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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES • NUMBER 26

Distribution of Recent
Benthic Foraminifera off the
North American Pacific Coast
from Oregon to Alaska

Stephen J. Culver
and Martin A. Buzas

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
City of Washington
1985

ABSTRACT

Culver, Stephen J., and Martin A. Buzas. Distribution of Recent Benthic Foraminifera off the North American Pacific Coast from Oregon to Alaska. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, number 26, pages 234, 139 figures, 2 tables, 1985.—A computer file of all published distributional data (presence or absence) on the living and dead recent benthic foraminifera off the North American Pacific Coast (Oregon to Alaska) was constructed from 31 papers published since 1886. Manipulation of this file produced 5 catalogs and 139 maps.

Catalog 1 lists alphabetically species names with publication and locality information as recorded in the literature (i.e., unsynonymized). Catalog 2 lists synonymized species names with publication and locality information. Catalogs 3 and 4 list alphabetically all unsynonymized and synonymized species names, respectively. Catalog 5 lists synonymized names by increasing latitude and longitude.

During the past 100 years, 523 names have been used to record benthic foraminifera in the study area. Through synonymization, this number was reduced to 404, of which 138 occur at 6 or more of the 157 sample localities. Computer-generated maps were drawn for the 138 most commonly recorded species.

Species were grouped by depth and geographic (latitudinal) distribution through visual examination of the maps. Eight species are coastal in their distribution, 63 occur mainly at depths of less than 200 m, 27 at depths greater than 200 m, and 40 are ubiquitous with depth. Many species appear to alter their depth distribution with latitude, but this may be due to a poor sampling framework.

Latitudinally, the species are grouped into three categories. Forty-two species occur mainly to the north of 52°–55°N, 22 species occur mainly to the south of 52°–55°N, and 74 species are latitudinally ubiquitous within the area of study. This preliminary analysis indicates a possible faunal break in the region of Queen Charlotte Island.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Seascape along the Atlantic coast of eastern North America.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Culver, Stephen J.

Distribution of recent benthic foraminifera off the North American Pacific coast from Oregon to Alaska.

(Smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences ; no. 26)

Bibliography: p.

Includes index.

Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.41:26

1. Foraminifera—Pacific Coast (U.S.)—Geographical distribution. 2. Foraminifera—Pacific Coast (B.C.)—Geographical distribution. 3. Protozoa—Geographical distribution. 4. Protozoa—Pacific Coast (U.S.)—Geographical distribution. 5. Protozoa—Pacific Coast (B.C.)—Geographical distribution.    I. Buzas, Martin A.    II. Title.    III. Series.

QL368.F6C624    1985    593.1′209795    85-600001

Distribution of Recent
Benthic Foraminifera off the
North American Pacific Coast
from Oregon to Alaska

Stephen J. Culver and Martin A. Buzas

Stephen J. Culver, Department of Geological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508. Martin A. Buzas, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Introduction

Study of the recent benthic foraminifera off the North American Pacific Coast began in 1886 when Whiteaves published his work on the faunas off British Columbia. Since then, many other workers have contributed papers on the taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of northwestern Pacific foraminifera. One hundred and fifty-nine papers concerning recent benthic foraminifera of this region were published between 1886 and 1980. This paper represents the first attempt to synthesize these data and is the fourth of a series including and summarizing all published data on the distribution of recent benthic foraminifera around North America. All published distributional data for the east coast is presented in Culver and Buzas (1980) and the results of subsequent analysis are given in Buzas and Culver (1980), Culver and Buzas (1981a,b, 1982a). Gulf of Mexico data are given in Culver and Buzas (1981c,d, 1982a, 1983). Distribution data for the Caribbean region are presented in Culver and Buzas (1982b).

The work presented here can be divided into three main parts. First, there is a reference section consisting of (1) the papers used in compiling the presence-absence data utilized by this study and (2) additional references that are cited in this paper. Second, there are five computer-generated catalogs listing every species ever recorded in publications on the North American Pacific coast, north of California. Third, there are computer-generated maps of the 138 most commonly recorded species together with a map showing all sample localities in the study area. Explanatory notes for the catalogs and maps can be found later in this introduction.

Following the format of our studies of the benthic foraminifera off the east coast of North America, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean, we have included a key to our concept of each of the 138 most commonly recorded species.

METHODS.—The computerization methods utilized in this work were the same as those described in detail in Culver and Buzas (1980). Of the 159 papers published on the benthic foraminifera of the North American Pacific continental margin, 31 contained data in a form enabling its incorporation in this study. The name of one or more species (living or dead) and the locality where they were found was all that was required. The information typed into the basic compilation file consisted of (1) author of publication, (2) date of publication, (3) generic name used in publication, (4) specific name used in publication, (5) locality, and (6) latitude and longitude (see Catalog 1).

When numerous sample sites of a particular study were in very close proximity they were summarized by a single or several representative localities. Thus, all species recorded in the sampled area were considered to have been found at the representative points. In a very few cases, where no detailed locality information was given, a point was arbitrarily chosen to be representative of the records in question. Modification and sorting of this basic file resulted in the production of 5 catalogs, which are described below. The 139 maps in this publication are also computer-generated and were drawn on a Calcomp Plotter.

THE CATALOGS.—Five catalogs are included in this section and are designed to enable the reader to have rapid access to all published distributional data on recent benthic foraminifera off the North American Pacific coast north of California. Catalog 1 lists (alphabetically by binomen) all the records of every species ever recorded in the study area and also includes publication and locality information. This catalog contains almost 2,500 entries and around 12,500 pieces of information. Catalog 2 is the synonymized version of number 1. This list is identical to Catalog 1 except that generic and specific names have been changed where necessary. To aid referral between Catalogs 1 and 2, line numbers starting at 10001 are included at the left-hand margin of the files. Thus, for example, it can be seen that Trifarina angulosa from Ketchikan, Alaska (Catalog 2, line 10121) was originally recorded (Cushman and McCulloch, 1948) as Angulogerina angulosa (Catalog 1, line 10121). Due to an error, line 12047 in Catalogs 1 and 2 is blank.

