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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES • NUMBER 8

Distribution of Recent
Benthic Foraminifera in
the Gulf of Mexico

VOLUME I

Stephen J. Culver
and Martin A. Buzas

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
City of Washington
1981

ABSTRACT

Culver, Stephen J., and Martin A. Buzas. Distribution of Recent Benthic Foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, number 8, 2 volumes, 898 pages, 296 figures, 3 tables, 1981.—A computer file of all published (presence or absence) distributional data on the living and dead recent benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico was constructed from 77 papers published since 1918. Manipulation of this file produced 5 catalogs and 296 maps.

Catalog 1 lists alphabetically species names with publication and locality information as recorded in the literature (i.e., unsynonymized). Catalog 2 lists synonymized species names (in the same numerical line order as Catalog 1) with publication and locality information. Catalog 3 and 4 list alphabetically all unsynonymized and synonymized species names, respectively. Catalog 5 lists synonymized names by increasing latitude and longitude.

During the past 60 years, 1219 names have been used to record benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico. Through synonymization, these were reduced to 848 species, of which 295 occur at 16 or more of the 426 sample localities. Computer-generated maps were drawn for these 295 most commonly recorded species.

Species were grouped by depth and geographic distribution through visual examination of the maps. Twenty overlapping categories describe the depth distribution of the commonly recorded species. The depth distribution of 15 species varies considerably around the Gulf.

Geographically the 295 most commonly recorded species may be grouped into 11 categories. Forty-eight percent of the species are ubiquitous around the Gulf. Circum-Gulf of Mexico provincial boundaries cannot be recognized but preliminary analysis distinguishes concentric benthic foraminiferal provinces whose margins can be related to particular depths and physiographic regions.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution’s annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Seascape along the Atlantic coast of eastern North America.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Culver, Stephen J

Distribution of Recent Benthic Foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico

(Smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences ; no. 8)

Bibliography: p.

1. Foraminifera—Mexico, Gulf of. 2. Foraminifera—Mexico, Gulf of—Geographical distribution. 3. Protozoa—Mexico, Gulf of. 4. Protozoa—Mexico, Gulf of—Geographical distribution. I. Buzas, Martin A., joint author. II. Title. III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences; no. 8

QL368.F6C618    593.1′20916364    80–28882

Distribution of Recent
Benthic Foraminifera in
the Gulf of Mexico

Stephen J. Culver
and Martin A. Buzas

Stephen J. Culver and Martin A. Buzas, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.

Introduction

Study of the recent benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico began in earnest in the early 1900s when Cushman published the first of several monographs on the foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean. Since then, many other workers have contributed papers on the taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of Gulf of Mexico benthic foraminifera. Poag (1975) presented an abstract summarizing Circum-Gulf of Mexico distributions but a more detailed account was not published at the time of the writing of this paper. Between 1918 and 1978, 103 papers concerning Gulf of Mexico foraminifera were published. This paper represents the first attempt to synthesize these data and is the second of a series including and summarizing all published data on the distribution of recent benthic foraminifera around North America. All published distributional data for the east coast is presented in Culver and Buzas (1980) and the results of subsequent analysis are given in Buzas and Culver (1980), Culver and Buzas (in press, a; in press, b).

The work presented here can be divided into three main parts. First, there is a references section consisting of (1) the 77 papers used in compiling the presence-absence data utilized by this study and (2) additional references that are cited in this paper. Second, there are five computer- generated catalogs listing every species ever recorded in publications on the Gulf of Mexico. Third, there are computer-generated maps of the 295 most commonly recorded species together with a map showing all sample localities in the Gulf. Explanatory notes for the catalogs and maps can be found later in this introduction. The discussion section contains tabulated summaries and treats various aspects of the distribution of individual species and groups of species.

Following the format of our study of the benthic foraminifera off the east coast of North America (Culver and Buzas, 1980), we have included a key to our concept of each of the 295 most commonly recorded species of the Gulf of Mexico.

METHODS

COMPUTER TECHNIQUES.—The computerization methods utilized in this work were the same as those described in detail in Culver and Buzas (1980).

DATA COMPILATION.—Of the 103 papers published on the benthic foraminifera of the Gulf of Mexico, 77 contained data in a form enabling their incorporation in this study. The name of one or more species (living or dead) and the locality where they were found was all that was required. The information entered in the basic compilation file consisted of (1) author of publication, (2) date of publication, (3) generic name used in publication, (4) specific name used in publication, (5) locality, (6) latitude and longitude (see “Catalog 1”).

When numerous sample sites of a particular study were in very close proximity they were summarized by one or several representative localities. Thus, all species recorded in the sampled area were considered to have been found at the representative points. Modification and sorting of this basic data file resulted in the production of five catalogs that are described below. The 296 maps in this publication are also computer-generated and were drawn on a Calcomp Plotter.

THE CATALOGS

Five catalogs are included in this section and are designed to enable the reader to have rapid access to all published distributional data on recent benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico. Catalog 1 lists (alphabetically by binomen) all the records of every species ever recorded in the Gulf and includes publication and locality information. This catalog contains over 18,000 entries and over 90,000 pieces of information. Catalog 2 is the synonymized version of Catalog 1. This list is identical to Catalog 1 except that generic and specific names have been changed where necessary. To aid referral between Catalogs 1 and 2, line numbers starting at 10001 are included at the lefthand margin of the files. Thus, for example, it can be seen that Borelis pulchra from the Tortugas (Catalog 2, line 10118) was originally recorded (Cushman, 1922a) as Alveolina pulchra (Catalog l, line 10118).

Catalog 3 and 4 aid rapid use of the first two catalogs. Catalog 3 is an alphabetized list of the 1219 taxa that have been recorded in the Gulf of Mexico. Catalog 4 lists alphabetically the 848 species recorded in this area after synonymization achieved by reference to published illustrations and to specimens lodged in the USNM collections (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution) and the British Museum (Natural History) collections. Catalogs 3 and 4, therefore, are derived directly from Catalogs 1 and 2 respectively.

Catalog 5 is intended for the researcher interested in specific areas. This catalog contains alphabetized lists of synonymized species for each locality (localities are listed by increasing latitude and longitude). If, in the case of a synonymized species, the investigator questions the generic or specific name used, he can refer to Catalogs 1 and 2 to find the original name used by the author of the publication in which that species was recorded.

A compilation of this magnitude inevitably contains some errors. At this time we are aware of three that were discovered too late to correct. The records of Plectina apicularis in Catalog 1 should have been referred to Karreriella apicularis in Catalogs 2, 4, and 5. These records, therefore, should be referred by the reader to the latter name in the synonymized catalogs. Similarly, the records of Siphotrochammina squamata in Catalog 1 should have been referred to Trochammina squamata in Catalog 2, 4, and 5. The maps drawn for the distribution of Karreriella apicularis and Trochammina squamata are complete and correct. Both Amphicoryna sublineata and Nodosaria sublineata appear in Catalogs 2, 4, and 5, and a map has been included for each of them; however, reference to the key of commonly recorded species indicates that they are conspecific. Hence, the records shown on the two maps should be combined. Tables 1 and 3 refer to this species as Nodosaria sublineata.

THE MAPS

Two hundred and ninety-six computer-generated maps are included in this section and, like the catalogs, are provided as a reference tool for use in distributional studies of recent benthic foraminifera. Figure 1 illustrates the distribution of all the 426 sample localities included in this study. The 183 m and 1830m submarine contours roughly approximate the edge of the continental shelf and the bottom of the continental slope, respectively. The distribution of the sample localities must be taken into account when examining the maps illustrating the distributions of species.

Figures 2-296 are computer-generated maps for the 295 most commonly recorded species. These are species that have been recorded 16 times or more, or at approximately 4% or more of the 426 localities: the figure 4% was chosen to achieve conformity with the study of the Atlantic continental margin of North American (Culver and Buzas, 1980) where maps were drawn for those species that have been recorded 20 times or more, again approximately 4% or more of the 542 localities in question. The maps are arranged alphabetically by genera and by species within each genus. A brief discussion and tabulated summary of the distribution of each of the illustrated species follows.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Dante Piacesi and Ken McCormick for their considerable efforts in the computer production of this work. Angela Lanham and Laurel Smith contributed invaluable library research and secretarial services. James Ingle supplied the type specimens of several species for our examination and C. G. Adams allowed access to British Museum (Natural History) collections.

Discussion

The main purpose of this publication is to present all the published distributional data of the recent benthic foraminifera of the Gulf of Mexico. The discussion of these data, therefore, will be brief and of a summary nature as more detailed discussion will be the subject of subsequent publications.

A total of 1219 taxa have been recorded in the Gulf of Mexico from 426 localities. Synonymization has reduced this number to 848. Of these 848 species, 295 occurred at 16 or more of the 426 localities; that is, 35% of the species occur at 4% or more of the sample localities.

Distributional data of the 295 most commonly recorded species have been summarized by tabulation. Tables 1 and 2 present depth distribution and Table 3 is a synopsis of geographic distribution. Original analysis of depth distribution involved placing the species in three categories, coastal, less than 200m, and more than 200m. This clearly indicated species diversity increasing continuously offshore; however, much detailed information was lost in using only these three categories. Thus, the overlapping distribution categories in Table 1 more accurately convey depth distribution information for the 295 most commonly recorded species. Twenty-three species occur at depths of less than 50m, 13 at less than 100m, eight at less than 200m, one between 50 and 200m, 23 at less than 500m, two between 50 and 500m, 28 less than 1000m, 13 between 50 and 1000m, five between 100 and 1000m, one between 200 and 1000m, 11 at less than 2000m, six between 50 and 2000m, 16 between 200 and 2000m, 16 between 500 and 2000m, 31 at depths of more than 50m, 13 deeper than 100m, 37 deeper than 200m, 18 deeper than 500m, and 11 deeper than 1000m. Eighteen species are ubiquitous.

No species are confined to depths of more than 2000m. All species that occur deeper than 2000m—those in the more than 50m, 100m, 200m, 500m, 1000m, and ubiquitous categories in Table 1—range, therefore, from abyssal depths up onto the slope or shelf. Thus, a deep water association composed of solely abyssal species does not occur.

The depth range of species is very variable. Marginulina planata (Figure 160) has a very narrow range of 50 to 200 m, as do the 23 species listed in the less than 50m category. By contrast, 18 species are ubiquitous from inner shelf to abyssal depths and a further 31 species are almost as eurybathyal, occurring at depths of more than 50m.

Depth distributions of various organisms have been noted as changing with latitude (e.g., Hazel, 1970). Several species exhibit some changing of depth distributions around the Gulf. The most distinct examples of these distributions are summarized in Table 2. The depth distribution noted for Melonis pompilioides (Figure 165) in this table and in Table 1 may be somewhat misleading. The shelf occurrences were recorded by Phleger (1951). In the associated taxonomic paper (Phleger and Parker, 1951) it was noted that shallower records were probably referable to Nonion barleeanum (= Melonis barleeanus) (Phleger and Parker, 1951:11). These authors, however, did not expressly state at what depth the compressed form, M. barleeanus, was replaced by the more inflated M. pompilioides. Thus, to preclude subjectivity in synonymization of species records at particular localities, all records of Melonis pompilioides in Phleger (1951) were retained as such. This species, however, as generally believed, is probably restricted to bathyal and abyssal depths.

