bi wi . ka na wi na ni . (Pi*wi-kanawi*nani.) List of 279 medials and other non-initial, non-final stem formants found in Meskwaki verbs, nouns, and particles. Chief source: Manuscripts written in Meskwaki papepipo in the early 1900s by more than fifty residents of the Meskwaki Settlement in Tama, Iowa. These are currently housed in the Truman Michelson collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Anthropological Archives in Suitland, Maryland. Compiler: Lucy Thomason, with advice from Ives Goddard. N.B. - This list is a work in progress, extracted in September 2021 from Lucy Thomason's working lexicon of the Meskwaki language. It undoubtedly contains both errors and partial truths. Please use it with healthy skepticism. Among the rest, please keep in mind that Meskwaki papepipo omits both vowel lengths and the voiceless glottal fricative [h]. * = vowel length. sh = voiceless post-alveolar or palatal fricative. ch = voiceless post-alveolar or palatal affricate. Fields: \m = Medial - or other non-initial, non-final stem formant. \vr = Variant of the cited form. \gp = English gloss of the cited form, for parsing purposes. \gf = English gloss of the cited form for freer translation. \td = Textual example of the cited form. For medials and other non-initial, non-final stem formants, the illustrative examples cited are mostly verb stems, noun stems, and particles. Forms in angled brackets (< >) are rendered without vowel lengths and preconsonantal [h]s. For instance, in the entry for medial -achiwe*- `roots', stands for TA/TI1 pahkwachiwe*n- `pull up by the roots', and stands for II papahkwachiwe*ya*sen- `be uprooted by wind'. \co = Comment on the cited form. \hom = Homophonous form. \log = Form written identically in papepipo. \rel = Related form. \parse = Constituent morphemes of the cited form. "~~" means that the cited form is ancient and irreducible. "?" means that the source of the cited form isn't obvious. Abbreviations: AN = animate noun stem IN = inanimate noun stem AI = intransitive verb stem taking an animate subject II = intransitive verb stem taking an inanimate subject TA = transitive verb stem taking an animate object TI = transitive verb stem taking an inanimate object AK = Alfred Kiyana BL = Bill Leaf BLA = Leonard Bloomfield's sketch ``Algonquian'' IG = Ives Goddard JP = Jim Peters MM = Maggie Morgan PA = Proto-Algonquian SH = SHa*pochi*wa SK = Sa*kihtanohkwe*ha SP = Sam Peters X6 = an anonymous Meskwaki author, ``Anonymous 6'' YB = Young Bear WORKING LIST OF MESKWAKI MEDIALS AND OTHER NON-INITIAL, NON-FINAL STEM FORMANTS FOUND IN MESKWAKI \m -*mik- \gp (uncanonical.actor) \gf (uncanonical actor) \td <-mikat> `(derived II)' \td <-mikesi> `act involuntarily' \co prefinal \parse: ~~ \m -achiw- \gp roots \td <-achiwe-> `roots' \parse: medial derived from the noun final -achiw ? \m -achiwe*- \gp roots \td `pull up by the roots' \td `be uprooted by wind' \parse: -achiw-e*- \m -ahen- \gp ? \td `maple-tree' \td `incense tree' \parse: ? (-ahen-) \m -ahk- [1] \gp stand.up \gf stand up \td <-akan> `stand up' \td <-akato> `stand up' \td <-akaso> `stand up' \td <-akate> `stand up' \co prefinal \parse: ~~ \m -ahk- [2] \gp earth \td <-akamik-> `earth' \td <-akiwi> `earth' \co prefinal \rel IN ahky- \parse: ~~ \m -ahk- [3] \gp doings \td <-akamik-> `doings' \td <-akiwi> `doings' \co prefinal \rel IN ahky- \parse: ~~ \m -ahkamik- [1] \gp earth \td <-akamikat> `be earth' \td <-akamiki> `earth' \td `cause to end as earth' \td `cause to end as earth' \td `the Earth' \td `person of a far-off land' \parse: -ahk-amik- (-ahk- [2]) \m -ahkamik- [2] \gp doings \td <-akamikat> `be doings' \td <-akamikesi> `have doings' \td <-akamiki> `situation, environment' \td `cause to do so' \td `cause to do so' \parse: -ahk-amik- (-ahk- [3]) \m -ahkohkwe*- \gp kettle \gf kettle; pail \td `fall making a noise like a kettle' \rel AN ahkohkw- `kettle; drum' \parse: -ahkohkw-e*- \m -ahkw- \vr -a*nahkw- \gp sky/cloud \gf sky; cloud \td <-akw-> [2024D.NOT, NOTEMSC2] \td <-anakw-> [2024D.NOT, NOTEMSC2] \td `hang as green sky' \td `be beautiful sky' \td `be beautiful sky' \rel IN wahkw- `sky' \parse: ? (-ahkw-); -a*n-ahkw- \m -ahkwaye*- \gp bearskin \td `fluff up one's fur (said of a bear)' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \rel IN mahkway- `bearskin' \parse: -?-e*- (-ahkway-) \m -ahky- \gp earth \gf earth; bunch, mass \td <-akye-> `earth' \td <-akiw> `ground' \td <-akiw> `bunch, mass' \td <-akye> `earth' \td <-akyaniwi> `be earth' \td `woods, collection of trees' \td `plant' \rel IN ahky- \parse: medial derived from the noun ahky-. \m -ahkye*- \gp earth \gf earth; ground, bottom, ... \td `set on, place on a foundation' \td `grab (making a sudden move)' \td `lie down as if sick' \td `take a handful of' \td `budge?' \td `hold down, hold in place' \td `sit fixed in one's seat' \td `drink for a long time' (person lying down, horse) \td `keep turning about' \td `push down into the ground for' \td `set up, set on a foundation' \td `?' \td `lie there' \td `walk the earth with reverberating steps' \parse: -ahky-e*- \m -aht- \gp string \td <-at-> [SHFAPAY.NOT] \td <-atak-> `string' \td <-ate> `shoot' \co premedial, prefinal \co Related to -ahte* `shoot'; originally, `sinew'. \parse: ~~ \m -ahtak- \gp string \td <-atak-> [SHFAPAY.NOT, JPFAPAY2.NOT] \td <-atakawe> `have a coat, fur, hide' \td `braid string' \td `cut thin (said of a string)' \co Classifier for string. \co PA -aʔt-ak- (IG's comment, from a January 2019 email: "*aʔt- makes ‘sinew’ in Men, Cree") \parse: -aht-ak- \m -ahte*- [3] \gp waist/midriff \gf waist, midriff \td `be narrow-waisted (said of a coat)' \td `be narrow-waisted' \td `grab around the waist' \td `tie around the waist of' \td `be tied around the middle' \td `be narrow-waisted (said of a coat)' \td `sit hunched over' \co In other Algonquian languages, the medial for `stomach' is plain -at-. \parse: ? (-ahte*-) \m -ahte*- [4] \gp shoot \td `spring, bounce' \co postradical \co To date this postradical is attested only in a single compound initial, peshkwahte*- `spring, bounce (said of a string)'. It's conceivable that initial peshkwahte*- is backformed from AN peshkwahte*h- `slingshot'. \parse: -aht-e*- \m -ak- \gp ? \td `be hard' \td `noise' \td `have a pain in one's back' \td `have small roots' \td <-atak-> `string' \td <-anak-> `hole' \td <-apok-> `liquid' \td <-apyek-> `stripe' \td <-apyek-> `portion' \td <-epyek-> `liquid' \td <-esak-> `wood' \td <-iwanak-> `weigh' \td <-ipeponak-> `N winters' \td <-onak-> `volumar container' \td <-wek-> `noise' \td <-wewek-> `noise' \td <-yewak-> `muscles' \td <-akat> `be N quantity' \td <-akesi> `be N quantity' \td <-apokat> `be liquid' \td <-apyekat> `be N portions' \td <-epyeki> `water' \td <-ipakat> `leaved' \td <-ipeponakat> `be N winters' \td <-ipeponakesi> `be N winters' \td <-iwanakat> `weigh' \td <-iwanakesi> `weigh' \td <-wewekat> `be noise' \td <-wewekesi> `make noise' \td <-wewekih> `make cry out' \td <-wewekito> `make cry out' \co postradical, postmedial \co This postmedial and postradical chiefly takes the finals AI -esi and II -at. \parse: ~~ \m -aka*m- \gp side.of.lodge/river \gf side of a lodge or river \td <-akame-> `side of a lodge or river' \parse: medial derived from the initial aka*m-. \m -aka*me*- \gp side.of.lodge/river \gf side of a lodge or river \td `be one of two sides of a lodge or river' \td `all sit on one side of a lodge or river' \parse: -aka*m-e*- \m -akoshe*- \gp covers \td `throw off one's covers' \td `remove the covers from by body' \td `carefully arrange the covers by tool' \td `be under the covers with' \parse: -akw-?