bi wi . ka na wi na ni . (Pi*wi-kanawi*nani.) List of 279 medials and other non-initial, non-final stem formants found in Meskwaki verbs, nouns, and particles. Chief source: Manuscripts written in Meskwaki papepipo in the early 1900s by more than fifty residents of the Meskwaki Settlement in Tama, Iowa. These are currently housed in the Truman Michelson collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Anthropological Archives in Suitland, Maryland. Compiler: Lucy Thomason, with advice from Ives Goddard. N.B. - This list is a work in progress, extracted in September 2021 from Lucy Thomason's working lexicon of the Meskwaki language. It undoubtedly contains both errors and partial truths. Please use it with healthy skepticism. Among the rest, please keep in mind that Meskwaki papepipo omits both vowel lengths and the voiceless glottal fricative [h]. * = vowel length. sh = voiceless post-alveolar or palatal fricative. ch = voiceless post-alveolar or palatal affricate. Fields: \m = Medial - or other non-initial, non-final stem formant. \vr = Variant of the cited form. \gp = English gloss of the cited form, for parsing purposes. \gf = English gloss of the cited form for freer translation. \td = Textual example of the cited form. For medials and other non-initial, non-final stem formants, the illustrative examples cited are mostly verb stems, noun stems, and particles. Forms in angled brackets (< >) are rendered without vowel lengths and preconsonantal [h]s. For instance, in the entry for medial -achiwe*- `roots', stands for TA/TI1 pahkwachiwe*n- `pull up by the roots', and stands for II papahkwachiwe*ya*sen- `be uprooted by wind'. \co = Comment on the cited form. \hom = Homophonous form. \log = Form written identically in papepipo. \rel = Related form. \parse = Constituent morphemes of the cited form. "~~" means that the cited form is ancient and irreducible. "?" means that the source of the cited form isn't obvious. Abbreviations: AN = animate noun stem IN = inanimate noun stem AI = intransitive verb stem taking an animate subject II = intransitive verb stem taking an inanimate subject TA = transitive verb stem taking an animate object TI = transitive verb stem taking an inanimate object AK = Alfred Kiyana BL = Bill Leaf BLA = Leonard Bloomfield's sketch ``Algonquian'' IG = Ives Goddard JP = Jim Peters MM = Maggie Morgan PA = Proto-Algonquian SH = SHa*pochi*wa SK = Sa*kihtanohkwe*ha SP = Sam Peters X6 = an anonymous Meskwaki author, ``Anonymous 6'' YB = Young Bear WORKING LIST OF MESKWAKI MEDIALS AND OTHER NON-INITIAL, NON-FINAL STEM FORMANTS FOUND IN MESKWAKI \m -*mik- \gp (uncanonical.actor) \gf (uncanonical actor) \td <-mikat> `(derived II)' \td <-mikesi> `act involuntarily' \co prefinal \parse: ~~ \m -achiw- \gp roots \td <-achiwe-> `roots' \parse: medial derived from the noun final -achiw ? \m -achiwe*- \gp roots \td `pull up by the roots' \td `be uprooted by wind' \parse: -achiw-e*- \m -ahen- \gp ? \td `maple-tree' \td `incense tree' \parse: ? (-ahen-) \m -ahk- [1] \gp stand.up \gf stand up \td <-akan> `stand up' \td <-akato> `stand up' \td <-akaso> `stand up' \td <-akate> `stand up' \co prefinal \parse: ~~ \m -ahk- [2] \gp earth \td <-akamik-> `earth' \td <-akiwi> `earth' \co prefinal \rel IN ahky- \parse: ~~ \m -ahk- [3] \gp doings \td <-akamik-> `doings' \td <-akiwi> `doings' \co prefinal \rel IN ahky- \parse: ~~ \m -ahkamik- [1] \gp earth \td <-akamikat> `be earth' \td <-akamiki> `earth' \td `cause to end as earth' \td `cause to end as earth' \td `the Earth' \td `person of