TABLE 1.—Depth Distribution

<50m

<500 m

Rosalina suezensis
Uvigerina hispidocostata

Ammoastuta inepta
Ammoscalaria pseudospiralis
Siphonaperta horrida

Ammobaculites exiguus
Bigenerina irregularis
Siphonina pulchra
200m–2000m

Ammotium salsum
Bigenerina textularioidea
Textularia earlandi
Ammobaculites agglutinans

Arenoparrella mexicana
Elphidium advenum
Trifarina bella
Anomalinoides mexicana

Bolivina striatula
Elphidium gunteri
Triloculina brevidentata
Astrononion tumidum

Elphidium delicatulum
Epanides repandus
50–1000m
Cassidulinoides mexicanus

Elphidium excavalum
Fursenkoina spinicostata
Cibicides bantamensis

Elphidium kaeboeense
Cultulina australis
Bolivina goesii
Cibicides corpulentus

Gaudryina exilis
Gypsina vesicularis
Bolivina minima
Eggerella propinqua

Massilina peruviana
Hanzawaia strattom
Cibicides io
Fursenkoina tessellata

Miliammina fusca
Neoconorbina terquemi
Cibicides mollis
Globobulimina ovula

Miliolinella obliquinoda
Nodobaculariella cassis
Cibicides umbonatus
Gyroidina altiformis cushmani

Palmerinella palmerae
Planorbulina mediterranensis
Clavulina mexicana
Haplophragmoides scitulum

Quinqueloculina cultrata
Quinqueloculina bicostata
Marginulinopsis marginulinoides
Hyperammina laevigata

Quinqueloculina funafutiensis
Quinqueloculina polygona
Nodosaria sublineata
Pyrgo depressa

Quinqueloculina poeyana
Rosalina bulbosa
Planulina foveolata
Reclobolivina dimorpha

Quinqueloculina rhodiensis
Rosalina floridana
Siphonina bradyana
Reliculophragmium venezuelanum

Quinqueloculina seminula
Rosalina floridensis
Spirillina vivipara
Tosaia weaveri

Reophax nana
Spiropleclammina floridana
Textularia foliacea occidentalis

Tiphotrocha comprimata
Textularia candeiana
Uvigerina flintii
500–2000m

Triloculina sidebottomi
Textularia conica
100–1000m
Ammodiscus planorbis

Trochammina inflata
Textularia mayori

Ammodiscus tenuis

Trochammina macrescens
Wiesnerella auriculata
Gaudryina attanlica
Bathysiphon filiformis

Marginulinopsis subaculeata glabrate
Coryphostoma spinescens

<100m
50–500m

Cribrostomoides lobatus

Ammonia pauciloculata
Gaudryina aequo
Nodosaria comatula
Cyclammina cancellata

Ammonia rolshauseni
Textulariella barrettii
Oridorsalis tener stellatus
Cystammina pauciloculata

Elphidium fimbriatulum

Textularia mexicana
Ehrenbergina pupa

Elphidium galvestonense
<1000m

Fissurina formosa

Elphidium mexicanum
Ammonia beccarii
200–1000m
Fursenkoina seminuda

Haynesina germanica
Bolivina fragilis
Uvigerina peregrina mediterranea
Globocassidulina murrhyna

Nodobaculariella atlantica
Bolivina striatula spinala

Haplophragmoides ringens

Nouria polymorphinoides
Bulimina marginata
<2000m
Lituotuba lituiformis

Peneroplis proteus
Bulimina tenuis
Ammomarginulina foliacea
Reophax pilulifer

Quinqueloculina agglutinans
Butiminella bassendorfensis
Buccella hannai
Uvigerina spinicostata

Quinqueloculina bosciana
Cancris oblonga
Gaudryina minuta
Valvulineria opima

Quinqueloculina subpoeyana
Cibicides deprimus
Lenticulina calcar

Sorites orbitoliloides
Cibicides protuberans
Nonionella allantica
>50m

Discorbinella bertheloli
Nonionella grateloupi
Ammonia translucens

<200m
Elphidium discoidale
Trifarina bradyi
Bolivina daggarius

Amphistegina gibbosa
Eponides antillarum
Trifarina jamaicensis
Bolivina ardinaria

Archaias angulatus
Fursenkoina ponloni
Trochammina advena
Bolivina subaenariensis mexicana

Asterigerina carinata
Fursenkoina punctata
Trochammina squamala
Bolivina translucens

Buliminella elegantissima
Fursenkoina schreibersiana
Uvigerina parvula
Bulimina inflata mexicana

Cancris sagra
Hanzawaia concentrica

Bulimina spicata

Elphidium poeyanum
Planulina exorna
50–2000m
Cassidulina carinata

Planulina ornata
Pyrgo nasuta
Bolivina barbata
Cassidulina crassa

Quinqueloculina compta
Quinqueloculina lamarckiana
Cassidulina laevigata
Cassidulina curvata

Rectobolivina advena
Cibicides pseudoungerianus
Cassidulina neocarinata

50–200m
Reussella allantica
Nonion formosum
Cibicides robertsonianus

Marginulina planala
Rosalina concinna
Planulina ariminensis
Eponides regularis

Eponides tumidulus | Valvulineria laevigata | Rectobolivina abrupta | Florilus clavatus
Eponides turgidus |  | Reophax distans delicatutus | Francesita advena
Eponides umbonatus | >200m | Saccorhiza ramosa | Gyroidina altiformis acuta
Glomospira charoides | Adercotryma glomerata | Sigmoilopsis schlumbergeri | Pseudotrochammina triloba
Hoeglundina elegans | Alabamina decorata | Tolypammina schaudinni | Pullenia subsphaerica
Lenticulina peregrina | Ammodiscoides turbinates | Trochammina japonica | Pyrgo lucernula
Melonis pompilioides (see p. 5) | Butimina affinis | Uvigerina peregrina dirupta | Quinqueloculina venusta
Nodosaria pyrula | Bulimina alazanensis | Valvulineria complanata | Recurvoides conlortus f. scilulus
Pullenia bulloides | Cassidulinoides tenuis |  | Siphotextularia rolshauseni
Pullenia quinqueloba | Chilostomella oolina | >500m | Uvigenna hispida
Pyrgo murrhina | Cibicides bradyi | Ammoglobigerinoides dehiscens |
Reophax dentaliniformis | Cibicides rugosus | Ammolagena clavala |
Reophax scorpiurus | Cribrostomoides nitidum | Bolivina alata |
Sphaeroidina bulloides | Dentalina cuvieri | Cribrostomoides wiesnen | Ubiquitous
Triloculina tricarinata | Dentalina intorta | Hormosina carpenteri | Bolivina albatrossi
Uvigerina peregrina | Eggerella bradyi | Hormosina globulifera | Bolivina lowmani
Valvulineria mexicana | Eponides polius | Hormosina ovicula | Bolivina subspinescens
Valvulineria minuta | Gaudryina flintii | Hyperammina friabilis | Cassidulina subglobosa
| Globocassidulina pacifica | Planulina wuellerstorfi | Cibicides floridanus
>100m | Glomospira gordialis | Pleurostomella bolivinoides | Epistominella exigua
Bulimina aculeala | Gyroidina altiformis | Pullenia trinitatensis | Epistominella vitrea
Cibicides kullenbergi | Gyroidina orbicularis | Quinqueloculina vulgaris | Fursenkoina loeblichi
Cribrostomoides subgtobosum | Gyroidina umbonata | Recurvoides contortus f. subglobosus | Lagena laevis
Dentalina communis | Haplophragmoides sphaeriloculus |  | Nonionella opima
Fursenkoina mexicana | Karreriella apicularis | Rhabdammina abyssorum | Rosalina williamsoni
Karreriella bradyi | Laticarinina pauperata | Rhabdammina linearis | Saccammina allantica
Nodellum membranaceum | Lenticulina gibba | Rhizammina algaeformis | Sagrina pulchella
Reophax hispidulus | Martinottiella occidentalis | Thurammina papillata | Seabrookia earlandi
Robertinoides bradyi | Oridorsalis tener tener | Trochammina globulosa | Spirosigmoilina distorta
Sigmoilina tenuis | Osangularia cullur |  | Stetsonia minuta
Trochammina tasmanica | Osangularia rugosa | >1000m | Triloculina trigonula
Uvigerina auberiana | Pullenia osloensis | Bolivina pusilla | Uvigerina bellula

TABLE 2.—Examples of changing depth distribution

Buliminella elegantissima | Textularia candeiana
Epistominella exigua | Textularia conica
Epistominella vitrea | Textularia earlandi
Eponides turgidus |
Eponides umbonatus | Textularia foliacea occidentals
Fursenkoina loeblichi | Textularia mayori
Melonis pompilioides (see p. 5) | Trochammina squamata
Stetsonia minuta | Uvigerina peregrina

The genus Textularia is of particular interest as all of its species incorporated in Table 1 are shown in Table 2 to exhibit changing distributions around the Gulf of Mexico. Three species move into deeper water eastwards across the Gulf and one species occupies deeper habitats to both the south and east. Textularia earlandi, generally a coastal form both on the east cost of North America and in the Gulf of Mexico, clearly moves into deeper water off the Mississippi delta (Figure 258).

TABLE 3.—Geographic distribution

Northeast

Discorbinella bertheloti
Bathysiphon filiformis
Peneroplis proteus

Bigenerina textularioidea
Elphidium excavalum
Cassidulinoides mexicanus
Trifarina jamaicensis

Cassidulina carinala
Epistominella vitrea
Cibicides bantamensis

Cibicides protuberans
Eponides tumidulus
Cibicides bradyi

Northeast-South

Gypsina vesiculous
Fissurina formosa
Coryphostoma spinescens
Archaias angulalus

Sigmoilina tenuis
Fursenkoina mexicana
Cribrostomoides lobatus
Quinqueloculina agglutinans

Fursenkoina schreibersiana
Cystammina pauciloculata

Northeast-Northcentral

Fursenkoina tessellata
Dentalina cuvieri

Northcentral-Northwest-South

Bolivina daggarius
Gaudryina exilis
Florilus clavatus

Bolivina goësii
Gaudryina minuta
Fursenkoina seminuda
Ammoasluta inepta

Bolivina pusilla
Glomospira charoides
Globocassidulina murrhyna
Cyclammina cancellata

Cassidulinoides tenuis
Glomospira gordialis
Gyroidina altiformis acuta
Eggerella propinqua

Francesita advena
Gyroidina orbicularis
Gyroidina altiformis cushmani
Elphidium koeboeense

Pyrgo lucernula
Haphphragmoides ringens
Gyroidina umbonata
Martinottiella occidentalis

Quinqueloculina venusta
Haphphragmoides scilulum
Haphphragmoides sphaeriloculus
Palmerinella palmerae

Rectobolivina abrupta
Lenticulina calcar
Hormosina globulifera

Reophax distant delicalulus
Lenticulina peregrina
Hormosina ovicula

Northeast-Northwest

Reophax hispidulus
Nodosaria pyrula
Nodellum membranaceum

Robertinoides bradyi
Nouria polymorphinoides
Nodosaria sublineata
Miliolinella obliquinoda

Trochammina japonica
Osangulana rugosa
Oridorsalis lener stellalus
Nonion formosum

Valvulineria mexicana
Planorbulina mediterranensis
Oridorsalis tener tener
Quinqueloculina bosciana