-e*- (-sh-) \m -ako*te*- \gp skirt \td <-akote-> [SPFPICH2.NOT] \td `lift the skirt of' \td `lift the skirt of up in the air' \td `turn up the skirt of' \td `grip the skirt of in one's teeth' \td `place exposing the skirt of' \rel dependent noun ko*te*h- `skirt' \parse: medial derived from the AI final -ako*te* [2] `skirt, dress'. \m -akw- \gp cloth.item \gf cloth item \td <-akw-> [JPFAPAY2.NOT, MMFSUN.NOT, X6FMARKS.NOT] \td `lifting cloth' \co postradical, premedial \co Two-dimensional material used as a garment. This morpheme, with this meaning, predates Euro-American cloth. Functions as a kind of classifier for acting on cloth. \parse: ? (-akw-) \m -am- [1] \gp (transitivizer) \td <-amaw> `do to on, for' \co prefinal \parse: prefinal derived from the TI1 theme sign. \m -am- [2] \gp react \td <-amat> `feel; have pain' \co prefinal \rel AI ame*- \parse: prefinal derived from the AI ame*-. \m -ame*- \gp fish \td `ringed perch?' \td `gar-fish' \td `fish spear, leister' \parse: medial derived by recut from the noun name*(s)-, name*w-, name*kw- ? (Actually, some PA or pre-PA word for fish.) \m -amik- \gp ? \td <-akamik-> `earth; doings' \td <-ikamik-> `household' \co postmedial \parse: ? (-amik-) \m -amw- \vr -amo*- \vr -amo*w- \gp ? \td <-amw-> [X6FMARKS.NOT] \td <-amwih> `(causative)' \td `pretend to be sick' \td `pretend to miss' \td `pretend not to recognize' \td `pretend to control' \td `pretend not to know' \td `sickness' \td `ceremonial adoption' \td `pain' \co prefinal \parse: ? (-amw-, -amo*-, -amo*w-) \m -anahk- \gp top/tree \gf top; tree, tree-top (refers to the upper, spiky part of a tree especially) \td `have one's top (so) high' \td `have one's top (so) high' (said of a tree) \td `place with stems crossing' \td `turn the stems towards' \td `have one's limbs fork' \td `stand with tip smoking' \td `fall into the hollow of a tree' \td `stand with branches hither' \td `touch the top of the pen, sign one's name' \co PA -anaxk- \parse: ? (-anahk-) \m -anasite*- \gp feet \td `have one's feet cut to ribbons' \td `dance barefoot' \td `sit with flat feet' \td `run with one's feet barely touching the ground' \td `sting the feet of with a shot' \td `stand with aching feet' \rel inanimate noun final -anasit `foot' \rel particle final -anasite `feet' \rel AI final -anasite* `feet' \parse: -?-e*- (-anasit-) \m -ana*mw- \gp breathe \td `smother by hand' \td `smother by pressing' \td `make bloated by body' \td `be unable to breathe from the heat' \td `knock the wind out of, lay out breathless' \td `fall and have the wind knocked out of one' \rel -ane*- `mouth cavity' \parse: -ane*-amw- ? \m -ane*- \gp mouth.cavity \gf mouth cavity \td <-anepw> `by mouth cavity action' \td <-anet> `by mouth cavity action' \td <-aneshin> `smell' \co prefinal \rel medial -ana*mw- `breathe' \parse: ? (-ane*-) \m -anowe*- \gp cheek \td <-anowe-> [JPFDOCT.NOT] \td `have high cheekbones' \td `have one's cheek twitch' \td `slap the cheek(s) of' \td `cut off the cheeks of' \td `sit with blackened cheek' \td `redden one's cheeks, paint one's cheeks red' \td `have one's cheeks turn red' \td `have loose and wrinkled cheeks' \td `slap the cheek of' \td `sit with white cheeks' \co Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \log medial -a*nowe*- `tail' \rel dependent noun noway- \parse: ?-now(ay)-e*- (-a-) \m -anw- [1] \gp hole \td `lie chipped to such extent' \td `lie ruined by chipping' \td `cover or close with a lid' \td `sew hole shut on' \td `flip cover closed' \td `take out of the mouth of' \td `stick into the mouth of' \td `stick one's hand into the mouth of' \td `pull out a tooth' \td `be chipped (said of the edge of e.g. an axe or sword) \td `have a chipped rim' \td `be chipped' \td `have a notched nose' \td `open up by tool' \td `look in (through an opening)' \td `pour into the mouth of' \td `poke the opening of several times by tool' \td `opening spreads open' \co postradical, prefinal \co Used for e.g. mouths, little doorways, anuses, etc. \co Compare medials -a*nak-, -a*nakw-, -a*ne*-. \parse: ? (-anw-) \m -anw- [2] \gp arrow/penis \gf arrow; penis \td <-anwe-> `arrow, penis' \parse: medial derived from the noun anw-. \m -anwe*- \gp arrow/penis \gf arrow; penis \td `jerk to an erection' \rel medial -o*nwe*- `penis' \parse: -anw-e*- (-anw- [2]) \m -anwiye*- ? \gp snow \td `act on newfallen snow?' \co To date this medial is attested only in a single stem, TI1 ashkanwiye*h-. \rel AI final -anwi* \parse: ? (-anwiye*- ?) \m -apahkwe*- \gp roof/wall \gf roof, wall \td `make wall of indef sound by hand' \td `knock on the side of (a house) by tool' \td `tear open the wall made of' \td `have a shining roof' \td `have a shining roof' \co Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \parse: -apahkw(ay)-e*- \m -apaye*- \gp femur/thigh \gf femur, thigh \td <-apaye-> [JPFDOCT.NOT] \td <-apayam> `do to with one's thighs, using one's thighs' \td <-apayat> `do to with one's thighs, using one's thighs' \td `sit with bare thighs' \td `grab the leg of' \td `have one's thighs stung by heat' \td `hold one's legs together' \co -ape*- is the older form of this medial. Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel medial -ape*- \rel dependent noun pay- \parse: ?-e*- (-apay-) \m -ape*- \gp femur/thigh \gf femur, thigh \td <-ape-> [JPFDOCT.NOT] \td <-apam> `do to with one's thighs, using one's thighs' \td <-apat> `do to with one's thighs, using one's thighs' \td `sit with one's thighs astraddle' \td `jump astride' \td `speed astride' \co -ape*- is the older form of this medial. Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel medial -apaye*- \rel dependent noun pay- \parse: ?-e*- (-ap-) \m -apihka*ne*- \gp packstrap/tumpline \gf packstrap, tumpline \td `lie having a tumpline' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: -apihka*n-e*- \m -asamw- \vr -asemw- \gp dog \td `(name)' \td `(name)' \td `(name)' \td `River Dog' \td `dirty-dog smell' \td `have a dirty-dog smelling body' \td `have dirty-dog smell' \td `River Dog' \parse: ? (-asamw-); ? (-asemw-) \m -asaye*- \vr -ashaye*- \gp skin \td <-asaye-> [FN 99-2] \td `twist one's own skin' \td <-ashaye-> [FN 98-3] \co Compare AN/IN asay-, IN owashay-. \co December 2016: IG says that -asaye*- and -ashaye*- are not mere variants of the same morpheme: they come from different sources in Proto-Algonquian. \rel AN/IN asay- `(buck)skin' \parse: -asay-e*- (-e*- [1]); -ashay-e*- \m -ashk- [1] \gp grass/herb/medicine \gf grass, herb, medicine \td `butcher on leaves' \td `be a clump of grass or reeds' \rel animate or inanimate noun final -ashkw \parse: ? (-ashk-) \m -ashkimote*- \gp bag/sack \gf bag, sack \td `?' \rel inanimate noun final -ashkimote*h `bag, sack' \rel IN mashkimote*h- `bag, sack' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: -ashk-imote*- (-ashk- [1]) \m -ashkote*- \gp prairie/meadow \gf prairie, meadow \td `be full-blown prairie' \td `be a clearing' \parse: -ashkw-ete*- ? \m -ashkote*we*- \gp prairie/meadow \gf prairie, meadow \td `run across the prairie' \td `?' \td `run out on the prairie' \td `be full-blown prairie' \td `be a gap in the prairie' \co Compare medial -ashkote*-. \rel IN mashkote*w- \rel final -ashkote*wi \parse: -ashkw-?