- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -es- in jihóʔkwaes or jihóʔkwais chipmunk (Tamias striatus).

650. hɔ- NONSINGULAR THIRD PERSON [11.11]

651. -hɔ- VB. RT. (—, —, -έh): with nn. rt. -ʔnikɔ-, refl., and dupl., want to leave: ʔoʔtyεʔnikɔ́hɔεʔ she wanted to leave.
DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10]

652. -(h)ɔhjish(æ)- NN. RT hoe: káɔhjishæʔ hoe; with vb. rt. -kεnye-, kóɔnjishækεnye:h she's hoeing, ʔεyeɔhjíshæke:nye:ʔ woman, lit. she'll do the hoeing; with vb. rt. -εtɔ́-, teyakoɔhjishέtɔ:h she's hoeing, ʔεyeɔhjishε:tɔh woman.

653. -(h)ɔka(æ)- NN, R.., American elm (Ulmus americana): kaɔkæ: ʔ American elm.

654. hɔka:k goose.

655. hɔkwá:kwa:h towards there, var. hokwá:kwa:h (644).

666. -hɔ́ɔst(a)- NN. RT., dumplings: ʔohɔ́:staʔ dumplings.

657. -(h)osh(æ)- NN. RT., box: káɔshæʔ box; with vb. rt. -t- and repet., skáɔshæ:t one box, also a thousand dollars; with vb. rt. -aʔáa-, nikaɔshæʔa:h small box, also snare drum; with vb. rt. -stε-, káɔshæ- stε:ʔ large box, also bass drum.

658. -hɔstohkwέʔ STEM, in jihɔstohkwεʔ ant.

659. -hɔt- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έʔ), with refl., put in one's mouth: wa:teɔɔ:tεʔ he put it in his mouth; with nn. rt. -yέʔkw(a)-, hotyέʔkwahɔ:t he has put tobacco in his mouth.

660. -(h)ɔt(a)- NN. RT., tree, log, stem, limb: ka:ɔtaʔtree, etc.; with vb. rt. -yεthw-, kaɔtayε:thɔh planted trees, orchard; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni- and refl., ʔothɔtɔ:ni:h growing trees; with vb. rt. -áʔktɔ- and refl., (ʔo)thɔ́taʔktɔʔ black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis). Cf. -(y)ɔt(a)- (1946).

661. -′(h)ɔtaʔo- VB. RT. (-h, -′s, —), peck (ref. to wood pecker): tyóɔtaʔo:h it's pecking, káɔtaʔos it pecks.

662. -(h)ɔw(ɔ)- NN. RT., boat, tray: kaɔwɔʔ boat, tray; with vb. rt. -kahatɔ- and refl., wathɔwɔkáhatɔ:s or (plus caus. I) yɔthɔwɔkáhatɔ: thaʔ rocking chair; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, ka:ɔyɔ:t [3.13] swing, hammock, hammock cradle (cf. -niyɔ(:)t-) (1184).

663. -′(h)ɔwɔ́ɔkw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), give a sendoff: hɔwɔ:wɔ́:kwεh they've given him a sendoff, waɔwɔ́:koʔ he gave a sendoff, farewell party.

664. -hɔ́ʔ self: see -ɔhw(ɔ)- (1447) and [28.4]

665. -(h)ɔ́ʔji- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be a Negro: háɔʔjiʔ Negro, hatíɔʔjiʔ Negroes.

666. -hs- SECOND PERSON [8.7, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5]

667. -′hs- ITERATIVE [18.4]
OPPOSITIVE II [13.4]
SECOND PERSON [11.6]
TRANSIENT [13.14]

668. -hs(a)- NN. RT., mouth: with vb. rt. -káεt- hahsáka:εt his mouth; with vb. rt. -owanε-, hahsowanεh he has a big mouth; with vb. rt. -áʔk-, dist., refl., and dupl., ʔoʔtkátsaʔkhɔ: ʔ [3.7] my mouth got chapped; with anomalous vb. rt. -(C)iʔt- and dupl., teyóhsaiʔt black pepper.

669. -hsá(a)- NN. RT., lung: ʔohsá:ʔ lung, ʔakέhsa:- akɔ:H in my lungs.

670. -hsatɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), bury: ʔakέhsatɔʔ I've buried it, ʔoʔkέhsatɔ: ʔ I buried it, ʔέɔwɔhsa:tɔ: ʔ they'll bury him, his funeral; with transloc., hέahsatɔʔ where he's buried, his grave.

671. -hsáʔ-/-′sʔa- (before iter., impv., and caus. I), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -′s, -h), consume, eat up: ʔakέhsaʔɔh I've consumed it, hasʔas he consumes it, sesʔa:h eat it up!; with caus. I -′ht- and transloc., heyósʔahtɔh it's all gone, used up; with refl., prepare: ʔakatehsáʔɔh I'm prepared, waεnɔtέsʔ- a:ʔ they prepared it; plus dist. -hɔ-, kotέhsaʔhɔʔ people are ready for things; with spl. nn. suff. [26.4], kahsáʔɔ:ʔ All Eaten Up (a ceremony for the dead).

672. -hsaʔkεt(a)- NN. RT., commonreed (Phragmites communis): ʔohsáʔkε:taʔ commonreed, used as a corn medicine, kahsáʔkε: taʔ flute used in Little Water ceremony. Cf. -(h)aʔkεt(a)- (523).

673. -hsáʔktɔ-/-hsáʔket- (before impv.), VB. RT.. (-h, -′s, -Ø), with dupl., bend (tr.): tewakehsáʔktɔ:h I've bent it, tέahsaʔktɔs he's bending it, ʔoʔtháhsaʔke: t he bent it. Cf. -asháʔktɔ-, -hsáʔkwat- (95, 674).

674. -hsáʔkwat-/-kwat- (incorp), VB. RT. (-Ø, —, -έh), curve, bend together: wá:hsaʔkwa: tεʔ he curved it; ka:nyáʔskwa:t camel, lit. its neck is bent; with caus.'Ill, ʔoʔkéhsaʔkwa: thoʔ I bent it, folded it. Cf. -asháʔktɔ-, -hsáʔktɔ- (95, 673).

675. -hse- SECOND PERSON [8.7, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5]

676. -′hse- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), ride on the back of an animal: ʔakέhseʔ I'm riding on its back; with caus. II, dat. -ε-, and obj., ʔεwɔ́kehsa:tεʔ I'm going to ride on its back.
DATIVE [13.12]
SECOND PERSON [11.6]

677. -′hsε- VB. RT., with dat. -′hse-/-′s-, make sorry: ʔakέhsεhseh it makes me sorry, ʔɔkéhsεs it made me sorry.

678. -hsέ(ε)- NN. RT., frost: ʔohsέ:ʔ frost, also Epsom salts; with vb. rt. -′(h)e-, ʔohsέ:eʔ there's frost on it; with vb. rt. -yεt(a)- and inst., kahsε:- yέtahkwaʔ a wild plant with white blossoms in the Fall.

679. -hsεn(a)- NN. RT., name, fame: ʔakέhsε:nɔʔ my name; with transitive pref., shetwáhsε:nɔʔ he's our leader, our famous representative; with vb. rt. -owanε-, hahsεnowa:nεh chief; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, put away, store: ʔoʔkέhsεnɔ:niʔ I put it away, stored it.

680. -hsi- SECOND PERSON [8.7, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5]

681. -hsía-/-hsía(æ)- (comb.) VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), stand in array, form an organized group: hatíhsi:aʔ they stand in array, form an organized group; with nn. rt. -yan(ɔ)-, hatiyanɔ́hsi:aʔ their footprints are there in a group; with nn. rt. -jihsɔ́ʔt(a)- and cont., ʔεkajihsɔʔtahsí: æʔk there will continue to be stars arrayed (in the sky).

682. -hsik(æ)- NN. RT., chestnut bur: ʔohsi:kæʔ chestnut bur.

683. -hsikwa(æ)- NN. RT., fork: kahsikwæ: ʔ fork; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, ʔohsikwεɔt or sikwεɔt rattlesnake; ʔohsikwεɔt ʔoti:nyos rattlesnake-root (Prenanthes sp.), lit. it kills rattlesnakes.

684. -hsin(ɔ)- NN. RT., leg: kehsínɔʔkeh (on) my leg; with vb. rt. -yáʔk-, wáɔwɔhsi:nyaʔk they cut off his leg; with vb. rt. -akʔáa-, niyohsinɔ́kʔa:h kneepants; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- and dupl., tekáhsi:- nɔ:t cast (e.g., cast iron); with anomalous vb. rt. -′hkε- or -áhkε- and refl. [3.7], honɔtsinɔ́hkεʔ they belong to a charm holders' society, charm holders; plus caus. I -′ʔt- as nom. [26.3], ʔotsinɔhkέʔtaʔ charm; with anomalous vb. rt. -nɔhka(æ)- and refl., ʔotsinɔnɔ́hkæ: ʔ legband; see also -(h/:)waha- (708).

685. -hsinye- VB. RT. (-h, -′h, -h), spin (thread, etc.): kahsi:nye:h it's spun, yehsi:nyeh she's spinning, waʔέhsi:nye: ʔ she spun.

686. -′hsis- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -Ø), shoot and hit: ʔakέhsi:- sεh I've shot it (and hit it), hahsi:sas he shoots it, wáehsi:s I shot him.

687. -hsisát VB. STEM, in kahsi:sat dogwood (Cornus florida).

688. -hsiy(æ)- NN, RT., thread, string: ʔohsi:væʔ thread, string; with vb. rt. -tase-, ʔoʔkéhsiyætaseʔ I tied it with a string.

689. -hsóhkw(a)- NN. RT., spout: ʔohsóhkwaʔ spout.

690. -hsoj(a)- NN. RT., pile: ʔohso:jaʔ pile; with part. [26.5], niyóhsojaʔ how big the pile is; with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔohso:jo:t it's piled up.

691. -′hsot/-′hso- (before nom.), VB. STEM, be grand parent to, ref. to older member of relationship (in older usage, the relationship between any consanguineal kinsmen two generations apart): hakso:t he is grandparent to me, my grandfather (with irregular first person allomorph; cf. [6.4]), ʔakso:t my grandmother (HSL 20), hohso:t his or her grandfather (HSL 21), ʔethíhso:t our (incl.) grandmother, used ceremonially to refer to the moon; with recip., yatátehso:t a boy and his grandparent; with nom., plur., and decessive, ʔɔkwahsoshæʔshɔʔkέ:ɔʔ our deceased remote ancestors; with augment., haksótko:wa:h my great-grandfather, ʔaksótko:wa:h my great-grandmother.

692. -hsowiʔsh(æ)- NN. RT., hazel (Corylus americana): ʔohsówiʔshæʔ hazel.

693. -hsóʔk- VB. RT. (—, -háʔ, —), with obj., limp: hohsoʔkhaʔ he limps; with ambul., hohsóʔka:neʔ he's limping as he walks.

694. -′hsɔ- DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10]

695. -hsɔhka(æ)- NN. RT., lip: kehsɔhkæ: ʔkeh on my lip.Var. -hsɔʔka(æ)- (700).

696. -hsɔny(e)-/-hsɔ(:)wi- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -έʔS, -′h), taste or smell something fresh, savor: ʔakέhsɔnyɔ:h I've eaten freshly picked food, hahsɔ:nyeʔs he eats fresh things; with nn. rt. -yέʔkw(a)-, waotiyέʔ- kwahsɔ:wiʔ they got the scent of the tobacco; plus caus. I -ht-, hotiyεʔkwáhsɔnye:htɔh they've given it the scent of the tobacco.

697. -hsɔ(:)wi- taste or smell something fresh: see -hsɔny(e)- (696).

698. -hsɔ́:w(ɔ)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -iyo-, be smooth: kahsɔ́: wi: yo: h it's smooth; plus caus.-inst. -st-, kahsɔ́:wiyo:sthaʔ plane (the tool).

699. -hsɔwɔhka(æ)- NN. RT., cut piece of wood: ʔohsɔ́- wɔhka:aʔ cut piece of wood; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- and prog., ʔohsɔ́wɔhkεɔta:tyeʔ groove.

700. -hsɔʔka(æ)- lip: var. of -hsɔhka(æ)- (695).

701. -hsɔ́ʔnέh VB. STEM, be aunt to, usually ref. to younger member of relationship (in older usage, the relationship of a woman who is consanguine- ally related to and the same generation as one's natural father): hehsɔ́ʔneh I'm his aunt, my nephew, khehsɔ́ʔneh my niece, hɔwɔtihsɔ́ʔneh their nephews.

702. -hsyɔɔʔsh(æ)- NN. RT., twelve and a half cents: with vb. rt. -t- and repet., skahsyɔ́: ʔshæ: t (one) twelve and a half cents; elliptical with vb. rt. -ake-, syɔ́:ʔshæke:h twenty-five cents, a quarter; ke:i nikahsyɔ́: ʔshæke:h fifty cents.

703. -ht- CAUSATIVE I [13.7]

704. -′ht- CAUSATIVE I [13.7]

705. -hw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), with dat. -′hse-/-′s-, blame: hakέhwahse:h he has blamed me, wá:- kehwas he blamed me; with refl., corrupt, lead astray: hakátehwεh he has lead me astray.
CAUSATIVE III [13.3]

706. -(h/:)w(a)- NN. RT., waist (ʔ): recorded only with vb. rt. -ha- in (with nom.) ka:wáhashæʔ or (with caus.-inst., refl., and dupl.) teyɔthwahá- sthaʔ belt.

707. -′(h/:)w(a)- NN. RT., in niyó:waʔkeh at a certain time.

708. -(h/:)waha-/-(h/:)wah- (before desc.)/-ha-/-h- (in- corp.), vb. rt. (-έh, -′s, -h), tie around: ʔoʔkhwa:- ha:ʔ i tied it around something; with nom., ka:- wáhashæʔ band; with oppos. ii, untie: ʔoʔkhwá- hahsiʔ i untied it; with nn. rt. -nesh(a)- and refl., konέshaheh she has put a bracelet on, yεnέshahas she's putting a bracelet on; plus caus.-inst. -′st-, yεnεshásthaʔ bracelet; with nn. rt. -ʔny(a)-, nom., and refl., ʔεʔnyáhashæʔ [15.6] finger ring; with nn. rt. -hsin(ɔ)-, refl., and caus.-inst., yɔtsinɔhɔsthaʔ legband; see also -nεshóʔkw(a)- (1159).

709. -′(h/:)wahs- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -Ø, -Ø), cover with a blanket: ʔakhwa:hsɔh I've covered it with a blanket, ha:wa:s he covers it, ʔεkhwa:s I'll cover it; with dist. -ɔ-, ʔεkhwa:hsɔ:ʔ I'll put a blanket and things over it; with dat. -e-/-Ø-, hɔwɔ́:- wahse:h she has covered him.

710. -′(h/:)wajiy(æ)-/-′(h/:)waj- (before i), NN. RT., family, brood: khwaji:yæʔ my family; with vb. rt. -yε-, ye:wajiyæ:yεʔ she's there with her children; see also -ine- (773).

711. -′(h/:)was(a)- NN. RT., snowsnake: ka:wa:saʔ snowsnake (stick or game); with vb. rt. -óhka- and caus. I, ye:wásohka:thaʔ snowsnake medicine or wax; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- and cisloc., tha:wa:sɔ:t flying squirrel (Glaucomys sp.).

712. -′(h/:)watase-/-tase- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -′h), turn, make go around: ʔo:watase:h it has turned it; with refl., yɔthwatases people go around in a circle (a game); with nn. rt. -nɔ́hs(a)-, refl., and transloc., hέonɔhsatase:h he has gone around the house; ʔoʔkehotɔ́kwaʔshætaseʔ I turned the key (see -hó(a)-).

713. -′(h/:)waʔíst- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), with trans loc., lay up to a mark: hewakhwaʔístɔh I've laid it up to the mark; with nn. rt. -nɔ́hs(a)-, hwa:- nɔhsá: waʔis he went the whole length of the building; with refl., take advantage of someone's hospitality, sponge: ʔakathwaʔístɔh I'm sponging.

714. -(h/:)wέ:n(ɔ)- NN. RT., post, raft, island: ka:wέ:- nɔʔ post; with vb. rt. -o-, ʔo:wέ: noʔ island; with vb. rt. -o-, ferry (vb.): shako:we:nóaʔ he ferries people (name of a mythical figure); with vb. rt. -ó-/-0- and refl., hεnɔ́thwe:no:s they put a raft in the water.

715. -(h/:)weʔn-/-kweʔn- (incorp.), NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni- and usually dupl., make round: oʔtká:- weʔnɔ:niʔ it made it round; with refl., become round: teyóthweʔnɔ:ni:h it's round, ʔoʔtwáth- weʔnɔ:niʔ it became round; with nn. rt. -yóʔh(a)- [26.2], to: tyoʔhákweʔnɔ: ni:h he has a round chin.

716. -hwέh VB. STEM, with nn. rt. -ahsɔ(:)t(a)- in haʔtέwahsɔ: thwεh midnight.

717. -hwέʔ- NN. RT., with vb. rt -ot- in ʔohwέʔo:t sprout.

718. -(h/:)wεʔka(æ)- NN. RT., wood (as material), splint (in basketry): ʔo:wέʔkæ: ʔ wood, splint; with vb. rt. -ot-, inst., and dupl., teye:wεʔkeotáhkwaʔ snowshoe, ski.

719. -(h/:)wέʔst(a)- NN. RT., foam: ʔo:wέʔstaʔ foam, also beer; with charact. and repet., jo:wέʔstakaʔ sea gull (Larus sp.).

720. -(h/:)wέʔt(a)- NN. RT., ear of corn with the husk on: ʔo:wέʔtaʔ ear of corn; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)-, ʔoʔká:wεʔta: εʔ the ear formed on it.

721. -(h/:)Wíhs(a)- NN. RT., muscle, muscular strength: ʔo:wíhsaʔ muscle, etc.; with vb. rt. -ʔhaste-, ha:wíhsaʔha:steʔ he has strong muscles; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, (t)ha:wíhsɔ:t milk snake (Lampro- peltis doliata triangulum).

722. -(h/:)wíst(a)- NN. RT., money, cup: ʔo:wístaʔ money, ka:wístaʔ cup; with vb. rt. -t- and repet., ska:wísta:t one dollar; with vb. rt. -ake-, teká: wista: ke: h two dollars, sε niká:wista:ke:h three dollars; with vb. rt. -noɔ́-, ʔo:wístano:ɔʔ gold, silver; with vb. rt. -niyɔ(:)t- and inst., yɔthwistaniyɔtáhkwaʔ silver beads, pendants.

723. -′(h/:)y(a)- NN. RT., another one, the next one: ʔo:yaʔ another one, the next one; with plur., ʔo:yáʔshɔʔ other ones.

724. -(h/:)yaka(æ)- NN. RT., jackstick: ka:yakæ:ʔ jackstick.

725. -′(h/:)yakahiyéht- VB. RT. (-Ø, -ɔ́ʔs, —), be sharp: ʔo:yákahi:yet it's sharp, ʔo:yakahíyehtɔʔs it's sharp on both ends. Cf. -′(h/:)yoʔthiyέht- (740).

726. -′(h/:)yakahiyɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), sharpen: ʔakhyákahi:yɔʔ I've sharpened it, ha:yakahíyɔ: ʔ he sharpens it, syakáhi:yɔ:h sharpen it!; with dist. -nyɔ- and refl., hathyákahiyɔnyɔh he's grinding (e.g., an ax). Cf. -′(h/:)yoʔthiyɔ- (741).

727. -(h/:)yakwiy(æ)- NN. RT., toe: khyakwi:yæʔ my toe.

728. -′(h/:)yanɔ́ʔt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), mark: ʔakhyánɔʔtɔh I've marked it, ka:yánɔʔtɔh it's marked, ʔoʔkhya:nɔʔt I marked it; with refl., ʔoʔkáthyanɔʔt I made myself a mark, put on an act; with dist. -′:nɔ- and refl., hothyanɔʔtá:nɔʔ he got all marked up.

729. -′(h/:)yatɔ(:)- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), write: ʔakhya:tɔʔ I've written it, ha:yátɔ:ʔ he writes, syatɔ:h write!; with dat. -ni-/-′ɔ́s-, hakhyatɔ:- ni:h he has written it for me; plus cisloc., thak- hyatɔ:ni:h he has written to me; with inst., ye:yátɔhkwaʔ pencil, pen; with nom., ka:- yátɔshæʔ paper, book, curtain; plus vb. rt. -yε- and dupl., to: ti:yátɔshæ:yεʔ they're playing cards; plus inst., teye:yatɔshæyέtahkwaʔ (playing) cards.

730. -(h/:)yaʔeht(a)- NN. RT., in ka:yáʔehtaʔ Eagle Dance pole.

731. -′(hy)ony(a)-tell: see-′(hy)owi- (736).

732. -(h/:)yoskw- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ine-, refl., and dupl, crawl, creep: tá:thyoskwi:neʔ he's crawling, teyɔ́thyoskwi:neʔs she's crawling around; with vb. rt. -έhta- and dupl., lay upside down, turn over, (with desc.) lie on one's belly: tekhyóskwεh- ta:ʔ I'm lying on my belly, ʔoʔtkhyóskwεhta: εʔ I turned it over; plus double dist. -ɔ-nyɔ- and transloc., hoʔthati:yóskwεhtεɔnyɔ: ʔ they laid them upside down (ref. to boats); plus refl., ʔoʔthεnothyóskwεhta: εʔ they lay down on their bellies; plus caus. I -′ht-, repet., and transloc., haʔtɔsa:yoskwehta:at he fell back to a prone position. Cf. -hyoskwi- (733).

733. -hyoskwi- VB. RT. (-h, —, -h), with refl. and dupl., crawl, creep: tá: thyoskwi:h he's crawling, tεhsá- thyoskwi:ʔ you will crawl. Cf. -(h/:)yoskw- (732).

734. -(h/:)yosta(æ)- NN. RT., elbow: ka:yóstæ:ʔ elbow khyostæ:ʔkeh (on) my elbow.

735. -′(h/:)yowε(ε)- NN. RT., pricker: ʔo:yowε:ʔ pricker; with vb. rt. -aji-, ʔo:yowε:jiʔ greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia); with vb. rt. -(C)eó-, desc., spl. nn. suff., and augment., ka:yowέoɔʔko:wa:h Crossing-the-Woods ceremony.

736. -′(hy)owi-/-′(hy)ony(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-h, -′h, -′h), tell: shɔkwá:owi:h he has told us, ʔoʔkhέ:- owiʔ I told them; with refl., tell about: ʔakáthyo:- wi:h I've told about it; plus dist. -′: nɔ-, ʔεkathy- onyá:nɔʔ I'm going to tell about things; plus trans. -′:n- and purp., ʔεyɔthyonyá:neʔ she intends to tell about it.

737. -(h/:)yoʔ VB. STEM, be a spouse: elliptical yo:ʔ spouse; with recip., yata:thyo:ʔ he and his wife; plus plur., hεnɔ́tathyo: shɔʔ married couples; with decessive, yoʔkέ:ɔʔ his deceased wife. Cf. nέ:yo:ʔ (1125).

738. -(h/:)yoʔjíst- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), with dupl., be sour: teyó:yoʔjis [3.4] it's sour; with inch. I -heʔ-, ʔoʔtyo :yoʔjístheʔt it got sour; with nn. rt. -′(h/:)nek(a)-, teyo:neká:yoʔjis vinegar.

739. -′(hy)oʔtέst- VB. RT. (-oh, -háʔ, -Ø), often with refl., dupl., and/or cisloc., ease up: tetwaka- thyóʔtεstɔh I've eased up, ʔɔ:teswáoʔtεs you (pi.) ought to ease up.

740. -′(h/:)yoʔthiyέht- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be sharp: ʔo:yóʔthi:yet it's sharp. Cf. -′(h/:)yakahiyέht- (725).

741. -′(h/:)yoʔthiyɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), sharpen: ka:yóʔthi:yɔʔ it's sharpened. Cf. -′(h/:)yaka- hiyɔ-, -othiyɔ- (726, 1402).

742. -′(hy)ɔ- VB. RT. (—, —, -′h), put on: ʔoʔkhyɔʔ I put it on it, waʔέɔʔ she put it on it.

743. -′(hy)ɔwe-/-′(hy)ɔw- (before desc. -′h and impv.), VB. RT. (-ʔ or -′h, -háʔ, -έh), with dupl., bar, be a barrier: teká:ɔwe:ʔ or tekáɔh [3.10] it's a barrier; with refl., tewáthyɔwe:haʔ it bars, bar, lock, ʔoʔtwáthyɔ: wεʔ it barred it; with dat. -hás-, ʔoʔtwákhyɔwe:has it barred me.

744. -i- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), make up the total of: with nn. rt. -nɔ́ʔj(a)-, kanɔ́ʔji:h a pailful; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, ʔóiwi:h it's all of the matter, enough; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, kyaʔti:h I alone; plus transloc., hekáyaʔti:h that's all there is; plus, dupl., haʔtέkyaʔti:h I alone; plus caus.-inst., haʔteyɔkwayaʔtístɔh we're all alone; with neg., teʔkε:h not much; with refl., du. pron. pref., and dupl., teyakyati:h we live together, my spouse; plus inch. I -′ʔhέʔ-, ʔoʔtkátiʔheʔt I stayed with it, got married; with refl. in ke:i niεnɔti:h the Four Beings, Four Messengers, Four Angels (sent by the Creator to Handsome Lake); with refl. and part., nitwa:ti:h as many of us.
VB. RT. (-h, —, -h), with nn. rt. -kέʔ(æ)-, refl., and dupl., become tangled: tesátkeʔi:h your hair is tangled; ʔoʔtkátkeʔi: ʔ my hair got tangled.
DATIVE [13.12]
NONSINGULAR [11.8, 11.10]
say: see -ε- (409).

745. -i-/-í- lean: see -aʔtih- (325).

746. -′í- spill: see -′(h)í- (583).

747. -(C)i-/-wi- (after o), VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be ripe, cooked, done (ref. to food): ʔo:wi:h it's ripe, done; with inch. II, ʔoʔka:ih it ripened, got done; plus nn. rt. -á:y(a)-, ʔoʔwá:yaih the fruit ripened.

748. -(C)í- thing, etc.: see -(C)í:w(a)- (808).

749. -íey-/-éey- (after any 3d person obj. pref.), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -′h), die: ʔakí:eyɔ:h I'm dead, hawέ:- eyɔ:h he's dead, yáie:yɔs she's dying [6.7], waʔáieʔ she died; teʔkέ:eyɔs liveforever (Sedum triphylum, S. purpurevm), lit. it doesn't die.

750. -iεwε(ε)-/-iεwεn- (before y)/-yεwε(ε)- (after refl.), NN. RT., wire, pin, needle, nail, awl: kε:wε:ʔ wire, pin, needle, nail, awl; with vb. rt. -tέhta-, kε:wέ:tεhta:ʔ railroad track; with vb. rt. -ot- and inst., yε:wéotahkwaʔ [27.2] pin cushion; with vb. rt. -yáʔk- and dupl., ʔoʔthε:wε:nyaʔk he broke the pin, nail; cf. thέ:wɔ:nyaʔs Governor Blacksnake, var. of he breaks nails (ʔ); with vb. rt. -ɔkóht-, refl., and dupl., tewatyεwεɔkóthaʔ needle. Var. -iɔwε(ε)- (782).

751. -íh IMPERATIVE [5.10–11, 13.4] lean: see -aʔtíh- (325).

752. -′íh- spill: see -′(h)í- (583).

753. -(C)íha(æ)- VB. RT. (-ʔ, -s, -έh), argue, cause trouble: ʔaki:ha:ʔ I'm arguing, háihæ:s he argues; with refl., ʔekátiha: εʔ I'm going to argue; with caus. I -′ht-, kihǽ:thaʔ I cause trouble, ʔóihæ:t let it be fought over. Var. -′(h)iha(æ)- (584).

754. -ihikwa(æ)- NN. RT., hat: ʔakíhikwa:aʔ my hat, sahikwæ:ʔ your hat; with vb. rt. -owanε-, hohikweowanεh he has a big hat.

755. -ihjiw- VB. RT. (-έh, —, —), be apparent: kεhji:- wεh apparently; with contr., thikέhji:wεh it's quite apparent.

756. -ihka(æ)- NN. RT., tail: kεhka:aʔ tail, ʔohka:aʔ its tail, spout for sap (in tapping maples); with vb. rt. -is- and repet., joníhkais mouse (any species with a long tail).

757. -(C)íhka-/-ka- (incorp. and after refl.), VB. RT. (-h, -—, —), be making a noise, be shouting: ʔakíhka:h I'm making a noise, shouting; with refl., ʔotka:h it's making a noise; with nn. rt. -stɔwέʔs(æ)-, ʔostɔ́wεʔsæ:ka:h the rattle is sounding.

758. -(C)ihkáe-/káe- (incorp. and after refl.), VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), be making a noise, be shouting: ʔakíhka:eʔ I'm making a noise, shouting.

759. -(C)ihkaé-/-(C)ihkaéh- (before impv.)/-kaé-/-kaéh- (incorp. and after refl.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -ás -Ø), with obj., make a noise, shout: ʔakihkáeɔh I've made a noise; with refl., ʔotkáeas it makes a noise; with nn. rt. -′(h)eoʔt(a)-, waʔoeóʔtaka:eh the gun sounded; with dist. -′hsɔ- and refl., waʔotkáeahsɔ: ʔ it made noises.

760. -(C)ihkaéʔni-/-kaéʔni- (incorp. and after refl.), VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be noisy: ʔakihkáeʔni:h I'm noisy; with refl., ʔotkáeʔni:h it's noisy; with nn. rt. -wεn(ɔ)-, howεnɔkáeʔni:h his voice is loud. Cf. -atetkaeʔníst- (159).

761. -ih(C)(ɔ)- NN. RT., creek, river: with vb. rt. -te-, kεhɔ:teʔ a creek is there; with vb. rt. -es-, kεhe:s long creek; with vb. rt. -iyo-, ʔohi:yoʔ [26.4] Allegany River, Allegany Reservation; with vb. rt. -aʔktɔ-, refl., and cisloc., tetyótiha:ʔktɔ:h Horseshoe Longhouse (formerly east of Salamanca, N.Y.); with vb. rt. -ati- and repet., skehɔ:tih Indian Hill (section of Cattaraugus Reservation).

762. -ihs(a)- NN. RT., wall: kεhsáʔkeh on the wall.

763. -(C)íhsak-/-íhsak- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), look for: hóihsakɔh he has looked for it, kihsa:s I'm looking for it; with dat. -i-/-ε-, kóihsakih monkey, lit. it looks for it on its behalf (i.e., searches out its fleas); with dat. and nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, shakoiwíhsaki:h he has found things wrong with her; with trans, -h- and repet., shóihsakhɔ:h he has gone back to look for it.

764. -ihsateny- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -íh), transfer: ʔoʔkíh- sate:niʔ I transferred it (e.g., poured it from one container to another); with dupl., turn around, turn over: ʔoʔtkíhsate:niʔ I turned it around, over; with refl., téatihsatenyɔs he's turning around; with refl. and caus. I -′ʔt-, tε:nɔtihsa- tényaʔthaʔ turning place; with refl., caus. I, and oppos. I, tewakatihsatenyɔkwáhtɔh I'm turning first one way and then the other.

765. -ihsáʔ- create, complete: see -awihsáʔ- (294).

766. -′íht- break in pieces: see -′(h)íht- (586).

767. -iht(a)- NN. RT., with charact. in kεhtáʔke:aʔ high bush blueberry (Vaccinium sp.)

768. -íhtyak-/-íhty(a)- (before desc. and comb.), VB. RT. (-έh, -s, -Ø), put around a neck: ʔakíhtyεh I've put it around its neck; wáehtya:k I put it around his neck, also I lent a name from my clan to a member of another clan; with caus.-inst. and refl. -εn-, yεnihtyasthaʔ necklace.

769. -ij (C) (a)-/-ij (C) (ɔ)- (before spl. nn. suff. -′h), NN. RT., fish: kεjɔh fish; with vb. rt. -nyo-, ʔoʔkijanyoʔ I killed a fish; hεjóʔya:s he's fishing (see -óʔyak-); with vb. rt. -óa- and cisloc., tkεj ó: aʔ Kinzua, Pa.; with vb. rt. -es- and repet., skεje:s pike (Esox sp.); with vb. rt. -kaǽ(æ)-, spl. nn. suff. [26.4], and repet., skεjakǽ:ɔʔ or skεjakέ:εʔ minnow; with vb. rt. -ɔ- and refl. -(ε)n-, wa:kεni:jɔʔ he gave me his fish; with vb. rt. -o-, oppos. I, dat., and refl., ʔonijokwεʔfish hawk, osprey (Pandion haliaetus), lit. it takes fish out of the water for itself; kεjɔh ʔoεnɔʔ Fish Dance.

770. -(C)ik- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), fit snugly, envelope, permeate, bite: ʔoikɔh it fits snugly, ka:is it's biting; with vb. rt. -yεʔkwa(æ)-, ʔoyέʔkwæ:ikɔh smoked (meat); with refl. and dupl., abut: teyoti:kɔh it abuts it; with inch. I -heʔ-, teyo- tahsɔtáikheʔɔh it has gotten dark (see -ahsɔ(:)- t(a)-); with caus. I -t-, tewεnɔtahsɔtáikthaʔ they're having Dark Dance; with dist. -hɔ-, see -nέht(a)- (1149).

771. -(C)íkt(a)- NN. RT., thorn: ʔóiktaʔ thorn, thorn tree (Crataegus punctata); with vb. rt. -owa- and repet., jóikto:wa:ʔ crabapple.

772. -ikwitek- NN. RT., with ext. loc. -′:néh in kεkwíte- khneh spring (time).

773. -ine- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ʔs, -′h), with refl., go, proceed: with nn. rt. -′(h/:)wajiy(æ)-, kathwáji:neʔ I'm going along with my family; with nn. rt. -έ:nísh(æ)- and transloc., hewatε:nítsi:neʔs as far as the day goes.

774. -inɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), with repet., be well, good, healthy: skε:nɔʔ it is well, good, healthy, OK.

775. -í:n(ɔ)- NN. RT. (spl. nn. suff. -′h, ext. loc. -′:néh), skin, leather, handkerchief: ki:nɔ́:neh on my skin, ʔakí:nɔh my handkerchief, kε:nɔh leather, handkerchief; with vb. rt. -k- and past, kε:nɔ:- skwaʔ Stone Coat (mythical prehistoric giant), ht. it used to eat skin; with vb. rt. -yáʔk- and refl. -an-, ʔoʔtwáni:nyaʔk it cut the skin; with vb. rt. -ε- (-áʔsε-) and inch. I, kε:nεʔs sycamore, buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis); with vb. rt. -tok- and refl. -εn-, be conscious of, have a premonition of: hεní:nɔto:khaʔ he's conscious of it.

776. -í:nɔk- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), with transloc., call for, summon: héaki:nɔ:kɔh he's called for me, héaki:nɔ:s he calls for me, hwá:ki:nɔ:k he called for me.

777. -inyɔ- arrive: see -yɔ- (1936).

778. -(C)ióʔte-/-yoóʔte- (after consonant), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be working: ʔakyó:ʔteʔ I'm working, hóioʔteʔ he's working; with caus. II and refl., work: ʔakatyó:ʔtatɔh I've worked, hatyó:ʔta:s he works, ʔεhsatyó:ʔta:t you will work; with caus.-inst. -st-, yɔtyó:ʔta:sthaʔ tool. Var. -(C)iyóʔte- (813).

779. -iɔ- VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), be female: yeɔh she's a female, kεɔh it's a female, wεniɔshɔ́ʔɔh they are females, women.

780. -íɔk VB. STEM, in ʔεkέ:ɔk it won't be so, if not, and ʔá:kε:ɔk it need not be so.

781. -iɔ́ɔsh(æ)-/-εɔ́ɔsh(æ)- (after consonant), NN. RT., cradleboard: kέ:ɔshæʔ cradleboard, also jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), cornhusk basket of tobacco for use in War Dance; ʔέ:ɔshæʔ [26.6] cradleboard, toadstool, mushroom; ʔakέ:- ɔshæʔ my cradleboard; with vb. rt. -ε-, yέ:ɔshεʔ she's in the cradleboard; plus inst., yɔtεɔshέtah- kwaʔ cradleboard.

782. -iɔwε(ε)- wire, etc.: var. of -iεwε(ε)- (750).

783. -is- be long: see -ɔs- (1470).

784. -iséeht- VB. RT., see -skέʔ(ε)- (1580).

785. -(C)isεht(a)- NN. RT., hammerhead (Hypentelium nigricans): káisεhtaʔ hammerhead.

786. -(C)isέht(a)- NN. RT., dream: ʔóisεhtaʔ dream; with vb. rt. -íhsak-, yeisεhtíhsa:s people are looking for a dream, dream guessing.

787. -ísh(æ)- leggings: see -(h)ísh(æ)- (589).

788. -iska(æ)- NN. RT., mat, something to sleep on: kεska:aʔ mat, something to sleep on, ʔoska:aʔ hellebore (Veratrum viride); with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)-, ʔaki:ska:ʔ I've put down something to sleep on; plus refl. -εn-, ʔεkέniska:εʔ I'll put down something for me to sleep on; plus, inst., yεnískæ:- hkwaʔ bedding; with vb. rt. -teny-, ʔoʔkískæ:- te:niʔ I changed the bedding.

789. -iskaæwak-/-iskaæwa- (before ʔ), VB. RT. (—, -s, -Ø), sweep: yeskæ:wa:s she sweeps, ʔoʔískæ:wa:k I swept; with caus. I -t-, yeskæ:wa:kthaʔ broom; with nom., kεskæ:wáʔshæʔ broom; with dist. -hɔ- and refl., waʔɔ́tiskæ:wa:khɔ:ʔ she swept all around her.

790. -isk(æ)- NN. RT., saliva: ʔoskæʔ saliva; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ty- and refl. -εn-, spit: hεnískyɔtyeʔs [14.4] he's spitting.

791. -(C)iskεʔseʔ VB. STEM, in káiskεʔse:ʔ sparrow, thrush, also a kind of bean.

792. -(C)iskεʔt(a)- NN. RT., braid: ʔóiskεʔtaʔ braid; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, káiskεʔtɔ:ni:h it's braided.

793. -iskwanyέʔt(a)- rotten wood: see -(h)iskwanyέʔt(a)- (590).

794. -(C)iskwát- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), with dupl., be slippery: teyóiskwat it's slippery; with inch. I -héʔ-, ʔoʔtyoiskwátheʔt it became slippery.

795. -′íst- shove: see -′(h)íst- (591).

796. -ist(a)- NN. RT., scales (of a fish): ʔostaʔ scales; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, kεsta:eʔ it has scales on it; with vb. rt. -ε- (-áʔsε-) and caus. I, ʔakístεhtɔh I've scaled it; with vb. rt. -yáʔk-, dist., refl., and dupl., ʔoʔtkatistyáʔkhɔ: ʔ my hands got chapped.

797. -(C)íst(a)- NN. RT., metal, tin, steel, bell, trap: káistaʔ metal, etc.; ʔóistaʔ block of a guilt; with vb. rt. -ʔe-, káistaʔes clock, sε niyóista:ʔe:h three o'clock; with vb. rt. -owanε-, káistowa:nεh loud noise; with vb. rt. -′ʔse-, survey: háistiʔseʔs he surveys, is a surveyor; with vb. rt. -owa-, káisto:wa:ʔ sucker, mullet (Moxostoma sp.); plus augment., kaistowáʔko:wa:h June mullet.

798. -(C)istakiíʔta- VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h),fry: yeistakí:ʔ- ta: s she fries it, ʔεkistakí: ʔta: ʔ I'm going to fry it. Cf. -takiiʔta- (1662).

799. -ísʔa-, create, complete: see -awihsáʔ- (294).

800. -it(a)- NN. RT., field, meadow: with vb. rt. -yε-, kεta:yεʔ a field is there; with vb. rt. -iyo-, kεti:yo:h good field; with vb. rt. -έɔwi- and caus. I, (t)kεtέɔwi:thaʔ morning star.

801. -itaǽht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), with nn. rt -yáʔt(a)-, implicate: ʔakyaʔtitǽ:htɔh I've been implicated, ʔesáyaʔtitæ: t it implicated you.

802. -itáhs(a)- NN. RT., fin: kεtáhsaʔ fin, kεtáhsaʔkeh tail of a fish; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- and dist., kεtáhsɔ:tɔʔ fins on it.

803. -itáʔw-/-ita- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -ás, -′h), with obj., sleep: hotáʔɔh he's asleep, hotáʔwas he sleeps, ʔɔki:taʔ I went to sleep, sε:tah go to sleep!

804. -itε- VB. RT.(-ɔh, -s, -h), be good to, show pity for: ʔakitε:ɔh it's good to me, kotε:ɔh it's good to her, also she, they are blessed, shɔkwε:te:s he's good to us, ʔoʔkhe:tε:ʔ I pitied her; with recip. -atan-, hotanitε:ɔh he's kind and helpful; plus nom., ʔatanitέɔshæʔ [15.6] kindness, helpfulness, mutual aid; with trans. -′:n-, ʔεtwatanítε:nɔʔ we'll go and have a bee; with caus.-inst. -st-, plead forgiveness: katanitε:sthaʔ I plead forgiveness.

805. -itkε-/-itkέ- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -′ɔ́ʔ, —) emerge, become visible: with nn. rt. -nóʔj(a)-, teohnoʔjítkεɔh his teeth show; with nn. rt. -′(h/:)nek(a)-, ʔo:nekitkέɔʔ water comes out, spring; with inch. I -′ʔ-, taká:neki:tkεʔt water came out; with nn. rt. -(C)ǽhkw(a)-, tyoæhk- witkέʔɔh the sun (or moon) has come out.

806. -itɔ- VB. RT. (-h, -′h, -′h), mean, indicate: ʔaki:tɔ:h I meant it, kε: tɔh it means, haki: tɔh he means me, ʔoʔki:tɔʔ I meant it.

807. -ityóhkw(a)- NN. RT., crowd, group of people, the public: kεtyóhkwaʔ crowd, etc.; with vb. rt. -owanε-, kεtyóhkowa:nεh [3.12] big crowd.

808. -(C) í :w(a)-/-(C)i- (before o or ɔ), NN. RT., thing, matter, afiair, cause, subject, message, news, word, speech, conversation, story, tradition, custom, ceremony, ritual, assignment: ʔóiwaʔ thing, etc.; with vb. rt. -owanε-, niyóiowanεh how important the matter is; with vb. rt. -asteíst-, pay attention to, notice: ʔaki:wastéistɔh I've noticed it; with vb. rt. -atiyɔ(:)t- and cisloc., cause distress: takái- watiyɔ:tεʔ it caused distress; with vb. rt. -aʔíst-, put the blame on: wa:ki :wáʔis he put the blame on me; plus dupl., request a story: ʔoʔtkí:waʔis I requested a story; with vb. rt. -ihsáʔ-, promise, plan to do: ʔaki:wihsáʔɔh I've promised, planned to do it; plus refl., come to an agreement, make a contract: waenɔtí:wisʔa: ʔ they came to an agreement; with vb. rt. -iyo-, káiwi:yo:h Good Message, Code oj Handsome Lake; with vb. rt. -kéɔ- and refl.: hoti:waké:ɔʔ Wampum Keeper; with vb. rt. -kwεniyo-, be true: káiwakwεni:yoʔ it's true; plus caus.-inst., believe: waɔwɔ́iwakwεni:yos they believed him, ʔɔkwaiwakwεníyostɔh our belief, our religion; plus inch. I, prove: ʔoʔkaiwak- wεníyoʔheʔt it proved it; with vb. rt. -neʔak-, sin: ʔoʔkí:wane:ʔa:k I sinned; plus nom., kaiwanéʔakshæʔ wickedness; with vb. rt. -nɔke- and caus. II, spread the word: ʔakí :wanɔkætɔh I've spread the word; with vb. rt. -okw- and caus. I, spread the news: tewakatiokwáhtɔh I've spread the news; with vb. rt. -ɔkóht-, perform an obligation, hold a ceremony: hoiɔkóhtɔh he has performed an obligation, held a ceremony; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, káiɔ:nih why, the reason; plus dat., teach: ʔakátiɔnyani:h or ʔakátyɔ:nyani:h I've taught; with vb. rt. -′syɔ(:)ni-, set right: ʔεskí:- wasyɔ:niʔ I'll set it right again; with vb. rt. -toke- and caus.-inst., interpret: haiwatókεsthaʔ he interprets, interpreter; with vb. rt. -yei- and cisloc., be virtuous: tyéiwaye:iʔ she's virtuous; with -yei- and caus.-inst., do as one should, accomplish one's task: haiwayéisthaʔ he does as he should; with -yei- and inch. II, come to pass: ʔoiwayéiʔɔh it has come to pass; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, tekaiɔ́tahkɔ́h treaty; with -ɔ́(:)t- and refl., hotí:ɔt Faith Keeper, Fire Keeper, honɔ́ti:ɔt Faith Keepers; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)- and dist., watí:wεɔʔ the ceremonies come at different times; with vb. rt. -′(h)e-, refl., and dupl., do wrong: ʔoʔthati:wáεʔ he did wrong; with vb. rt. -′(h/:)niy- and caus. II, confirm: wa:tí:wa:ni :yæ:t they confirmed it; with vb. rt. -káʔte-, koiwakáʔteʔ she's a gossip; with vb. rt. -atyeɔ- and caus.-inst., suggest: ʔakati:wáyεɔstɔh I've suggested it; with vb. rt. -kεíst- (and dat.), give authority to: hɔwɔiwakέistani:h they have given him the authority; with vb. rt. -kwaíhs-, testify, give proof: twaiwakwáihsɔs we testify; with vb. rt. -yas-, claim, assert: káiwaya:sɔh it is asserted; with vb. rt. -nɔ́ʔkow- and neg., toʔ- oiwánɔʔko:was [27.5] it's going strong; with vb. rt. -te-, káiwateʔ or (with inst.) kaiwatéhkɔh usage, custom, ritual, subject of a speech; with vb. rt. -yε- and inst., kaiwayέtahkɔh responsibility, obligation; with vb. rt. -′(h)έʔhe- and caus. I, decide: ʔaki:wáεʔhehtɔ h I've decided.

809. -iy- NONSINGULAR [11.8, 11.10]

810. -iya- VB. RT. (-ʔ, -s, -h), with dupl., pull: with nn. rt.- aʔεn(ɔ)-, tέ:nɔʔεni:yaʔs tug-of-war, tehnyáʔ- εni:ya:h let's have a tug-of-war; with nn. rt. -ɔsh(a)-, dist. -ɔ-, and refl., squat: to:nɔtɔ́tsiya:ɔʔ [14.5] they're squatting

811. -iyáʔk- cross: see -yá:yáʔk- (1864). break, cut: see -yáʔk- (1866).

812. -iyo- kill: see -nyo- (1347). be good, beautiful: see -awiyo- (297).

813. -(C)iyóʔte- be working, var. of -(C)ióʔte- (778): hóiyoʔteʔ he's working.

814. -íʔ PUNCTUAL [8.2]

815. -íʔse- pull: see -′ʔse-, -′ʔsy- (2100, 2114).

816. -(C)íʔsh(æ)- NN. RT., sperm: ʔóiʔshæʔ sperm.

817. -íʔskw- slip: see -(h)íʔskw- (594).

818. -iʔst(a)- NN. RT., noise: with vb. rt. -kέέht-, tawatiʔstákε:t the noise abated; with vb. rt. -yáʔk-, to:nɔtíʔstyaʔkɔh they're speaking about it; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)- and refl., talk, chatter: ʔakátiʔsta:ʔ I'm talking, ʔonɔ́tiʔsta:ʔ they're chattering, ref. to birds, hatíʔstahaʔ he chatters, twatíʔstaeh let's talk!

819. -íʔsy- pull: see -′ʔsy- (2114).

820. -(C)iʔt- see -hs(a)- (668).

821. -íʔt(a)- NN. RT., feces: ʔoʔtaʔ feces; with vb. rt. -ot- and refl. -εn-, defecate: hεniʔtothaʔ he's defecating; with unique vb. rt. -óht- and dupl., break wind: tewakiʔtóhtɔh I've broken wind; with vb. rt. -kahatenyáʔt-, kεʔtakahatenyáʔthaʔ junebug (Phyllophaga sp.); as incorp. nn. rt. often serves to intensify meaning of vb. rt.: with vb. rt. -nowε-, honíʔtanɔ:wε:h he's a colossal liar; with vb. rt. -swáεh-, scold: wa:kiʔtáswaεh he scolded me; probably containing this nn. rt., ʔoʔtǽ:ʔe:h it's the worst; with vb. rt. -táhkw-, shakoʔtatáhkwas He Who Eats Inwards (a mythical figure).

822. -(C) íʔto- VB. RT. (ʔ) in yéiʔto:s, yí:ʔto:s, or ʔí:ʔto:s, also (with dist.ʔ) káiʔto:ɔʔ, and (with vb. rt. -owanε-) káiʔtowa:nεh Shake-the-Pumpkin Dance.

823. -iʔtóæk- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), with nn. rt. -ahj- and dupl., pinch: tewakahjíʔto:ækɔh I've pinched it, tewakahjíʔto:æs it pinches me, ʔoʔtkáhjiʔto:æk I pinched it. Cf. -íʔt-, -tóæk- (821, 1741).

824. -iʔtɔw(ε)- NN. RT., bottom, base: kεʔtɔ:wεʔ bottom, kεʔtɔ́wεʔkeh on the bottom; with vb. rt. -′ʔse-, tekεʔtɔwέʔse: ʔ the bottom is double.