Catalogs 3 and 4 aid rapid use of the first two catalogs. Catalog 3 is an alphabetized list of the 523 taxa that have been recorded on the North American Pacific continental margin north of California. Catalog 4 lists alphabetically the 404 species recorded in this area after synonymization achieved by reference to published illustrations and specimens lodged in the USNM collections (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution) and the British Museum (Natural History) collections. Catalogs 3 and 4, therefore, are derived directly from Catalogs 1 and 2, respectively.

Catalog 5 is intended for the researcher interested in specific areas. This catalog contains alphabetized lists of synonymized species for each locality (localities are listed by increasing latitude and longitude). If, in the case of synonymized species, the investigator questions the generic or specific name used, he can refer to Catalogs 1 and 2 to find the original name used by the author of the publication in which that species was recorded.

THE MAPS.—The 139 computer-generated maps included in this section are, like the catalogs, provided as a reference tool for use in distributional studies of recent benthic foraminifera. Figure 1 illustrates the distribution of all the 157 sample localities included in this study. The 183 m and 1830 m submarine contours roughly approximate to the edge of the continental shelf and the bottom of the continental slope, respectively. The distribution of the sample localities must be taken into account when examining the maps illustrating the distributions of species.

Figures 2 to 139 are computer-generated maps of the 138 most commonly recorded species. These are species that have been recorded 6 times or more, or at approximately 4% or more of the 157 localities; the figure of 4% was chosen arbitrarily to conform with the studies of the Atlantic continental margin of North America, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean (Culver and Buzas, 1980, 1981c, 1982b). The maps are arranged alphabetically by genera and by species within each genus.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—We thank Dante Piacesi and Ken McCormick for their considerable efforts in the computer production of this work. D.A. Diddi, L. Collins, S. Richardson, and A. Lanham contributed invaluable library research and secretarial services. Dr. C.G. Adams kindly allowed access to British Museum (Natural History) collections.

Discussion

The main purpose of this publication is to present all the published distributional data of recent benthic foraminifera from the North American Pacific continental margin north of California. A total of 523 names have been recorded in this region from 157 localities. Synonymization reduced this number to 404. Of these 404 species, 138 occurred at 6 or more of the 157 localities; that is, 29% of the species occur at 4% or more of the sample localities.

Distributional data have been summarized by tabulation. Table 1 is a synopsis of depth distribution and Table 2 summarizes latitudinal distribution. Depth distribution of the 138 most commonly recorded species was determined through visual inspection of the maps. Forty species are ubiquitous, 8 are coastal, 63 occur at depths of less than 200 m and 27 species at depths of greater than 200 m.

The sampling framework must be taken into account when considering these depth distributions. In this study, “ubiquitous” means that a species occurs both on the continental shelf and slope. As there are few abyssal samples, “>200 m” indicates that a species is found mainly on the slope. Similarly, “<200 m” indicates that a species occurs mainly on the shelf. The category “coastal” includes lagoons, marshes, bays, and beaches.

Many of the species listed under “ubiquitous” occur on the shelf in the south of the study area, but with increasing latitude they extend their bathymetric ranges down onto the slope. This could be interpreted as species changing their habitats with latitude as indicated by depth distributions (e.g., Hazel, 1970). However, there are so few bathyal samples in the south of the study area that this interpretation cannot be accepted without further study.

The poor sampling framework, together with taxonomic inconsistencies, can also be suggested as the reason for some unexpected distributions. For example, Trochammina inflata, a well-known littoral marsh form, is listed in Table 1 as having a ubiquitous distribution. Examination of Figure 128 shows 12 records, of which 7 are coastal, 4 are bathyal and 1 is abyssal. Given these wide habitat differences it is reasonable to suggest that even with synonymization, two or more species are represented by these data.

One species, Cribrostomoides nitidum (Figure 29), is distinguishable from all others in the “>200 m” category. The six records are all from abyssal depths and so this species may be a useful deep water indicator in the study area. In comparison, in the Gulf of Mexico (Culver and Buzas, 1981c) C. nitidum occurs at bathyal and abyssal depths. This illustrates the danger of utilizing the isobathyal species concept (Bandy and Chierici, 1966) as a tool for bathymetric interpretations.

Latitudinal distribution of recent benthic foraminifera is the subject of Table 2. Visual examination of Figures 2–139 resulted in three categories of distribution with a possible faunal boundary in the vicinity of Queen Charlotte Island (52°–55°N). Forty-two species occur mainly to the north of this region, 22 occur mainly to the south, whilst 74 species occur throughout most of the latitudinal spread of the study area from around 41°N to 61°N.

Although a possible faunal break is noted above, we will reserve comment on foraminiferal provinces along the Pacific coast of North America until the final two volumes in this series covering California to Baja, California, and Baja to Panama (Culver and Buzas, in preparation) are published.

The summary distributions described above are based solely on the data presented in this study and do not take into account distributional data to the north or south of the area covered by this publication.

TABLE 1.—Depth distribution.