- (-ete*we*-) \m -ashkw- [1] \gp grass/herb/medicine \gf grass, herb, medicine \td `clitoris' \td `Little Yellow Grass Body (a buffalo manitou)' \td `be a lot of rice stalks' \parse: medial derived from the noun final -ashkw ? \m -ashkwe*- \gp straying.wits/bewildered.head \gp straying wits, bewildered head \td `be drunk, intoxicated' \td `(wild cherry species)' \td `lose one's bearings, be rudderless' \td `rudderless' \co Medial -ashkwe*- means `head', but appears to be used only in contexts of disorientation. Compare medial -ehkwe*- [1] `head'. \rel final -ashkwe* [1] \parse: ? (-ashkwe*-) \m -at- [4] \gp do.violently \gf do violently \td `gather' \td `stretch' \td `rip at the seam, open the cover of (box)' \td `be covered by blowing' \td `cut in pieces' \co postradical \parse: ~~ \m -at- [5] \gp stick \td <-achiw> `use a stick as a tool to glob a lot of stuff onto' \td <-achih> `use a stick as a tool to glob a lot of stuff onto' \td <-ataw> `hit with a stick' \td <-atah> `hit with a stick' \td <-atahoko> `proceed carrying a bundle on one's back' \co prefinal \parse: ~~ \m -at- [6] \gp cold \td <-achi> AI \td <-aten> II \co prefinal \parse: ~~ \m -at- [7] \gp hill \td <-achi> AI \td <-aten> II \co prefinal \parse: ~~ \m -ataye*- \gp belly \td `have a red belly (said of a coat)' \td `fetus' \td `sting the belly of with a shot' \co Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel medial -ate*- \parse: -atay-e*- \m -ate*- \gp belly \td <-ate> [SHFAPAY.NOT] \td `otter' \co This is an OLD medial. Nonproductive, fossilized. Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel medial -ataye*- \parse: -at(ay)-e*- \m -aw- [3] \gp wet \td <-awisen> `be wet, get wet' \td <-awisetaw> `wet for' \td <-awiseto> `wet' \td <-awishim> `wet' \td <-awishin> `be wet, get wet' \co prefinal \parse: ? (-aw-) \m -awahi*m- \vr -awahi*n- \gp year \td `be the next year' \td `be many years' \td `be ten years' \td `be one year' \td `be next year' \td `make a new year for' \td `be four years' \td `be many years' \td `be ten years' \td `be one year' \td `be next year' \td `be four years' \parse: medial derived from the noun awahi*m-/-awahi*n-. \m -awe*w- \gp fur \td `skin with the fur on' \co To date this medial is attested only in a single stem, IN/AN kekawe*way-. \rel AI final -awe* [1] `fur' \parse: ? (-awe*w-) \m -ayak- \gp group \gf group, groups, pairs, couples, tribes \td `many kinds' \td `several kinds' \td `one kind' \td `three groups' \td `two kinds' \td `so many kinds' \co postradical \co Attaches to a number initial and produced a complex initial. \parse: ? (-ayak-) \m -a*- \gp ? \td `(partially) dried up, drained of water' \td `exhausted, used up' \td <-as-> `heat (said only of the sun); have color' \td <-ate> `heat of the sun' \td <-as> `heat (said only of the sun)' \td `maple tree; hard maple' \td `be green scum on the water' \td `win back from (gambling)' \td `manitou tree' \td `rotten wood' \td `rotten wood' \co postradical \parse: ~~ \m -a*hkw- [1] \gp gestalt \td `in addition' \td `surround, box in' \td `all bloody' \td `squeezed together, held by squeezing pressure' \td <-akohan> `waft as smoke, sparks, firelight' \td <-akohoko> `waft as smoke, sparks, firelight' \td <-akon> `give a rule to, give a law to' \td <-akosi> `be covered with, have a lot on one' \td <-akwat> `be covered with, have a lot on one' \td `deck out, dress in full costume' \td `wear full dress, have full costume on, be fully dressed' \td `wash oneself all over' \td `cause to be all dungy' \td `cause to be soaking wet' \td `have a fever' \td `have one's belly swell' \td `make all dusty' \td `paint all over by hand' \td `paint all over by hand' \td `stretch one's legs striding' \td `stretch out' \td `infuse' \td `be dirty all over' \td `make a mess of' \co postradical, prefinal \co Makes the semantics more global. \parse: ~~ \m -a*hkw- [2] \gp solid.mass/tree \gf solid mass; tree \td <-akwe-> `stick, piece of wood' \td <-eyakw-> `forest' \td <-akwat> `be a tree, stick' \td <-akwichin> `get snagged' \td `tie up against a solid object' \td `put on sticks for' \td `string (a bow) quickly' \td `tie fast to a solid object' \td `make stand against a tree' \td `have a green horn' \td `lie leaning propped at an angle' \td `lie leaning propped at an angle' \td `place crossing (said of bows)' \td `lie across as a tree' \td `be so long as horns' \td `lie with horns sticking up' \td `have so big a horn' \td `have long horns' \td `be an area of chopped-down trees' \td `clothespin' \td `lie long as wood' \td `jump to the other side of a tree' \td `be a stand of big trees' \td `forest' \td `be wooded land' \td `be a lot of trees' \td `lay solid object in place (logs, wickiup)' \td `roast on the spit' \td `roast on the spit' \td `roast on the spit' \td `roast on the spit' \td `be weighted down with horns' \td `lie too short as wooden object' \td `have one's bark shot off' \td `peel the bark off of' \td `log cabin' \td `get rid of by scraping against a tree' \td `cut the bark from with an axe (said of a tree)' \td `pierce with a stick' \td `fly and stick to a tree' \td `bump against an unyielding object' \td `bump against a tree or other unyielding object, fail to get in (the house)' \td `split in two as a stick by cutting' \td `lie along as a solid object' \td `lie along as a solid object' \td `rub moving against each other as wood (said of two trees)' \td `come falling noisily as a solid wooden object' \td `smash to pieces in a fall (said of a tree)' \td `stick with a burning stick' \td `be a straight pole' \td `grow straight, be straight (said e.g. of a tree or pole)' \td `grow straight, be straight' \td `lie across as a tree' \td `lie across as a solid object' \td `tie into a bulky cylindrical shape' \td `coil itself' \td `be placed around a solid object' \td `pound on (a solid wooden object by tool)' \co Can function as a classifier for wood, horns, or a rolled-up mass of cloth or yarn. \parse: ~~ \m -a*hkwe*- \gp stick/piece.of.wood \gf stick, piece of wood \td <-akwe-> [JPSPFAPAY.NOT] \td `string (a bow)' \td `string (a bow)' \td `lie as a green mass of trees' \td `be a lot of bitten-off trees' \td `be constructed of tall pieces of wood' \td `bite a tree, board, stick, etc. in two' \td `unstring (a bow)' \td `touch with a stick' \parse: -a*hkwe-e*- (-a*hkw- [2]) \m -a*hp- \gp ? \td [JPFTO.NOT] \td `motion towards (bringing towards, pulling towards, contracting)' \co postradical \parse: ? (-a*hp-) \m -a*hpen- \gp afflict \td <-apenan> `treat, deal with, manage to get, beat, kill' \td <-apenato> `treat, deal with' \td <-apene> `be ill, afflicted' \co prefinal \parse: ? (-a*hpen-) \m -a*k- [1] \gp springy.wood.or.metal \gf springy wood or metal \td `brass' \td <-aken> `bend (a bow)' \td `stir (sugar); loosen (soil) with a hoe; fix (an arrow)' \td `get (a bow) bent and set by putting on the bowstring; shape (clay)' \td `be bent so (as springy wood or metal)' \td `fire-blackened bole' \td `move nicely flexibly (said of a flat piece of white ash, or of cradleboard bows)' \td `ruin (wet cement) by foot' \td `be limber (said of a bow)' \td `peel the bark off of' \td `split from the cold (said of bow-wood)' \td `be springy wood' \td `be springy wood dried by heat' \td `pull (springy wood) apart into pieces' \td `be slack, get slack, lose one's spring (said of bows)' \td `be bent in a circle (said of springy wood or metal)' \td `have one's springy parts (back or ribs) move painfully' \td `be strong, stiff springy wood or metal' \td `be stiff (said of a bow)' \co postradical \co Classifier for springy wood or metal. \co Meskwaki -a*k- has a Unami cognate -a*k*- meaning `roof' (i.e., bent branches or withies). Unami -a*k- occurs e.g. in xkwi*t*a*k*e `on top the roof' (with a long "t" and a long "k"); Unami xkwi*t*a*k*e is the equivalent of Meskwaki ahkwitapahkwe. \co IG's comment, from an email dated 26 January 2019: "*-a:k- is a classifier for houses in Delaware < bent poles." \parse: ~~ \m -a*k- [2] \gp ? \td `miserable' \parse: ~~ \m -a*ke*- \gp wing \gf wing; glide, fly \td <-weweyake-> `noise of flying' \td <-weyake-> `noise of flying' \td `whiz loudly (said e.g. of a car)' \td `whiz loudly (said e.g. of a car)' \td `be sound of flying (whizzing noise of sth flying through the air)' \td `be sound of flying (whizzing noise of sth flying through the air)' \td `be big-winged (said of a penis or a hat)' \td `pluck the wing-feathers of' \td `go shooting through the air' \td `go shooting through the air' \td `make a bee-line' \parse: ? (-a*ke*-) \m -a*kone*- \gp snow \td `lie as a lump of snow, be a lump of snow' \td `lie covered with snow' \td `bury, hide in the snow' \td `clear a space in snow by foot' \rel AN ako*n- `snow' \parse: -?-e*- (-a*kon-) \m -a*mehk- \vr -a*mehkw- \gp earth \td <-eyamek-> `forest of bottomland' \td `turn green as earth' \td `lie as green land' \td `lie so big as earth' \td `go out of the earth' \td `have placed as earth' \td `place under the earth' \td `sink under the earth' \td `cover with earth' \td `lie all over as earth' \td `turn red as earth' \td `lie in position as earth' \td `seek things by tool in the earth' \td `bury in soil, cover up with dirt' \td `lie as soft earth' \td `lie along as ground' \td `lie protruding from the ground' \td `lie as green land' \td `lie as green land' \td `change as earth' \td `become ruined as earth' \td `lie as soft earth' \td `dig to make soft as earth' \td `place as clean earth' \td `lie mixed together with earth' \parse: ? (-a*mehk-); ? (-a*mehkw-) \m -a*n- \gp ? \td <-an-> [SPFVO2.NOT] \td `fearsomely' \td <-anakw-> `sky; cloud' \td <-anak-> `hole' \td <-ane-> `hole' \td <-anawe> `do something to (sth indefinite)' \td <-anekwe> `hair' \td <-anekwe-> `hair' \td <-apatani> `be an object of sight; be seen, appear, look like' \co Mysterious morpheme that turns up in -a*nawe*, -a*pata*ni ... \parse: ~~ \m -a*nak- \gp hole \td <-anakeshe-> `ear' \td <-anaketone-> `mouth' \td <-anakeshe> `ear' \td <-anaketon> `mouth' \td <-anakikome> `nostril' \td <-anakitiye> `anus' \td <-anakikwe> `eye' \td <-anaki> `hole' \td `be the end of a hole' \td `enlarge the hole by chopping' \td `?' \td `stick tool in opening of' \td `reach through a hole in' \td `go through a hole' \td `gape open from heat' \td `keep just missing a hole by tool' \td `put into' \co medial, premedial, prefinal \co Derives a body part medial from a body part medial, or a body part final from a body part final, or functions as a classifier for holes. \co Compare medials -anw-, -a*nakw-, -a*ne*-. \co Cf. PA waa0i 'hole' (inanimate singular noun), PA -aa0ak- 'hole' (medial). Note that n/sh alternations in Meskwaki nouns were all leveled in one direction or the other. \rel initial wa*sh- \rel medial -a*nakwe*- \rel inanimate noun final -a*nakw \rel IN wa*nakw- \parse: -a*n-ak- ? \m -a*nakeshe*- \gp ear \td `have one's ears buzz from the wind blowing' \td `open the ears of' \td `open one's ears for' \td `hav eone's ears open' \parse: -a*nak-eshe* (-eshe* [2]) \m -a*naketone*- \gp mouth \td <-anaketonemo> `talk' \td `place with mouth that way' \td `cause to have so big a mouth' \td `lie with cornmealy mouth' \td `lie with a black mouth' \td `sit with a big mouth' \td `sit with a bloody mouth' \td `sit with a dungy mouth' \td `lie with one's mouth covered with flies' \td `lie with a maggoty mouth' \td `be a misty mouth' \td `lie with mouths in a row (said of guns)' \td `lie with mouths in a row (said of guns)' \parse: -a*nak-etone*- \m -a*nakikome*- \gp nostril \gf nose, nostril \td `lie with maggoty nostrils' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: -a*nak-ikome*- \m -a*nakitiye*- \gp anus \td `hike up and tie one's breechclout' \td `lie with such anus' \gf `make the anus of black' \td `work to widen the opening of one's anus' \td `be tied up with one's anus showing' \td `place with bare anus' \td `lie with bare anus' \td `have one's guts bounced around' \td `place with anuses in a row' \td `lie with anuses in a row' \parse: -a*nak-itiye*- \m -a*naki*kwe*- \gp eye \td `dreamy-eyed' \td `blue-eyed' \td `look at with wide open eyes, look at with intense eyes' \td `have one's eyes get tired' \td `sit with eyes staring open' \td `lie with eyes staring open' \td `turn the eyes of backwards' \td `have one's eyes become so' \td `stand with one's eyes closed' \td `lie with one's eyes closed' \td `move one's eyes' \td `have one's eyes water' \td `see as having terrifying eyes' \td `drip tears on' \td `glance sideways?' \td `open an eye peeping' \td `have one's eyes turn white' \td `have one's eyes stung by heat' \parse: -a*nak-i*kwe*- \m -a*nakw- \gp hole \td <-anakw-> [1860.NOT] \td `upside down' \td <-anakwe-> `hole' \td <-anakwe> `hole' \td `wear across one's shoulder' \td `wear across one's shoulder' \td `wear over one's shoulder and under one's arm (in the manner of a shoulder belt), have slung over one shoulder and under the other arm' \td `be cross-eyed' \co postradical \co Compare medials -anw-, -a*nak-, -a*ne*-. \co Cf. PA waa0i 'hole' (inanimate singular noun), PA -aa0ak- 'hole' (medial). Note that n/sh alternations in Meskwaki nouns were all leveled in one direction or the other. \rel medial -a*nak- \parse: medial derived by recut from the noun wa*nakw-. \m -a*nakwe*- \gp hole \td `suspender' \td `grab each other around the shoulders' \td `be trapped in a hole by fallen objects' \td `trap in a hole' \rel medial -a*nak- \rel medial -a*nakw- \parse: -a*nakw-e*- \m -a*nehkwe*- \gp hair \td `have hair tied together' \td `lie with green hair' \td `keep changing the hair of' \td `lie with one's hair mussed up' \td `paint the hair of red' \td `touch one's hair' \td `have a hair be snagged and pulled out' \td `do the plucking of the hair' \td `snatch out the hair of' \td `undo one's hair' \td `have one's hair cascade down' \td `twist one's hair' \td `maidenhair fern; white vervein' \td `have one's hair caught, snagged' \td `seize by the hair' \td `be tied by the hair' \td `grab by the hair' \td `lie with one's hair protruding' \td `have one's hair spread out blowing in the wind' \td `straighten one's hair' \td `straighten out the hair of' \td `have one's hair blown back smooth' \td `shake one's main' \td `make walk with swaying mane' \parse: -a*n-ehkwe*- (-ehkwe*- [1]) \m -a*ne*- \gp hole \td `lay bare the private parts of' \td `lay bare people's private parts' \td `poke the opening of several times by tool' \co Cf. PA waa0i 'hole' (inanimate singular noun), PA -aa0ak- 'hole' (medial). Note that n/sh alternations in Meskwaki nouns were all leveled in one direction or the other. \parse: -a*n-e*- ? \m -a*now- \gp tail \td `upside