a far-off land' \parse: -ahk-amik- (-ahk- [2]) \m -ahkamik- [2] \gp doings \td <-akamikat> `be doings' \td <-akamikesi> `have doings' \td <-akamiki> `situation, environment' \td `cause to do so' \td `cause to do so' \parse: -ahk-amik- (-ahk- [3]) \m -ahkohkwe*- \gp kettle \gf kettle; pail \td `fall making a noise like a kettle' \rel AN ahkohkw- `kettle; drum' \parse: -ahkohkw-e*- \m -ahkw- \vr -a*nahkw- \gp sky/cloud \gf sky; cloud \td <-akw-> [2024D.NOT, NOTEMSC2] \td <-anakw-> [2024D.NOT, NOTEMSC2] \td `hang as green sky' \td `be beautiful sky' \td `be beautiful sky' \rel IN wahkw- `sky' \parse: ? (-ahkw-); -a*n-ahkw- \m -ahkwaye*- \gp bearskin \td `fluff up one's fur (said of a bear)' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \rel IN mahkway- `bearskin' \parse: -?-e*- (-ahkway-) \m -ahky- \gp earth \gf earth; bunch, mass \td <-akye-> `earth' \td <-akiw> `ground' \td <-akiw> `bunch, mass' \td <-akye> `earth' \td <-akyaniwi> `be earth' \td `woods, collection of trees' \td `plant' \rel IN ahky- \parse: medial derived from the noun ahky-. \m -ahkye*- \gp earth \gf earth; ground, bottom, ... \td `set on, place on a foundation' \td `grab (making a sudden move)' \td `lie down as if sick' \td `take a handful of' \td `budge?' \td `hold down, hold in place' \td `sit fixed in one's seat' \td `drink for a long time' (person lying down, horse) \td `keep turning about' \td `push down into the ground for' \td `set up, set on a foundation' \td `?' \td `lie there' \td `walk the earth with reverberating steps' \parse: -ahky-e*- \m -aht- \gp string \td <-at-> [SHFAPAY.NOT] \td <-atak-> `string' \td <-ate> `shoot' \co premedial, prefinal \co Related to -ahte* `shoot'; originally, `sinew'. \parse: ~~ \m -ahtak- \gp string \td <-atak-> [SHFAPAY.NOT, JPFAPAY2.NOT] \td <-atakawe> `have a coat, fur, hide' \td `braid string' \td `cut thin (said of a string)' \co Classifier for string. \co PA -aʔt-ak- (IG's comment, from a January 2019 email: "*aʔt- makes ‘sinew’ in Men, Cree") \parse: -aht-ak- \m -ahte*- [3] \gp waist/midriff \gf waist, midriff \td `be narrow-waisted (said of a coat)' \td `be narrow-waisted' \td `grab around the waist' \td `tie around the waist of' \td `be tied around the middle' \td `be narrow-waisted (said of a coat)' \td `sit hunched over' \co In other Algonquian languages, the medial for `stomach' is plain -at-. \parse: ? (-ahte*-) \m -ahte*- [4] \gp shoot \td `spring, bounce' \co postradical \co To date this postradical is attested only in a single compound initial, peshkwahte*- `spring, bounce (said of a string)'. It's conceivable that initial peshkwahte*- is backformed from AN peshkwahte*h- `slingshot'. \parse: -aht-e*- \m -ak- \gp ? \td `be hard' \td `noise' \td `have a pain in one's back' \td `have small roots' \td <-atak-> `string' \td <-anak-> `hole' \td <-apok-> `liquid' \td <-apyek-> `stripe' \td <-apyek-> `portion' \td <-epyek-> `liquid' \td <-esak-> `wood' \td <-iwanak-> `weigh' \td <-ipeponak-> `N winters' \td <-onak-> `volumar container' \td <-wek-> `noise' \td <-wewek-> `noise' \td <-yewak-> `muscles' \td <-akat> `be N quantity' \td <-akesi> `be N quantity' \td <-apokat> `be liquid' \td <-apyekat> `be N portions' \td <-epyeki> `water' \td <-ipakat> `leaved' \td <-ipeponakat> `be N winters' \td <-ipeponakesi> `be N winters' \td <-iwanakat> `weigh' \td <-iwanakesi> `weigh' \td <-wewekat> `be noise' \td <-wewekesi> `make noise' \td <-wewekih> `make cry out' \td <-wewekito> `make cry out' \co postradical, postmedial \co This postmedial and postradical chiefly takes the