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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES • NUMBER 6

Distribution of Recent Benthic
Foraminifera off
the North American Atlantic Coast

Stephen J. Culver
and Martin A. Buzas

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
City of Washington
1980

ABSTRACT

Culver, Stephen, J., and Martin A. Buzas. Distribution of Recent Benthic Foraminifera off the North American Atlantic Coast. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, number 6, 512 pages, 150 figures, 2 tables, 1980.—A computer file of all available distributional data on the recent benthic foraminifera off the North American Atlantic Coast was constructed from 142 papers published over the last 130 years. Manipulation of this file produced 5 catalogs and 150 maps.

Catalog 1 lists alphabetically species names with publication and locality information as recorded in the literature (i.e. unsynonomized). Catalog 2 lists alphabetically synonomized species names with publication and locality information. Catalogs 3 and 4 list alphabetically all unsynonomized and synonomized species names, respectively. Catalog 5 lists synonomized species names by increasing latitude and longitude.

During the last 130 years, 1303 names have been used to record benthic foraminifera off the North American Atlantic Coast. Through synonomization this number was reduced to 876 of which 149 occur at 20 or more of the 542 sample sites. Computer-generated maps were drawn for these 149 most commonly recorded species.

Species were grouped by depth and geographic distribution through examination of the maps. Seven species are coastal in their distribution, 71 occur mainly at depths of less than 200 m, 41 at depths of greater than 200 m, and 30 are ubiquitous. Thirteen species alter their depth distribution with latitude.

Geographically, the species group into 6 categories. Thirty-one species occur from Florida to Cape Hatteras, 26 from Cape Hatteras to Cape Cod, 4 from Cape Cod to Newfoundland, 22 from Florida to Cape Cod, 40 from Cape Hatteras to Newfoundland, and 26 are ubiquitous. Because of the overlapping distribution of the species, no simple boundaries can be drawn for faunal provinces. We recognize two major overlapping faunal provinces: a northern province from Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras and a southern province from Florida to Cape Cod.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institutions’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Seascape along the Atlantic coast of eastern North America.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Culver, Stephen J

Distribution of recent benthic foraminifera off the North American Atlantic coast.

(Smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences ; no. 6)

Bibliography: p.

Includes index.

1. Foraminifera—Atlantic coast (North America—Geographical distribution.     2. Protozoa—Geographical distribution.    3. Protozoa—Atlantic coast (North America)— Geographical distribution.    I. Buzas, Martin A., joint author.    II. Title.    III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences ; no. 6.

QL368.F6C62    593.1′2′097    79–607122

Distribution of Recent Benthic
Foraminifera off
the North American Atlantic Coast

Stephen J. Culver
and Martin A. Buzas

Stephen J. Culver and Martin A. Buzas, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 20560.

Introduction

Study of the recent benthic foraminifera of the Atlantic continental margin of North America began with work by Bailey (1851) and progressed slowly until the early 1900’s when Joseph Cushman published the first of several monographs on the distribution of recent benthic foraminifera. Since then, many other researchers have contributed papers on the same topic. A literature search has shown that a total of 188 papers were published between 1851 and 1978 on the recent foraminifera of the Atlantic continental margin of North America. Although a vast amount of information has been available for some years, as yet there has been no attempt to synthesize all these data. Sen Gupta (1972) summarized the distribution of open shelf species recorded in major publications but did not include foraminifera of marginal environments or of the continental slope in his synopsis; numerous small or less well known papers were omitted also from his study.

The present publication is the first of a series including and summarizing all available data on the distribution of recent benthic foraminifera around North America. A synthesis of this type and of this magnitude was impossible before the advent of large computer systems. This work can be divided into three main parts. Firstly, there are five computer-generated catalogs listing every species ever recorded in the area from Newfoundland to the southern tip of Florida. Secondly, there are computer-generated maps of the 149 most commonly recorded species together with a map showing all sample areas off the east coast of North America. Explanatory notes can be found at the beginning of the catalog and map sections respectively. In addition, following the maps there is a section, containing a tabulated summary, discussing various aspects of the distribution of individual species and groups of species. The third major part of this publication is a complete bibliography of the 142 papers used in the compilation of the catalogs and maps.

Because of the extremely large number of taxa recorded in this work, the usual approach of indicating the authors concept of each taxa (i.e., illustrating each taxon) has not been used. Instead, we have included a key to our concept of each of the 149 most commonly recorded taxa. We expect this method of illustrating our concepts will be more useful than the conventional faunal reference list.

METHODS

COMPUTER TECHNIQUES.—Because the amount of information incorporated in this work is several times larger than any previous study of recent benthic foraminifera, a large electronic computer was utilized. The computer used was a Honeywell Series 6000 model and the particular systems used were Time Sharing and Text Editor. “Time Sharing” is the term used to describe a system by which a user appears to be operating his terminal as if he has exclusive use of the computer. The operator can enter text files, modify and delete parts, and then store and retrieve the files at his convenience. If errors are made in the way the Time Sharing system is used, the operator is informed by error messages printed at the terminal. The Text Editor system works within the confines of the Time Sharing system and consists of two subsystems, Editor and Runoff. The Editor subsystem enables text to be entered and readily modified by additions, deletions, and corrections. The Editor language is composed of editing commands given by the user while working with a file and responses from the Editor subsystem to the user. The Runoff subsystem is used in conjunction with Editor and permits the user to specify the format in which his text is to be reproduced. Runoff format control words are entered in the text file during the building or editing phase of the Editor subsystem to achieve such text format as spacing, indentation, underlining, length of each line of text, number of lines on a page, size of page margins, etc. These format control words remain embedded within the text file but are automatically removed in a formatted printout of the file.

DATA COMPILATION.—Of the 188 papers published on the benthic foraminifera of the Atlantic continental margin of North America, 142 contained data in a form enabling its incorporation in this study. The name of one or more species and the locality where they were found was all that was required. This study is based, therefore, on presence or absence data. Inconsistencies in authors’ methods of recording data such as absolute numbers, relative abundance, depth of occurrence, and whether the recorded species were living or dead precluded the possibility of including this information in the present study.

The information typed into the basic compilation file consisted of (1) author of publication, (2) date of publication, (3) generic name used in publication, (4) specific name used in publication, (5) locality, (6) latitude and longitude (see Catalog 1).