Quinqueloculina cultrata
Pullenia subsphaerica
Rhizammina algaeformis

Northcentral

Quinqueloculina vulgaris
Pullenia trinitatensis

Ubiquitous

Ammobaculites aggtutinans
Rectobolivina dimorpha
Reophax dentaliniformis

Bolivina alata
Reophax scorpiurus
Reticulophragmium venezuelanum
Alabamina decorata

Dentalina intorta
Saccammina atlantica
Rhabdammina linearis
Ammonia beccarii

Globobulimina ovula
Seabrookia earlandi
Saccorhiza ramosa
Ammonia Iranstucens

Hyperammina friabilis
Sigmoilopsis schlumbergeri
Thurammina papillata
Ammotium salsum

Hyperammina laevigata
Sorites orbitolitoides
Tiphotrocha comprimata
Amphistegina gibbosa

Lenticulina gibba
Spirosigmoilina distorla
Tosaia weaven
Arenoparrella mexicana

Lituotuba lituiformis
Stetsonia minuta
Trochammina macrescens
Asterigerina carinata

Pleurostomella bolivinoides
Textularia earlandi
Uvigerina hispida
Bigenerina irregularis

Pseudolrochammina triloba
Tolypammina schaudinni
Uvigerina peregrina dirupta
Bolivina albalrossi

Recurvoides contortus f. scitulus
Trifarina bradyi
Uvigerina peregrina mediterranea
Bolivina barbata

Recurvoides contortus f. subglobosus
Triloculina brevidentata
Uvigerina spinicostata
Bolivina fragilis

Triloculina sidebottomi
Valvulineria complanata
Bolivina lowmani

Reophax pilulifer
Triloculina tricarinata
Valvulineria opima
Bolivina striatula

Rhabdammina abyssorum
Trochammina globulosa

Bolivina striatula spinata

Trochammina squamata

Northwest

Bolivina subaenariensis mexicana

Northeast-Northcentral-Northwest

Trochammina tasmanica

Bolivina subspinescens

Uvigerina auberiana
Ammonia pauciloculata
Bolivina subspinescens

Bulimina tenuis
Bolivina translucens

Adercotryma glomerata
Valvulineria laevigata
Ehrenbergina pupa
Buccella hannai

Ammobaculites exiguus
Wiesnerella auriculata
Globocassidulina pacifica
Bulimina aculeata

Ammoscalaria pseudospiralis

Bulimina affinis

Anomalinoides mexicana

Northcentral Northwest

Hormosina carpenteri

Massilina peruviana
Bulimina alazanensis

Astrononion tumidum
Ammodiscoides turbinalus
Pullema osloensis
Bulimina inflata mexicana

Bolivina minima
Ammodiscus planorbis

Bulimina marginata

Bolivina ordinana
Ammodiscus tenuis

Northeast-Northcentral-South

Bulimina spicata

Chiloslomella oolina
Ammoglobigerinoides dehiscens

Buliminella bassendorfensis

Cibicides io
Ammolagena clavala

Buliminella elegantissima

Cribrostomoides wiesneri
Ammomarginulina foliacea
Cassidulina laevigata
Cancris oblonga

Dentalina communis
Ammonia rolshauseni
Cribrostomoides nitidum
Cancris sagra

Cassidulina crassa | Eponides turgidus | Nonionella atlanlica | Rosalina floridensis
Cassidulina curvata | Eponides umbonatus | Nonionella grateloupi | Rosalina suezensis
Cassidulina neocarinala | Fursenkoina loeblichi | Nonionella opima | Rosalina williamsoni
Cassidulina subglobosa | Fursenkoina pontoni | Osangularia cultur | Sagrina pulchella
Cibicides corpulentus | Fursenkoina punctata | Planulina ariminensis | Siphonaperla horrida
Cibicides deprimus | Fursenkoina spinicostata | Planulina exorna | Siphomna bradyana
Cibicides floridanus | Gaudryina aequo | Planulina foveolata | Siphonina pulchra
Cibicides kullenbergi | Gaudryina allantica | Planulina ornata | Siphotextularia rolshausem
Cibicides mollis | Gaudryina Jlintii | Planulina wuellerstorfi | Sphaeroidina bulloides
Cibicides pseudoungerianus | Guttulina australis | Pullenia bulloides | Spirillina vivipara
Cibicides roberlsonianus | Gyroidina altiformn | Pullenia quinqueloba | Spiroplectammina floridana
Cibicides rugosus | Hanzawaia concentrica | Pyrgo depressa | Textularia candeiana
Cibicides umbonatus | Hanzawaia strattoni | Pyrgo murrhina | Textularia conica
Cultulina mexicana | Haynesina germanica | Pyrgo nasula | Textularia foliacea occidenlalis
Cribrostomoides subglobosum | Hoeglundina elegans | Quinqueloculina bicostata | Textularia mayori
Eggerella bradyi | Karreriella apicularis | Quinqueloculina compta | Textularia mexicana
Elphidium advenum | Karreriella bradyi | Quinqueloculina funafutiensis | Textulariella barrettn
Elphidium delicatulum | Lagena laevis | Quinqueloculina lamarckiana | Trifarina bella
Elphidium discoidale | Lenticulina pauperata | Quinqueloculina poeyana | Triloculina Irigonula
Elphidium Jimbrialulum | Marginulina planata | Quinqueloculina polygona | Trochammina advena
Elphidium galveslonense | Marginulinopsis marginulinoides | Quinqueloculina rhodiensis | Trochammina inflala
Elphidium gunleri | Marginulinopsis subaculeata glabrata | Quinqueloculina seminula | Uvigerma bellula
Elphidium mexicanum |  | Quinqueloculina subpoeyana | Uvigerina flintii
Elphidium poeyanum | Melonis pompilioides | Rectobolivina advena | Uvigerina hispidocoslata
Epistominella exigua | Miliammina fusca | Reophax nana | Uvigerina parvula
Eponides antillarum | Neoconorbina terquemi | Reussella allantica |
Eponides polius | Nodobaculariella allanlica | Rosalina bulbosa |
Eponides regularis | Nodobaculariella cassis | Rosahna concinna | Uvigerina peregrina
Eponides repandus | Nodosaria comatula | Rosalina floridana | Valvulineria minuta

Comparisons of depth distributions for species occurring off more than one coast of North America will be the subject of a future publication. For the present, the reader is referred to the maps in this publication and in Culver and Buzas (1980) for comparison purposes.

Generic distributions may also provide useful depth information. For example, in the Gulf of Mexico, most species of the genus Elphidium occur shallower than 500m. The genus Bigenerina is also restricted to depths of less than 500m and Buliminella species occur shallower than 1000m. The genus Francesita (represented by one species) is indicative of deep water, occurring at more than 1000m depth. In contrast, species of the genus Quinqueloculina are not so restricted: of a total of 14 species, 8 occur at depths of less than 100m, 12 shallower than 1000m, while another species (Q. vulgaris, Figure 216) is only found deeper than 500m and Q. venusta (Figure 215) is restricted to depths of greater than 1000m. Thus, as expected, generic distributions are of some use as depth indicators but are not so applicable as individual species distributions.

Consideration of the depth distribution of benthic foraminifera as described here must take into account the limitations of the sample framework as defined in Figure 1. Data are lacking for the deepest part of the Gulf and for the Campeche Shelf. So much information is available, however, for the northern half of the Gulf of Mexico that the species depth distributions given herein are almost certainly representative of the Gulf as a whole.

Geographic distribution of recent benthic foraminifera is the subject of Table 3. Visual examination of Figures 2-296 suggests 11 categories of distribution. Five species are restricted to the northeastern part of the Gulf, 13 species occur in the northeastern to northcentral area, 14 species are restricted to the northcentral segment, 54 species occur across the Gulf in northeast, northcentral, and northwest segments, 44 species occur in the northcentral to northwest area, seven species are restricted to the northwestern part of the Gulf, four species occur in northeast, northcentral, and southern areas, two species occur in northeastern and southern areas, and six species occur in northcentral, northwest, and southern segments of the Gulf. Four species exhibit a disjunct distribution occurring in the northeast and northwest parts of the Gulf but not in the northcentral area, and 141 species have a ubiquitous, around-the-Gulf, geographic distribution.

The species comprising each category in Table 3 are generally restricted to the geographic area under which they are listed. Thus, a list of all the species that have been recorded in the northwest part of the Gulf of Mexico would include those listed under that particular category (“Northwest”) plus those listed under the headings “Northeast-Northcentral-Northwest,” “Northcentral-Northwest,” “Northcentral-Northwest-South,” “Northeast-Northwest,” and “Ubiquitous.” To save lengthy and repetitive description, the reader is referred to the relevant maps that illustrate these areas.

Zoogeography of the Gulf of Mexico has been the subject of several papers (e.g., Dall, 1889; Hedgpeth, 1953; Pulley, 1953). These papers are based on marine macrofaunal distributions and, as far as the authors know, benthic foraminiferal provinces in the Gulf of Mexico have not been discussed in print. The results of the present study, summarized in Tables 1-3, and preliminary cluster analysis suggest that provincial boundaries in the Gulf of Mexico can be distinguished only at particular depths or at physiographic boundaries. The large number of geographically ubiquitous species (Table 3) in shelf and slope areas suggests that any chemical and physical environmental changes laterally around the Gulf or at the Mississippi delta are not large enough to promote provincialism. The most recognizable lateral geographic restriction of species that can be related to provincialism is the occurrence of the larger miliolids Archaias angulatus (Figure 22), Sorites orbitolitoides (Figure 250) and Peneropolis proteus (Figure 185), and Gypsina vesicularis (Figure 134) generally in the eastern part of the Gulf of Mexico. These records probably represent westward migration (now or in the recent past) from highly carbonate Caribbean environments where they abound.

Benthic foraminiferal provinces in the Gulf of Mexico are being investigated using the same techniques as were used for the eastern continental margin off North America (Buzas and Culver, 1980; Culver and Buzas, in press, a).

Summary

1. All published data on the distribution of recent benthic foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico are presented in the form of 5 catalogs and 296 maps.

2. 1219 taxa have been recorded in the area of study.

3. The taxa have been reduced to 848 by synonymization.

4. Of the 848 synonymized species, 295 occurred at 16 or more of the sample locations; that is, 35% of the species occur at 4% or more of the 426 sample localities.

5. Nineteen groups of commonly recorded species characterize overlapping depth zones.

6. Another group of species is ubiquitous to all depths.

7. Commonly recorded genera and species vary in their usefulness for delimiting depth zones.

8. The depth distribution of 14 commonly recorded species changes considerably around the Gulf of Mexico and one species moves into deeper environments off the Mississippi delta.

9. Ten groups of commonly recorded species characterize overlapping zoogeographic categories.

10. Another group, represented by 141 of the 295 commonly recorded species, is ubiquitous in its geographic distribution in the area of study.

11. Foraminiferal provincial boundaries cannot be distinguished laterally around the Gulf, as circum-Gulf of Mexico physical and chemical environmental changes at any given depth are probably not large enough to promote provincialism.

Key to the Species on the Maps

Following Culver and Buzas (1980) we list below a key to our concept of the 295 most commonly recorded species in the Gulf of Mexico. Genera are listed alphabetically as are the species within each genus. Under each species, the reference or references are given where the reader can find published illustrations that adequately convey our concept of each of the commonly recorded species in this study. Many of the 295 species were also included in the key to commonly recorded species for the east coast of North America (Culver and Buzas, 1980); the references given here for these species are generally the same.