finals AI -esi and II -at. \parse: ~~ \m -aka*m- \gp side.of.lodge/river \gf side of a lodge or river \td <-akame-> `side of a lodge or river' \parse: medial derived from the initial aka*m-. \m -aka*me*- \gp side.of.lodge/river \gf side of a lodge or river \td `be one of two sides of a lodge or river' \td `all sit on one side of a lodge or river' \parse: -aka*m-e*- \m -akoshe*- \gp covers \td `throw off one's covers' \td `remove the covers from by body' \td `carefully arrange the covers by tool' \td `be under the covers with' \parse: -akw-?-e*- (-sh-) \m -ako*te*- \gp skirt \td <-akote-> [SPFPICH2.NOT] \td `lift the skirt of' \td `lift the skirt of up in the air' \td `turn up the skirt of' \td `grip the skirt of in one's teeth' \td `place exposing the skirt of' \rel dependent noun ko*te*h- `skirt' \parse: medial derived from the AI final -ako*te* [2] `skirt, dress'. \m -akw- \gp cloth.item \gf cloth item \td <-akw-> [JPFAPAY2.NOT, MMFSUN.NOT, X6FMARKS.NOT] \td `lifting cloth' \co postradical, premedial \co Two-dimensional material used as a garment. This morpheme, with this meaning, predates Euro-American cloth. Functions as a kind of classifier for acting on cloth. \parse: ? (-akw-) \m -am- [1] \gp (transitivizer) \td <-amaw> `do to on, for' \co prefinal \parse: prefinal derived from the TI1 theme sign. \m -am- [2] \gp react \td <-amat> `feel; have pain' \co prefinal \rel AI ame*- \parse: prefinal derived from the AI ame*-. \m -ame*- \gp fish \td `ringed perch?' \td `gar-fish' \td `fish spear, leister' \parse: medial derived by recut from the noun name*(s)-, name*w-, name*kw- ? (Actually, some PA or pre-PA word for fish.) \m -amik- \gp ? \td <-akamik-> `earth; doings' \td <-ikamik-> `household' \co postmedial \parse: ? (-amik-) \m -amw- \vr -amo*- \vr -amo*w- \gp ? \td <-amw-> [X6FMARKS.NOT] \td <-amwih> `(causative)' \td `pretend to be sick' \td `pretend to miss' \td `pretend not to recognize' \td `pretend to control' \td `pretend not to know' \td `sickness' \td `ceremonial adoption' \td `pain' \co prefinal \parse: ? (-amw-, -amo*-, -amo*w-) \m -anahk- \gp top/tree \gf top; tree, tree-top (refers to the upper, spiky part of a tree especially) \td `have one's top (so) high' \td `have one's top (so) high' (said of a tree) \td `place with stems crossing' \td `turn the stems towards' \td `have one's limbs fork' \td `stand with tip smoking' \td `fall into the hollow of a tree' \td `stand with branches hither' \td `touch the top of the pen, sign one's name' \co PA -anaxk- \parse: ? (-anahk-) \m -anasite*- \gp feet \td `have one's feet cut to ribbons' \td `dance barefoot' \td `sit with flat feet' \td `run with one's feet barely touching the ground' \td `sting the feet of with a shot' \td `stand with aching feet' \rel inanimate noun final -anasit `foot' \rel particle final -anasite `feet' \rel AI final -anasite* `feet' \parse: -?-e*- (-anasit-) \m -ana*mw- \gp breathe \td `smother by hand' \td `smother by pressing' \td `make bloated by body' \td `be unable to breathe from the heat' \td `knock the wind out of, lay out breathless' \td `fall and have the wind knocked out of one' \rel -ane*- `mouth cavity' \parse: -ane*-amw- ? \m -ane*- \gp mouth.cavity \gf mouth cavity \td <-anepw> `by mouth cavity action' \td <-anet> `by mouth cavity action' \td <-aneshin> `smell' \co prefinal \rel medial -ana*mw- `breathe' \parse: ? (-ane*-) \m -anowe*- \gp cheek \td <-anowe-> [JPFDOCT.NOT] \td `have high cheekbones' \td `have one's cheek twitch' \td `slap the cheek(s) of' \td `cut off the cheeks of' \td `sit with blackened cheek' \td `redden one's cheeks, paint one's cheeks red' \td `have one's cheeks turn red' \td `have loose and wrinkled cheeks' \td `slap the cheek of' \td `sit with white cheeks' \co Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \log medial -a*nowe*- `tail' \rel dependent noun noway- \parse: ?