down' \td <-anowe-> `tail' \td <-anowe> `tail' \co postradical, medial \parse: ? (-a*now-) \m -a*nowe*- \gp tail \td `be an arrow-shaped tail' \td `sit with one's tail in the water' \td `have one's tail sheared to the skin' \td `stand with one's tail sticking up' \td `raise one's tail' \td `wave one's tail so' \td `cut off the tail of' \td `cut off the tail of' \td `get a grip on the tail of' \td `wag one's tail' \td `keep just missing grabbing the tail of' \td `have one's tail come hither' \td `seize by the tail' \td `lie with tail protruding' \td `tuck one's tail under one' \td `have one's tail go straight' \td `have one's tails tied together' \td `wag one's tail' \log medial -anowe*- `cheek' \parse: ? (-a*nowe*-) \m -a*p- \gp look \td <-ap-> [JPFTO.NOT] \td `have bloodshot eyes' \co prefinal \parse: ~~ \m -a*pehk- \gp metal/stone \gf metal, stone \td <-apek-> [2008.NOT] \td `iron' \td <-apekat> `be stone, be metal' \td <-apeki> `be stone, be metal' \td <-apekw> `metal stone, coal, ore' \td `lie so far as stones' \td `have so great a metallic sheen' \td `have a metallic sheen' \td `have a metallic sheen' \td `be gold' \td `do to metal or stone by hand so' \td `have such a metallic sheen' \td `lie so as metal or stone' \td `lock up' \td `lock up' \td `be extremely hot as stone' \td `have heated things as stone' \td `be a steep cliff' \td `lie as rock all over, be rock all over' \td `be copper' \td `heat as metal' \td `heat as metal' \td `let (a gun) go off accidentally' \td `be greasy metal (said of a kettle)' \td `be bent doubled up as metal' \td `oil' \td `break stone or metal object in two by body' \td `be partly in view as metal or stone' \td `be dented (said of a kettle)' \td `cool off as stone' \td `cool off as stone' \td `be silver' \co postradical, medial, prefinal \co Classifier for metal or stone. \parse: ? (-a*pehk-) \m -a*pe*w- \gp man \td <-apew-> [X6FMARKS.NOT] \td <-apewesi> `bodily build' \td `rock spirit' \parse: medial derived from the noun final -a*pe*w. \m -a*pite*- \gp tooth \gf tooth; blade \td `make the sound of snapping teeth' \td `twist one's teeth sideways jumping' \td `hold the tooth of (e.g. an axe) backwards, toward oneself' \td `leave toothmarks' \td `extract the teeth of by tool' \td `lie with irregular teeth' \td `toothpick' \td `show one's teeth' \td `pull out a tooth of' \td `whack out the tooth of' \td `have one's tooth fall out' \td `pull out the teeth of' \td `oil the blade of' \td `leave tiny toothmarks' \td `break the tooth of' \td `jump twisting one's teeth to one side' \td `hold blade outward' \td `come speeding with the sound of teeth' \td `pick one's teeth, floss one's teeth' \td `paint the blade of' \td `reduce the teeth of' \td `clean the teeth of with a tool' \rel dependent noun i*pit- \parse: -?-e*- (-a*pit-) \m -a*powe*- \gp liquid \td <-apowan> `do to (with) liquid for; take food to' \td <-apowato> `do to (with) liquid for' \td `take out of the broth' \td `be water lying up against' \td `cool liquid by tool (e.g. cool soup using a fan)' \co Compare medials -a*po*-, -a*po*k-. \rel inanimate noun final -a*pow. \parse: -?-e*- (-a*pow-) \m -a*po*- \gp liquid \td <-apos> `boil, heat liquid' \td <-aposo> `be boiled' \td `remove from liquid by tool' \td `make a splash in the water' \td `make cornmeal soup of for' \td `place water in' \td `be still water' \td `roil as liquid' \td `stir (something liquid with a tool)' \td `quiver, shake, tremble, ripple (said of water)' \td `make out the taste of a hot liquid' \td `take a kettle of soup off the fire' \td `thrash about noisily in the water' \td `be clear water' \td `muddy as water' \co Compare medials -a*powe*-, -a*po*k-. \parse: ? (-a*po*-) \m -a*po*k- \gp liquid \td <-apokat> `be liquid' \td `cause to be bloody liquid' \co Compare medials -a*powe*-, -a*po*-. \parse: -a*po*-ak- \m -a*py- \vr -e*ya*py- \gp string \td <-apye-> `string' \td <-apikan> `put in a line one after another, put in single file' \td <-apikaso> `be in a line one after another, be in single file' \td <-apikate> `be in a line one after another' \td <-apikato> `put in a line one after another' \td `gray dogwood, Cornus racemosa' \td `be tangled in a rope by foot or body' \td `tangle each other in a rope by foot or body' \td <-eyapye-> `string' \parse: medial derived from the noun final -(e*y)a*py-. \m -a*pye*- \vr -e*ya*pye*- \gp string \td <-apyek-> `stripe' \td <-apyek-> `portion (of meat)' \td <-apyen> `do to with a stringlike thing' \td <-apyataw> `do to with a stringlike thing for' \td <-apyato> `do to with a stringlike thing' \td `lie so far as a string (said e.g. of a snake)' \td `extend so far (said of life or rope)' \td `lie stretching off (said of a house)' \td `extend yon way (said of a platform)' \td `draw towards with a string' \td `yank towards with a string' \td `cause to pull (a cart)' \td `lie endless' \td `be short (said of a string)' \td `cut a thin strip or slice from (e.g. hide, fat)' \td `string thither' \td `lie thither as a string (said e.g. of a snake)' \td `cut so big a slice of for' \td `be a long string' \td `block by string for' \td `fork' \td `have strung out for' \td `serpent' \td `try to sound by string' \td `move as rope' \td `cut into ten pieces' \td `loop, get ready to tie' \td `cut into strips for' \td `lay in place as a string' \td `cut into strips' \td `come loose (said of a string, strap)' \td `shake rope of by hand' \td `lie out of sight as a string (said e.g. of a snake)' \td `place spread out as a rope' \td `be limp (said of a string)' \td `lower using a string; lower as a string' \td `cut into five pieces' \td `be roped to, be attached to with ropes' \td `skewer for tending meat as it cooks' \td `lie along as a string (said of a house)' \td `lie along as a string (said e.g. of a snake or an elk)' \td `lie extending crossways (said of a house)' \td `lie as a coiled string (said of a snake)' \td `twist around a stick' \td `lie extending hither as a string (said of a snake)' \td `lie extending hither as a string (said of a house)' \td `lead with a rope; lead by the hand' \td `jerk the ropes of taut' \td `pull apart as a string (said of fat)' \td `fall stretched out' \td `cause to string across' \td `bend string by hand' \td `lie coiled up (said of a snake)' \td `begin to lie strung' \td `snap the string for' \co Compare medial -a*pye*k-. \co Can be used as a classifier for string/rope, rivers, meat. \parse: -a*py-e*-; -e*ya*py-e*- \m -a*pye*k- [1] \gp stripe \td `have green stripes (said of a snake)' \td `green-striped snake' \td `green-striped snake' \td `have black stripes (said of a snake)' \td `black-striped snake' \rel medial -a*pye*k- [2] `portion'. \parse: -a*pye*-ak- \m -a*pye*k- [2] \gp portion \td <-apyekat> `be N portions, be such a portion' \td <-apyeki> `N portions' \td `have the finest slice of' \td `be in five portions' \td `have five portions of' \co Used especially of meat. \rel medial -a*pye*k- [1] `stripe'. \parse: -a*pye*-ak- \m -a*s- \gp heat.as.the.sun/have.color \gf heat (said only of the sun); have color \td `give heat (said of the sun)' \td `have a lot of color' \td `give heat (said of the sun)' \td `have such color' \td `heat indef nicely (said of the sun)' \td `go shining (said of the sun)' \td `give languid heat (said of the sun)' \co IG wonders whether -a*s- is related to wa*s-, with both meaning action by the sun (heat, light)'. \rel