Some publications contain data allowing all sample sites in that particular study to be utilized. For example, the series of publications by Cushman (1918 to 1931) on the foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean contains numerous lists of localities where each species was found. These lists allow latitude and longitude to be recorded to the nearest minute. Other publications contain only a map of numerous sample sites and a reference list of the species found within the sampled area (e.g. Schafer and Cole, 1978). In these cases a central representative point of the sampled area is used and all species recorded in the sampled area are considered to have been found at that point. Central points normally represent a small study area such as a bay, marsh, or estuary. If a locality name only is given in a publication then the latitude and longitude of the sample site in question was obtained from an Atlas or topographic maps. Such sample station locations were accurate to the nearest 5 minutes as were sample station locations derived from maps included in the publications themselves (e.g. Schafer and Cole, 1978). Notes explaining their derivation and suggested methods of use preceed the five catalogs. Finally, the maps in this publication, as well as the catalogs, are completely computer generated: drawn on a Calcomp Plotter, they represent the 149 most commonly recorded species.

In summary, a computer file was constructed, using Text Editor, from data contained in 142 publications. This file was modified and sorted in various ways to produce 5 catalogs. Information extracted from the file was used to produce 150 distribution maps.

THE CATALOGS

Five catalogs are included in this section and are designed to enable the reader to have rapid access to all published distributional data on recent benthic foraminifera off the North American Atlantic coast. Catalog 1 alphabetically lists all the records of every species ever recorded on the east coast of North America and also includes publication and locality information. This catalog contains over 10,000 entries and over 50,000 pieces of information. Catalog 2 is the synonomized version of number 1. This list is identical to Catalog 1 except that generic and specific names have been changed where necessary. To aid referral between Catalog 1 and 2, line numbers starting at 10001 are included at the lefthand margin of the files. Thus, for example, it can be seen that Cystammina pauciloculata from the continental shelf off the United States (Catalog 2, line 10174) was originally recorded (Cushman, 1920) as Ammochilostoma pauciloculata (Catalog 1, line 10174).

Catalog 3 and 4 aid rapid use of the first two catalogs. Catalog 3 is an alphabetized list of the 1303 taxa that have been recorded on the eastern continental margin of North America. Catalog 4 lists alphabetically the 876 species recorded in this area after synonomization achieved by reference to published illustrations and specimens lodged in the USNM collections. Catalogs 3 and 4 are, therefore, derived directly from Catalogs 1 and 2 respectively.

Catalog 5 is intended for the researcher interested in specific areas. This catalog contains synonomized species listed by increasing latitude and longitude. Thus, the investigator referring to this catalog finds an alphabetized list of every species ever recorded at any particular latitude and longitude. If, in the case of a synonomized species, the investigator does not agree with the generic or specific name used, he can refer to Catalog 2 and then Catalog 1 to find the original name used by the author of the publication in which that species was recorded.

A compilation of this magnitude inevitably contains some errors. At this time we are aware of one which was discovered too late to correct. Several records of Haplophragmoides subglobosum in Catalog 1 should have been referred to Cribrostomoides subglobosum in Catalogs 2, 4, and 5. These records therefore, should be referred by the reader to the latter name in the synonomized catalogs. The map drawn for the distribution of C. subglobosum is complete and correct.

THE MAPS

One hundred and fifty computer generated maps are included in this section and, like the catalogs, are provided as a reference tool for use in distributional studies of recent benthic foraminifera. Figure 1 illustrates the distribution of all the 542 sample sites included in this study. The 200 and 2000 m submarine contours roughly approximate to the edge of the continental shelf and the bottom of the continental slope respectively. The distribution of the sample sites must be taken into account when examining the maps illustrating the distributions of species.

Figures 2 to 150 are computer-generated maps of the 149 most commonly recorded species. These are species that have been recorded 20 times or more. The maps are arranged alphabetically by genera and by species within each genus. A brief discussion and tabulated summary of the distribution of each of the illustrated species follows.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank Dante Piacesi, Ken McCormick, Greg Capone, and Karen Collins for their considerable efforts in the computer production of this work. Angela Lanham contributed invaluable library research and secretarial services. Our thanks also to Dick Cifelli and Dan Stanley for several informative discussions. Charles Schafer provided specimens from Nova Scotia and Labrador and James Ingle supplied the type specimens of several species for our examination. Carl Koch critically read an early draft of the publication and was the provider of much valuable discussion.

Discussion

The main purpose of this publication is to present all the distributional data of the recent benthic foraminifera of the Atlantic continental margin of North America. The discussion of these data, therefore, will be brief and of a summary nature as more detailed discussion will be the subject of subsequent publications. Before completing Catalog 3, only estimates were available of the number of taxa recorded on the Atlantic continental margin. Estimates of this number, made to us by several workers familiar with this area, ranged from 250 to 450. Catalog 3 shows that the actual number was 1303. Even when reduced by synonomization to 876 (Catalog 4) the discrepancy in numbers is considerable. Although the figure of 876 could probably be reduced further by synonomization if more of the articles used in this study included illustrations of the taxa listed, the diversity of foraminiferal species off eastern North America is obviously greater than previously considered.

Perhaps more startling is that of the 876 synonomized species, only 149 occurred at 20 or more of the 542 sample sites; that is, only 17% of the species occur at 4% or more of the sample stations. In other words, the vast majority of species are rare.

Distributional data has been summarized by tabulation. Table 1 is a synopsis of depth distribution and Table 2 summarizes geographic distribution. Depth distribution of the 149 most commonly recorded species was determined through inspection of the maps. Thirty species are ubiquitous, 7 are coastal, 71 occur at depths of less than 200m and 41 at depths of greater than 200m. Table 1 reveals some unexpected results. For example, Hoeglundina elegans has been considered as a typical “deep” water species. Figure 77, however, indicates several records of this species in water shallower than 200 m and even a few coastal occurrences. These “shallow” water records may be due to misidentification or may be the result of onshore transport of tests of this species. Hoeglundina elegans can still be used, however, to identify “deep” water deposits as abundance as well as occurrence is an important criteria.