-now(ay)-e*- (-a-) \m -anw- [1] \gp hole \td `lie chipped to such extent' \td `lie ruined by chipping' \td `cover or close with a lid' \td `sew hole shut on' \td `flip cover closed' \td `take out of the mouth of' \td `stick into the mouth of' \td `stick one's hand into the mouth of' \td `pull out a tooth' \td `be chipped (said of the edge of e.g. an axe or sword) \td `have a chipped rim' \td `be chipped' \td `have a notched nose' \td `open up by tool' \td `look in (through an opening)' \td `pour into the mouth of' \td `poke the opening of several times by tool' \td `opening spreads open' \co postradical, prefinal \co Used for e.g. mouths, little doorways, anuses, etc. \co Compare medials -a*nak-, -a*nakw-, -a*ne*-. \parse: ? (-anw-) \m -anw- [2] \gp arrow/penis \gf arrow; penis \td <-anwe-> `arrow, penis' \parse: medial derived from the noun anw-. \m -anwe*- \gp arrow/penis \gf arrow; penis \td `jerk to an erection' \rel medial -o*nwe*- `penis' \parse: -anw-e*- (-anw- [2]) \m -anwiye*- ? \gp snow \td `act on newfallen snow?' \co To date this medial is attested only in a single stem, TI1 ashkanwiye*h-. \rel AI final -anwi* \parse: ? (-anwiye*- ?) \m -apahkwe*- \gp roof/wall \gf roof, wall \td `make wall of indef sound by hand' \td `knock on the side of (a house) by tool' \td `tear open the wall made of' \td `have a shining roof' \td `have a shining roof' \co Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \parse: -apahkw(ay)-e*- \m -apaye*- \gp femur/thigh \gf femur, thigh \td <-apaye-> [JPFDOCT.NOT] \td <-apayam> `do to with one's thighs, using one's thighs' \td <-apayat> `do to with one's thighs, using one's thighs' \td `sit with bare thighs' \td `grab the leg of' \td `have one's thighs stung by heat' \td `hold one's legs together' \co -ape*- is the older form of this medial. Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel medial -ape*- \rel dependent noun pay- \parse: ?-e*- (-apay-) \m -ape*- \gp femur/thigh \gf femur, thigh \td <-ape-> [JPFDOCT.NOT] \td <-apam> `do to with one's thighs, using one's thighs' \td <-apat> `do to with one's thighs, using one's thighs' \td `sit with one's thighs astraddle' \td `jump astride' \td `speed astride' \co -ape*- is the older form of this medial. Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel medial -apaye*- \rel dependent noun pay- \parse: ?-e*- (-ap-) \m -apihka*ne*- \gp packstrap/tumpline \gf packstrap, tumpline \td `lie having a tumpline' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: -apihka*n-e*- \m -asamw- \vr -asemw- \gp dog \td `(name)' \td `(name)' \td `(name)' \td `River Dog' \td `dirty-dog smell' \td `have a dirty-dog smelling body' \td `have dirty-dog smell' \td `River Dog' \parse: ? (-asamw-); ? (-asemw-) \m -asaye*- \vr -ashaye*- \gp skin \td <-asaye-> [FN 99-2] \td `twist one's own skin' \td <-ashaye-> [FN 98-3] \co Compare AN/IN asay-, IN owashay-. \co December 2016: IG says that -asaye*- and -ashaye*- are not mere variants of the same morpheme: they come from different sources in Proto-Algonquian. \rel AN/IN asay- `(buck)skin' \parse: -asay-e*- (-e*- [1]); -ashay-e*- \m -ashk- [1] \gp grass/herb/medicine \gf grass, herb, medicine \td `butcher on leaves' \td `be a clump of grass or reeds' \rel animate