825. -íʔtyɔ(:)-/-iʔtyɔ(:)t- (comb.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), set, settle, seat, cause to remain: kiʔtyɔʔ I'm settled, I dwell, ʔakíʔtyɔʔ it's making me stay, I've set it, hakɔ́ʔtyɔ:ʔ he seats them, usher; with dist. -ɔ-, sheʔtyɔ:tɔ:h make them sit down!; with inch. I -′ʔ- and dupl., alight, land: ʔoʔkέʔ- tyɔ:taʔt it alighted, landed; with inst. and dupl. (and cont.), tεkiʔtyɔtáhkɔ:ɔk I shall continue to dwell in both places.

826. -(C)iʔwa(æ)- NN. RT., scar: káiʔwæ:ʔ scar.

827. -íʔyak-/-′ʔyak- (after third person morphemes and directly after obj.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), shoot: ʔakíʔyakɔh I've shot it, saʔya:kɔh you've shot it, haʔya:s he shoots, jiʔya:k shoot it!

828. j- SECOND PERSON [6.1, 6.5, 9.5]

829. [j]- REPETITIVE [21.4, 21.7, 21.11]

830. -[j]- FEMININE [21.5]
INDEFINITE [21.5]
NEUTER [21.5]
NONMASCULINE/ [21.5]
RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [21.5]

831. -[j]a- FEMININE [21.5]

832. ja:enɔs chameleon; with augment., jáenɔsko:wa:h Blue Lizard (a mythical creature).

833. -[j]ak- FEMININE [21.5]

834. jako:ki:h blackbird, red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus).

835. -jakɔ- VB. RT. (—, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), do one's best: yejákɔ:ʔ she's doing her best, ʔoʔkejakɔ:ʔ I did my best, jija:kɔ:h do your best! [6.5 end]

836. ja:tak, seven.

837. jaʔkwi:yoh scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea).

838. jaʔtáhkwεh Lake Chautauqua (N.Y.).

839. -[j]e- FEMININE [21.5]

840. -j ε- VB. RT., with caus. I -′ht-, get water: ʔakéj εhtɔh I've gotten water, sej εt get water!; with trans. -′Ø-, go and get water: ʔakéjε:ɔh I've been after water, sejέ:ɔh go and get water!

841. -j (C) ε- NN. RT., bowl, pan, dish: kajεʔ bowl, pan, dish; kajέʔkeh in the bowl; with charact., kajέʔkekha:ʔ Bowl Game.

842. -[j][ε]- FEMININE [21.5]

843. -jέ(ε)- NN. RT., fire: with vb. rt. -iyáʔk-, kajεiyáʔ- ktɔh it has crossed the fire, been passed from one moiety to the other; with vb. rt. -ot-, kajέ:ot blaze [3.18], hajéothaʔ he's smoking [3.16]; plus trans., ʔεhsejéotaʔnɔʔ you will go over there and smoke, an invitation to a man to attend the Dark Dance.

844. -jεεst(a)- NN. RT., coal, charcoal: ʔojέ:staʔ coal, charcoal; with vb. rt. -ʔε-, jε:stáʔε:ʔ black; with vb. rt. -aji-, hajέ:sta:jiʔ minister, priest.

845. -jεɔskw(a)- NN. RT., whisper: ʔojέɔskwaʔ whisper; with vb. rt. -ye-, ʔoʔkejέɔskwayε: ʔ I whispered.

846. ji- (IN ANIMAL NAMES) [26.7]
REPETITIVE [21.4, 21.7, 21.11]
SECOND PERSON [6.1, 6.5]

847. -jí(æ)- NN. RT., cork, plug: ʔojíæʔ cork, plug; with vb. rt. -ot-, plug up, block off: kají:ot it's plugged up, ʔεthatijí :otεʔ they're going to block it off; with dist., kanestæjí :otɔʔ it's blocked off with boards, e.g., a boarded up window.

848. -jieht(a)- NN. RT., carrion: ʔojíehtaʔ carrion; with vb. rt. -okε- (ʔ), (ʔo)jíehto:kεʔ buzzard.

849. -jihay(a)- NN. RT., in (ʔo)jíhayaʔ Devil Dance, Devil's Feather Dance.

850. -jihkwan(ɔ)- NN. RT., button: kajíhkwanɔʔ button; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, kajíhkwanɔ:thaʔ buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis).

851. -jíhs(a)- NN. RT., husk mat, Husk Face: kajíhsaʔ husk mat, Husk Face.

852. -jihsɔ́ʔt(a)- NN. RT., star: ʔojíhsɔʔtaʔ star, also dandelion (Taraxacum officinale); with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, kajíhsɔʔtɔ:thaʔ daisy, black-eyed-susan, sunflower.

853. -jikheʔt(a)- NN. RT., salt: ʔojíkheʔtaʔ salt; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, ʔojíkheʔta:eʔ there's salt in it, it's salted; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)- and inst., yejikheʔtǽ:hkwaʔ salt container.

854. jikjɔ́ʔkhwε:ʔ chickadee (Parus atricapillus).

855. jikos soon.

856. -jikwε- VB. RT. (—, -′s, —), with obj., have venereal disease: ʔoji:kwεs venereal disease, also corn smut (Ustilago zeae), hotijikwεs they have venereal disease; with caus. I -′ʔt- [26.3], ʔojíkwεʔtaʔ venereal disease, also honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.), ʔojíkwεʔtaʔ ʔawέɔʔ azalea (Rhododendron sp.), lit. venereal disease flower.

857. -jiné(æ)-/-siné(æ)- (after refl.), NN. RT., stinger: kajíneæʔ stinger, ʔojíneæʔ its stinger; with vb. rt. -oʔkáht- and refl., ʔɔkatsinéoʔkat the stinger stuck me.

858. -jinowέʔt(a)- NN. RT., lie: ʔojinowέʔtaʔ a lie. Cf. -nowε- (1203).

859. -jinɔ- VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), be male: haji:nɔh he's a male, kaji:nɔh it's a male.

860. -jinɔnɔhka(æ)-/-sinɔnɔhka(æ)- (after refl.), NN. RT., splinter, stinger, claw, hoof: ʔojinɔnɔ́hkæʔ (its) stinger, splinter, claw, hoof; with vb. rt. -yε- and refl., ʔakatsinɔ́nɔhkæ:yεʔ I've gotten a splinter; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni- and refl., ʔoʔwatsin- ɔ́nɔhkεɔniʔ it made splinters, splintered.

861. -jinɔ́:yáʔt(a)- NN. RT. cord, vein, artery, stream: ʔojinɔ:yáʔtaʔ cord, vein, artery, stream; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)-, dist., and cont., ʔεyojinɔ́:yaʔ- tεɔnyɔ:k there will continue to be streams on it.

862. -jioʔkw(a)- NN. RT., ankle: ʔojíoʔkwaʔ ankle; kejioʔkwáʔkeh on my ankle.

863. jíoʔta:kaʔ mink (Mustela vison).

864. jiskε:h skeleton, ghost; jiskε: ʔóɔhtaʔ Pasisa sacosa, lit. ghost's ear.

865. -jiskoʔkw(a)- NN. RT., hip: ʔojískoʔkwaʔ hip, also name of unidentified plant about 3 ft tall with a ball at the top; kejiskoʔkwáʔkeh on my hip; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, ʔojískoʔkɔ:t common pin [3.12].

866. -jiskw(a)-/-siskw(a)- (after refl.), NN. RT., mush, pudding: ʔoji:skwaʔ mush, pudding; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, waʔéjiskɔ:niʔ she made mush; with vb. rt. -o- and refl., ʔέ:nɔtsi:sko: ʔ they'll put their mush in water, hold the Maple Ceremony; with vb. rt. -ʔe-, tekájiskwa: ʔe :h ball game. Var. -jískw(a)- (867).

867. -jískw(a)- var. of -jiskw(a)- (866): ʔojískwaʔ mush, pudding; kajískwaʔe:ʔ ʔojískwaʔ ballplayers' mush.

868. -jist(a)-/-sist(a)- (after refl.), NN. RT., ember, burning coal, spark, fire, light, lamp, wampum: kaji:staʔ ember, etc.; with vb. rt. -yε-, kajístayεʔ the fire is there, council fire, Onondaga Reservation; with vb. rt. -okw-, tewátsisto: kwas firefly, lit. it scatters sparks; with vb. rt. -no- and inst. [ʔ], ʔojistanóhi:waʔ firefly; the preceding as incorp. nn. rt. [26.3], vb. rt. -(C)(æ)-, and dist., ʔojistanóhkweɔʔ it's speckled, calico; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- and nom., (ʔo)jistɔtáʔshæʔ strawberry, lit. embers on it; with vb. rt. -yε- and inst., jistayέtahkwaʔ [26.6] amomum (Amomum sp.), lit. used for establishing coals; with vb. rt. -kaǽ(æ)- and dist. [ʔ], jistakǽ:ɔʔ, jistakǽ:eʔ, or jistakέ:εʔ hickory (Carya sp.), lit. thin coals.

869. -jistá(a)- NN. RT., with charact. in (ʔo)jistá:ʔke:aʔ wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens).

870. jista:ah grasshopper.

871. -jistaʔthy(a)- NN. RT., calf, colt: ʔojístaʔthyaʔ calf, colt.

872. jita:m a nickname [1.21]

873. -jitkwa(æ)- NN. RT., bile: ʔojítkwæ:ʔ bile, also goldenthread (a plant); with vb. rt. -ʔε-, jítkwæ:- ʔε:ʔ [26.6] yellow, gold, cornmeal, jítkwæ:ʔε:ʔ niyawéoʔtε:h goldenrod (Solidago sp.), lit. yellow flower; with vb. rt. -(C)eéek- and caus. I, kajitkwé:ekthaʔ meadowrue (Thalictrum sp.).

874. -jí :w(a)- NN. RT., hammer, mallet, war club, toma hawk: kají:waʔ hammer, etc.; with vb. rt. -ε- and caus. I, hammer: ʔεhséji:wεt you will hammer, also you will have a free throw (in Dice Game); ʔakeji:wέhtɔh I have a lump, lit. a hammer has hit me.

875. -jiwak- VB. RT. (-έh, —, —), be sour, bitter: ʔoji-wakεh it's sour, bitter.

876. -jí:wεʔt(a)- NN. RT., block of wood: ʔojí:wεʔtaʔ block of wood; ʔoji:wεʔtáʔkeh hub, lit. on a block.

877. -jí:y(a)- NN. -RT., fruit, berry: ʔojí:yaʔ fruit, berry; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, ʔojí:yɔ:t it has fruit on it; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)-, hojí:ya:ʔ he has a birthmark. Cf.-á:y(a)-(298).

878. -jiy(æ)- NN. RT. (spl. nn. suff. -′h), dog: ji:yæh dog; with vb. rt. -yε-, hojiyæyεʔ he has a dog.

879. -jiʔéht(a)- NN. RT., crayfish, crab, lobster: ʔojíʔehtaʔ crayfish, crab, lobster; with vb. rt. -o- and cisloc., tkajíʔehtoʔ Farnham, N.Y., lit. crab in the water there.

880. -jíʔj- NN. RT., corn tassle: with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔojíʔjo:t tassel, with vb. rt. -óa-, ʔojíʔjo:aʔ tassle, culversroot (Leptandra virginica).

881. -jiʔjoʔkw(a)- NN. RT., pear (Pyrus communis): ʔojíʔjoʔkwaʔ pear.

882. -jiʔká:y(a)-/-siʔká:y(a)- (after refl.), NN. RT., chair: kajíʔka:yaʔ chair; with vb. rt. -es-, kajíʔka:ye:s long chair, bench; with vb. rt. -kahatɔ- and refl., watsiʔka:yákaha:tɔ:s rocking chair; with ext. loc. and popul., kajiʔka:yáʔke:- onɔʔ chairman.

883. jiʔnɔ:h, louse.

884. -jiʔnɔ(:)w(ɔ)- NN. RT., small insect: ʔojíʔnɔ:wɔʔ small insect.

885. -jiʔsyɔ( :)w(ɔ)- NN. RT., screw, curl: ʔojíʔsyɔ:wɔʔ screw, curl, also screw-shaped shell; with vb. rt. -ot- and dist., ʔojíʔsyɔyo:tɔʔ [3.13] peaked curls (in basketry).

886. -jiʔsyɔwɔ́ht(a)- NN. RT., brain: ʔojiʔsyɔwɔ́htaʔ brain, sajiʔsyɔwɔ́htaʔkeh on your brain.

887. -jíʔt(a)- NN. RT., bird: with unidentified suff., jiʔtέʔɔ:h or jíʔtεʔɔ:h bird; p̌lus plur., jiʔtεʔɔ́:- shɔʔɔh birds; with vb. rt. -k- [3.3], kajiʔta:s it eats birds; with vb. rt. -nɔwε- (ʔ), ʔojíʔtanɔ:wε:ʔ butterfly.

888. jiʔtέ:ɔkwεʔ swallow.

889. jóæshæʔ heron, great blue heron (Ardea herodias).

890. johkwéʔeaniʔ ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), partridge.

891. jonɔ́εʔtaʔ elk (Cervus canadensis).

892. jó:nyɔtah eagle. Var. tó:nyotah (1752).

893. jó:wi:s ground robin, towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus)

894. joʔkǽ:ɔʔ the little people; var. of jɔkæ:ɔʔ (897).

895. -[j][ɔ]- FEMININE [21.5]

896. jɔ́hehkɔʔ New York fern (Dryoperis noveboracensis), Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), lousewort (Pedicularis sp.).

897. jɔk£:ɔʔ the little people, dwarf, pygmy. Var. joʔkǽ:ɔʔ (899).

898. -jɔniʔka- VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), belong to the bear clan: hotijɔniʔka: ʔ they're in the bear clan.

899. -jɔtka(æ)- NN. RT., hook: ʔojɔ́tkæ:ʔ hook; with vb. rt. -otaǽh-, ʔoʔkέjɔtkeota:h I hooked it [14.4].

900. -jɔwɔhs(a)- NN. RT., corn leaf: ʔojɔ́wɔhsaʔ corn leaf; with vb. rt. -es- and augment., jɔwɔ́hsesko:wa:h spikenard (Aralia racemosa); jɔwɔhsesʔá:h (cf. -ʔáa-) sarsaparilla (Smilax sp.).

901. k- FEMININE [10.5, 10.8]
FIRST PERSON [6.1, 6.4, 9.3, 10.5–6, 11.2, 11.9]
NEUTER [6.1, 6.8, 11.12]
NONMASCULINE [9.6, 11.13]

902. -k CONTINUATIVE [18.1, 18.3]
IMPERATIVE [5.10–11]
PAST [19.1, 19.3]
PUNCTUAL [8.2]

903. -k- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), eat: ʔake:kɔh I've eaten it, ʔi:as he eats it [3.3, 6.11], ʔi:se:k eat it!
VB. RT. (—, -s, —), with nn. rt. -á:y(a)-, pick berries: hεnɔ́:ya:s they're picking berries; with caus. I -t- and transloc., heyákwa:ya:kthaʔ where we pick berries; with trans, -h-, ho:ya:- khɔ:h he has gone berrypicking.

904. ka- NEUTER [6.1, 6.8]

905. -ka- be making a noise: see -(C)ihka- (757).

906. -ká(a)-/-káh- (before k), NN. RT., eye: kaká:ʔ its eye; with vb. rt. -keny-, ʔoʔkɔ́kahkε:niʔ I spied on you; with vb. rt. -kwek- and neg., be blind: tá:kahkwe :kɔh he's blind, blind man.

907. -kaáεkw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), turn around, turn away, persuade: hoká:εkwεh he has turned it around, etc., haká:εkwas he's turning it around, ʔεyeká:εkoʔ she will turn it around; with nn. rt. -ʔnikɔ́(ε)-, ʔεyeʔnikɔeká: εkoʔ she will turn the mind; with refl., wa:tká:εkoʔ he turned away.

908. -kaanɔ́:wɔk- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, -Ø), with obj., have sore eyes: ʔakeká:nɔ:wɔ:kɔh I had sore eyes, ʔεyakoka:nɔ́ :wɔ:k her eyes will be sore. Cf. -ká(a)- (906).

909. -ka(æ)- NN. RT., story, tale: kaka:aʔ story; with neg., teʔkakæ:ʔ [26.5] not a story, i.e., fact; with vb. rt. -ot-, hoka:ot he's telling stories.
NN. RT., price, cost, fare: with part., niyokæ:ʔ [26.5] how much the price; with vb. rt. -kwek-, ʔokæ:kwe:kɔh the whole price; with vb. rt. -kw-, hakæ:kwas conductor, lit. he collects fares; with vb. rt. -′hkw-, tewakekǽ:hkwεh I've bought it on credit; with vb. rt. -yáʔk-, pay: ʔakekanyáʔkɔh [14.4] I've paid.
NN. RT., inner bark: ʔoka:aʔ inner bark; with vb. rt. -k- and repet., jokæ:ka:s hickory (Carya sp.)-

910. -kaǽ(æ)- be thin: see -takaǽ- (1654).

911. -kaǽht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), charge, exact a price: ʔakekæ:htɔh I've charged, hakǽ:thaʔ he charges, ʔoʔkekæ:t I charged. Cf. -ka(æ)- (909).

912. -kaænye- rub: see -(C)ænye- (349).

913. -kaæɔ- be stiff: see -takaæɔ- (1655).

914. -kaæti- VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), with repet., be one side: skakæ:tih one side; with nn. rt. -k5hs(a)-, shakɔ́hsakæ:tih one side of his face. Cf. -ati- (198).

915. -káe- be making a noise: see -(C)ihkáe- (758).

916. -kaέ-/-kaέh- make a noise: see -(C)ihkaέ- (758).

917. -kaehs(a)- NN. RT., eyelashes: ʔokáehsaʔ eyelashes; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, yekáehsa:eʔ her eyelashes.

918. -kaeht(a)- NN. RT., hull of corn kernel: ʔokáehtaʔhull; with vb. rt. -awak-, winnow: waʔekáehta- wa:k she winnowed; with vb. rt. -ówae- and caus. I, yekaehtowæ: ʔthaʔ corn washing basket; with vb. rt. -ε- (-áʔsε-), caus. I, and dist., kakaehtehtoʔ cornbread, lit. hulls removed.

919.káetiʔkwah wherever: var. of káetiʔkwah (923).

920. -kaéʔni- be noisy: see -(C)ihkaéʔni- (760).

921.kaεkwah very.

922. -káεt- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be an opening, hole: with nn. rt. -hs(a)-, hahsáka:εt his mouth; with nn. rt. -ho-, kahóka:εt doorway; with nn. rt. -aʔy(a)-, ʔoʔyaka:εt anus; with nn. rt. -káhand dupl., tekékahka: εt I have eyes; with nn. rt. -εεj(a)-, ʔaɔεjáka:εt there's a hole in the ground

.

923. káétiʔkwah wherever, anywhere; with -kwah [26.8] kaεtiʔkwá:kwa:h toward wherever; with -ɔwéh (cf. hέ:ɔweh, hó:ɔweh), kaεtiʔkwá:ɔweh wherever. Var. káetiʔkwah (919).

924. -káh- eye: see -ká(a)- (906).

925. kaháih magical transformation, usually for an evil purpose.

926. -kahat-VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έh), turn upward: with nn. rt. -kɔ́hs(a)-, hakɔ́skaha:t [3.6] his face is turned upward, wa:tkɔskáhatεʔ he turned his face upward; with caus. III, turn inside out: ʔoʔkékaha:thoʔ I turned it inside out.

927. -kahatenyáʔt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), roll: ʔakekahatenyáʔ tɔh I've rolled it, hakahatenyaʔthaʔ he's rotting it, wá:kahatenyaʔt he rolled it. Cf. -teny- (1685).

928. -kahatɔ́- (before desc)/-kahatɔ- (before iter.)/ -kahatɔ́h-(before impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), turn, rotate, revolve: ʔakekahátɔ:h I've turned it, hakahatɔ:s he turns it, sekahatɔh turn it!; with refl., ʔotkahatɔ́:h it's turning; with caus. I -t-, see -(h)ɔw(ɔ)- (662).

929. káhka:h inkáhká: wa:ya:s arrowwood (Euonymus atropurpureusʔ), lit. ʔ eats the fruit.

930. káhkako:wa:h Giant Raven (a mythical creature).

931. -kahkwa(æ)- NN. RT., sunflsh, rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris): (ʔo)kahkwæ:ʔ sunflsh, rock bass.

932. -kahkweóhs(a)- NN. RT., eyebrow: ʔokahkwéohsaʔ yebrow; with vb. rt. -es- and dupl., ta:kahkwéohse:sɔs he has protruding eyebrows. Cf. -káh- (924).

933. -kahkweʔn(ɔ)- NN. RT., kidney: ʔokáhkweʔnɔʔ kidney.

934. -káht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -έh), with transloc, point in a certain direction: hewakekáhtoh I'm pointing it that way, há:kathaʔ he points it that way; with refl., confront, face, look at: waεnɔtkáhtεʔ they confronted it; plus transloc, hεyɔ́tkahtεʔ she'll face that way; plus trans. -'ʔn-, hatkáhtaʔneʔs he goes and looks at it; plus caus. III [3.6], look at, see: ʔakáathweh I've looked at it, satka:thoh look at it!; plus transloc. and caus. III, hέ:nɔtka:thwas they keep looking that way, heyótkathwεh; plus inch. I -'ʔ-, kotkáthwaʔoh she's gotten to see it; plus nom., otkáthwashæʔ glass; plus vb. rt. -o-, ʔotkáthwasyoʔ window.

935. -kai- bite: see -kany- (942).

936. -kaist(a)- NN. RT., glasses: kakáistaʔ glasses, ʔakéka:istaʔ my glasses.

937. -kaite- VB. RT. (-'ʔ, —, —), be on a slant: kakaiteʔ it's on a slant; with nn. rt. -kɔ(:)t(a)-, hakɔtakaiteʔ he has a crooked nose; with caus. II, put on a slant, get the best of: hɔwɔtikaita: tɔh they're getting the best of them.

938. ka:jih come here!

939. -ká:ne-/-ká:n(æ)- (comb.) VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), with dupl., look at, see: tekéka:ne:ʔ I'm looking at it; with intens., ta:ka:nǽhji:wεh he is looking at it hard, observing it closely [13.16].

940. -kanεt-VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -ás, -Ø), lick: ʔakekanε:tɔh I'm licking it, kekanε:tas I lick it; with nn. rt. -hó(a)-, sehóakanε:taʔt open the door just a crack!

941. kanɔjóhkwanεʔ fire cherry, pigeon cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica).

942. -kany-/-kai- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -'h), bite: ʔakekanyεh it's bitten me, ʔakekanyas it bites me, I'm lousy, ʔɔkekaiʔ it bit me; with nom., kakányaʔshæʔ knife; plus vb. rt. -'ʔse- (-yaʔse-), tekakanyʔshæʔse:ʔ scissors.

943. ka:oʔ in this direction.

944. -kaoʔkw(a)- NN. RT., in ʔokáoʔkwaʔ dewberry (Rubus flagellaris); with vb. rt. -'(h)-, dist., and dupl., teyokáoʔkwaɔʔ puffy or bulging eyes.

945. -kastέh- VB. RT. (—, —, -Ø), last (someone) a long time: ʔɔkékastεh it lasted me a long time.

946. -kastɔ- VB. RT. (-'ʔ, -'h, -h), make last: niyókastɔʔ as long as it has lasted, ʔoʔkákastɔ: ʔ it made it last.

947. katkáʔhoh somewhere, anywhere; with neg., teʔ- kátkaʔhoh nowhere.

948. -katkέʔ VB. STEM, in joka:tkεʔ pike (Esox sp.)

949. -katkwah VB. STEM, in kaka:tkwa:h water moccasin (Ancistrodon piscivorus).

950. -kawe- VB. RT. (-h, -'s, -'h), row: ʔakekawe:h I'm rowing, haka:wes he rows, tɔtayakwakaweʔ we rowed back; with dist. -' :nɔ- and prog., hatikawé: nɔ:tyeʔ they are rowing along (in several boats); with trans. -'ʔh-, hokáweʔhɔ:h he has gone rowing; with caus. I -t-, hatikawe:thaʔ oar, paddle; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, ʔokáwesyɔ:t fin.

951. ka:we:h where; with -kwah [26.8], ka:wé:kwa:h which way, whither.

952. -kawet- VB. RT. (—, -háʔ, —), recorded only with nn. rt. -ʔnikɔ́(ε)- and past in kεʔníkɔεkawe:thak I was strong-minded, strong-willed.Possibly -kawe- and caus. I.

953. kawétiʔkwah wherever.

954. -kawihs(a)- NN. RT., shovel: kakáwihsaʔ shovel; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, (ʔɔ)káwihsɔ:t sturgeon (Acipenser sp.), paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), billflsh.

955. -kawiskeh VB. STEM, in jokéwiske:h centipede.

956. -kay- VB. RT., with inch. II and obj., consent, be willing: ʔakekayέʔɔh I'm willing, hoka:yεs he's (always) willing, waokayεh he consented; with dat. -' ʔse-/-' ʔs-, permit: hakekayáʔse:h he has given me permission.

957. -kayo(:)tɔʔ VB. STEM (ʔ), in kayɔ:tɔ:ʔ or hotikayɔ: tɔ: ʔ the dead.

958. - ka ʔ CHARACTERIZER [20.4]

959. - ká ʔ CHARACTERIZER [20.4]

960. -kaʔεyɔ- VB. RT. (-'ʔ, -'ɔ́ʔ, -h), perceive, feel, notice: ʔakékaʔε:yɔ:ʔ I've perceived it, hakaʔεyɔ́:ʔ he perceives it, ʔεhsékaʔε:yɔ:ʔ you will perceive it.

961. -káʔh- VB. RT. (—, -ás, —), with obj., like to eat: ʔakékaʔhas I like to eat it; with nn. rt. -nέ(ɔ)-, honεɔkáʔhas he likes corn.

962. káʔka:ʔ crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos).

963. -káʔɔ- VB. RT. (-′h, -′ʔs, —), be good, pleasing; taste good: ʔokáʔɔh it's good; with nn. rt. -ʔníst(a)-, ʔoʔnistakáʔɔh good corn; with caus.-inst., inst., and nn. rt. -′(h/:)nek(a)-, ʔεka:nekakaʔɔ́stak it will make the drink good; with nom. and vb. rt. -ktɔ-, ʔakekaʔɔ́shæktɔʔ I've investigated its taste.

964. -kaʔsta(æ)- NN. RT., mud: ʔokáʔstæ:ʔ mud, also mud puddle; with vb. rt. -owek- and refl., watkáʔsteowe:s carp (Cyprinus carpio).

965–káʔt(a)- NN. RT., white oak (Quercus alba): kakáʔtaʔ white oak.

966. -káʔte- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), have much, many: with nn. rt. -(h/:)wist(a)-, ʔakhwistakáʔteʔ I've got a lot of money; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, koiwakáʔ- teʔ she has much to say; with refl., ʔɔkwátkaʔteʔ there are many of us.

967. -káʔts- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -Ih), take apart, take of: ʔakέkaʔtsɔ:h I've taken it apart, ʔεkέkaʔtsiʔ I'll take it apart.

968. kæ- NEUTER [6.1, 6.8]

969. -kǽʔ(æ)- hair, var. of -kέʔ(æ)- (986).

970. ke- FIRST PERSON [6.1, 6.4, 10.5–6, 11.2]

971. -kέaʔ CHARACTERIZER [20.4]

972. -kέey- weaken: see -takέey- (1659).

973. -kέeya- VB. RT., with dat. -′ʔse-/-′ʔs-, die (ref. to a close relative or pet): with nn. rt. -nɔ́hkw(a)-, honɔhkwake:yáʔse:h his wife is dead; with nn. rt. -jiy(æ)-, waojiyæke:eyaʔs his dog died.

974. -kέh EXTERNAL LOCATIVE [26.4]

975. -keha- VB. RT. (-έh, -′s, -′h), with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, help, cure: hakyáʔtake :hεh he has helped me, shetiyaʔtákehah let's help him!, waoyaʔtákehaʔ it cured him; plus nom., kayaʔtakέhashæʔ help; plus dist. -′:nɔ- and recip., kotatyaʔtakehá:nɔʔ they're helping themselves in various ways; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)- and dupl., quarrel, argue: to:ti:wake :heh they're quarreling; te:ni:wáke- has they (masc. du.) quarrel.

976. -kέht(a)- NN. RT., sash, fascinator: kakέhtaʔ sash (traditionally worn over shoulder, diagonally across chest, and tied about waist), fascinator.

977. -kέhte- VB. RT. (-'ʔ, —, —), carry on the back: with nn. rt. -ʔásh(æ)-, hoʔashækέhteʔ he has a basket on his back; with caus. II, wá:kehta:t he put something on its back; plus refl., wá:tkehta:t he put it on his (own) back; with caus.-inst. and refl., yɔtkέhtasthaʔ pack basket.

978. -kέhtet- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be something carried on the back: with nn. rt. -aʔεn(ɔ)-, hoʔenɔkέhte :t pole carried on the back; see -nɔst(a)-. Cf. -kέhte- (977).

979. ke:ih four.

980. -keoʔj(a)- NN. RT., grass: with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni- and refl., ʔotkέoʔiɔ:ni:h the growing grass; with vb. rt. -(C)e- and cisloc., tyokέoʔja:eʔ Irving, N.Y., lit. there's grass in it; with charact., ʔokeoʔjáʔ- ke:aʔ green snake; with vb. rt. -kaæɔ-, ʔokέoʔ- jakæ:ɔʔ toad rush (Juncus bufonis).

981. -kέɔ-/-kέɔt- (comb, before vowel), VB. RT. (-'ʔ, -s, -h), lay down: ʔakέkeɔʔ I've laid it down, hakέ :os he lays it down, wá:ke:ɔʔ he laid it down; with refl., hotέkeɔʔ he has it lying before him; with caus. I -′ʔt-, refl., and cisloc., stand up quickly: takátkeɔʔt I stood right up; with prog., hotikeɔ- tatyeʔ they're laying it down all along; with dist. -ɔ-, hokέ:ɔtɔʔ he has laid things about; with dat. -ni-/-′ɔ́s-, shakwaiwáke: ɔni: h we put it up to him.

982. -keskw- VB. RT. (-eh, -ás, -óh), lift, raise: ʔakέ- keskweh I've lifted it, hake:skwas he lifts it, wá:keskoʔ he lifted it.

983. -ket- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -Ø), scratch, scrape: wa:ake:t he scratched it; with refl., ʔakátke:tεh I'm scratching (myself), hatke:tas he scratches (himself)', plus. dist. -hɔ-, to:tkethɔʔ he's scratching (himself) here and there; with caus. I -t-, yekέ- tathaʔ scraper; with refl. and caus. I, yɔtkέtathaʔ (back) scratcher; with transitive pref., hate, despise: shakoke:tas he hates her.

984. -ket(a)- NN. RT. javelin, dart: kake: taʔ javelin, dart, also hoop and javelin game.

985. -ke:yoht-VB. RT., with trans. -′:n-, purp., and cisloc., come: taoke :yóhta:neʔ he's coming, taotike:yohtá:neʔ they're coming.

986. -kέʔ(æ)- NN. RT., hair: ʔakekeʔæʔ my hair; with vb. rt. -es-, ʔokέʔe:s it's got long hair. Var. -kǽʔ(æ)- (969).

987. kε- NEUTER [6.1, 6.8]

988. -kε- VB. RT. (-h, -′h, -′h), see, find: ʔake:kε:h I've seen it, shakwa:keh we see him, hέ:hse:kεʔ you will find him there; with refl. -ate-, ʔoʔkatε:- keʔ I found it for myself; with caus. I -′ʔt- and inch. I, waʔókeʔtheʔt it became possible to see; with trans. -′:n-, hokέ:neʔ he is catching sight of him as they are going along; with vb. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, waɔwɔyáʔtakeʔ a menstruating woman spoiled the Little Water cure by looking at the patient.

989. -k(C)ε- VB. RT. (-h, -′s, —), smell bad, stink: kakεs it smells bad; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, kayáʔtakεs goat; with refl., be putrid, rancid, rotten: ʔotke:h it's putrid; plus inch. II, waʔo:- tkεh it putrified, rotted.

990. kέ:eh plum (Prunus sp.).

991. -kέέht- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -háʔ, -Ø), with refl., let spoil, miss an opportunity: ʔakátke:htɔh I've let it spoil, sour, rot, I've missed the opportunity, hatke :- thaʔ he's letting it spoil, etc.; see also -iʔst(a)- (818).

992. -kεεt- VB. RT. (-Ø, -ɔ́ʔs, —), be white, light-colored: kakε:εt it's white; with nn. rt. -ʔskwa(æ)-, kaʔskwæ:kε:εt white rock, kaʔskwæ:kε:tɔʔs white rocks.

993. -kεέʔt- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-ε- and obj., become tired of: ʔakekέ: ʔtani: h I'm tired of it, ʔεwɔkekέ: - ʔteʔ I'll get tired of it.

994. -kεh(e)- (before nn. suff.)/-keh(ɔ)- (before vb. rt.), NN. RT., summer: with ext. loc. -′:nέh, kehέ:neh [26.6] in the summer; with vb. rt. -te-, kakέhɔteʔ summer; with vb. rt. -is-, kakε:hi:s long summer; with vb. rt. -'(h)e-, haʔtekakέhɔεh midsummer, Fourth of July.

995. -kέhji- VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), be old (ref. to something animate): hakέhjih old man, yekέhjih old woman, hekέhjih my old man, my husband, khekehjih my old lady, my wife; with plur., yekεhjishɔ́ʔɔh or hatikεhjíshɔʔɔh the old people; with caus.-inst. and refl., ʔoʔwátkεhjis it (an animal) got old; with ext. loc. -′:nέh, hatikεhjí:- neh Congress of the United States.

996. -kεh(ɔ)- summer: see -kεh(e)- (994).

997. -kέhs- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -ih), rinse, wash off:ʔakέkεhsɔ:h I've rinsed it, yekέhsɔs she's rinsing it; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)- and repet., sashakotiyaʔ- tákεhsiʔ they washed her off again.

998. -kεhta(æ)- NN. RT., layer: with vb. rt. -t- and repet., skakέhtæ:t one layer.

999. -kέhta(æ)- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -ɔ́s, -h), usually with cisloc., strip, remove a layer: thokέhtεɔh or hokέhtεɔh he has removed a layer, stripped it, thakέhteos he's removing layers, tasέkεhta:h strip it!

1000. -kεíst- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), move: ʔakekέistɔh I've moved it, hokέistɔh he's moved it, also he's superior (in ability, looks, etc.), sekε:is move it!; with nn. rt. -έ:nísh(æ)- and dat. -ni-/-ε-, ʔa:yɔkwε:nishækέistεʔ it would give us more days.

1001. -kεn(ɔ)- NN. RT., mole, freckle: with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)hokε:nɔ:ʔ he has a mole, freckle; plus dist., hokεnεɔnyɔʔ he has freckles.

1002. -kεny- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s or -έʔs, -ih), with dupl., beat, defeat, win: tewakekε:nyɔ :h it has beaten me, ʔoʔtkekε:niʔ I beat it, I won; with refl., hold a contest: tέ:nɔtkε:nyɔs or tέ:nɔtkε:nyeʔs they're contesting, also having a fair; with vb. rt. -ihsáʔ- and refl. [26.2], hold a meeting: honɔtke- nihsaʔɔh they're holding a meeting; plus trans. -′ʔh-, ʔekatkenihsaʔhaʔ I'm going to a meeting.

1003. -kεnye- roll roughly: see -(C)ækεnye- (341).

1004. -kέɔʔ DECESSIVE [20.6]

1005. kεs repeatedly.

1006. -kεs(æ)- NN. RT., green unripe fruit: ʔokε:sæʔ green unripe fruit.

1007. -kest- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be depleted, used up, gone by: ʔokε:stɔh it's depleted, deserted, dry (ref. to a river bed); with nn. rt. -á:y(a)-, ʔo:yákestɔh the berries are gone by.

1008. -kεsyɔ-/-kεse- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -h), with dupl., scrape, skim: tewakekε:syɔ:h I've scraped it, teyekεsyɔs she's scraping it, ʔoʔtkekε:- se:ʔ I scraped it; with caus. I -′ʔt-, teyekεsyɔ́ʔ- thaʔ scraper.

1009. -kεtɔ- VB. RT. (—, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), examine: hakέtɔ:ʔ he examines it, ʔoʔkekε:tɔ:ʔ I examined it.

1010. -kεtyáʔk- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), bruise, cut, injure superficially: tewakeketyaʔkɔh I have a bruise, slight injury; with dist. -hɔ-, nn. rt. -kɔ́hs(a)-, and refl., hotkɔhsakέtyaʔkhɔʔ he has bruises all over his face.

1011. -kέ:yat- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -eh), put on top, put up, provide: ʔakέke:ya:t I've put it on top, provided it; with nn. rt. -nohs(a)-, kanɔhsakέ:- ya:t on top of the house; with dat. -ni-, hakɔ́ke:- yatani:h he's provided it for them.; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, nominate: waɔwɔtiyaʔtáke:ya:teʔ they nominated them. Var. -akέ:yat- (75).

1012. -kέʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -t), dissolve, ferment, be a strong solution: ʔokέʔɔh it has dissolved, it's strong (e.g., coffee), ka:kεʔs it dissolves, ʔoʔka:- kεʔt it fermented.

1013. -kέʔj(a)- NN. RT., forehead: hakέʔjaʔ his forehead; with vb. rt. -owa- and repet., shokeʔjo:wa:ʔ lie of the big forehead (a Seneca chief's title).

1014. -kεʔke- VB. RT., with charact. in hotikεʔke:ka:ʔ (they are members of the) Beaver Clan.

1015. -kεʔsæhkw- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -áʔ, -Ø), put a support or cushion under: ʔakekεʔsǽehkɔh I've put a support under it, hakέʔsæhkwaʔ he's putting a support under it; with refl., ʔakatkεʔsæhkɔh I have a cushion under me; with nn. rt. -ahsiʔt(a)- andrefl., ʔɔkwatε:hsiʔtakεʔsæhkɔh it's a support for our feet (ref. to the earth).

1016. -kháhs- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -ih), separate, divide: ʔakekhahsɔ:h I've separated them; with dupl., ʔoʔthákhahsiʔ he divided it in two; with oppos. I, wá:khahsɔ :koʔ he separated them; plus refl. and dupl., tε:nɔtékhahsɔ :koʔ they'll separate into several groups.

1017. -kháɔ- VB. RT. (-'ʔ, —, —), with refl., be side by side: watekhaoʔ they're side by side; with nn. rt. -(h)á(a)-, watha:kháɔʔ roads side by side.

1018. -khaʔ CHARACTERIZER [20.4]

1019. -khέh VB. STEM, with dupl., be twins: te:ni:khεh or te:ikhεh [27.8, 3.11] they (masc. du.) are twins, tekhni:khεh or teki:khεh [27.6] they (nonmasc. du.) are twins.

1020. khoh and.

1021. -khw(a)- NN. RT., food: kakhwaʔ food; with vb. rt. -′(C)(a)- and inst., yɔtekhwá:hkwaʔ or ʔatekhwá:hkwaʔ [15.6[ table; with # vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, cook: hokhɔ:ni:h she's cooking; plus caus. I, yekhɔ́nyaʔthaʔ cooking utensil, cookhouse; plus refl., eat: kotέkhɔ:ni:h she's eating; with vb. rt -owanε-, hakhowanεh he's a big eater; with vb. rt. -(C)eó- and refl., ʔatekhwέoɔʔ Green Corn Dance, lit. the gathering of food.

1022. -ki- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be soup: with nn. rt. -nonɔʔt(a)-, ʔonónɔʔta:kiʔ potato soup; with nn. rt. -sáeʔt(a)-, ʔosáeʔta:kiʔ bean soup.

1023. -kiíʔta- fry: see-takiíʔta-(1662).

1024. kiskwi:s pig. kiskwi:s kanyo:ʔ wild pig, boar.

1025. -kiskwiʔt- NN. RT. pig: with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- in kakískwiʔtɔ:thaʔ pig hanger, also poke milkweed (Asclepias exaltata).

1026. -kjiʔka(æ)- NN. RT., stump: ʔokjíʔkæ:ʔ stump; with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔokjíʔkeot stump.

1027. kóhkwaiʔ quail, bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)

1028. -konyεs- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be neat, tidy: ʔakekonyε:s I'm neat; with caus. I -t-, take seriously, pay attention to: hakónyesthaʔ he takes it seriously, ʔoʔkekonyε:s I took it seriously; plus recip., hatátkonyε:sthaʔ he takes himself seriously, is conceited.

1029. -kowa- be big: see -kowanε- (1031).

1030. -kowah AUGMENTATIVE [20.2]

1031. -kowanε-/-kowa- (before inch. I), VB. RT. (-′h, -′s or_ -′ʔs, —), be big, important: kakowanεh it's big, important, shetwakowa:nεh he's our great one (ref. to Handsome Lake), hatikowa:nεs or hatikowa:nεʔs they (masc.) are big; with caus. I -′ht-, ʔoʔkakowa:nεt it made it big; with inch. I -heʔ-, ʔokowahéʔɔh it has gotten big. Cf. -owanε-(1408).

1032. -kowæ- NN. RT. (ʔ), in (ha)kówæhko:wa:h king, yekówæhko:wa:h queen.

1033. -kow(æ)- NN. RT., red oak (Quercus velutina, Q. borealis), acorn: ʔoko:wæʔ red oak, acorn.

1034. kóʔbit a nickname [1.21]

1035. -kóʔj(a)- NN. RT., face paint, rouge: ʔokóʔjaʔface paint, rouge; with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔokóʔjo:t face paint, also an unidentified plant and bird; with vb. rt. -ɔ( :)ni-, paint one's face: with dist. and refl., honɔtkoʔjɔ́nya:nɔʔ their faces were painted.

1036. -kɔ́ε- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), have one's head resting on something: hakɔ́εʔ his head is resting on it; with caus. -t-, inst., refl., and dupl., teyakyat- kɔεtáhkwaʔ we (du.) lay down our heads together (ref. to one's spouse).

1037. -kɔh INTERNAL LOCATIVE [7.5–6]

1038. -kɔhkaʔsh(æ)- NN. RT., stoneroot (Collinsonia canadensis): ʔokɔ́hkaʔshæʔ stoneroot.

1039. -kɔhkwa- VB. RT. (-ʔ, -háʔ, -έh), snore: ʔakékɔhkwa:ʔ I'm snoring, hatíkɔhkwa:haʔ they snore, wá:kɔhkwa:εʔ he snored.

1040. -kɔ́hs(a)- NN. RT., face: kakɔ́hsaʔ face, also false-face, ʔokɔ́hsaʔ its face, also honeycomb; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- and prog., tayέkɔhsɔtatyeʔ faces keep appearing (ref. to children continually being born); with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔokɔ́hso:t it's better than others, stands out; with vb. rt. -es-, jikɔ́hse:s great northern pike or pickerel (Esox lucius), muskellunge (Esox masquinongy).

1041. -kɔhsóht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), remain, be left over: ʔokɔ́hsohtɔh it's left over, with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, hotiyaʔtakɔhsóthaʔ they remain; with trans. -′:n-, koyaʔtakɔhsohtán:eʔs she's getting left out.

1042. -kɔ́hsoʔ VB. STEM, in (ʔo)kɔ́hso:ʔ soft maple, red maple (Acer rubrum).

1043. -kɔjiʔt(a)- NN. RT., corn pollen: ʔokɔ́jiʔtaʔ corn pollen.

1044. -kɔs(æ)- NN. RT., baked corn: ʔokɔ:sæʔ baked corn; with vb. rt. -ki-, ʔokɔsækiʔ baked corn soup; with vb. rt. -kiíʔta-, kakɔsækí:ʔta:ʔ fried baked corn.

1045. -kɔskwiʔ(æ)- NN. RT., moustache: ʔokɔ́skwiʔæʔ moustache, also cornsilk; with vb. rt. -ot-, hakɔ́skwiʔo:t he has a moustache.

1046. -kɔst(a)- NN. RT., clam, oyster, bivalve: ʔokɔ:staʔ clam, etc.

1047. -kɔsw(a)- NN. RT., snout, nose of an animal: kakɔ́swaʔkeh on its snout; with vb. rt. -es-, kakɔ:swe:s elephant; with vb. rt. -áʔha(æ)-, tethakɔswáʔha:ʔ north star (ʔ), lit. he's sticking his nose out there (ref. to a bear); kakɔ́swaʔkeh teyónɔʔka:ot rhinoceros, lit. on its nose it has a horn.

1048. -kɔ(:)t- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, -έh), perform an irrevocable act: with transloc., heka:kɔ:t it has happened irrevocably, for all time; hoʔkekɔ:tεʔ I did it irrevocably; plus repet., heska:kɔ:t it's the last one; with transloc. and dupl., haʔtekakɔ:t it must be; with refl., tyotkɔ :t always; with inst., direct toward, give away: ʔoʔkekɔ:tak I made it go toward it, I gave it away; with inst. and refl., go somewhere: ʔεkátkɔ:tak I'll go there; with prog., (ʔo)kɔtatyeʔ immediately.

1049. -kɔ(:)t(a)- NN. RT., nose: kekɔ́taʔkeh (on) my nose, kakɔ́taʔkeh (on) its nose, pointed end of snowsnake; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, inst., and dupl., tekakɔtɔ́tahkɔh yellow leafcup (Polymnia uve-delia), lit. nose on either end.

1050. -kɔ( :)w(ɔ)- NN. RT., knoll, ridge: with vb. rt. -te-, ʔokɔwɔteʔ knoll, ridge; with vb. rt. -ati-, jokɔwɔtih Gowanda, N.Y., lit. on the other side of the ridge.

1051. -kɔyoʔt(a)-NN. RT., in ʔokɔ́yoʔtaʔ a 7–year beetle, formerly eaten.

1052. kɔ́ʔka:wah mud hen (Fulica americanaʔ).

1053. -kɔ́ʔs(æ)- NN. RT, cushion, pillow: kakɔ́ʔsæʔ cushion, pillow.

1054. -kɔʔskwa(æ)- NN. RT., catfish: ʔokɔ́ʔskwæ:ʔcatfish.

1055. -ks(a)- NN. RT., dish: ʔoksaʔ dish; with vb. rt. -owanε-, kaksowanεh dishpan; with vb. rt. -okεy- and spl. nn. suff. [26.4], kaksokε:yɔ:ʔ Grinding Dishes Dance.

1056. -ksáʔt(a)-/-ks(a)- (before some morphemes), NN. RT., child: hotíksaʔtaʔ their child; with vb. rt. -aʔáa-, yeksáʔa:h girl, haksáʔa:h boy; with plur., yeksáʔshɔʔɔh children; with augment., haksáʔ- ko:wa:h he's attractive, handsome; with vb. rt. -(y)ɔkw-, adopt: hɔwɔ́ksaʔtεɔkwεh they've adopted him.

1057. -ksɔw(ε)- NN. RT., intestines: ʔoksɔ:wεʔ intestines.

1058. -kt- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be next to: with nn. rt. -ih(C)(ɔ)-, kεhɔ:k next to the creek; plus prog., kεhɔ́ktatyeʔ along next to the creek; with inch. I -′ʔ- and usually transloc., go to a certain point: hoʔke:ktaʔt I went so far; plus nn. rt. -wεn(ɔ)-, haʔta:wεnɔktáʔskwaʔ as far as he used to go with the words. Cf. -akt- (76).

1059. -kt(a)- NN. RT., shell, rind: ʔoktaʔ shell, rind; with vb. rt. -yáʔk-, teka:ktyaʔs parrot.

1060. -kté(æ)- NN. RT., root: ʔoktéæʔ root, also carrot, beet, turnip, etc.; with vb. rt. -ot- and oppos. I, ʔεtwákteotakoʔ we'll pull up the root; with vb. rt. -kεεt-, ʔoktéækε: εt the white roots; with vb. rt. -es- and augment., jokté:sko:wa:h the great long roots (of the tree of peace); with vb. rt. -kwεniyo-, kaktéækwεni:yoʔ chief; ʔoktéæʔké ha:at subchief, lit. he's on the root; with vb. rt. -kwat- and dist., ʔotékteækwatɔʔ Indian-physic (Gillenia sp.).

1061. -ktɔ- vb. rt. (-′ʔ, —, -h),feel, taste, investigate: ʔake:ktɔʔ I've felt it, ʔoʔke:ktɔ:ʔ I felt it, etc.; with dist. -nyɔ-, wa:níktɔnyɔ:ʔ they (du.) investigated, felt around among several objects, wáoktɔnyɔ:ʔ he examined him; with trans. -′:n-, kektɔ́:nɔh let me go and investigate it!

1062. -kw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), take, accept, receive, get, pick, dig up: ʔake:kwεh I've taken it, etc., hakwas he's picking, se:koh pick it!; with trans. -′Ø- and nn. rt. -′(h/:)nek(a)-, snekákwa:h go and get some drink!
OPPOSITIVE I [13.6]

1063. -kwa(æ)- NN. RT., blood clot, boil, orange (the fruit): ʔokwa:aʔ blood clot, boil, orange; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, hokwa:ɔt he has a boil; plus nn. rt. -atóʔ(æ)- [26.2], hotóʔækwa:ɔt he's a hunchback, ʔotóʔækwa:ɔt camel; with vb. rt. -jiwak-, ʔokwæ:jiwakεh lemon.

1064. -kwaæs- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -ɔ́s, -Ø), pound (wood): with vb. rt. -(y)ɔt(a)-, ʔakyɔtakwæ:sɔh I've pounded the wood, ʔoʔkyɔtakwa:as I pounded the wood, yeɔtakwæ:sɔs black ash (Fraxinus nigra), lit. people pound the wood.