TI1 -a*s \parse: -a*-es- \m -a*sam- \gp facing \td `sit facing that way' \td `dance facing that way' \td `stand facing that way' \td `make stand facing that way for' \td `shove facing thither' \td `lie facing that way' \td `sit facing that way' \td `sit facing, confronting' \td `sit facing, confronting' \td `turn against, turn face to, oppose, be against' \td `cause to stand facing hither' \td `stand facing hither' \td `wriggle facing hither' \td `jump facing hither' \td `sit facing each other' \td `dance facing each other' \td `stand facing each other' \td `fall facing each other' \parse: medial derived from the initial a*sam- `against the current (of e.g. water, wind, someone's gaze), upstream; north'. \m -a*siye*- \gp breechclout \td `stand with a long breechclout, stand with a trailing breechclout' \td `run with a long breechclout' \td `have a breechclout on' \td `slip out of one's breechclout' \td `fix one's breechclout' \rel IN a*siya*n- `breechclout' \parse: ? (-a*siye*-) \m -a*shk- \gp ? \td `spread as matting' \td `flat' \td `spatter with dung' \td `spread matting, undercloth there; spread as matting, undercloth there' \co postradical \parse: ~~ \m -a*t- \gp ? \td `especially, more so' \td `acquainted' \td `indicatively' \td `foolish, stupid, lackwit' \td `slowly' \td `gently, kindly' \td `wicked, naughty' \td `active, lively' \td `cute' \td `foolishly, idly' \td ``might as well, resolving accordingly; without further ado'. \td `have manitou power' \co postradical \parse: ~~ \m -a*w- ? \gp ? \td `full' \td <-awak-> `earth, ground, land, dirt' \td `have bloodshot eyes' \co postradical? \parse: ? (-a*w- ?) \m -a*wak- \gp earth/ground/land \gf earth, ground, land, dirt \td `be hard ground' \td `be such an extent of earth' \td `be muddy earth' \td `be hot (said of earth)' \td `be yellow earth' \td `be such earth' \td `be such earth' \td `lie in the earth so' \td `lie in the earth so' \td `have such earth' \td `scrape off the ground with a tool' \td `leave an imprint in the earth sitting' \td `be known earth' \td `keep changing as earth' \td `be black earth' \td `lie making the earth mounded' \td `bite off a chunk of earth' \td `have chunks of earth torn off by the wind' \td `have earth tear away' \td `suddenly get covered over by earth' \td `be dry land; be bare ground' \td `be red earth' \td `be red earth' \td `seek things in dirt by tool' \td `become ruined earth' \td `be disheveled earth' \td `be disheveled earth' \td `be soft earth' \td `be heated as earth' \td `turn dry and crack as earth' \td `be dried and cracked as earth' \td `be earth smoothed by foot' \td `pluck the earth of bare of grass' \td `be earth scuffed bare of grass' \td `cut a hole in the earth' \td `stamp a hole in the earth' \td `be white earth' \td `be white earth' \td `be a bald hill, be a look-out hill' \td `make a hole in the earth by tool' \td `place as beautiful earth for' \td `place earth carefully' \td `be hard earth' \parse: -a*w-ak- ? \m -a*we*- \gp have.eggs \gf have eggs \td `have eggs in nest' \co Compare IN owa*wan-, awa*wan-, wa*wan- `egg'. \co To date this medial is attested only in a single stem, AI keka*we*shin-. \rel final -a*we* \rel IN owa*wan-, awa*wan-, wa*wan- `egg' ? \parse: ? (-a*we*-) \m -eche*- \gp small.round.thing \gf small round thing (body, belly, etc.) \td `carry bunched up in the hand, carry a bunch of' \td `hit in the middle of the body with a shot' \td `hit all of with a shot' \td `have one's belly be full' \td `roll over' \td `wash the belly of' \td `cucumber' \td `hold many of' \td `have a big belly' \td `have a hairy body' \td `get one's hand on' \td `perceive the taste of' \td `hold or carry two of together in one's mouth' \td `put downy feathers on the body of' \td `slap the stomach of' \td `spear' \td `fall on one's belly' \td `burst open by biting' \td `sit hunched up, crouched on one's hind legs' \td `be blown to bits (by wind)' \td `shed' \td `cut a hole in the belly of' \td `shoot so many of with one shot' \td `set rolling' \td `barrel, keg' \td `lie curled up' \td `bend in a stream' \td `have a body reeking of dirty-dog smell' \co There are attestations of at least 356 distinct stems containing this medial. \rel instrumental final -echa*m \parse: ? (-eche*-) \m -ehkwamye*- \vr -ahkwamye*- \vr -ehkwemye*- ? \gp ice.surface \gf ice surface \td `run across the ice surface' \td `shove under the ice' \td `be slippery ice surface' \td `be bare ice' \co JP and SP use the variant -ahkwamye*-. \co YB's pronunciation: -ehkwemye*-. \rel IN mehkwamy- `the ice surface' \rel medial -eshkw- [1], -ashkw- [2] `ice' \parse: -?-e*- (-ehkwamy-); -?-e*- (-ahkwamy-) \m -ehkwe*- [1] \vr -eshkwe*- \gp head \gf head, neck, hair \td <-anekwe-> `hair' \td `stand with heads together' \td `sit with bowed head' \td `stop one's horse' \td `bridle' \td `narrow down to a point (said of a hill)' \td `dance with one's neck stretched out' \td `stick out one's head or neck to see, peek out at' \td `flatten one's head' \td `knock senseless by tool' \co There are attestations of at least 105 distinct stems containing this medial. \parse: ? (-ehkwe*-); ? (-eshkwe*-) \m -ehkwe*- [2] \gp ? \td <-ekwemo> `seek help or advice' \td `attract the attention of thither by speech' \td `have sat down to' \td `sit lonely' \td `set war on (the earth)' \td `get together, hold a meeting' \td `be able to sit up' \td `leave, interrupt one's attendance (at a ceremony or feast)' \td `knock down by mouth' \td `sit in such number' \parse: ? (-ehkwe*-) \m -ekw- \gp (derived.passive) \gf (derived passive) \td <-iyakw-> `smell' \td <-ekosi> `(derived passive)' \td <-ekwat> `(derived passive)' \td <-inakwih> `make look' \td <-inakwito> `make look' \co prefinal \rel AI final -eko, -ekwi `(derived passive)' \parse: prefinal derived from the inverse theme sign. \m -em- \gp POSS \gf possessive marker \td `have (as) a ghost' \td `have (as) a brother-in-law' \td `have (as) a road' \td `have (as) something' \td `have (as) a captive' \td `the son' \td `have (as) one's boy' \td `have (as) fresh meat' \td `have (as) milk' \td `?' \td `have (as) a hearth' \td `have (as) a lake' \td `have (as) water' \td `the child' \td `have (as) a hound' \td `have (as) iron chains' \td `have (as) a maiden' \td `have (as) a cigaret' \td `have (as) snot' \td `have (as) silver, money' \td `have (as) a spring of water' \td `have (as) an elm tree' \td `have (as) a baby' \td `have (as) a hide, skin' \td `have (as) a possession' \td `have (as) a weapon' \td `the daughter' \td `have (as) a cradleboard baby' \td `have (as) a man' \td `have (as) a girl' \td `have (as) a bracelet' \td `have (as) land' \td `have as chief' \td `have (as) a chief' \td `have (as) a fire' \td `have (as) a hole' \td `the friend' \td `the wife' \td `Mountain-Lion-Owner' \td `Fetish-Owner' \td `Turkey-Owner' \td `Elm-Tree-Owner' \td `(bird species)' \co Attaches to some possessed noun stems. \parse: medial derived from the alienable-possession marker. \m -ep- \gp watery \td <-ep-> [SHFAPAY.NOT] \td `pink' \td `oil; rub' \td `oozing; squeezing, pinching out water' \td `dirty and wet' \co postradical \co Compare medial -epy-. For some reason the postradical version of this morpheme is missing the "y". \rel inanimate noun final -epy `water' \rel AI final -epye* [1] `water' \rel medial -epye*- [1] `water' \parse: ? (-ep-) \m -epye*- [1] \gp water \td <-epyaN> `do to with water' \td <-epyato> `do to with water' \td `be warmed by water' \td `push under the water' \td `be cool water' \co Can be used as a body part medial for water. \rel postradical -ep- `watery' \rel inanimate noun final -epy `water' \rel AI final -epye* [1] `water' \parse: -?