Ubiquitous | Trochammina inflata | Ammonia beccarii | Miliolinella circularis
| Trochammina nitida | Buliminella elegantissima | Nonionella basispinata
Adercotryma glomerata | Uvigerina juncea | Cidicides lobatulus | Nonionella stella
Astrononion gallowayi | Uvigerina peregrina | Cribrostomoides crassimargo | Oolina borealis
Bolivina decussata |  | Dendrophyra arborescens | Patellina corrugata
Bolivina pacifica | >200 m | Dyocibicides biserialis | Polymorphina kincaidi
Buccella frigida |  | Eggerella advena | Pseudopolymorphina
Bulimina ovata | Ammodiscus minutissimus | Elphidiella nitida | charlottensis
Cassidulina barbara | Bolivina alata | Elphidium articulatum | Quinqueloculina seminula
Cibicides fletcheri | Bolivina spissa | Elphidium bartletti | Quinqueloculina stalkeri
Cribrostomoides jeffreysii | Bulimina barbata | Elphidium crispum | Quinqueloculina sp.
Cyclogyra involvens | Bulimina inflata maxicana | Elphidium excavatum | Recurvoides turbinatus
Epistominella exigua | Bulimina subacuminata | Elphidium frigidum | Reophax curtus
Epistominella pacifica | Bulimina tenuata | Elphidium hughesi | Robertinoides charlottensis
Epistominella vitrea | Cassidulina cushmani | Elphidium incertum | Rosalina columbiensis
Eponides leviculus | Cassidulina subglobosa | Elphidium lene | Sigmorphina gallowayi
Fissurina lucida | Chilostomella oolina | Elphidium subarcticum | Sigmomorphina trilocularis
Globobulimina auriculata | Cibicides mckannai | Elphidium tumidum | Trifarina angulosa
Globobulimina pacifica | Cribrostomoides nitidum | Eponides repandus | Trifarina semitrigona
Haplophragmoides planissimum | Cribrostomoides subglobosum | Fissurina marginata | Trochammina charlottensis
Islandiella calfornica | Eggerella bradyi | Gaudryina arenaria | Trochammina discorbis
Islandiella norcrossi | Eponides healdi | Gaudryina subglabrata | Trochammina nana
Lagena elongata | Eponides subtenera | Glabratella ornatissima | Trochammina pacifica
Lagena striata | Eponides umbonatus | Haplophragmoides bradyi | Trochammina rotaliformis
Miliolinella subrotunda | Fursenkoina loeblichi | Haplophragmoides canariensis | Trochammina squamata
Nonionella auricula | Gyroidina io | Haplophragmoides columbiensis |
Nonionella turgida digitata | Haplophragmoides scitulum | Islandeilla helenae |
Nonionellina labradorica | Hyperammina elongata | Islandeilla limbata | Coastal
Oolina hexagona | Karreriella parkerae | Islandiella tortuosa |
Oolina melo | Triloculina trihedra | Karreriella baccata | Ammotium cassis
Oolina straitopunctata | Trochammina globigeriniformis | Lagena apiopleura | Buccella tenerrima
Pullenia salisburyi | Uvigerina peregrina dirupta | Lagena distoma | Elphidiella arctica
Pyrgo murrhina | Valvulineria araucana | Lagena gracilis | Elphidiella hannai
Reophax scorpiurus | Valvulineria glabra | Lagena laevis | Elphidium microgranulosum
Saccammina atlantica |  | Lagena pliocencia | Eponides columbiensis
Spiroplectammina biformis | <200 m | Lagena semilineata | Quinqueloculina akneriana
Thalmannammina parkerae |  | Lagena spicata | Trochammina kellettae
Trifarina fluens | Ammodiscus gullmarensis | Miliammina fusca |

Summary

1. All published data on the distribution of recent benthic foraminifera of the North American Pacific continental margin north of California is presented in the form, of 5 catalogs and 139 maps.

2. 523 taxa have been recorded in the area of study.

3. The taxa have been reduced to 404 by synonymization.

4. Of the 404 synonymized species, 138 occur at 6 or more of the sample locations; that is, 29% of the species occur at 4% or more of the 157 sample localities.

5. Three groups of commonly recorded species characterize gross depth zones. Eight species are coastal in their distribution, 63 occur at depths of less than 200 m and 27 at depths of greater than 200 m.

6. Another group, containing 40 species, is ubiquitous, occurring on the continental shelf and slope and sometimes at abyssal depths.

TABLE 2.—Latitudinal distribution.

North (>50°–55°N) | Thalmannammina parkerae | Ammodiscus gullmarensis | Islandiella tortuosa
| Trifarina fluens | Astrononion gallowayi | Lagena apiopleura
Ammodiscus minutissimus | Triloculina trihedra | Bolivina pacifica | Lagena distoma
Ammotium cassis | Uvigerina peregrina | Buccella frigida | Lagena elongata
Bolivina alata | Uvigerina peregrina dirupta | Bulimina tenuata | Lagena gracilis
Bolivina decussata | Valvulineria araucana | Buliminella elegantissima | Lagena pliocenica
Bolivina spissa | Valvulineria glabra | Chilostomella oolina | Lagena spicata
Bulimina barbata |  | Cibicides fletcheri | Lagena striata
Bulimina inflata mexicana | South (<50°–55°N) | Cibicides lobatulus | Miliolinella subrotunda
Bulimina subacuminata |  | Cribrostomoides nitidum | Nonionella auricula
Cassidulina barbara | Ammonia beccarii | Cribrostomoides subglobosum | Nonionella stella
Cassidulina cushmani | Buccella tenerrima | Cyclogyra involvents | Nonionella turgida digitata
Cassidulina subglobosa | Bulimina ovata | Dendrophyra arborescencs | Nonionellina labradorica
Cibicides mckannai | Elphidium crispum | Dyocibicides biserialis | Oolina borealis
Cribrostomoides crassimargo | Elphidium incertum | Eggerella advena | Oolina melo
Cribrostomoides jeffreysii | Elphidium lene | Eggerella bradyi | Oolina srtiatopunctata
Elphidiella arctica | Elphidium microgranulosum | Elphidiella hannai | Patellina corrugata
Elphidium bartletti | Elphidium subarcticum | Elphidiella nitida | Polymorphina kincaidi
Epistominella vitrea | Eponides columbiensis | Elphidium articulatum | Pseudopolymorphina
Eponides healdi | Gaudryina subglabrata | Elphidium excavatum | charlottensis
Eponides leviculus | Haplophragmoides bradyi | Elphidium frigidum | Pullenia salisburyi
Eponides subtenera | Haplophragmoides canariensis | Elphidium hughesi | Quinqueloculina akneriana
Fursenkoina loeblichi | Miliammina fusca | Elphidium tumidum | Quinqueloculina seminula
Gyroidina io | Miliolinella circularis | Epistominella exigua | Recurvoides turbinatus
Haplophragmoides scitulum | Nonionella basispinata | Epistominella pacifica | Robertinoides charlottensis
Hyperammina elongate | Reophax curtus | Eponides repandus | Saccammina atlantica
Islandiella helenae | Rosalina columbiensis | Eponides umbonatus | Sigmomrphina gallowayi
Islandiella norcrossi | Trifarina semitrigona | Fissurina lucida | Sigmomrphina trilocularis
Karreriella baccata | Trochammino charlottensis | Fissurina marginata | Spiroplectammina biformis
Karreriella parkerae | Trochammino discorbis | Gaudryina arenarita | Trifarina angulosa
Lagena laevis | Trochammino kellettae | Glabratella ornatissima | Trochammina globigeriniformis
Lagena semilineata | Trochammino nana | Globobulimina suriculata | Trochammina inflata
Oolina hexagona |  | Globobulimina pacifica | Trochammina nitida
Pyrgo murrhina |  | Haplophragmoides columbiensis | Trochammina pacifica
Quinqueloculina stalkeri | Ubiquitous | Haplophragmoides planissimum | Trochammina rotaliformis
Quinqueloculina sp. |  | Islandiella calfornica | Trochammina squamata
Reophax scorpiurus | Adercotryma glomerata | Islandiella limbata | Uvigerina juncea