INDEX TO PUBLICATIONS THAT ILLUSTRATE OUR
CONCEPT OF THE 295 MOST COMMONLY
RECORDED SPECIES

Adercotryrna glomerata (Brady): Parker, 1954:486, pl. 1: fig. 18 [as Adercotryma glomeratum].

Alabamina decorata (Phleger and Parker): Phleger and Parker, 1951:28, pl. 15: figs. 4a, b, 5a, b [as Pseudoparella (?) decorate]. Pflum and Frerichs, 1976:107, pl. 6: figs. 8, 9, pl. 7: fig. 1.

Ammoastuta inepta (Cushman and McCulloch): Parker, Phelger, and Peirson, 1953:4, pl. 1: fig. 12.

Ammobaculites agglulinans (d'Orbigny): Cushman, 1920:60, pl. 12: fig. 3.

Ammobaculites exiguus Cushman and Bronnimann: Ellison and Nichols, 1970:15, pl. 2: fig. 6 [as Ammobaculites cf. A. exiguus].

Ammodiscoides turbinatus Cushman: Cushman, 1918:98, pl. 36: figs. 3-6, pl. 37: figs. 1–6.

Ammodiscusplanorbis Höglund: Höglund, 1947:125, pl. 8: figs. 4, 9, pl. 28: figs. 13, 14, text figs. 91, 105, 109.

Ammodiscus tenuis Brady: Brady, 1884:332, pl. 38: figs. 5, 6.

Ammoglobigerinoides dehiscens Frerichs: Frerichs, 1969:1, pl. 1: fig. 1, pl. 2: fig. 1.

Ammolagena clavala (Parker and Jones): Cushman, 1918:89, pl. 34: figs. 2–5, pl. 35: figs. 1-3.

Ammomarginulina foliacea (Brady): Brady, 1884:304, pl. 33: figs. 20–25 [as Haplophragmium foliaceum].

Ammonia beccarii (Linné): Schnitker, 1974:217-223, pl. 1.

Ammonia pauciloculata (Phleger and Parker): Phleger and Parker, 1951:23, pl. 12: figs. 8a, b, 9a, b [as “Rotalia” pauciloculata].

Ammonia rolshauseni (Cushman and Bermudez): Cushman and Bermudez, 1946:119, pl. 19: figs. 11–13 [as Rotalia rolshauseni].

Ammonia translucens (Phleger and Parker): Phleger and Parker, 1951:24, pl. 12: figs. 11a, b, 12a, b [as “Rotalia” translucens].

Ammoscalaria pseudospiralis (Williamson): Brady, 1884:302, pl. 33: figs. 1–4 [as Haplophragmium pseudospirale].

Ammolium salsum (Cushman and Bronnimann): Scott, Medioli, and Schafer, 1977:1578, pl. 2: figs. 4, 5.

Amphicoryna sublineata (Brady): Brady, 1884:508, pl. 63: fig's. 19-22 [as Nodosaria hispida var. sublineata]. LeRoy and Levinson, 1974:7, pl. 3: fig. 9.

Amphistegina gibbosa d'Orbigny: d'Orbigny, 1839a:120, pl. 8: figs. 1-3. Crouch and Poag, 1979:91–92, pls. 1-4.

Anomalinoides mexicana Parker: Parker, 1954:539, pl. 11: figs. 21-23.

Archaias angulatus (Fichtel and Moll): Cushman, 1930:46, pl. 16: figs. 1-3, pl. 17: figs. 3–5.

Arenoparrella mexicana (Kornfeld): Kornfeld, 1931:86, pl. 13: figs. 5a-c [as Trochammina inflata var. mexicana]. Andersen, 1951a:31, figs. 1a-c. Andersen, 1951b:96.

Asterigerina carinata d'Orbigny: Cushman, 1931:77, pl. 15: figs. 4, 5.

Astronomon tumidum Cushman and Edwards: Brady, 1884: 728, pl. 109: fig. 5 [as Nonionina stelligera]. Parker, 1954: 507, pl. 6: fig. 5.

Bathysiphon filiformis Sars: Cushman, 1918:27, pl. 11: figs. 4, 5.

Bigenerina irregularis Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:4, pl. 1: figs. 16–21.

Bigenerina textularioidea (Goes): Goes, 1894:41, pl. 8: figs. 387–399 [as Clavulina textularioidea]. Parker, 1954:492, pl. 3: figs. 4, 5.

Bolivina alata (Seguenza): Brady, 1884:422, pl. 53: figs. 2–4 [as Bolivina beyrichi var. alata].

Bolivina albatrossi Cushman: Cushman, 1922b:31, pl. 6: fig. 4.

Bolivina barbata Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:13, pl. 6: figs. 12a, b, 13.

Bolivina daggarius Parker: Parker, 1954:514, pl. 7: figs. 17–20 [as Bolivina lanceolata].

Bolivina fragilis Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:13, pl. 6: figs. 14, 23, 24a, b.

Bolivina goësii Cushman: Cushman, 1922b:34, pl. 6: fig. 5.

Bolivina lowmani Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:13, pl. 6: figs. 20a, b, 21.

Bolivina minima Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:14, pl. 6: figs. 22a, b, 25, pl. 7: figs. 1, 2.

Bolivina ordinaria Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:14, pl. 7: figs. 4-6 [as Bolivina simplex.].

Bolivina pusilla Schwager: Parker, 1954:516, pl. 7: fig. 31.

Bolivina striatula Cushman: Cushman, 1944:29, pl. 4: figs. 4, 5.

Bolivina striatula Cushman spinata Cushman: Cushman, 1936: 59, pl. 8: figs. 9a, b.

Bolivina subaenariensis Cushman mexicana Cushman: Cushman, 1922b:47, pl. 8: fig. 1.

Bolivina subspinescens Cushman: Cushman, 1922b:48, pl. 7: fig. 5.

Bolivina translucens Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:15,. pl. 7: figs. 13, 14a, b.

Buccella hannai Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:21, pl. 10: figs. 11–14.

Bulimina aculeata d'Orbigny: Cushman, 1922b:96, pl. 22: figs. 1, 2.

Bulimina affinis d'Orbigny: Cushman, 1922b: 103, pl. 20: fig. 6.

Bulimina alazanensis Cushman: Parker, 1954:510, pl. 6: fig. 21.

Bulimina inflata Seguenza mexicana Cushman: Cushman, 1922b:95, pl. 21: fig. 2.

Bulimina marginata d'Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:194, pl. 5: fig. 5.

Bulimina spicata Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:16, pl. 7: figs. 25a-c, 30, 31.

Bulimina tenuis Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951: 16, pl. 7: figs. 33a, b, 34a, b.

Buliminella bassendorfensis Cushman and Parker: Cushman and Parker, 1947:66, pl. 17: fig. 6.

Buliminella elegantissima (d'Orbigny): Schnitker, 1971:194, pl. 4: fig. 17.

Cancris oblonga (Williamson): Williamson, 1858:51, pl. 4: figs. 98-100 [as Rotalina oblonga]. Parker, 1954:532, pl. 10: figs. 13, 14.

Cancris sagra (d'Orbigny): Schnitker, 1971:194, pl. 6: fig. 5.

Cassidulina carinata Silvestri: Silvestri, 1896:104, pl. 2: fig. 10 [as Cassidulina laevigata var. carinata]. Parker, 1954:535, pl. 10: fig. 30.

Cassidulina crassa d'Orbigny: d'Orbigny, 1839b:56, pl. 7: figs. 18-20. More than one species may be represented by C. crassa of various authors included in this study.

Cassidulina curvata Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:26, pl. 14: figs. 5a, b.

Cassidulina laevigata d'Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:196, pl. 10: fig. 5.

Cassidulina neocarinata Thalmann: Cushman, 1922b: 124, pl. 25: figs. 6, 7 [as Cassidulina laevigata var. carinata].

Cassidulina subglobosa Brady: Parker, 1948:237, pl. 6: figs. 3a, b.

Cassidulinoides mexicanus (Cushman): Cushman, 1922b: 131, pl. 24: fig. 5 [as Cassidulina mexicana].

Cassidulinoides tenuis Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:27, pl. 14: figs. 14–17.

Chilostomella oolina Schwager: Parker, 1954:537, pl. 11: fig. 15.

Cibicides bantamensis LeRoy: LeRoy, 1941:119, pl. 2: figs. 10–12, 16–18.

Cibicides bradyi (Trauth): Pflum and Frerichs, 1976:107, pl. 3: figs. 6, 7.

Cibicides corpulentus Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:31, pl. 17: figs. 1–4 [as Cibicides robustus].

Cibicides deprimus Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:29, pl. 15: figs. 15–17.

Cibicides floridanus (Cushman): Phleger and Parker, 1951:30, pl. 16: figs. 1–4 [as Cibicides aff. floridanus].

Cibicides io Cushman: Cushman, 1931:125, pl. 23: figs. 1, 2 [as Cibicides pseudoungeriana var. io].

Cibicides kullenbergi Parker: Parker, 1954:542, pl. 12: figs. 10, 11.

Cibicides mollis Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951: 30, pl. 16: figs. 7–9.

Cibicidesprotuberans Parker: Parker, 1954:542, pl. 12: figs. 13, 14, 16.

Cibicidespseudoungerianus (Cushman): Cushman, 1931:123, pl. 22: figs. 3-7 [as Cibicides pseudoungeriana].

Cibicides robertsonianus (Brady): Brady, 1884:664, pl. 95: figs. 4a-c [as Truncatulina robertsonianus].

Cibicides rugosus Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951: 31, pl. 17: figs. 5, 6 [as Cibicides rugosa].

Cibicides umbonatus Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:31, pl. 17: figs. 7–9.

Clavulina mexicana (Cushman): Cushman, 1922b:83, pl. 16: figs. 1–3 [as Clavulina humilis var. mexicana].

Coryphostoma spinescens (Cushman): Cushman, 1911:46, text figs. 76a, b [as Bolivina spinescens].

Cribrostomoides lobatus Saidova: Saidova, 1961:32, pl. 9: fig. 49.

Cribrostomoides nitidum (Goes): Parker, 1954:486, pl. 1: fig. 17 [as Alveolophragmium nilidum].

Cribrostomoides subglobosum (Sars): Loeblich and Tappan, 1964:C225, fig. 136 (1, 2).

Cribrostomoides wiesnen (Parr): Parker, 1954:488, pl. 1: fig. 23 [as Alveolophragmium wiesneri].

Cyclammina cancellata Brady: Cushman, 1920:53, pl. 10: figs. 4, 5.

Cystammina pauciloculata (Brady): Loeblich and Tappan, 1964:C263, fig. 177 (1).

Dentalina communis (d'Orbigny): Cushman, 1920:75, pl. 12: figs. 3, 4, 15-17 [as Nodosaria communis].

Dentalina cuvieri (d'Orbigny): Loeblich and Tappan 1964: C516, figs. 403 (2, 3).

Dentalina inlorta (Dervieux): Andersen, 1961:66, pl. 17: fig. 5.

Discorbinella bertheloti (d'Orbigny): Parker, 1954:523, pl. 8: figs. 22, 23 [as Rosalina bertheloti].

Eggerella bradyi Cushman: Cushman, 1922b:59, pl. 11: fig. 1 [as Verneuilina bradyi].