1065. -kwah toward [26.8]

1066. -kwáht- VB, RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), shorten: ʔakέkwa- htɔh I've shortened it, hakwáthaʔ he's shortening it, wa:akwat he shortened it.

1067. -kwaíhs- straighten: see -takwaíhs- (1666).

1068. -kwaiy- vb. rt. (-ɔh, -éʔs, -h), accompany, go around with (especially a boy with a girl): ʔakekwaiyɔ:h I'm going around with someone, hakwaiyeʔs he goes with someone, wa:kwaiʔ he went with someone.

1069. kwanεno:h bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana).

1070. -kwást- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be auspicious: ʔokwástɔh it's auspicious (ref. to time or weather).

1071. -kwat- curve: see -hsáʔkwat- (674).

1072. kwaʔ completely, to an extreme.

1073. -kwáʔ PAST [19.1, 19.3]

1074. kwaʔyɔ: ʔ rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus); kwaʔyɔ: ʔ ʔoεnɔʔ Rabbit Dance.

1075. kwæ:oh screech owl (Otus asio).

1076. -kwek- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be all, the whole of: kakwe:kɔh all of it, everything; with nn. rt. -kεh(ɔ)-, ʔokέhɔkwe:kɔh the whole summer.

1077. -kweny- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s or -éʔs, -íh), be able to, be possible: ʔokwe :nyɔ :h it's possible, ʔakekweny- ɔ:h I'm able to, ʔoʔkakwe:niʔ it was possible; with part., niwátkwenyɔs how much is possible; with tr. pref., beat: ʔoʔskekwe :niʔ you beat me.

1078. -kweʔn- be round: see -(h/:)weʔn- (715).

1079. -kwέ(ε)-/-kwέ- (comb.), vb. rt. (-ʔ, —, —), be in a particular spot, place: ʔokwέ:εʔ (it's a particular) spot, place; with dist. -ɔ(nyɔ)-, kokwέɔʔ people are in spots here and there, ʔɔkwákwε:- ɔnyɔʔ we're in spots (ref. to small, scattered reservations); with refl., property, real estate, plot, garden: ʔakátkwε:εʔ my property, etc.

1080. -kwέhta- lay out flat: see -atakwέhta- (130).

1081. kwεnis pennies, cents: tekhní: kwεnis two cents. Cf. -kwεnish(æ)-, -kwεniʔt(a)- (1082, 1084).

1082. -kwεnish(æ)- NN. RT., penny, cent (Cat., All.): skakwέnishæ:t one cent;with plur., ʔokwεnishsæʔ- shɔʔɔh pennies. Cf. kwεnis (1081).

1083. -kwεniyo- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be central, the most important: with nn. rt. -jist(a)-, kajístakwεni:yoʔ the main wampum (of the Handsome Lake religion, kept at Ton.); with inch. I -′ʔhéʔ- and nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, ʔεkyaʔtakwεniyóʔheʔt I'll be considered first; with caus.-inst., see -(C)í:w(a)- (808).

1084. -kwεniʔt(a)- NN. RT.; penny, cent (Ton.): skakwέ- niʔta:t one cent; with plur., ʔokwεniʔtáʔshɔʔɔh pennies. Cf. kwεnis (1081).

1085. -kwεsh(æ)- nn. rt., in ʔokwε:shæʔ face paint, scarlet fever (Pasisa sacosa).

1086. -kwεtaæʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -t), become lonesome, sad: ʔakekwεtæ:ʔɔh I feel lonesome, sad, ʔoʔ- kekwεta:aʔt I got lonesome.

1087. -kwεte- be an opening: see -hakwεte- (506).

1088. kwέʔko:nyεʔ whippoorwill (Caprimulgus vociferus); kwέʔko:nyεʔ ohtáhkwaʔ ladyslipper (Cy- pripedium sp.), lit. whippoorwill's shoe.

1089. kwεʔti:s nighthawk (Chordeiles sp.).

1090. kwistεʔ something, anything.

1091. kwitóʔkwitoʔ flicker (Colaptes auratus).

1092. -kwiy(æ)- nn. rt., tip of a branch, leaves at the tip of a branch: ʔokwi:yæʔ tip of a branch; with vb. rt. -ε- (-áʔsε-), kakwi:yεʔs the leaves are falling from the tips of the branches.

1093. kwiyoʔké:eh loon (Gravia sp.).

1094. -ky- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ot- in ʔokyo:t cornsilk (that part which shows outside the husk).

1095. kye:h some.

1096. kyɔʔɔh it is said.

1097. n- PARTITIVE [25.2, 25.5]

1098. DIRECTIVE [13.2]
DUAL [9.2, 9.7]
NONSINGULAR [10.13, 11.13]
PLURAL [9.2, 9.9]

1099. naeh INTENSIFIER. Var. næ:h (1104).

1100. -naʔaest- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -owa- and repet. in jonaʔáesto: wa: ʔ dragonfly.

1101. naʔáhtεʔεh things.

1102. naʔoʔt such.

1103. -n(C)(æ)- NN. RT., penis: kanæʔ penis, kenǽʔkeh (on) my penis.

1104. næ:h INTENSIFIER; var. of naeh (1099).

1105. -ne- VB. RT. (-ɔh, —, —), be pregnant: khne:ɔh I'm pregnant, yene:ɔh she's pregnant; with nn. rt. -shé:w(a)-, keshé:wane:ɔh I'm pregnant (considered slang).

1106. -neenyɔ́ʔtɔʔ VB. STEM, in kane:nyɔ́ʔtɔ:ʔ a type of yí: ʔto:s (see -(C)íʔto- [822]) or thɔwi:sas (see -athɔwis- [193]) ceremony in which corn and large rattles are used.

1107. neh the, it, this; with -kwah, né:kwa:h but.

1108. -nehɔs vb. stem, have as son-in-law: shakhní- nehɔ:s we (excl. du.) have him as son-in-law, our son-in-law; with recip., yatáhnehɔ :s he or she and his or her son-in-law.

1109. -′ :neht(a)- plateau: see -′(h/:)neht(a)- (603).

1110. -′ :nek(a)- liquid: see -′(h/:)nek(a)- (604).

1111. -:neké- drink: see -(h/:)neké- (605).

1112. -nekε- put together: see -(C)æʔnekε- (360).

1113. -nekhe- VB. RT., see kεɔtane:khe:h under -(y)ɔt(a)- (1946).

1114. -nekhw(a)- NN. RT., bloodroot (sanguinaria canadensis): ʔone:khwaʔ bloodroot.

1115. -nenɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, -′ʔ), become warm, hot (ref. to weather): ʔone:nɔʔ it's warm, ʔoʔkane:- nɔʔ it got warm; with ext. loc. [26.4], ʔonénɔʔkeh in the south; with cisloc. and -kwah [26.8], tyone:nɔ́ʔkwa:h (toward the) south; with nn. rt. -ahsɔ( :)t(a)-, ʔohsɔtane:nɔʔ warm night.

1116. -neokέʔ vb. stem (ʔ), deer (Odocoileus virginia- nus): (ʔo)neokεʔ deer; neokεʔ ʔonɔ́ʔkæ:ʔ deer horn, maidenhair fern (Adiantum sp.)

1117. -néoɔʔ Thanksgiving Dance: see -(ε)néoɔ́ʔ (433).

1118. -nesh- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -iyo- and anomalous suff. -′h in jonéshi:yoh Geneseo, N.Y.

1119. -nest(æ)- nn. rt., board, floor: kane:stæʔ board, kanéstæʔkeh on the floor.

1120. -nésto- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be frozen: ʔonéstoh it's frozen; with caus.-inst., freeze: ʔoʔkánestos it froze.

1121. -nestɔka(æ)- NN. RT., stiff material: kanéstɔka:aʔ stiff hide, starched cloth, etc; with vb. rt. -ʔe- and spl. nn. suff. -ʔ [26.4], kanestɔkse:ʔe:ʔ Skin- Beating Dance, Beating the Dry Skin.

1122. -net- add one thing over another: see -(h/:)nɔ́ʔnet- (622).

1123. -net(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -wáʔk- in kaneta- wáʔkɔh name of the single Tuscarora chief said to mean grasping a big tree.

1124. ne: waʔ this time.

1125. né:yo: ʔ his or her spouse; with decessive, ne:yoʔ- kέ:ɔʔ her deceased husband. Cf. -(h/:)yoʔ (737).

1126. neʔ it is, this is.

1127. -neʔak-/-neʔakt- (before iter.), VB. RT. (ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), choose wrongly, err: ʔakhnéʔakɔh I've taken the wrong one, hanéʔakthaʔ he keeps taking the wrong one; with double dist. -hɔ-nyɔ-, hanέʔ- akhɔ:nyɔh he does wrong things; with nn. rt. -έ:nish(æ)-, ʔoʔkε:nishǽneʔa:k I mistook the day (e.g., said it was Wednesday on Thursday); with nom., see -(C)í:w(a)- (808).

1128. -néʔ(æ)- NN. RT., Eagle Dance fan: kanέʔæʔ Eagle Dance fan; with vb. rt. -ɔtaʔt-, kanéʔɔta:- ʔtɔh Eagle Dance.

1129. neʔhoh there, that there.

1130. -neʔka(æ)- hoop used in hoop and javelin game; var. of -noʔka(æ)- (1208): kanέʔkæ:ʔ hoop.

1131. -neʔkwa(æ)- NN. RT., striking pole: with vb. rt. -ʔek-, ʔoʔkhnéʔkwæ:ʔe:k I strike the pole (said during Eagle Dance); plus spl. nn. rt. -ʔ [26.4], kanέʔkwæ:ʔe:ʔ Eagle Dance; plus caus.-inst., yeneʔkwæ: ʔesthaʔ kaʔhnyaʔ Eagle Dance striking stick; ʔakhnέʔkwæ: ʔ my striking pole, name used by a woman for her unusually homely husband.

1132. -nέʔwaæt- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —-), be nasty, revolting: ʔonέʔwæ:t it's nasty, revolting.

1133. -nε- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), with nn. rt. -sn(ɔ)- in kasnɔ:neʔ ironwood, hornbeam (Carpinus caro- liniana).

1134. -nέ(ε)- NN. RT., community, organized social group: with vb. rt. -kwek-, kanέ:kwe:kɔh the whole community.

1135. -:nε(ε)- vagina: see -(h/:)nε(ε)- (606).

1136. -nεεhsɔ́hkw(a)- NN. RT., popcorn: ʔonε:hsɔ́hkwaʔ popcorn; var. -nεehsóhkw(a)-.

1137. -nεεhwe- NN. RT., with augment. inkanε:hwέʔ- ko:wa:h Bowl Game.

1138. -nέεit- VB. RT. (—, -háʔ, —), in kanέ:ithaʔ cicada, "corn snapper."

1139. -nέεkw- vb. rt. (-έh, -ás, -óh), with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, surprise, amaze, inspire with awe: ʔaki:wanέ:kwas I'm (repeatedly) surprised, flabbergasted, ʔɔki:wanέ:koʔ I was surprised; with caus. I -′ht-and refl., hoti:wanε:kwáhtɔh he was surprised; with caus. I and dat., wa:ki:wanέ:- kwahtεʔ he surprised me; with inch. I -′ʔ-, hoiwanε:kwáʔɔh he was surprised, awe-inspired.

1140. -nέεkwáht- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be awe-inspiring, miraculous: with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, ʔoiwanέ:- kwat it's awe-inspiring; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, hotiyaʔtánε: ekwat their bodies were awe-inspiring (ref. to those of the Four Beings who visited Handsome Lake). Cf. -nέεkw- (1139).

1141. -nεεkwaʔsy- var. of -nεɔkwaʔsy- (1156): hεnɔ- hnε:kwaʔsyóaʔ (they're holding the) Seed Ceremony.

1142. -nέεowi- sing the Dawn Song, var. of -noeowi- (1219): honέ:owih he's singing the Dawn Song.

1143. -nέεʔt(a)- NN. RT., in ʔonέ:ʔtaʔ soup made with roasted corn, burnt corn soup.

1144. nε:h this.

1145. -nεhkεʔt(a)- NN. RT., mushroom: ʔonέhkεʔtaʔ mushroom.

1146. -nέhkwi- VB. RT. (-h, -′h or -′s, -′h), haul away, carry away, draw out, pull out: ʔakhnέhkwi:h I've hauled it away, kanέhkwih or kanέhkwis it's drawing it out; with dist. -′ʔhɔ- and repet., sayakwanέhkwiʔhɔ: ʔ we hauled things back.

1147. -nέhs(a)- nn. -RT., fungus: ʔonέhsaʔ fungus, also visor, comb of a fowl; with vb. rt. -k- eat [3.3] kanέhsa:s Muhlenberg's turtle (Clemmys muhlen- bergii).

1148. -:nehs(a)- shoulder: see -(h/:)nέhs(a)- (607).

1149. -nέht(a)- NN. RT., leaf: ʔonέhtaʔ leaf; with vb. rt. -(C)ik- and dist., kanέhtaikhɔʔ green, lit. leaves are infused with it; with vb. rt. -es-, ʔonehte:sɔs princespine (Chimaphila umbellata), wild senny leaves (Cassia marilandica); with vb. rt. -owane-, kanέhtowa:nes burdock (Arctium sp.); with vb. rt. -atko-, ʔonέhtatkos lettuce; with vb. rt. -kweʔ- nɔ(:)ni-, dist., and refl. -ah-, teyohnεhtakweʔ- nɔ́nya:nɔʔ cheeses (a plant); sε niyónehtɔ:t clover (Trifolium sp.), lit. three leaves on it; with vb. rt. -aji- and augment., ʔonεhtajíʔko:wa:h the great black leaves (of the tree of peace).

1150. ne:ke:h this, this one.

1151. -nεkέʔt(a)- NN. RT., stomach: ʔonέkεʔtaʔ stomach, also tripe, ʔakhnέkεʔtaʔ my stomach.

1152. nεkhoh here. Var. nɔkhoh (1251).

1153. -nεkɔst(a)- NN. RT., wing: ʔonέkɔstaʔ wing.

1154. -nεnosh(æ)- NN. RT., bundle: ʔonέnoshæʔ or kanέnoshæʔ bundle.

1155. -nέ(ɔ)- NN. RT., corn, corn kernel: ʔonέɔʔ corn; with vb. rt. -kεεt-, ʔoneɔkε:εt white corn; with vb. rt. -aji-, ʔonέɔjiʔ black corn; ʔoneɔʔ ʔoεnɔʔ Corn Dance; with vb. rt. -thέʔt-, kanεɔthέʔtɔh early bread; with vb. rt. -ʔɔ(:)we-, ʔonέɔʔɔ:weh native corn, old-fashioned corn; with vb. rt. -kwek-, ʔonέɔkwe:kɔh whole corn.

1156. -nεɔkwaʔsy- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -o- and refl. -ah-, hold the Seed Ceremony: hεnɔhnεɔkwaʔsyóaʔ (they're holding the) Seed Ceremony. Var. -neekwaʔsy- (1141).

1157. -nέɔkwε- NN. RT., in kanέokwεʔ seed corn.

1158. -nεsh(a)- NN. RT., arm: khnεshaʔ my arm, hanε:shaʔ his arm; with vb. rt. -atiyɔ(:)t- and inst., kanεshatiyɔtáhkwaʔ tally stick (used for remembering date of Six Nations meeting); with vb. rt. -ε- (-áʔsε-) and caus. I, ʔonέshεʔtɔh Arm-Shaking Dance, lit. fallen arm; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, refl. -ate-, and dupl., teyɔtenέshɔthaʔ Linking-Arms Dance; for word with refl. -ε- see -(h/:)waha- (708).

1159. -nεshóʔkw(a)- NN. RT., wrist: ʔonέshoʔkwaʔ wrist, khnεshóʔkwaʔ my wrist; with vb. rt. -(h/:)waha- and refl. -e-, yεnεshoʔkwáhasthaʔ bracelet.

1160. ne:tah, this.

1161. -nεtak- stick on: see -(C)æʔnεtak- (361).

1162. -nεy(a)- NN. RT., stone (ʔ): with vb. rt. -kεεt- in kanεyakε:εt marble, granite; with vb. rt. -ot- and charact. in nέyotka:ʔ Oneida.

1163. -′:ney(a)- be tall or short: see -′(h/:)nεy(a)- (608).

1164. -nε:yaʔkhɔ́sh(æ)- NN. RT., in ʔonε:yaʔkhɔ́shæʔ payment given a false-face after a curing ceremony.

1165. -:nέʔníʔ kind of tree: see -(h/:)nέʔníʔ (609).

1166. -nέʔt(a)- NN. RT., hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), evergreen: ʔonέʔtaʔ hemlock, evergreen; with vb. rt. -ɔ́(:)t-, kanέʔtɔthaʔ common yarrow (Achillea millefolium); with vb. rt. -kwέhta-, teyonεʔ- tákwεhtε:h or with vb. rt. -tέhta-, ʔonεʔta- tέhta:ʔ ground pine (Lycopodium sp.); with anomalous vb. rt. -aweɔ- or -weɔ-, kanέʔtaweɔʔ Dunkirk, N.Y., or Fredonia, N.Y.

1167. -nέʔy- vb. rt. (—, -ás, —), with obj., hold the New Year's or Midwinter Ceremony: hotínεʔyas they're holding the New Year's Ceremony; with dat. -′hse-/-′s-, waʔɔkwanέʔyas we held the New Year's Ceremony for it; with trans. -′hs- and purp., ʔɔkwanεʔyáhseʔ we're going to hold the New Year's Ceremony; with nom. and vb. rt. -ɔ( :)ni-, hatinεʔyásyɔ: nih they're holding meetings preliminary to the New Year's Ceremony.

1168. ni- PARTITIVE [25.2, 25.5]

1169. -ni- DATIVE [13.12]
DUAL [9.2, 9.7]

1170. -′:ni- bark: see -′(h/:)ni- (610).

1171. -nía(æ)- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -t), get stuck: ʔakhní:- æʔɔh I've gotten stuck, ʔoʔkánia:aʔt it got stuck.

1172. -niǽhkw- start to run: see -(ε)niǽhkw- (436).

1173. -nihε- stop, quit: see -(s)nihε- (437).

1174. -:níhs(a)- American hornbeam: see -(h/:)níhs(a)- (611).

1175. -níhw- lightning flash: see -(ε)níhw- (438).

1176. -′:ninɔ- buy: see -′(h/:)ninɔ- (612).

1177. -nish(æ)- shelf: see -(ε)nish(æ)- (441).

1178. -nishéon(ɔ)- NN. RT., devil: haníshe:onɔʔ the devil, hanishéonɔʔkeh hell.

1179. -nisk(æ)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- in joni:- skyɔ:t red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus).

1180. -nísyot- sit; var. of -nyósyot- (1350).

1181. -niy(a)- NN. RT., snow: ʔoni:yaʔ snow.

1182. -niyast(a)- store in one's clothing: see -(e)niyast(a)- (443).

1183. ni:yáʔskε:ɔʔ crane (Grus americana).

1184. -niyɔ(:)t- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έh), hang: ʔakhni:- yɔ:t I've hung it, haníyɔthaʔ he's hanging it, sniyɔ:teh hang it!; with nn. rt. -(h)ɔw(ɔ)-, kaɔwɔni:yɔ:t hammock cradle; with oppos. I, wa:niyɔtakoʔ he took it down; with inst., nn. rt. -hó(a)-, and refl., watehoaniyɔ́tahkwaʔ hinge.

1185. -niʔe-/-niʔek- (before imp v.) /-niʔɔ́- (before neg. past), VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -Ø), with dupl., start to move, quiver: teyóniʔe:h it's on the verge of moving, ʔoʔtyóniʔe:k it started to move; with nn. rt. -ɔh(ɔ)-, tewakɔhɔ́niʔes my heart quivers; with neg. and neg. past, taʔteyoni: ʔɔ: ʔ it didn't budge.

1186. -niʔje-, dance the War Dance: see -(ε)níʔje- (444).

1187. -niʔɔhka(æ)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -yáʔk- in ʔoniʔɔhkányaʔkɔh eroded bank (of a stream).

1188. -no- be cold: see -nɔ́ʔno- (1310).

1189. -noka(æ)- vb. rt. (-ɔ́h, —, -h), be fatal to: hono- kεɔh [14.4] it was fatal to him, caused his death, hotinoka:ɔh it was fatal to them, waonoka:ʔ he had a fatal accident.

1190. -nokaéʔ VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), mistreat, abuse: ʔakhnokáeʔɔh I've mistreated it, wá:khnoka:eʔ he mistreated me; with nn. rt. -nɔ́hkw(a)-, hanɔ́hkwanokaeʔs he mistreats his wife.

1191. -nonɔ́ʔt(a)- NN. RT., potato: ʔonónɔʔtaʔ potato; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)- and inst., khnonɔ́ʔtæ:hkwaʔ I use it to put potatoes in, my potato basket. Var. -nɔnɔ́ʔt(a)- (1258).

1192. -nony(a)-/-nowi- (incorp.), NN. RT., cornhusk: ʔono:nyaʔ cornhusk; with vb. rt. -yáʔk-, husk corn: hatinowi:yaʔs they're husking corn; plus caus. I, yenowiyáʔkthaʔ husking pin.

1193. -nóohkw(a)- NN. RT., corn soup: ʔonó:hkwaʔ corn soup; with vb. rt. -o-, konó:hkoʔ she's cooking corn soup.

1194. -noɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -′h), be difficult, expensive: kano:ɔʔ it's difficult, expensive; with nn. rt. -(C)i:w(a)-, káiwano:ɔʔ a difficult thing; with inch. I -'ʔhέʔ-, ʔoʔkanóɔʔheʔt it became difficult, the price went up; with obj., be unable to: ʔakhnó:ɔʔ I'm unable to, waʔonoɔʔ it couldn't be done; with obj. and cisloc., be deficient, lacking: twakhnó:ɔʔ I'm lacking; with obj. and dat. -′ʔse-, be lazy: honóɔʔseh he's lazy.

1195. -noɔ́hkw- VB. RT. (—, -áʔ, —), love, have affection for: kɔnóɔhkwaʔ I love you; with nom., kanoɔh- kwáʔshæʔ love, affection; with dist. -nyɔ- and inst., kanóɔhkwa:nyɔk (let it be) used for expressions of love (name of a feast for the dead); with dat. -ni-, refl. -atε-, and obj., make hard for oneself, avoid doing: hotenóɔhkwanih he makes it hard for himself, avoids doing it; similarly with caus. I -′ʔt- and refl., hatenóɔhkwaʔthaʔ he makes it hard for himself, avoids doing it.

1196. -nost- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ny(a)- and dist. in kanɔstɔnyá:nɔʔ charm bundles.

1197. -′:not- depth of water: see -′(h/:)not- (614).

1198. -not(a)- nn. rt., reed, flute used in Little Water ceremony: kano:taʔ reed, flute; obsolescent except with vb. rt. -yε- and dat. in ʔεshatinotayέɔs they'll put down a flute for it again, have another Little Water ceremony; with charact., jinotakaʔ muskrat (Ondatra zibethica).

1199. -′:note- pile up: see -′(h/:)note- (615).

1200. -′:notɔ- flood: see -(έ):notɔ- (446).

1201. -nówae-/-ówae- (incorp.)/-nówa(æ)- (before caus. I and nom.), VB. RT. (-′h, -′s, -′h), wash: ʔakhnówaeh I've washed it, hanówaes he washes it, snowa:eh wash it!; with nn. rt. -nɔ́ʔj(a)-, kanɔ́ʔjowa:eh washed pail; with dist. -′ʔhɔ- or -′ʔnɔ- and refl. -ate-, ʔekatεnowáeʔhɔ: ʔ or ʔεkatεnowáeʔnɔ:ʔ I'll wash my things; with nom., ʔonowæ:ʔshæʔ soap; with caus. I -′ʔt-, see -kaeht(a)- (918).

1202. -nowætɔ- VB. RT. (-'ʔ, —, —), with dupl., be secluded: teyenowæ:tɔʔ she's secluded, she's a virgin.

1203. -nowε- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with refl. -ε-, be a liar: ʔakεno:wε:h I'm a liar, hono:wε:h he's a liar; with caus. I -′ht-, disbelieve: khenówehtɔh I didn't believe them; with refl. and caus. I, lie: waεno:wεt he lied.

1204. -nowi-, cornhusk: see -nony(a)- (1192).

1205. -noʔ have as stepchild, usually ref. to younger member of relationship: he:no:ʔ I have him as stepchild, my stepson, khe:no:ʔ my stepdaughter, hakhno: ʔ my stepfather.

1206. -nóʔέh VB. STEM, be mother (in older usage, either a natural mother or a woman consanguineally related to the natural mother and in her generation): honóʔεh his mother, ʔonóʔεh her mother (HSL 21), sanóʔeh your mother, ʔethinoʔεh our mother, shakotinóʔεh their mother.

1207. -nóʔj(a)- NN. RT., tooth: ʔonóʔjaʔ tooth, also field corn.

1208. -noʔka(æ)- NN. RT., poplar (Populus sp.), hoop used in hoop and javelin game: ʔonóʔkæ:ʔ poplar, kanóʔkæ: ʔ hoop; with unique vb. rt., kanóʔ- kaʔo:ʔ hoop and javelin game. Var. -neʔka(æ)- (1130).

1209. -noʔkhwish(æ)- NN. RT., in ʔonóʔkhwishæʔ a sweetened corn preparation.

1210. -nóʔsέh VB. STEM, be uncle to, ref. to older member of relationship (in older usage, the relationship of a man who is consanguineally related to and the same generation as one's natural mother): hakhnóʔsεh he is uncle to me, my uncle, shakonoʔ- sεh her uncle, honóʔsεh his or her uncle (HSL 21).

1211. -′ :noʔska(æ)- notch: see -′(h/:)noʔska(æ)- (616).

1212. -′:noʔskæ- hiccup: see -′(h/:)noʔskæ- (617).

1213. noʔyeh my mother.

1214. -nɔ- vb. rt. (—, -′h, —), watch over, guard: ho:nɔh he's watching over him; with nn. rt. -not(a)-, khnota:nɔh I'm guarding the town; with nn. rt. -nɔ́hs(a)-, jinɔ́hsanoh cricket (Gryllus domesticus); with refl. -ate-, hatε:nɔh he's watching over it. Cf. -atenɔʔɔ- (180).

1215. -nɔ- DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10]

1216. -′:n(ɔ) -fat: see -′(h/:)n(ɔ)- (618).

1217. -nɔ́e- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), like, be content with: kanɔ́:eh it likes it; with nn. rt. -sta(æ)-, kastæ:- no_:eh it rains frequently (cf. English it likes to rain); with inch. I -′ʔ-, like: ʔakhnɔ́eʔɔh I like it, hanɔ́eʔs he likes it, wá:nɔeʔt he liked it; with caus. I -′ht- as nom. [26.3] and vb. rt. -yetei-, yenɔ́- ehtayete:ih love potion, lit. she knows something she can use to attract people.

1218. -nɔ́ehkw- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -áʔ, -(d), with dupl., scalp: te:nɔ́ehkɔh I've scalped him, ʔoʔthɔwɔ- tinɔek they scalped them.

1219. -nɔ́eowi- VB. RT. (-h, -′h, -′h), with obj., sing the Dawn Song: honɔ́eo:wih he's singing the Dawn Song, wáonɔeo:wiʔ he sang the Dawn Song; kanɔ́eo:wi:ʔ [26.4] Dawn Song. Var. -nέεowi- (1142).

1220. -nɔ́et- spend the night: see -(ε)nɔ́et- (448).

1221. nɔ:h probably, perhaps.

1222. -nɔh-/-nɔhe- (comb.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be full: kanɔ:hɔh it's full; with caus. I -′ht-, 1240. ʔakhnɔ́hehtɔh I've filled it; with inch. I -′ʔ-, kanɔ:heʔs it's getting full.

1223. -nɔhiʔka(æ)- NN. RT., pimple: ʔonɔ́hiʔka:aʔ pimple; with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔakhnɔ́hiʔka: ot I have a pimple.

1224. -nɔhiʔt(a)- NN. RT., wart, nipple, teat: ʔonɔ́hiʔtaʔ wart, nipple, teat; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, ʔakhnɔ́hiʔ-

1225. tɔ:t I've got a wart.

1226. -nɔhka(æ)- see -hsinɔ- (684).

1227. -nɔhkiiʔtawíʔ VB. STEM, in kanɔhki:ʔtawiʔ (a Seneca chief's title). Cf. -takiiʔta- (1662).

1228. -nɔ́hkw(a)- NN. RT., married couple, spouse: kanɔ́hkwaʔ married couple, honohkwaʔ his wife, konɔ́hkwaʔ her husband; with vb. rt. -′(h)etkε-, hinɔ́hkwa:etkεʔ they (du.) are a bad couple, they don't get along; see also -nokaέʔ- (1190).

1229. -nɔhkwakaiʔníʔ VB. STEM, in (ʔo)nɔhkwakáiʔniʔ 1244. low bush blueberry (Vaccinium sp.).

1230. -nɔhkwaʔsh(æ)- NN. RT., medicine: ʔonɔ́hkwaʔ- shæʔ medicine, ʔɔkwánɔhkwa: ʔshæʔ our medicine; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni- [14.4, 3.8], wa:tinɔ́hk- waʔsyɔ:niʔ they made medicine.

1231. -nɔhkwe(ɔ)- NN. RT., seed: ʔonɔ́hkweɔʔ seed.

1232. -nɔhkwεʔ(ε)- NN. RT., corncob: ʔonɔ́hkweʔεʔ corncob.

1233. -nɔhkweʔt(a)- NN. RT., pine cone: ʔonɔ́hkweʔtaʔ pine cone; also with vb. rt. -óa-, ʔonɔhkweʔtó:aʔ pine cone.

1234. -nɔ́hs(a)-/-nɔ́hso- (before a few vb. rts.), NN. RT., house, building: with vb. rt. -ot-, kanɔ́hso:t house; with vb. rt. -es-, kanɔ́hse:s longhouse; with vb. rt. -t- and repet., shotinɔhsa:t con- 1248. sanguineal kinsmen, lit. they of the same house; with vb. rt. -atek- and cisloc., tvonɔ́hsate:kεh Cornplanter Reservation, lit. burnt house there; with vb. rt. -taí(a)- and nom., kanɔhsotaiáʔshæʔ stove; with vb. rt. -iyo-, kanɔ́hsi:yoʔs railroad coaches; with vb. rt. -kέhte-, ʔonɔhsakέhteʔ snail; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, hotínɔhsɔ:ni:h Iroquois.

1235. -nɔhsota(æ)- NN. RT., bowstring: kanɔhsota:aʔ bowstring; with vb. rt. -te-, kanɔ́hsotæ:teʔ bowstring in place, stretched on bow.

1236. -nɔhsota(æ)- NN. RT., sickness: ʔonɔ́hsota:aʔ sickness; with vb. rt. -owi- [14.4] and refl. -ah-, henɔ́hnɔhsoteowih they drive away the sickness; with vb. rt. -kaænye-, kanɔhsotæ:kæ:nye:ʔ "fiddle dance," square dance.

1237. -nɔhsotaiy-/-nɔhsotaiyɔ- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-ʔ, -έʔs, -′h), make sick: ʔonɔ́hsotaiyɔ: ʔ sickness, kanɔ́hsotaiyeʔs there's sickness going around, epidemic, ʔakhnɔ́hsotaiyeʔs I'm sick, ʔɔkhnɔ́h- sota:iʔ [3.10] I got sick.

1238. -nɔ́hsɔ(:)t- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -eh.), fasten, attach, connect: ʔonɔ́hsɔ:t it's fastened, etc.; with nn. rt. -(y)ɔt(a)-, ʔoʔkyɔtanɔ́hsɔ:tεʔ I fastened it to the post; with dist. -ɔ-, ʔoʔkhnɔ́hsɔ:tɔ:ʔ I attached things to it.

1239. -nɔhsɔta(æ)- NN. RT., burden strap: kanɔ́hsɔta:aʔ burden strap.

1240. -nɔ́ht(a)- NN. RT., burdock (Arctium sp.), bur, comb: ʔonɔ́htaʔ burdock, bur, kanɔ́htaʔ comb; with vb. rt. -osæ- and refl. -ah-, wahnɔ́htosæ:s Canada tickclover; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)- and inst., yenɔ́htæ:hkwaʔ comb basket. -nɔhtai- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -έʔs, -′h), with dupl., rummage, meddle: tewákhnohtaiɔ:h I've rummaged, meddled, tá:nɔhtaieʔs he's meddling, ʔoʔtkhnɔ́htaiʔ [3.10] I meddled; with recip. -atah-, ʔoʔtyakotáhnɔhta:iʔ she rummaged around in her belongings; with spl. nn. suff. [26.4], jinɔ́htaiɔ:ʔ mouse; plus augment., jinɔht- áiɔʔko:wa:h rat.

1241. -nɔ́htɔ- know, think, control, force: see -(e)nɔ́htɔ- (449).

1242. -nɔhtɔ́ʔ-/-nɔhtɔ- (before iter.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -′s, -k), with obj., tire of waiting: ʔakhnɔ́htɔʔɔh I'm tired of waiting, konɔ́htɔs she's getting tired of waiting, ʔɔkhnɔ́htɔʔk I got tired of waiting.

1243. -nɔhweʔt(a)- nn. rt., swelling on a plant: ʔonɔ́hwεʔtaʔ swelling on a plant, also cattail flower (Typha latifolia).

1244. -nɔj(a)- NN. RT., wheat: ʔonɔ:jaʔ wheat; with vb. rt. -iyáʔk-, hatinɔji:yaʔs they're harvesting the wheat; with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔonɔ:jo:t oats.

1245. -nɔk- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ot- in hanɔ:ko:t weasel (Mustela frenata).

1246. -nɔk VB. STEM, be related to, have as a kinsman (either consanguineal or affinal): he:nɔ:k I'm related to him, she:nɔ:k you're related to her, them; with refl. -atε-, ʔakwatε:nɔ:k we (excl. pl.) are related to each other; plus transloc., ska:t hetwatε:nɔ:k we (incl. pl.) are all related; with plur., shenɔ:kshɔʔ your relatives; with nom., kanɔ:kshæʔ relationship, kinship.

1247. -nɔka- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be whistling: hanɔ :ka:h he's whistling.

1248. -nɔka(æ)- NN. RT., whistle: ʔonɔkæ:ʔ whistle; with vb. rt. -yáʔk-, nɔkanyáʔkɔh [26.6] beaver (Castor canadensis).

1249. -nɔkaé-/-nokaeéh-(before impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -ɔ́s, -Ø),whistle: ʔakhnɔkáeɔh I've whistled, kanɔkáeɔs it whistles, whistling frog, ʔoʔkhnɔkaeh I whistled.

1250. -nɔke-/-nɔkæ- (before caus. I), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be present in abundance, dwell together in a group: kanɔ:keʔ there's a lot of it there, hatinɔkeʔ they dwell in a village; with vb. rt. -á:y(a)-, wa:- yanɔkeʔ there are a lot of berries; with nom., kanɔkeshæʔ property; with caus. II, ʔoʔkhnɔ:kæ:t I made it live there; plus refl.- (ε)-, be born: waεnɔkæ:t he was born; with dist. -nyɔ-, twanɔ- kenyɔʔ our dwelling places.

1251. nɔkhoh here: var. of nεkhoh (1152).

1252. -nɔkt(a)- NN. RT., space, room, area, time (for something), bed, State (of the U.S.):ʔ onɔ:ktaʔ space, etc.; ʔonɔktaʔkeh on the bed, State; with vb. rt. -ówae- and part., niyenɔktówaes Saturday, lit. when they wash the room.

1253. -nɔn- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-ε-, expect to do something or go somewhere: ʔakhnɔnani:h I expect to do it, ʔεyenɔ:nεʔ she will expect to go there; with cisloc., tεtkhnɔ:nεʔ I expect to come back here.

1254. -nɔ́:n- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -yáʔk-, refl. -(ε)-, and dupl., bow one's head: tewakεnɔ́:nyaʔkɔh I've bowed my head, ʔoʔthεnεnɔ́ :nyaʔk they bowed their heads.

1255. -nɔniʔt(a)- NN. RT., thistle (Cirsium sp.): ʔonɔ́niʔ- taʔ thistle; with augment., ʔonɔniʔtáʔko:wa:h silver thistle (Onopordon acanthium); with vb. rt. -k- [3.3], kanɔ́niʔta:s pewee (Myiochanes virens), goldfinch (Spinus tristis).

1256. -nɔnoka(æ)- NN. RT., hickory (Carya sp.): ʔonɔ- noka:aʔ hickory; with vb. rt. -o- and cisloc., thanɔnokeoʔ Clarence, N.Y.

1257. -nɔnɔjók VB. STEM, in hanonɔjok cranberry tree (Viburnum opulus).

1258. -nɔnɔ́ʔt(a)- potato: var. of -nonɔ́ʔt(a)- (1191).

1259. -nɔny- NN. RT., dance: with vb. rt. -óʔtε-, nɔʔ- kanɔnyóʔtεʔ the kind of dance; with vb. rt. -owanε-, kanɔnyowa:nεh great dance, ref. to Feather Dance or Thanksgiving Dance.
NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, prepare corn husks for braiding: hatinɔnyɔ: thaʔ they're preparing the husks for braiding, ʔonɔ:nyɔ:t the husks are ready for braiding.

1260. -nɔ́ɔokte-/-nɔ́ɔkt(a)- (comb, except before nom.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be sore, hurt, feel sick: ʔonɔ́ɔkteʔ it's sore; with dat. -ni-/-ε- and obj., be sick: ʔakhnɔ́:kta:nih I'm sick, wáonɔ:ɔktεʔ he got sick; plus dist. -′:nɔ-, konɔ:ktá:nɔ:nih a number of people are sick; plus caus. I -′ʔt-, ʔɔkhnɔ:ktáʔtεʔ it made me sick; plus ext. loc. -′:nέh, hotinɔ :ktaní:neh hospital; with nom., kanɔ́:kte:shæʔ sickness.

1261. -nɔ́ɔnyɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′h, -h), with dupl., rejoice in, express gratitude, greet, thank: tá:nɔ:ɔnyɔh he rejoices in it, ʔoʔtkhnɔ́:nyɔ:ʔ I gave thanks; with refl. -atε-, tekatεnɔ́:nyɔh I am thankful; with recip. -atah-, te :yatahnɔ́ :nyɔh they (du.) greet each other; with inst. and imp v., kanɔ́:nyɔk Thanksgiving Speech, let it be used for showing appreciation; with caus. I -′ʔt-, inst., and cont., tεyɔkhnɔ:nyɔʔtáhkwa:k people will always use it for thanking me.

1262. -nos(æ)- NN. RT., with dimin. in ʔonɔ́sæʔah soft, tender, immature beans.

1263. -nɔsh(æ)- NN. RT., small cornhusk basket, thimble- berry (Rubus sp.): ʔonɔ:shæ small basket, thimble- berry; with vb. rt. -i- [14.5], kanɔ:tsi:h small basketful, quart.

1264. -nɔska(æ)- NN. RT., whiskers: with vb. rt. -(C)e- and dupl., tá:noskæ:eʔ he has whiskers.

1265. -nɔskany-/-nɔskai- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -′h), be disorderly, cause trouble: hotínɔska:- nyɔ:h they've been disorderly, wa:tinɔskaiʔ they caused trouble; with trans. -′Ø- and purp., hatinɔskányaeʔ they're going to cause trouble.

1266. -nɔsk(æ)- NN. RT., milkweed (Asclepias sp.): ʔonɔ :- skæʔ milkweed.

1267. -nɔ́skw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), steal: ʔakhnɔ́skwεh I've stolen it, hanɔ́skwas he steals, thief, ʔoʔkhnɔ́- skoʔ I stole it; with dist. -′ɔ-, hanɔ́skwaɔh he steals things.

1268. -nɔskw(a)- NN. RT., domestic animal: kanɔ:skwaʔ domestic animal.

1269. -nɔskwa(æ)- NN. RT., knot (in a rope or tree): ʔonɔskwæ:ʔ knot; with vb. rt. -ot-, khnɔskwέo- thaʔ I'm making a knot; with vb. rt. -es-, jinɔ́skwaes toad; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- and dist., ʔonɔskwεɔtɔh smallpox.

1270. -nɔst(a)- NN. RT., rafters, frame: ʔonɔ:staʔ rafters, kanɔ :staʔ frame; with vb. rt. -kέhte- and caus. II, ʔonɔstakέhte:t frame on an animal's back to prevent its passing through a fence.

1271. -nɔstaʔsh(æ)- NN. RT., sassafras (Sassafras albi- dum): ʔonɔstaʔshæʔ sassafras.

1272. -nɔ́ste- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be selfish (about), hold dear, not want to part with: honɔ́steʔ he's selfish; with nn. rt. -khw(a)-, kokhwánɔsteʔ she's stingy with her food; with caus. II, hold back, guard: ʔakhnɔ́statɔh I'm holding it back; plus vb. rt. -hó(a)-, hahoanɔ́sta:s he guards the door, doorkeeper.

1273. -nɔ(:)t- give food to: see -nɔ(:)te- (1277).

1274. -nɔt(a)- NN. RT., town: kanɔtakɔ:h in the town; with vb. rt. -yε-, kanɔtayεʔ town, waʔakwanɔ- tayε:ʔ we camped; plus augment, and cisloc., tkanɔtayέʔko:wa:h Philadelphia; with vb. rt. -kwέhta-, kanɔtakwέhta: ʔ town laid out, village, community; with vb. rt. -ase- and cisloc., tkanɔtase:ʔ Newtown (section of Cattaraugus Reservation)-, with vb. rt. -o- and cisloc., tkanɔ:- toʔ New York City; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)-, oppos. I, and cisloc., tkanɔtæ:kweh Canandaigua, N.Y.; with vb. rt. -kany-, hanɔtaka:nyas George Washington, President of the United States.

NN. RT., hill: ʔonɔ́taʔkeh on the hill, Onondaga Reservation, ʔonɔtakɔ:h valley; with vb. rt. -te-, ʔonɔtateʔ hill; with charact., (ʔo)nɔtawáʔka:ʔ Seneca; with vb. rt. -yáʔk-, ʔonɔ́tyaʔkoh cliff.

1275. -nɔta(æ)- NN. RT., hominy: ʔonɔtæ:ʔ hominy.

1276. -:nɔt(æ)- follow closely: see -(h/:)nɔt(æ)- (619).

1277. -nɔ(:)tε-/-nɔ(:)t- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-h, -′h, -Ø), give food to, feed: ʔakhnɔ:te:h I've fed it, khnɔ:tεh I feed it, ʔεko:nɔ:t I'll give you something to eat; with refl. -(ε)-, be generous: hatεnɔ:- tεh he's generous.

1278. -nɔtɔ- NN. RT., with spl. nn. suff. -′h-, hanɔ:tɔh water snake (Natrix sipedon).

1279. -nɔwε- melt: see -nɔʔnɔwε- (1311).

1280. -nɔwitáh VB. STEM, in tekanɔwi: tah Deganawida.

1281. -nɔw(ɔ)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -yέht- and dupl., make a deal: ʔoʔthatinɔwɔyεt they made a deal; with vb. rt. -εt- and inch. I, make a deal: wa:tinɔwε:taʔt they made a deal.

1282. -′:nɔw(ɔ)- riffles: see -′(h/:)nɔw(ɔ)- (620).

1283. -nɔwɔk- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), be hungry for a certain thing: ʔakhnɔwɔkɔh I'm hungry for it, hanɔ:wɔ:s he's (perpetually) hungry for it; with dist. -hɔ-, hanɔ́wɔkhɔh he's hungry for certain things.

1284. -:nɔwɔ́ɔ́s, coltsfoot: see -(h/:)nɔwɔ́ɔ́s (621).

1285. -nɔwɔyε- settle to the bottom: see -(ε)nɔwɔyε- (450).

1286. -nɔwɔ́ʔkhɔ- hold on to: see -yenɔwɔ́ʔkhɔ- (1880).

1287. -nɔwɔʔt(a)- NN. RT., plaster: ʔonɔ́wɔʔtaʔ plaster; with vb. rt. -ʔε-, ʔonɔwɔʔtáʔε:ʔ white.

1288. -nɔ́:y(a)- NN. RT., cord, tendon, sinew: ʔonɔ́:yaʔ cord, tendon, sinew; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)-, ʔonɔ́:ya:ʔ it's sinewy; with vb. rt. -′(h)en- and repet., shanɔ́:ya:enεʔ garter snake (Thamnophis sp.).

1289. -nɔye- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be fussy: snɔ:ye:h you're fussy.

1290. nɔʔ- PARTITIVE [25.2, 25.5]

1291. -nɔ́ʔ PAST [19.1, 19.3]

1292. -nɔʔeóhs(a)- NN. RT., cabbage: ʔonɔʔéohsaʔ cabbage.

1293. -nɔ́ε(ε)- NN. RT., head: ʔonɔ́ʔε:ʔ head, also steam locomotive and tender; ʔakhnɔ́ʔε:ʔ my head; with vb. rt. -yέht-, takwánɔʔε:yεt [11.2] mythical Flying Head, lit. hit us with a head!; with vb. rt. -óa- [14.4] and cisloc., tkanɔʔéoaʔ head on the end of a pole (name of a town).

1294. -nɔʔhɔn- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -yáʔk- and dupl., catch: tewakhnɔʔhɔ́nyaʔkɔh I've caught it, tá:- nɔʔhɔ:nyaʔs catcher (in a ball game).

1295. -nɔ́ʔís be stepparent to, ref. to older member of relationship: hakhnɔ́ʔis he is stepparent to me, my stepfather, ʔakhnɔ́ʔis (HSL 20) my stepmother, honɔ́ʔis his stepfather or stepmother, her stepfather (HSL 21), ʔonɔ́ʔis her stepmother.

1296. -nɔ́ʔj(a)- NN. RT., pail, kettle, boiler: kanɔ́ʔjaʔ pail, etc.; with vb. rt. -ʔɔ(:)we-, kanɔʔjaʔɔ:weh native kettle, iron kettle; with vb. rt. -owanε-, kanɔ́ʔjowa:nεh big kettle; with vb. rt. -ot-, cook: hotínɔʔjo:t they're cooking it; with vb. rt. -o-, kanɔ́ʔjo:ɔh water drum (especially the large type), lit. covered kettle; with vb. rt. -itkε-, kanɔʔjitkέɔʔ Carry Out the Kettle Vance, Taking the Kettle Out.

1297. nɔ́ʔjahkwεʔ snipe (Capella sp.), woodcock (Philo-hela minor).

1298. -nɔʔka(æ)- NN. RT., horn: ʔonɔ́ʔkæ:ʔ horn; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- and dupl., teyotinɔ́ʔkεɔt sheep; ʔonɔ́ʔkæ:ʔ kastáwεʔsæʔ horn rattle; with vb. rt. -ot- and nom., kanɔʔkéotashæʔ horn war club.

1299. -nɔʔke(æ)- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-ε-, imitate, mock: henɔ́ʔkeænih I'm imitating, mocking him, waɔwɔnɔ́ʔke: εʔ they imitated him.

1300. -nɔʔké(æ)- VB. RT. (-έh, -háʔ, -ǽh), suck: ʔonɔ́ʔ- keεh it's sucking, kanɔ́ʔkehaʔ it sucks, snɔʔkéæh suck!; with caus. I -′ʔt-, nurse: yenɔʔkéæʔthaʔ she's nursing it.

1301. -nɔʔkeǽht- wait: see -(ε)nɔʔkeǽht- (451).

1302. nɔ́ʔkε:ʔ behind, afterward.

1303. -nɔ́ʔkhwε- VB. RT (-h, —, —), be quick-tempered: ʔakhnɔ́ʔkwε:h I'm quick-tempered; with inch. II and obj., become angry: ʔakhnɔʔkhwεʔɔh I've become angry, wáonɔʔkhwεh he became angry.

1304. -nɔʔkhwish(æ)- NN. RT., in ʔonɔ́ʔkhwishæʔ boiled and sweetened corn.

1305. -nɔ́ʔkow- VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, -ás), with neg., be capable of anything: téonɔʔko:ʔ [3.10] he is able to do anything, téonɔʔko:was he is (always) able to do anything.

1306. nɔʔkɔ́:kwa:h underneath; see [26.8]

1307. -nɔ́ʔkw(a)- NN. RT., milk, breast, lung: ʔonɔ́ʔkwaʔ milk, yenɔ́ʔkwaʔkeh (on) her breast, her lung; with vb. rt. -es-, kanɔ́ʔkwe:s Big Breast (a mythical figure); plus dupl., teyénɔʔkwe:s she has big breasts; with vb. rt. -t-, kanɔ́ʔkwa:t cow; with vb. rt. -théʔt-, churn: ʔakhnɔʔkwathéʔtɔh I'm churning.

1308. nɔ́ʔkwatkwa:h fox.

1309. -:nɔ́ʔnet- add one thing over another: see -(h/:)nɔ́ʔnet- (622).

1310. -nɔ́ʔno-/-no- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -′s, —), be cold: ʔonɔ́ʔno:h it's cold; with nn. rt. -ahsɔ(:)ta-, ʔohsɔtano:h cold night; for iter. see-′(h/:)nek(a)-; with caus.-inst., ʔεkánɔʔnos it will become cold.

1311. -nɔʔnɔwe-/-nɔwε- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -′h), melt, soak: ʔonɔ́ʔnɔwε:h it has melted, soaked, kanɔ́ʔnɔwεh let it melt!; with repet., thaw: sakánɔʔnɔ:wεʔ it thawed; with nn. rt. -wis(æ)-, ʔoʔkawisænɔwεʔ the ice melted; with caus. I -′ht-, snɔʔnɔ:wεt melt it!

1312. -:nɔ́ʔsh(a)- buttocks: see -(h/:)nɔ́ʔsh(a)- (623).