7. Commonly recorded genera and species vary in their usefulness for delimiting depth zones.

8. The depth distribution of many “ubiquitous” species increases towards the north. It may indicate habitat changes with increasing latitude, but it can just as easily be explained as an artifact of a poor sampling framework.

9. Three groups of commonly recorded species characterize biogeographic faunal categories. Forty-two species occur mainly to north of 52°–55°N, 22 occur mainly to the south of this region, and 74 species are latitudinally ubiquitous in the study area extending from around 41°N toward 61°N.

Key to the Species on the Maps

Following Culver and Buzas (1980, 1981c, 1982b) we list below a key to our concept of the 138 most commonly recorded species on the North American Pacific continental margin north of California. Genera are listed alphabetically as are the species within each genus. Under each species, the reference or references are given where the reader can find published illustrations that adequately convey our concept of each of the commonly recorded species in this study. Many of the 138 species were also included in the keys to commonly recorded species for the east coast of North America, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean (Culver and Buzas, 1980, 1981c, 1982b); the references given here for these species are generally the same.

INDEX TO PUBLICATIONS THAT ILLUSTRATE OUR
CONCEPT OF THE 138 MOST COMMONLY
RECORDED SPECIES

Adercotryma glomerata (Brady): Parker, 1954:486, pl. 1: fig.18 [as Adercotryma glomeratum].

Ammodiscus gullmarensis Hoeglund: Hoeglund, 1947:123, pl. 8: figs. 2, 3, 8, pl. 20: figs. 17, 18 [as Ammodiscus planus].

Ammodiscus minutissimus Cushman and McCulloch: Cushman and McCulloch, 1939:70, pl. 5: figs. 3, 4.

Ammonia beccarii (Linné): Schnitker, 1974:217–223, pl. 1.

Ammotium cassis (Parker): Schafer and Cole, 1978:27, pl. 3: fig. 7.

Astrononion gallowayi Loeblich and Tappan: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1289, pl. 2: figs. 1, 2.

Bolivina alata (Seguenza): Brady, 1884:422, pl. 53: figs. 2–4 [as Bolivina beyrichi var. alata].

Bolivina decussata Brady: Todd and Low, 1967:A27, pl. 4: fig. 11.

Bolivina pacifica Cushman and McCulloch: Cushman and McCulloch, 1942:185, pl. 21: figs. 2, 3 [as Bolivina acerosa var. pacifica].

Bolivina spissa Cushman: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1289, pl. 3: fig. 25.

Buccella frigida (Cushman): Todd and Low, 1961:18, pl. 1: figs. 24, 25.

Buccella tenerrima (Bandy): Lankford and Phleger, 1973:116, pl. 4: fig. 19.

Bulimina barbata Cushman: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1289, pl. 4: fig. 14.

Bulimina inflata Seguenza mexicana Cushman: Cushman, 1922:95, pl. 21: fig. 2.

Bulimina ovata d’Orbigny: Cushman, 1922:100, pl. 21: fig. 3.

Bulimina subacuminata Cushman and Stewart: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1289, pl. 4: fig. 1.

Bulimina tenuata Cushman: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1289, pl. 5: fig. 8

Buliminella elegantissima (d’Orbigny): Schnitker, 1971:194, pl. 4: fig. 17.

Cassidulina barbara Buzas: Buzas, 1965:25, pl. 5: figs. 2, 3. Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1289, pl. 4: fig. 25 [as Cassidulina islandica].

Cassidulina cushmani Stewart and Stewart: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1289, pl. 4: fig. 34.

Cassidulina subglobosa Brady: Parker, 1948:237, pl. 6: figs. 3a,b.

Chilostomella oolina Schwager: Parker, 1954:537, pl. 11: fig. 15.

Cibicides fletcheri Galloway and Wissler: Uchio, 1960, pl. 10: figs. 1–3. Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1289, pl. 1: fig. 17.

Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob): Sen Gupta, 1971:89, pl. 2: figs. 34–36.

Cibicides mckannai Galloway and Wissler: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1289, pl. 3: figs. 8–10 [as Cibicides aff. mckannai].

Cribrostomoides crassimargo (Norman): Schafer and Cole, 1978:27, pl. 4: figs. 2a, b.

Cribrostomoides jeffreysii (Williamson): Todd and Low, 1967:A15,pl. 1: fig. 21.

Cribrostomoides nitidum (Goës): Parker, 1954:486, pl. 1: fig. 17 [as Alveolophragmium nitidum].

Cribrostomoides subglobosum (Sars): Loeblich and Tappan, 1964:C225, fig. 136(1, 2).

Cyclogyra involvens (Reuss): Schafer and Cole, 1978:27, pl. 7: fig. 6a,b.

Dendrophyra arborescens (Norman): Brady, 1884:262, pl. 28: figs. 12, 13 [as Hyperammina arborescens].