Eggerella propinqua (Brady); Brady, 1884:387, pl. 47: figs. 8–12 [as Verneuilina propinqua]. Cushman, 1922b:56, pl. 9: figs. 10, 11 [as Verneuilina propinqua].

Ehrenbergina pupa (d'Orbigny): Brady, 1884:433, pl. 111: figs. l0a-c.

Elphidium advenum (Cushman): Schnitker, 1971:198, pl. 7: fig. 2.

Elphidium deticatulum Bermudez: Bermudez, 1949:168, pl. 11: figs. 22, 23.

Elphidium discoidale (d'Orbigny): Schnitker, 1971:198, pl. 7: fig. 6 [as Elphidiella sp., cf. E. mexicana].

Elphidium excavatum (Terquem): Cushman, 1930:20, pl. 7: figs. 10a, b [as Elphidium incertum var. clavatum]. Schnitker, 1971:198, pl. 7: fig. 4 [as Elphidium incertum].

Elphidium fimbriatulum (Cushman): Phleger and Parker, 1951: 10, pl. 5: fig. 12 [as Elphidium cf. fimbriatulum].

Elphidium galvestonense Kornfeld: Kornfeld, 1931:87, pl. 15: figs. 1a, b [not figs. 2, 3] [as Elphidium gunteri var. galvestonense].

Elphidium gunteri Cole: Grossman, 1967:59, pl. 8: figs. 1–4.

Elphidium koeboeense LeRoy: Ayala-Castanares, 1963:95, pl. 8: figs. 8a, b [as Elphidium cf. E. koeboeense].

Elphidium mexicanum (Kornfeld): Todd and Low, 1961:20, pl. 2: fig. 7 [as Elphidium poeyanum].

Elphidium poeyanum (d'Orbigny): Loeblich and Tappan, 1964: C635, fig. 508(3, 4) [as Cribroelphidium poeyanum].

Espistominella exigua (Brady): Phleger and Parker, 1951:28, pl. 15: figs. 6, 7 [as Pseudoparrella exigua].

Epistominelta vitrea Parker: Parker, Phleger, and Peirson, 1953:9, pl. 4: figs. 34–36, 40, 41.

Eponides antillarum (d'Orbigny): Cushman, 1931:42, pl. 9: figs. 2a, c.

Eponides polius Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951: 21, pl. 11: figs. 1, 2.

Eponides regularis Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:21, pl. 11: figs. 3, 4.

Eponides repandus (Fichtel and Moll): Phleger and Parker, 1951: 21, pl. 11: figs. 5, 6.

Eponides tumidulus (Brady): Brady, 1884:666, pl. 95: figs. 8a-d [as Truncatulina tumidula].

Eponides lurgidus Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:22, pl. 11: figs. 9a, b.

Eponides umbonatus (Reuss): Cushman, 1931:52, pl. 11: figs. 1-3 [as Eponides umbonata].

Fissurina formosa (Schwager): Cushman, Todd, and Post, 1954:351, pl. 87: fig. 31.

Florilus clavatus (Cushman): Cushman, 1931:30, pl. 4: figs. 9a-c [as Nonionella clavata].

Francesita advena (Cushman): Cushman, 1922b:120, pl. 25: figs. 1–3 [as Virgulina (?) advena]. Parker, 1954:512, pl. 7: fig. 5 [as Virgulina advena].

Fursenkoina loeblichi (Feyling-Hanssen): Phleger and Parker, 1951:18, pl. 9: figs. 1–3 [as Virgulina complanata].

Fursenkoina mexicana (Cushman): Phleger and Parker, 1951: 19, pl. 9: figs. 6–8 [as Virgulina mexicana].

Fursenkoina pontoni (Cushman): Phleger and Parker, 1951:19, pl. 9: figs. 9, 10 [as Virgulina pontoni].

Fursenkoina punctata (d'Orbigny): Parker, 1954:513, pl. 7: fig. 11 [as Virgulina punctata].

Fursenkoina schreibersiana (Czjek): Cushman, 1922b: 117, pl. 26: fig. 6 [as Virgulina schreibersiana].

Fursenkoina seminuda (Natland): Natland, 1938:145, pl. 5: fig. 12 [as Virgulina seminuda].

Fursenkoina spinicostala (Phleger and Parker): Phleger and Parker, 1951:19, pl. 9: figs. 11–14 [as Virgulina spinicostata].

Fursenkoina tessellata (Phleger and Parker): Phleger and Parker, 1951: 19, pl. 9: figs. 15, 16 [as Virgulina tessellata].

Gaudryina aequo Cushman: Phleger and Parker, 1951:6, pl. 2: figs. 11, 12 [as Gaudryina cf. aequa].

Gaudryina atlantica (Bailey): Cushman, 1922b:70, pl. 13: figs. 1–3.

Gaudryina exilis Cushman and Bronnimann: Parker, Phleger, and Peirson, 1953:9, pl. 1: figs. 37, 38.

Gaudryina flintii Cushman: Parker, 1954:493, pl. 3: fig. 6.

Gaudryina minuta Earland: Parker, 1954:493, pl. 3: figs. 15, 16.

Globobulimina ovula (d'Orbigny): Cushman and Parker, 1947: 122, pl. 28: figs. 20–22 [as Bulimina ovula].

Globocassidulina murrhyna (Schwager): Belford, 1966:152, pl. 26: figs. 10–13.

Globocassidulina pacifica (Cushman): Brady, 1884:431, pl. 113: figs. 8a-c [as Cassidulina calabra].

Glomospira charoides (Jones and Parker): Parker, 1954:485, pl. 1: fig. 14.

Glomospira gordialis (Jones and Parker): Cushman, 1918:99, pl. 36: figs. 7–9.

Guttulina australis (d'Orbigny): Bandy, 1954:136, pl. 29: fig. 7 [as Guttulina regina].

Gypsina vesicularis (Parker and Jones): Brady, 1884:718, pl. 101: figs. 9–12.

Gyroidina altiformis R. E. and K. C. Stewart: Phleger and Parker, 1951:22, pl. 11: figs. 15, 16 [as Gyroidina soldanii altiformis]. More than one subspecies may be represented by G. altiformis of various authors included in this study.

Gyroidina altiformis R. E. and K. C. Stewart acuta Boomgaart: Boomgaart, 1949:125, pl. 14: figs. 1a-c [as Gyroidina neosoldanii var. acuta].

Gyroidina altiformis R. E. and K. C. Stewart cushmani Boomgaart: Boomgaart, 1949:124, pl. 9: figs. 9a-c [as Gyroidina cushmani].

Gyroidina orbicularis d'Orbigny: Phleger and Parker, 1951:22, pl. 11: figs. 11, 12.

Gyroidina umbonata (Silvestri): Silvestri, 1898:329, pl. 6: figs. 14a-c [as Rotalia soldanii var. umbonata].

Hanzawaia concentrica (Cushman): 1931:120, pl. 21: figs. 4, 5, pl. 22: figs. 1, 2 [as Cibicides concentrica].

Hanzawata strattom (Applin): Bandy, 1954:136, pl. 31: fig. 4.

Haplophragmoides ringens (Brady): Cushman, 1920:49, pl. 9: fig. 2.

Haplophragmoides scitutum (Brady): Parker, 1954:487, pl. 1; figs. 20, 21 [as Alveolophragmmm scitulum].

Haplophragmoides sphaeriloculus Cushman: Cushman, 1920:44, pl. 8: fig. 3 [as Haplophragmoides sphaeriloculum].

Haynesina germanica (Ehrenberg): Butcher, 1948:22, figs. 1–3 [as Nonion tisburyensis]. Scott, Medioli, and Schafer, 1977: 1579, pl. 5: fig. 6 [as Protelphidium orbiculare].

Hoeglundina elegans (d'Orbigny): Schnitker, 1971:204, pl. 10: fig. 15.

Hormosina carpenteri Brady: Brady, 1884:327, pl. 39: figs. 14–18.

Hormosina globulifera Brady: Cushman, 1920:26, pl. 6: fig. 1.

Hormosina ovicula Brady: Brady, 1884:327, pl. 39: figs. 7–9.

Hyperammina friabilis Brady: Brady, 1884:258, pl. 23: figs. 1–3, 5, 6.

Hyperammina laevigata Wright: Cushman, 1918:77, pl. 29: figs. 5, 6.

Karreriella apicularis (Cushman): Brady, 1884:382, pl. 46: figs. 17–19 [as Gaudryina siphonella].

Karreriella bradyi (Cushman): Cushman, 1922b:74, pl. 12: fig. 8 [as Gaudryina bradyi].

Lagena laevis (Montagu): Schafer and Cole, 1978:28, pl. 6: fig. 10.

Laticarinina pauperata (Parker and Jones): Phleger and Parker, 1951:32, pl. 18: fig. 3.

Lenticulina calcar (Linne): Bandy, 1956:197, pl. 30: fig. 11 [as Robulus calcar].

Lenticulina gibba (d'Orbigny): Cushman, 1923:105, pl. 25: fig. 4 [as Cristellaria gibba].

Lenticulina peregrina (Schwager): Brady, 1884:541, pl. 68: figs. 11–16 [as Cristellaria variabilis].

Lituotuba lituiformis (Brady): Cushman, 1920:59, pl. 12: figs. 1, 2.

Marginulina planata Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:9, pl. 4: figs. 21, 22, pl. 5: figs. 1–3. Marginulinopsis marginulinoides (Goës): Phleger and Parker, 1951:9, pl. 4: figs. 17, 18.

Marginulinopsis subaculeata (Cushman) glabrata (Cushman): Cushman, 1923:124, pl. 32: fig. 4, pl. 33: fig. 3, pl. 34: figs. 2, 3 [as Cristellaria subaculeata glabrata].

Martinottiella occidentalis (Cushman): Cushman, 1922b:87, pl. 17: figs. 1, 2 [as Clavulina occidentalis].

Massilina peruviana (d'Orbigny): Kornfeld, 1931:85, pl. 14: fig. 1.

Melonis pompilioides (Fichtel and Moll): Pflum and Frerichs, 1976:108, pl. 7: figs. 7, 8.

Miliamminafusca (Brady): Parker, 1952:452, pl. 2: figs. 6a, b.

Miliolinella obliquinoda (Riccio): Parker, Phleger, and Peirson, 1953:14, pl. 2: figs. 30-32 [as Triloculinella obliquinoda].

Neoconorbina terquemi (Rzehak): Schnitker, 1971:206, pl. 5: fig. 16.

Nodellum membranaceum (Brady): Brady, 1884:297, pl. 32: figs. 1–4 [as Reophax membranaceum].

Nodobaculariella allantica Cushman and Hanzawa: Bandy, 1954: 137, pl. 29: fig. 4.

Nodobaculariella cassis (d'Orbigny): d'Orbigny, 1839a:51, pl. 7: figs. 14, 15 [as Vertebralina cassis]. Parker, 1954:501, pl. 5: fig. 8.

Nodosaria comatula Cushman: Cushman, 1923:83, pl. 14: fig. 5.

Nodosaria pyrula d'Orbigny: Cushman, 1923:69, pl. 16: figs. 1–4.

Nodosaria sublineata Brady: Brady, 1884:508, pl. 63: figs. 19–22 [as Nodosaria hispida var. sublineata].

Nonion formosum (Seguenza): Seguenza, 1880:63, pl. 7: fig. 6 [as Nonionina formosa].

Nonionella atlantica Cushman: Cushman, 1947:90, pl. 30: figs. 4, 5.