Elphidium excavatum is also a relatively unexpected inclusion in the ubiquitous depth distribution category. The general consensus of opinion was that E. excavatum (often referred to as E. clavatum) is a shallow water species that is sometimes found in deeper water sediments due to transportation and subsequent deposition offshore. Figure 54 indicates that this species ranges down to depths of greater than 2000 m; this distribution could be explained by offshore transportation. E. excavatum, however, when recorded in shallower water (i.e., less than 200 m) generally occurs with Ammonia beccarii (Figure 6). One could argue, therefore, that if E. excavatum is transported offshore then the same processes would also transport tests of A. beccarii offshore. Figure 6 indicates that this does not occur. Perhaps the deeper occurrences of E. excavatum represent fossil occurrences derived from relict deposits, but the absence of A. beccarii offshore again precludes this explanation. This does not mean, however, that E. excavatum cannot be used to identify shallow water environments, because abundance and not mere occurrence must be considered.

Seven taxa listed as coastal include species that are restricted to marsh environments (e.g. Trochammina macrescens, Figure 145), some that occur mainly within littoral mud and sand flats (e.g. Haynesina germanica, Figure 75) and others that are found in both littoral and immediately sublittoral environments (e.g. Textularia earlandi, Figure 137). Six of the seven species have an agglutinated wall structure.

A comparison between columns 3 and 2 in Table 1 shows the large increase in numbers of commonly recorded species when moving offshore to open shelf environments from coastal ones. Seventy-one species are restricted mainly to the continental shelf and upper slope down to 200 m. Of these, 17% are agglutinated taxa, 23% are calcareous imperforate, and 59% are calcareous perforate. The genera Quinqueloculina and Elphidium dominate the fauna and are, with the exception of E. excavatum, generally restricted to depths of less than 200 m (e.g. Elphidium advenum, Figure 50; Quinqueloculina seminula, Figure 116).

Farther offshore, the number of commonly recorded species restricted to deeper waters (greater than 200 m) drops considerably (see column 1, Table 1). Of the 41 species recorded, 61% of the fauna are agglutinated taxa and 39% are calcareous perforate taxa. Astacolus albatrossi (Figure 10) is an example of a species with a solely deep water (greater than 200 m) habitat. Other species, Saccorhiza ramosa (Figure 130) for example, have less perfect distributions. In the latter case, two records are located in coastal water. There discrepancies are explained either by taxonomic foibles or perhaps by transport of deep-water taxa inshore. A further group of species (e.g. Reophax bacillaris, Figure 120) have a yet deeper water (greater than 2000 m) habitat.

TABLE 1.—Depth distribution

> 200m

< 200m

COASTAL

UBIQUITOUS

Ammobaculites agglutinans
Ammodiscus catinus
Ammobaculites exiguus
Astacolus occidentalis

Ammodiscus incertus
Ammonia beccarii
Ammotium cassis
Bolivina subaenariensis

Astacolus albatrossi
Articulina mucronata
Ammotium salsum
Buccella frigida

Astrorhiza arenaria
Asterigerina carinata
Haynesina germanica
Bulimina aculeata

Astrorhiza crassatina
Bolivina paula
Textularia earlandi
Bulimina exilis

Astrorhiza granulose
Bolivina pseudoplicata
Trochammina inflata
Bulimina marginata

Bathysiphon filiformis
Bolivina pseudopunctata
Trochammina macrescens
Cassidulina laevigata