Dyocibicides biserialis Cushman and Valentine: Todd and Low, 1967:A35, pl. 5: fig. 3.

Eggerella advena (Cushman): Cushman, 1922:57, pl. 9: figs. 7–9 [as Verneuilina advena].

Eggerella bradyi Cushman: Cushman, 1922:59, pl. 11: fig. 1 [as Verneuilina bradyi].

Elphidiella arctica (Parker and Jones): Schafer and Cole, 1978:27, pl. 9: fig. 6.

Elphidiella hannai (Cushman and Grant): Cushman and McCulloch, 1940:177, pl. 20: fig. 11.

Elphidiella nitida Cushman: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1290, pl. 1: figs. 3,4.

Elphidium articulatum (d’Orbigny): Parker, 1952a:411, pl. 5: figs. 5, 7.

Elphidium bartletti Cushman: Sen Gupta, 1971:89, pl. 2: figs. 26, 27.

Elphidium crispum (Linné): Nicol, 1944:177, pl. 29: figs. 3, 11 [as Elphidium fax fax].

Elphidium excavatum (Terquem): Cushman, 1930:20, pl. 7: fig. 10a,b [as Elphidium incertum var. clavatum]. Buzas, 1966:585–594, pl. 71: figs. 1–8 [as Elphidium clavatum]. Schnitker, 1971:198, pl. 7: fig. 4 [as Elphidium incertum].

Elphidium frigidum Cushman: Cushman and McCulloch, 1940:171, pl. 19: figs. 6, 8.

Elphidium hughesi Cushman and Grant: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1290, pl. 1: figs. 1, 2.

Elphidium incertum (Williamson): Buzas, 1966:592, pl. 72: figs. 1–6.

Elphidium lene Cushman and McCulloch: Cushman and McCulloch, 1940:170, pl. 19: fig. 2 [as Elphidium incertum var. lene].

Elphidium microgranulosum (Thalmann): Galloway and Wissler, 1927:83, pl. 12: figs. 15, 16 [as Themeon decipiens].

Elphidium subarticum Cushman: Parker, 1952a:412, pl. 5: fig. 9

Elphidium tumidum Natland: Natland, 1938:144, pl. 5: figs. 5, 6.

Espistominella exigua (Brady): Phleger and Parker, 1951:28, pl. 15: figs. 6, 7, [as Pseudoparrella exigua].

Epistominella pacifica (Cushman): Todd and Low, 1967:A32, pl. 5: fig. 18.

Epistominella vitrea Parker: Parker, Phleger, and Peirson, 1953:9, pl. 4: figs. 34–36, 40, 41.

Eponides columbiensis (Cushman): Cushman, 1925:43, pl. 7: figs, 1a–c [as Pulvinulina columbiensis].

Eponides healdi Stewart and Stewart: Stewart and Stewart, 1930:70, pl. 8: figs. 8a–c.

Eponides leviculus (Resig): Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1290, pl. 4: figs. 22–24.

Eponides repandus (Fichtel and Moll): Phleger and Parker, 1951:21, pl. 11: figs. 5, 6.

Eponides subtenera (Galloway and Wissler): Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1290, pl. 4: fig. 19–21 [as Eponides subtener].

Eponides umbonatus (Reuss): Cushman, 1931:52, pl. 11: figs. 1–3 [as Eponides umbonata].

Fissurina lucida (Williamson): Todd and Low, 1967:A28, pl. 3: fig. 31.

Fissurina marginata (Montagu): Sen Gupta, 1971:82, pl. 7: figs. 4, 5.

Fursenkoina loeblichi (Feyling-Hanssen): Phleger and Parker, 1951:18, pl. 9: figs. 1–3 [as Virgulina complanata].

Gaudryina arenaria Galloway and Wissler: Cushman and McCulloch, 1939:91, pl. 8: figs. 2, 3.

Gaudryina subglabrata Cushman and McCulloch: Cushman and McCulloch, 1939:92, pl. 8: figs. 5–7.

Glabratella ornatissima (Cushman): Todd and Low, 1967:A30, pl. 4: fig. 23.

Globobulimina auriculata (Bailey): Schnitker, 1971:202, pl. 5: fig. 6.

Globobulimina pacifica Cushman: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1290, pl. 6: fig. 9.

Gyroidina io Resig: Uchio, 1960: pl. 8: figs. 16–18.

Haplophragmoides bradyi (Robertson): Hoeglund, 1947:134, pl. 10: fig. 1.

Haplophragmoides canariensis (d’Orbigny): Schnitker, 1971:204, pl. 1: fig. 6.

Haplophragmoides columbiensis Cushman: Cushman and McCulloch, 1939:72, pl. 5: figs. 8–10 [as Haplophragmoides columbiense].

Haplophragmoides planissimum Cushman: Cushman, 1927:135, pl. 1: fig. 6 [as Haplophragmoides pianissimo].

Haplophragmoides scitulum (Brady): Parker, 1954:487, pl. 1: figs. 20, 21 [as Alveolophragmium scitulum].

Hyperammina elongata Brady: Parker, 1952a:395, pl. 1: fig. 10.

Islandiella californica (Cushman and Hughes): Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1289, pl. 2: figs. 23, 24 [as Cassidulina californica].

Islandiella helenae Feyling-Hanssen and Buzas: Feyling-Hanssen and Buzas, 1976:155, figs. 1–4. Todd and Low, 1967:A38, pl. 5: fig. 10 [as Cassidulina teretis].

Islandiella limbata (Cushman and Hughes): Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1289, pl. 2: figs. 3–5 [as Cassidulina limbata].

Islandiella norcrossi (Cushman): Parker, 1948, pl. 6: figs. 2a,b [as Cassidulina norcrossi].

Islandiella tortuosa (Cushman and Hughes): Todd and Low, 1967:A38, pl. 5: fig. 12 [as Cassidulina tortuosa].

Karreriella baccata (Schwager): Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1291, pl. 3: figs. 13, 14.

Karreriella parkerae Uchio: Uchio, 1960:56, pl. 2: figs. 21–23, Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1291, pl. 5: figs. 3, 4, 22.