1313. -nɔʔskw(a)- NN. RT., with refl. -(ε)-, dupl., and one of following vb. rts., jump: with vb. rt. -′hkw-, teonɔʔskwáhkwεh he has jumped; with vb. rt. -(C) (æ)-, téεnɔʔskwa:haʔ he jumps; with vb. rt. -óʔyak- and transloc., haʔteonɔʔskoʔya:- kɔh he has jumped over there.

1314. -nɔ́ʔskw(a)- NN. RT., bed, bedding: kanɔ́ʔskwaʔ bed, bedding; with vb. rt. -oʔkaæte- [3.12], ʔonɔ́ʔskoʔkæ:teʔ high bed.

1315. -nɔ́ʔt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), with nn. rt. -ask(a)- and dupl., chew: tewakaskánɔʔtɔh I'm chewing, ʔoʔtkáskanɔʔt I chewed it.

1316. -nɔʔta(æ)- NN. RT., lead, sinker, crock, type of bread: ʔonɔ́ʔtæ:ʔ lead, etc.; with vb. rt. -ók, jinɔ́ʔteok type of grasshopper.

1317. -nɔʔthy- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ot- and dupl., squat: tewákhnɔʔthyo:t I'm squatting.

1318. nɔʔwe:ʔ while, since.

1319. -ny- DUAL [9.2, 9.7]

1320. -nyá- VB. RT., with caus. I -′ʔt-, boil (tr.): konyá: ʔtɔh she's boiling it; with inch. II and obj., boil (intr.): ʔonyáεs it boils, waʔónyaεh it boiled.

1321. -nya(æ)- NN. RT., neck, collar: ʔonya:aʔ neck, collar, also a kind of insect, kenyǽ: ʔkeh (on) my neck; with vb. rt. -ot-, refl. -ate-, and dupl., tεkaten- yeotεʔ I'll put a necktie on; with vb. rt. -yáʔk- and refl., watenyanyaʔs [14.4] a beetlelike insect that makes a snapping noise when it moves its head; possibly this rt. with vb. rt. -áʔktɔ- and trans., to:nyaʔktá:neʔ inchworm, var. toʔnyaktá:neʔ.

1322. -:nya(æ)- nut meat: see -(h/:)nye(æ)- (629).

1323. -nyaǽhkw- run: see -(ε)niǽhkw- (436).

1324. -nyahjíʔt(a)- NN. RT., corn roasted in the husk, tamale: ʔonyáhjiʔtaʔ corn roasted in the husk; with vb. rt. -o- and refl. -ε-, ʔεyεnyahjíʔto:ʔ she'll cook corn roasted in the husk.

1325. -nyáhtεh VB. STEM (ʔ), in kanyáhtε:h snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), Turtle Clan, turtle rattle; with augment., kanyáhtεko:wa:h large snapping turtle.

1326. -nyak- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), with obj., get married: ʔakenyakɔh I'm married, honya:s he marries, waotinya:k they got married.

1327. -nyakwaíʔ VB. STEM, in (ʔo)nyakwaiʔ bear; nyakwaiʔ ʔoεnɔʔ Bear Dance; nyakwaiʔ hatísheʔ Ursa Major, lit. they're chasing a bear.

1328. -nyast(a)- NN. RT., bosom: yenyástakɔ:h (it's concealed) in her bosom.

1329. -nyatkaæ- VB. RT. (-′ɔ́h, -s, -h), with cisloc. or transloc., reach out for, grab: hewakenyatkǽ: ɔh I've grabbed it, hoʔkényatka:aʔ I grabbed it; with recip., tyɔtatenyátkæ: s Grab-Your-Partner Dance, Choose a Partner.

1330. -nyatsis- VB. RT. (—, —, -Ø), compensate, pay: waɔwɔnya:tsi:s they compensated him, e.g., a storyteller for his performance.

1331. nya:wεh thank you.

1332. -nyaʔka(æ)- NN. RT., fiber strap: ʔonyáʔkæ:ʔ fiber strap; with vb. rt. -o-, ʔonyáʔkeoʔ [14.4] mud puddle, marshland.

1333. -:nyáʔkh- put together: see -(h/:)nyáʔkh- (627).

1334. -nyáʔkw- VB. RT. (-έh, -as, -óh), with obj., vomit: ʔakényaʔkwεh I've vomited, ʔɔkényaʔkoʔ I vomited; with dist. -′ɔ-, honyáʔkwaɔh he's vomiting.

1335. -nyáʔkw(a)- NN. RT., vomit: ʔonyaʔkwaʔ vomit, also bracken, cinnamonfern.

1336. nyáʔkwaehe:h or (with augment.) nyáʔkwae- heko:wa:h, mythical Great Bear.

1337. -nyaʔó:y(a)- NN. RT., apple: kanyaʔó:yaʔ apple.

1338. -:nyáʔs(a)- neck: see -(h/:)nyáʔs(a)- (628).

1339. -nyáʔt(a)- NN. RT., esophagus: ʔakényaʔtaʔ my esophagus; with unique vb. rt., sanyáʔto:wis you're a glutton.

1340. -nyaʔthaǽʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -t), with dupl., choke: tewakenyaʔthǽ: ʔɔh it has choked me, teyakonyáʔthæ: ʔs it chokes people, chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), ʔoʔthónyaʔtha:aʔt it choked him, gave him a lump in the throat.

1341. -:nye(æ)- nut meat: see -(h/:)nye(æ)- (629).

1342. -:nyéʔst(a)- chestnut: see -(h/:)nyéʔst(a)- (630).

1343. -nyε- NN. RT., in kanyέʔkeh any Mohawk reservation; plus popul., kanyέʔke:onɔʔ Mohawk.

1344. -nyεt(a)- NN. RT., shin: ʔonyε:taʔ shin; with vb. rt. -ó-, refl.-ate-, and dupl., wade: ʔoʔtíswaten- yε:toh you (pl.) waded; with vb. rt. -aji-, iter, var. -′ʔs, and dupl., tekanyεta:jiʔs maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum).

1345. -nyέʔt(a)- NN. RT., sorrow: ʔakényεʔtaʔ my sorrow.

1346. -nyo- VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), be wild, uncultivated: kanyo:ʔ it's wild, ref. to plant or animal; with dimin., ʔonyo:ʔah name of a throw in bowl or dice game (bowl game: one stone different; dice game: two different).

1347. -nyo-/-iyo- (after 1st or 2d person, refl., or recip.), VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -′h), kill, assault, beat up: ʔaki:- yo:h I've killed it, etc., honyo:h he's killed it, hanyos he's killing it, wa:ki:yoʔ he assaulted me; with refl., fight: ʔoʔkati:yoʔ I fought; plus augment., hatíyosko:wa:h great warrior; plus trans. -′sh-, ʔεkatiyóshæʔ I'll go and fight; plus dist. -′syɔ-, ʔεkatiyósyɔ: ʔ I'll fight them; plus caus. I -′ht- and inst., yɔtiyohtáhkwaʔ weapon.

1348. -′:nyo- row a boat: see -′(h/:) nyo- (632).

1349. -:nyóaéʔ bluebird, blue: see -(h/:)nyóaéʔ (633).

1350. -nyósyot- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έh), sit, seat: kenyó- syo:t I'm sitting; with refl. -atε- and dupl., ta:tεnyósyo:tεʔ he sat himself down; with dist. -ɔ-, wa:kɔnyósyo:tɔ: ʔ he seated them; with inch. I -′ʔ-, wá:nyosyo:taʔt he sat down. Var. -nísyot- (1180).

1351. -′:nyot- stand upright: see -′(h/:)nyot- (634).

1352. -nyota(æ)-/-nyotae- (before spl. nn. suff.), NN. RT., lake: kanyotaeʔ lake; with vb. rt. -owanε-, kanyoteowanεh ocean; with vb. rt. -iyo- and spl. nn. suff. [26.4], (s)kanyotaiyoʔ Handsome Lake (a Seneca chief's title and name of the prophet).

1353. -:nyoʔk(a)- nutshell: see -(h/:)nyoʔk(a)- (635).

1354. -nyóʔt(a)- NN. RT., wild animal: kanyóʔtaʔ animal; with vb. rt. -ake-, dupl., and transloc., haʔtekanyóʔtake:h all the animals; with vb. rt. -owanε-, kanyóʔtowa:nεs big animals; with vb. rt. -ʔsʔáa-, nikanyoʔtáʔsʔa:h small animals; with vb. rt. -kai-, refl. -ate-, and dupl., ʔoʔtkatenyóʔ- taka:iʔ I took advantage of it (in a struggle).

1355. -nyɔ- NN. RT. (spl. nn. suff. -′h), in kanyɔh white ash (Fraxinus americana).
DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10]

1356. -:nyɔ́hs(a)- squash: see -(h/:)nyɔhs(a)- (637).

1357. -:nyɔkwiʔs(æ)- grape: see -(h/:)nyɔkwiʔs(æ)- (639).

1358. -nyɔɔska(æ)- NN. RT., shoulder blade, shoulder: ʔonyɔ́:ska:aʔ shoulder blade, ʔakenyɔ:skǽ: ʔkeh on my shoulder.

1359. -:nyɔskwæe- cucumber: see -(h/:)nyɔskwæe-(640).

1360. -:nyɔ́ʔɔ- be a White man: see -(h/:)nyɔ́ʔɔ- (642).

1361. -O- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′áʔ, -h), be in water, put in water, boil, cook: ʔi:yoʔ [6.11] it's in the water; with nn. rt. -(h)ɔw(ɔ)-, ka:ɔyoʔ the boat is in the water; with nn. rt. -ksáʔt(a)-, hatiksaʔtóaʔ they're naming children, lit. putting children in water; with nn. rt. -ʔníst(a)-, ʔεhséʔnisto:ʔ you will cook the corn; with nn. rt. -kaʔsta(æ)- and dist. -nyɔ-, ʔokáʔsteonyɔʔ mud holes; with vb. rt. -at(C)ε- and nom., trans. -′:n-, and purp., yɔtέsyo:neʔ she intends to cook something for her ceremony; with prog., ʔεyo:tyeʔ it will be floating along; with oppos. I, ka:okwεh he's taken it out of the water. Cf. -ó- and -ʔsko- (1362 and 2106).
OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.8, 10.13]
cover: see -ʔhowek- (2010).

1362. -ó-/-0- (before iter.)/-óh- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s or —′ʔs, -Ø), put in water: ʔakóɔh I've put it in the water, ʔi:ko:s [6.11] I'm putting it in the water, ʔi:soh put it in the water!; with dist. -′hsɔ-, nn. rt. -(h)ɔw(ɔ)- [3.13], refl., and repet., saεnothɔ́yohsɔ:ʔ they put their boats back in the water; with trans. -′hs-, purp., nn. rt. -á:y(a)-, and refl., hεnɔ́ta:yohseʔ they intend to have the Strawberry Dance, lit. to put their berries in water; for iter. -′ʔs, see -′(h/:)n(ɔ)- (618). Cf. -o- and -ʔskó- (1361 and 2107).

1363. -óa-/-óa(æ)- (before iter, and comb.), VB. RT. (-ʔ, -s, -έh), put on the end of a pole: yo:aʔ it's on the end of a pole, ʔoʔkóaε I put it on the end of a pole; with refl., ható:æs he's spearing it; with nn. rt. -hsikwa(æ)-, kahsikwéoaʔ fork on the end of a pole; with inch. I -′ʔ-, ʔáoæ:ʔɔh it's gotten on the end of a pole; with double dist. -ɔ-nyɔ- and nn. rt. -ks(a)-, ʔoksóεɔ:nyɔʔ dish(es) on the end of pole(s); with oppos. I and cisloc., cut off a piece: takó:ækoʔ I cut off a piece.

1364. -o(æ)- NN. RT., in yo:ækɔ:h in the valley, bottom land.

1365. -óæk- press down: see-tóæk- (1741).

1366. -oek- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), with refl. and transloc., catch oneself in: hwá: to: ek he caught himself in it.

1367. -oest- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), come near: with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, hotiyaʔtóestɔh it has come near them, ʔakyáʔto:esthaʔit comes near me, waotiyáʔ- to:es it came close to them.

1368. -óh IMPERATIVE [5.10–11, 13.3, 13.6]

1369. -óhka- VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), spread on, apply: ʔakóhka:h I've spread it on, hohka:s he's spreading it on, ʔoʔkóhka:ʔ I spread it on; with caus. I -ht-, yakóhkathaʔ jam, butter, wax, etc., lit. people spread with it; see also -′(h/:)was(a)- (711).

1370. -ohs(æ)- VB. RT., with dat. -′ʔse-/-′ʔse-, refl., and obj., slip out of one's hand: ʔakatohsǽʔse:h it has slipped out of my hand, ʔɔkátohsæʔs it slipped out of my hand.

1371. -óht- VB. RT.: see -íʔt(a)- (821).

1372. -ohtaæh-/-ohtah- (before desc.) VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), put aside: háohtahɔh he has put it aside (either to save or to discard), hεnɔ́htæ:s they put it aside, sohta:ah put it aside!; with dupl., separate: tekóhtæ:s I'm separating it (e.g., tall grass to make a path).

1373. -ojέht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -há, -Ø), dip out, scoop up: ʔakójεhtɔh I've dipped it out, hoʔso:jεt scoop it up there (cry in lacrosse game); with nn. rt. -kawihs(a)-, ʔεɔtikáwihso:jεt they'll scoop it up with a shovel.

1374. -ók VB. STEM, be boiled: with nn. rt. -(h)ǽhkw(a)- ká:hkok boiled bread; with nn. rt. -(h/ :)nyɔ́hs(a)-, ka:nyɔ́hsok boiled squash. Probably -ó- plus past.

1375. -okaætase- twist: see -tokaætase (1745).

1376. -okáεt- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έʔ), make a hole (in something): ʔáoka:εt it has made a hole, yoká- εthaʔ it makes holes, ʔoʔyóka:εtεʔ it made a hole; with nn. rt. -wis(æ)-, ʔowisyoká:εt hole in the ice; with nn. rt. -hó(a)-, kaho:ká:εt hole in the door; with nn. rt. -nɔ́hs(a)-, (ʔo)nɔhsoká: εt [26.6] hole in the house, window. Cf. -káεt- (922).

1377. -okehɔ- be square: see -tokehɔ- (1747).

1378. -okε- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., be between, among: teyo:kε:h it's between; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, tekhníyaʔto:kε:h between them (non- masc. du.); with nn. rt. -nɔ́hs(a)-, tekánɔhso:- kε:h between the houses.
VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, -h), with refl. and dupl., divide (intr.),fork: with nn. rt. -(h)á(a)-, teyótha:okεʔ the path divides, tεwɔ́tha:okε:ʔ the path will divide. See also -jieht(a)- (848).

1379. -okεy- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -h), shell, husk: yokε:- yɔ:h it's shelled, yakokε:yɔs she's shelling it, ʔoʔko:kε:ʔ [3.10] I shelled it; see also -ks(a)-, -ʔn(ɔ)- (1055, 2055).

1380. -okh- VB. RT. (—, -ás, —), drip, leak, yokhas it's dripping; with nn. rt. -nɔ́ʔj(a)-, kanɔ́ʔjokhas the pail is leaking.

1381. -okw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), usually with refl. and dupl., scatter (intr.), be scattered, spread out: teyotokwεh it's scattered, ʔoʔthεnɔto:koʔ they spread out (e.g., a hunting party); with caus. I -′ht-, scatter (tr.): tesatokwat scatter it!; with nom., ʔatókwaʔshæʔ [15.6] spoon, ladle, ʔatókwaʔsyowanεh big spoon.

1382. -okwat- dig, var. of -óʔkwat- (1425): yakókwa- thaʔ digging tool.

1383. -on- NN. RT., recorded only in háonoʔɔh, — has fallen in the water, a personal name.

1384. -′(C)onɔ́ʔ POPULATIVE [20.5]

1385. -onya- drive away: see -owi- (1414).

1386. -′ony(a)- tell: see -′(hy)owi- (736).

1387. -ó:ny(a)- NN. RT., sideburns: ʔó:nyaʔ sideburns, ʔakó:nyaʔ my sideburns; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, ho:nya:eʔ he's got sideburns.

1388. -oɔ-, VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -′h), mend, patch: ʔako:ɔʔ I've mended it, yakó:ɔʔ she mends; with nn. rt. -nɔ́ʔj(a)-, wá:nɔʔjo:ɔʔ he mended my boiler; with dist. -nyɔ- and refl., ʔεkatoɔnyɔ:ʔ I'll patch several of my things, or put in several patches.

1389. -osǽ- (before desc.)/-osæ- (before iter.)/-osǽh- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), sprinkle: háosæɔh he has sprinkled it; with nn. rt. -(h)- εt(a)-, khεto:sæ:s I'm sprinkling the garden; with nn. rt. -aʔkέ(ε)-, waɔwɔʔkéosæh they sprinkled him with ashes.

1390. -′os(æ)- basswood: see -′(h)os(æ)- (646).

1391. -oshæt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), become winter: ʔáoshætɔh it's winter, yoshæ:s it becomes winter, ʔoʔyo:shæ:t it became winter.

1392. -oshe-/-oshæ- (comb.), NN. RT., winter, year: with neut. pref. k-, koshé:neh in the winter; with vb. rt. -te-, yoshæ:teʔ winter, year; with vb. rt. -′(h)ε-, haʔtekoshæεh midwinter; with vb. rt. -iyáʔk-, tsiwakoshíyaʔkɔh when I had crossed (so many) winters, was (so many) years old; with vb. rt. -ine-, niwátoji:neʔs how far the year has gone; with charact., koshe:kha:ʔ the winter variety.

1393. -oskaʔa- var. of -oskáʔa- (1394): heyáoska:ʔah the only thing [24.1]

1394. -oskáʔa-/-oska- (comb.), VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), be only, nothing but: ʔáoskaʔah it's only that; with nn. rt. -kɔ́hs(a)-, hotikɔhsóskaʔah Common Faces, lit. nothing but faces (False Faces with no tobacco attached), also Doctors' Dance; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, repet., and neg., teʔjakoyaʔtoskáʔah she's pregnant, ht. it's not just her body any more; with caus.-inst., inch. I -héʔ-, and part., naʔó- skastheʔt it was the only way.

1395. -ósk(æ)-, NN. RT., slippery elm (Ulmus fulva): ʔáoskæʔ (or ʔó:skæʔ) slippery elm.

1396. -(C)oskwá;- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- in tyó:- skwaɔt cow.

1397. -′(C)osy- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -okε- in tetyó:- syo:kε:h Buffalo, N.Y. (obsolescent); cf. -′(h)- os(æ) - (646).

1398. -osyɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′s-), with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, rub: hayáʔtosyɔs he's rubbing it; with oppos. I, stroke: ʔoʔkyáʔtosyɔ:koʔ I stroked it. Cf. -yεʔkwa(æ)- (1916).

1399. -ot- stand upright: see -′(h/:)nyot- (634).

1400. -otaǽh-/-otah- (before desc.)/-otaæ- (comb.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), put over: ʔakótahɔh I've put it over it, yota:hɔh it's over it, kota:as I'm putting it over it, ʔoʔkotæ:h I put it over it; with dat. -′hse-/-′s-, refl., and dupl., trip: ʔoʔthonɔtotæ:s it tripped them, to:totæ:hseh it trips him; also with caus. I -′ht-, ʔoʔtwakatotǽ:htεʔ it tripped me, to:totǽ:hta:nih it trips him; ʔatotæ:ʔ [15.6, 26.4] shoulder belt, suspenders; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, ʔatyáʔtota:aʔ saddle.

1401. -otáhs- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -íh), bring to light: ʔoʔy ótahsiʔ it brought it to light; with refl., appear: hotótahsɔ:h he has appeared; with dat. -′ʔse-/-ε-, hakatotáhsaʔse:h he has appeared before me.

1402. -othiyo- VB. RT., with nn. rt. -aʔεn(ɔ)- in waʔέno- thi:yɔʔ Sharpen-the-Stick Dance. Cf. -′(h/:)- yoʔthiyɔ- (741).

1403. -otkáʔw-/-otka- (bef. impv.), VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -′h), comb: yakótkaʔwas she's combing it; with refl., kotótkaʔwεh she has combed her hair, waʔakotkaʔ she combed her hair; with nn. rt. -ɔ́εj(a)- and dupl., emerge from the ground: teyoεj ótkaʔwεh it has emerged from the ground, tεyɔ́εjo:tkaʔ it will emerge from the ground.

1404. -ots- peel: see -ʔhots- (2008).

1405. -otyεyek-/-otyεy- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -s, -Ø), gather up: kaoty ε:yɔ:h she has gathered it up, waʔakotyε:ye :k she gathered it up; with dist. -hɔ-, waεnotyέyekhɔ: ʔ they gathered things up; with refl., shrink: watotyε:ye:s it shrinks.

1406. -owa- be big: see -owanε- (1408).

1407. -ówae- wash: see -nówae- (1201).

1408. -owanε-/-owa- (before inch. I and after some nn. rts.), VB. RT. (-′h, -′s or -′ʔs, —), be big, important: kowa:nεh it's big; with nn. rt. -ɔkweʔt(a)-, hεnɔ́kweʔtowanεs they're big people [5.8 end]; with nn. rt. -kέʔj(a)-, shokέʔjo:wa:ʔ he of the big forehead [26.4], a chief's name; with vb. rt. -(C) í- and caus. I -′ht-, ʔεtsíowa:nεt you will announce it, lit. make the matter big; with inch. I -hέʔ-, ʔoʔkówaheʔt it got big. Cf. -kowanε- (1031).

1409. -owe- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be wholly, entirely: with nn. rt. -yεt(a)-, ʔoyεto:weʔ it's entirely wood. cover: see -ʔhowek- (2010).

1410. -oweht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), with refl., distress, disturb: ʔakatowe:htɔh I'm distressed; with inst., harm, cause damage to: ʔakatowέhtahkɔh it has harmed me; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)- and dupl., ponder, deliberate on, put on trial: ta:yaʔtówethaʔ he ponders, judge, fortuneteller; with dat. -ni-/-ε-, teyɔkhiyaʔtowéhtanih they deliberate for us, Longhouse officials.

1411. -owek- cover: see -ʔhowek- (2010).

1412. -owε- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′s, -h), with dupl., split: tewako :wεʔ I've split it, teyako :wεs she's splitting it; with refl., ʔoʔtwato:wε:ʔ it split.

1413. -owi- VB. RT., see -nyáʔt(a)- (1339).

1414. -owi-/-onya- (comb.), VB. RT. (-h, -′h, -′ʔ), with refl., drive away: waɔwɔto:wiʔ they drove him away; with caus. I -′ʔt-, waɔwɔto:nyaʔt they drove him away; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, bring to convulsions: kotyáʔto:wi:h it has brought her to convulsions; with dist. -′:nɔ-, move about: ʔoʔkónya: nɔ: ʔ I moved it about, ʔoʔwatonyá: nɔ: ʔ it moved about.

1415. -′owi- tell: see -′(hy)owi- (736).

1416. -oyέht- VB. RT (-ɔ́h, —, —), with dupl., slam: tewakoyέhtɔh I've slammed it.

1417. -oʔ- INDICATIVE [24.2]

1418. -óʔ PUNCTUAL [8.2]

1419. -oʔ(æ)- lap: see -(h)oʔ(æ)- (648).

1420. -óʔi- VB. RT. (-h, —, -h), come to a point: ʔáoʔi:h it's pointed, waʔáoʔi:ʔ it came to a point, ran off into a point; hoyóʔhoʔi:h his chin is pointed; with caus.-inst., push to a certain point: waʔáoʔis it pushed it up to a point.

1421. -oʔjiyɔ- VB. RT. _(-h, -′s, —), suck: ʔáoʔji:yɔ:h it's sucking, yoʔji:yɔs it sucks, bloodsucker.

1422. -oʔkaæte- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), bulge: ʔáoʔkæ:teʔ it bulges; with nn. rt. -kέʔj(a)-, hokέʔjoʔkæ:teʔ he has a bulging forehead.

1423. -oʔkáhtr- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), poke, prod: ʔakóʔkahtɔh I've poked it; with nn. rt. -ʔny(a)- and refl., waeyεʔnyóʔkat I poked him with my finger.

1424. -óʔkt- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έh), extend to a point, come to the end, reach the limit: ʔoʔkóʔktεʔ I came to the end; with refl., ʔo:toʔk it's at the end, teʔ- tyo:toʔk it's not at the end there, it's incomplete; with nn. rt. -nɔ́hs(a)-, wa:nohsóʔktεʔ he went the length of the building; with inch. I-′ʔ-, ʔakóʔ- ktaʔɔh I've come to the end; with nn. rt. -khw (a)-, hotekhoʔktáʔɔh he's out of food; with nn. rt. -aʔkέ(ε)- and prog., ʔotaʔkéoʔktatyeʔ along the edges of the ashes.

1425. -óʔkwat- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), dig: ʔakóʔkwatɔh I'm digging, hayátoʔkwas he's digging a hole, ʔoʔkóʔkwa:t I dug.

1426. -oʔsó- (before desc.)/-oʔsóǽh- (before impv.)/ -óʔsóæ- (comb.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, -Ø), cover, put a cover on: ʔakóʔsoɔh I've covered it, ʔoʔkóʔsoæh I covered it; with oppos. I, ʔoʔkóʔso:ækoʔ I uncovered it.

1427. -óʔtε- VB. RT. (-h, -s, -′h), with part., be of a certain kind, condition, or state: niyóʔtε:h the way it is; with neg. and repet., teʔjóʔtε:h it isn't like that any more; with nn. rt. -(C)εn(o)-, nikaεnóʔtε:h the kind of song it is; niyohsohkóʔ- tε:h the color it is; with nn. rt. -ka(æ)-, nikakéoʔ- tε:s how the stories are, what the prices are; with transloc., hoʔtyóʔtεʔ there were all kinds; with prog., waʔóʔtε:ɔtyeʔ it went on this way, and so forth.

1428. -oʔtέh-/-oʔtέ (before desc.) VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), with obj., become soft, pliable: ʔáoʔtε:h it's soft, ʔáoʔtεs it gets soft, waʔáoʔtεh it got soft.

1429. -′oʔtέst- ease up: see -′(hy)oʔtέst- (739).

1430. -óʔyak- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), usually with transloc., throw: hewákoʔya:koh; with vb. rt. -wεn- (o)-, refl., and dupl., tεyakyatwέnoʔya:k we'll throw in a word; with nn. rt. -ij (C) (a)-,fish (vb.): hεjóʔya:s he's fishing; with trans, -h-, hεjóʔ- yakheʔs he goes fishing; with caus. I -t-, see -á:y(a)- (298).

1431. -ɔ- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be a certain amount: ni:yɔ:h how much, how many; haʔte:yɔ:h everything [24.l].
DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10]
INDICATIVE [22.5, 24.2, 25.5]
OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.10, 11.5, 11.8, 11.11]
give: see -awi- (293).

1432. -′ɔ- DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10]
NONSINGUIJAR THIRD PERSON [11.15, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5]
put on: see -′(hy)ɔ- (742).

1433. -ɔ́- DESCRIPTIVE [17.3, 18.3]
TRANSIENT [13.14]

1434. -′ɔ́- ITERATIVE [19.3]

1435. -ɔ:- DESCRIPTIVE [19.3]

1436. -ɔ́:- DESCRIPTIVE [19.3]

1437. -ɔ(:)- OBJECTIVE [11.5]
SECOND PERSON [11.2]

1438. -ɔ-a- INDICATIVE [22.5, 24.2, 25.2]

1439. -ɔ-e- INDICATIVE [22.5, 24.2, 25.5]

1440. -ɔ́εj(a)- NN. RT., earth, land, nation, world: with vb. rt. -te-, yɔεjateʔ the earth (is present); with vb. rt. -ɔtaʔt-, waʔáɔεjɔ:ta:ʔt or waʔáεjɔ:ta:ʔt earthquake, lit. it shook the earth; with vb. rt. -ake-, ye:iʔ níonɔεjake:h Six Nations; with vb. rt. -yas-, dist., and inst., teyɔtɔεjayá- shɔhkwaʔ chief, sachem, lit. people use it for naming the nation (ʔ); with vb. rt. -tase-, téatɔε- jata:ses he goes around the world.

1441. -ɔh DESCRIPTIVE [5.6–7, 13.2, 13.4, 13.14] be alive:- see -ɔhe- (1443).

1442. -ɔ́h DESCRIPTIVE [5.6–7, 13.5, 13.7–8, 13.11]

1443. -ɔhe-/-ɔh- (before iter.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -ɔ́ʔs, —) be alive: kɔheʔ I'm alive; níεnɔhɔʔs or (with dim.) niεnɔhɔ́ʔsʔah infants; with inst., tyohehkoh Our Sustenance, Our Life Supporters, lit. what we use to be alive; with caus. II -t-, bring to life: ʔotɔ́he:tɔh it has come to life, come into force (of a law); with caus. II and irregular iter. -ás, tsakáɔhe:tas Christ, lit. he brings them back to life.

1444. -ɔhjish(æ)- hoe: see -(h)ɔhjish(æ)- (652).

1445. -ɔhka(æ)- rope: see -(y)ɔhka(æ)- (1937).

1446. -ɔh(ɔ)- NN. RT., life, heart: with vb. rt. -oʔtε-, niyakɔhoʔtε:h the kind of life she has; with vb. rt. -(h/:)niy-, háɔhɔ:ni:yɔh he's hardy, lit. his life is tough; with vb. rt. -ahtεty- and refl., ʔonɔtɔhɔ́htεtyɔ:h they're growing, lit. their life is moving; sɔhɔ́ʔkeh your heart; with dimin., níɔhɔʔɔh little boy, niyakɔhɔ́ʔɔh little girl.

1447. -ɔhw(ɔ)- NN. RT., self (as emphatic personal pronoun): haɔhwɔʔ he himself, kaɔhwɔʔ she herself, honɔ:hwɔʔ they (masc.) themselves; also ha:hɔʔ, ka:hɔʔ, and honɔ:hɔʔ [28.4].

1448. -ɔish(æ)- NN. RT., breath: kɔ́ishseʔkeh my breath; with vb. rt. -(h/:)niy- and inst., ʔɔkyɔishæ:- niyéhkɔh it strengthens our breath, gives us vitality.

1449. -ɔisyɔ́hkw- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -′áʔ, -0), persist, keep trying: ʔakɔisyɔ́hkɔh I've kept trying, ʔoʔkɔ́isyɔk I kept trying; with refl., ask for, request, pray for, hope for: hatoisyohkwaʔ he asks for it, etc., ʔoʔkátɔ:isyɔk I asked for it, (also) I organized a bee; with refl. and dat. -ni-/-ε-, ask, request from, pray to, beg: kwatoisyohkwanih Vm asking you (pl.) for it, begging you; with refl.and nom.-ʔsh(ge)-, ʔatɔisyɔ́hkwaʔshæʔ request, prayer, hope.

1450. -(C)ɔk- NN. RT., autumn: keokhneh (in the) autumn.

1451. -ɔkesh(æ)-NN. RT., pocket: yɔke:shseʔ or yɔke:- syɔ:t (see -ɔ(:)t- [1475]) pocket; ʔáɔkesyɔ:t kangaroo, lit. it has a pocket (attached). See also -ɔkesh(æ)- (1452).

1452. -ɔkεsh(æ)- pocket: var. of -ɔkesh(æ)- (1451).

1453. -ɔko- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., be wet: teyaɔkɔ:h it's wet; with inch. II, ʔoʔtwakɔ:koh I got wet.
VB. RT., with nn. rt. -(C) í- and either caus.-inst. -′st- or even., happen irrevocably: waʔoiɔkos it happened irrevocably, was for good, was final, ʔoiɔkósʔɔh it has happened irrevocably.

1454. -ɔkoht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -0), put through an opening: ʔakɔ́kohtɔh I've put it through an opening, ʔoʔkεʔnyɔ:kot I put my finger through an opening; with dupl., saturate, graduate: ʔoʔthɔ :- kot he saturated it, he graduated; with recip. -atan-, hold a ceremony, perform an obligation: wa:yatanɔ:kot they (masc. du.) had their ceremony (as they were obligated to do); with recip., dat. -ni-/-ε-, and incorp. nn. rt. -yεn(ɔ)-, waɔwɔ- tiyεnɔ́kohtεʔ they held a ceremony for them; also with nn. rt. -(C) í-, waɔwɔti:ɔ́kohtεʔ; see also -(C) εn(ɔ)- (447).

1455. -ɔkw- keep: see -(y)ɔkw- (1942).

1456. -ɔ(:)kw- OPPOSITIVE I [13.6]

1457. -ɔkwe- VB. RT. (-h, -′s-, -h), make healthy: saya- kaokwe: ʔ it made her healthy again; with refl., flourish: ʔotɔ:kwe:h it's flourishing, ʔoʔwatɔ- kwe:ʔ it flourished; with caus. I -t- and neg., teʔkatɔkwe:thaʔ I'm not doing very well.

1458. -ɔkwe-/-ɔkweʔt(a)- (incorp.), NN. RT. (spl. nn. suff. -′h), person: ʔɔ:kweh person, also walking stick (Aplopus mayeri); with vb. rt. -ʔɔ(:)we-, ʔɔkwéʔɔ: weh native person, Indian; plus charact., ʔɔkwéʔɔwe:kha: ʔ characteristic of Indians, the Seneca language; with vb. rt. -ase-, hεnɔ́kweʔta:- se: ʔ young people; with vb. rt. -′(h)etkε-, hɔkwéʔ- ta:etkεʔ he's an evil person; with coin, and plur., tsɔkwéʔtashɔʔ each person; ʔɔkwe ʔoktéseʔ (see -kte(se)- [1060]) manroot (Ipomoea pandurata).

1459. -ɔkweʔt(a)-person: see -ɔkwe- (1458).

1460. -ɔn- NN. RT., interval of time (recorded only with vb. rt. -is-): ʔaɔni:s it's a long time, nεyɔnisheʔt how long it will be.

1461. -ɔ́:neʔsh(se)- NN. RT., cleared area, lawn: with vb. rt. -te-, yɔ :néʔshseteʔ (the) cleared area, lawn (is present); yɔ: neʔshæʔkeh on the lawn; with vb. rt. -iyo-, yɔ:néʔtsi:yo:h [14.5] good lawn.

1462. -ɔnεht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -0), usually with trans- loc., swallow: hewakɔnεhtɔh I've swallowed it, hoʔsɔ:nεt swallow it!

1463. -ɔ(:)ni-/-ɔny(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-h, -′h or -′s, -′h), make: with nn. rt. -shéʔ(se)-, yeshéʔɔ:nih she makes dough; with nn. rt. -(C) í-, ʔεkáti:ɔniʔ I'll make the thing, carry it out, káiɔ: nih it makes the thing, the reason, why; with -(C) í- and dat. -ni-/-ε-, teach: ʔéiɔ:nyεʔ I'll teach it to him, (with refl.) hatyɔ́:nya:nih [27.3] he's a teacher; with refl. and obj., grow: ʔotɔ:ni:h it's growing, has grown; plus nn. rt. -hat(a)-, ʔotéhatɔ:ni:h growing forests; with recip. and obj., come into being, form: ʔotatɔ:ni:h it has formed; with recip. andcaus. I -′ʔt-, put in place: ʔoʔkatatɔ :nyaʔt I put myself there; with nn. rt. -(h)ɔw(ɔ)- and dist, -′:nɔ-, waεnɔthɔyɔnyá:nɔ: ʔ they made themselves boats. Cf. -′syɔ( :)ni- (1635).

1464. -ɔny(a)- make: see -ɔ(:)ni- (1463).

1465. -ɔ́:ny(a)- NN. RT., fluvial plain, flat: with vb. rt. -te-, yɔ:nya:teʔ the flat (is there)-, with vb. rt. -ati- and repet., jɔ:nya:tih Shongo (settlement on Allegany Reservation), lit. on the other side of the flat.

1466. -ɔɔ- OPTATIVE [22.5, 24.2, 25.5]

1467. -ɔɔ-a- OPTATIVE [22.5, 24.2, 25.5]

1468. -ɔɔ-e- OPTATIVE [22.5, 24.2, 25.5]

1469. -ɔ́S, ITERATIVE [5.8–9, 13.2, 13.4]

1470. -ɔs-/-es- (incorp. after some nn. rts.)/-is- (after others), VB. RT. (-Ø, -ɔ́s, —), be long, tall, deep: ʔi:yɔ:s it's long; with nn. rt. -nɔ́hs(a)-, kanɔ́hse:s longhouse; with nn. rt. -wεn(ɔ)-, kawε:ni:s long word, kawεni:sɔs long words; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, ʔóiwi:s or ʔóiwe:s long affair; with nn. rt. -ahsɔ( :)t(a)- wahsɔ:ti:s long night; with nn. rt. -ka(æ)-, kaka:is long story; with nn. rt. -(h)έ(ɔ)-, káεe:sɔs tall trees; with caus.-inst. -st-, ʔakɔ:stɔh I've lengthened it; with inch. I -héʔ-, ʔoʔyɔ:sheʔt it became long.

1471. -ɔsh- NN. RT., recorded only with vb. rt. -ot- and refl.: ʔotɔ: sho: t spring (of water).

1472. -ɔsh(a)- NN. RT., knee: kɔsháʔkeh (on) my knee; with vb. rt. -ot-, refl., and dupl., kneel: ʔoʔtká- tɔsho:tεʔ I knelt.

1473. -ɔ́sh(æ)- box: see -(h)ɔ́sh(æ)- (657).

1474. -ɔ́Sʔ- EVENTUATIVE [16.2–3]

1475. -ɔ(:)t- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έh), put in an oven: ʔoʔkɔ:tεʔ I put it in the oven; with incorp. nn. rt., attach: with nn. rt. -έ(ɔ)-, ʔawέ:ɔt there's a flower on it, (plus dist. -ɔ-), ʔawέ:ɔtɔʔ there are flowers on it; with nn. rt. -sha(æ)-, ʔoʔkέshεɔtεʔ I attached it with a halter, tied it up (e.g., to a hitching post); (plus dist.) ʔoʔkέshεɔtɔ:ʔ I tied them up; with oppos. I, nn. rt. -(h)ǽhkw(a)-, and refl., kothǽhkɔta:kwεh she has taken the bread out of the oven; with inst., see -kɔ(:)t(a)- (1049).

1476. -ɔt(a)- tree, wood: see -(h) ɔt (a)-, -(y)ɔt(a)- (660, 1946).

1477. -ɔtaǽh-/-ɔtah- (before desc.)/-ɔtanyɔ- (comb.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), put in: ʔakɔ́tahɔh I've put it in, hɔta:as he's putting it in, ʔoʔkɔtæ:h I put it in; with nn. rt. -á:y(a)- and refl., ʔakata:yɔ́tahɔh I've put my berries in, canned them; with dist. -′hsɔ-, saεnɔtányɔhsɔ: ʔ they put the things back in; with refl., ʔoʔwatɔta:ah it got in.

1478. -′ɔtaʔo- peck: see -′(h)ɔtaʔo- (661).

1479. -ɔtaʔt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), shake, wave: ʔakɔ́taʔtɔh I'm shaking, waving it, sɔ:ta:ʔt shake it!; with nn. rt. -stawεʔs(æ)-, ʔostawεʔ- syɔ́taʔtɔh it's shaking its rattle; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, yéiɔta:ʔthaʔ or yí:ɔta:ʔthaʔ Quavering (a ceremony), lit. they make the words tremble.

1480. -ɔteny- spin: see -(ε)ɔteny- (461).

1481. -ɔthw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), put in fire, burn: ʔakɔ:thwεh I've put it in the fire, burned it; with nn. rt. -yέʔkw(a)-, hayέʔkɔthwas he's burning tobacco; with nn. rt. -yεt(a)-, refl., and caus. I -′ht-, yɔtyεtɔthwáthaʔ people use it as wood for burning, firewood; with dist. -′hsɔ-, ʔoʔkɔ́thwah- sɔ: ʔ I put things in the fire.

1482. -ɔ(:)ty- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -éʔs, -íh), usually with obj., discard, throw aside, abandon, leave, throw open, open: with nn. rt. -nest(æ)-, kanéstyɔtyɔ:h boards thrown aside, shingles; with nn. rt. -wiy(æ)- and refl., waotwiyɔ:tiʔ he abandoned his children; with repet., saɔwɔtiʔ she left him again; with nn. rt. -hó(a)- and dupl., téohoɔtyeʔs he opens the door, ʔoʔtwatehó:ɔtiʔ the door opened; with nn. rt. -sta(æ)-, ʔostεɔtyɔ:h it's raining; see also -ʔk(æ)-, -wis(æ)-, -isk(æ)-, -shat(a)-, -ʔnε- yost(a)- (2023, 1831, 790, 1536, 2038).

1483. -ɔtye- be flying: see -tye- (1773).

1484. -ɔw- NEUTER [11.12]
UNRESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.4, 11.6]

1485. -ɔWæ- NEUTER [11.12]
UNRESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.4, 11.6]

1486. -′ɔwe-/-′ɔw- bar: see -′(hy)ɔwe- (743).

1487. -ɔwε- NEUTER [11.12]
RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.13]
UNRESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.4, 11.6]

1488. -(C)ɔwέʔ VB. STEM, in ʔoɔwε:ʔ or ʔɔ:wε:ʔ catbird (Dumetella carolinensis).

1489. -ɔwɔ- NEUTER [11.12]
RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.13]
UNRESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.4, 11.6]

1490. -ɔw(ɔ)- boat, tray: see -(h)ɔw(ɔ)- (662).

1491. -′ɔwɔ́ɔkw- give a send off: see -′(h)ɔwɔ́ɔkw- (663).

1492. -ɔ́:wɔt- VB. RT. (-Ø, -háʔ, -έh), indicate, point out, show, set a time or place: ʔakɔ́:wɔ:t I've pointed it out, set a time or place, wáɔwɔtεʔ he indicated it; with dat. -ni-/-has-, wá:kɔ:wɔ:thas he showed it to me.

1493. -ɔwɔy- NEUTER [11.12]
UNRESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.4, 11.6]

1494. -ɔ(:)y- OBJECTIVE [11.5]
SECOND PERSON [11.2]

1495. -ɔ́:y(a)- sky: see-(y)ɔ́:y(a)- (1950).

1496. -′ɔ́ʔ ITERATIVE [5.8–9]

1497. -ɔʔes- VB. RT. (εh, -ás, —), please, gratify;
ʔakɔ́ʔe:sεh I've pleased it, hɔʔe:sas he pleases it; with caus. I -′ht-, ʔáɔʔe:sat let it be pleasing!; with caus. I and dat. -ni-/-ε-, hakɔʔesáhtanih he pleases me; with refl., ʔakátɔʔe:sεh I'm pleased, grateful; with refl. and dist. -hɔ-, waεnɔtɔ́ʔeshɔ:ʔ they were pleased with things; with double dist., ʔatɔ́ʔeshɔ:nyɔk gratitude, thanksgiving.

1498. -ɔʔesha-/-ɔʔesháʔ- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -′s, -′h), please, gratify: ʔakɔʔesháʔɔh I'm pleased, háɔʔe:shas it pleases him, wáonɔʔe:shaʔ it pleased them; with trans, -′hs- and purp., ʔεyakaɔʔesháhseʔ it's going to be pleasing to them.

1499. -ɔ́ʔji- be a Negro: see -(h)ɔ́ʔji- (665).

1500. -ɔ́ʔnek-/-ɔ́ʔn- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -s, -Ø), remove, move away: ʔakɔ́ʔnɔ:h I've moved it away; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, waɔwɔtiyaʔtɔ́ʔne:k they removed them; with refl., ʔakátɔʔnɔ:h I've moved away from it.

1501. -ɔ́ʔs ITERATIVE [5.8–9]

1502. -ɔʔt- blow: see -(ε)ɔʔt- (465).

1503. s- REPETITIVE [21.4, 21.7, 21.9–11]
SECOND PERSON [6.1, 6.5, 9.5, 10.5, 10.7, 10.10, 11.2, 11.9]

1504. -s ITERATIVE [5.8–9, 13.5, 13.8]

1505. -S- MASCULINE [21.5]

1506. -′s ITERATIVE [5.8–9]

1507. -′s- DATIVE [13.12]

1508. -sáέʔt VB. STEM, in teyósaeʔt black pepper.

1509. -sáeʔt(a)- NN. RT., beans (Phaseolus): ʔosáeʔtaʔ beans; with vb. rt. -kεεt-, ʔosáeʔtakε: εt white bean; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)- and oppos. I, yesáeʔ- tæ:kwas she picks out the beans; with vb. rt. -ki-, ʔosáeʔta:kiʔ bean soup; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)- and oppos. I, yesáeʔtæ:kwas bean watcher (in Bowl Game).

1510. sawanó:nɔʔɔ:ʔ an obsolete dance. Cf. variants of the name Shawnee in other languages.

1511. saʔ DIMINUTIVE PARTICLE

1512. -sáʔ have as daughter-in-law: khe :saʔ I have her as daughter-in-law, my daughter-in-law, hake:saʔ my father-in-law (said by a woman), ʔɔke:saʔ my mother-in-law (said by a woman), kosaʔ her daughter-in-law.

1513. saʔsaʔ mockingbird (Mimus sp.).

1514. -sǽʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), in ʔosǽʔɔh dew, light frost.

1515. Se- SECOND PERSON [6.1, 6.5]

1516. -se- DATIVE [13.12]

1517. -séht(a)- NN. RT., willow (Salix sp.): ʔoséhtaʔ willow.

1518. -séhtɔ- vb. rt. (-′ʔ, —, —), have a tick on one's body: saséhtɔʔ you have a tick on you, sehtɔhkwá :- neʔ tick (order Acarida)

1519. sékwahtis bloodsucker.

1520. se:nɔ:h skunk (Mephitis mephitis).

1521. setéhjiah early in the morning; also, with ext. loc., setehjíaneh.

1522. -sewaʔt(a)- NN. RT., pitch, gum, glue: ʔoséwaʔtaʔ pitch, gum, glue; with vb. rt. -óhka-, kasewaʔ- tóhka:h it's glued on. Var. -sowaʔt(a)- (1595).

1523. -seʔa-VB. RT. found only with nn. rt. -έ:nísh(æ)- in wε:nishæsέʔa:neh or ʔε:nishæsέʔa:neh [15.6] in the morning, in the forenoon [26.4].

1524. -seʔá:néh VB. STEM: see -έ:nísh(æ)- (442).

1525. sεh three.

1526. sεhkeh see -atɔ́ʔ- (244).

1527. -sεn(ɔ)- NN. RT., smell, odor: ʔosε:nɔʔ smell, odor; with vb. rt. -′(h)etkε-, kasέnɔ:etkεʔ it has a bad smell; with vb. rt. -óʔtε-, nikasεnóʔtε:h how the smell is; with vb. rt. -o-, kasέnoaʔ joe-pye-weed (Eupatorium maculatum); with vb. rt. -táhkw-, dupl., and dimin., tekasεnɔtahkwέʔ- ɔh or tekesεnɔtahkwέʔɔh kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus); with vb. rt. -áshw- and obj., smell (tr.), ʔɔkesεnɔ:shoʔ [3.14] I smelled it.

1528. sε:nɔh don't!

1529. sεʔεh because.

1530. sh- COINCIDENT [27.9]
MASCULINE [11.4–6]

1531. -′Sh- TRANSIENT [13.14]

1532. -sha(æ)- nn. rt. strap, halter, cord: kasha:aʔ strap, halter, cord; ʔosha:aʔ mulberry (Morus sp.); with vb. rt. -te-, ʔoshæ:teʔ cord, muscle; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, jisha:ɔt [26.7] Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula); with vb. rt. -kέʔ-, kashæ:- kεʔs bush-honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera); with vb. rt. -yenε- and inch. I, stagger: hashanye:- nεʔs he's staggering, níshanye:nεʔt they (masc. du.) staggered (elliptical for wa:hníshanye:nεʔt ʔ) (a Seneca chief's title); with vb. rt. -ine-, lead: hakésha:ineʔ he's leading me; with vb. rt. -owa- and repet., shosheowa: ʔ Great Burden Strap (a personal name).

1533. -shaist(a)- NN. RT., snake: ʔosháistaʔ snake; with vb. rt. -owanε-, kasháistowanεh Big Snake (a mythical creature); ʔosháistáʔ wa:ya:s par- tridgeberry (Mitchella repens), lit. snake eats the berries; ʔosháistáʔ ʔoti: nyos rattlesnake-root (Pre- nanthes sp.), lit. snake it kills them.

1534. -shakanέʔ VB. STEM, in shakanέʔka:ʔ Delaware (Indian), hatishakánεʔka: ʔ the Delaware(s) [20.4]

1535. -shaká:nέh vb. stem, in sháka:nεh a bird similar to but smaller than a crow, inhabiting stream and svjamp areas.

1536. -shat(a)- nn. rt., steam, mist, fog, cloud, dust: ʔosha:taʔ steam, etc.; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ty-, kashatɔtyeʔs it's misting; with -ε- fall and inch. I, ʔoshátεʔɔh mist has fallen, it's damp; with -ot-, ʔosha:to:t steam or dust is rising; with -o-, ʔosha:toʔ patch of fog; with -o- and inst.[26.3], ʔoshátohkwaʔ mist, fog; ʔoshataʔke:aʔ[26.4] ''Dew Eagle," lit, cloud dweller.

1537. -shá:ni- VB. RT. (—, -′s, —), be afraid of: keshá:- nis I'm afraid of it; with inch. II, hotisha:níʔɔh they've become afraid of it.

1538. -shá:níht- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), annoy: ʔakesha:- nit it annoys me; with dat. -ni-/-ε-, ʔakesha:- nihtanih it annoys me; with inch. I -héʔ-, ʔɔkesha:nítheʔt it became annoying to me.