Bulimina affinis
Bolivina pulchella

Cassidulina subglobosa

Bulimina inflata
Bolivina striatula

Cibicides pseudoungerianus

Bulimina ovate
Buliminella elegantissima

Dentalina frobisherensis

Bulimina pyrula
Cancris sagra

Elphidium excavatum

Cribrostomoides subglobosum
Cibicides lobatulus

Eponides umbonatus

Crithionina pisum
Cibicides mollis

Glomospira gordialis

Cycammina cancellata
Cribrostomoides crassimargo

Haplophragmoides canariensis

Dentalina flintii
Cyclogyra involvens

Hemisphaerammina bradyi

Dentalina subsoluta
Discorbis lomaensis

Hoeglundina elegans

Eggerella bradyi
Eggerella advena

Hyperammina elongata

Fursenkoina compressa
Elphidiella arctica

Lagena clavata

Fursenkoina schreibersiana
Elphidium advenum

Lagena laevis

Fursenkoina squamosa
Elphidium articulatum

Marginulina bacheii

Gaudryina atlantica
Elphidium bartletti

Nonionella grateloupi

Gyroidina soldanii
Elphidium discoidale

Nonionellina labradorica

Haplophragmoides emaciatum
Elphidium gunteri

Psammosphaera fusca

Hormosina globulifera
Elphidium margaritaceum

Pyrgo subsphaerica

Karreriella bradyi
Elphidium mexicanum

Recurvoides turbinatus

Karreriella novangliae
Elphidium rugulosum

Reophax dentaliniformis

Marginulina glabra obesa
Elphidium subarcticum

Reophax scorpiurus

Marginulina spinigera
Eponides antillarum

Saccammina atlantica

Melonis pompilioides
Fissurina marginata

Trifarina angulosa

Pelosina variabilis
Fursenkoina fusiformis

Uvigerina hispidocostata

Pullenia quinqueloba
Globobulimina auriculata

Reophax bacillaris
Guttulina australis

Rhabdammina abyssorum
Hanzawaia concentrica

Rhabdammina linearis
Islandiella norcrossi

Saccammina sphaerica
Laryngosigma lactea

Saccammina testacea
Marginulina advena

Saccorhiza ramosa
Miliammina fusca

Tholosina bulla
Neoconorbina terquemi

Tolypammina vagans
Nonionella atlantica

Uvigerina peregrina
Oolina melo

Valvulina conica
Patellina corrugata

Pateoris hauerinoides

Peneroplis proteus

Planorbulina mediterranensis

Planulina exorna

Poroeponides lateralis

Pseudopolymorphina novangliae

Quinqueloculina agglutinans

Quinqueloculina akneriana

Quinqueloculina bosciana

Quinqueloculina compta

Quinqueloculina dutemplei

Quinqueloculina jugosa

Quinqueloculina lamarckiana

Quinqueloculina poeyana

Quinqueloculina seminula

Quinqueloculina subpoeyana

Rectobolivina advena

Reophax curtus

Reophax scottii

Reussella atlantica

Rosalina floridana

Spiroloculina depressa

Spiroplectammina biformis

Textularia candeiana

Textularia conica

Textularia secasensis

Triloculina trigonula

Trochammina lobata

Trochammina ochracea

Trochammina squamata

TABLE 2.—Geographic distribution

FLORIDA to
CAPE COD

CAPE HATTERAS to NEWFOUNDLAND

UBIQUITOUS

Ammobaculites agglutinans
Ammodiscus catinus
Ammobaculites exiguus

Astacolus occidentalis
Ammotium cassis
Ammodiscus incertus

Bolivina striatula
Ammotium salsum
Ammonia beccarii

Cancris sagra
Astrorhiza arenaria
Bolivina subaenariensis

Cassidulina laevigata
Bathysiphon filiformis
Buccella frigida

Cassidulina subglobosa
Bolivina pseudoplicata
Bulimina marginata

Dentalina flintii
Bolivina pseudopunctata
Buliminella elegantissima

Elphidium advenum
Bulimina aculeata
Cibicides pseudoungerianus

Elphidium articulatum
Bulimina exilis
Cyclogyra involvens

Elphidium gunteri
Bulimina inflata
Elphidium excavatum

Eponides umbonatus
Cibicides lobatulus
Fissurina marginata

Gaudryina atlantica
Cribrostomoides subglobosum
Haplophragmoides canariensis

Hanzawaia concentrica
Crithionina pisum
Haynesina germanica

Karreriella bradyi
Cyclammina cancellata
Hoeglundina elegans

Marginulina bacheii
Dentalina frobisherensis
Hyperammina elongata

Marginulina glabra obese
Eggerella advena
Lagena clavata

Nonionella atlantica
Elphidium margaritaceum
Miliammina fusca

Nonionella grateloupi
Elphidium subarcticum
Oolina melo

Poroeponides lateralis
Fursenkoina fusiformis
Patellina corrugata

Pyrgo subsphaerica
Globobulimina auriculata
Quinqueloculina seminula

Triloculina trigonula
Glomospira gordialis
Reophax dentaliniformis

Uvigerina peregrina
Hemisphaerammina bradyi
Reophax scorpiurus

Hormosina globulifera
Rosalina floridana

Islandiella norcrossi
Saccammina atlantica

Lagena laevis
Trifarina angulosa

Laryngosigma lactea
Trochammina lobata

Nonionellina labradorica

Pseudopolymorphina novangliae

Recurvoides turbinatus

Reophax curtus

Reophax scottii

Rhabdammina abyssorum

Saccammina sphaerica

Spiroplectammina biformis

Textularia earlandi

Tholosina bulla

Trochammina inflata

Trochammina macrescens

Trochammina ochracea

Trochammina squamata

Articulina mucronata
Astacolus albatrossi
Cribrostomoides crassimargo

Asterigerina carinata
Astrorhiza crassatina
Elphidiella arctica

Bolivina paula
Astrorhiza granulose
Elphidium bartletti

Bolivina pulchella
Bulimina affinis
Pateoris hauerinoides

Cibicides mollis
Bulimina ovata

Discorbis lomaensis
Bulimina pyrula

Elphidium discoidale
Dentalina subsoluta

Elphidium mexicanum
Eggerella bradyi

Elphidium rugulosum
Fursenkoina compressa

Eponides antillarum
Fursenkoina schreibersiana

Guttulina australis
Fursenkoina squamosa

Marginulina advena
Gyroidina soldanii

Neoconorbina terquemi
Haplophragmoides emaciatum

Peneroplis proteus
Karreriella novangliae

Planorbulina mediterranensis
Marginulina spinigera

Planulina exorna
Melonis pompilioides

Quinqueloculina agglutinans
Pelosina variabilis

Quinqueloculina akneriana
Psammosphaera fusca

Quinqueloculina bosciana
Pullenia quinqueloba

Quinqueloculina compta
Quinqueloculina jugosa

Quinqueloculina dutemplei
Reophax bacillaris

Quinqueloculina lamarckiana
Rhabdammina linearis

Quinqueloculina poeyana
Saccammina testacea

Quinqueloculina subpoeyana
Saccorhiza ramosa

Rectobolivina advena
Tolypammina vagans

Reussella atlantica
Valvulina conica

Spiroloculina depressa

Textularia candeiana

Textularia conica

Textularia secasensis

Uvigerina hispidocostata

The maps show that occurrences of commonly recorded species characterize obvious major depth zonations (coastal, less than 200 m, greater than 200 m) on the Atlantic continental margin of North America. A question of interest to paleoecologists as well as ecologists is whether such coarse depth zonations can be recognized also at the generic level. We have seen that, with the exception of one species (E. excavatum), the genera Elphidium and Quinqueloculina are restricted to shallow water (less than 200 m deep) habitats. Similarly, the genus Ammotium characterizes coastal environments, while Astrorhiza, Cyclammina, Karreriella, and one or two others characterize habitats below 200 m water depth. Other genera, however, are not so diagnostic for depth zonation. Three examples will suffice to illustrate this point.

Ammobaculites exiguus (Figure 3) is a typical benthic foraminifer of coastal habitats while Ammobaculites agglutinans (Figure 2), with one or two exceptions, has been recorded at water depths greater than 200 m and most commonly below 2000 m. Similarly, Eggerella advena (Figure 47) is characteristic of environments at water depths of less than 200 m while Eggerella bradyi (Figure 48), like A. agglutinans has been found mainly below depths of 2000 m. The distribution of the genus Reophax is rather more complicated as two species, R. dentaliniformis (Figure 122) and R. scorpiurus (Figure 123) have a ubiquitous depth distribution while R. bacillaris (Figure 120) is a typical deep-water form and R. curtus (Figure 121) and R. scottii (Figure 124) are found in habitats less than 200 m below sea-level. These observations do not agree with previous generalizations (e.g. Murray, 1973).

Depth distributions of various organisms have been noted as changing with latitude (e.g. Hazel, 1970). Usually a species moves into deeper habitats with decreasing latitude. The shift is perhaps in response to water temperature, with taxa selecting cooler bottom waters in a southerly direction. The maps of the following species suggest this type of distribution Dentalina frobisherensis (Figure 44), Eggerella advena (Figure 47), Elphidium subarcticum (Figure 59), Glomospira gordialis (Figure 69), Islandiella norcrossi (Figure 80), Nonionellina labradorica (Figure 95), Pseudopolymorphina novangliae (Figure 105), Recurvoides turbinatus (Figure 119), Reophax curtus (Figure 121) and Reophax scorpiurus (Figure 123). An interesting variation on this theme indicated by this study is that three species, Astacolus occidentalis (Figure 11), Cassidulina laevigata (Figure 33) and Nonionella grateloupi (Figure 94) move into deeper habitats in the opposite direction (i.e., northwards). For all three species this shift occurs just north of Cape Hatteras where these foraminifera move from a shallow marine environment (generally less than 200 m) to a deeper environment (generally deeper than 200 m). This shift in distribution pattern correlates with the Florida current leaving the continental margin at Gape Hatteras where it becomes the Gulf Stream and trends ENE towards the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The occurrence of Astacolus occidentalis on the Grand Banks (Figure 11) may be seen as further evidence of this water mass relationship.