Lagena apiopleura Loeblich and Tappan: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1291, pl. 2: fig. 19.

Lagena distoma Parker and Jones: Todd and Low, 1967:A24, pl. 3: fig. 18.

Lagena elongata (Ehrenberg): Todd and Low, 1967:A24, pl. 3: fig. 22.

Lagena gracilis Williamson: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1291, pl. 4: fig. 4.

Lagena laevis (Montagu): Schafer and Cole, 1978:28, pl. 6: fig. 10.

Lagena pliocenica Cushman and Gray: Todd and Low, 1967:A25, pl. 3: fig. 19.

Lagena semilineata Wright: Cushman and McCulloch, 1950:345, pl. 46: fig. 11.

Lagena spicata Cushman and McCulloch: Cushman and McCulloch, 1950:360, pl. 48: figs. 3–7 [as Lagena sulcata var. spicata].

Lagena striata (d’Orbigny): Todd and Low, 1967:A25, pl. 3: fig. 20.

Miliamminafusa (Brady): Parker, 1952b:452, pl. 2: figs. 6a,b.

Miliolinella circularis (Bornemann): Cushman and Todd, 1947:6, pl. 1: fig. 33 [as Triloculina circularis].

Miliolinella subrotunda (Montagu): Brooks, 1973, pl. 8: figs. 6, 9. Brady, 1884:169, pl. 4: fig. 3, pl. 5: figs. 13, 14 [as Miliolina circularis].

Nonionella auricula Heron-Allen and Earland: Cushman and McCulloch, 1940:159, pl. 17: figs. 6, 7.

Nonionella basispinata Cushman and Moyer: Cushman and McCulloch, 1940:158, pl. 17: figs. 8, 9, pl. 18: figs. 4, 5 [as Nonion pizarrense var. basispinatum].

Nonionella stella Cushman and Moyer: Cushman and McCulloch, 1940:162, pl. 18: fig. 2 [as Nonionella miocenicavar. stella].

Nonionella turgida digitata Norvang: Todd and Low, 1967:A36, pl. 5: fig. 8.

Nonionellina labradorica (Dawson): Cushman, 1930:11, pl. 4: figs. 6–12 [as Nonion labradoricum].

Oolina borealis Loeblich and Tappan: Todd and Low, 1967:A28, pl. 3: fig. 34.

Oolina hexagona (Williamson): Todd and Low, 1967:A29, pl. 3: fig. 28.

Oolina melo d’Orbigny: Schafer and Cole, 1978:28, pl. 6: fig. 5.

Oolina striatopunctata (Parker and Jones): Todd and Low, 1967:A29, pl. 3: fig. 25.

Patellina corrugata Williamson: Schnitker, 1971:206, pl. 6: fig. 12.

Polymorphina kincaidi Cushman and Todd: Cushman and Todd, 1947:12, pl. 2: figs. 9, 10.

Pseudopolymorphina charlottensis (Cushman): Cushman and Todd, 1947:12, pl. 2: fig. 11 [as Polymorphina charlottensis].

Pullenia salisburyi Stewart and Stewart: Todd and Low, 1967:A38, fig. 20.

Pyrgo murrhina (Schwager): Cushman, 1929:71, pl. 19: figs. 6,7.

Quinqueloculina akneriana d’Orbigny: D’Orbigny, 1846:290, pl. 18: figs. 16–21.

Quinqueloculina seminula (Linne): Sen Gupta, 1971:85, pl. 1: figs. 25–27.

Quinqueloculina stalkeri Loeblich and Tappan: Todd and Low, 1967:A19, pl. 2: fig. 17.

Quinqueloculina sp.: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1292, pl. 2: fig. 22 [as Quinqueloculina akneriana].

Recurvoides turbinatus (Brady): Sen Gupta, 1971:84, pl. 1: figs. 10–12.

Reophax curtus Cushman: Sen Gupta, 1971:84, pl. 1: figs. 2 - 4.

Reophax scorpiurus Montfort: Cushman, 1920:6, pl. 1: figs. 5–7.

Robertinoides charlottensis (Cushman): Cushman and Todd, 1947:18, pl. 3: fig. 2 [as Robertina charlottensis].

Rosalina columbiensis (Cushman): Lankford and Phleger, 1973:127, pl. 5: figs. 10–12.

Saccammina atlantica (Cushman): Sen Gupta, 1971:83, pl. 1: fig. 1.

Sigmomorphina gallowayi Cushman and Ozawa: Cushman and Todd, 1947:12, pl. 2: fig. 8.

Sigmomorphina trilocularis (Bagg): Cushman and Todd, 1947:11, pl. 2: fig. 7.

Spiroplectammina biformis (Parker and Jones): Schafer and Cole, 1978:29, pl. 3: fig. 2.

Thalmannammina parkerae (Uchio): Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1291, pl. 5: fig. 28 [as Haplophragmoides (Recurvoidella) parkerae].

Trifarina angulosa (Williamson): Sen Gupta, 1971:89, pl. 2: figs. 16–17.

Trifarina fluens (Todd): Todd and Low, 1967:A30, pl. 4: fig. 5 [as Angulogerina fluens].

Trifarina semitrigona (Galloway and Wissler): Cushman and Todd, 1947:19, pl. 3: fig. 7 [as Angulogerina semitrigona].

Triloculina trihedra Loeblich and Tappan: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1292, pl. 5: figs. 1, 2.

Trochammina charlottensis Cushman: Lankford and Phleger, 1973:130, pl. 3: figs. 3, 4.

Trochammina discorbis Earland: Cushman and McCulloch, 1939:106, pl. 11: fig. 10.

Trochammina globigeriniformis Brady: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1292, pl. 5: figs. 20, 21.

Trochammina inflata (Montagu): Parker, 1952b:459, pl. 3: figs. 1a,b.

Trochammina kellettae Thalmann: Cushman and McCulloch, 1939:101, pl. 11: fig. 1.

Trochammina nana Brady: Brady, 1884:311, pl. 35: figs. 6–8 [as Haplophragmium nanum].