Nomonella grateloupi (d'Orbigny): Schnitker, 1971:206, pl. 10: fig. 6 [as Nonion grateloupi].

Nonionella opima Cushman: Parker, 1954:507, pl. 6: figs. 10–12.

Nouria polymorphinoides Heron-Allen and Earland: Parker, Phleger, and Peirson, 1953:11, pl. 3: figs. 1, 2.

Oridorsalis tener stellatus (Silvestri): Pflum and Frerichs, 1976: 108, pl. 5: figs. 8, 9, pl. 6: fig. 1.

Oridorsalis tener tener (Brady): Pflum and Frerichs, 1976:108, pl. 6: figs. 2–4.

Osangularia cultur (Parker and Jones): Phleger and Parker, 1951:23, pl. 12: figs. 3a, b [as Parrella cultur].

Osangularia rugosa (Phleger and Parker): Parker, 1954:533, pl. 10: figs. 24, 25 [as Epistominella rugosa].

Palmerinella palmerae Bermudez: Poag, 1978:404, pl. 4: figs. 10–14, 17, 22, 23 [as Palmerinella palmerae forma typica].

Peneroplis proteus d'Orbigny: Cushman, 1930:37, pl. 13: figs. 1–7.

Planorbulina mediterranensis d'Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:206, pl. 9: fig. 11.

Planulina ariminensis d'Orbigny: Parker, 1954:540, pl. 11: figs. 27, 30.

Planulina exorna Phleger and Parker: Schnitker, 1971:206, pl. 9: fig. 6.

Planulina foveolata (Brady): Parker, 1954:540, pl. 11: figs. 25, 26.

Planulina ornata (d'Orbigny): Bandy, 1954:137, pl. 31: fig. 2.

Planulina wuellerstorfi (Schwager): Phleger and Parker, 1951: 33, pl. 18: figs. 11a, b, pl. 19: figs. 1–3.

Pleurostomella bolivinoides Schubert: Cushman, Todd, and Post, 1954:356, pl. 88: fig. 29.

Pseudotrochammina triloba Frerichs: Frerichs, 1969:2, pl. 1: fig. 3, pl. 2: fig. 3.

Pullenia bulloides (d'Orbigny): Phleger and Parker, 1951:29, pl. 15: fig. 11.

Pullenia osloensis Feyling-Hanssen: Feyling-Hanssen, 1954: 133, pl. 2: figs. 3a, b [as Pullenia quinqueloba minuta].

Pullenia quinqueloba (Reuss): Schnitker, 1971:206, pl. 10: fig. 11.

Pullenia subsphaerica Parr: LeRoy and Hodgkinson, 1975:436, pl. 9: figs. 9, 10.

Pullenia trinitatensis Cushman and Stainforth: Cushman and Stainforth, 1945:66, pl. 12: fig. 11.

Pyrgo depressa (d'Orbigny): Cushman, 1929:71, pl. 19: figs. 4, 5.

Pyrgo lucernula (Schwager): LeRoy and Hodgkinson, 1975: 436, pl. 7: figs. 13, 14.

Pyrgo murrhina (Schwager): Cushman, 1929:71, pl. 19: figs. 6, 7.

Pyrgo nasuta Cushman: Phleger and Parker, 1951:7, pl. 3: figs. 12-14 [as Pyrgo cf. nasutus].

Quinqueloculina agglutinans d'Orbigny: d'Orbigny, 1839a: 195, pl. 12: figs. 11-13.

Quinqueloculina bicostata d'Orbigny: Phleger and Parker, 1951: 7, pl. 3: figs. 15a, b.

Quinqueloculina bosciana d'Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:208 pl. 2: fig. 13.

Quinqueloculina compta Cushman: Schnitker, 1971:208, pl. 2: fig. 14.

Quinqueloculina cultrata (Brady): Parker, Phleger, and Peirson, 1953:12, pl. 2: figs. 7, 8.

Quinqueloculina funatutiensis (Chapman): Cushman, 1922a:67, pl. 13: fig. 3.

Quinqueloculina lamarckiana d'Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:208, pl. 3: fig. 16.

Quinqueloculina poeyana d'Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:208, pl. 2, fig. 17.

Quinqueloculina polygona d'Orbigny: Parker, 1954:497, pl. 4: figs. 7, 8.

Quinqueloculina rhodiensis Parker: Bandy, 1956:196, pl. 29: fig. 10.

Quinqueloculina seminula (Linné): Sen Gupta, 1971:85, pl. 1: figs. 25-27.

Quinqueloculina subpoeyana Cushman: Bermudez and Seiglie, 1963:141, pl. 9: fig. 6.

Quinqueloculina venusta Karrer: Parker, 1954:498, pl. 4: figs. 13, 14.

Quinqueloculina vulgaris d'Orbigny: Phleger and Parker, 1951: 8, pl. 4: figs. 2a, b [as Quinqueloculina cf. vulgaris].

Rectobolivina abrupta (Phleger and Parker): Phleger and Parker, 1951:17, pl. 7: figs. 15-19 [as Loxostomum Iruncatum].

Rectobolivina advena (Cushman): Schnitker, 1971:208, pl. 4: fig. 26.

Rectobolivina dimorpha (Parker and Jones): Parker, 1954:519, pl. 7: fig. 37.

Recurvoides conlortus Earland forma scitulus (Brady): Pflum and Frerichs, 1976:78. This form was not figured by Pflum and Frerichs who also recorded Cribrostomoides scitulus (Brady). The reader is referred to Loeblich and Tappan, 1964:C226, fig. 136(9a-c) for illustrations of R. conlortus Earland.

Recurvoides conlortus Earland forma subglobosus (Sars): Pflum and Frerichs, 1976:58 [as Recurvoides conlortus forma subglobosa]. This form was not figured by Pflum and Frerichs who also recorded Cribrostomoides subglobosus (Sars). The reader is referred to Loeblich and Tappan, 1964:C226, fig. 136(9a-c) for illustrations of R. conlortus Earland.

Reophax dentaliniformis Brady: Cushman, 1920:18, pl. 5: figs. 4, 5.

Reophax distansBrady delicatulus Cushman: Parker, 1954:482, pl. 1: fig. 4.

Reophax hispidulus Cushman: Parker, 1954:483, pl. 1: figs. 6, 7.

Reophax nana Rhumbler: Parker, Phleger, and Peirson, 1953: 13, pl. 1: fig. 11.

Reophax pilulifer Brady: Brady, 1884:292, pl. 30: fig. 18-20.

Reophax scorpiurus Montfort: Cushman, 1920:6, pl. 1: figs. 5-7.

Reticulophragmium venezuelanum (Maync): Loeblich and Tappan, 1964:C233, fig. 142(5a, b).

Reussella atlantica (Cushman): Schnitker, 1971:210, pl. 5: fig. 8.

Rhabdammina abyssorum Carpenter: Cushman, 1918:15, pl. 6: fig. 1, pl. 7: fig. 1.

Rhabdammina linearis Brady: Cushman, 1918:19, pl. 7: figs. 2-5.

Rhizammina algaeformis Brady: Brady, 1884:274, pl. 28: figs. 1-11. Cushman, 1918:31, pl. 11: figs. 2, 3.

Robertinoides bradyi (Cushman and Parker): Parker, 1954:510, pl. 6: fig. 18 [as Roberlina bradyi].

Rosalina bulbosa (Parker): Parker, 1954:523, pl. 8: figs. 10-12 [as “Discorbis” bulbosa].

Rosalina concinna (Brady): Bandy, 1956:193, pl. 31: fig. 4 [as Discorbis concinnus].

Rosalina floridana (Cushman): Schnitker, 1971:210, pl. 5: fig. 19.

Rosalina floridensis (Cushman): Parker, 1954:525, pl. 8: figs. 28, 29.

Rosalina suezensis (Said): Parker, 1954:525, pl. 8: figs. 21, 26, 27.

Rosalina williamsoni (Parr): Parker, 1954:525, pl. 8: figs. 24, 25 [as Rosalina parkerae].

Saccammina atlantica (Cushman): Sen Gupta, 1971:83, pl. 1: fig. 1.

Saccorhiza ramosa (Brady): Cushman, 1918:81, pl. 30: figs. 3, 4.

Sagrina pulchella d'Orbigny: Buzas, Smith, and Beem, 1977: 81, pl. 3: figs. 3-6.

Seabrookia earlandi Wright: Parker, 1954:538, pl. 11: fig. 13.

Sigmoilina tenuis (Czjzek): Phleger and Parker, 1951:8, pl. 4: fig. 7.

Sigmoilopsis schlumbergeri (Silvestri): Phleger and Parker, 1951: 8, pl. 4: fig. 6 [as Sigmoilina schlumbergeri].

Siphonaperta horrida (Cushman): Parker, 1954:497, pl. 4: figs. 3, 4 [as Quinqueloculina horrida].

Siphonina bradyana Cushman: Phleger and Parker, 1951:24, pl. 12: figs. 13, 14.

Siphoninapulchra Cushman: Phleger and Parker, 1951:24, pl. 12: figs. 15a, b.

Siphotextularia rolshausem Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:4, pl. 1: figs. 23, 24.

Sorites orbitolitoides (Hofker): Bandy, 1954:137, pl. 29: fig. 5 [as Praesorites orbitolitoides].

Sphaeroidina bulloides d'Orbigny: Parker, 1954:539, pl. 11: fig.18.

Splrillina vivipara Ehrenberg: Cushman, 1931:3, pl. 1: figs. 1–4.

Splroplectammina floridana (Cushman): Phleger and Parker, 1951:4, pl. 1: figs. 25, 26.

Splrosigmoilina distorta (Phleger and Parker): Phleger and Parker, 1951:8, pl. 4: figs. 3–5 [as Sigmoilina distorta].

Stetsonia minuta Parker: Parker, 1954:534, pl. 10: figs. 27–29.

Textularia candeiana d'Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:212, pl. 1: fig. 10.

Textularia conica d'Orbigny: Schnitker, 1971:212, pl. 1: fig. 11.

Textularia earlandi Phleger: Schafer and Cole, 1978:29, pl. 3: fig. 4.

Textularia foliacea Heron-Allen and Earland occidentalis Cushman: Phleger and Parker, 1951:5, pl. 1: figs. 28, 29.

Textularia mayori Cushman: Cushman, 1922a:23, pl. 2: fig. 3.

Textularia mexicana Cushman: Cushman, 1922b: 17, pl. 2: fig. 9.

Textulariella barrettii (Jones and Parker): Cushman, 1922b:20, pl. 3: figs. 3–6 [as Textularia barrettii]. Parker, 1954:491, pl. 2: fig. 11.

Thurammina papillata Brady: Brady, 1884:321, pl. 36: figs. 7–18.

Tiphotrocha comprimata (Cushman and Bronnimann): Saunders, 1957:11, pl. 4: figs. 1–4.

Tolypammina schaudinni Rhumbler: Parker, 1954:485, pl. 1: fig. 15.

Tosaia weaveri Seiglie and Bermudez: Seiglie and Bermudez, 1966:66, pl. 1: figs. 4–7.

Trifarina bella (Phleger and Parker): Phleger and Parker, 1951:12, pl. 6: figs. 7, 8 [as Angulogerina bella].

Trifarina bradyi Cushman: Phleger and Parker, 1951:18, pl. 8: figs. 10–11.