Consideration of the depth distribution of recent benthic foraminifera as described here must take into account the limitations of the sample framework as defined in Figure 1. Although this continental margin is probably one of the best studied in the world, some apparently diagnostic foraminiferal depth distributions may be potentially misleading due to gaps and variations in density of sample stations. For example, a large part of the Blake Plateau off Florida has no records of recent benthic foraminifera (Figure 1).

Biogeography is the subject of Table 2. Examination of Figures 2–150 suggests six categories of distribution; 31 species occur from Florida to Cape Hatteras, 26 from Cape Hatteras to Cape Cod, 4 from Cape Cod to Newfoundland, 22 from Florida to Cape Cod, 40 from Cape Hatteras to Newfoundland and 26 are ubiquitous.

Ammonia beccarii (Figure 6) and Quinqueloculina seminula are examples of ubiquitous species. Elphidium excavatum (Figure 54) has also been included as ubiquitous although published records of it are rare off South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. We believe, however, that the records of Elphidium rugulosum (Figure 58), all referable to Wilcoxon (1964), should be transferred to E. excavatum as both species have superficial morphological similarities but E. rugulosum has not been recorded elsewhere on the Atlantic coast and indeed is rare although probably widely distributed in the Caribbean (Buzas, et al., 1977). Numerous specimens in the National Museum of Natural History, collected by J. A. Cushman from the same area in which E. rugulosum was recorded by Wilcoxon (1964), have been identified by us as E. excavatum: not one single specimen of E. rugulosum has been identified. However, to preclude subjectivity in synonomization, as Wilcoxon did not figure his E. rugulosum or deposit his specimens in available museum collections, we have retained his records of E. rugulosum in the catalogs and maps.

Setting aside the ubiquitous forms, the remaining foraminifera group into five categories shown in columns 1 to 5, Table 2. The species comprising each column are generally restricted to the geographic area under which they are listed. Thus, species found in the area from Florida to Cape Hatteras include those listed in that particular category plus those that are listed under the headings “Florida to Cape Cod” and “Ubiquitous.” To save lengthy and repetitive description, readers are referred to the relevant maps that illustrate these areas. Some discussion, however, is necessary.

Biogeographic provinces along the Atlantic coast of North America were recognized by Milne-Edwards (1838) and further investigated by Dana (1853a, b). The historical development of the nomenclature and limits of these provinces has been reviewed by Hazel (1970). Hall (1964), on the basis of the distribution of shallow-water bivalves and gastropods, recognized Arctic, Nova Scotian, Virginian, Carolinian, and Caribbean Provinces. Following this scheme, Sen Gupta (1972) attempted to define similar provinces based on benthic foraminifera. The results of the present study, however, summarized in Table 2, indicate that division of the Atlantic continental margin into more than 2 or possibly 3 foraminiferal faunal provinces is not justified. One possible provincial scheme is to divide the continental margin into southern, central, and northern provinces (columns 1, 2, and 3 respectively in Table 2). The second scheme is simpler and involves two provinces, a southern and northern one (Table 2, columns 4 and 5) which overlap in the area between Cape Cod and Cape Hatteras. The second scheme seems more likely at present as the relatively large number of taxa (26) in the area between Cape Cod and Cape Hatteras are mainly deep water species whose confinement to this central portion of the continental margin may be due to the concentration of deep water samples in this area (see Figure 1).

Summary

1. All published data on the distribution of recent benthic foraminifera on the Atlantic continental margin of North America is presented in the form of 5 catalogs and 150 maps.

2. 1303 taxa have been recorded in the area of study.

3. These taxa have been reduced to 876 by synonomization.

4. Of the 876 synonomized species, only 149 occurred at 20 or more of the 542 sample sites; that is, only 17% of the species occur at 4% or more of the sample stations.

5. Three groups of commonly recorded species characterize gross depth zones. Seven species are coastal in their distribution, 71 occur at depths of less than 200 m and 41 at depths of greater than 200 m.

6. Another group, containing 30 species, is ubiquitous to all (generally sublittoral) depths covered by this study.

7. Commonly recorded genera vary in their usefulness for delimiting depth zones. For example, the genera Elphidium and Quinqueloculina are good shallow water (less than 200 m deep) indicators. Other genera, for example, Ammobaculites, Eggerella and Reophax are not restricted to discrete depth zones.

8. The depth distribution of 10 commonly recorded species becomes deeper with decreasing latitude. This shift is perhaps related to bottom temperatures.

9. The depth distribution of 3 commonly recorded species becomes deeper with increasing latitude. This shift is perhaps related to water masses.

10. Five groups of commonly recorded species characterize biogeographic faunal categories. Thirty-one species occur from Florida to Cape Hatteras, 26 from Cape Hatteras to Cape Cod, 4 from Cape Cod to Newfoundland, 22 from Florida to Cape Cod, and 40 from Cape Hatteras to Newfoundland.

11. Another group, containing 26 species, is ubiquitous in its geographic distribution in the area of study.

12. Two major overlapping faunal provinces are recognized; a northern province from Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras and a southern province from Florida to Cape Cod.

Key to the Species on the Maps

Because this volume was already quite sizable we decided not to add to its bulk or cost of publication by including illustrations of the species involved in this study. Similarly, we have not included a taxonomic section because this would require numerous lengthy synonomies and because we feel that such taxonomic treatment would be outside the scope of this publication.

We have serious doubts as to the use of a faunal reference list, with the original reference to each species, as a means of transferring to the reader our concepts of the taxa in this study: reference to the type figure of a given species often leaves doubt as to the diagnostic characters of that species. Thus, we have tried a new approach and have listed below a key to our concept of the 149 most commonly recorded species. Genera are listed alphabetically as are the species within each genus. Under each species, the reference, or references are given where the reader can find published illustrations that adequately convey our concepts of each of the common species in this study. We have attempted to utilize references already included in the bibliography of east coast North American, recent benthic foraminifera. In the few cases where this was not possible the full listing of the publications mentioned under the species in question can be found within the “Literature Cited” section.