or inanimate noun final -ashkw \parse: ? (-ashk-) \m -ashkimote*- \gp bag/sack \gf bag, sack \td `?' \rel inanimate noun final -ashkimote*h `bag, sack' \rel IN mashkimote*h- `bag, sack' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: -ashk-imote*- (-ashk- [1]) \m -ashkote*- \gp prairie/meadow \gf prairie, meadow \td `be full-blown prairie' \td `be a clearing' \parse: -ashkw-ete*- ? \m -ashkote*we*- \gp prairie/meadow \gf prairie, meadow \td `run across the prairie' \td `?' \td `run out on the prairie' \td `be full-blown prairie' \td `be a gap in the prairie' \co Compare medial -ashkote*-. \rel IN mashkote*w- \rel final -ashkote*wi \parse: -ashkw-?- (-ete*we*-) \m -ashkw- [1] \gp grass/herb/medicine \gf grass, herb, medicine \td `clitoris' \td `Little Yellow Grass Body (a buffalo manitou)' \td `be a lot of rice stalks' \parse: medial derived from the noun final -ashkw ? \m -ashkwe*- \gp straying.wits/bewildered.head \gp straying wits, bewildered head \td `be drunk, intoxicated' \td `(wild cherry species)' \td `lose one's bearings, be rudderless' \td `rudderless' \co Medial -ashkwe*- means `head', but appears to be used only in contexts of disorientation. Compare medial -ehkwe*- [1] `head'. \rel final -ashkwe* [1] \parse: ? (-ashkwe*-) \m -at- [4] \gp do.violently \gf do violently \td `gather' \td `stretch' \td `rip at the seam, open the cover of (box)' \td `be covered by blowing' \td `cut in pieces' \co postradical \parse: ~~ \m -at- [5] \gp stick \td <-achiw> `use a stick as a tool to glob a lot of stuff onto' \td <-achih> `use a stick as a tool to glob a lot of stuff onto' \td <-ataw> `hit with a stick' \td <-atah> `hit with a stick' \td <-atahoko> `proceed carrying a bundle on one's back' \co prefinal \parse: ~~ \m -at- [6] \gp cold \td <-achi> AI \td <-aten> II \co prefinal \parse: ~~ \m -at- [7] \gp hill \td <-achi> AI \td <-aten> II \co prefinal \parse: ~~ \m -ataye*- \gp belly \td `have a red belly (said of a coat)' \td `fetus' \td `sting the belly of with a shot' \co Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel medial -ate*- \parse: -atay-e*- \m -ate*- \gp belly \td <-ate> [SHFAPAY.NOT] \td `otter' \co This is an OLD medial. Nonproductive, fossilized. Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel medial -ataye*- \parse: -at(ay)-e*- \m -aw- [3] \gp wet \td <-awisen> `be wet, get wet' \td <-awisetaw> `wet for' \td <-awiseto> `wet' \td <-awishim> `wet' \td <-awishin> `be wet, get wet' \co prefinal \parse: ? (-aw-) \m -awahi*m- \vr -awahi*n- \gp year \td `be the next year' \td `be many years' \td `be ten years' \td `be one year' \td `be next year' \td `make a new year for' \td `be four years' \td `be many years' \td `be ten years' \td `be one year' \td `be next year' \td `be four years' \parse: medial derived from the noun awahi*m-/-awahi*n-. \m -awe*w- \gp fur \td `skin with the fur on' \co To date this medial is attested only in a single stem, IN/AN kekawe*way-. \rel AI final -awe* [1] `fur' \parse: ? (-awe*w-) \m -ayak- \gp group \gf group, groups, pairs, couples, tribes \td `many kinds' \td `several kinds' \td `one kind' \td `three groups' \td `two kinds' \td `so many kinds' \co postradical \co Attaches to a number initial and produced a complex initial. \parse: ? (-ayak-) \m -a*- \gp ? \td `(partially) dried up, drained of water' \td `exhausted, used up' \td <-as-> `heat (said only of the sun); have color' \td <-ate> `heat of the sun' \td <-as> `heat (said only of the sun)' \td `maple tree; hard maple' \td `be green scum on the water' \td `win back from (gambling)' \td `manitou tree' \td `rotten wood' \td `rotten wood' \co postradical \parse: ~~ \m -a*hkw- [1] \gp gestalt \td `in addition' \td `surround, box in' \td `all bloody' \td `squeezed together, held by squeezing pressure' \td <-akohan> `waft as smoke, sparks, firelight' \td <-akohoko> `waft as smoke, sparks, firelight' \td <-akon> `give a rule to, give a law to' \td <-akosi> `be covered with, have a lot on one' \td <-akwat> `be covered with, have a lot on one' \td `deck out, dress in full costume' \td `wear full dress, have full costume on, be fully dressed' \td `wash oneself all over' \td `cause to be all dungy' \td `cause to be soaking wet' \td `have a fever' \td `have one's belly swell' \td `make all dusty' \td `paint all over by hand' \td `paint all over by hand' \td `stretch one's legs striding' \td `stretch out' \td `infuse' \td `be dirty all over' \td `make a mess of' \co postradical, prefinal \co Makes the semantics more global. \parse: ~~ \m -a*hkw- [2] \gp solid.mass/tree \gf solid mass; tree \td <-akwe-> `stick, piece of wood' \td <-eyakw-> `forest' \td <-akwat> `be a tree, stick' \td <-akwichin> `get snagged' \td `tie up against a solid object' \td `put on sticks for' \td `string (a bow) quickly' \td `tie fast to a solid object' \td `make stand against a tree' \td `have a green horn' \td `lie leaning propped at an angle' \td `lie leaning propped at an angle' \td `place crossing (said of bows)' \td `lie across as a tree' \td `be so long as horns' \td `lie with horns sticking up' \td `have so big a horn' \td `have long horns' \td `be an area of chopped-down trees' \td `clothespin' \td `lie long as wood' \td `jump to the other side of a tree' \td `be a stand of big trees' \td `forest' \td `be wooded land' \td `be a lot of trees' \td `lay solid object in place (logs, wickiup)' \td `roast on the spit' \td `roast on the spit' \td `roast on the spit' \td `roast on the spit' \td `be weighted down with horns' \td `lie too short as wooden object' \td `have one's bark shot off' \td `peel the bark off of' \td `log cabin' \td `get rid of by scraping against a tree' \td `cut the bark from with an axe (said of a tree)' \td `pierce with a stick' \td `fly and stick to a tree' \td `bump against an unyielding object' \td `bump against a tree or other unyielding object, fail to get in (the house)' \td `split in two as a stick by cutting' \td `lie along as a solid object' \td `lie along as a solid object' \td `rub moving against each other as wood (said of two trees)' \td `come falling noisily as a solid wooden object' \td `smash to pieces in a fall (said of a tree)' \td `stick with a burning stick' \td `be a straight pole' \td `grow straight, be straight (said e.g. of a tree or pole)' \td `grow straight, be straight' \td `lie across as a tree' \td `lie across as a solid object' \td `tie into a bulky cylindrical shape' \td `coil itself' \td `be placed around a solid object' \td `pound on (a solid wooden object by tool)' \co Can function as a classifier for wood, horns, or a rolled-up mass of cloth or yarn. \parse: ~~ \m -a*hkwe*- \gp stick/piece.of.wood \gf stick, piece of wood \td <-akwe-> [JPSPFAPAY.NOT] \td `string (a bow)' \td `string (a bow)' \td `lie as a green mass of trees' \td `be a lot of bitten-off trees' \td `be constructed of tall pieces of wood' \td `bite a tree, board, stick, etc. in two' \td `unstring (a bow)' \td `touch with a stick' \parse: -a*hkwe-e*- (-a*hkw- [2]) \m -a*hp- \gp ? \td [JPFTO.NOT] \td `motion towards (bringing towards, pulling towards, contracting)' \co