Trifarina jamaicensis (Cushman and Todd): Parker, 1954:521, pl. 8: fig. 8 [as Angulogerina jamaicensis].

Triloculina brevidentata Cushman: Parker, 1954:500, pl. 5: figs. 2, 3.

Triloculina sidebottomi (Martinotti): Parker, Phleger, and Peirson, 1953:14, pl. 2: figs. 25–28.

Triloculina tricarinata d'Orbigny: Parker, 1954:500, pl. 4: fig. 22.

Triloculina trigonula (Lamarck): Schnitker, 1971:212, pl. 3: fig. 11.

Trochammina advena Cushman: Cushman, 1922a:20, pl. 1: figs. 2–4.

Trochammina globulosa Cushman: Cushman, 1920:77, pl. 16: figs. 3, 4.

Trochammina inflata (Montagu): Parker, 1952:459, pl. 3: figs. 1a,b.

Trochammina japonica Ishiwada: Parker, 1954:502, pl. 5: figs. 9, 10 [as Trochammina cf. japonica].

Trochammina macrescens Brady: Scott, Medioli, and Schafer, 1977:1579, pl. 4: figs. 6, 7 [as Trochammina inflata macrescens].

Trochammina squamata Jones and Parker: Schafer and Cole, 1978:29, pl. 5: fig. 1.

Trochammina tasmanica Parr: Parker, 1954:503, pl. 5: figs. 16, 17 [as Trochammina cf. tasmanica].

Uvigerina auberiana d'Orbigny: Parker, 1954:519, pl. 7: fig. 38, pl. 8: fig. 1.

Uvigerina bellula Bandy: Bandy, 1956:199, pl. 31: fig. 13.

Uvigerina flintii Cushman: Cushman, 1923:165, pl. 42: fig. 13. Pflum and Frerichs, 1976:108, pl. 7: fig. 9.

Uvigerina hispida Schwager: LeRoy and Hodgkinson, 1975:438, pl. 9: fig. 5. Pflum and Frerichs, 1976:108, pl. 8: figs. 8, 9, 10.

Uvigerina hispidocostata Cushman and Todd: Cushman and Todd, 1945:51, pl. 7: figs. 27, 31.

Uvigerina parvula Cushman: Phleger and Parker, 1951:18, pl. 8: figs. 27–30 [as Uvigerina peregrina var. parvula].

Uvigerina peregrina Cushman: Cushman, 1923:166, pl. 42: figs. 7–10. Pflum and Frerichs, 1976:108, pl. 8: figs. 2, 3 [as Uvigerina peregrina peregrina].

Uvigerina peregrina Cushman dirupta Todd: Pflum and Frerichs, 1976:108, pl. 8: figs. 4, 5.

Uvigerina peregrina Cushman mediterranea Hofker: Pflum and Frerichs, 1976:108, pl. 8: fig. 1.

Uvigerina spinicostata Cushman and Jarvis: Pflum and Frerichs, 1976:108, pl. 8: figs. 6, 7.

Valvulineria complanata (d'Orbigny): Parker, 1958:268, pl. 3: figs. 42–44.

Valvulineria laevigata Phleger and Parker: Phleger and Parker, 1951:25, pl. 13: figs. 11, 12.

Valvulineria mexicana Parker: Parker, 1954:526, pl. 9: figs. 1–3.

Valvulineria minuta Parker: Parker, 1954:527, pl. 9: figs. 4–6.

Valvulineria opima (Cushman): Cushman, 1933:88, pl. 9: figs. 3a–c [as Discorbis oplma].

Wiesnerella auriculata (Egger): Parker, 1954:501, pl. 5: fig. 13.

References

(An asterisk marks each of the 77 publications from which distribution data were drawn for construction of the catalogs)

Akers, W. H.

*1952. General Ecology of the Foraminiferal Genus Eponidella with Description of a Recent Species. Journal of Paleontology, 26(4):645–649.

Andersen, H. V.

*1951a. Two New Genera of Foraminifera from Recent Deposits in Louisiana. Journal of Paleontology, 25(1): 31–34.

*1951b. An Addenda to Arenoparrella and Arenoparrella mexicana Kornfeld. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 2(3):96–97.

*1952. Two New Species of Haplophragmoides from the Louisiana Coast. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 4(2):21–22.

*1961. Genesis and Paleontology of the Mississippl River Mudlumps, Part II: Foraminifera of the Mudlumps, Lower Mississippl River Delta. Louisiana Department of Conservation, Geological Bulletin, 35:1–208.

Anderson, J. B.

*1968. Ecology of Foraminifera from Mississippi Sound and Surrounding Waters. Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science, 39:261–269.

Arnal, R. E.

*1955. Some Occurrences of Abnormal Foraminifera. The Compass, 32:185–194.

Arnold, Z. M.

*1953. An Introduction to the Study of Movement and Dispersal in Allogromia laticollaris Arnold. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 4(1): 15–21.

Ayala-Castanares, A.

*1963. Sistemática y distribución de los foraminíferos recientes de la Laguna de Terminos, Campeche, México. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Geologia, Boletín, 67(3): 1–133.

Ayala-Castanares, A., and L. R. Segura

*1968. Ecologia y distribución de los foraminíferos recientes de la Laguna Madre, Tamaulipas, México. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geologia, Boletín, 87:1–89.

Bandy, O. L.

*1954. Distribution of Some Shallow-Water Foraminifera in the Gulf of Mexico. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 254-F: 123–141.

*1956. Ecology of Foraminifera in Northeastern Gulf of Mexico. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 274-G: 179–204.

Belford, D. J.

1966. Miocene and Pliocene Smaller Foraminifera from Papua and New Guinea. Commonwealth of Australia, Department of National Development, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Bulletin, 79:1–306.

Benda, W. R., and H. S. Puri

*1962. The Distribution of Foraminifera and Ostracoda off the Gulf Coast of the Cape Romano Area, Florida. Transactions, Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 12:303–341.

Bermudez, P. J.

1949. Tertiary Smaller Foraminifera of the Dominican Republic. Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication, 25:1–322.

Bermudez, P. J., and G. A. Seiglie

1963. Estudio sistemático de los foraminíferos del Golfo de Cariaco. Boletín del Instituto Oceanográfico de la Universidad de Oriente, 2(2): 1–267.

Bock, W. D.

*1976. Distribution and Significance of Foraminifera in the MAFLA Area. In C. T. Schafer and B. R. Pelletier, editors, First International Symposium on Benthonic Foraminifera of Continental Margins, Part A: Ecology and Biology. Maritime Sediments, Special Publication, 1:221–237.

Bock, W. D., and D. R. Moore

*1968. A Commensal Relationship between a Foraminifer and a Bivalve Mollusk. Gulf Research Reports, 2(3):273–279.

Boomgaart, L.

1949. Smaller Foraminifera from Bodjonegoro (Java). 175 pages. Sappemeer: Smit and Dontje.

Bradshaw, J. S.

*1957. Laboratory Studies on the Rate of Growth of the Foraminifer Streblus beccarii (Linné) var. tepida (Cushman). Journal of Paleontology, 31(6): 1138–1147.

Brady, H. B.

1884. Report on the Foraminifera Collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the Years 1873–76. In Report…Challenger, Zoology, 9(22):xxi + 814 pages, 115 plates. London.

Butcher, W. S.

1948. A New Species of Nonion (Foraminifera) from the Woods Hole Region. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 24(1):21–23.

Buzas, M. A., and S. J. Culver

1980. Foraminifera: Distribution of Provinces in the Western North Atlantic. Science, 209:687–689.

Buzas, M. A., R. K. Smith, and K. A. Beem

1977. Ecology and Systematics of Foraminifera in Two Thalassia Habitats, Jamaica, West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 31:1–139

Creager, J. S.

*1958. Bathymetry and Sediments of the Bay of Campeche. 188 pages. College Station: Department of Oceanography and Meteorology, Texas A and M University.

Crouch, R. W., and C. W. Poag

1979. Amphistegina gibbosa d'Orbigny from the California Borderlands: The Caribbean Connection. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 9(2):85–105.

Culver, S. J., and M. A. Buzas

1980. Distribution of Recent Benthic Foraminifera off the Northern American Atlantic Coast. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 6:1–512.

In press, a. Recent Benthic Foraminiferal Provinces of the Atlantic Continental Margin of North America. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 11.

In press, b. Distribution of Selected Recent Benthic Foraminiferal Genera in the Western North Atlantic. In J. W. Neale and M. D. Brasier, editors, Micro-fossils from Recent and Fossil Shelf Seas. Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood.

Cushman, J. A.

1911. A Monograph of the Foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean, Part II: Texulariidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 71:1–108.

*1918. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Part 1: Astrorhizidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 104:1–111.

*1920. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Part 2: Lituolidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 104:1–111.

*1922a. Shallow Water Foraminifera of the Tortugas Region. Carnegie Institute of Washington, 17(311):3–85.

*1922b. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Part 3: Texulariidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 104:1–149.

*1923. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Part 4: Lagenidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 104:1–228.

*1924. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Part 5: Chilostomellidae and Globigerinidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 104:1–55.

*1929. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Part 6: Miliolidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 104:1–129.

*1930. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Part 7: Nonionidae, Camerinidae, Peneroplidae and Alveolinellidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 104:1–79.

*1931. The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Part 8: Rotaliidae, Amphisteginidae, Calcarinidae, Cymbaloporettidae, Globorotaliidae, Anomalinidae, Planorbulinidae, Ruptertiidae and Homotremidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 104:1—179.

1933. Some New Recent Foraminifera from the Tropical Pacific. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 9(4):77–95.

1936. New Genera and Species of the Families Verneuilinidae and Valvulinidae and of the Subfamily Virgulininae. Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication, 6:1–71.

1944. Foraminifera from the Shallow-Water of the New England Coast. Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication, 12:1–37.

1947. New Species and Varieties of Foraminifera from off the Southeastern Coast of the United States. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 23(4):86–92.

Cushman, J. A., and P.J. Bermudez

1946. A New Genus Cribropyrgo and a New Species of Rotalia. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 22(4): 119–120.

Cushman, J. A., and F. L. Parker

1947. Bulimina and Related Foraminiferal Genera. United Stales Geological Survey Professional Paper, 210-D:55–176.

Cushman, J. A., and R. M. Stainforth

1945. The Foraminifera of the Cipero Marl Formation of Trinidad, British West Indies. Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication, 14:1–91.

Cushman, J. A., and R. Todd

1945. Miocene Foraminifera from Buff Bay, Jamaica. Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication, 15:1–85.

Cushman, J. A., R. Todd, and R. J. Post

1954. Recent Foraminifera of the Marshall Islands, Bikini and Nearby Atolls, Part 2: Oceanography (Biologic). United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 260-H:319–384.

Dall, W. H.

1889. A Preliminary Catalogue of the Shell-bearing Marine Mollusks and Brachiopods of the Southeastern Coast of the United States, with Illustrations of Many of the Species. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 37:1–202.

Davis, R. A.

*1964. Foraminiferal Assemblages of Alacran Reef, Campeche Bank, Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, 38(2):417–421.

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Ellison, R. L., and M. M. Nichols

1970. Estuarine Foraminifera from the Rappahannock River, Virginia. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 21 (1):1–17.

Feyling-Hanssen, R. W.

1954. Late-Pleistocene Foraminifera from the Oslofjord Area, Southeast Norway. Norsk Geologist: Tidsskrift, 33(1–2): 109–152.