INDEX TO PUBLICATIONS THAT ILLUSTRATE OUR CONCEPT OF THE 149 MOST COMMONLY RECORDED SPECIES

Ammobaculites agglutinans (d’Orbigny): Cushman, 1920:60, pl. 12: fig. 3.

Ammobaculites exiguus Cushman and Bronnimann: Ellison and Nichols, 1970:15, pl. 2: fig. 6 [as Ammobaculites cf. A. exiguus].

Ammodiscus catinus Hoeglund: Schnitker, 1971:193, pl. 1: fig. 1.

Ammodiscus incertus d’Orbigny: Cushman, 1918:95, pl. 39.

Ammonia beccarii (Linné): Schnitker, 1974:217–223, pl. 1.

Ammotium cassis (Parker): Schafer and Cole, 1978:27, pl. 3: fig. 7.

Ammotium salsum (Cushman and Bronnimann): Scott, Medioli, and Schafer, 1977:1578, pl. 2: figs. 4, 5.

Articulina mucronata (d’Orbigny): Bock, 1971:32, pl. 13: fig. 4.

Astacolus albatrossi (Cushman): Cushman, 1923:120, pl. 19: figs. 4, 5 [as Cristellaria albatrossi].

Astacolus occidentalis (Cushman): Cushman, 1923:102, pl. 25: fig. 2, pl. 26: figs. 1, 2 [as Cristellaria occidentalis].

Asterigerina carinata d’Orbigny: Cushman, 1931:77, pl. 15: figs. 4, 5.

Astrorhiza arenaria Norman: Cushman, 1918:9, pl. 2: figs. 1, 3, pl. 3: fig. 1.

Astrorhiza crassatina Brady: Flint, 1899:265, pl. 2.

Astrorhiza granulosa (Brady): Cushman, 1918:12, pl. 5: fig. 4.

Bathysiphon filiformis Sars: Cushman, 1918:27, pl. 11: figs. 4, 5.

Bolivina paula Cushman and Cahill: Buzas, et al., 1977:74, pl. 2: figs. 1, 2.

Bolivina pseudoplicata Heron-Allen and Earland: Schnitker, 1971: 194, pl. 4: fig. 23.

Bolivina pseudopunctata Hoeglund: Schafer and Cole, 1978:27, pl. 13: fig. 5.

Bolivina pulchella (d’Orbigny): Cushman, 1922:41, pl. 7: fig. 4.

Bolivina striatula Cushman: Cushman, 1944:29, pl. 4: figs. 4, 5.

Bolivina subaenariensis Cushman: Cushman, 1944:29, pl. 4: fig. 6.

Buccella frigida (Cushman): Todd and Low, 1961:18, pl. 1: figs. 24, 25.

Bulimina aculeata d’Orbigny: Cushman, 1922:96, pl. 22: figs. 1, 2.

Bulimina affinis d’Orbigny: Cushman, 1922:103, pl. 20: fig. 6.

Bulimina exilis Brady: Cushman, 1922:106, pl. 17: figs. 7–12, pl. 19: figs. 2, 3 [as Bulimina elegans var. exilis].

Bulimina inflata Seguenza: Cushman, 1922:93, pl. 21: fig. 1.

Bulimina marginata d’Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:194, pl. 5: fig. 5.

Bulimina ovata d’Orbigny: Cushman, 1922:100, pl. 21: fig. 3.

Bulimina pyrula d’Orbigny: Cushman, 1922:101, pl. 20: fig. 1.

Buliminella elegantissima (d’Orbigny): Schnitker, 1971:194, pl. 4: fig. 17.

Cancris sagra (d’Orbigny): Schnitker, 1971:194, pl. 6: fig. 5.

Cassidulina laevigata d’Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:196, pl. 10: fig. 5.

Cassidulina subglobosa Brady: Parker, 1948:pl. 6: figs. 3a, b.

Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob): Sen Gupta, 1971:89, pl. 2:figs. 34–36.

Cibicides mollis Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:30, pl. 16: figs. 7–9.

Cibicides pseudoungerianus (Cushman): Cushman, 1931:123, pl. 22: figs. 3–7 [as Cibicides pseudoungenana].

Cribrostomoides crassimargo (Norman): Schafer and Cole, 1978:27, pl. 4: figs. 2a, b.

Cribrostomoides subglobosum (Sars): Loeblich and Tappan, 1964: C225:figs. 136, 1, 2.

Crithionina pisum Goës: Cushman, 1918:68, pl. 25: figs. 4, 5, pl. 26: figs. 1–3.

Cyclammina cancellata Brady: Cushman, 1920:53, pl. 10: figs. 4, 5.

Cyclogyra involvens (Reuss): Schafer and Cole, 1978:27, pl. 7: figs. 6a, b.

Dentalina flintii (Cushman): Cushman, 1923:85, pl. 14: fig. 1 [as Nodosaria flintii].

Dentalina frobisherensis Loeblich and Tappan: Cushman, 1923:80, pl. 12: figs. 5–7, pl. 13: figs. 7–9 [as Nodosaria mucronata].

Dentalina subsoluta (Cushman): Cushman, 1923:74, pl. 13: fig. 1 [as Nodosaria subsoluta].

Discorbis lomaensis (Bandy): Bandy, 1953:79, pl. 22: fig. 6 [as Rotalia lomaensis].

Eggerella advena (Cushman): Cushman, 1922:57, pl. 9: figs. 7–9 [as Verneuilina advena].

Eggerella bradyi Cushman: Cushman, 1922:59, pl. 11: fig. 1 [as Verneuilina bradyi].

Elphidiella arctica (Parker and Jones): Schafer and Cole, 1978:27, pl. 9: fig. 6.

Elphidium advenum (Cushman): Schnitker, 1971:198, pl. 7: fig. 2.

Elphidium articulatum (d’Orbigny): Parker, 1952a:411, pl. 5: figs. 5–7.

Elphidium bartletti Cushman: Sen Gupta, 1971:89, pl. 2: figs. 26, 27.

Elphidium discoidale (d’Orbigny): Schnitker, 1971:198, pl. 7: fig. 6 [as Elphidiella sp., cf. E. mexicana].

Elphidium excavatum (Terquem): Cushman, 1930:20, pl. 7: figs. 10a, b [as Elphidium incertum var. clavatum]. Schnitker, 1971:198, pl. 7: fig. 4 [as Elphidium incertum].

Elphidium gunteri Cole: Grossman, 1967:59, pl. 8: figs. 1–4.