postradical \parse: ? (-a*hp-) \m -a*hpen- \gp afflict \td <-apenan> `treat, deal with, manage to get, beat, kill' \td <-apenato> `treat, deal with' \td <-apene> `be ill, afflicted' \co prefinal \parse: ? (-a*hpen-) \m -a*k- [1] \gp springy.wood.or.metal \gf springy wood or metal \td `brass' \td <-aken> `bend (a bow)' \td `stir (sugar); loosen (soil) with a hoe; fix (an arrow)' \td `get (a bow) bent and set by putting on the bowstring; shape (clay)' \td `be bent so (as springy wood or metal)' \td `fire-blackened bole' \td `move nicely flexibly (said of a flat piece of white ash, or of cradleboard bows)' \td `ruin (wet cement) by foot' \td `be limber (said of a bow)' \td `peel the bark off of' \td `split from the cold (said of bow-wood)' \td `be springy wood' \td `be springy wood dried by heat' \td `pull (springy wood) apart into pieces' \td `be slack, get slack, lose one's spring (said of bows)' \td `be bent in a circle (said of springy wood or metal)' \td `have one's springy parts (back or ribs) move painfully' \td `be strong, stiff springy wood or metal' \td `be stiff (said of a bow)' \co postradical \co Classifier for springy wood or metal. \co Meskwaki -a*k- has a Unami cognate -a*k*- meaning `roof' (i.e., bent branches or withies). Unami -a*k- occurs e.g. in xkwi*t*a*k*e `on top the roof' (with a long "t" and a long "k"); Unami xkwi*t*a*k*e is the equivalent of Meskwaki ahkwitapahkwe. \co IG's comment, from an email dated 26 January 2019: "*-a:k- is a classifier for houses in Delaware < bent poles." \parse: ~~ \m -a*k- [2] \gp ? \td `miserable' \parse: ~~ \m -a*ke*- \gp wing \gf wing; glide, fly \td <-weweyake-> `noise of flying' \td <-weyake-> `noise of flying' \td `whiz loudly (said e.g. of a car)' \td `whiz loudly (said e.g. of a car)' \td `be sound of flying (whizzing noise of sth flying through the air)' \td `be sound of flying (whizzing noise of sth flying through the air)' \td `be big-winged (said of a penis or a hat)' \td `pluck the wing-feathers of' \td `go shooting through the air' \td `go shooting through the air' \td `make a bee-line' \parse: ? (-a*ke*-) \m -a*kone*- \gp snow \td `lie as a lump of snow, be a lump of snow' \td `lie covered with snow' \td `bury, hide in the snow' \td `clear a space in snow by foot' \rel AN ako*n- `snow' \parse: -?-e*- (-a*kon-) \m -a*mehk- \vr -a*mehkw- \gp earth \td <-eyamek-> `forest of bottomland' \td `turn green as earth' \td `lie as green land' \td `lie so big as earth' \td `go out of the earth' \td `have placed as earth' \td `place under the earth' \td `sink under the earth' \td `cover with earth' \td `lie all over as earth' \td `turn red as earth' \td `lie in position as earth' \td `seek things by tool in the earth' \td `bury in soil, cover up with dirt' \td `lie as soft earth' \td `lie along as ground' \td `lie protruding from the ground' \td `lie as green land' \td `lie as green land' \td `change as earth' \td `become ruined as earth' \td `lie as soft earth' \td `dig to make soft as earth' \td `place as clean earth' \td `lie mixed together with earth' \parse: ? (-a*mehk-); ? (-a*mehkw-) \m -a*n- \gp ? \td <-an-> [SPFVO2.NOT] \td `fearsomely' \td <-anakw-> `sky; cloud' \td <-anak-> `hole' \td <-ane-> `hole' \td <-anawe> `do something to (sth indefinite)' \td <-anekwe> `hair' \td <-anekwe-> `hair' \td <-apatani> `be an object of sight; be seen, appear, look like' \co Mysterious morpheme that turns up in -a*nawe*, -a*pata*ni ... \parse: ~~ \m -a*nak- \gp hole \td <-anakeshe-> `ear' \td <-anaketone-> `mouth' \td <-anakeshe> `ear' \td <-anaketon> `mouth' \td <-anakikome> `nostril' \td <-anakitiye> `anus' \td <-anakikwe> `eye' \td <-anaki> `hole' \td `be the end of a hole' \td `enlarge the hole by chopping' \td `?' \td `stick tool in opening of' \td `reach through a hole in' \td `go through a hole' \td `gape open from heat' \td `keep just missing a hole by tool' \td `put into' \co medial, premedial, prefinal \co Derives a body part medial from a body part medial, or a body part final from a body part final, or functions as a classifier for holes. \co Compare medials -anw-, -a*nakw-, -a*ne*-. \co Cf. PA waa0i 'hole' (inanimate singular noun), PA -aa0ak- 'hole' (medial). Note that n/sh alternations in Meskwaki nouns were all leveled in one direction or the other. \rel initial wa*sh- \rel medial -a*nakwe*- \rel inanimate noun final -a*nakw \rel IN wa*nakw- \parse: -a*n-ak- ? \m -a*nakeshe*- \gp ear \td `have one's ears buzz from the wind blowing' \td `open the ears of' \td `open one's ears for' \td `hav eone's ears open' \parse: -a*nak-eshe* (-eshe* [2]) \m -a*naketone*- \gp mouth \td <-anaketonemo> `talk' \td `place with mouth that way' \td `cause to have so big a mouth' \td `lie with cornmealy mouth' \td `lie with a black mouth' \td `sit with a big mouth' \td `sit with a bloody mouth' \td `sit with a dungy mouth' \td `lie with one's mouth covered with flies' \td `lie with a maggoty mouth' \td `be a misty mouth' \td `lie with mouths in a row (said of guns)' \td `lie with mouths in a row (said of guns)' \parse: -a*nak-etone*- \m -a*nakikome*- \gp nostril \gf nose, nostril \td `lie with maggoty nostrils' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: -a*nak-ikome*- \m -a*nakitiye*- \gp anus \td `hike up and tie one's breechclout' \td `lie with such anus' \gf `make the anus of black' \td `work to widen the opening of one's anus' \td `be tied up with one's anus showing' \td `place with bare anus' \td `lie with bare anus' \td `have one's guts bounced around' \td `place with anuses in a row' \td `lie with anuses in a row' \parse: -a*nak-itiye*- \m -a*naki*kwe*- \gp eye \td `dreamy-eyed' \td `blue-eyed' \td `look at with wide open eyes, look at with intense eyes' \td `have one's eyes get tired' \td `sit with eyes staring open' \td `lie with eyes staring open' \td `turn the eyes of backwards' \td `have one's eyes become so' \td `stand with one's eyes closed' \td `lie with one's eyes closed' \td `move one's eyes' \td `have one's eyes water' \td `see as having terrifying eyes' \td `drip tears on' \td `glance sideways?' \td `open an eye peeping' \td `have one's eyes turn white' \td `have one's eyes stung by heat' \parse: -a*nak-i*kwe*- \m -a*nakw- \gp hole \td <-anakw-> [1860.NOT] \td `upside down' \td <-anakwe-> `hole' \td <-anakwe> `hole' \td `wear across one's shoulder' \td `wear across one's shoulder' \td `wear over one's shoulder and under one's arm (in the manner of a shoulder belt), have slung over one shoulder and under the other arm' \td `be cross-eyed' \co postradical \co Compare medials -anw-, -a*nak-, -a*ne*-. \co Cf. PA waa0i 'hole' (inanimate singular noun), PA -aa0ak- 'hole' (medial). Note that n/sh alternations in Meskwaki nouns were all leveled in one direction or the other. \rel medial -a*nak- \parse: medial derived by recut from the noun wa*nakw-. \m -a*nakwe*- \gp hole \td `suspender' \td `grab each other around the shoulders' \td `be trapped in a hole by fallen objects' \td `trap in a hole' \rel medial -a*nak- \rel medial -a*nakw- \parse: -a*nakw-e*- \m -a*nehkwe*- \gp hair \td `have hair tied together' \td