Trochammina nitida Brady: Cushman and McCulloch, 1939:105, pl. 11: figs. 7–9.

Trochammina rotaliformis Wright: Cushman and McCulloch, 1939:107, pl. 12: fig. 2.

Trochammina squamata Jones and Parker: Schafer and Cole, 1978:29, pl. 5: fig. 1.

Uvigerina juncea Cushman and Todd: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1292, pl. 3: fig. 4.

Uvigerina peregrina Cushman: Cushman, 1923:166, pl. 42: figs. 7–10. Pflum and Frerichs, 1976:108, pl. 8: figs. 2, 3 [as Uvigerina peregrina peregrina].

Uvigerina peregrina Cushman dirupta Todd: Pflum and Frerichs, 1976:108, pl. 8: figs. 4, 5.

Valvulineria araucana d’Orbigny: Uchio, 1960, pl. 8: figs. 3–5.

Valvulineria glabra Cushman: Bergen and O’Neil, 1979:1292, pl. 5: figs. 14, 15.

References

(An asterisk marks each of the 31 publications from which distribution data were drawn for construction of the catalogs)

Bandy, O.L., and M. Chierici

1966. Depth-Temperature Evaluation of Selected California and Mediterranean Bathyal Foraminifera. Marine Geology, 4:254–271.

Bergen, F.W., and P. O’Neil

* 1979. Distribution of Holocene Foraminifera in the Gulf of Alaska. Journal of Paleontology, 53(6): 1267–1292.

Bradshaw, J.S.

* 1961. Laboratory Experiments on the Ecology of Foraminifera. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 12(3):87–106.

Brady, H.B.

1884. Report on the Foraminifera Collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the Years 1873–1876. In Report... Challenger, Zoology, 9(22):xxi + 814 pages, 115 plates. London.

Brooks, W.A.

1973. Distribution of Recent Foraminifera from the Southern Coast of Puerto Rico. Micropaleontology, 19(4):385–416.

Buzas, M.A.

1965. Foraminifera from Late Pleistocene Clay near Waterville, Maine. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 145(8):1–30.

1966. The Discrimination of Morphological Groups of Elphidium (Foraminifer) in Long Island Sound through Canonical Analysis and Invariant Characters. Journal of Paleontology, 40(3):585–594.

Buzas, M.A., and S.J. Culver

1980. Foraminifera: Distribution of Provinces in the Western North Atlantic. Science, 209:687–689.

Cockbain, A.E.

* 1963. Distribution of Foraminifera in Juan de Fuca and Georgia Straits, British Columbia, Canada. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 14(2):37–57.

Cooper, W.C.

* 1961. Intertidal Foraminifera of the California and Oregon Coast. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 12(2):47–63.

Culver, S.J., and M.A. Buzas

1980. Distribution of Recent Benthic Foraminifera off the North American Atlantic Coast. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 6:1–512.

1981a. Recent Benthic Foraminiferal Provinces on the Atlantic Continental Margin of North America. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 11(3):217–240.

1981b Distribution of Selected Recent Benthic Foraminiferal Genera in the Western North Atlantic. In J.W. Neale and M.D. Brasier, editors, Microfossils from Recent and Fossil Shelf Seas, pages 336–349. Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood.

1981c. Distribution of Recent Benthic Foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 8(1–2):1–898.

1981d. Foraminifera: Distribution of Provinces in the Gulf of Mexico. Nature, 290:328–329.

1982a. Recent Benthic Foraminiferal Provinces between Newfoundland and Yucatan. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 93:269–277.

1982b. Distribution of Recent Benthic Foraminifera in the Caribbean Region. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 14:1–382.

1983. Recent Benthic Foraminiferal Provinces in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 13(1):21–31.

Cushman, J.A.

* 1910. A Monograph of the Foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean, Part 1: Astrorhizidae and Lituolidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 71:1–134.

* 1913. A Monograph of the Foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean, Part 3: Lagenidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 71(3):1–125.

* 1915. A Monograph of the Foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean, Part 5: Rotalidiiae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 71(5):1–87.

* 1917. A Monograph of the Foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean, Part 6: Miliolidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 71(6):1–108.

1920. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Part 2: Lituolidae. Bulletin of the United States Museum, 104(2):1–111.

1922. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Part 3: Texulariidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 104(3):1–228.

1923. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Part 4: Lagenidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 104(4):1–228.

* 1925. Recent Foraminifera from British Columbia. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 1(2):38–47.

1927. Recent Foraminifera from off the West Coast of America. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Technical Series, 1:119–188.

1929. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Part 6: Miliolidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 104(6):1–129.

1930. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Part 7: Nonionidae, Camerinidae, Peneroplidae, and Alveolinellidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 104(7):1–79.

1931. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Part 8: Rotaliidae, Amphisteginidae, Calcarinidae, Cymbaloporettidae, Globorotaliidae, Anomalinidae, Planorbulinidae, Rupertiidae and Homotremidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 104(8):1–179.

Cushman, J.A., and P.G. Edwards

1937. Astrononion, a New Genus of the Foraminifera and Its Species. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 13(1):29–36.

Cushman, J.A., and I. McCulloch

* 1939. A Report on Some Arenaceous Foraminifera. University of Southern California, Publications of the Allen Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 6(1):1–113.

* 1940. Some Nonionidae in the Collections of the Allen Hancock Foundation. University of Southern California, Publications of the Allen Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 6(3):145–178.

* 1942. Some Virgulininae in the Collections of the Allen Hancock Foundation. University of Southern California, Publications of the Allen Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 6(4):181–230.

* 1948. The Species of Bolivina and Related Genera in the Collection of the Allen Hancock Foundation. University of Southern California, Publications of the Allen Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 6(5):231–294.

* 1950. Some Lagenidae in the Collections of the Allen Hancock Foundation. University of Southern California, Publications of the Allen Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 6(6):295–364.

Cushman, J.A., and R. Todd

* 1943. The Genus Pullenia and its Species. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory of Foraminiferal Research, 19(1):1–23.