1539. shaʔ- COINCIDENT [27.9]

1540. -sh(æ)- NOMINALIZER [12.2–3]

1541. -′sh(æ)- NOMINALIZER [12.2—3]

1542. -shætéʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be well attended: ʔoshǽteʔɔh it's well attended.

1543. she- MASCULINE [11.4–6]

1544. -′she- VB. RT. (-′ʔ-, -′ʔs, -h), follow, chase: ʔakésheʔ it's following me, chasing me, khesheʔs I'm chasing her around, ʔoʔshakotíshe:ʔ they chased her; with dist. -′hsɔ-, ʔoʔkéshehsɔ: ʔ I chased things; with refl. -atε-, waεnɔtέshe:ʔ they chased them; with recip. -atate-, waʔɔtatéshe: ʔ they (fem.) chased her.

1545. -shenε- vb. rt. (-′ʔ, —, —), be tame, domesticated, cultivated: kashe:nεʔ it's tame, cultivated.

1546. -shést(a)- nn. rt., syrup, sturgeon: ʔoshéstaʔ syrup, corn syrup; kaskéstaʔ sturgeon.

1547. shésʔa:h wild strawberry (Fragaria sp.), used for ceremonial purposes.

1548. -shé:w(a)- NN. RT., belly: ʔoshé:waʔ belly; with vb. rt. -ε- (-áʔsε-) and desc. -′ʔ (ʔ), ʔoshé:wεʔ marten (Martes americana), Marten Dance, Drop- ping-Belly Dance.

1549. -shewέʔt(a)- nn. rt., bell: kashéwεʔtaʔ bell, sleighbells.

1550. -sheya(C)- VB. RT. (-ɔh, —, —), with obj., be jealous: ʔakésheya:ɔh I'm jealous; with inch. I -′ʔhéʔ-, waosheyέɔʔheʔt he became jealous; with oppos. I and without obj., wá:sheyεɔkoʔ he became jealous; with dat. -′ʔse-, hɔwɔsheyǽ: ʔseh he's jealous of him.

1551. -shéʔ(æ)-, NN. RT., dough: ʔoshéʔæʔ dough; with vb. rt. -ɔny(a)- and caus. I, yesheʔɔnyáʔthaʔ

1552. -shéʔt(a)-NN. RT., bottle, jug: kashéʔtaʔ bottle; with vb. rt. -ɔtaʔt- and spl. nn. suff. [26.4], kashéʔtɔta: ʔtɔ: ʔ Shake-the-Bottle Dance; with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔoshéʔto:t navel, also Hubbard squash (Cucurbita maxima); with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, ʔotísheʔtɔ:t beehive.

1553. -shεny-/-shεɔwi- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -′h), find: ʔakéshεnyɔ: h I've found it, hashε:nyɔs he finds it, ʔoʔkéshεɔwiʔ I found it.

1554. -shéʔt(a)- nn. rt., housefly (Musca domestica): ʔoshέʔtaʔ housefly.

1555. shi- COINCIDENT [27.9]

1556. -shó(æ)- NN. RT., lever, crowbar: kashó:æʔ lever, crowbar.

1557. -shóæ-/-shóǽh- (before imp v.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), pry: ʔakeshóæɔh I've pried it, seshó:æh pry it!

1558. shɔ:h just, only.

1559. shɔtowǽh- with augment, in shɔtowǽhko:wa:h Blue Panther (a mythical creature).

1560. -shɔwε(ε)- nn. rt., false-face mush: ʔoshɔwε:ʔ false-face mush, corn pudding, parched corn; ʔoshɔwε:ʔ ʔojískwaʔ parched corn mush.

1561. -shɔ́ʔ PLURALIZER [20.7]

1562. -shɔ́ʔɔ́h PLURALIZER [20.7]

1563. -shɔ́ʔy- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔoshɔ́ʔyo:t carbuncle, boil.

1564. -shɔʔyoht(a)- nn. base, in ʔoshɔ́ʔyohtaʔ a gray worm with black head that attacks immature corn at the root.

1565. sih elsewhere, other; with -kwah [26.8], sí:kwa:h in the direction away, too much.

1566. -sinóʔt(a)- NN. RT., straw: ʔosínoʔtaʔ straw.

1567. -′sk- FACILITATIVE [16.4]

1568. ska:ok whitewood, tulip tree (Liriodendron tulip- ifera).

1569. -skas VB. STEM., in ʔoska:s or koska:s ref. to noise of pleasure made by woman in copulation; with neg., teʔóska:s that's too bad.

1570. -skatkwέʔ-/-skatkwέh- (before impv.)/-skatkwa- (comb.),VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), laugh: hoskátkwεʔ- ɔh he laughed, haska:tkwεʔs he's laughing, seska:- tkwεh laugh!; with caus. I -′ʔt- and impv., ʔoska:tkwaʔt it's to be laughed at, hoteskatkwáʔ- tɔh he's a joker.

1571. -skaǽʔt- vb. rt. (-Ø, —, —), taste funny: ʔoska:- aʔt it tastes funny.

1572. ska:eʔ (in numerals) added to the ten series: ská: ska:eʔ eleven, tekhní: ska:eʔ twelve, sέ ska:eʔ thirteen, tewáshε: ská: ska:eʔ twenty-one.

1573. ska:t/ska: (see ska:eʔ), one.

1574. -skaw(a)- NN. RT., bush: ʔoskawakɔ:h in the bush(es); with vb. rt. -yε-, ʔoskawayεʔ bushes; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni- and refl., ʔotéskayɔ:ni:h [3.13] growing bushes.

1575. skæji:wa:k, wandering milkweed (Apocynum androsaemifolium). Cf. -jiwak- (875).

1576. -skækæt vb. stem, in jiskæ:kæ:t katydid (Platy- phyllum concavum).

1577. -skéey- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -h), with dupl., become tired: tewakeské:eyɔ:h I'm tired, tekéske:eyɔs I'm getting tired, ʔoʔtkéske:eʔ I got tired.

1578. -skεn(ɔ)- NN. RT., in ʔoskε:nɔʔ yellow pigweed.

1579. skεnɔ́ʔɔ:h slowly.

1580. -skέʔ(ε)- NN. RT., seed, pit: ʔoskέʔεʔ eed, pit;s also beech (Fagus sp.), beechnut (F. grandifolia); with unique vb. rt. in kaskεʔisé:htɔh Deer Buttons, Indian Dice (a game).

1581. -skεʔεkéht(a)- NN. RT., warrior, soldier, young man: hoskεʔεkéhtaʔ warrior, etc., hotiskεʔ- έkehtaʔ warriors; with augment., hoskεʔεkéhta- ko:wa:h God of War. Also sometimes vb.: hoskεʔεkéhtɔh etc.

1582. -skέʔs(æ)- NN. RT., rust: ʔoskέʔsæʔ rust; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, ʔoskέʔsæeʔ there's rust on it, it's rusty; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, ʔoskέʔsyɔ:t mold.

1583. -skó(æ)- NN. RT., branch: ʔoskóæʔ branch; with vb. rt. -ɔtaʔt-, kaskoεɔ́taʔtɔh Shake-the-Branch Dance, Shake-the-Bush Dance.

1584. skoʔæk, frog.

1585. -skwahkiháh VB. STEM, in haskwáhkihah Sauk and Fox (Indian), hatískwahki:hah the Sauk and Fox (pl.).

1586. -skwaíʔt(a)- nn. rt., wildginger (Asarum cana- dense): ʔoskwáiʔtaʔ wildginger.

1587. -skwa(æ)- NN. RT., lip: keskwǽ:ʔkeh (on) my lip.

1588. -skweʔé(a)- NN. RT., bud: ʔoskwéʔeaʔ bud; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, ʔoskwέʔe:ɔt it has a bud on it.

1589. -skwέʔtæh VB. STEM, in kaskwέʔtæ:h lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).

1590. -sn(ɔ)- NN. RT., bark: ʔosnɔʔ bark; ʔosnɔʔ kastá- wεʔsæʔ bark rattle.

1591. -snye- vb. rt. (-′ʔ, -′áʔ, -h), with dupl., take care of, look after, attend to: tewákesnyeʔ I'm taking care of it, téasnyeaʔ he looks after it, ʔoʔtha:- snye: ʔ he took care of it.

1592. -′snyéʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -t), usually with cisloc., speak (up), utter: twakésnyeʔɔh I spoke (up), ʔεtkésnyeʔt I'll say something; with dist. -′syɔ-, waʔésnyeʔsyɔ: ʔ she made several utterances. Var. -′snyóʔ- (1593).

1593. -′snyóʔ- speak: var. of -′snyéʔ- (1592).

1594. sóhko:tɔh balsam fir (Abies balsamea).

1595. -sowaʔt(a)- pitch: var. of -sewaʔt(a) - (1522).

1596. -sow(æ)- NN. RT., duck: with vb. rt. -o-, kaso:yoʔ [3.13] duck in the water (a personal name); with vb. rt. -owanε-, kasoyowa:nεh swan, goose, lit. great duck. Cf. so:wæk (1597).

1597. so:wæk duck; so:wæk ʔoεnɔʔ Duck Dance. Cf. -SOW(AE)- (1596).

1598. sɔ:ka: ʔ someone.

1599. sɔ:teʔ last night. Cf. -ahsɔ( :)t(a)- (49).

1600. -st- CAUS ATI VE-INSTRUMENTAL [13.7]

1601. -′ST- CAUSATIVE-INSTRUMENTAL [13.7]

1602. -sta(æ)- NN. RT., rain: ʔosta:aʔ rain; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ty-, ʔostεɔtyɔ:h it's raining.

1603. -staæthe- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), with dupl., be shiny: teyóstæ:theʔ it's shiny; with caus. I -′ʔt- and inst., teyestæ:theʔtáhkwaʔ polish, lit. people use it for shining.

1604. -stakwa(ae)- NN. RT., dirt, filth: ʔostakwæ:ʔ dirt, filth; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, ʔostakwæ:eʔ there's dirt in it, it's dirty; with vb. rt. -táhkw-, yestakwǽ:- tahkwaʔ laundry hamper.

1605. -stáɔ(:)w(ɔ)- NN. RT., marrow: ʔostá:ɔwɔʔ marrow.

1606. -stawέʔs(æ)- rattle: var. of -stɔwέʔs(æ)- (1618).

1607. -ste-/-st(a)- (comb, and before impv.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, -Ø), be heavy: ʔosteʔ it's heavy, ʔakyáʔ- tasteʔ I'm heavy (see -yáʔt(a)-), ʔɔ:ke:s (punc.) it's heavy for me; with inch II, waʔo:stεh it got heavy; with ambul., hostá:neʔ he walked by with a heavy load.

1608. -steoʔkw(A)- NN. RT., bead, beads on a string, pupil (of eye): ʔostéoʔkwaʔ bead, pupil. Cf. -sta(æ)- (1602).

1609. -stε- VB. RT. (-ʔ, -′ʔs, —), be big: with nn. rt. -ʔskwa(æ)-, kaʔskwǽ:stε:ʔ big stone, kaʔskwǽ:- stεʔs big stones; with nn. rt. -ityóhkw(a)-, kεtyóhkwastε: ʔ big crowd.

1610. -stέ(ε)- nn. rt., cliff, rock bank: ʔostέ:εʔ cliff, also white effusion jrom rock bank of Cattaraugus Creek used as medicine; kastέ:teʔ the cliff (is there: see -te-), kastέ:kɔ:h Versailles, N.Y., also Wolf Run (section of Allegany Reservation), lit. in the cliffs.

1611. -stέʔs(æ)- NN. RT., braided corn: ʔostέʔsæʔ braided corn; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, hatístεʔsyɔ:nih they're braiding corn.

1612. -stεʔsh(æ)- NN. RT., recorded only with vb. rt. -′(h)etkε-, in yestέʔshæ:etkεʔ she is opposed to the marriage (typically ref. to a disagreeable mother-in-law).

1613. -sth- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be the youngest: ʔosthɔh it's the youngest. Cf. -sthɔ́- (1614).

1614. -sthɔ́-/-sthw(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be few, little: ʔosthɔ́:h a little bit; with plur., ʔosthɔ:shɔ́ʔɔh a few things; with inch. I -′ʔ-, ʔosthwáʔɔh it has diminished; with caus. I -′ht-, ʔakésthwahtɔh I've made it smaller; with dat. -′hse-/-′s-, ʔakésthwahse:h it's gotten small for me (e.g., clothing).

1615. -stistá:néʔ VB. STEM, in ʔostísta:neʔ bottlebrush grass (Hystrix patula), a corn medicine (used in preparation of seed for planting). Cf. -(C)æhtá:ne- (338).

1616. -stotiʔsh(æ)- NN. RT., spicebush: ʔostótiʔshæʔ spicebush. Cf. táʔkya:s (1677).

1617. -stow(æ)- NN. RT., headdress: kasto:wæʔ or ʔosto:- wæʔ headdress; with plur., kastowæʔshɔ́ʔɔh headdresses; with vb. rt. -(C)e-, hostówæ:eʔ he has a headdress on; with augment., ʔostówæʔko:wa:h (Great) Feather Dance.

1618. -stɔwέʔs(æ)- NN. RT., rattle: kastɔ́wεʔsæʔ rattle. Var. -stawέʔs(æ)- (1606).

1619. -stɔ́ʔsh(æ)- NN. RT., fishhook: kastɔ́ʔsh æ fishhook.

1620. -styeʔsa(æ)- nn. rt., backbone, spine: ʔostyéʔsæ:ʔ backbone, also interrupted fern (Osmunda clay- toniana); ʔakestyeʔsǽ: ʔkeh (on) my spine.

1621. -sw(a)- NN. RT., ribs, rib cage, side (of body), roof: keswaʔ my ribs, my side; with vb. rt. -teny- and spl. nn. suff. [26.4], (ʔo)téswate :nyɔʔ Changing- Ribs Dance; kaswáʔkeh on the roof; with vb. rt. -′(h)e-, kaswá:eʔ it's on the roof; with vb. rt. -ε- and inch. I, ʔoʔka:swεʔt the roof fell in.

1622. -swáέh-/-swáέʔ- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -s, -Ø), dislike, hate: ʔakeswáεʔɔh I haven't liked it, keswá: εs I don't like it, ʔoʔkέswaεh I didn't like it.

1623. -swatε- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), (be a) woman's costume: ʔoswa:tε:h woman's costume; with nom., ʔakέswatε:shæʔ my costume.

1624. -swáʔt(a)- NN. RT., spruce (Picea sp.): kaswáʔtaʔ spruce.

1625. swe:kεʔ Canada, Grand River Reserve.

1626. -swéʔn(ɔ)- NN. RT., back (of body): keswéʔnɔʔkeh (on) my back.

1627. -swέht(a)- NN. RT., wampum (longheads or quills), wampum belt: kaswέhtaʔ wampum, wampum belt.

1628. -swεte-/-swεt(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), with dupl., be hollow: teyóswε:teʔ it's hollow; with caus. I -′ʔt-, ʔoʔtkéswε:taʔt I hollowed it out; with dist. -nyɔ-, teyóswεte:nyɔʔ they are hollow.

1629. -swεʔka(æ)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -iyo- and spl. nn. suff. [26.4] in hotíswεʔkaiyoʔ (they are members of the) Hawk Clan.

1630. -swεʔkaæt(a)- nn. base, with charact. in ʔoswεʔ- kæ:taʔké:aʔ hen hawk, red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis).

1631. -swinéht- vb. rt. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), with cisloc., thaw (ref. to weather): tetyoswinéhtɔh it has thawed again, takáswi:net it thawed.

1632. -syóε- vb. rt. (-h, —, —), be reckless, bold: hasyó:εh he's reckless, hatísyo:εh they're reckless; with caus. I -′ʔt- [26.3] and vb. rt. -jin-, be strongly masculine, rough and tough: hasyóεʔ- taji:nɔh he's rough, tough, masculine.

1633. -syóhkw(a)- nn. rt., in ʔosyóhkwaʔ part of the anatomy of a fowl, described as a lump near the tail which is removed in cleaning.

1634. -′syɔ- DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10]

1635. -′syɔ(:)ni-/-′syɔ(:)ny(a)- (comb.), vb. rt. (-h, -′h, -′h), make, prepare, fix: ʔakésyɔ:ni:h I've made it, prepared it, sesyɔ: nih fix it!; with caus. I -′ʔt-, kasyɔ́nyaʔtɔh it's made out of; plus nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)- and recip., yɔtatyaʔtasyɔnyáʔthaʔ Preparation Dance; with dist. -':nɔ-, ʔoʔkesyɔnyá:- nɔ:ʔ I got things ready, (with refl.) waεnɔtesyɔ- nyá:nɔ:ʔ they got their things ready; with dat. -ni-/-ε-, hɔwɔ́syɔnya:ni:h they've made it for him.

1636. -′sʔ- EVENTUATIVE [16.2–3]

1637. -′sʔa- consume: see -hsáʔ- (671).

1638. -sʔáa- be small: see -aʔáa- (304).

1639. -sʔóht(a)- nn. rt., hand: kesʔóhtaʔ my hand; with refl. -εni- and vb. rt. -′(h)e-, ʔakεnisʔóh- ta:eʔ I've put my hand on it.

1640. -t-, vb. rt. (-Ø, —, -Ø), be standing: ʔi:ke:t I'm standing, ha:ti:t they're standing; with punc., indic., and coin., the same: tsaʔka:t it's the same as, tsaʔkáiwa:t the same story; with cisloc., ʔi:tye:t burdock (Arctium lappa), yellow dock (Rumex obtusifolius), lit. she's standing there; with repet., one: skakεhtæ:t one layer, shayáʔta:t one man; with caus.-inst. and dupl., stand up (tr.), set up: teswáktastɔh I've stood it back up; with inch. I -′ʔ- and dupl., stand up (intr.): ʔoʔtktaʔt I stood up; with dist. -ɔ- and dupl., shield (vb.): teka:tɔʔ it's shielding it, tεsátyaʔ- ta: tɔ: ʔ it will shield you; with prog, and transloc., hoʔkatatyeʔ continuously.

1641. t-CISLOCATIVE [21.3, 21.6, 21.9–11]
DUPLICATIVE [22.1, 22.3–5]
INCLUSIVE PERSON [9.4, 11.10] PERETITIVE [21.3, 21.7, 21.11]

1642.-t IMPERATIVE [5.10–11, 13.8] PUNCTUAL [8.2]

1643. -t- CAUSATIVE I [13.7]
CAUSATIVE II [13.5]

1644. -ta- vb. rt. (—, —, -ʔ), be a day hence: ska:t ʔεyo:ta:ʔ it will be one day hence, tekhni: tεyo:ta:ʔ it will be two days hence, sε nεyo:ta:ʔ it will be three days hence; with dist. -′:nɔ-, waʔóta:nɔ:ʔfor days and days.

1645. ta- SECOND PERSON [11.2]

1646. -taætɔ́ʔ VB. STEM, in jotæ:tɔʔ bass (fish), e.g., rock bass (Ambloplites rwpestris).

1647. -taεʔɔ- belong to the Heron clan, var. of -ataεʔɔ- (123): hotitáεʔɔ:ka: ʔ they belong to the Heron clan.

1648. ta:h and (sentence connective).

1649. -tahkw- vb. rt. (-έh, -ás, -óh), take out: ʔaktáh- kwεh I've taken it out, waʔétahkoʔ she took it out.

1650. -táhkw- vb. rt. (—, -áʔ, —), put in: yetáhkwaʔ something to put things in, e.g., a corn crib; with incorp. nn. rt., see -stakwa(æ)-, -yέʔkw(a)-. Var. -tahkw- (1649), see -wiy(æ)- (1833). Cf. -at- (118).

1651. -tahɔ(:)tɔ́ʔ VB. STEM, in ʔotahɔ:tɔʔ it's abundant, there's a lot oj it.

1652. táhsawa:t a nickname.

1653. -taíε-/-taí(a)- be hot: see -aʔtaíε- (324).

1654. -takaæ-/-kaæ(æ)- (comb, and incorp.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be thin: with part., nikatakæ: ɔh it's thin; with nn. rt. -ʔwást(a)-, nikaʔwastakæ: ɔh thin stick; with caus. I -′ʔt-, ʔakekǽ:æʔtɔh I've made it thin.

1655. -takaæɔ-/-kaæɔ- (incorp.), vb. rt. (-′ʔ, —, —), be stiff: ʔotakæ: ɔʔ it's stiff; with nn. rt. -nέht(a) -, ʔonέhtakæ:ɔʔ stiff leaf.

1656. -takaǽʔw-/-takaæ- (before impv.)/-aǽʔw-/-aæ- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -Ø), with dupl., open; with refl. -ah-, teyohtakǽ: ʔwεh it has opened; with nn. rt. -ask-, tewakaskǽ: ʔwεh I've opened my mouth, teaskǽ:ʔwas he opens his mouth; tesáskæ:h open your mouth!, ʔoʔtwέnɔska:aʔ they (fem.) opened their mouths; with -ask- and caus. I -′ht-, yawn: teoskǽ: ʔwahtɔh he yawned.

1657. takam a nickname [1.21].

1658. takǽ:ʔε:ʔ hen, chicken; kanyo:ʔ takǽ:ʔε:ʔ pheasant (Phasianus sp.), lit. wild hen; takǽ: ʔε: ʔ ʔoεnɔʔ Chicken Dance.

1659. -takέey-/-kéey- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -h), weaken, slump, wilt: ʔotáke:eyɔ:h it's weak, slumped, wilted, katáke:eyɔs it weakens, etc.; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, wa:yaʔtáke:eʔ he weakened.

1660. -takhe- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ʔs, -′h), be running: ktakheʔ I'm running, hata:kheʔs he's running about, ʔεyétakheʔ she'll be running; with direct, and transloc., run somewhere: hewáktakhe :nɔ:h I've run there, hwá:takhe:ʔ [3.10] he ran there.

1661. takhyóhjihj ih phoebe (Sayornis plioebe)

1662. -takiíʔta-/-kiíta- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), fry: ʔaktakí: ʔta:h I've fried it, yetakí:ʔta:s she fries it, stakí:ʔta:h fry it/; with nn. rt. -kɔs(æ)-, kakɔsækí: ʔta: ʔ fried corn preparation. Cf. -(C)istakiíʔta- (798).

1663. -tako- vb. rt., cat: ta:ko:s cat; with nom. and vb. rt. -aji-, katákoshæ:ji:h black cat.

1664. tako:jiʔ cat; with augment., takójiʔko:wa:h wildcat, tiger.

1665. takoʔ a nickname.

1666. -takwaíhs-/-kwaíhs- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -íh), straighten, put in order: ʔotakwáihsɔ: h it's been straightened, put in order, ʔoʔktak- wáihsiʔ I straightened it; with nn. rt. -nεsh(a)- and refl., waεnεshakwáihsiʔ he straightened his arm; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, kaiwakwáihsɔs it straightens the matter out, proves what is true; plus dat. -ε- and refl., ʔɔkati:wakwáihsεʔ the matter was straightened out for me.

1667. -takwaʔsy- nn. rt., in takwáʔsyɔ:nih withe hazel (Hamamelis virginiana).

1668. akwáʔtæ:nεʔ red raspberry (Rubus strigosus).

1669. -takwέhtε-VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., be flat: tekatakwέhtε:h it's flat. Cf. -atakwέhtε- (130).

1670. táɔhtaɔh cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum).

1671. -tase- turn: see -′(h/:)watase- (712).

1672. táske:owεʔ Tuscarora; taskéowεʔkeh Tuscarora Reservation.

1673. tá:tahwat name of a mythical serpent. Also táʔtahkwat (1678).

1674. taʔ-NEGATIVE [23.1–2]

1675. taʔákwistεʔ nothing.

1676. taʔjo:h kind of bird similar to the towhee.

1677. táʔkya:s spicebush (Benzoin aestivale). Cf. -stotiʔsh(æ)- (1616).

1678. táʔtahkwat see tá:tahwat (1673).

1679. taʔyaʔ a nickname.

1680. te- DUPLICATIVE [22.1–2] NEGATIVE [23.1–2]

1681. -te-/-t(a)- (comb, before caus. II),VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, -′h), be present, in place, hanging down: ka:teʔ it's present, it's hanging down; with nn. rt. -yan(ɔ)-, kayanɔteʔ there are tracks there; with cisloc. and part., nitka:teʔ how high it is; with nn. rt. -nεsh(a)- and cisloc., thanέshateʔ his arm is extended (in this direction); with nn. rt. -(y)ɔ́:y(a)-, part., and punc., nɔʔkέɔya:teʔ of the sky; with caus. II, put up: ʔakta:tɔh I've put it up; plus nn. rt. -(y)ɔhka(æ)-, ʔakyɔ́hkæ:- tatɔh I've put up a rope; with caus. II and nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, create: ʔoʔkyáʔtata:t I created it; with inch. II and nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, waʔóti:wa:tεh something came up that has to be done; with dist. -nyɔ-, ʔakáti:watenyɔʔ I have various things to do; with contr., be a different one: with nn. rt. -ɔkwéʔt(a)-, thiyɔ́kweʔta:teʔ a different person.

1682. tekhni:h two.

1683. -tekiyáʔk- VB. RT., in (ʔo)tekiyáʔkɔh buffalo (Bison bison); tekiyáʔkɔh ʔoεnɔʔ Buffalo Dance.

1684. tekyɔʔ eight.

1685. -teny- VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s or -eʔs, -íh), change: ʔakte:nyɔ:h I've changed it; with nn. rt. -yan(ɔ)-, hayanote: nyɔs he's changing a tire; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)- and dupl., ʔoʔtkí:wate:niʔ I changed the subject; with refl. -ah-, ʔakáhtenyɔ:h I've changed (intr.), ʔohte:nyɔ:h it's changed, the fruit or leaves are falling.

1686. -tét- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be rough, strong: ʔo:tet it's rough, strong; with nn. rt. -′(h/:)nɔw(ɔ)-, ʔo:nɔwɔtet rough rapids; with nn. rt. -yεʔkwa- (æ)-, ʔoyέʔkwæ:tet strong smoke.

1687. teʔ- NEGATIVE [23.1–2]

1688. teʔjo:ʔ it's worn out (neg., repet., and vb. rt. of indeterminate shape).

1689. teʔwε:tɔh never.

1690. -tε- VB. RT. (-h, -′h, -′h), usually with dupl., fly, rise into the air: teyo:tε:h it has floum, teka:tεh it flies, airplane, balloon, ʔoʔtka:teʔ it flew; with caus.-inst., teyótεsthaʔ it makes it fly; with vb. rt. -te- [26.2], ʔotε:teʔ it's standing still in the air.

1691. -tέhta-/-tέhta(æ)- (comb.)/-έhta-/-έhta(æ)- (in- corp. after -′(h/:)yoskw-), lay flat: ʔaktέhta:ʔ I've laid it flat, hatέhtahaʔ he lays it flat; with rep., stεhta:εh add another layer!; with rep. and oppos. I, saktέhtæ:koʔ I took a layer off; with nn. rt.-yáʔt(a)- and refl., wa:tyaʔtátεhta: εʔ he laid his body flat; with nn. rt. -iεwε(ε)- and double dist., kε:wέtεhtεɔnyɔʔ wires laid flat, railroad track.

1692. -tεs- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be thick: ka:tε:s it's thick; with nn. rt. -nest(æ)-, kanéstætε:s thick board; with inch. I -héʔ-, ʔoʔkátεsheʔt it got thick.

1693. tεʔεh whatʔ

1694. tεʔέtiʔkwah whatever.

1695. -tέʔkw-/-έʔkw- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), with refl. -ah-, swell: ʔohtέʔkwεh it's swollen, wahtέʔkwas it swells; with nn. rt. -′(h/:)nek(a)- and refl., ʔoʔwahnekέʔkoʔ it swelled up in the water; with nn. rt. -(h)ǽhkw(a)-, refl., and caus. I -′ht-, yɔthæhkwεʔkwáthaʔ yeast.

1696. th- CONTRASTIVE [25.4–5]

1697. -tha-/-tha(æ)- (comb.)/-thaæwε- (before inch. II), VB. RT. (-ʔ, -háʔ, -έh), talk: ʔake:tha:ʔ I'm talking, hatha:haʔ he talks, he's the speaker, tehníthaεh let's (incl. du.) talk!; with dat. -ni-/-hás-, waɔwɔtíthahas they talked to them; with dat. and refl. -atε-, hatέthæ:nih he preaches to (someone), preacher; with inch. II, náothæ:wεh the way he talked; with inst. and fut., ʔέothæ:k he'll be the speaker.

1698. tha:sæ:h kingfisher.

1699. thatota:hoʔ Tadodaho (mythical figure in Dega- nawida legend and Onondaga chief title).

1700. tháyatkwa:iʔ mythical animal.

1701. thaʔ- CONTRASTIVE [25.4–5]

1702. théhto:ɔʔ woodchuck (Marmota monax).

1703. the :tεʔ yesterday.

1704. -théʔt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), pound, pound corn: ʔakétheʔtɔh I'm pounding, setheʔt pound!; with inst., yethéʔtahkwaʔ pestle; with nom., ʔotéʔshæʔ flour, meal, powder.

1705. -thε- be dry: see -hε- (560).

1706. thi- CONTRASTIVE [25.4–5]

1707. thikεɔh less, thikεɔh ʔaikε:h to a lesser degree.

1708. -thɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be the one: ʔothɔʔ it's the one; with neg., teʔtyo:thɔʔ it's not the one; with neg. and dupl., taʔtetyothɔʔ it's not the same one.

1709. thɔtayε: t jackrabbit, hare (Lepus americanus).

1710. -thɔwεtɔ́h VB. STEM, in jithɔwεtɔh hummingbird.

1711. thwaεt, duck, swan: see thwε:t (1713).

1712. thwέhs(a)- nn. rt., liver: ʔakéthwεhsaʔ my liver.

1713. thwε:t domesticated duck, swan; thwε:t ʔoεnɔʔ Swan Dance. Var. thwaεt (1711).

1714. ti- CISLOCATIVE [21.3, 21.6, 21.11]
DUPLICATIVE [22.1, 22.3] NONSINGULAR [10.13, 11.13]
PLURAL [9.2, 9.9]

1715. -tía-/-tí- (before desc. -έh), VB. RT. (-′ʔ or -έh, -′s, -′h), with dupl., be unequal, different: teyótiaʔ or teyótiεh it's unequal, different, tεyótiaʔ it will be unequal; with nn. rt. -hat(a)-, teyohatátiεh a different forest; with inch. I -′ʔhéʔ-, ʔoʔtyotíaʔ- heʔt it became unequal; with refl. -ah- and caus. I -′ʔt-, alternate: tewahtíaʔthaʔ it alternates; with refl. and oppos. II, replace, take over from: ʔoʔ- thεnɔhtíahsiʔ they replaced (some others).

1716. tih at this point, then.

1717. tísaskɔk or ʔotísaskɔk, skunking (in the Bowl Game, the loss of one's turn without having won a single bean).

1718. tistis woodpecker.

1719. -tiyɔ́hkw- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -áʔ, -Ø), gain control over: recorded only with nn. rt. -ʔnikɔ́ε-, shɔkwεʔ- nikɔεtíyɔhkɔh he has gained control over our minds.

1720. -tiyɔ(:)t- stretch, var. of -atiyɔ(:)t- (201): ʔoʔ- tktiyɔ:tεʔ I stretched it.

1721. tíʔkwah, whether: var. of ʔátiʔkwah (1974).

1722. tíʔti:ʔ bluejay (Cyanocitta cristata).

1723. -tkaæsh(æ)- NN. RT., blackberry (Rubus sp.): ʔotkæ:shæʔ blackberry.

1724. -tkéokέʔ VB. STEM, in jitké:okεʔ horsefly, deerfly (family Tabanidae).

1725. -tkesh(a)- NN. RT., handle (as of an ax): katke:- shaʔ handle, also pike (Esox sp.)

1726. -tkεsyɔʔt- NN. RT., leatherwood (Dirca palustris): ʔotkέsyɔʔtaʔ leatherwood.

1727. -tkέʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -t), with cisloc., persist stubbornly, become worse: thotkέʔɔh he keeps right on doing it, taka:tkεʔt it got worse; with prog., tayotkεʔɔ́:tyeʔ it got progressively worse.

1728. -tki- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ʔs, —), be dirty: ʔotkiʔ it's dirty; with nn. rt. -ks(a)-, ʔoksa:tkiʔs dirty dishes; with caus. I -′ht-, ʔakétkihtɔh I've gotten it dirty; ʔoʔwátetkit it got dirty, was a bad storm; with inch. I -héʔ-, waʔótkiheʔt it got dirty; ʔotkiʔ ʔonέɔʔ decayed corn.

1729. -tkó(æ)- wampum (string): ʔotkóæʔ wampum. Cf. -tkóʔ(æ)- (1731).

1730. -tkonye- VB. RT. (-h, —, -h), stir: kotko:nye:h she's stirring it, setko:nye:h stir it!; with nom., katkónyaʔshæʔ stirring implement, paddle, ladle, katkónyaʔsyowanεh big ladle, nikatkonyaʔshæʔ- á:h small ladle.

1731. -tkóʔ(æ)- NN. RT., wampum (string): ʔotkóʔæʔ wampum. Cf. -tkó(æ)- (1729).

1732. tkɔ́tahεʔ red-bellied snake (Storeria occipitomacu- lata).

1733. -tkɔwɔʔsa(æ)- NN. RT., string bean: ʔotkɔ́wɔʔsa:aʔ string bean; with vb. rt. -o- and refl., hεnɔtetkɔ- wɔʔséoaʔ String Bean Ceremony, lit. they put their string beans in water.

1734. -tkw(a)- nn. rt., in ʔotkwaʔ organ of a cow that returns the cud to the mouth, and with vb. rt. -ati- in sketkwa:tih my left (side), tsetkwa:tih your left.

1735. -tkwaʔtaʔ VB. STEM, in hatítkwaʔta: ʔ Pleiades.

1736. -tkwέhs(a)- NN. RT., blood: ʔakétkwεhsaʔ my blood; with vb. rt. -′(h) í-, katkwέhsaiʔs or (with augment.) katkwεhsáiʔsko:wa:h bloodroot (San- guinaria canadensis), lit. blood drips out.

1737. -tkwεhta(æ)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ʔε-, tkwέhtæ:- ʔε:ʔ red; with vb. rt. -aji-, ʔotkwέhtæ:ji:h dark red.

1738. -tkwέʔt(a)- NN. RT., pocketbook: katkwέʔtaʔ pocketbook.

1739. -tkwi(æ)- NN. RT., recorded only in katkwíæʔkeh snowsnake tail.

1740. -tkwíst(a)- NN. RT., stomach, belly: ʔotkwístaʔ stomach, belly.

1741. -tóæk-/-óæk- (incorp. and var. in other positions), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -S; -Ø), press down, hold down: ʔaktó:ækɔh or ʔakó:ækɔh I'm pressing, holding it down, ható:æs he presses it down, sto:æk hold it down!; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, koyáʔto:ækɔh it's holding her down; with caus. I -t-, katóækthaʔ it holds it down.

1742. to:h how manyʔ

1743. tohka: ʔah only a few.

1744. -tok- VB. RT. (-έh, -háʔ, -Ø), see: ʔakto:kεh I've seen it, hato:khaʔ he sees it, ʔoʔkto:k I saw it; see also-í:n(ɔ)-(775).

1745. -tokaætase-/-okaætase- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -′h), with dupl., twist: teyetokæ:ta:ses she twists it, testokæ: taseh twist it!, tεsá:nyaʔsokæ:taseʔ it will twist your neck. Cf. -′(h/:)watase- (712).

1746. -tokáʔt- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be clear: ʔoto:kaʔt it's clear (e.g., water, the sky); with inch. I -hέʔ-, waʔotokáʔtheʔt it cleared up.

1747. -tokehɔ-/-okehɔ- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), with dupl., be square: teyotoke:hɔʔ it's square; with dist. -nyɔ-, teyotokéhɔnyɔʔ they're square; teyoɔyókehɔʔ figwort (Scrophularia sp.), lit. the sky is square.

1748. -tokε- vb. rt. (-h, —, —), be straight, exact, specific, the same: kato:kε:h it's exact, a specific one, the same one; with caus.-inst., ʔoʔkto:kεs I straightened it, held it straight, ʔesato:kεs it straightened you, gave you power, kotókεstɔh she keeps it straight (title of a longhouse official at Cattaraugus Reservation); with inch. II, teka- tokέʔɔh it's gotten straight, the game has gotten close; with dat. -′hse-/-′s-, ʔɔkwatokέhse:h it's been explained to us. Cf. -atokεht- (220).

1749. to:kεs in fact, yes.

1750. to:kwah so many.

1751. to:nihokǽ:ʔwεh (a Seneca chief's title). Cf. -takaǽʔw- (1656).

1752. tó:nyɔtah eagle: var. of jó:nyɔtah (892).

1753. toskεh nearby, close.

1754. tósyo:wε:h Buffalo, N.Y.

1755. to:ti:s salamander.

1756.tó:tiʔkwah how much, however many.

1757. towístowiʔ sandpiper (Actitis sp.), killdeer (Cha- radrius vociferus); with augment., towistowíʔko:- wa:h killdeer.

1758. -tóʔt(a)- wave: ʔotóʔtaʔ wave; with vb. rt. -owanε-, ʔotóʔtowa:nεs big waves.

1759. -tɔ(:)- vb. rt. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, ′h), close: with nn. rt. -ho-, kaho:tɔʔ the door is closed, seho:tɔh close the door!; with dupl., enclose, put something around: tewa:ktɔʔ I've put it around it; with oppos. I, open: sehotɔ:koh open the door!; with inst., teatihótɔhkwaʔ jail, lit. they use it for closing the door.

1760. ts- COINCIDENT [25.3, 25.5]

1761. -ts- SECOND PERSON [11.8, 11.10]

1762. tsaʔ- COINCIDENT [25.3, 25.5]

1763. tsi- COINCIDENT [25.3, 25.5]

1764. tsih friend: háeʔ tsíh hi, friend! Cf. -atsíh (248).

1765. tsitkanyæ:t kind of tick, small and white.

1766. tsiwá: eh first, to begin with.

1767. -tsíʔkwat- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be bent, crooked: ʔotsíʔkwa:t it's bent; with dist. -ɔ- or double dist., ʔotsíʔkwatɔʔ or ʔotsíʔkwatɔ:nyɔʔ it's crooked, zigzag. Cf. -hsáʔkwat- (674).

1768. -tsiʔskwe- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., be puckered, shriveled: teyótsiʔskwe:h it's puckered, shriveled.

1769. tyáɔte:kεʔ Pittsburgh, Pa. Var. tyóɔto:kεʔ (1776).

1770. tya:wε:h trout (Salmo sp.).

1771. tyáwεʔɔh always, at all times.

1772. -tye- PROGRESSIVE [17.1, 17.3]

1773. -tye-/-ɔtye- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ʔs, -′h), be flying, katyeʔ it's flying, katyeʔs it's flying about; with nn. rt. -jist(a)-, kajístɔtyeʔ flying spark (personal name), also meteor, satellite; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, tayéyaʔtɔ: tyeʔ she's moving this way through the air; with nn. rt. -(h)ásh(æ)- and caus. I -ht-, ká:syɔtye:thaʔ lion; with dist. -nɔ- and prog., katyenɔtyeʔ they're flying along; _ with repet., transloc., and direct., hɔsakatye:ʔ it flew back there

1774. tyε:kwah, if. Var. tyɔ:kwah (1779).

1775. tyohtɔ:h nine.

1776. tyóɔto:kεʔ Pittsburgh, Pa. Var. tyáɔte:kεʔ (1769).

1777. tyɔ́εʔto:kεʔ ginseng (Panax trifolium).

1778. tyɔhtyɔh wren (Troglodytes sp.).

1779. tyɔ:kwah if. Var. tyε:kwah (1774).

1780. tyɔ́:yaik robin (Merula migratoria); tyɔ́:yaik ʔoεnɔʔ Robin Dance.

1781. -uʔúu- VB. RT. (-′h, —, —), be tiny [1.20]: niwúʔ- u:h it's tiny, níuʔu:h he's tiny, niyukuʔú:h she's tiny; with nn. rt. -nɔ́hs(a)-, nikanɔhsúʔu:h tiny house; with nn. rt. -(h)ɔ́sh(æ)-, nikaɔsyúʔu:h tiny box.

1782. w- NEUTER [6.1, 6.8]

1783. -w- PLURAL [9.2, 9.8]

1784. wa- INDICATIVE [8.3, 8.6, 9.10, 10.9–10, 10.14, 11.14, 24.2] NONMASCULINE [9.6]

1785. -wa-, OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.10, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] PLURAL [9.2, 9.8]

1786. -:w(a)- waist: see -(h/:)w(a)- (706).

1787. -′:w(a)-certain time: see -′(h/:)w(a)- (707).

1788. wa:eʔ again.

1789. -:waha- tie around: see -(h/:)waha- (708).

1790. -′:wahs- cover with a blanket: see -′(h/:)wahs- (709).

1791. waih just, precisely, indeed.

1792. wa:iʔ I thought, so far as I am concerned.

1793. -′:wajiy(æ)-family: see -′(h/:)wajiy(æ)- (710).

1794. -′: was (a)- snowsnake: see -′(h/:) was (a) (711).

1795. wasa:seʔ War Dance: also Thunder Ceremony, of which War Dance is a part.

1796. :watase- turn: see -′(h/:)watase- (712).

1797. wáyε:ʔ isn't it soʔ, n'est-ce pasʔ

1798. -wáʔhíʔ-/-wáʔhi- (before iter.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -′s, -k), with obj., err in speech, stutter: ʔakwáʔhiʔɔh I stuttered, said something I didn't intend, howáʔ- his he stutters, wáowaʔhiʔk he stuttered.

1799. -′:waʔíst- lay up to a mark: see -′(h/:)waʔíst- (713).

1800. waʔjih recently.

1801. -wáʔk- VB. RT., grasp: see kεɔtawáʔkɔh under -(y)ɔt(a)- (1946), and cf. -yenɔwɔ́ʔkhɔ- (1881).

1802. -wæ- PLURAL [9.2, 9.8]

1803. -wǽeʔ vb. stem in ʔowǽ:eʔ swan, whistling swan (Cygnus columbianus).

1804. -wæn(o)- sugar: see -(C)æn(ɔ)- (346).

1805. -we- vb. rt. (-′ʔ, —, —), be far, be a certain distance: niyo: weʔ how far it is.

1806. we: εh far, distant.

1807. -wek- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), close: with nn. rt. -ask(a)-, ʔakáskwe:kɔh I've closed my mouth, haskwe:s he closes his mouth, wa:askwe:k he closed his/its mouth; with nn. rt. -aʔs-, refl., and dist. -hɔ-, ta:yɔkwátaʔswe:khɔ:k we should keep our ears closed.

1808. -:wε:n(ɔ)- post, raft, island: see -(h/:)wé:n(ɔ)- (714).

1809. -weɔ- see -nέʔt(a)- (1166).

1810. -weso- be much: see -eso- (399).

1811. -:weʔn- make round: see -(h/:)weʔn- (715).

1812. we- NONMASCULINE [9.6] PLURAL [9.2, 9.8]

1813. -wέh- happen: see -έh- (422).

1814. -wεnεεʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -t), speak about: ʔakwε- nε:ʔɔh I've spoken about it; wa:kwεnε:εʔt he spoke to me about it. Probably -wεn(ɔ)-, -(C)- (æ)-, and inch. I; var. -wεnɔɔʔ- (1818).

1815. -wεnέʔt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be melancholy, depressed: howέnεʔtɔh he's melancholy, hotiwεnέʔ- tɔh they're melancholy. Probably -wεn(ɔ)-, -ε- (see -áʔsε-), and irregular caus. I -′ʔt-.

1816. -wεn(ɔ)- NN. RT., voice, utterance, word, language: hawε:nɔʔ his voice, kawε:nɔʔ language, ʔowε:- nɔʔ word; hawεni:yoʔ God, lit. he whose voice or word is good; with vb. rt. -itkε- and inch. I, speak: wa: wεni:tkεʔt he spoke; with vb. rt. -wisáht- and obj., mention: ʔɔkwεnɔwi:sat I mentioned it; with vb. rt. -ot- and prog., spread the word, thunder: hawεnota:tyeʔs he's spreading the word, hatiwεnotatyeʔs the Thunderers; with vb. rt. -ɔkóht- and refl., hold a ceremony: hotwεnɔkó- htɔh he has held the ceremony; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- and neg., be dumb: teʔewε:nɔ:t she's dumb; with vb. rt. -ɔnέht-, have indications that a ceremony is overdue: ʔakwεnɔnέthaʔ I have indications, etc.; with vb. rt. -aʔtíh-, inch. I, and dupl., approve after discussion: ʔoʔthatiwέnɔti:heʔt they approved it after discussion; with -(C)íhsak-, divine a dream: waɔwɔwέnihsa:k they divined his dream; with vb. rt. -′ʔs(æ)-, oppos. I, and repet., answer: tɔsaewέnɔʔsæ:koʔ I answered him; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, caus. I, and refl., ʔεyɔtwεnɔ:nyaʔt she'll use it for her plea; with vb. rt. -áhtɔ(:)- and nom., kawεnɔhtáshæʔ loss of reputation.

1817. -wεnɔ́i- VB. RT. (—, -′h, -′h), with obj., become insane: howέnɔih he's insane, waowεnɔ́iʔ he went mad; with ext. loc. -′:néh, hotiwεnɔ́:ineh insane asylum.

1818. -wεnɔɔʔ- speak about, var. of -wεnεεʔ- (1814): wa:kwεnɔ:ɔʔt he spoke to me about it.

1819. -wεnɔʔtásh(æ)- NN. BASE, in kawεnɔʔtáshæʔ knowledge or possession of evil power. Cf. last example under -wεn(ɔ)-.

1820. wε:tɔh, when.

1821. wε:tɔ́tiʔkwah whenever.

1822. -wέʔ- happen: see -έh- (422).

1823. -:wεʔka(æ)- wood: see -(h/:)wεʔka(æ)- (718).

1824. -wέʔɔhs- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- in kawέʔ- ɔhsɔ:thaʔ elecampagne (Inula helenium). Cf. -εʔɔhs(a)- (482).

1825. -:wέʔst(a)- foam: see -(h/:)wέʔst(a)- (719).

1826. -:wέʔt(a)- ear of corn: see-(h/:)wέʔt(a)- (720).

1827. -wi- be ripe: see -(C)i- (747).

1828. -:wíhs(a)- muscle: see -(h/:)wíhs(a)- (721).

1829. wis five.

1830. -wisáht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), touch glancingly, glance off of: ʔawísahtɔh it has glanced off of it (with irregular obj. -a-; cf. [10.8]).

1831. -wis(æ)- NN. RT., ice, butter: ʔowi:sæʔ ice, butter; with vb. rt. -o-, ice over: kawísyoaʔ it ices over; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ty-, ʔowisyɔtyɔ:h sleet, hail.

1832. -:wíst(a)- money, cup: see -(h/:)wíst(a)- (722).

1833. -wiy(æ)-/-win- (before y), NN. RT., offspring, child: yewi:yæʔ her offspring; with plur., hotiwi- yǽʔshɔʔ their children; with vb. rt. -tahkw-, kawiyæta:hkwaʔ uterus, afterbirth.

1834. y- FEMININE [6.1, 6.7] NEUTER [6.1, 6.8, 10.10, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5]

1835. -y- FEMININE [11.15, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] NONMASCULINE [10.15, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] PLURAL [9.2, 9.8] RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.15, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5] SECOND PERSON [11.5]

1836. -(y)-put in: see -(C)(æ)- (333).

1837. -ya- EXCLUSIVE PERSON [9.11, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5]

1838. ya- FEMININE [6.1, 6.7]

1839. -′:y(a)- another one: see -′(h/:)y(a)- (723).

1840. -ya(æ)- NN. RT., bag, mattress: hoya:aʔ his bag, his mattress; with vb. rt. -tέhta(æ)- and inst., yɔtyæ:tέhtæ:hkwaʔ mattress; with vb. rt. -έɔwi- and caus. I, yeyáeɔwi:thaʔ suitcase.

1841. ya:eʔ first.

1842. -yah(a)- NN. RT., in kayáhaʔkeh Cleveland, Ohio.

1843. -yahkεʔt(a)- nn. rt., glans penis: ʔoyáhkεʔtaʔ glans penis, also conical morel (Morchella sp.).

1844. -yáhs(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- and dupl., make a cross: tewákyahsɔ:t I've made a cross, tekáyahsɔ: t cross, tá: yahsɔ: thaʔ priest, Catholic; with vb. rt. -ot- and dist., kayáhso:tɔʔ Kyashota, name of chief of Iroquois towns on the Ohio River, also Baltimore.

1845. -yáht(a)- NN. RT., thigh: kyahtáʔkeh (on) my thigh; with vb. rt. -owe- (see -ʔhowek-) and nom., kayahtowéʔshæʔ pants, lit. what covers the thigh; with -owe-, refl., and dupl., wear: tε:nɔtyáh- towe:skwaʔ they used to wear; tekáyahtowanεs meadowlark (Sturnella magna), lit. big thighs.

1846. yak- FEMININE [6.1, 6.7, 10.10, 21.5, 22.2, 24.2, 25.5]

1847. -:yaka(æ)- jackstick: see -(h/:)yaka(æ)- (724).

1848. -′ :yakahiyéht- be sharp: see -′(h/:)yakahiyέht- (725).

1849. -′:yakahiyɔ- sharpen: see -′(h/:)yakahiyɔ- (726).

1850. -yakέh-/-yakέ-(before desc.)/-yakε-(comb), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), take out: hoyákεɔh he's taken it out, wa:yakεh he took it out; with caus. I -′ht- and inst., go straight out: wa:yakέhtak he went straight out; with inch. I -′ʔ- and transloc., go out, depart: hewakyakέʔɔh I've gone out, hɔsajakεʔt [6.5] go back out!, get out!; with inch. I, prog., and cisloc., bulge out: tayoyakέʔɔ:ɔtyeʔ it's bulging out; with dist. -′hsɔ-, hoyákεhsɔʔ he's taken things out; with dat. -′hse-, shakoyak- έhse:h he's taken it out jor her, she's had an abortion.