Frerichs, W. E.

*1969. Recent Arenaceous Foraminifera from the Gulf of Mexico. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, 46:1–2.

Goës, A.

1894. A Synopsis of the Arctic and Scandinavian Recent Marine Foraminifera Hitherto Discovered. Kongl. Svenska Velenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 25(9):1–127.

Grossman, S.

1967. Living and Subfossil Rhizopod and Ostracode Populations. In S. Grossman, and R. H. Benson, Ecology of Rhizopodea and Ostracoda of Southern Pamlico Sound Region, North Carolina. Kansas University, Paleontology Contributions, 44:1–82.

Hazel, J. E.

1970. Atlantic Continental Shelf and Slope of the United States: Ostracod Zoogeography in the Southern Nova Scotian and Northern Virginia Faunal Provinces. United Slates Geological Survey Professional Paper, 529-E:El–E21.

Hedgpeth, J. W.

1953. An Introduction to the Zoogeography of the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico with Reference to the Invertebrate Fauna. Institute of Marine Science, The University of Texas, 3(1): 111–224.

Höglund, H.

1947. Foraminifera in the Gullmar Fjord and the Skagerak. Zoologiska Bidrag Fran Uppsala, 26:1–328.

Kane, H. E.

*1962. The Distribution of the Foraminifera of Sabine Lake and Sabine Pass, Texas and Louisiana, and the Near-Shore Area of the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, 36(4):834–836.

*1967. Recent Microfaunal Biofacies in Sabine Lake and Environs, Texas and Louisiana. Journal of Paleontology, 41(4):947–964.

Kellough, G. R.

*1956. Distribution of Foraminifera around a Submerged Hill in the Gulf of Mexico. Transactions, Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 6:205–216.

Kornfeld, M. M.

*1931. Recent Littoral Foraminifera from Texas and Louisiana. Contributions from the Department of Geology, Stanford University, 1 (3): 77–107.

Lamb, G. M.

*1972. Distribution of Holocene Foraminiferida in Mobile Bay and the Effect of Salinity Changes. Geological Survey of Alabama, 82:1–12.

Lankford, R. R.

*1959. Distribution and Ecology of Foraminifera from East Mississippi Delta Margin. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 43 (9): 2068–2099.

Lehmann, E. P.

*1957. Statistical Study of Texas Gulf Coast Recent Foraminiferal Facies. Micropaleontology, 3 (4): 325–356.

LeRoy, D. O., and K. A. Hodgkinson

*1975. Benthonic Foraminifera and Some Pteropoda from a Deep-Water Dredge Sample, Northern Gulf of Mexico. Micropaleontology, 21(4):420–447.

LeRoy, D. O., and S. A. Levinson

1974. A Deep-Water Pleistocene Microfossil Assemblage from a Well in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Micropaleontology, 20(1): 1–37.

LeRoy, L. W.

1941. Small Foraminifera from the Late Tertiary of the Nederlands East Indies, Part 3: Some Small Foraminifera from the Type Locality of the Banta-mien Substage, Bodjong Beds, Bantam Residency, West Java, Nederlands East Indies. Colorado School of Mines, Quarterly, 36(1):1–132.

Lidz, L., and B. Lidz

*1966. Foraminiferal Biofacies of Veracruz Reefs. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 50(7): 1514–1517.

Loeblich, A. L., Jr., and H. Tappan

1964. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part C (Protista 2): Sarcodina Chiefly “Thecamoebans” and Foraminiferida. Volumes 1–2, 900 pages. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press for Geological Society of America.

Loep, K. J.

*1965. A Study of the Ecology and Distribution of Recent Foraminifera in the North-West Gulf of Mexico. Transactions, Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 15:167–177.

Lowman, S. W.

*1949. Sedimentary Facies in Gulf Coast. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 33(12): 1939–1997.

Ludwick, J. C., and W. R. Walton

*1957. Shelf-Edge Calcareous Prominences in Northeastern Gulf of Mexico. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 41 (9):2054–2101.

Lynts, G. W., and R. M. Pfister

*1967. Surface Ultrastructure of Some Tests of Recent Foraminifera from the Dry Tortugas, Florida. Journal of Protozoology, 14(3):387–399.

Natland, M. L.

1938. New Species of Foraminifera from off the West Coast of North America and from the Later Tertiary of the Los Angeles Basin. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Technical Series, 4(5):137–164.

Norton, R.

*1930. Ecologic Relations of Some Foraminifera. Bulletin of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Technical Series, 2(9):331–388.

Orbigny, A., d'

1839a. Foraminiferes. In de la Sagra, Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de I'Ile de Cuba: Natural History, 2:1–224 [plates published separately]. Paris: Bertrand,

1839b. Foraminiferes. In Voyage dans l’Ame'rique Meridionale, 5(5):1–86. Strasbourg: P. Bertrand.

Otvos, E. G.

*1978. Calcareous Benthic Foraminiferal Fauna in a Very Low Salinity Setting, Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 8(3):262–269.

Parker, F. L.

1948. Foraminifera of the Continental Shelf from the Gulf of Maine to Maryland. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 100(2):213–241.

1952. Foraminiferal Distribution in the Long Island Sound-Buzzards Bay Area. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 106(10):425–473.

*1954. Distribution of the Foraminifera in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 111 (10):451–588.

1958. Eastern Mediterranean Foraminifera. Reports of the Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition, 8(4):219–285.

Parker, F. L., F. B Phleger, and J. F. Peirson

*1953. Ecology of Foraminifera from San Antonio Bay and Environs, Southwest Texas. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication, 2: 1–75.

Pflum, C. E., and W. E. Frerichs

*1976. Gulf of Mexico Deep-Water Foraminifers. Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication, 14:1–125.

Phleger, F. B

*1951a. Ecology of Foraminifera, Northwest Gulf of Mexico, Part 1: Foraminifera Distribution. Geological Society of America, Memoir, 46:1–88.

*1951b. Displaced Foraminifera Faunas. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 2: 66–75.

*1954. Ecology of Foraminifera and Associated Microorganisms from Mississippl Sound and Environs. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 38(4):584–687.

*1955a. Foraminiferal Faunas in Cores Offshore from the Mississippi Delta. In Deep-Sea Research. Papers in Marine Biology and Oceanography Dedicated to Henry Bryant Bigelow, 3(supplement):45–57.

*1955b. Ecology of Foraminifera in South-Eastern Mississippi Delta Area. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 39(5):712–752.

*1956. Significance of Living Foraminiferal Populations along the Central Texas Coast. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 7(4):106–151.

*1960. Foraminiferal Populations in Laguna Madre, Texas. Science Reports of the Tohoku University, series 2, 4:83–91.

*1965a. Patterns of Living Marsh Foraminifera in South Texas Coastal Lagoons. Boletín Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 28(1): 1–44.

*1965b. Living Foraminifera from Coastal Marsh South-western Florida. Boletín Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 28(l):45–59.

*1965c. Patterns of Marsh Foraminifera, Galveston Bay, Texas. Limnology and Oceanography, 10 (supplement, Nov 1965):R169–R184.

Phleger, F. B, and R. R. Lankford

*1957. Seasonal Occurrences of Living Benthonic Foraminifera in Some Texas Bays. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 8(3): 93–105.

*1978. Foraminifera and Ecological Processes in the Alvarado Lagoon Area, Mexico. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 8(2):127–131.

Phleger, F. B, and F. L. Parker

*1951. Ecology of Foraminifera, Northwest Gulf of Mexico, Part 2: Foraminifera Species. Geological Society of America, Memoir, 46:1–64.

*1952. New Names for Northwestern Gulf of Mexico Foraminifera. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 3(1):14.

*1954. Gulf of Mexico Foraminifera. Fishery Bulletin, Fish and Wildlife Service, 55:235–241.

Poag, C. W.

*1972. Shelf-Edge Submarine Banks in the Gulf of Mexico: Paleoecology and Biostratigraphy. Transactions, Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 22: 267–287.

1975. A Synthesis of Benthic Foraminiferal Distributions: Circum-Gulf of Mexico [abstract]. In Abstracts, Benthonics ’75, page 35. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University.

*1976. The Foraminiferal Community of San Antonio Bay. In A. H. Bouma, editor, Shell Dredging and Its Influence on Gulf Coast Environments, pages 304–336. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company.

*1978. Paired Foraminiferal Ecophenotypes in Gulf Coast Estuaries: Ecological and Paleoecological Implications. Transactions, Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 28:395–421.

Poag, C. W., and W. E. Sweet

*1972. Clayplle Bank, Texas Continental Shelf. In R. Rezak and V. J. Henry, Contribution on the Geological and Geophysical Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico. Texas A and M University, Oceanography Studies, 3:223–261.

Post, R. J.

*1951. Foraminifera of the South Texas Coast. Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, Texas University, 2(1): 165–176.

Pulley, T. E.

1953. Distribution of Mollusks in the Gulf of Mexico [abstract]. Annual Report, American Malacological Union, 1952:2–3.

Saidova, H. M.

1961. Ekologija Foraminifer i Paleogeografija Dal'nevos-tochnykh Morej SSSR i Severo-Zapadnoj Chasti Tikhogo Okeana. 232 pages. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Institut Okeanologi.

Saunders, J. B.

1957. Trochamminidae and Certain Lituolidae (Foraminifera) from the Recent Brackish-Water Sediments of Trinidad, British West Indies. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 134(5): 1–16.

Schafer, C. T., and F. E. Cole

1978. Distribution of Foraminifera in Chaleur Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence. Geological Survey of Canada, 77–30:1–55.

Schnitker, D.

1971. Distribution of Foraminifera on the North Carolina Continental Shelf. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology, 8(4): 169–215.

1974. Ecotypic Variation in Ammonia beccarii (Linné). Journal of Foraminifera I Research, 4(4):216–223.

Scott, D. B., F. S. Medioli, and C. T. Schafer

1977. Temporal Changes in Foraminiferal Distribution in Mirimichi River Estuary, New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 14(7): 1566–1587.

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1880. Le Formazioni Terziarie nella Provincia di Reggio (Calabria). Reale Accademia dei Lincei, 6:1–446.

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1966. Notes on Genus Tosaia Takayanagi in America and Description of a New Species. Caribbean journal of Science, 6(l-2):65–69.

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1971. The Benthonic Foraminifera of the Tail of the Grand Banks. Micropaleontology, 17(l):69–98.

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*1957. A Study of the Foraminifera and Sediments of Matagorda Bay, Texas. Transactions, Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 7:135–150.

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*1955. Central Texas Coast Sedimentation: Characteristics of Sedimentary Environment, Recent History and Diagenesis. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 39(8): 1463–1593.

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*1961. Living, Dead, and Total Foraminiferal Faunas, Heald Bank, Gulf of Mexico. Micropaleontology, 7(l):45–54.

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*1918. Some Shoal-Water Bottom Samples from Murray Island, Australia, and Comparisons of Them with Samples from Florida and the Bahamas. Carnegie Institute of Washington, 213:235–288.

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Walton, W. R.

*1960. Diagnostic Faunal Characteristics on and near a Barrier Island, Horn Island, Mississippi. Transactions, Gulf Coast Assocation of Geological Societies, 10: 7–24.

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CATALOG 1

Unsynonomized Species with Publication and Location

CATALOG 2

Synonomized Species with Publication and Location

CATALOG 3

Unsynonymized Species

CATALOG 4

Synonymized Species

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