* 1947. Foraminifera from the Coast of Washington. Cushman Laboratory of Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication, 21:1–23.

Detling, M.R.

* 1958. Some Littoral Foraminifera from Sunset Bay, Coos County, Oregon. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation of Foraminiferal Research, 9(2):25–31.

d’Orbigny. See Orbigny, A. de

Echols, R.J.

* 1969. Foraminiferal Trends within the Inner Sublittoral Zone of the Coast of Washington. In Research on the Continental Shelf off Washington and Western Alaska from August 1968 through June 1969. University of Washington, Department of Oceanography, Special Report, 41:114–131.

Feyling-Hanssen, R.W., and M.A. Buzas

1976. Emendation of Cassidulina and Islandiella helenae New Species. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 6(2):154–158.

Galloway, J.J., and S.G. Wissler

1927. Pleistocene Foraminifera from the Lomita Quarry, Palos Verdes Hills, California. Journal of Paleontology, 1(1):35–87.

Hamlin, W.H.

* 1960. Two New Species of Foraminifera from the West Coast of the United States. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 11(3):87–88.

Hazel, J.E.

1970. Atlantic Continental Shelf and Slope of the United States: Ostracod Zoogeography in the Southern Nova Scotian and Northern Virginian Faunal Provinces. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 529-E:E1–E21.

Hoeglund, H.

1947. Foraminifera in the Gullmar Fjord and the Skagerak. Zoologiska Bidrag Fran Uppsala, 26:1–328.

Jones, G.D., and C. A. Ross

* 1979. Seasonal Distribution of Foraminifera in Samish Bay, Washington. Journal of Paleontology, 53(2):245–257.

Lankford, R.R., and F.B. Phleger

* 1973. Foraminifera from the Nearshore Turbulent Zone, Western North America. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 3(3):101–132.

Loeblich, A.L., Jr., and H. Tappan

1964. Sarcodina Chiefly “Thecamoebans” and Foraminiferida. In Raymond C. Moore, editor, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, C(1–2): 900 pages. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press for Geological Society of America.

Natland, M.L.

* 1933. The Temperature and Depth Distribution of Some Recent and Fossil Foraminifera in the Southern California Region. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Technical Series, 3(10):225–230.

* 1938. New Species of Foraminifera from off the West Coast of North America and from the Later Tertiary of the Los Angeles Basin. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Technical Series, 4(5):137–164.

Nicol, D.

* 1944. New West American Species of the Foraminiferal Genus Elphidium. fournal of Paleontology, 18(2):172–185.

Orbigny, A., d’

1846. Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin tertiaire de Vienne (Autriche). Gide et Compe (Paris), 1–312.

Palmer, D.K.

* 1929. A Note on the Occurrence of Patellina corrugata Williamson in the San Juan Archipelago, Washington. Journal of Paleontology, 3(3):306–307.

Parker, F.L.

1948. Foraminifera of the Continental Shelf from the Gulf of Maine to Maryland. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 100(2):213–241.

1952a. Foraminifera Species off Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 106(9):391–423.

1952b. Foraminiferal Distribution in the Long Island Sound-Buzzards Bay Area. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 106(10):425–473.

1954. Distribution of the Foraminifera in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 111(10):451–588.

Parker, F.L., F.B. Phleger, and J.F. Peirson

1953. Ecology of Foraminifera from San Antonio Bay and Environs, Southwest Texas. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication,2:1–75.

Pflum, C.E., and W.E. Frerichs

1976. Gulf of Mexico Deep-Water Foraminifers. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication, 14:1–125.

Phleger, F.B

* 1967. Marsh Foraminiferal Patterns, Pacific Coast of North America. Annates de Instituto de Biologid, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 38 Serie Ciencias del Mar y Limnology, 1:11–38.

Phleger, F.B, and F.L. Parker

1951. Ecology of Foraminifera, Northwest Gulf of Mexico, Part 2: Foraminifera Species. Geological Society of America, Memoir, 46:1–64.

Schafer, C.T., and F.E. Cole

1978. Distribution of Foraminifera in Chaleur Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence. Geological Survey of Canada, 77–30:1–55.

Schnitker, D.

1971. Distribution of Foraminifera on the North Carolina Continental Shelf. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology, 8(4):169–215.

1974. Ecotypic Variation in Ammonia beccarii (Linné). Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 4(4):216–223.

Scott, D.B.

* 1974. Recent Benthonic Foraminifera from Samish and Padilla Bays, Washington, Northwest Science, 4(4):211–218.

Sen Gupta, B.K.

1971. The Benthonic Foraminifera of the Tail of the Grand Banks. Micropaleontology, 17(1):69–98.

Smith, P.B.

* 1973. Foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 766:1–27.

Stewart, R.E., and K.C. Stewart

1930. Post-Miocene Foraminifera from the Ventura Quadrangle, Ventura County, California. Journal of Paleontology, 4(1):60–72.

Todd, R., and D. Low

1961. Near-Shore Foraminifera of Martha’s Vineyard Island, Massachusetts. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 12(1):5–21.

* 1967. Recent Foraminifera from the Gulf of Alaska and Southeastern Alaska. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 573-A:A1–A46.

Uchio, T.

1960. Ecology of Living Benthonic Foraminifera from the San Diego, California, Area. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication, 5:1–72.

Whiteaves, J.F.

* 1886. On Some Marine Invertebrata Dredged or Otherwise Collected by D.G.M. Dawson, in 1885, in the Northern Part of the Strait of Georgia, in Discovery Passage, Johnstone Strait, and Queen Charlotte and Quatsino Sounds, British Columbia: With a Supplementary List of a Few Land and Freshwater Shells, Fishes, Birds, etc., from the Same Region. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 4(4):111–137.

CATALOG 1

Unsynonymized Species with Publication and Location

CATALOG 2

Synonymized Species with Publication and Location

CATALOG 3

Unsynonymized Species

CATALOG 4

Synonymized Species

CATALOG 5

Latitude and Longitude of Synonymized Species

MAPS: Figures 1–139