1851. -:yakwiy(æ)- toe: see -(h/:)yakwiy(æ)- (727).

1852. -yane- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), be a chief, sachem: hoya:ne:h (he's a) chief; with nom., kayáneshæʔ law, (with augment.) kayaneshǽʔko:wa:h Iroquois Constitution, lit. the great law.

1853. -yanowe-/-yanow(æ)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be fast: hayano:weʔ he's fast, he runs fast; with caus. II, ʔεtsatyano:wæ:t you will run fast.

1854. -yan(ɔ)- nn. rt., footprint, track, tire: ʔoya:nɔʔ footprint, track, tire; with vb. rt. -(C)e- run a race: tε:nɔtyanɔ:ehaʔ they're running a race; with vb. rt. -ɔtaǽh-, ʔεkɔyanɔtæ:h I'll step in your tracks; with vb. rt. -nekε-, skayanɔne:kεʔ fisher (Martes pennanti), lit. the one who has put the track together

1855. -yanɔ́ʔt- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), make a mark: ʔakyánɔʔtɔh I've made a mark; with refl., put on a show, do tricks: hotyánɔʔtɔh he's putting on a show, hatyánɔʔthaʔ he does tricks, acrobat, clown; with dimin., hayanɔʔtáʔah clown; with trans. -′:n-, waʔakwatyanɔʔtá:nɔʔ we went somewhere and put on a show; with dat. -ni-/-ε-, hakyánɔʔta:ni:h he has marked it for me; with inst., yeyanɔʔtáhkwaʔ chalk, lit. people use it for making marks. Cf. -′(h/:)yanɔʔt- (728).

1856. -′:yanɔ́ʔt- mark: see -′(h/:)yanɔ́ʔt- (728).

1857. -yanyέh (or -anyέh ʔ), VB. STEM, have as sister-in- law: ʔakya:nyεh my sister-in-law.

1858. -1858 -yas- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -Ø, —), call, name: haya:sɔh he's called, his name is, ha:ya:s he calls it; with dist. -hɔ-, wá:yashɔ:ʔ he called the names (also sometimes simply one name); with caus. I -t-, haya:sthaʔ he calls it.

1859. -yashe- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), with dupl., be a pair: te:níyashe:h they (masc. du.) form a pair, two of them.

1860. -yáshε-/-yáshεt(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, -h), lay, lie: hayáshεʔ he's lying (down), hɔsaɔwɔ́ya- shε:ʔ they laid him back down; with caus. I -′ʔt- fall down, ʔoʔkyáshε:taʔt I fell down.

1861. -yat(a)-/-yate- (before spl. nn. suff.), hole: ʔoya:teʔ hole; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, waʔeyatɔ:niʔ she made a hole; with vb. rt. -okáεt-, ʔoʔkyato- ká:εtεʔ I made a hole in it; with vb. rt. -yáʔk-, dig: haya:tyaʔs he's digging; with vb. rt. -o- and prog., ʔoyatotyeʔ ditch, sluice; with charact., ʔoyataʔké: aʔ Cherokee.

1862. -yatahs(a)- NN. RT., stub of a broken off branch: ʔoyátahsaʔ stub, etc., also (with vb. rt. -ot-) ʔoyátahso: t.

1863. -′:yatɔ(:)- write: see -′(h/:)yatɔ(:)- (729).

1864. -yá:yáʔk-/-iyáʔk- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), with dupl., cross, go across: teoya:yáʔkɔh he has crossed it, tεyakwayá:yaʔk we'll cross it; with caus. I and transloc., haʔteyoyá:yaʔktɔh Quaker Bridge, N.Y., lit. where it crosses over; with nn. rt. -′(h/:)neht(a)-, ka:néhti:yaʔs it crosses the plateau; with nn. rt. -(h)á(a)-, ʔoʔthá:iyaʔk he crossed the road.

1865. -:yaʔeht(a)- Eagle Dance pole: see -(h/:)yaʔ- eht(a)- (730).

1866. -yáʔk-/-iyáʔk- (incorp. after some nn. rts.)/-áʔk- (after others), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), break (off), cut (off), win: ʔakyáʔkɔh I've broken it, ha:yaʔs he's breaking it, ʔoʔkyaʔk I broke it, I won; with refl., ʔotyáʔkɔh it's broken off; with dupl., break in two, into pieces, by force: ʔoʔtkyaʔk I broke it in two, etc.; with dist. -hɔ-, tekyáʔkhɔh I'm breaking it or them; with caus. I -t- and nn. rt. -(y)ɔt(a)- or -(h)ɔt(a)-, yéɔtyaʔkthaʔ [14.3] saw, lit. people use it for cutting trees; with nn. rt. -nεsh(a)-, hohnεtsiyáʔkɔh [14.5] his arm is cut off; for -áʔk- see -hs(a)- (668).

1867. -yáʔse-/-yáʔs(æ)-(comb.)/-′ʔse-/-′ʔs(æ)-(incorp.), (-ʔ, -háʔ, -έh), with dupl., lay over, double, fold: tekáyaʔse:ʔ or (with refl.) tewátyaʔse:ʔ it lies over it, it's double, folded, tewákyaʔse: ʔ I've folded it, tá:yaʔse:haʔ he's folding it, ʔoʔtkyáʔsεʔ I folded it; with oppos. I, separate, unfold: ʔoʔtkyáʔsækoʔ I unfolded it; with nn. rt.-(h)á(a)-, tewathá: ʔse: ʔ crossroads, (with cisloc.) tetwa- thá: ʔse: ʔ at the crossroads, Four Corners (section of Cattaraugus Reservation).

1868. -yáʔt(a)- NN. RT.,form, shape, body, doll: kayáʔtaʔ body, doll; with vb. rt. -te-, hayáʔtateʔ his body is present, he is there; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)-, kayáʔta: ʔ picture, lit. the form is in it; with vb. rt. -tki-, sayáʔtatkiʔ your body is dirty (an insult); with vb. rt. -yei- and inch. I, gather, assemble: koyaʔtayéiʔɔh people have gathered; with -yei- and caus.-inst., koyaʔtayéisthaʔ their gathering place; with vb. rt. -kwεniyo-, benefit from: hayáʔtakwεni:yoʔ it's for his benefit; with vb. rt. -kέ:yat-, nominate: waɔwɔtiyaʔtákε:ya:tεʔ they nominated them; with vb. rt. -kεny-, beat (in a contest): waɔwɔtíyaʔtkε:niʔ they beat them; with -′(h)íht-, run over, trample on: ʔoʔthoyaʔtáit it ran over him; with -(C)(æ)- and inch. I, ask for help: hayáʔtæ:ʔs he's asking for help, also it's his best one (e.g., his best suit); with vb. rt. -ε- and caus. I, sayáʔtεt get down!; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- and inst., yeyaʔtɔtáhkɔh she belongs to the Dark Dance Society; with vb. rt. -yáʔk- and dupl., tehsyáʔtyaʔkɔh your waistline; with vb. rt. -es-, shayáʔte:s blacksnake (Coluber constrictor). Often used as incorp. nn. rt. in reference to living beings where no English translation is called for: ʔakyáʔtasteʔ I'm heavy, shayáʔta:t one man, wá:yaʔtye:nεʔt he fell over, watíyaʔtakε: εt they (nonmasc. pl.) are white (ref. to animals); with vb. rt. -yáʔk-, refl., and dupl., teotyaʔtyáʔkɔh Divided Body, Hail Spirit (a mythical figure).

1869. -yáʔthe-, VB. RT. (-h, -s, -h), bring up to a point: ʔakyáʔthe:h I've brought it there, it's gotten to me, it's my turn, hayáʔthe:s he brings it to that point, waʔakoyáʔthe: ʔ it got up to her; with recip., waεnɔtátyaʔthe: ʔ they brought themselves to that point.

1870. -yæ(æ)- do: see -ye- (1874).

1871. -yæn(ɔ)- sugar: see -(C)æn(ɔ)- (346).

1872. ye- FEMININE [6.1, 6.7, 11.15, 21.5, 22.2, 24 2, 25.5]

1873 -ye- RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.15, 21 5 22 2, 24.2, 25.5]

1874. -ye-/-ye(æ)- (comb.) VB. RT. (-εh, -háʔ, -h), usually with part., do: niwakye:eh how I have done it, what I have done, nikye:haʔ how I do it, nɔkye: ʔ how I did it; with caus. I -′ʔt-, use: hayéæʔthaʔ or hayǽ:ʔthaʔ [27.2] he uses it; with caus. I and refl., wear: ʔakatyǽ:ʔtɔh I'm wearing it; with inch. II, wake up: wa:ayeh he woke up; with dist. -′:nɔ- and contr., thaʔeyéænɔ: ʔ she just did a little here and there; with dat. -′ʔse-/-′ʔs- and refl., hakatyéæʔse:h he's done it for me, also he's lazy; with refl. and cont., satyé:ɔk (-ye-έ- ak>-yé:ɔk) keep still!; with refl. and contr., thionɔtye:εh they were keeping still.

1875. -yeέht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), instigate (usually trouble): hoyéέhtɔh he has instigated it, hayéε- thaʔ he instigates it, wa:ye:εt he instigated, it; with refl. and cisloc., he first: tyotyéεhtɔh it's first, thatyéεthaʔ he keeps being first, tawatye:εt it was first; together with refl. as derived rt. [26.2], tawatε:níshætye:εt the first day.

1876. -yei- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), usually with cisloc., be right, proper, real, complete: tkaye:iʔ it's right, in fact, really; tetsye:iʔ are you all right againʔ; tkakæ:ye:iʔ the complete price; with dupl. and transloc., be enough: haʔtekaye:iʔ it's enough; with caus.-inst., accomplish, bring to a proper conclusion: ʔakyéistɔh I've accomplished it; with caus.-inst. and obj., gather, assemble: waotiye:is they gathered; with inch. II, fit into: ʔakyéiʔɔh I fit into it, it fits me; with trans, -′hs- (and impv. -ǽh), ʔɔkwayaʔtayéihsæh let's go and assemble! (see -yáʔt(a)- [1868]).

1877. ye:iʔ six.

1878. -yenε-fall: see -ʔhnyenε- (2005).

1879. -yenɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -s, -h), grab, catch: ʔakye:nɔʔ I've grabbed it, haye:nɔ:s he catches it, with nn. rt. -ij(C)(a)-, ʔoʔkijaye:nɔ:ʔ I caught a fish; with dupl., work together: tεyakwaye:nɔ:ʔ we'll do it together (e.g. lift a boat); with dupl. and recip., wrestle: ʔoʔthεnɔtatye:nɔ:ʔ they wrestled; with dist. -′hso-, ʔoʔkijayénɔhsɔ: ʔ I caught several fish.

1880. -yenɔwɔ- VB. RT., with caus. I -′ht- and refl., hold back: ʔɔkatyenɔ: wɔt it held me back; with dat. -′ʔse-/-′ʔs-, help: hakyenɔwɔ́ʔse:h he has helped me; plus recip., teonɔtatyenɔ́wɔʔse:h they're helping each other; perhaps with iter. -′ʔs, shatyenɔwɔs he who helps (a Seneca chief's title).

1881. -yenɔwɔ́ʔkhɔ-/-nowɔ́ʔkhɔ- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′h, —), hold on to, grasp: kyenɔ́wɔʔkhɔʔ he's holding on to a stick; with dupl., work together: teiniyenɔ́wɔʔkhɔʔ they (masc. du.) are working together, are partners. Cf. -wáʔk- (1801).

1882. -yést-, VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), usually with cisloc., give, contribute: twakyéstɔh I've given, contributed, thakyésthaʔ he contributes, takyes I contributed.
VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), with dupl., mix, teyótyestɔh it's mixed, assorted, tewákyestɔh I've mixed it; with dist. -′:nɔ-, tekayestá:nɔʔ several things mixed together; with dat. -ni-/-ε- poison: teshakoy- éstani:h he has poisoned her.

1883. -yé: wa-/-yé: wáʔ- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -′s, -′h), with obj., look for in vain: ʔakyé:- waʔɔh I've looked for it in vain, hoyé:was he's looking for it in vain, ʔɔkyé:waʔ I looked for it in vain; with caus. I -t-, shakóʔye:wa:thaʔ Red Jacket.

1884. y[ε]- FEMININE [6.1, 6.7]

1886. -yε-/-yεt(a)- (comb, except before dat.), VB. RT.
(-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), have, put down, establish, be present: ʔakyεʔ I have it, I've put it down, hayέɔʔ he puts it down; with nn. rt. -skaw(a)-, ʔoskawayεʔ (there are) bushes; with nn. rt. -jiy(æ)-, hojiyæyε ʔ he has a dog; plus dist. -ɔ-, hojiyæyε:tɔʔ he has dogs; with refl., sit down: satyε:h sit down!; with refl. and inst., yɔtyέtahkwaʔ chair, bench; with past and part., niwakyε:tak it's all I have; with dupl., play, bet, gamble: tεtwa:yε:ʔ we'll play it, bet on it; with inch. I -′ʔ- and obj., obtain: ʔɔkyε:taʔt I (just) obtained it; with dat. -ni-/ -′ás- [3.14], nn. rt. -yέʔkw(a)-, and repet., ʔεshatiyεʔkwayέɔs they'll put down tobacco for it again (ref. to meeting of Little Water Society); with trans. -′ʔs-, purp., repet., dupl., and transloc., haʔtεskayέtaʔseʔ it will return to normal; with caus. I -′ht-, see -ʔnikɔ́(ε)-. Cf. -ε- establish (410).

1887. -y(C)έ-[6.10]/-y(C)ε- (comb.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -ɔ́ʔs, —), know, know how: keyέɔh I know it, know how, hayέoʔs he knows how; with inch. I -′ʔhéʔ-, learn: ʔakeyεʔhéʔɔh I've learned it, ʔεkεnɔyέʔheʔt I'll learn the song; with caus.-inst. and dat., teach: hayέstanih he teaches it; with caus.-inst. and refl., try to learn, read: hatéyεsthaʔ he's trying to learn it, he's reading, (with inst.) hεnɔteyέstahkwaʔ school, lit. where they try to learn, read.

1888. -yεε- VB. RT., with caus.-inst., hurt: hɔkyέ:stɔh they've hurt me, wa:kyε: εs he hurt me; with inch. II and obj., be hurt: ʔakyέ:εʔɔh I've been hurt, ʔɔkyε:εh I got hurt.

1889. -yε(ε)- NN. RT., beads, wampum beads: ʔoyε:εʔ beads.

1890. -yεεn(ɔ)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -óʔkt-, fashion, complete: shɔkwatyε:noʔktáʔɔh he has fashioned us, Our Creator (also commonly hotyε:nóʔktaʔɔ he tyɔheʔ, lit. he has fashioned our lives); shɔk- watyε:noʔktáʔɔh ʔawέɔʔ Hiawatha sunflower, deerstongue; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, do correctly: waεnɔtyεnɔ:niʔ they did it correctly.

1891. -yεhɔ- [6.10], VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), with dupl., be busy: tekε:hɔ:ʔ I'm busy, tá:yεhɔ:ʔ [27.2] he's busy, teyéyεhɔ:ʔ she's busy.

1892. -yεhsa(æ)- NN. RT., poultice, bandage: ʔoyέhsæ:ʔ poultice, bandage; ʔεyɔ́tyεhsa: ɔʔ she'll put bandages on herself.

1893. -yέhsε- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be at home: kεhsεʔ I'm at home, hayέhsεʔ he's at home, tá:yεhséʔ [27.2] he's not at home.

1894. -yέht- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), hit: ʔakyέhtɔh I've hit it, it's hit me, also I've had a stroke, hayέthaʔ he's hitting it, ʔijεt [6.11] hit it!; with nn. rt. -ʔhny(a)- and dist. -′:no-, waɔkeʔhnya- yεhtá:nɔ:ʔ they hit me with sticks; with inst., hatiyεhtáhkwaʔ mouth oj snowsnake trough, lit. where they hit.

1895. -yέht- VB. RT., with inst. and cisloc., come from somewhere: ʔεtkyέhtak I'll come from there. Cf. -eht- (380).

1896. -yεnotakέʔ- VB. RT. (ɔ́h, —, —), with dupl., be busy: tewakyεnotakέʔɔh I'm busy. Cf. -ʔnyo- takέʔ- (2072).

1897. -yεn(ɔ)- NN. RT., cause, custom, creation: hayε:nɔʔ he's the cause oj it, it's his custom; with vb. rt. -óʔtε- and part., nikayεnóʔtε:h what the custom is, the way it's done, (with inch. I) nɔʔkyεnoʔ- tέʔheʔt how I created it; with vb. rt. -εt-, inch. I, and coin., tsa:yεnε:taʔt when he finished. Yar. -y(C)εn(ɔ)- (1898).

1898. -y(C)εn(ɔ)- cause, etc., var. of -yεn(ɔ)- (1897): nɔʔkeyεnóʔtεʔheʔt how I created it.

1899. -yεɔni-/-yεɔny(A)- (comb.) VB. RT. (-h, —, -′h), show, signal, indicate: ʔakyεɔni:h I've shown it, kayεɔni:h there are indications oj it, ʔoʔkyεɔniʔ I made a sign, indicated it; with refl., appear: ʔoʔwatyεɔniʔ it appeared; with dat. -ni-/-ε-, teach: hakyεɔnya:nih he's teaching me; with refl. and dat., occur to one that one should do something: ʔɔkatyεɔnyεʔ it came to me (e.g., in a dream) that I should do it; with dist. -ɔ- and dupl. (and often transloc.), touch, bewitch: tewaky- εɔnyɔʔ I've touched it, ʔoʔthayεɔnyɔ: ʔ he touched it, (with transloc.) hoʔthakyεɔnyo: ʔ he touched me, bewitched me; with dist., dupl., and refl., be unnatural, tricky. ʔoʔtwatyεɔnyo: ʔ it was unnatural, was a trick; with vb. rt. -(C) í: w(a)- and dist. var. -′:nɔ-, ʔεkaiwayέonya:nɔ:k it will indicate things. Var. -yɔɔni- (1943).

1900. -yέost- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be one's right (side), be the preferred one: kε:ɔstɔh my right, the one I prefer to use, kayέɔstɔh his right; kε:ɔstɔ́:kwa:h [26.8] toward my right. Var. -y(C)έɔst- (1901).

1901. -y(C)έost- right (side), var. of -yέɔst- (1900): keyέɔstɔh my right.

1902. -yεɔta-/-yεɔta(æ)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-ʔ, —, —), with dupl. and/or repet., resemble: teskayεɔta: ʔ it resembles it; with inst., ʔoʔtkyεɔta:ak I considered it a resemblance, made it a resemblance.

1903. -yεst- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), be attractive in appearance: hoyε:stɔh he looks nice.

1904. -yεsy-/-yεse- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -h), skin, flay: ʔakyε:syɔ:h I've skinned it, hayε:syɔs he's skinning it, ʔεkyε:se:ʔ I'll skin it.

1905. -yεt(a)- NN. RT., wood (as fuel), stick of firewood: ʔoyε:taʔ wood, firewood.
NN. RT., game: kayε:taʔ game, kayεtowa:nεh 1905. Bowl Game, lit. big game, have: see -yε- (1886).

1906. -yεtaníʔ VB. STEM, in ʔoyεtaniʔ moose (Alces americana).

1907. -yεtæh VB. STEM, in kayεtæ:h long-nose gar (Lepisosteus osseus).

1908. -yεtǽhk- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), with dupl., be similar: teyoyεtǽhkɔh it's similar.

1909. -yεte-/-yεtei- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-h, —, -h), know, be aware of: kyεte:ih I know it, heyεte:ih I know him, ʔoʔkyε:te:ʔ I know it (just learned it); with inch. I -′ʔ-, ʔakyέteʔɔh I've come to know it; with caus.-inst. and repet., remind: (also with inst. and cont.) ʔεjoyεtestahkɔ́:ɔk it will continue to be used for reminding.

1910. -yεtet- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be apparent: ʔoyε:te:t it's apparent; with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, koyáʔtayε:- te: t it's apparent from her body (ref. to pregnancy); with inch. I -héʔ-, ʔoyεtethéʔɔh it has become apparent, come to light.

1911. -yεthw-, VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -ás, -óh), plant: ʔakyέ:thɔh I've planted it, kayε:thɔh garden, kyεthwas I plant it, ʔoʔkyε:thoʔ I planted it; with caus. I -′ht-, yeyέthwathaʔ people use it jor planting; with inch. I -′ʔ-, ʔakyέthwaʔɔh I've planted it; with dist. -′hsɔ-, hotiyεthwáhsɔʔ their gardens; with dat. -′hse-/-′s-, hoyέthwahse :h he has planted jor him; with trans, -′hs-, hoyέthwahsɔ:h he has gone planting; with ext. loc. -′hkéh [26.4], kayέthwahkeh Cornplanter (the Seneca chief). Probably from -yε- and caus. III.

1912. -yεtɔɔʔsh(æ)- NN. RT., in kayεtɔ: ʔshæʔ any all night ceremony for the dead, particularly ʔohki:- we:h (see -ahkiwe- [28]).

1913. -yεwε(ε)- wire, etc.: see -iεwε(ε)- (750).

1914. -yέʔhi-/-yέʔhíʔ- (before desc. and impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -′s, -k), with obj., make a mistake: ʔakyέʔ- hiʔɔh I've made a mistake, ʔakyέʔhis I make mistakes, waʔóyεʔhiʔk it made a mistake, accidentally; with caus. I -′ht-, dat., and dupl., bring trouble to: ʔoʔtwakyεʔhíhtεʔ it brought me trouble; with dist. -′ʔsyɔ-, waʔoyεʔhíʔsyɔ: ʔ they made mistakes; with trans, -′hs-, ʔakyέʔhihseʔs my mistakes.

1915. -yέʔkw(a)- NN. RT., tobacco: ʔoyέʔkwaʔ tobacco; with vb. rt. -ʔɔ(:)we-, ʔoyέkwaʔɔ:weh native tobacco, Indian-tobacco (Nicotiana rustica); with vb. rt. -táhkw-, yeyέʔkwata:hkwaʔ tobacco pouch.

1916. -yεʔkwa(æ)- NN. RT., smoke: ʔoyέʔkwæ:ʔ smoke; with vb. rt. -ʔε-, ʔoyέʔkwæ:ʔé:ʔ gray; with vb. rt. -okw-, tewdtyεʔkweokwas giant puffball (Calvatia gigantia); with vb. rt. -osyɔ- (ʔ), ʔoyέʔkweosyɔʔ snowdrijt; with vb. rt. -′(h)(æ)-, inch. I -'ʔ-, and refl. -an-, wa: nyεʔkwá: æʔt he got into the snowdrijt; with vb. rt. -aʔhɔt(æ)-, refl., and dupl., tε:nɔtyεʔkwǽ: ʔhɔ:t Sandy's Road Longhouse (Cattaraugus Reservation), now extinct.

1917. -yέʔkyɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′5ʔ, -h), lightning strike: ʔoyέʔkyɔʔ lightning has struck, kayέʔkyo:ʔ lightning is striking, ʔoʔkáyεʔkyɔ:ʔ lightning struck; with dist. -nyɔ-, ʔoʔkáyεʔkyɔ: nyɔ: ʔ lightning struck repeatedly.

1918. -yo- be good: see -awiyo- (297).

1919. -(y)óek-/-(y)óe- gather together: var. of -(C)eéek- (372).

1920. -yokwe- VB. RT. (ʔ), with popul. in kayókwe:onɔʔ Cayuga.

1921. -yoóæk-/-iyoóæk- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), with dupl., put together: teyoyó:ækɔh they're together, ʔoʔtkyó:sek I put, tied, stuck them together; with refl. and obj., be needy: tewakatyó:- sekɔh I'm in need; -with nn. rt. -áhj-, press together, squeeze, wring: ʔoʔkahjiyó:sek I pressed it together, etc.

1922. -yoóʔte- be working: see -′C)ióʔte- (778).

1923. -:yoskw- with -ine-, -έhta-: see -(h/:)yoskw- (732).

1924. -:yosta(æ)- elbow: see -(h/:)yosta(æ)- (734).

1925. -yó:w(a)- NN. RT. (spl. nn. suff. -′h), moccasin, shoe: kayó:wah moccasin; with vb. rt. -akayɔ-, kayó:waka:yɔh Old-Moccasin Dance.

1926. -′:yowε(ε)- pricker: see -′(h/:)yowε(ε)- (735).

1927. -:yoʔ be a spouse: see -(h/:)yoʔ (737).

1928. -yóʔh(a)- NN. RT., chin, jaw: kayóʔhaʔ chin, jaw, kyoʔháʔkeh (on) my chin; with vb. rt. -′(h)e-, have a beard: hayóʔhaeʔ he has a beard.

1929. -:yoʔjíst- be sour: see - (h/:)yoʔjíst- (738)

1930. -yóʔte-, VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), take one's time: kyoʔteʔ I'm taking my time; with caus. II, retard:ʔεkyóʔta:t I'll hold it back.

1931. -′:yoʔthiyéht- be sharp: see -′(h/:)yoʔthiyéht-(740)

1932. -′:yoʔthiyɔ- sharpen: see -′(h/:)yoʔthiyɔ- (741).

1933. -yɔ- OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.15, 21.5, 22.2, 25.5]

1934. y[ɔ]- FEMININE [6.1, 6.7]

1935. -(y)ɔ- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -teny- and refl. -(ε)-, swing oneself around (especially in dancing), whirl: tyakoɔtenyɔ:h she's swinging herself around there; more commonly with caus. I, yeɔtenyáʔ- thaʔ people are …, hεnεɔtényaʔthaʔ they are ….

1936. -yɔ-/-inyɔ- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-h, -′h, -′h), arrive, come in: ʔakyɔ:h I've arrived, tajɔh come in!; with repet. and part., nishoti:yɔ:h how many times they got back home, how many runs in a baseball game; with caus. I -′ʔt-, bring in:twakyɔ́ʔtɔh I've brought it in; with nn. rt. -yεt(a)-, thayεtinyɔ́ʔthaʔ he brings in the firewood; with dist. -′:nɔ-, prog., repet., and trans- loc., hɔsayakóyɔ:nɔ:tyeʔ she kept going back in; with dat. -′ʔse-/-′ʔs-, visit:hakyɔ́ʔse:h he's visiting me.

1937. -(y)ɔhka(æ)- NN. RT., rope: kέɔhkæ:ʔ rope; with vb. rt. -yáʔk-, ʔoʔtkέɔhka:nyaʔk [14.4] he broke the rope.

1938. -yɔ́hka(æ)- NN. RT., thumb, inch:kyɔhkǽ:ʔkeh on my thumb; with vb. rt. -ake- and part., niyóyɔhkæ:ke:h how many inches; with vb. rt. -ot-, refl., and dupl., teyɔtyɔhkéothaʔ Thumbs-Up Dance.

1939. -(y)ɔ́hkw- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-ε-, make itch: ʔakyɔ́hkwanih it makes me itch, ʔɔkyɔ́hkwεʔ it make me itch. Cf. the following.

1940. -(y)ɔ́hkwáʔt- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), itch: ʔóɔhkwaʔt it itches; with dat., ʔakyɔ́hkwaʔta:ni:h it's making me itch.

1941. -yɔht(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -owek- in watyɔ́h- to:we:s jackknife.

1942. -(y)ɔkw- VB. RT. (-έh, -ás, -óh), keep, collect, take for one's own: ʔakyɔ:kwεh I've kept it, kεɔkwas he keeps, collects it, waʔeɔkoʔ she kept it.

1943. -yɔɔni- show: var. of -yεɔni- (1899).

1944. -yɔ́ɔwεt- VB. BASE, in hayɔ́:wε:thaʔ Hiawatha.

1945. -yɔskw(a)- NN. RT., rib:ʔoyɔ:skwaʔ rib, ʔakyɔ:- skwaʔ my rib; with vb. rt. -k- (ʔ) in joyɔ:skwa:k buffalo.

1946. -(y)ɔt(a)- NN. RT., tree, log, trunk, stem, post: kεɔtaʔ or ʔoɔtaʔ tree, etc.; with vb. rt. -nέhkwi-, kεɔtanέhkwih horse, lit. it hauls out logs, aíso Horse Dance;vplus nom. and vb. rt. -k(C)ε-, kεɔtanέhkwíshæ:kεs black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa); with vb. rt. -ot-, tkεɔto:t Brant, N.Y., lit. a post is standing there; with unique vb. stem, tekεɔtέɔhɔʔ white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis); with vb. rt. -wáʔk-, kεɔtawáʔkɔh bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara); with unique vb. rt., kεɔtane:khe:h cucumber tree (Magnolia acuminata); with vb. rt. -uɔ-, hεɔtanɔh subchief, lit. he guards the tree; with vb. -t- dist., and dupl., tekεɔta:tɔ:ʔ log house, lit. it shields with logs; with vb. rt. -k- [3.3], hatiɔta:s name of an Algonkian tribe (cognate with the source of the name Adirondack), lit. they eat trees. Cf. -(h)ɔt(a)- (660).

1947. -yɔ(:)ti-/-yɔty(a)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-h, -′h, -′h), with obj ., smile: ʔakyɔ:ti:h I'm smiling, hoyɔ:tih he smiles, sayɔ:tih smile!; with dist- -′:nɔ-, waʔɔkwayɔ́tya:nɔ:ʔ we smiled, laughed; jakoyɔ:- ti:h opossum (Didelphis virginiana), lit. she's the smiling one.

1948. -yɔty(a)- smile: see-yɔ(:)ti- (1947).

1949. -yɔ(:)w(ɔ)- NN. RT., tall plant, tall weed: ʔoyɔ:wɔʔ tall plant (e.g., goldenrod); with plur. ʔoyɔwɔʔ- shɔ́ʔɔh tall plants.

1950. -(y)ɔ́:y(a)-, NN. RT., sky: with vb. rt. -te-, kέɔyateʔ the sky (is present); with vb. rt. -ʔε-, ʔóɔyaʔε:ʔ blue; with vb. rt. -yεɔni- together with refl. occurring as vb. rt., ʔoʔtwátyɔ:yaty- εɔnyɔ:ʔ aurora borealis, lit. the sky is unnatural; with ext. loc. and popul., hatiɔyáʔke:onɔʔ the sky dwellers, the Four Beings; with vb. rt. -ot-, oppos. I, and dat., waʔɔkwatyɔ́:yota:kwas we lost the one we depended on, more lit. the sky fell in on us (ref. to death of important functionary); with vb. rt. -es-, dupl., and coin., tsaʔtekέɔye:s or shaʔtekέɔye:s even with the sky, or skies equal in length (a Seneca chief's title).

1951. -(y)ɔ́:yakέʔt- VB. RT. (ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), force someone to work:ʔakyɔ:yakέʔtɔh I'm working, laboring, howɔ:yákεʔtɔh they've forced him to work, made a slave out of him, wá:kyɔ:ya:kεʔt he forced me to work; with inst., waεɔyákεʔtak he worked hard at it.

1952. ʔ- FEMININE [8.7, 11.11]
INDEFINITE [7.3] INDICATIVE [10.9–10]
NEUTER [10.5, 10.8, 10.10, 23.2]
NONMASCULINE [10.13]
RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.7–8, 11.10]

1953. ʔ- DESCRIPTIVE [5.6–7]
PAST [19.1, 19.3]
PUNCTUAL [8.2]
SIMPLE NOUN SUFFIX [26.4]

1954. -′ʔ DESCRIPTIVE [5.6–7, 13.10, 13.13, 17.3, 18.3]
PUNCTUAL [8.2]
SIMPLE NOUN SUFFIX [7.5–6]

1955. -′ʔ- INCHOATIVE I [13.8]
INCHOATIVE II [13.5]
INCHOATIVE III [13.9]

1956. ʔa- EXCLUSIVE PERSON [9.3]
FEMININE, in certain kinship terms; see -hjíʔ, -′hsot (596, 691).
OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.6]

1957. -ʔa- FEMININE [8.7, 23.2]
INDICATIVE [23.2]

1958. ʔa(C)- REPLEXIVE [15.6]

1959. ʔaa- OPTATIVE [8.4, 8.6, 9.10, 10.9–10, 10.14, 11.14]

1960. -ʔáa- be small: see -aʔáa- (304).

1961. ʔae- OPTATIVE [9.10, 10.9, 10.14]

1962. ʔaeʔ again.

1963. ʔah- REFLEXIVE [15.6]

1964. -ʔáh DIMINUATIVE [20.3]

1965. ʔá:hɔʔɔh the most, the best.

1966. ʔaikε:h see thikεɔh (1707).

1967. -ʔak- FEMININE [8.7, 10.10, 23.2]

1968. ʔakwas very.

1969. ʔan- REFLEXIVE [15.6]

1970. -ʔásh(æ)- NN. RT., basket: kaʔáshæʔ basket; with vb. rt. -i- [14.5], skaʔa:tsi:h one bushel; with vb. rt. -óhka- [14.4], yeʔásyohka:thaʔ basket medicine, agrimony (Agrimonia gryposepala), lit. people apply it to baskets (to attract customers); with vb. rt. -′(h)e-, INCH. II, and dupl., tekaʔ- ashǽ:ɔh cross basket.

1971. ʔat- REFLEXIVE [15.6]

1972. ʔate- REFLEXIVE [15.6]

1973. ʔatε- REFLEXIVE [15.6]

1974. ʔátiʔkwah if, whether, how; var. tíʔkwah (1721).

1975. ʔatɔ:wεʔ Personal Chant (a religious ritual).

1976. -ʔay(a)- NN. RT., dew: ʔoʔa:yaʔ dew; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, teyóʔayɔ:t there's dew on everything.

1977. -ʔaye- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be dewy: ʔoʔa:yeʔ it's dewy.

1978. ʔa:yε:ʔ it seems, apparently.

1979. -ʔææyεh VB. STEM, in jiʔæ:yε:h spider.

1980. -ʔæk(a)- NN. RT., in joʔæ:kaʔ raccoon (Procyon lotor); joʔæ:kaʔ wa:ya:s wild gooseberry (Gros-sularia cynosbati), lit. raccoon eats the berries; joʔæ:kaʔ ʔoεnɔʔ Raccoon Dance.

1981. ʔe- FEMININE [8.7, 11.11, 23.2]
INDICATIVE [9.10, 10.9, 10.14]
RESTRICTED THIRD PERSON [11.7—8, 11.10]

1982. -ʔé- NN. RT., trap: with vb. rt. -ot-, haʔéothaʔ he sets traps.

1983. -ʔe-/-ʔeh- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-h, -′s, -Ø), hit, strike (usually with an instrument; cf. -yέht-):with nn. rt. -nest(æ)-, kanéstæʔes it hits the board; with nn. rt. -nɔ́ʔε(ε)-, waɔwɔnɔ́ʔε:- ʔe:k they hit him on the head; with nn. rt. -nɔ́ʔj (a)- and dat. -′s-, ʔεyetsinɔ́ʔjaʔes they'll strike the drum for you; with dist. -′syɔ-, see -εniɔʔt(a)- (440).

1984. -ʔéht(a)- NN. RT., fingernail: ʔoʔéhtaʔ fingernail, ʔakéʔehtaʔ my fingernail; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)-, kaʔéhta:ʔ new moon.

1985. ʔe:iʔ wild blaek cherry (Prunus serotina)

1986. -ʔek- hit: see -ʔe- (1983).

1987. -ʔeóht(a)- NN. RT., low plant, low weed, herb, grass, hay: ʔoʔéohtaʔ low plant etc., ʔotʔéohtɔ:ni:h growing plants; with vb. rt. -(C)eéek and caus. I, yeʔeohté:ekthaʔ rake, lit. people use it for gathering in hay.

1988. -ʔε- VB. RT. (-ʔ, —), be the color of: ʔoʔkέ:ʔε:ʔ it's the color of ashes, gray: ʔóɔyaʔε:ʔ it's the color of the sky, blue.

1989. -ʔε- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -yε-, kaʔε:yεʔ small fenced off area (e.g., pig sty).

1990. ʔε- FUTURE [8.5–6, 9.10, 10.9–10, 10.14, 11.14, 21.11]

1991. ʔ(ε)- REFLEXIVE [15.6]

1992. -ʔ[ε]- FEMININE [8.7, 23.2]

1993. ʔ(ε)ε- REFLEXIVE [15.6]

1994. ʔεn- REFLEXIVE [15.6]

1995. ʔεni- REFLEXIVE [15.6]

1996. ʔε:teh day, daytime.

1997. ʔεtyek south; ʔεtyék kwa:h [26.8] toward the south. Var. ʔɔtyek (2090).

1998. ʔε:ʔ yes.

1999. -′ʔh- transient [13.14]

2000. -ʔha(æ)- NN. RT., rainbow: with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔoʔha:ot rainbow, ʔoʔkáʔheotεʔ a rainbow formed.

2001. -ʔháht(a)- NN. RT., branch, log: kaʔháhtaʔ branch, log; with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔoʔháhto:t stub of a sawed off branch; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)- or -′(h)e-, ʔoʔháhta:ʔ or ʔoʔháhtaeʔ knot (in wood), (with dist.) ʔoʔháhtεɔnyɔʔ knots.

2002. -ʔhaste- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, —, —), be strong: haʔha:steʔ he's strong; with nom., kaʔhásteshæʔ strength, power, civil authority; with dist. -ɔ- aHd refl., takáteʔha:stɔ:ʔ I exerted myself.

2003. -′ʔhéʔ- INCHOATIVE I [13.8]

2004. -ʔhny(a)- NN. RT., club, stick: kaʔhnyaʔ club, stick

2005. -ʔhnyenε/-yenε- (incorp. after some nn. rts.)/ -enε-(incorp. after others), VB. RT., with caus. I -′ht-, make fall: (with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-) hatiyaʔ- tyénεthaʔ they make them fall; with inch. I -′ʔ-, fall, fall over: ʔoʔkáʔhnye:nεʔt it fell, ʔoʔhεɔtye:nεʔt [14.3] a tree fell over, ʔonɔhsenέ- ʔɔh the house has fallen in.

2006. -ʔho- cover: see -ʔhowek- (2010).

2007. -ʔhosh(æ)- NN. RT., bundle: kaʔho:shæʔ bundle; with refl. -(ε)-, ball: ʔεʔho:shæʔ [15.6] ball, wáεʔhoshæ:ʔe:k he hit the ball; with Vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni- and díst., kaʔhosyɔnyá:nɔʔ charm bundles.

2008. -ʔhots-/-ots- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -íh), peel, remove a covering: yeʔho:tsih let her peel it!; konónɔʔto:tsɔ:h she has peeled the potatoes; ʔoʔkέ:hso:tsiʔ I uncovered my feet, took my shoes off (see -ahsíʔt(a)-); with nn. rt. -yáʔt(a)-, skin, flay: wá:yaʔto:tsiʔ he skinned it.

2009. -ʔhotyεyek-, VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), with dupl., wrap: tewákeʔhotyεye:kɔh I've wrapped it, tá:ʔhotyε:ye:s he's wrapping it; with caus. I -t-, teyeʔhotyέyekthaʔ wrapping material.

2010. -ʔhowek-/-ʔho-(before desc. and comb.)/-owek-/ -o- (incorp .)!-owe- (before oppos. II and nom.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), cover, enclose: waʔéʔho:- we:k she covered it; with refl., ʔoʔkáteʔho:we:k I was covered; tewakέ:hso:ɔh I've covered my feet, put my shoes on (see -ahsíʔt(a)-); with oppos. II, tewakε:hsowéhsɔ:h I've taken my shoes off; for nom. see -yáht(a)-.

2011. -′ʔhɔ- DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10]

2012. -ʔhɔ́s(a)- NN. RT., egg, testicle: ʔoʔhɔ́hsaʔ egg; keʔhɔ́hsaʔkeh (on) my testicles.

2013. -ʔhɔtka(æ)- NN. RT., uprooted stump: ʔoʔhɔ́tkæ:ʔ uprooted stump.

2014. -ʔhɔtkw- VB. RT. (-έh, —, —), with refl., uproot: ʔotéʔhɔtkwεh it's uprooted.

2015. -ʔhɔwε(ε)- NN. RT., crotch: ʔoʔhɔwε:ʔ crotch.

2016. ʔi at the beginning of a word [6.11, 21.8]

2017. ʔi:s you.

2018. ʔi:wi:h I think.

2019. ʔi:yo:s, blanket, shawl.

2020. ʔi:ʔ I, we, us.

2021. -ʔjaskw(a)- box turtle: var. of -ʔtyaskw(a)- (2129).

2022. -ʔkaǽ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -′s, -′h), become night: ʔoʔkέ:ɔh [14.4] it has become night, ʔoʔka:as it becomes night, ʔεyɔ́ʔkæ:h tonight; waʔóʔkæ:h at night; with dimin., ʔoʔkǽ:sʔah in the evening.

2023. -ʔk(æ)- NN. RT. snow (falling), snowflake: ʔoʔkæʔ snow, snowflake; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ty-, ʔoʔkyɔ:- tyɔ:h [14.4] it's snowing.

2024. -′ʔkéh EXTERNAL LOCATIVE [7.5–6]

2025. -ʔkεεhw- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- in ʔoʔkέ:- hwɔ:t gnat (aíso ʔoʔkέ:hɔ:t; cf. -ɔhw(ɔ)- [1447]).

2026. -ʔkέɔk SUFFIXED to nu. and vb. bases to indicate continued occurrence in the future. with vb. rt. - keha- and nom., ʔεyɔkwayaʔtakehashǽʔkε.ɔk it will continue to be a help to ns in the future; with vb. rt. -inɔ-, ʔa:skεnɔ́ʔkε:ɔk it should be well (in the future).

2027. -ʔkha(æ)- NN. RT., skirt: kaʔkha:aʔ skirt.

2028. -ʔktakɔ́ʔ VB. STEM, in ʔoʔkta:kɔʔ or joʔkta:kɔʔ black squirrel, gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis).

2029. -′ʔn- TRANSIENT [13.14]

2030. -ʔnéa-/-ʔné- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -s, -h), beat (in a game), win a bet from: waɔkeʔné:aʔ they beat me, won a bet from me; with refl. -atε-, win:honɔtεʔné:ɔh they have won; hεnɔtεʔné:as they win; ʔoʔkatεʔné:aʔ I won.

2031. -ʔnéhs(a)- NN. RT., sand: ʔoʔnéhsaʔ sand; with vb. rt. -iyo- and spl. nn. suff., hotíʔnehsiʔyoʔ (they are members of the) Snipe Clan.

2032. -ʔnéhs(a)- nannyberry: var. of -ʔnyéhs(a)- (2071).

2033. -′nek- VB. RT. (-έh, -s or -háʔ, -Ø), beg, ask for: ʔakeʔne:kεh I've asked for it; hatiyεʔkwáʔne:s [3.3] they beg tobacco.

2034. -ʔnekaht(a)-NN- RT., mortar: kaʔnékahtaʔ mortar.

2035. -ʔneóʔkt- be unable to reach: see -(ε)ʔneóʔkt- (479).

2036. -ʔnέ:wɔht(a)- NN. RT., collarbone: ʔoʔnέ:wɔhtaʔ collarbone; ʔakeʔnε:wɔ́htaʔ my collarbone.

2037. -ʔnεy(a)- NN. RT., bone: ʔoʔnε:yaʔ bone; with vb. rt. -thε-, be thin, skinny: hoʔnέyathε:h he's skinny; with the preceding as compound vb. rt. [26.2], ʔoɔtaʔnέyathε:h American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), lit. skinny tree; with vb. rt. -aʔhɔt-, tekaʔnεyáʔhɔthaʔ boneset (Eupatorium perforatum), lit. it puts the bones together; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, ʔoʔnε:yɔ:t Sharp-Pegs (a mythical creature).

2038. -ʔnεyost(a)- NN. RT., corn prepared for hominy, hominy grains, cracked corn: ʔoʔnέyostaʔ cracked corn; with vb. rt. -ki-, ʔoʔnέyosta:kiʔ cracked corn soup, samp; with vb. rt. -owanε-, ʔoʔnέ- yostowanεs hominy sifter; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ni-, yeʔnέyostɔ:nih she's preparing corn for hominy; with vb. rt. -kεεt-, ʔoʔnέyostakε:εt rice; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)ty-, ʔoʔnέyostɔ:tyɔ:h hail. Var. -ʔni- yost(a)- (2049).

2039. -ʔníh VB. STEM, be father (in older usage, either a natural father or a man consangumeally related to the natural father and in hís generation):haʔnih my father, hoʔnih his or her father (HSL 21), hotíʔnih their (masc. nonsg.) father, yaʔnih your father, hɔwɔ́ʔnih her or their father.

2040. -ʔnikhɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), with refl., sew: kotéʔnikhɔʔ she has sewn; yɔteʔnikhɔ́:ʔ she sews; ʔεyɔ́teʔni:khɔ:ʔ she's going to sew; with dist. -nyɔ-, yɔtéʔnikhɔ:nyɔh she's sewing things; with nom., vb. rt. -(C)(æ)-, and inst., yeʔnik- hɔshǽ:hkwaʔ sewing basket.

2041. -ʔnikɔ́(ε)-/-ʔnikɔ-(incorp. before some vb. rts.)/ -ʔnikɔ́h-(before others), NN. RT., mind, spirit: hoʔníkɔεʔ his mind: with vb. rt. -′(h)etkε-, haʔníkɔ:etkεʔ the devil, lit. his mind is evil; with vb. rt. -teny-, tekaʔmkɔ́εtenyɔs alcobol, strong drink, lit. it changes the mind, to:ʔnikɔ́εte:- nyɔ:h he's drunk, lit. his mind is changed; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)- be expectant, anxious:klmikɔ́:εʔ I'm expectant; with vb. rt. -ε- (see -áʔsε-), inch.
I, and císloc., be disappointed: takhníkɔεʔt I was disappointed; with vb. rt. -keskw-, console:kaʔnikɔεkeskwεh it consoles, consolation; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, be attached to (emotionally). ʔakhuíkɔ:ɔt I'm attached to it; with vb. rt. -wέʔ-, intend: nioʔnikɔεwέʔɔh what he intended; with vb. rt. -kany-, make nervous: tetyakoʔníkɔhka:- nyεh she's nervous about it, also that's where she lives; with vb. rt. -ísʔa- and refl. -(ε)-, decide, determine: waεʔnikɔ́isʔa:ʔ he decided; with vb. rt. -ahtɔ- and inch. III, faint: waʔakoʔnikɔ́εhtɔʔ she fainted; with vb. rt. -yεt(a)- and caus. I -′ht-, explain: haʔnikɔyέtathaʔ he's explaining it:with -yεt(a)- and inch. I, understand: ʔɔkhníkɔεyε:taʔt I understood; with vb. rt. awεnye-, amuse: (with recip.) tεswatahníkɔε- wεnye:ʔ you will amuse yourselves; with refl. -ah-, see -atyeǽʔt- (268).

2042. -ʔnikɔhέh-/-ʔnikɔhέʔ- (before desc.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), with obj. forget: ʔakhnikɔhέʔɔh I've forgotten; hoʔníkɔhεs he forgets; ʔɔkhníkɔhεh I forgot; with nn. rt. -(C)í:w(a)-, ʔɔki:waʔníkɔhεh I forgot to tell it.

2043. -ʔnikɔhɔ- long to be somewhere else: see -(ε)ʔnikɔhɔ- (481).

2044. -ʔnikɔhɔ́ʔt-, VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -έh), cheat: hɔwɔʔnikɔ́hɔʔtɔh they've cheated him; wa:khnik- ɔ́hɔʔtεʔ he cheated me.

2045. -ʔnikɔhs(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -kéhte-, caus.- inst., and refl. -(ε)- in yεʔnikɔhsákehta:sthaʔ frame for carrying large object on one's back.

2046. -ʔnikɔ́ht- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be wise, informed, virtuous: hoʔni:kɔt he's wise, niwákeʔni:kɔt or niwákhni:kɔt how much I know, how virtuous I am; with nom., kaʔnikɔhtáshæʔ thinking cap; with neg., teʔsáʔni:kɔt you have no sense.

2047. -ʔniska(æ)- NN. RT., wheel: ʔoʔnískæ:ʔ wheel; with vb. rt. -kahat-, prog., and refl. -atε-, ʔotεʔniskæ:kahatɔ́:tyeʔ the wheel is turning.

2048. -ʔníst(a)- NN. RT., corn (on the cob):ʔoʔnístaʔ corn; with vb. rt. -έʔta-, kaʔnístεʔta:ʔ corn roasted on open fire; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)- and inst., yeʔnístæ:hkwaʔ corn basket.

2049. -ʔniyost(a)- cracked corn: var. of -ʔnεyost(a)- (2038).

2050. -ʔno- VB. RT. (—, -′ʔs, -—), in kaʔnoʔs spring peeper (Hyla crucifer); watíʔnoʔs peepers.

2051. -ʔnosh- VB. RT. (-εh, -ás, -ah), become jealous: koʔno:shε:h she's jealous; waʔéʔnoshaʔ she became jealous.

2052. -ʔnost(a)- NN. RT., with ext. loc., nakedness: koʔnóstaʔkeh she's naked; with charact., kaʔ- nóstaʔke:kha:ʔ Naked Dance.

2053. -ʔnow(a)- NN. RT., back (of body), turtle, turtle rattle, bug: seʔnówaʔkeh (on) your back; kaʔno:- waʔ turtle rattle; with obj., ʔoʔno:waʔ bug; as incorp. nn. rt., kaʔnoyowa:nεh [3.13] big turtle, big bug; with vb. rt. -atkɔ-, ʔoʔnówatkɔʔ Corn- Bug (a mythical creature); kaʔno:we:s kanyá- htε:h musk turtle (Sternotherus odoratus), lit. long-backed snapping turtle; shaʔnowakǽ:ɔʔ kind of turtle, similar to but thinner than snapping turtle, lit. thin turtle.