Elphidium margaritaceum (Cushman): Cushman, 1930:25, pl. 10: fig. 3 [as Elphidium advenum var. margaritaceum].

Elphidium mexicanum (Kornfeld): Todd and Low, 1961:20, pl. 2: fig. 7 [as Elphidium poeyanum].

Elphidium rugulosum (Cushman and Wickenden): Cushman and Wickenden, 1929:7, pl. 3: figs. 8a, b [as Etphidium articulatum var. rugulosum].

Elphidium subarticum Cushman: Parker, 1952a:412, pl. 5: fig. 9.

Eponides antillarum (d’Orbigny): Cushman, 1931:42, pl. 9: figs. 2a, c.

Eponides umbonatus (Reuss) Cushman, 1931:52, pl. 11: figs. 1–3 [as Eponides umbonata].

Fissurina marginata (Montagu): Sen Gupta, 1971:82, pl. 7: figs. 4, 5.

Fursenkoina compressa (Bailey): Cushman, 1922:116, pl. 24: figs. 2, 3, [as Virgulina compressa].

Fursenkoina fusiformis (Williamson): Parker, 1952b:461, pl. 4: fig. 10 [as Virgulina fusiformis].

Fursenkoina schreibersiana (Czjek): Cushman, 1922:117, pl. 26: fig. 6 [as Virgulina schreibersiana].

Fursenkoina squamosa (d’Orbigny): D’Orbigny, 1826:267, modèle 64. Parker, Jones, and Brady, 1865:29, pl. 2: fig. 66, d’Orbigny’s model [as Virgulina squamosa].

Gaudryina atlantica (Bailey): Cushman, 1922:70, pl. 13: figs. 1–3.

Globobulimina auriculata (Bailey): Schnitker, 1971:202, pl. 5: fig. 6.

Glomospira gordialis (Jones and Parker): Cushman, 1918:99, pl. 36: figs. 7–9.

Guttulina auslralis (d’Orbigny): Bandy, 1954:136, pl. 29: fig. 7 [as Guttulina regina].

Gyroidina soldanii d’Orbigny: Cushman, 1931:38, pl. 8: figs, 3–8.

Hanzawaia concentrica (Cushman): Cushman, 1931:120, pl. 21: figs. 4, 5, pl. 22: figs. 1, 2 [as Cibicides concentrica].

Haplophragmoides canariensis (d’Orbigny): Schnitker, 1971:204, pl. 1: fig. 6.

Haplophragmoides emaciatum (Brady): Cushman, 1920: 40, figs. 1–3, pl. 8: fig. 4.

Haynesina germanica (Ehrenberg): Butcher, 1948:22, figs. 1–3 [as Nonion tisburyensis]. Scott, Medioli, and Schafer, 1977:1579, pl. 5: fig. 6 [as Protelphidium orbiculare].

Hemisphaerammina bradyi Loeblich and Tappan: Scott, Medioli, and Schafer, 1977: 1579, pl. 3: figs. 7, 8.

Hoeglundina elegans (d’Orbigny): Schnitker, 1971:204, pl. 10: fig. 15.

Hormosina globulifera Brady: Cushman, 1920:26, pl. 6: fig. 1.

Hyperammina elongata Brady: Parker, 1952a:395, pl. 1: fig. 10.

Islandiella norcrossi (Cushman): Parker, 1948:pl. 6: figs. 2a, b [as Cassidulina norcrossi].

Karreriella bradyi (Cushman): Cushman, 1922:74, pl. 12: fig. 8 [as Gaudryina bradyi].

Karreriella novangliae (Cushman): Cushman, 1922:76, pl. 13: fig. 4 [as Gaudryina baccata var. novangliae].

Lagena clavata (d’Orbigny): Cushman, 1923:10, pl. 1, fig. 15.

Lagena laevis (Montagu): Schafer and Cole, 1978:28, pl. 6: fig. 10.

Laryngosigma laclea (Walker and Jacob). Parker, 1948: pl. 5: fig. 3 [as Guttulina laclea].

Marginulina advena (Cushman): Cushman, 1923:134, pl. 39: figs. 1–4 [as Vaginulina advena].

Marginulina bacheii Bailey: Cushman, 1923:129, pl. 36: figs. 7–9.

Marginulina glabra d’Orbigny obesa Cushman: Cushman, 1923:128, pl. 37: fig. 1 [as Marginulina glabra var. obesa].

Marginulina spinigera (Brady): Cushman, 1923:138, pl. 37: figs. 6–8, pl. 38: fig. 1 [as Vaginulina spinigera].

Melonis pompilioides (Fichtel and Moll): Schnitker, 1971:204, pl. 10: fig. 14.

Miliammina fusca (Brady): Parker, 1952b:452, pl. 2: figs. 6a, b.

Neoconorbina terquemi (Rzehak): Schnitker, 1971:206, pl. 5: fig. 16.

Nonionella atlantica Cushman: Cushman, 1947:90, pl. 30: figs. 4, 5.

Nonionella grateloupi (d’Orbigny): Schnitker, 1971:206, pl. 10: fig. 6 [as Nonion grateloupi].

Nonionellina labradorica (Dawson): Cushman, 1930:11, pl. 4: figs. 6–12 [as Nonion labradoricum].

Oolina melo d’Orbigny: Schafer and Cole, 1978:28, pl. 6: fig. 5.

Palellina corrugata Williamson: Schnitker, 1971:206, pl. 6, fig. 12.

Pateoris hauerinoides (Rhumbler): Sen Gupta, 1971:85, pl. 1: figs. 19, 20.

Pelosina variabilis Brady: Cushman, 1918:53, pl. 22: figs. 1–4.

Peneroplis proteus d’Orbigny: Cushman, 1930:37, pl. 13: figs. 1–7.

Planorbulina mediterranensis d’Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:206, pl. 9: fig. 11.

Planulina exorna Phleger and Parker: Schnitker, 1971:206, pl. 9, fig. 6.

Poroeponides lateralis (Terquem): Cushman, 1944:34, pl. 4: fig. 23.

Psammosphaera fusca Schultze: Cushman, 1918:34, pl. 13: figs. 1–6, pl. 14: figs. 1–3.

Pseudopolymorphina novangliae (Cushman): Sen Gupta, 1971:87, pl. 2: figs. 1–3.

Pullenia quinqueloba (Reuss): Schnitker, 1971:206, pl. 10: fig. 11.

Pyrgo subsphaerica (d’Orbigny): Schnitker, 1971:208, pl. 3: fig. 5.

Quinqueloculina agglutinans d’Orbigny: D’Orbigny, 1839:195 pl. 12: figs. 11–13.

Quinqueloculina akneriana d’Orbigny: D’Orbigny, 1846:290, pl. 18: figs. 16–21.

Quinqueloculina bosciana d’Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:208, pl. 2: fig. 13.

Quinqueloculina compta Cushman: Schnitker, 1971:208, pl. 2: fig. 14.

Quinqueloculina dutemplei d’Orbigny: D’Orbigny, 1846:294, pl. 19: figs. 10–12.

Quinqueloculina jugosa (Cushman): Schnitker, 1971:208, pl. 2: fig. 15.

Quinqueloculina lamarckiana d’Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:208, pl. 3: fig. 16.

Quinqueloculina poeyana d’Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:208, pl. 2, fig. 17.

Quinqueloculina seminula (Linné): Sen Gupta, 1971:85, pl. 1: figs. 25–27.

Quinqueloculina subpoeyana Cushman: Bermudez and Seiglie, 1963: 141, pl. 9: fig. 6.

Rectobolivina advena (Cushman): Schnitker, 1971:208, pl. 4: fig. 26.

Recurvoides turbinatus (Brady): Sen Gupta, 1971:84, pl. 1: figs. 10–12.

Reophax bacillaris Brady: Cushman, 1920:19, pl. 19: fig. 6.

Reophax curtus Cushman: Sen Gupta, 1971:84, pl. 1: figs. 2–4.

Reophax dentaliniformis Brady: Cushman, 1920:18, pl. 5: figs. 4, 5.

Reophax scorpiurus Montfort: Cushman, 1920:6, pl. 1: figs. 5–7.

Reophax scottii Chaster: Sen Gupta, 1971:84, pl. 1: fig. 5.

Reussella atlantica (Cushman): Schnitker, 1971:210, pl. 5: fig. 8.

Rhabdammina abyssorum Carpenter: Cushman, 1918:15, pl. 6: fig. 1, pl. 7: fig. 1.

Rhabdammina linearis Brady: Cushman, 1918:19, pl. 7: figs. 2–5.

Rosalina floridana (Cushman): Schnitker, 1971:210, pl. 5: fig. 19.

Saccammina atlantica (Cushman): Sen Gupta, 1971:83, pl. 1: fig. 1.

Saccammina sphaerica Brady: Cushman, 1918:44, pl. 16: figs. 4, 5, pl. 19: figs. 2–5.

Saccammina testacea (Flint): Cushman, 1918:49, pl. 20: figs. 1–4 [as Proteonina testacea].

Saccorhiza ramosa (Brady): Cushman, 1918:81, pl. 30: figs. 3, 4.

Spiroloculina depressa d’Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:210, pl. 2: fig. 11.

Spiroplectammina biformis (Parker and Jones): Schafer and Cole, 1971:29, pl. 3: fig. 2.

Textularia candeiana d’Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:212, pl. 1: fig. 10.

Textularia conica d’Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:212, pl. 1: fig. 11.

Textularia earlandi Phleger: Schafer and Cole, 1971:29, pl. 3: fig. 4.

Textularia secasensis Lalicker and McCulloch: Lalicker and McCulloch, 1940:141, pl. 16: fig. 24.

Tholosina bulla (Brady): Cushman, 1918:63, pl. 25: fig. 6.

Tolypammina vagans (Brady): Cushman, 1918:91, pl. 35: figs. 4, 5, pl. 36: fig. 1 [as Girvanella vagans].

Trifarina angulosa (Williamson): Sen Gupta, 1971:89, pl. 2: figs. 16–17.

Triloculina trigonula (Lamarck): Schnitker, 1971:212, pl. 3: fig. 11.

Trochammina inflata (Montagu): Parker, 1952b:459, pl. 3: figs. 1a, b.

Trochammina lobata Cushman: Scott, Medioli, and Schafer, 1977: 1579, pl. 4: figs. 1, 2.

Trochammina macrescens Brady: Scott, Medioli, and Schafer, 1977: 1579, pl. 4: figs. 6, 7 [as Trochammina inflata macrescens].

Trochammina ochracea (Williamson): Scott, Medioli, and Schafer, 1977:1580, pl. 4: figs. 5, 8.

Trochammina squamata Jones and Parker: Schafer and Cole, 1978: 29, pl. 5: fig. 1.

Uvigerina hispidocostata Cushman and Todd: Cushman and Todd, 1945:51, pl. 7: figs. 27, 31.

Uvigerina peregrina Cushman: Cushman, 1923:166, pl. 42: figs. 7–10.

Valvulina conica Parker and Jones: Cushman, 1922:62, pl. 11: figs. 8, 9.

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1826. Tableau methodique de la classe des céphalopodes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 7:245–314.

1839. Foraminifères. In de la Sagra, Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba: Natural History, 2:1–224 [plates published separately]. Paris: Bertrand.

1846. Foraminifères fossiles du bassin tertiaire de Vienne (Autriche). Gide el Compe, (Paris), 1–312.

Parker, W. K., T. R. Jones, and H. B. Brady

1865. On the Nomenclature of the Foraminifera, 12: The Species Enumerated by d’Orbigny in the “Annales des Sciences Naturelles,” vol. 7, 1826, III: The Species Illustrated by Models. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 16:15–41.

Phleger, F. B, and F. L. Parker

1951. Ecology of Foraminifera, Northwest Gulf of Mexico, II: Foraminifera Species. Geological Society of America Memoir, 46:1–64.

Schafer, C. T., and F. E. Cole

1978. Distribution of Foraminifera in Chaleur Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence. Geological Survey of Canada, 77–30:1–55.

Sen Gupta, B. K.

1972. Distribution of Holocene Benthonic Foraminifera on the Atlantic Continental Shelf of North America. In 24th International Geological Congress, (Montreal), Proceedings of Section 8, pages 125–134.

Wilcoxon, J. A.

1964. Distribution of Foraminifera off the Southern Atlantic Coast of the United States. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 15(l):1–24.

CATALOG 1

Unsynonomized Species with Publication and Location

CATALOG 2

Synonomized Species with Publication and Location

CATALOG 3

Unsynonomized Species

CATALOG 4

Synonomized Species

CATALOG 5

Latitude and Longitude of Synonomized Species

MAPS

Figures 1-150

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