2054. -ʔnowa- VB. RT. (-h, —, —), in haʔno:wa:h turtle.

2055. -ʔu(ɔ)- NN. RT., arrow:kaʔnɔʔ arrow; kaʔnokaeh the arrow sounds (Seneca chief's name), kaʔnɔ:- se:ʔ new arrow (man's personal name); with vb. rt. -okεy- and spl. nn. suff. [26.4], kaʔnokε:- yɔ:ʔ Grinding the Arrow Dance.

2056. -ʔnɔesh- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ot- in kaʔnɔ́esho:t it's upside down.

2057. -ʔnɔ́hkw(a)- NN. RT., keg, bucket, tub, barrel: kaʔnɔ́hkwaʔ keg etc.; with vb. rt. -o-, kaʔnɔ́hko:- ɔh water drum, lit. covered keg; with vb. rt. -ʔe- and caus.-inst., yeʔnɔhkwaʔésthaʔ drumstick; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, ʔoʔnɔ́hkɔ:t bee, bee, ʔɔkéʔnɔhkɔ:tεʔ it stung me.

2058. -ʔnɔ́hs(a)- NN. RT., onion (Allium cepa):ʔoʔnɔ́hsaʔ onion; ʔoʔnɔ́hsa:oʔ wild onion (Allium sp.); ʔoʔnɔ́hsε:εʔ water hemlock (Cicuta maeulata).

2059. -ʔnɔ́ht- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be in, inside: hatíʔnɔt they're in it; with prog., haʔnɔ́htatyeʔ he's in it (along with others); with inch. I -héʔ-, ʔoʔkáʔ- nɔhta:heʔt it got inside. Cf. the following.

2060. -ʔnɔhtaæh-/-ʔnɔhtah- (before desc.)/-ʔnɔhta(æ)- (comb.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), put in: ʔε:yáʔ- nɔhta:ah he'll put you in; with refl., get in: hotéʔnɔhta:hɔh he's gotten in, hεnɔteʔnɔ́htæ:s they're getting in; with caus. I -′ht-, past, and refl. -ate-, ʔoteʔnɔhtæ:htɔ́:nɔʔ afterbirth.

2061. -ʔnɔt(a)- NN. RT., thick stalk, rhubarb (Rheum sp.), burdock (Arctium lappa):ʔoʔnɔ:taʔ thick stalk etc.; with vb. rt. -o-, haʔnɔ:toʔ his leg is in the water; with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t- and dupl., tekáʔnɔ:tɔ:t alligator, lit. two thick stalks on it, also Alligator Dance.

2062. -ʔnɔtha- VB. RT. (-ʔ, -háʔ, -έh), with dupl., jumble, mix up, tie in a bundle, talk secretively: tá:ʔnɔtha:- haʔ he jumbles it etc., téoʔnɔtha:ʔ he's talking secretively.

2063. -ʔnɔthaæʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -t), with dupl., corner (vb.):tewakeʔnɔ́thæ:ʔɔh I've cornered it, tá:ʔ- nɔtha:aʔs he corners it, ʔoʔthóʔnɔtha:aʔt it cornered him.

2064. -ʔnɔweéht(a)- earthworm, var. of -ʔnɔwɔéht(a)- (2067):ʔoʔnɔwé:htaʔ earthworm.

2065. -ʔnɔweha(æ)- VB. RT., with dat. -ni-/-ε- and dupl., bother: tewakhnɔwéhæ:nih it bothers me, ʔoʔ- twakhnɔwéhæεʔ it bothered me.

2066. -ʔnɔwehaǽʔ- VB. RT. (—, -séʔ, -t), with dupl., postpone: tekaʔnɔwehǽ:ʔseʔ it postpones it; ʔoʔ- tkaʔnɔwéhæ:ʔt it caused it to be put off for a little while.

2067. -ʔnɔwɔéht(a)- NN. RT., earthworm: ʔoʔnɔwɔ́ehtaʔ earthworm; var. -ʔnɔweéht(a)- (2064):see also -ʔnɔwɔht(a)- (2068).

2068. -ʔnɔwɔht(a)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -k- [3.3] in kaʔnɔ́wɔhta:s snipe (Capella delicata), lit. (if another var. of -ʔnɔwɔéht(a)-) it eats worms.

2069. -ʔny(a)- NN. RT., finger, hand: keʔnyaʔ my finger, my hand; ʔoʔnya:thε:h Dry Hand (mythical apparition); with vb. rt. -ʔe-, refl. -(ε)-, and dupl., hundred: tewέʔnyaʔe:h one hundred; with vb. rt. -t-, dist., refl., and dupl., protect: teyɔkhi- yέʔnyatɔʔ they're protecting us; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)- and dupl., manage, be responsible for: teyɔ́khiʔnya:ʔ they are responsible for us, look after our interests; with vb. rt. -o- (see -ʔhowek-) and refl., ʔεʔnyo:shæʔ [15.6] gloves, mittens, ʔakέʔnyoshæʔ my gloves; with vb. rt. -kae-, tawέʔnyaka:eʔ daybreak, lit. the hand makes a noise; with vb. rt. -(C)(æ)- and inst., yeʔnyóæh- kwaʔ thimble; with vb. rt. -kaite-, tekáʔnyakaiteʔ mole, lit. its hands are on a slant.

2070. -ʔnyakε- VB. RT., with inch. I -′ʔ-, escape, run away:ʔakeʔnyakέʔɔh I've escaped, run away, sakéʔnyakεʔt I escaped again; with dat. -′ʔse-/ -′ʔs-, wáoʔnyakεʔs it ran away from him.

2071. -ʔnyéhs(a)- NN. RT., nannyberry (Viburnum lentago):kaʔnyéhsaʔ nannyberry. Var. -ʔnéhs(a)- (2032).

2072. -ʔnyotakέʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), with dupk, be busy: tewakeʔnyotakέʔɔh I'm busy. Cf. -yεno- takέʔ- (1896).

2073. -ʔnyɔ́hs(a)- NN. RT., nose: ʔoʔnyɔ́hsaʔ nose (archaic); with vb. rt. -ot-, ʔoʔkateʔnyɔ́hso:tεʔ I put my nose to it.

2074. ʔohí:ih great horned owl: see hihí:ih (585).

2075. ʔo:k a nickname.

2076. ʔokwæ:ʔ red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus).

2077. ʔo:nεh now, at the time.

2078. ʔónεhjih, a long time ago.

2079. ʔoʔ- INDICATIVE [8.3, 8.6, 9.10, 11.14, 22.3]

2080. -ʔoʔ- VB. RT., see -noʔka(æ)- (1208).

2081. ʔɔ- FEMININE [26.6]
OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.11]

2082. -ʔ[ɔ]- FEMININE [8.7, 23.2]

2083. -ʔɔ́hj- vine: see -ʔɔ́hs(a)- (2085).

2084. -ʔɔhkwa(æ)- NN. RT., sod:ʔoʔɔ́hkwæ:ʔ sod.

2085. -ʔɔ́hs(a)-/-ʔɔ́hj- (before -íʔsy-), NN. RT., vine: ʔoʔɔ́hsaʔ vine; with vb. rt. -iʔsy- and refl., ʔotʔɔ́hjiʔsyɔ:h trailing vine, groundpine (Lycopodium sp.), watʔɔ́hjiʔsyɔs wild yam (Dioscorea paniculata).

2086. ʔɔkyeh inside, indoors.

2087. ʔɔɔ- OPTATIVE [21.10]

2088. ʔɔɔ-a- OPTATIVE [21.10]

2089. ʔɔɔ-e- OPTATIVE [21.10]

2090. ʔɔtyek south: var. of ʔεtyek (1997).

2091. -ʔɔ(:)we- VB. RT. (-′h, native, genuine: ʔoyέʔkwaʔɔ:weh Indian tobacco, ʔɔkwéʔɔ:weh Indian, lit. native or genuine person, ʔahtáhwaʔɔ:- weh mocassin, lit. native shoe.

2092. -ʔɔ(:)w(ɔ)- NN. RT., trough: kaʔɔ:wɔʔ trough.

2093. -′ʔs, ITERATIVE [5.8–9, 13.13, 17.3]

2094. -′ʔs- DATIVE [13.12]

2095. -ʔsaí- VB. RT., with caus. I -′ʔt- and dupl., hurry (tr.):ta:ʔsáiaʔthaʔ he hurries it; with inch. II, dupl., and obj., hurry (intr.). to:ʔsáiεʔɔh he's hurrying, tesaʔsáiεh hurry!

2096. -′ʔs(æ)- lay over: see -yáʔse- (1867).

2097. -ʔsækεny- VB. RT. (—, —, -íh), with dupl., aim a shot at: ʔoʔtháteʔsækε:niʔ he aimed a shot at it.

2098. -ʔsætɔ- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ɔ́ʔ, -h), stretch on a frame (e.g., animal skin, quilt). kaʔsæ:tɔʔ it's stretched on a frame, yeʔsǽtɔ:ʔ she's stretching it on a frame; with dist. -nyɔ-, yeʔsætɔnyɔh she's stretching things on a frame.

2099. -′ʔse- DATIVE [13.12] lay over: see -yáʔse- (1867).

2100. -′ʔse-/-íʔse- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′ʔs, -′h), pull, drag, haul, drive (someone in a car):haʔseʔ he's pulling it, etc.; hanéstiʔseʔs he's dragging around a board; with nn. rt. -yaʔt(a)- and refl., watyáʔ- tiʔseʔ it's crawling; with dist. -nɔ- and prog., hanéstiʔsenɔtyeʔ he's dragging boards along. Cf. -′ʔsy- (2114).

2101. -ʔse(æ)- NN. RT., clan, group of people: kaʔsæ:teʔ [27.2] clan; with vb. rt. -óʔtε- and part., no:tiʔ- séoʔtεʔ which clan they are; with vb. rt. -t- and repet., shotíʔse:æt they're in one clan; with vb. rt. -yε-, ʔεtwáʔsæ:yε:ʔ we'll have a group of people (e.g., for a bee).

2102. -ʔséht(a)- NN. RT., wagon: kaʔséhtaʔ wagon; kaʔséhtayano:weʔ er kaʔséhtiyano:weʔ fast wagon, train. Evidently from -′ʔse- with caus. I -′ht- [26.3].

2103. -ʔsh(æ)- NOMINALIZER [12.2–3]

2104. -′ʔsh(æ)- NOMINALIZER [12.2–3]

2105. -ʔshe(æ)- NN. RT., scoke (Phytolacca amerieana):ʔoʔsheæʔ scoke; with vb. rt. -ʔε-, ʔoʔshéæʔε:ʔ dark red, purple.

2106. -ʔsko- VB. RT. (-′ʔ, -′áʔ, -h), be in water: twaʔskoʔ we (incl. pl.) are in the water: with inch I -′ʔ-, ʔoʔkéʔskoʔt I fell in the water. Cf. -o- (1361) (-ʔsko- does not occur with incorp. nn. rt.).

2107. -ʔskó-/-ʔsko- (before iter.) /-ʔskóh- (before impv.), VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -Ø), put in water: héoʔskoɔh he has put it in the water there; with recip., hotateʔ- skó:ɔh he has put himself in the water, drowned himself. Cf. -ó- (1362) (-ʔskó- does not occur with incorp. nn. rt.).

2108. -ʔskɔ(:)táht- VB. RT. (-Ø, —, —), be scorching hot: ʔoʔskɔ:tat it's scorching hot.

2109. -ʔskɔ(:)táʔ- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -s, -t), get burned: ʔakeʔskɔtáʔɔh I've gotten burned; ʔoʔkéʔskɔ:taʔt I got burned.

2110. -ʔskɔw- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -atek- burn, scorch: ʔoʔskɔwɔte:kεh [3.14] it's scorched, waʔóʔskɔwɔ:- te:k it scorched it.

2111. -ʔskwa(æ)- NN. RT., stone: kaʔskwa:aʔ stone; ʔoʔskwæ:ih brick, lit. cooked stone; tyoʔskwæ:- ta:se:h Kill Buck, N.Y., lit. it goes around the stone there; with vb. rt. -t- and dupl., testicles: tewákeʔskwa:at my testicles; teyóʔskwæ:t bull.

2112. -ʔsó(æ)- NN. RT., pine, white pine (Pinus strobus):ʔoʔsóæʔ pine, white pine, ʔoʔsóækɔ:h in the pines, Pinewoods (section of Cattaraugus Reservation), aíso Sand Hill (Tonawanda Reservation); with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, ʔoʔsó:ɔt turkey (Meleagris sp.).

2113. -′ʔsɔ- DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10]

2114. -′ʔsy-/-′ʔse- (before impv.) /-íʔsy-/-íʔse- (incorp.), VB. RT. (-ɔh, -ɔ́s, -h), pull, drag, haul, trail, drive (someone in a car):ʔakéʔsyɔ:h I've dragged it, etc., I've been driven, haʔsyɔs he's dragging it, ʔεkéʔse:ʔ I'll drag it. Cf. -′ʔse- (2100).

2115. -ʔsyóhs(a)- NN. RT., skin, hide, fur. kaʔsyóhsaʔ skin, hide, fur; keʔsyóhsaʔkeh on my skin.

2116. -ʔsyokwahtís VB. STEM, in ʔoʔsyókwahtis polli- wog.

2117. -ʔsʔáa- be small: see -akwaʔsʔáa- (78).

2118. -ʔt- NN. RT., feather: recorded only with vb. rt. -ot- in kaʔto:t standing feather (woman's personal name).

2119. -′ʔt- CAUSATIVE I [13.7]

2120. -ʔta(æ)- NN. RT., chimney, fireplace (with chimney):kaʔta:aʔ chimney, fireplace; with vb. rt. -ot- and past, kaʔteotak Oldtown (section of Allegany Reservation), lit. there used to be a chimney; with vb. rt. -k(C)ε- and decessive, kaʔtæ:kέskε:ɔʔ Cattaraugus Reservation; Cattaraugus, N.Y., lit. the chimney formerly stank; tkaʔtaesɔs Dunkirk, N.Y.; Fredonia, N.Y., lit. tall chimneys there.

2121. -ʔtaækwa(æ)- NN. RT., with vb. rt. -ɔ(:)t-, be a grave: ʔoʔtæ:kwa:ɔt grave, wáoʔtæ:kwεɔtεʔ his grave; with transloc., heyákoʔtæ:kwa:ɔt where she is buried.

2122. -ʔtash(æ)- NN. RT., quiver: kaʔta:shæʔ quiver; kaʔta:syo:t [14.4] Stomp Dance, lit. standing quiver.

2123. -ʔtɔhkóε- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, —, —), have a fever:ʔakeʔtɔhkóεɔh I've got a fever.

2124. -ʔtɔ́hkw(a)- NN. RT., fiame:ʔoʔtɔ́hkwaʔ flame.

2125. -ʔtɔhs(æ)- NN. RT., chest (of body):keʔtɔ́hsæʔkeh on my chest.

2126. -ʔtɔkhwa- VB. RT. (-ʔ, -háʔ, -έh), with obj. and dupl., sweat: tewakeʔtɔ:khwa:ʔ I'm sweating, tó:ʔtɔkhwa:haʔ he sweats, ʔoʔtwakeʔtɔ́khwaεʔ I sweated.

2127. -ʔtɔs(æ)- NN. RT.,fat: ʔoʔtɔ:sæʔ fat.

2128. -ʔtsɔ́st- VB. RT. (-ɔ́h, -háʔ, -Ø), with obj. and dupl., sneeze: tewakeʔtsɔ́stɔh I'm sneering, tewakeʔ- tsɔ́sthaʔ I sneeze, ʔoʔtwákeʔtsɔs I sneered.

2129. -ʔtyaskw(a)- NN. RT., box turtle (Terrapene caro-lina), box turtle rattle: kaʔtya:skwaʔ box tartle, box turtle rattle. Var. -ʔjaskw(a)- (2021).

2130. -ʔwá(a)- NN. RT., meat: ʔoʔwá:ʔ meat; with vb. rt. -(h/:)niy-, ʔoʔwá:ni:yɔh muscle; with vb. rt. -ase-, ʔoʔwá:se:ʔ fresh meat.

2131. -ʔwajíst(a)- NN. RT., outer bark: ʔoʔwajistaʔ outer bark.

2132. -ʔwást(a)- NN. RT., stick: kaʔwástaʔ stick.

2133. -′ʔyak- shoot: see -íʔyak- (827).

2134. -ʔyóhkw(a)- NN. RT., tail of bird: ʔoʔyóhkwaʔ tail of bird.

2135. -(C)- VB. RT., put in: see -(C)e-, -(C)(æ)- (370, 333).

2136.:forms beginning with:can be found under (h/:)

2137. -:- DESCRIPTIVE [19.3]

2138. -′:- DESCRIPTIVE [19.3]
MASCULINE [9.11, 11.15, 21.5, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5].

2139. -′:n- TRANSIENT [13.14]

2140. -′:ne- AMBULATIVE [13.13]

2141. -′:néh EXTERNAL LOCATIVE [7.5—6]

2142.:nɔ- DISTRIBUTIVE [13.10]

2143. Ø- MASCULINE [11.4–5]

2144. -Ø DESCRIPTIVE [5.6–7]
IMPERATIVE [5.10–11, 13.5, 13.7, 13.9, 13.11] ITERATIVE [5.8–9]
PUNCTUAL [8.2]

2145. -Ø- DATIVE [13.12]
DESCRIPTIVE [17.3, 18.3, 19.3]
INDICATIVE [21.9]
ITERATIVE [18.4]
OBJECTIVE [10.1, 10.7, 10.12, 11.8]
PLURAL [9.2, 9.8]
SECOND PERSON [11.3]

2146. -′Ø- DESCRIPTIVE [17.3, 18.3, 19.3]
INCHOATIVE II [13.5]
ITERATIVE [18.4, 19.3]
MASCULINE [8.7, 10.10, 10.15, 11.15, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5]
NONSINGULAR THIRD PERSON [11.15, 22.2, 23.2, 24.2, 25.5]
TRANSIENT [13.14]

English Index to the Dictionary

abandon 207, 1482

able to, be 1077

abnormal, be see 244

abortion see 1850

abundant, be 1651

abuse 1190

abut see 770

accept 1062

accident 269

accidentally see 269, 1914

accompany 1068

accompany a Personal Chant 232

accomplish see 1876

accomplish one’s task see 808

acorn 1033

acrobat see 1855

act, put on an see 728

added to the ten series 1572

add one thing over another 622

add to 289

adopt 116 see 1056

affair 808

affect adversely by touching 1

affection for, have 1195

afraid of, be 1537

afterbirth see 1833, 2060

afternoon see 336

afterward 1302

again 1788, 1962

against, go or play 220

agreement, come to an see 808

agrimony see 1970

ahead, go 574

aim a shot at 2097

airplane see 1690

Akron, N.Y. see 85

Albany, N.Y. see 603

alcohol see 2041

algae 395

alight see 825

alive, be 1443

all, be 1076

All Eaten Up see 671

Allegany Reservation see 761

Allegany River see 761

alligator see 2061

Alligator Dance see 2061

all night ceremony for the dead 1912

all that’s left to do 383

alone, be left 140 94 also 499

alternate see 1715

Alternate Feet Dance see 47

always 1771 see 1048

amaze see 1139

ambulative 2140

amomom see 868

among, be 1378

amount, be a certain 1431

amount to 239

amuse see 2041

amusement see 206

ancestors see 691 and 1020

and (sentence connective) 1648

angry, become 152 see 1303

animal, domestic 1268

animal, wild 1354

animal, young 194

ankle 862

announce see 1408

annoy 1538 annoyed, become 25

another one 723

answer see 1816

ant 658

ant, red 593

anus 329 see 922

anxious, be see 2041

anything 524, 1090

anywhere 923, 947

apart, be 149

apparent, be 755, 1910

apparently 1978

appear see 1401, 1899

appear momentarily 212

apple 1337

apply 1369

approve after discussion see 1816

apron 439 area 1252

argue 753 see 975

argument, begin an 134

arise 209

arm 1158

arms, spread one’s 167

Arm-Shaking Dance see 1158

arrange 115

arrive 325, 1936

arrive (reference to time) 541

arrow 2055

arrowhead 189

arrowwood 929

artery 861

ash, black see 1064

ash, white 1355

ashamed, become 150

ashes 314

ash sifter see 280

ask 87 see 1449

ask for 2033

ask for help see 1868

assault 1347

assemble see 1868, 1876

assert see 808

assignment 808

assorted, be see 1882

at all times 1771

attach 308, 361, 1237, 1475

attached to (emotionally), be see 2041

attend to 1591

at the time 2077

at this point 1716

attractive, be see 1056

attractive in appearance, be see 1903

Auburn, N.Y. see 109

auger see 309

augmentative 1030

aunt to, be 504, 701

aurora borealis see 513, 1950

auspicious, be 1070

autumn 1450

available in abundance, be 245

avoid doing see 1195

avoid something taboo 63

aware, become suddenly 272

aware of, be 1909

away, in the direction see 1565

awe, inspire with see 1139

awe inspiring, be 1140

awl 750

ax 218, 320, 326

ax, double bitted see 320

azalea see 856

baby 233

back (of body) 1626, 2053

backbone 1620

bad, be 15, 552

bag 1840

bake 168 see 529, 1475

baked bread see 529

baked corn soup see 1044

baked squash see 637

ball see 2007

ball game see 866

balloon see 1690

ballplayers’ mush see 867

balsam fir 1594

Baltimore see 1844

band see 708

bandage 1892

bank, eroded see 1187

bar 743

barefoot, be 72

bark, inner 909

bark (of a dog) 610

bark (of a tree) 1590

bark, outer 2131

barrel 2057

barrier, be a 743

base 824

bashful, be 202

basket 1970

basket, cornhusk 781

basket, corn washing see 918

basket, drop handle see 133

basket, potato see 1191

basket, small cornhusk 1263

basket medicine see 1970

bass (fish) 1646

basswood 646

bat 355

bathe 143

bead(s) 1608, 1889

bean 1509 see 457, 791, 505

bean, cockleberry 518

bean, cornstalk 371

bean, pole 306

bean, Roman 518

bean, white see 1509

Bean Ceremony see String Bean Ceremony

beanpole see 306

beans, green or unripe 90

beans, soft, tender, immature see 1262

bean soup see 1509

bean watcher see 1509

bear see 1327

Bear, Great 1336

bear clan, belong to the 898

beard, have a see 1928

Bear Dance see 1327

bear young without a known father or parthogenetically 34

beat 1002, 2030 see 1077, 1868

Beating the Dry Skin see 1121

beat up 1347

beautiful, be 297

beaver see 1248

Beaver Clan see 1014

because 1529

become 244

bed 1252, 1314

bed, get out of 209

bed, go to see 448

bedding 1314 see 788

bedridden, be see 361

bee see 2057

bee (mutual aid) see 804, 1449

beech see 1580

beechnut see 1580

beehive see 1552

beer see 719

beet see 1060

beetle 1051

beetlelike insect see 1321

beg 2033 see 1449

begin 39

begin an argument 134

begin with, to 1766

behind 1302

believe 368 see 808

bell 797, 1549

belly 1548, 1740

belongings 103, 287

belong to 287

belong to a charm holders’ society see 684

belt 706

bench see 882, 1886

bend (tr.) 673

bend (intr.) 95

bend together 674

benefit from see 1868

benefit (someone) through a medicine ceremony 173

bent, be 1767

berry 298, 877

berry water see 298

best, the 1965

best one, be the see 1868

bet see 1886

better than others, be see 1040

between, be 218, 1378

between, put 285

bewitch see 1899

beyond, be 198

big, be 1031, 1408, 1609

Big Breast see 1307

Big Heads see 162

Big Snake see 1533

bile 873

billfish see 954

birch see 355

bird 887 see 167

birth, give 170 birthday see 531

birthmark see 877

bite 105, 770, 942

bitter, be 875

bitternut hickory 636

bittersweet see 1946

bivalve 1046

black see 844

black, become 279

blackberry 1723

blackbird 834

blackbird, red-winged 834

black corn see 1155

black eye, give someone a 347

black-eyed-susan 852

blacksnake see 1868

blame 705

blame on, put the see 808

blanket 2019

blanket, be covered by a 36

blanket, be wrapped in a 33

blaze see 843

blessed see 804

blind, be see 906

block of a quilt see 797

block off see 847

block of wood 876

blood 1736

blood clot 1063

bloodroot 1114 see 1736

bloodsucker 1519 see 1421

blow 465

blue 633 see 1950

blueberry see 298

blueberry, high bush 767

blueberry, low bush see 1228

bluebird 633

bluejay 1722

Blue Lizard see 832

Blue Panther see 1559

boar see 1024

board 1119

boat 662

bob white 1027

body 1868

boil (cook) 1361 see 1320

boil (sore) 1063, 1563

boil down 113

boiled, be 1374

boiled bread see 529

boiled squash see 637

boiler 1296

bold, be 1632

bone 2037

boneset see 597, 2037

book see 729

born, be see 1250

borrow 188

bosom 1328

bother 2065

bottle 1552

bottlebrush grass 1615

bottom 824

bottom land 1364

bounce 56

bow (one’s head) see 1254

bow (weapon) 306

bowl 841

bowl, mixing see 1551

Bowl Game see 841, 1137, 1905

bowstring 1234

box 657

box turtle 2129

boy see 1056

boy, little see 1446

bracelet see 708, 1159

bracken see 1335

braid 792

braided corn 1611

brain 886

branch 1583, 2001

branch, tip of a 1092

Brant, N.Y. see 1946

bread 529

bread, type of 1316

bread inside of crust 526

break 146, 1866

break in pieces 586

break wind 821

breast 1307

breath 1448

breath, lose one’s 227

breathe 242

brick see 2111

bridge see 109

bring see 455

bring about see 516

bring in see 1936

bring to a point 1869

bring to a proper conclusion see 1876

bring to life see 1443

bring to light 1401

bring trouble to see 1914

brooch 453

brooch, owl-shaped 300

brood 710

broom see 789

brother see sibling brothers-in-law, be 274

brown see 590

bruise 1010

bucket 2057

bud 1588

budge see 1185

buffalo see 1683, 1945

Buffalo, N.Y. 1754 see 646

Buffalo Dance see 1683

bug 2053

building 1233

bulge 1422

bulge out see 1850

bull see 2111

bullfrog 1069

bundle 32, 549, 1154, 2007

bundle, tie in a 2062 bur 1239

burden strap 1238

burdock 1239 see 1149, 1640, 2061

burn 155, 581, 1481

burned, get 2109

burst 56, 57

bury 670

bush 1574

bushel see 1970

bush-honeysuckle see 1532

busy, be 1891, 1896, 2072

but see 1107

butter 1831 see 1369

butterfly see 887

butternut see 636

buttocks 623

button 850

buttonwood see 775, 850

buy 612

buzzard see 848

cabbage 1292

calf 871

calico see 868

calico corn 544

calking see 370

call 1858

call for 776

camel see 674, 1063

camp see 1274

Canada 1625

Canandaigua, N.Y. see 1274

can berries see 1477

candy 346

cane see 325

cap 86

capable of anything, be 1305

carbuncle 1563

cards (playing) see 729

careful, be 94

carp see 964

carrion 848

carrot see 1060

carry 516

carry away 1146

carry on the back 977

carry out see 1463

Carry Out the Kettle Dance see 1296

cast see 684

cat 1664, 1663

catbird 1488

catch 1879 see 1294

catch (a disease) see 333

catcher see 1294

catch oneself in 1366

catch up 533

caterpillar see 338

catfish 1054

Catholic see 1844

cattail see 395, 1243

Cattaraugus Reservation see 2120

Caughnawaga Reserve see 620

causative I 703, 704, 1643, 2119

causative II 118, 350, 400, 1643

causative III 705

causative-instrumental 1600, 1601

cause (nn.) 808, 1897

cause (vb.) 244

cause distress see 808

cause to remain 825

Cayuga see 1920

cedar waxwing 1670

cent(s) 1081, 1082, 1084

centipede see 955

central, be 1083

ceremony 808

ceremony, hold a see 173, 447, 601, 1454, 1816

ceremony performed by women to benefit crops 193

certain time, at a 707

cervical vertebra that protrudes at the back of the neck 636

chair 882 see 1886

chairman see 882

chalk see 1855

chameleon 832

change 1685

change into 244

Changing-Ribs Ceremony, distribute goods during the 145

Changing-Ribs Dance see 1621

Chanters for the Dead 28

chapped, become see 668

chapped hands see 796

characterizer 958, 959, 971, 1018

charcoal 844

charge 911

charm see 684

charm bundles see 1196, 2007

charm holders see 684

charred remains of a fire see 155

chase 1544

Chatauqua, Lake 838

chatter see 818

cheat 2044

cheek 126

cheese, Swiss see 506

cheeses see 1149

Cherokee see 1861

cherry, fire 941

cherry, wild black 1985

chest (of body) 2125

chestnut 630

chestnut bur 682

chew see 1315

chickadee 854

chicken 1658

Chicken Dance see 1658

chief see 622, 679, 1060, 1440, 1852

child 1056, 1833

child, have as one’s 515

chimney 2120

chin 1928

chip 24

chipmunk 649

chisel see 24

choice, make the correct 51

choke 1340

chokecherry see 1340

choose see 333

Choose a Partner see 1329

choose wrongly 1127

Christ see 1443

cicada see 1138

cinnamon fern see 1335

circle see 712

cislocative 1641, 1714

civil authority see 2002

claim see 808

clam 1046

clan 2101

clan, be of one’s father’s 233

Clarence, N.Y. see 1256

claw 860

clay 569

clean a fish see 341

clean up 35

clear, be 1746

cleared area 1461

clearing see 506

Cleveland, Ohio 1842

cliff 1610 see 1274

climb 367

clock see 797

close (near) 1753

close (shut) 464, 1759, 1807

close game see 1748

cloth 568

clothes 96

clothesline see 525

cloud 21, 1536

cloudy, be 22

clover see 1149, 1239

clown see 1855

club 2004

cluster 32

coal 844

coal, burning 868

coax 546

cobweb 305

Code of Handsome Lake see 808

cohosh, black see 1946

cohosh, blue see 511

coincident 1530, 1539, 1555, 1760, 1762, 1763

cold, be 1310

cold, be (ref. to weather) 190

Coldspring see 604

collar 1321

collarbone 2036

collect 1942

color 48

color of, be the 1988

colt 871

coltsfoot see 621

comb (nn.) 1239

comb (vb.) 1403

comb basket see 1239

comb of a fowl see 1147

come 77 see 985

come apart 204, 308

come from somewhere 380, 1895

come here! 938

come in 1936

come into being see 1463

come into force see 1443

come near 1367

come to light see 1910

come to pass see 808

come to the surface 224

Common Faces see 1394

commonreed 672

community 129, 1134 see 1274

compensate 1330

complete 294, 1890

complete, be 1876

completely 1072

conceited, be see 1028

conclude 467

condition, be of a certain 1427

Condolence Ceremony 234, 259

conductor see 909

conduit 396

confer 510

confer in a whisper 121

confess see 554

confirm see 808

confront see 934

confusion, be in 217

Congress of the United States see 995

connect 1237

conscious of, be see 775

consent 956

consolation see 2041

console see 2041

Constitution, Iroquois see 1852

construct 627

consume 117, 671

container see 333

content with, be 1217

contest, hold a see 1002

continuative 68, 384, 902

continue on 59

continuously see 1640

contract, make a see 808

contrastive 1696, 1701, 1706

contribute 1882

control see 449

conversation 808

convulsions, bring to see 1414

cook 1361, 1021, 1296

cooked, be 747

cookhouse see 1021

cooking utensil see 1021

copulate 161

cord 861, 1288, 1532

cord (of wood) 277

core 526

cork 847

corn 1155 see 2048

corn, boiled and sweetened see 1304

corn, baked 1044

corn, cracked 2038

corn, field 1207

corn, flint 544

corn, fried baked see 1044

corn, green or unripe 90

corn, hominy 544

corn, native see 1155

corn, old-fashioned see 1155

corn, white see 1155

corn, whole see 1155

corn basket see 2048

cornbread see 918

cornbread, yellow 501

Corn-Bug see 2053

corncob 1231

corncrib see 1650

Corn Dance see 1155

corner, be a 196

corner (vb.) 2063

cornhusk 1192

corn leaf 900

cornmeal see 873

corn medicine 1615 see 672

corn oil see 618

corn (on the cob) 2048

Cornplanter see 1911

Cornplanter Reservation see 1233

corn pollen 1043

corn preparation, sweetened see 1209

corn prepared for hominy 2038

corn pudding see 1560

corn roasted in the husk 1324

corn roasted on open fire see 2048

cornsilk see 1045, 1094

corn smut see 856

“corn snapper” see 1138

corn soup 1193

corn soup, burnt 1143

corn soup, cracked see 2038

cornstalk 371

corn syrup see 1546

corpse 376

correct choice, make the 51

corrupt see 705

cost 909

costume, woman’s 1623

cough 41

council, hold a 510

council fire see 868

council house see 510

council members see 510

count 98

courthouse see 510

cousins, be 12

cover (nn.) 286

cover (vb.) 286, 1426, 2010

covered by a blanket, be 36

cover with a blanket 709

cow see 1307, 1396

crab 879

crabapple see 771

crack 146

cracking of ice or frost see 440

cradleboard 781

cranberry tree see 1257

crane 1183

crawl 295 see 732, 2100

crayfish 879

create 294 see 1681, 1897

creation 1897

Creator see Our Creator

creature 300

credit, buy on see 909

creek 761

creep 295 see 732

cricket see 1214

critical, be 211

crock 1316

crooked, be 1767

crooked, become 95

cross (nn.) see 1844

cross (vb.) 1864

cross, make a see 1844

cross basket see 1970

Crossing the Woods ceremony see 511, 735

crossroads see 1867

crotch 2015

crow 962

crowbar 1556

crowd 807

crush 586

cry (weep) 45, 111

cucumber 640

cucumber tree see 1946

cucurbitaceous plant 637

cultivated 1545

culvers-root see 880

cup 722

cure see 975

curl 885

curls, peaked see 885

curtain see 729

curve 674

cushion 1053

cushion under, put a 1015

custom 808, 1897

cut 547, 1010, 1866

cut off a piece 1363

cute, be 262

cut piece of wood 699

cycle, pass through one 531

dace 647

daddy-longlegs see 565

daisy see 852

dam 322

damage to, cause see 1410

damp, be see 1536

dance (nn.) 1259

dance (vb.) 216

dance, obsolete 1510

Dance for the Dead 28

Dance for the Dead, distribute goods during the 144

dance the war dance 444

dandelion see 852

dark, become 279

Dark Dance see 49, 770

Dark Dance Society, belong to the see 1868

darkness 49

dart 984

dative, 89, 368, 409, 507, 676, 744, 1169, 1507, 1516, 2094, 2099, 2145

daughter see child, have as one’s

daughter-in-law, have as 1512

dawn 577

Dawn Song, 1219

day 442, 468, 1996

day, become 577

day, end of the see 442

day after day see 577

daybreak see 468, 2069

day hence, be a 1644

days of the week see 442

daytime 1996

dead, the see 957

deaf, be see 318

decayed corn see 1728

decessive 1004

decide 368, 407 see 808, 2041

deep, be 1470

deep, be (of a color) 128

deer 1116

Deer Buttons see 1580

Deer Clan see 638

deerfly 1724

deers tongue see 1890

defeat 1002

defecate see 821

defend 276

deficient, be see 1194

defile 1

Deganawida see 1280

Delaware (Indian) 1534

deliberate on see 1410

demolish see 467

depart see 1850

depleted, be 1007

depot see 579

depressed, be 1815

depth of water 614

descriptive 412, 420, 414, 487, 489, 1433, 1441, 1442, 1436, 1435, 1953, 1954, 2137, 2138, 2144, 2145, 2146

deserted, be see 1007

despise see 938

destroy see 467

determine see 2041

devil 1178

see 187, 2041

Devil Dance 849

Devil’s Feather Dance 849

dew 1514, 1976

dewberry see 944

Dew Eagle see 1536

dewy, be 1947

die 328, 749 see 973

different, be 389, 1715

different one, be a see 1681

difficult, be 1194

dig 1425 see 1861

digging tool see 1382

dip up 1062

diminish see 1614

diminuative 1964, 500

diminutive particle 1511

dip out 1373

direction, in this 943

directive 1098

directly, go 220

direct toward see 1048

dirt 1604

dirt (soil) 545

dirty, be 1728

disappear 60

disappointed, be see 2041

disarray, be in 217

disbelieve see 1203

discard 106, 1482

disgust 174

dish 841, 1055

Dish Game see Bowl Game dishpan see 1055

dislike 1622

disorderly, be 1265

dissolve 1012

distance, be a certain 1805

distant 1806

distress 1410

distribute goods during Changing Ribs Ceremony 145

distribute goods during the Dance for the dead 144

distributive 651, 694, 1215, 1335, 1431, 1432, 1634, 2011, 2113, 2142

disturb 1410

ditch see 1861

ditch, make a 55

dive see 50

divide (tr.) 1016

divide (intr.) 1378

Divided Body see 1868

dizzy, be see 468 do 1874

do as one should see 808

do correctly see 1890

dog 878

dogwood 687

doll 1868

dollar see 722

domesticated 1545

done (ref. to food), be 747

dont! 571, 1528

do one’s best 835

door 643

doorkeeper see 1272

Doorkeeper’s Dance see 47

doorway see 643, 922

do something intentionally 380

dot 260

dottle 565

double 1867

dough 1551

dove see 529

downstream, go 199

do wrong see 808

drag 2100, 2114

dragonfly see 1100

draw out 1146

dream 786

dream, cause to 263

dream, divine a see 1816

dream guessing see 786

dress see 96

drier see 525

drill 309

drink (nn.) 604

drink (vb.) 605

drink, strong see 2041

drip 1380

drip out see 583

drive (someone in a car) 2100, 2114

drive away 1414 drop see 319

drop inadvertently see 319

Dropping-Belly Dance see 1548

drown see 2107

drum, bass see 657

drum, snare see 657

drum (ref. to behavior of ruffed grouse) 34

Drum Dance 433

drumstick see 2057

drunk, be 28 see 2041

dry see 525

dry, be 560 see 1007

dry, go 113

Dry Hand see 2069

dual 1098, 1169, 1319

duck 1596, 1597 see 351

duck, domesticated 1713

Duck Dance see 1597

dull, become 197

dumb, be see 1816

dumplings 666

Dunkirk, N.Y. see 1166, 2120

duplicative 1641, 1680, 1714

dust 314, 1536

dwarf 897 dwell see 825

dwell together in a group 1250

dye 48

eagle 892

Eagle Dance see 1128, 1131

Eagle Dance fan 1128

Eagle Dance pole 730

Eagle Dance striking stick see 1131

ear 84, 318

early bread see 1155

early in the morning 1521

ear of corn with the husk on 720

earring 327

earth 1440

earthquake see 1440

earthworm 2067

ease up 739

east see 336

eat 903 see 526, 1021

eat together 239

eat up 671

eaves 24

eclipse see 336

edge of, be at the 9

egg 2012

eight 1684

elbow 734

elder 214

elecampagne see 1824

elephant see 1047

eleven see 1572

elk 891

elm, American 653

elm, slippery 1395

elsewhere 1565

embarrassed, become 150

ember 868

emerge 805

emerge from the ground see 1403

emerge from water see 50

enclose 2010 see 1759

encourage 546

end, come to the 1424

enemy 220

English language see 642

enough, be see 744, 1876

enough, get 270

enough, have 245, 246

entirely, be 1409

entrusted with, be 54

envelope 770

epidemic see 1236

Epsom salts see 678

err 1127

err in speech 1798

escape 2070

esophagus 1339

establish 410, 1886

evaporated, be 113

evening see 279, 468, 2022

eventuative 1474, 1636

evergreen 1166 every 74

every day see 577

everything 368 see 1076, 1431

evil, be 552

evil power, knowledge or possession of 1819

evil power, possess 215

exact, be 1748

examine 1009 see 1061

excessive, become 166

exchange 138

exclusive person 1, 1837, 1956 expect 94

expectant, be see 2041

expect to do something or go somewhere 1253

expensive, be 1194

explain see 1748, 2041

explode see 359

Exploding Wren see 195

expressions of love see 1195

extend to a point 1424

external locative 598, 974, 2024, 2141

extreme, to an 1072

eye 906

eyebrow 932

eyelashes 917

eyes, have sore 908

eyes, puffy or bulging see 944

face (nn.) 1040

face (vb.) see 934

face paint 214, 1035 see 1085

facilitative 1567

fail in an attempt 54

faint see 2041

fair, have a see 1002

Faith Keeper see 808

fall 319 see 2005

fall, make 2005

fall down see 1860

fall over see 2005

false face see 1040

false-face mush 1560

false-face prototype 276

fame 679

family 710

fan 122

far 1806

far, be 1805

fare 909

farewell party see 663

Farnham, N.Y. see 879

fascinator 976

fashion 1890

fast, be 110, 1853

fasten 1237

fat 618, 2127

fat, be 43

fatal to, be 1189

father, be 2039

father-in-law see 1512

father’s clan, be of one’s 233

feast for the dead 259 see 1195

Feast of the Dead 28

feather 535, 2118

Feather Dance see 1259

Feather Dance, (Great) see 1617

feces 821

feed 1277

feel 960, 1061

feel the absence of 512

female, be 779

feminine 68, 830, 831, 833, 839, 842, 895, 901, 1834, 1835, 1838,1846,1872, 1884, 1934,1952, 1956, 1957, 1967, 1981, 1992, 2081, 2082

fenced off area 1989

ferment 1012

fern 353

fern, Christmas 896

fern, interrupted see 1620

fern, New York 896

fern, silver see 300

ferry see 714

ferryman see 632

fever, have a 2123

few, be 1614

fiber strap 1332

“fiddle dance” see 1235

field 800 see 545

field, playing see 206

fight see 1347

fight for 108

fight over see 753

figwort see 1747

filth 1604

fin 802 see 950

final, be see 1453

find 988, 1553

finger 2069

fingernail 1984

finish see 467

finish dressing see 96

finished, be 125

fire 843, 868

fire, charred remains of a see 155

fire, make a see 155

fire, put in 1481

fire, put out a 321

Fire Dragon see 509

firefly see 868

Fire Keeper see 808

firemaking tool see 155

fireman see 321

fireplace (with chimney) 2120

firewood 1905 see 1481

firm, be 613

first 1766, 1841

first, be see 1875

first person 368, 403, 901, 970

fish (nn.) 769

fish (vb.) see 1430

fish (with hook and line) 132

fish, clean see 341

Fish Dance see 769

fisher (Maries pennanti) see 1854

fishhawk 769

fishhook 1619

fist, make a see 19

fit into see 1876

fit snugly 770

five 1829

fix 1635

flame 509, 2124

flat 1465

flat, be 130, 1669

flat, lay out 129

flay 1908 see 2008

flea see 45

flee 165

flicker 1091

flint 189 float 224 see 1361

flood 446

floor 1119

flour see 1704

flourish see 1457

flower 457

flow out see 583

flute 523 see 465, 551, 672

flute, play the see 551

flute used in Little Water Ceremony 118

fly (vb.) 1690

fly (nn.) see 1554

flying, be 1773

Flying Head see 1293

foam 719

fog 1536

fold 674, 1867

follow 463, 1544

follow closely 619

food 177, 1021 see 526

food, take along 177

food basket see 177

food provided at a ceremony see 613

foot 47

football game see 47, 467

footprint 1854

footrace see 418

force see 449

force out of one’s mouth 112

force someone to work 1951

forehead 1013

forenoon see 442

forenoon, in the 1523

forest 511 forget 2042

for good, be see 1453

fork (nn.) 683

fork (vb.) 1378

form (nn.) 1868

form (vb.) see 1463

form an organized group 681

fortunes, tell 434

fortuneteller see 1410

four 979

Four Beings, Angels, or Messengers, see 744, 1950

Four Corners see 1867

Four Mile Level see 603

Four Nights see 49

Four Rituals, the see 74

Fourth of July see 994

fox 1308

frame 1270

frame for carrying large object on one’s back see 2045

freckle 1001

Fredonia, N Y. see 1166, 2120

free, be 142

free throw see874

freeze see 1120

Friday see 468

fried strip of meat 564

friend 1764

friends, be 156, 248

friendship 156

frighten 64

frightening, be 65

frog 1584

frog, whistling see 1249

front, go to the 574 frost 678 frost, light 1514

frozen, be 1120

fruit 298, 877

fry 798, 1662

fry bread see 529

full, be 1222

full (from eating), become 58

fun, be 470

funeral see 670

fungus 1147 see 482

funny, be 262

fur 2115

furrow 497

fussy, be 1289

future 409, 1990

future, in the see 574

future, occurrence in the 2026

fuzz 568

gain control over 1719 gamble see 1886

game 1905 see 206

gar, long-nose 1907

garden 575 see 1079

garden, work in the see 290

Garter Dance see 249

garters 249

gather see 1868, 1876

gather in 373

gathering place see 1868

gather together 373

gather up 1405

generous, be 1277

Geneseo, N.Y. see 1118

genuine 2091

George Washington see 1274

get 1062

get enough 270

get in see 2060

get into see 333

get out of bed 209

get the best of see 937

ghost 864

ghost bread see 529

Giant Raven 930

ginger (wild) 1586

ginseng 1777

girl see 1056

girl, little see 1446

give 293, 1882

give authority to see 808

give away 293 see 1048

give birth 170

give food to 1277

give temporarily see 293

give up 54, 207

glance off of 1830

glass see 934

glasses 936

glimpses, be visible in 212

gloves see 2069 glue 1522

glutton, be a see 1339

gnat 2025

go 59, 368, 773

go across 1864

go against 220

goalie see 643

go around, make 712

go around with 1068

goat see 989

God see 1816

go directly 220

God of War see 1581

go from one point to the next 531

going strong see 808

gold see 722, 873

goldenrod see 873

goldenthread (a plant) see 873

goldfinch see 1255

gone by, be 1007

good, be 297, 774, 963

Good Message see 808

good to, be 804

goose 654 see 1596

gooseberry, wild see 1980

go out see 1850

go outside to the toilet see 244

go somewhere 380 see 1048

go somewhere and come back 77

gossip see 808

go straight out see 1850

go to a certain point see 1058

gourd see 628

gourd rattle see 628

Governor Blacksnake see 750

Gowanda, N.Y. see 1050

go with 354

grab 11, 1329, 1879

Grab-Your-Partner Dance see 1329

graduate see 1454

granddaughter see 163

grandfather see 691

grandmother see 691

grandparent to, be 163, 691

Grand River Reserve 1625

grandson see 163

granite see 1162

grape 639

grasp 1801, 1881

grass 980, 1987

grasshopper 870

grasshopper, type of see 1316

gratify 1497, 1498

gratitude see 1497

gratitude, express 1261

grave see 671

grave, be a 2121

gray see 314, 1916

gray hair, have 536

grease 618

great black leaves see 1149

Great Burden Strap see 1532

great-granddaughter see 163

great-grandfather see 691

great-grandmother see 691

great-grandson see 163

Great Horned Serpent see 153

green see 1149

greenbrier see 735

green corn (or beans) 90

Green Corn Dance see 1021

green fruit see 1006

green snake see 980

greet 1261

grind 586 see 726

Grinding Dishes Dance see 1055

Grinding the Arrow Dance see 2055

grit 61

groove see 699

groove, make a 55

grope see 473

groundpine see 2085

ground robin, towhee 893

group 316

group of people 807, 2101

grouse, ruffed 890

grove see 511

grow see 1446, 1463

grow abundantly 244

growl 152

grow to maturity 221

grow up 221

guard see 1272

guard against, be on 94

guffaw 240

gull, sea see 719

gum 1522

gun 551

hail see 1831, 2038

Hail Spirit see 1868

hair 986

hair, fine 568

hair, gray 536

half, be 44

half of, be 561

halter 1532

hammer 874

hammerhead 785

hammock see 662

hammock cradle see 662, 1184

hamper, laundry see 1604

hand 19, 1639, 2069

hand (something to someone) see 293

handful 23

handkerchief 775

handle 133

handle (as of an ax) 1725

handsome, be see 1056

Handsome Lake see 1031, 1352

hang 1184

hanging down, be 1681

happen 422

happen irrevocably 1453

happen unexpectedly or accidentally to 269

happy, become 231

happy, make see 297

hard, be 613

hardy, be see 1446

hare 1709

harm see 1410

Harvest Ceremony see 529

hat 754

hate 1622 see 983

haul 2100, 2114

haul away 1146

have 514, 1886

have indications that a ceremony is overdue see 1816

have something for sale 208

hawk, hen 1630

hawk, red-tailed 1630

Hawk Clan see 1629

hawthorn 393

hay 1987

hazel 692

he 587

head 1293

headdress 1617

head ones see 574

head resting on something, have one’s 1036

healthy, be 774

healthy, make 1457

hear 85, 192

heart 452, 1446

heart of a tree or stem 597

heater 324

heavy, be 1607

heel 352

hell see 1178

helldiver 626

hellebore see 788

help see 975, 1880

helper in ?ohki:we:h Ceremony see 433

helpfulness see 804

hem see 306

hemlock 1166

hemmed in, be 46

hen 1658

herb 1987

here 1152

heron 889

heron, great blue 889

Heron Clan, belong to the see 123

He Who Eats Inwards see 821

hi (greeting) 498

Hiawatha 1944

Hiawatha sunflower see 1890

hiccup 617

hickory 1256 see 868, 909

hickory, bitternut 636

hide (nn.) 2115

hide (vb.) 42

Hieracium sp. see 48

hill 1274

hinge see 1184

hip 502, 865

hire 410, 521

hired help see 521

hit 1894, 1983

hit, threaten to 167

hoe 652

hold a ceremony see 447, 808, 1454

hold a charm see 684

hold a meeting see 1002

hold back 1880 see 1272

hold dear 1272

hold down 1741

holding, be 514

hold onto 1881

hole 1861

hole, be a 922

hole, make a 1376

hole in, make a 309

holes, tool for making see 309

hollow, be 1628

home, be at 1893

homesick, be see 481

hominy 1275

hominy grains 2038

hominy sifter see 2038

honey see 346

honey bee see 346

honeycomb see 1040

honeysuckle see 856

hoof 267, 860

hook 899

hoop 1208 see 480

hoop and javelin game 1208 see 984

hope 255 see 1449

hop up and down 56

horn 1298

hornbeam, American 611 see 1133, 2037

horn rattle see 1298

horn war club see 1298

horse see 1946

Horse Dance see 1946

horsefly 1724

Horseshoe Longhouse see 761

hospital see 1260

hot, be 324

hot, become 1115

house 1233

housefly 1554

how 1974

however many 1756

howl 610

how many? 1742

how much? 1756

hub see 876

huckleberry see 298

hull of corn kernel 918

hummingbird 1710

hump 223

hunchback see 1063

hundred see 2069

hungry, be 238

hungry for a certain thing, be 1283

hunt 222

hunter see 222

hurricane see 109

hurry 2095

hurt 1260, 1888

hurt, be see 1888

husband 1227 see 995 see also spouse

husk (nn.) see cornhusk

husk (vb.) 1379

husk corn see 1192

Husk Face 851

husking pin see 1192

hut 109

I 2020

ice 1831

ice over see 1831

if 1774, 1779, 1974

if not 780

imitate 1299

immediately see 1048

imperative 17, 334, 420, 487, 489, 751, 902, 1368, 1642, 2144

implicate 801

important, be 1031, 1408

important, the most 1083

in, be 2059

in, keep 299

in, put 18, 299, 333, 370, 1477, 1650, 2060

inch 1938

inchoative I 406, 557, 1955, 2003

inchoative II 421, 476, 490, 1955, 2146

inchoative III 1955

inchworm see 1321

inclusive person 486, 1641

incompetent, be 268

incomplete, be see 1424

incorporate in 333

indeed 1791

indefinite 830, 1952

independent, be 142

Indian see 1458

Indian Dice see 1580

Indian Hill see 761

Indian-physic see 1060

Indian-squash see 637

Indian-tobacco see 1915

indicative 806, 1492, 1899

indicative 1, 300, 368, 1414, 1431, 1438, 1439, 1784, 1952, 1957, 1981, 2079, 2145

indoors 2086

in fact 1749 see 1876

infants see 1443

infection 210

informed, be 2046

injure superficially 1010

in place, be 1681

insane, become 1871

insane asylum see 1871

insect, kind of see 1321

insect, small 884

Inserted Message see 285

Inserted Song see 285

inside 2086

inside, be 118, 2059

instigate 1875

instrumental 601

intend 407, 2041

intensifier 1099, 1104, 595

intentionally, do something 380

internal locative 1037

interpret see 808

interpreter 84

interval of time 1460

intestines 1057

investigate 1061

invite 264

iron see 642

iron kettle see 1296

ironwood see 1133

Iroquois see 1233

Irving, N.Y. see 980

island 714

isn’t it so? 1797

it 587, 1107

itch 1940

itch, make 1939

itchy, be 338

iterative 2, 4, 88, 301, 302, 408, 466, 488, 489, 494, 520, 667, 1434, 1469, 1496, 1501, 1504, 1506, 2093, 2045, 2146

I think 2018

I thought 1792

it is 1126

it is said 1096

it seems 1978

Jack Frost 191

jack-in-the-pulpit see 781

jackknife see 1941

jackrabbit 1709

jackstick 724

jail see 1759

jam see 1369

javelin 984

jaw 1928

jealous, be 1550

jealous, become 2051

jerk see 273

joe-pye-weed 1527 see 457

journey see 497

judge see 1410

jug 1552

jumble 2062

jump 1313

juneberry 537

junebug see 821

just 1558, 1791

kangaroo see 1451

katydid 1576

keep 1942

keeper of the Little Water medicine see 622

keep still see 1874

keg 2057

kernel 1155

kettle 1296

key see 643

kick see 47, 467

kidney 933

kiH 275, 1347

kill a number of people or animals 328

Kill Buck, N.Y. see 2111

killdeer 1757

kill oneself 229

kind, be of a certain 1427

kindness see 804

king see 1032

kingbird see 1527

kingfisher 1698

kinship see 1246

kinsman, have as a 1246

kinsmen, consanguineal see 1233

Kinzua, Pa. see 769

knee 1472

kneel see 1472

knee pants see 684

knife see 942

knock down 319

knoll 1050

knot 1269

knot (in wood) see 2001

know 449, 1887, 1909

know how 1887

Kyashota see 1844

labor see 1951

lacking, be see 1194

lacrosse see 305

ladle see 1381, 1730

ladyslipper 1088

lake 1352

lake, large see 604

lamp 868

lamp chimney 396

lamprey 1589

land (nn.) 1440

land (vb.) see 825

landing place see 497

language 1816

lap 648

lard 618

last, make 946

last (someone) a long time 945

last night 1599

laugh 1570 see 1947

laugh loudly 240

law see 1852

lawn 1461

lay 1860

lay down 981

layer 998 see 1691

lay flat 1691

lay out flat 129

lay over 1867

lay upside down see 732

lay up to a mark 713

lazy, be see 1194, 1874

lead (metal) 1316 see 604

lead (vb.) see 1532

lead, be in the 576

lead, get in the 574

lead astray see 705

leader see 679

leaf 1149

leak 1380

lean 325

leaning against, be 358

lean-to 109

learn see 1887

leather 775

leatherwood 1726

leave 207, 1482

leaves at the tip of a branch 1092

leave something 409

leave something somewhere temporarily 31

left (side) 1734

left alone, be 140

left over, be 1041

left over, have 140

leg 684

legband see 684, 708

leggings 589

lemon see 1063

lend 256

leopard 562

less 1707

lettuce see 1149

lever 1556

liar, be a 1203

lick 940

lid 268

lie 1860

lie (prevaricate) see 1203

lie (nn.) 858

lie on one’s belly see 732

lie with or next to 485

life 1446

lift 601, 982

light 868

light, become 513

light-colored, be 992

lightly, treat 185

lightning flash 438

lightning strike 1917

like 1217

like to eat 961

limb 570, 660

limit, reach the 1424

limp 693

Linking-Arms Dance see 1158

lion see 509

lip 695, 1587

liquid 604

listen 192

listen attentively see 84

little, be 1614 see also small

little people, the 897

Little Water Ceremony see 1198

Little Water medicine see 604

Little Water Society see 1886

live (dwell) see 2041

liveforever see 749

liver 1712

living thing 300

load 549

lobster 879

lock see 743

locomotive and tender see 1293

log 60, 1946, 2001

log house see 1946

lonesome, become 1086

long, be 1470

longhouse see 1233, 1470

longhouse official see 1410, 1748

long time ago, a 2078

long to be somewhere else 481

look after 1592

look at 939 see 934

look for 763 look for in vain 1883

look out for 92

loon 580, 1093

loose, be 183

lose 60

lose one’s breath 227

lot of, be a 1651

louse 883

lousewort 896

lousy, be see 942

love 1195

love potion see 1217

luck 147

lump 100

lump, have a see 874

lump in the throat see 1340

lunch 177

lung 669, 1307

lying on one’s back with legs spread apart, be 505

made out of, be see 1635

magical transformation 925

maidenhair fern see 1116, 1344

make 1463, 1635

make a deal see 1281

make a hole in 309

make a noise 159

make fall 319

make fun of 253

make hard for oneself see 1195

make up the total of 744

male, be 859

mallet 874

man, young 1581

manage 115 see 2069

mandrake see 628

manroot see 1458

many, be 390

many, have 966

many, how see 1431

maple, red 1042

maple, soft 1042

maple, sugar or hard 52

Maple Ceremony see 866

maple sugar 346

marble see 1162

mark 728

mark, make a 1856

marriage, arrange a see 360

married, be see 360

married, get 1326 see 744

married couple 1227

married couples see 737

marrow 1605

marshland see 1332

marten see 1548

Marten Dance see 1548

masculine 3, 331, 369, 411, 486, 492, 527, 538, 559, 1505, 1530, 1543, 2138, 2143, 2146

masculine, be strongly see 1632

massacre 328

mat 788

mat, husk 851

matter 808

mattress 1840

maturity, grow to 221

maul 341

mayapple see 182

meadow 800

meadowlark see 1845

meadowrue see 873

meal see 1704

mean 806

measure 451

measurement see 451

meat 2130

meat, fresh see 2130

meddle 1240

medicine 1229

medicine ceremony see 173

meet see 333

meeting, hold a see 1002

melancholy, be 1815

melon see 637

melt 1311

mend 1388

menstruate 63 see 336

mention see 1816

message 808

message, deliver a 112

messenger see 418

metal 797

meteor see 1773

middle, be in the 44

middle of, be in the 561

midnight see 716

midsummer see 994

midwinter see 1392

Midwinter Ceremony, hold the 1167

mile see 934

milk 1307

milkweed 1266

milkweed, poke see 1025

milkweed, wandering 1575

mind 2041

minister see 844

mink 863

minnow see 769 minute see 616

miraculous, be 1140

miss 512

miss an opportunity 991

mist 1536

mistake, make a 1914

mistreat 1190

mittens see 2069

mix 1882

mix up 2062

moccasin 1925 see 53

Moccasin Game see 53

mock 1299

mockingbird 1513

Mohawk see 1343

Mohawk reservation see 1343

moiety, be in the opposite see 12

moiety, be in the same see 178

moiety, pass from one to the other see 843

mold see 1582

mole (animal) see 2069

mole (blemish) 1001

momentarily, appear 212

Monday see 442, 468

money 722

monkey see 763

month 445

month in the fall see 41

moon 336, 445 see 691

moon, new see 445, 1984

moose 1906

morel, conical see 1843

morning, early in the 1521

morning, in the see 442, 1523

morning star see 800

mortar 2034

mosquito see 641

moss 415

most, the 1965

moth see 300

mother, be 1206

mother, my 1213

mother-in-law see 1512

mourn 179

mouse see 756, 1240

moustache 1045

mouth 107, 668 see 922

mouth, force out of one’s 112

mouth, put in one’s 659

mouth of a stream, be the 386

mouth of snowsnake trough see 1894

move 59, 1000

move about 290 see 1414

move along 591

move away 1500

move over see 591

much, be 399

much, have 966

much, how see 1431

mud 964

mud hen 1052

mud puddle see 1332

mulberry see 1532

mullet see 797

mullet, buffalo 223

mullon see 562

muscle 721 see 1532, 2130

muscular strength 721

mush 866

mushroom 1145 see 182, 781

musical instrument see 447

muskellunge see 1040

muskmelon see 298

muskrat see 1198

musk turtle see 2053

mutual aid see 804

nail 750

Naked Dance see 2052

nakedness 2052

name (nn.) 679

name (vb.) 1858

naming children see 1361

nannyberry 2071

narrow, be 80

nasty, be 1132

nation 1440

native 1458, 2091

navel see 1552

near, be 76

nearby 1753

neat, be 1028

necessary, be 228

neck 628, 1321

neck, put around a 768

necklace see 768

need 228

needle 750

needy, be see 1921

negative 1674, 1680, 1687

Negro, be a 665

nephew see 474, 701

nervous, make see 2041

nest 154

netting 305

neuter 830, 901, 904, 968, 987, 1484, 1485, 1487, 1489, 1493, 1782, 1834, 1952

never 1689

new, be 282

news 808

Newtown (section of Cattaraugus Reservation) see 1274

New Year’s Ceremony, hold the 1167

New York City see 1274

next day see 577

next in line, be see 622

next one, the 723

next to, be 9, 76, 1058

next week see 468

niece see 474, 701

night 49

night, become 2022

night, spend the 448

nighthawk 1089

nine 1775

nipple 1224 no 578

noise 818 see 797

noise, be making a 159, 757, 758, 759

noisy, be 760

nominalizer 1540, 1541, 2103, 2104

nominate see 1011, 1868

nonmasculine 830, 901, 1784, 1812, 1835, 1952

nonsingular 582, 592, 744, 809, 1098, 1714

nonsingular third person 69, 486, 650, 1432, 2146

noon see 561

north 190 see 336

North Collins, N.Y. see 497

north star see 1047

nose 1049, 2073

nose of an animal 1047

notch 616

nothing 1675

nothing but 1394

notice 960 see 808

notify 85, 264

now 2077

nowhere see 947

number 98, 99

nurse see 1300

nut 636

nuthatch, white-breasted see 1946

nut meat 629

nutshell 635

oak, red 1033

oak, white 965

oar see 950

oats see 1244

obey 192

objective 1, 278, 330, 409, 1361, 1431, 1437, 1494, 1785, 1933, 1956, 2081, 2145

obligation see 808

obligation, perform an see 1454

observe 205

occur to one that one should do something see 1899

ocean see 604, 1352

o’clock see 797

odor 1527

offend 174

offspring 1833

oil 618

Oil City, Pa. see 618

O.K., be 774

old, be 73, 995

Old-Fashioned Shuffle Dance see 349

Old-Moccasin Dance see 1925

old people see 995

Oldtown (section of Allegany Reservation) see 2120

on, get 351

on, put 540, 742

one 1573 see 1640

one, be the 1708

Oneida see 1162

one minute see 616

One Year Feast 259

onion 2058

onion, wild see 2058

only 1558

only, be 1394

only a few 1743

Onondaga Reservation see 1274, 868

on the other side of, be 198

on top, put 1011

open 1482, 1656 see 1759

opening, be an 506, 922

operate 59

opossum see 1947

opponent 220

opportunity, have an see 530

oppose 220

opposed to a marriage, be 1612

oppositive I 1062, 1456

oppositive II 667

optative 7, 14, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1959, 1961, 2087, 2088, 2089

orange 1063

orchard see 660

ordain 407

oriole, Baltimore see 1532

osprey 769

ostrich see 526

other 1565

other ones see 723

other side of, be on the 198

otter see 288

Otter Dance see 288

Our Creator see 1890

Our Life Supporters see 1443

Our Sustenance see 1443

outdoors 114

outer part see 114

outside 114

oven, put in an 1475

overnight, stay 448

overshoes, put on see 53

over there 645

over with, be 125

owl see 300

owl, great horned 585, 2074

owl, screech 1075

oyster 1046

pace 522

pack basket see 977

packed, be tightly 184

paddle see 950

paddle (for stirring) see 1730

paddlefish see 954

pail 1296

pailful 744

paint 48

paintbrush see 48

paint one’s face see 1035

pair, be a 1859

pale, make 174

palm of the hand 343

pan 841

pant 226

panther 562

pants see 1845

paper see 729

parasol see 182

parch corn 175 see 525

parched corn see 1560

parched corn much see 1560

parents-in-law of the same couple, be 176

parrot see 1059

partitive 1097, 1168, 1290

partners, be see 1881

partridge 890

partridgeberry see 1533

part with, not want to 1272

part with, refuse to 200

pass by 530

pass through 530

past 70, 902, 1073, 1291, 1953

patch 1388

path 497

pay 1330 see 909

pay attention to see 808, 1028

payment given a false face see 1164

pea 471

Peace Queen see 43

peach see 568

Peach Stone Game see Bowl Game

peacock see 529

pear see 881

peck 312, 661

peddle 208

peddler 208

peek 121

peel 2008

peeling 355

pen see 729

pencil see 729

pendants see 722

penis 1103

penis, glans 1843

pennies 1081

penny 1082, 1084

people go around in a circle see 712

pepper, black 1508 see 668

pepperidge see 24

perceive 960

perch 351

perform an irrevocable act 1048

perform an obligation see 808, 1454

perhaps 1221

permeate 770

permit see 956

persist 366, 1449

persist stubbornly 1727

person 1458

Personal Chant 241

Personal Chant, accompany a 232

Personal Chant, sing a 236

persuade 907

pestle see 1704

pewee see 1255

phase, pass through one 531

pheasant 1658

Philadelphia, Pa. see 1274

phoebe 1661

pick (nn.) 321

pick (vb.) 1062

pick berries see 903

pickerel see 1040

picking basket, berry see 100

pick up 601

picture see 1868

pied-billed grebe 626

pierce 309, 312

pig 1024, 1025

pigeon see 529 pigeon cherry 941

pig hanger see 1025

pig sty see 1989

pigweed, yellow 1578

pike see 769, 948, 1725

pike, great northern see 1040

pile 277, 690

pile up 615

pillow 1053

pimple 1223

pin 750

pin, common see 865

pinch 823

pin cushion see 750

pine 2112

pine, white 2112 pine cone 1232

Pinewoods (section of Cattaraugus Reservation) see 2112

pipe 396 see 105

pit 1580

pitch 1522

pitcherplant see 589

Pittsburgh, Pa. 1769, 1776

pity for, show 804

place 602

place, be in a particular 1079

place food before 377

plain, fluvial 1465

plane (the tool) see 698

plant (nn.) 488

plant (vb.) 1911

plant, low 1987

plant, tall 1949

plantain see 497

plant a tree 340

planted area 575

plan to do see 808

plaster 1287

plateau 603

play 206 see 1886

play against 220

play cards see 729

playing field see 206

plead forgiveness see 804

pleasant, be 470

please 1497, 1498

pleasing, be 963

pleasure see 470

Pleiades 1735

pleurisy see 309

pliable, become 1428

plot see 1079

plow see 545

plug 847

plug up see 847

plum 990

plural 1097, 1714, 1783, 1785, 1802, 1812, 1835, 2145

pluralizer 1561, 1562

pocket 1451

pocketbook 1738

point 616

point, come to a 1420

point in a certain direction 934

point out 1492

poison (vb.) 263 see 1882

poison ivy see 338

poke 1423

pole 306, 570

polish see 1603

pollen, corn 1043

polliwog 2116

ponder see 1410

pop 57

pop (corn) 175

popcorn 1136 see 57

poplar 1208

populative 1384

pop up 56

porch 109

porcupine 558

possession of, take 187

possible, be 1077

post 714, 1946

postpone 2066

potato 1191

poultice 1892

pound (corn) 1704

pound (wood) 1064

pour 460

powder 314 see 1704

powder, coarse 61

power see 2002

power, possess evil 215

practice 93

pray see 1449

prayer see 1449

preach see 615

preacher see 1697

precisely 1791

preferred one, be the 1900

pregnant, be 1105 see 170, 1394

premonition of, have a see 775

Preparation Dance see 1635

prepare 1635 see 671

prepare cornhusks for braiding see 1259

present, be 1681, 1886 see 368

present in abundance, be 1250

President of the United States see 1274

press down 1741 press together see 1921

prey on one’s mind see 447

price 909

price, exact a 911

pricker 735

priest see 844, 1844

princespine see 1149

probably 1221

proceed 773

prod 1423

produce 591

progressive 266, 1772

promise see 808

proof, give see 808

proper, be 1876

property 103 see 1079, 1250

protect 276 see 2069

protrude through an opening 307

prove see 808

provide 207, 244, 1011

pry 1557

public, the 807

puckered, be 1768

pudding 866

puddle, mud see 964

puffball, giant see 1916

pull 273, 810, 2100, 2114

pull out 1146

pull up see 634

pulse see 601

pumpkin see 637

punch (nn.) 312

punctual 301, 357, 475, 815, 902, 1418, 1642, 1953, 1954, 2144

puncture 309

punish 554

pupil (of eye) 1608

purple see 2105

purposive 405

pus 210

push 591 see 19

push to a certain point see 1420

put a cover on 1426

put aside 1372

put away 160, 230 see 679

put down 1886

put forth 591

put in order 1666

put in oven 168, 1475

put in place see 1463

put on an act see 723

put on the end of a pole 1363

put on trial see 1410

put over 288, 1400

putrid, be see 989

put something around see 1759

put things in, something to see 1650

put through an opening 1454

put together 308, 360, 627, 1921

put up 288, 1011 see 1681

put up to someone see 981

pygmy 897

quail 1027

Quaker Bridge, N.Y. see 1864

quarantine 63

quarrel 136 see 975

quart see 1263

quarter, a see 702

Quavering see 1479

queen see 1032

quick-tempered, be 1303

quill, porcupine see 558

quilt, patchwork see 627

quit 437

quiver (nn.) 2122

quiver (vb.) 1185

rabbit 1074

Rabbit Dance see 1074

raccoon 1980

Raccoon Dance see 1980

race (foot) see 418

raft 714 rafters 1270

railroad coaches see 1233

railroad track see 497, 642, 750, 1691

rain 1602 see 1482

rainbow 2000

raise 982

rake see 1987

rancid, be see 989

rapids 620

raspberry, black see 660

raspberry, red 1668

rasping stick see 616

rat see 1240

rattle 1618

rattle, bark see 1590

rattle, box turtle 2129

see 193

rattlesnake see 683

rattlesnake root see 683, 1533

raw, be 213

reach, be unable to 479

reach out for 1329

read see 1887

real, be 1876

real estate see 1079

realize see 503

really see 1876

reason, the see 808, 1463

receive 601, 1062

recently 1800

reciprocal 120, 124, 131, 137, 139, 140

reckless, be 1632

recover (from an illness) 244

red see 1737

red, dark see 279, 2105

Red Jacket see 1883

reed 1198 see 672

referee see 115, 205

reflexive 4, 16, 82, 118, 148, 171, 413, 416, 432, 435, 1958, 1963, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995

refuse to part with 200

reject 319

reject someone’s proposal 385

rejoice in 1261

related to, be 1246

relationship see 1246

release 207

religion see 808

rely on see 358

remain 1041

remember 92

remind see 1909

remove 1500

remove a covering 2008

remove a layer 998

repeatedly 1005

repent see 554

repetitive 829, 846, 1503, 1641

replace see 1715

reputation, loss of see 1816

request see 1449

request a story see 808

resemble 1902

responsibility see 808

responsible for, be see 2069

rest 232

restrict 63

restricted third person 539, 555, 830, 1487, 1489, 1835, 1873, 1952, 1981

retard see 1930

retiring, be 40

return 77

revolting, be 1132

revolve 461, 928

rhinoceros see 1047

rhubarb 2061

rib 1945

rib cage 1621

ribs 1621

rice see 2038

ride on the back of an animal 676

ridge 548, 1050

ridicule 253

riffles 620

right, be 1876

right (side), be one’s 1900

rind 1059

ring, finger see 708

rinse 997

ripe, be 747

ripen 294

rise into the air 1690

ritual 808

ritual siblings, be 248

river 761

road 497

robin 1780

Robin Dance see 1780

rock (back and forth) 243

rock bank 1610

rock bass 931, 1646

rocking chair see 662, 882

rod 522

roll 927

roll roughly 341

roof 1621

room 1252

root 1060

rope 1937

rotate 928

rotten, be see 989

rotten wood in a powdery state 590

rough 1035

rough, be 1686

rough and tough, be see 1632 round, become see 715

round, make see 715

row (a boat) 632, 950

row of corn kernels 497

rub 349, 1398

rubber 201

rubbers, put on see 53

rug see 568

ruler see 449

rummage 1240

run 418

run, start to 419, 436

run a race see 1854

run away 2070

rin away (from) 165

run into 309

runner, curved 625

running, be 1660

run over see 1868

runs in a baseball game see 1936

run somewhere see 1660

rust 1582

sachem see 1440, 1852

sad, become 1086

saddle see 351, 1400

salamander 1755

saliva 790

salt 853

salt container see 853

same see 1640

samp see 2038

sand 2031

Sand Hill see 2112

sandpiper 1757

Sandy’s Road Longhouse see 1916

sap see 346

sarsaparilla see 900

sash 976

sassafras 1271

satellite see 1773

satiated, become 58

satisfy 226

saturate see 1454

saturated, be (of a color) 128

Saturday see 468, 1252

Sauk and Fox 1585

save 230

savor 696

saw see 1866

saxifrage, swamp 371

say 409, 561

scales (of a fish) 796

scalp 1218

scar 826

scarlet fever see 1085

scarlet tanager 837

scatter 1381

scattered, be 1381

scent, get the 151

school see 1887

scissors see 942

scoke 2105

scold see 821

scoop up 1373

scorch 2110

scorching hot, be 2108

scrape 20, 983, 1008

scraper see 983, 1008

scratch 20, 983

scratcher (back) see 983

scream 542

screw 885

scum see 415

seal 288

seat 825, 1350

secluded, be 1202

second person 666, 667, 675, 676, 680, 828, 846, 1437, 1494, 1503, 1515, 1645, 1761, 1835, 2145

security 103

see 939, 988, 1744 see 934

seed 1230, 1580

Seed Ceremony see 1156

seed corn see 1157

seize 11

self 1447

selfish, be 1272

sell see 612

send 181

sendoff, give a 663

Seneca see 1274

Seneca language see 1458

separate 1016 see 1372, 1867

separated, be 149

separated, become 204

separate entities, be 74

series, go in see 622

serpent, mythical 1673

serve 377

serve someone right 269

set 825

set a time or place 1492

set right see 808 settle 825

settle to the bottom 450

set up see 1640

seven 836 sew 2040

sewing basket see 2040

sex, want a particular member of the opposite 135

shade 182

shake 1479

Shake-the-Bottle Dance see 1552

Shake-the-Branch Dance see 1583

Shake-the-Bush Dance see 1583

Shake-the-Pumpkin Dance see 822, 1160

shanty 109

shape 1868

sharp, be 725, 740

sharpen 726, 740

Sharpen-the-Stick Dance see 1402

Sharp-Legs see 2037

shawl 2019

Shawnee see 1510

she 587 shed 109

sheep, see 1298

shelf 441

shell (vb.) 1379

shell (rind) 1059

shell, screw-shaped see 885

shield (vb.) see 1640

shin 1434

shingles see 1482

shiny, be 1603

shoe 53, 1925

shoes, put on see 47, 2010

shoes, take off see 2008, 2010

Shongo see 1465

shoot 827

shoot and hit 686

short, be 81

short, be (in stature) see 608

shorten 1066

shoulder 607, 1358

shoulder belt see 1400

shoulder blade 1358

shout 542, 758

shouting, be 757, 758

shove 591

shovel 954

show 1492, 1899

show, put on a see 1855

shrink see 1405

shriveled, be 1768

Shuffle Dance see 349

Shuffle Dance, Great see 349

shy, be 202

sibling, have as older 596

sibling, have as younger 600

siblings, be 178

siblings, be ritual 248

sick, be see 556, 1260

sick, feel 1260

sick, make 1236

sickly, make 174

sickness 1235 see 1236, 1260

sick person see 556

side, be one 914

sideburns 1387

side by side, be 1017

side of body 1621

sieve 280

sift 280

signal 1899

silver see 722

silver beads see 722

Silver Creek, N.Y. see 548

similar, be 1908

simple noun suffix 489, 1953, 1954

sin see 808

since 1318

sinew 1288

sing see 447

sing a Personal Chant 236

sinker 1316

sister, see sibling sister-in-law, have as 1857, 362

sisters-in-law, be 274

sit 1350

sit down see 1886

six 1877

Six Nations see 1440

size, be of a certain 1

skeleton 864

ski see 718

skim 1008

skin (nn.) 775, 2115

skin (vb.) 1904 see 2008

Skin-Beating Dance see 1121

skinny, be see 2037

skirt 2027

skunk 1520

skunking 1717

sky 1950

slam 1416

slant, be on a 937

sleep 803

sleep on, something to 788

sleet see 1831

sleigh bells see 1549

slip 594

slip out of one’s hand 207, 1370

slippery, be 794

slow down 169

slowly 1579

sluice see 1861

slump 1659

small, be 304

small, be (ref. to several things) 78

smallpox see 1269

smash 586

smell (nn.) 1527

smell (vb.) 158

smell bad 989

smell something fresh 696

smile 1947

smock 265

smoke (nn.) 1916

smoke (vb.) see 843

smoked see 770

smooth, be 698

snail see 1233

snake 1533

snake, garter see 1288

snake, milk see 721

snake, red-bellied 1732

snake, water see 1278

sneeze 2128

sniff 151

snipe 1297, 2068

Snipe Clan see 2031

snore 1039

snout 1047

snow 1181

snow (falling) 2023

snowdrift see 615, 1916

snowflake 2023

snowshoe see 718

snowsnake 711

snowsnake, pointed end of see 1049

snowsnake lead see 604

snowsnake medicine see 711

snowsnake tail 1739

soak 1311

soap see 1201

social group 1134

society, belong to a charm holders see 684

sod 2084

so far as I am concerned 1792

soft, become 1428

soil 545

soldier 1581

sole of the foot 343

solid, be 613

so many 1750

some 1095

someone 1598

something 524, 1090

something carried on the back 978

somewhere 947

son, see child, have as one’s

song 447

son-in-law, have as 1108

son-in-law to parents-in-law, be related as 379

soon 855

sore, be 1260

sorrow 1345

sorry, make 677

soup, be 1022

soup made with roasted corn 1143

sour, be 738, 875

south 1997 see 1115

space 1252

spark 868

sparrow 791

speak see 1816

speak (up) 1592

speak about 1814 see 818

speaker see 1697

specific, be 1748

speckled, be see 868

speech 808

sperm 816

spicebush 1616, 1677

spider 1979

spikenard see 900

spill 583 spin 461

spin (thread, etc.) 685

spine 1620

spirit 2041

spit see 790

splint (in basketry) 718

splinter 250, 860

split 1412

spoil see 552

spoil, let 991

sponge (vb.) see 713

spoon see 1381

spot (dot) 260

spot (place) 602

spot, be in a particular 1079

spouse 1125, 1227 see 744, 1036

spouse, be a 737

spout 689

spout for sap see 756

spread on 1369

spread one’s arms or wings 167

spread out 1381

spread the news see 808

spread the word see 808, 1816

spring (of water) 1471 see 805

spring (season) 772

spring peeper 2050

sprinkle 1389

sprout 717

spruce 1624

spy on see 906

square, be 1747

square dance see 1235

squash 637 see 628

squash, crookneck see 628

squash, Hubbard see 1552

squash, kind of see 329

squash rattle see 628

squat see 810, 1317

squeeze see 1921

squirrel, black 2028

squirrel, flying see 711

squirrel, gray 2028

squirrel, red see 1179

stab 312

stack 277

stagger see 1532

stalk, thick 2061

stand in array 681

standing, be 1640

stand still in the air see 1690

stand up see 1640

stand up quickly see 981

stand upright 634

star 852

starched cloth see 1121

stare at 252

start (from fright) 556

startle 64

startling, be 65

start to move 1185

state, be of a certain 1427

State (of the United States) 1252

station see 579

stay up all night 566

steal 1267

steam 1536

steel 797

stem 660, 1946

step 522

stepchild, have as 1205

stepdaughter see 1205

stepfather see 1205, 1295

stepmother see 1295

step on 104

step over see 522

stepparent to, be 1295

steps, go in see 622

stepson see 1205

step up see 522

stick 306, 570, 2004, 2132

stick of firewood 1905

stick on 361

sticky, be see 361

stiff, be 1655

stiff material 1121

sting see 2057

stinger 857, 860

stink 989 stir 290, 1730

stomach 1151, 1740 see 118

Stomp Dance see 2122

stone 1162, 2111

Stone Coat see 775

stoneroot 1038

stop 127, 437, 579

stopping place see 579

store 160 see 679

store in one’s clothing 443

storm see 1728

story 808, 909

stove see 324, 1233

stovepipe 396

straight, be 220, 1748

straighten 1666

strap 1532

straw 1566

strawberry 9, 1547 see 868

Strawberry Ceremony or Dance see 298, 373, 1362

stream 861

strength see 2002

stretch 201

stretch on a frame 2098

strike 1983

Strike-the-Stick Dance see 306

striking pole 1131

string 688

string bean 1733

String Bean Ceremony 1733

strip 999

stripe see 620

stroke see 1398

stroke, have a see 1894

strong, be 1686, 2002

strong, be very 164

strong-minded or strong-willed, be see 952

strong solution, be a 1012

stub of broken off branch 1862

stuck, get 1171

stuffed in, be 46

stumble see 47

stump 1026

stump, uprooted 2013

sturgeon 1546 see 954

stutter 1798

subchief see 622, 1060, 1946

subject 808

subject of a speech see 808

submissive, be 268

such 1102

suck 1300, 1421

sucker see 797

sucker on a cornstalk 430

suddenly aware, become 272

sugar 346

Sugar Grove, Pa. see 319

suggest see 808

suit 31

suitcase see 1840

sumac 214

summer 994

summon 776

sun 336

Sunday 468 see 442

sunfish 931

sunflower 482 see 852

superior, be see 1000

supplement 289

support under, put a see 1015

surface, come to the 224

surprise see 1139

survey see 797

suspenders see 1400

swallow 1462

swallow (bird) 888

swamp 567

swan 1713, 1803 see 1596

Swan Dance see 1713

sweat 2126 see 324

sweep 789

sweet, be see 346

sweetflag 395

see 396

swell 1695

swelling on a plant 1243

swim 143

swing see 662

swing oneself around 1935

sycamore see 775

syrup 1546 see 345

table see 1021

taboo, avoid something 62

taboo, be 62

Tadodaho 1699

tail 756

tail of a bird 2134

tail of a fish see 802

take 496, 1062

take advantage of see 1354

take advantage of someone’s hospitality see 713

take along see 516

take along food 177

take apart 967

take care of 92, 1591

take for one’s own 1942

take off 540, 967

take one’s time 1930

take out 1656, 1850 see 333

take over from see 1715

take possession of 187

take seriously see 1028

Taking the Kettle Out see 1296

tale 909

talk 1697 see 818

talk secretively 2062

tall, be 608, 1470

tally stick see 616, 1158

tamale 1324

tame 1545

tangled, become 744

tap a tree 24 see 346

tassle, corn 880

taste 1061

taste funny 1571

taste good 963

taste something fresh 696

teach see 808, 1463, 1887, 1899

tear apart 359

tease 356

teat 1224

teeth see 805

tell 736

tell about see 736

ten, be 101

tendon 1288

Tenth Day Feast 259

testicle 2012 see 2111

testify see 808

thank 1261

thanksgiving see 1497

Thanksgiving Dance 433 see 1259

Thanksgiving Speech see 1261

thank you 1331

that one 587

that there 1129

that way 644

thaw 1631 see 1311

the 1107

then 1716

there 645, 1129

the same, be 1748

thick, be 1692

thief see 1267

thigh 1845

thimble see 2069

thimbleberry 1263

thin, be 1654 see 2037

thing 808

things 1101

think 368 see 449

thinking cap see 2046

think of 378

thirsty, be see 526

thirteen see 1572

this 1107, 1144, 1150, 1160

this is 1126

this one 587, 1150

this time 1124

thistle 1255

thorn 393, 771

thorn tree see 771

thousand see 101

thousand dollars see 657

thread 688

threaten to hit 167

three 1525

throat 628

throb see 601

throw 258, 1430

throw aside 1482

throw away 106

throw in bowl or dice game see 575, 1346

throw in dice game see 637

throw open 1482

thrush 791

thumb 1938

Thumbs-Up Dance see 1938

thunder see 1816

Thunder Ceremony 1795

Thunderer, the 593

Thunderers, the see 1816

Thursday see 468

tick 1518, 1765

tickclover, Canada see 1239

tidy, be 1028

tidy up 35

tie see 688

tie around 708

tie up see 1475

tiger 562 see 1664

tightly packed, be 184

time (for something) 1252

tin 797 see 213

tiny, be 1781

tire 1854

tired, become 247, 1577

tired of, become see 992

tire of waiting 1242

toad see 1269

toad rush see 497, 980

toadstool 182 see 781

to a lesser degree see 1707

tobacco 1915

tobacco pouch see 1915

today see 442

toe 727

tomahawk 874

tomorrow see 577

Tonawanda Reservation see 620

tongue 363

tonight see 2022

too bad, be see 1569

tool see 778

too much see 1565

tooth 1207

torch 509

tornado see 109

touch see 1899

touch glancingly 1830

touching, affect adversely by 1

tough, be 613

toward 1065

toward there 644

towhee 893

town 1274

toy see 206

track 1854

trade 138

tradition 808

trail (nn.) 497

trail (vb.) 2114

train see 2102

trample on see 1868

transfer 764

translocative 486, 519, 538

transient 488, 667, 1433, 1531, 1999, 2029, 2139, 2146

trap 1982, 797

travel 59

tray 662

tread 104

treat lightly 185

tree 340, 572, 660, 1946

tree, kind of see 609

tree toad see 508

tricks, do see 1855

tricky, be see 1899

trip see 1400

tripe see 1151

trouble, cause 753, 1265

trough 2092

trout 1770

true, be see 808

trunk 1946

try 451

try again see 54

try hard to do something 219

trying, keep 1449

try to learn see 1887

tub 2057

Tuesday see 468, 492

tug-of-war see 810

tulip tree 1568

turkey see 2112

turn 461, 712, 928

turn, be one’s see 1869

turn around 907 see 764

turn aside see 333

turn away 907

turn inside out see 926

turnip see 1060

turn over see 732, 764

turn upward 926

turtle 2053

turtle, Muhlenberg’s see 1147

turtle, snapping 1325

Turtle Clan 1325

turtle rattle 1325, 2053

Tuscarora 1672

Tuscarora chief see 1123

twelve see 1572

twelve and a half cents 702

twenty-one see 1572

twins, be 1019

twist 1745

two 1682

ugly, be 552

umbrella see 182

unable to, be see 1194

Uncles see 162

uncle to, be 474, 1210

uncover see 1426

uncultivated, be 1346

underneath 1306

understand 85 see 2041

unequal, be 1715

unexpectedly, happen 269

unfold see 1867

unnatural, be see 1899

unrestricted third person 1484, 1485, 1487, 1489, 1493

unripe corn or beans 90

unripe fruit 1006

unsociable, be 40

untie see 708

up in the air 553

uproot 2014

upside down, be 2056

urge 546

urinate 261

urinate, want to 563

urine 550

Ursa Major see 1327

us 2020

usage see 808

use see 1874

used up, be 1007

usher see 825

uterus see 1833

utter 1592

utterance 1816

vagina 606

valley 1364 see 1274

vegetable matter floating on water 395

veil 305

vein 861

venereal disease 856

Versailles, N.Y. see 1610

verse 316

vertebra prominens 636

very 1968

vice-president see 622

village see 1274

vine 2085

vinegar see 738

violet see 628

virgin see 1202

virtuous, be 2046 see 808

visible, become 805

visible in glimpses, be 212

visit see 1936

visit briefly 251

visor see 1147

vitality see 1448

voice 1816

vomit (nn.) 1335

vomit (vb.) 1334

wade see 1344

wagon 2102

waist 706

waistline see 1868

wait 451

wake up 157 see 1874

walk 368 see 497

walk, take a see 497

walking stick see 1458

wall 762

walnut, black see 636

wampum 868, 1627

wampum (string) 1729, 1731

wampum beads 1889

wampum belt 1627

Wampum Keeper see 808

want 228, 378

want a particular member of the opposite sex 135

want to leave see 651

war club 874

war, go to 29

war, make 29

War Dance 1795

War Dance, dance the 444

warm, be 324

warm, become 1115

Warren, Pa. see 620

warrior 1581

wart 1224

wash 1201

wash off 997

watch 205, 252

watch over 180

water 604

water, be in 1361, 2106

water, get 840

water, put in 1361, 1362, 2106

water drum see 2057, 1296

waterhemlock 2058

watermelon see 637

watermoccasin see 949

wave (nn.) 1758

wave (vb.) 473, 1479

wax see 1369

we 2020

weak, be 268

weaken 1659

weapon see 1347

wear see 1845, 1874

weasel see 1245

Wednesday see 468

weed (unidentified) 316

weed, low 1987

weed, tall 1949

week 468

weep 45, 111

well, be 774

well attended, be 1542

west see 336

wet, be 348, 1453

what 1693

whatever 1694

wheat 1244

wheel 2047

wheelbarrow see 19

when 1820

whenever 1821

where 543, 573, 951

wherever 923, 953

whether 1974

which way see 951

while 1318

whippoorwill 1088

whirl 1935

whirlpool see 620

whiskers 1264

whiskey 604

whisper (nn.) 845

whisper (vb.) see 121

whisper, confer in a see 121

whistle 1248, 1249

whistling, be 1247

whistling swan 1803

white, be 992 see 1287

White man, be a 642

White men see 600

whitewood 1568

whither see 951

whole of, be the 1076

wholly, be 1409

why see 808, 1463

wickedness see 808

wide, be 79

wife 1227 see 995 (spouse)

wild, be 1346

wild animal 1354

wildcat see 43, 1664

wildginger 1586

wild senny leaves see 1149

willing, be 956

willow 1517

wilt 1659

win 1002 see 1866, 2030

win a bet from 2030

wind 332

wind, strong see 109

window see 934, 1376

wine see 639 wing 1153

wings, spread one’s 167

winnow see 918

winter 1392

winter, become 1391

wintergreen 869

wipe 342

wire 750

wise, be 2046

wish for something to happen see 447

wishing for the best, a 255

wish someone well 254

witch, be a 215

witch-hazel 1667

wolf see 517

Wolf Clan see 517

Wolf Run see 1610

woman see 193, 652, 779

Women’s Shuffle Dance see 349

wood (as material) 718

wood (as fuel) 1905

woodchuck 1702

woodcock 1297

wood nettle 588

woodpecker 1718

woodpecker, red-headed 2076

woods 511

woody portion of a twig 526

word 808, 1816

work see 778

work hard see 1951

working, be 778

work together see 1879, 1881

world 1440

worm 1564

worn out, be 1688

worse, become 1727

Worship Dance 433

worst see 821

wrap 2009

wrapped in a blanket, be 33

wren 1778

wrestle see 1879

wring see 1921

wrinkled, be 237

wrist 1159

write 729

yam, wild see 2085

yard 306

yarrow, common see 1166

yawn see 1656

year 1392

year hence see 531

yeast see 1695

yellow see 873

yellow dock see 1640

yellow leaf cup see 1049

yellow wild indigo see 298

yes 1749, 1998

yesterday 1703

you 2017

young, be 282

youngest, be the 1613

Bibliography

Chafe, Wallace L.

1959 a. Internal reconstruction in Seneca. Language, vol. 35, pp. 477-494.

1959 b. The classification of morphs in Seneca. Anthropological Linguistics, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 1-6.

1960. Seneca morphology. Internat. Journ. Amer. Linguistics, vol. 26, pp. 11-22, 123-129, 224-233, 282-289.

1961 a. Seneca morphology. Internat. Journ. Amer. Linguistics, vol. 27, pp. 42-45, 114-118, 223-225, 320-328.

1961 b. Seneca thanksgiving rituals. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 183.

1963. Handbook of the Seneca language. New York State Mus., Bull. 388.

Hewitt, J. N. B.

1903. Iroquoian cosmology, first part. Seneca version. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Ann. Rep., vol. 21, pp. 221-254.

1918. Seneca fiction, legends, and myths. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Ann. Rep., vol. 32, pp. 493-813.

Holmer, Nils

1952. Seneca II. Internat. Journ. Amer. Linguistics, vol. 18, pp. 217-222.

1953. Seneca III. Internat. Journ. Amer. Linguistics, vol. 19, pp. 281-289.

1954. The Seneca language, a study in Iroquoian. Upsala Canadian Studies, vol. 3. Upsala and Copenhagen.

Lounsbury, Floyd G.

1953. Oneida verb morphology. Yale Univ. Pubs. Anthrop., no. 48.

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1913. The Code of Handsome Lake, the Seneca prophet. New York State Mus., Bull. 163.

1926. An analytical history of the Seneca Indians. Researches and Transactions of the New York State Archaeol. Assoc., vol. 6.

Pilling, James C.

1888. Bibliography of the Iroquoian languages. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 6.

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Notes

¹ In a treatment of the syntax it would be necessary to add intonational and phrase final features.

² Neither of the nasalized vowels is identical in position with any oral vowel.

³ An unreleased [n] occurs nondistinctively between a nasalized vowel and t.

⁴ An unreleased [d] is part of the phoneme j.

⁵ j differs from the sequence ts only in its voicing. It contrasts with ts, however, and thus Is party to the only voiced-voiceless distinction in the language. Its analysis as a single phoneme seems preferable to the introduction of a phoneme d or z.

⁶ Lounsbury’s analysis of Oneida (1953) is largely along these lines.

⁷ -:hsa:-, -ihsa:-, and -ihsa:- (below) are allomorphs of the same morpheme. For morphonemic alternations involving the prosodic phonemes, see [3.19–23], and [4].

⁸ The nonmascullne morpheme never occurs without the dual or plural morpheme, but the masculine morpheme does.

⁹ The stress pattern of this word will be found to differ from that described in this work. It can be regarded as conditioned by syntactic factors in the utterances cited.

¹⁰ The vertical line is used to mark an IC division.

¹¹ Or occasionally y: ʔakɔ́ksyɔε: t my pocket.

¹² hati- they is an expanded prefix to be described in a later section.

¹³ Lounsbury calls the cognate suffixes in Oneida PERFECTIVE, SERIAL, IMPERATIVE, and PUNCTUAL.

¹⁴ Ø indicates a zero allomorph.

¹⁵ In examples, a verb root which appears for the first time or whose form is for some other reason of particular interest will be given in parentheses in its basic prosodic shape.

¹⁶ As well as he/it is eating him, etc., meanings which depend on peculiarities associated with the prefix and will be discussed in that connection. The prefix ho- in ho.kɔh is an expansion.

¹⁷ With the duplicative prefix te-, described in a later section

¹⁸ Square brackets are used to indicate the portion of an allomorph which overlaps the following morph.

¹⁹ Only expansions of the verb root, to be described later, were available as examples of ke- before s and ʔ.

²⁰ Additional allomorphs of this and some of the following morphemes, occurring in noninitial position, are described in [8]. In [6.5-8] the term “basic allomorph” means, strictly speaking, the most frequent basic allomorph, since more restricted alternative forms are indicated.

²¹ Morphs are described as overlapping only if neither of them occurs elsewhere with the ambiguous phoneme (cf. [6.7]). Otherwise the phoneme is assigned to the root (as in the last two examples here), or to the morph closest to the root.

²² The initial ni- belongs to the partitive morpheme, which regularly occurs with these roots.

²³ This use of (C) is consistent with and an extension of that described at the end of [4.6].

²⁴ Seneca speakers in Canada allegedly use the same word to moan in the house.

²⁵ Exceptions to this last are a few words in which the optative prefix occurs with a descriptive stem: ta: yakótaʔɔh she ought to hate taken a stand, nɔ: takayéanɔʔ the way it should have been done (both words with other constructions not yet described).

²⁶ With the future modal prefix ʔε-.

²⁷ The cognate morphemes in Oneida are called by Lounsbury AORIST, INDEFINITE, and FUTURE.

²⁸ The initial n- belongs to the partitive morpheme, which regularly occurs with this root.

²⁹ As noted In [8], the modal prefix only occurs In a verb, and then only with a punctual or imperative verb stem.

³⁰ In word initial position this prefix is homonymous with the inclusive dual 19.4]

³¹ These forms are thus homonymous with the second person nonsingular subjective prefix [9.5].

³² An example of such an exceptional occurrence is shetwa- we (incl. pl.) … him in shetwáhεs:nɔʔ he is famous or notorious among us, with the noun stem -hsεnɔʔ name, fame.

³³ Some idiolects have -awɔ- etc.

³⁴ The last two forms are homonymous with their reverse, he … you (du or pl.) [11.5].

³⁵ This form is homonymous with its reverse, she, they …you (nonsg.) [11.8].

³⁶ Some idiolects have ?ɔ- rather than ?e-.

³⁷ Some idiolects have -ɔwɔ- before -n- also

³⁸ The Roman numerals provide an indication of the relative number of verb roots with which these morphemes have been found to occur, I occurring with the largest number.

³⁹ The punctual allomorph can always be inferred from the imperative [8.2].

⁴⁰ The initial he-/h- of these examples belongs to the translocative morpheme.

⁴¹ The cognate morpheme in Oneida is called by Lounsbury the INFECTIVE.

⁴² Note the contrasting causative I -′ht- in ʔaki: wáε ʔhehtɔh I have decided, lit. made the matter stop.

⁴³ The first -t- belongs to the duplicative morpheme, described in a later chapter.

⁴⁴ An alternative way of expressing the meaning she … her, which is not covered by any transitive prefix (cf. [10.2]). It may also be used occasionally with the meaning they (nonmasc.) … her, for which another possibility is to use simply a nonmasc. pl. subject alone.

⁴⁵ With the cislocative and duplicative prefixes, to be described.

⁴⁶ Note that the occurrence of -atat-/-atate- is not completely parallel to that of the reflexive allomorphs -at-/-ate-.

⁴⁷ The initial j is from the repetitive morpheme, yet to be described.

⁴⁸ This is an arbitrary term, used here simply for its convenience in statements which follow in this section. It should not be confused with the more general concept of irreducibility [2.15, 5.1].

⁴⁹ Together with the modal prefixes they correspond to Lounsbury’s PREPRONOMINAL prefixes in Oneida.

⁵⁰ The latter is cognate with Lounsbury’s ITERATIVE morpheme.

⁵¹ It is only in the presence of a primary or secondary prefix that the indicative and Imperative morphemes occur together in the same word (cf. [8.3]).

⁵² Cognate with Lounsbury’s DUALIC.

⁵³ In one environment [22.3] it follows the modal prefix.

⁵⁴ In some idiolects -te-.

⁵⁵ Note that a secondary prefix never occurs together with a negative or trans, locative prefix, but that the latter two do sometimes occur together [24].