-e*- (-epy-) \m -epye*- [2] \gp intoxicated \td `greatly intoxicate (literally, `make greatly intoxicated by internal action')' \co To date this medial is attested only in a single stem, TA kehtepye*shkaw-. \parse: medial derived from the AI final -epye* [2] `intoxicated'. \m -epye*k- \gp water \td `come ashore out of the water' \td `roil the water, make a splash in the water' \td `make a lump of water' \td `go as a lump of water' \td `break through a caul' \td `ooze out (said of liquid)' \td `strike making water come out' \td `wring out clothes' \parse: -epye*-ak- (-epye*- [1]) \m -es- \gp wood \td <-esak-> `wood' \td <-ese> `act on (fire)wood' \rel inanimate noun final -es [2] `wood' \rel IN mes- `piece of firewood' \parse: medial derived from the noun final -es [2] ? \m -esak- \vr -asak- \gp wood \td `resistance, pushback, difficult, problem, obstacle' \td `impede' \td `extricate' \td `lucky old-lady stick' \td `resistance, pushback, difficult, problem, obstacle' \td `resistance, pushback, difficult, problem, obstacle' \td `impede' \td `wren' \td `log' \td `hold one's legs together tight' \td <-asaki> `on top of a log' \co postradical, medial \co IG thinks that -esak- must be the older form of this medial, since -es- is an ancient morpheme meaning `wood'. \parse: -es-ak-; ? (-asak-) \m -esite*- \gp foot \td `leave tracks, footprints of such length' \td `sit with long feet' \co Compare medial -anasite*-. \co Medial -esite*- is a very rare, archaic medial meaning `foot'. Medial -ika*- historically meant `leg', but in Meskwaki it came to replace -esite*- in the meaning of `foot'. \co To date this medial is attested only in the two stems cited. \parse: ?-e*- (-esit-) \m -eshe*- [1] \gp blaze/burn \gf blaze, burn \td `poke the fire' \td `turn up the heat or light for' \td `turn on (a light)' \td `push the fire together' \co Compare medial -eshe*we*- `fire, ashes, coals'. \parse: ? (-eshe*-) \m -eshe*- [2] \gp ear \td `sit with long ears' \td `cut off the ear of' \td `pierce the ears of' \td `cut off the ears of' \td `move one's ears rapidly' \td `paint the ears of red' \td `graze the ear of with a shot' \td `pierce the ears of' \td `hold by the ear, take hold of by the ear' \td `lie with ear there' \parse: ? (-eshe*-) \m -eshe*we*- \vr -ashe*we*- \gp fire/coals/ashes \gf fire, burning coals, ashes \td `poker (for rearranging the fire)' \td `kick burning coals splashing' \td `stir the coals of the fire' \td `tamp down the coals in a pipe' \td `tamp down the coals in' \td `lie blazing there' \td `clean out ashes from by tool' \td `adjust as a fire by tool' \co Compare medial -eshe*- [1] `blaze, burn' and medial -ihkeshe*we*- `fire, ashes, coals'. \parse: ? (-eshe*we*-) \m -eshk- \vr -ehk- \vr -ashk- [2] \gp (intensifier) \td `get loose, escape' \td `husk' \td `loose' \td `completely skin' \td `greatly prolong' \td `white' \td `very, much, more so' \td `be a roar from the crowd, be a rumble of assent' \td `block' \td `trembling all over' \td `completely wreck' \td `completely mess up' \td `wrap up' \co postradical \co Occurs as -ehk- after [s]. \parse: ~~ \m -eshka*- [3] \vr -ashka*- \gp (intensifier) \td `pour, spill, dump out' \td `dump out, spill out quickly; pull a blanket out from under' \td `dump out, spill out quickly' \td `pour, spill, dump out' \td `dump out, spill out quickly; pull a blanket out from under' \td `dump out, spill out quickly' \td `shake vigorously' \co postradical \co Intensifies meaning; turns up all over the place. \parse: -eshk-a*-; -ashk-a*- (-ashk- [2]) \m -eshkw- [1] \vr -ashkw- [2] \gp ice \td `pry out of the ice' \td `try ice by tool' \td `chop out of the ice' \rel IN mehkwamy- `the ice surface' \rel medial -ehkwamye*-, -ahkwamye*- `ice surface' \rel final -ehkwamy, -ahkwamy `ice surface' \parse: ? (-eshkw-); ? (-ashkw-) \m -eshkw- [2] \vr -ehkw- \gp (intensifier) \td <-ekw-> [JPFAPAY2.NOT] \td `fight not enough, fall short in fighting' \td `get not enough' \td `shiny' \td `collapse' \co postradical \rel medial -eshk-, -ehk-, -ashk- [2] `(intensifier)' \parse: ? (-eshkw-); ? (-ehkw-) \m -etawe*- \gp house/room \gf house (inside space); room \td <-ishkwatawe-> `have one's door face in (that) direction' \td `lengthen so far as a house' \td `make a longhouse of' \rel medial -ete*- [2] `house (inside space); room' \rel II final -ete* [3] `house (inside space); room' \rel AI final -etawe* [2] `house (inside space); room' \parse: ? (-etawe*-) \m -ete*- [1] \gp by.heat \gf by heat, by cooking, by shot, by explosion, by medicine \td `lie baked dry' \parse: -et-e* ? \m -ete*- [2] \gp house/room \gf house (inside space); room \td <-ishkwate-> `have one's door face in (that) direction' \rel medial -etawe*- `house (inside space); room' \parse: ? (-ete*-) \m -etone*- \gp mouth/lips \gf mouth, lips \td <-anaketone-> `mouth' \td <-etonam> `do to with mouth, lips' \td `wipe one's mouth' \td `sleep with one's mouth open' \td `kiss' \rel dependent noun to*ny- \rel AI final -eton `mouth, lips' \co particle final -etone `mouthful, speech' \parse: -?-e*- (-eton-) \m -e*- [1] \gp (derived.body.part.medial) \gf (derived body part medial) \td <-ichemohe-> `part (in the hair)' \td <-ichikwane-> `knee' \td <-ikake-> `chest' \td <-ikeshewe-> `fire, ashes, coals' \td <-ikwekane-> `neck' \td <-ikwiye-> `chin' \td <-ipike-> `rib' \td <-itawake-> `ear' \td <-itape-> `nape' \td <-ikakwane-> `shin' \td <-ikane-> `bone' \td <-ikashe-> `nail, claw, talon, hoof' \td <-ikene-> `forehead' \td <-ikome-> `nose, beak, point, tip' \td <-ikopye-> `(piece of) basswood inner bark' \td <-ikwayawe-> `neck' \td <-imamawe-> `eyebrow' \td <-imote-> `bag' \td <-inakaye-> `penis' \td <-inakeshe-> `entrails' \td <-inameshke-> `skin' \td <-inaniwe-> `tongue' \td <-inawe-> `mind, emotion, feelings' \td <-inakane-> `bowl' \td <-ineche-> `hand' \td <-ineke-> `arm, hand' \td <-inekwe-> `arm, wing' \td <-inenewe-> `smokehole' \td <-inenwe-> `fat' \td <-inenye-> `breast' \td <-ineshiwe-> `testicles' \td <-ineshkwe-> `lower abdomen' \td <-inikwe-> `eye, face' \td <-inowetiye-> `buttocks' \td <-inokane-> `hip' \td <-ipekwane-> `back, roof' \td <-ipekwe-> `ash' \td <-ipiwe-> `feather' \td <-ipwame-> `thigh' \td <-isikiwe-> `back' \td <-ishikane-> `small of one's back, lower back, hindquarters' \td <-ishkawane-> `loin?' \td <-ishkiwe-> `mud, thick mass' \td <-itekone-> `burl' \td <-itenye-> `shoulder' \td <-itepe-> `head' \td <-itetekwe-> `temple (of head)' \td <-itiye-> `rump' \td <-itoshkwane-> `elbow' \td <-itotane-> `heel' \td <-iwine-> `horn' \co postmedial \co With premedial -i- (inserted before consonant-initial medials only), derives a body part medial from a noun. \parse: ~~ \m -e*- [2] \gp ? \td `pile up' \td `up in the air' \td `be fine, fine-grained' \td `bend' \td <-ishkwek-> `blood' \co postradical, postmedial \parse: ~~ \m -e*- [3] \gp (analogical.insert) \gf (analogical insert) \td `disbelieve, refuse' \td `of (such an) age' \td `a while back' \td `a long time before' \td `?' \td `in the wilderness' \td `?' \td `inside the earth' \parse: ~~ \m -e*y- \gp ? \td <-eyakw-> `forest' \td <-eyamekw-> `forest of bottomland' \td <-eyapy-> `string' \co premedial \parse: ~~ \m -e*ya*hkw- \gp forest \td `be water extending way out into the forest' \td `goshawk; Goes-Through-the-Timber' \td `go out of a forest' \td `run into the woods' \td `enter the woods' \rel particle final -e*ya*hkwe `forest' \parse: -e*y-a*hkw- (-a*hkw- [2]) \m -e*ya*mehk- \gp forest.of.bottomland \gf forest of bottomland \td `forest of the bottomland of a river' \td `be forest of the bottomland of a river' \parse: -e*y-a*mehk- \m -i- \gp by.mass \gf by mass \td `whole mass pulls' \td `mass of the on top' \td `bulge up' \td `block by mass' \td `meet' \co postradical, prefinal \co Deletes a following short vowel. \parse: ~~ \m -i- \gp (connective.vowel) \gf (connective vowel) \td <-ichikwane-> `knee' \td <-itehe> `mind, emotion' \co premedial, prefinal \co Connective glue. With postmedial -e*-, derives a body part medial from a noun. With postfinal -e*, derives a body part final from a noun. \parse: ~~ \m -iche*pihk- \gp root/vein \gf root; vein \td `emerge into view as roots, veins' \td <-ichepikak-> `root' \co postradical, medial \rel IN che*pihk-, che*pihky- \parse: -i-che*pihk- ? \m -iche*pihkak- \gp root \td `be pulled up by the roots' \td `yank out by the roots' \td `be a big root' \td `snap the roots of' \td `have small roots' \rel IN che*pihk-, che*pihky- \parse: -iche*pihk-ak- \m -iche*pihkye*- \gp root \td `have such roots' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \rel IN che*pihk-, che*pihky- \parse: -i-che*pihky-e*- \m -iche*mo*he*- \gp part(in.the.hair) \gf part (in the hair) \td `redden the part in one's hair' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: -i-che*mo*h-e*- \m -ichi*kwane*- \gp knee \td `hold fast by the knees' \td `have one's knees exposed by the wind blowing' \td `slap the knee of' \td `sit in a row knee upon knee' \td `hurt one's knee' \td `have a hole in the knee' \rel dependent noun chi*kwan- \parse: -i-chi*kwan-e*- \m -ihchiwe*- \gp upper.arm \gf upper arm, biceps \td `cut through the biceps of' \td `?' \rel dependent noun hchiw- \parse: -i-hchiw-e*- \m -ihk- \gp mass/totality \gf mass, totality \td <-ik-> [JPFDOCT.NOT, 2725.NOT] \td `small pieces, bits' \td `largeish pieces' \td `pack tight; strongly, sincerely, constantly, steadfastly, perseveringly' \td <-apikan> `put in a line one after another, put in single file' \td <-apikaso> `be in a line one after another, be in single file' \td <-apikate> `be in a line one after another' \td <-apikato> `put in a line one after another' \td <-ikama> `smoke' \td <-ikat> `?' \td <-ikiw> `a lot' \td `warm' \td `be warm' \td `be a lot of rocks, be a lot of gravel' \td `stick out in the front (said of a coat)' \td `be the compact main part of' \td `drip thither as a mass' \td `be dried, seasoned' \td `be dried, seasoned' \td `fell (a tree) by chewing through (said of beavers gnawing on trees)' \td `split a log by hand' \td `be heated all the way through' \td `pipe-tamper; ramrod' \td `have one's arms buckle' \td `gnaw a circle around (said of beavers gnawing on trees)' \td `be robust' \td `be robust' \co postradical, premedial, prefinal \log postradical/prefinal -ik- `stick configuration, sticklike configuration' \parse: ~~ \m -ihkame*- \gp smoke \td `cause to know how to smoke' \td `dance smoking' \td `sit smoking' \td `lie smoking' \td `remove one's pipe, take one's pipe out of one's mouth' \td `jump spilling one's pipe' \parse: medial derived from the AI final -ihkame*. \m -ihkanawe*- \gp road \td `be at the end of the road' \td `fail to complete one's journey; fall by the wayside (i.e. die prematurely)' \td `get foregetful, lose track' \rel inanimate noun final -ihkanaw `road' \rel AI final -ihkanawe* `road' \rel particle final -ihkanawe `road' \parse: -?-e*- (-ihkanaw-) \m -ihka*hke*- \gp chest \td `push back with tool against chest' \td `push back with hands on the chest of' \td `scratch one's chest deeply' \td `sit with one's chest out' \td `redden one's chest' \td `lie breast to breast' \rel dependent noun hka*hk- \parse: -i-hka*hk-e*- \m -ihkeche*- \gp bird's.tailfeathers \gf bird's tailfeathers \td `crawl with sticking-up tail (said of a bird)' \td `walk wiggling one's rear end' \td `have one's tailfeathers spread out' \td `lie with big tail of feathers' \td `have.tailfeathers.get.big' \td `crawl with big tail of feathers (said of a bird)' \td `spread one's tailfeathers' \rel IN ohkechy- `bird's tailfeathers' \parse: -i-?-e*- (-hkechy-) \m -ihkena*hkwe*- \gp turtle.shell \gf turtle shell \td `pierce a hole in the shell of with body' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \rel dependent noun hkena*hkw- `turtle shell' \rel AI final -ihkena*hkwe* `turtle shell' \parse: -i-hkena*hkw-e*- \m -ihkeshe*we*- \gp fire/coals/ashes \gf fire, burning coals, ashes \td `lie in the left-over ashes' \td `shake the ashes out of (a pipe)' \td `stir the fire carefully' \co Compare medial -eshe*- [1] `blaze, burn' and medial -eshe*we*- `fire, ashes, coals'. \rel IN kahkeshe*w-, kehkeshe*w- `charcoal' \parse: -i-?-e*- (-hkeshe*w-) \m -ihkwe*kane*- \vr -ishkwe*kane*- \gp neck \td `have tied around one's neck' \td `wash the neck of' \td `wash one's neck' \td `hang with a long neck' \td `have one's neck tendon, have one's neck become like roots' \td `hang with twisted neck (said of a penis)' \td `twist one's neck' \td `stretch the neck of' \co As of November 2018, there is only a single attested occurrence of the -ishkwe*kane*- variant of this medial, in AKFWEWI (AI kenwishkwe*kane*ko*chin-). \rel dependent noun hkwe*kan- \rel final -ihkwe*kan \parse: -i-hkwe*kan-e*-; -i-?-e* (-shkwe*kan-) \m -ihpane*- \gp lung \td `tickle the throat of by internal action' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \rel AI final -ihpane* `lung, inside of the throat' \parse: -i-?-e* (-hpan-) \m -ihpike*- \vr -ipihke*- \vr -ipike*- ? \gp rib \td `have one's ribs slip out of joint' \td `fall and break a rib' \td `have one's ribs collapse' \co Kickapoo `rib': noun ipihk-, medial -ipike*-. Historically, we expect dependent noun hpik-, medial -ihpike*-. \co Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel dependent noun hpikay- \parse: -i-hpik(ay)-e*-; i-?-e*- (-pihk-); i-?-e*- (-pik-) \m -ihtawake*- \gp ear \td `wash one's ears' \co Form entered in lexical files, but otherwise unattested. \co Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel dependent noun htawakay- `ear' \parse: -i-htawak(ay)-e*- \m -ihta*hpe*- \gp nape \td `bite on the nape of the neck' \td `take hold of by the nape of the neck' \td `seize by the nape of the neck' \rel dependent noun hta*hp- \parse: -i-hta*hp-e*- \m -ik- \gp stick.configuration \gf stick configuration, sticklike configuration \td <-ik-> [JPFDOCT.NOT, JPSPFRL1.NOT, AKFAPAY.NOT, 2725.NOT] \td `move in a sticklike manner' \td `split, half' \td `without bark' \td <-ikah> `by axe, shape with an axe, hew' \td <-ikaw> `by axe, shape with an axe, hew' \td <-ikan> `be a tree, pole, stick' \td <-iken> `grow, be, be constituted, be made to be, be set from the beginning; happen' \td <-ikesi> `be a tree, pole, stick' \td <-ike> `using a stick' \td <-iki> `grow, be, be constituted, be one's nature; be born' \td <-ikih> `cause to grow, cause to be' \td <-ikito> `cause to grow, cause to be' \td `grab a stick encirclingly' \td `grab a stick encirclingly' \td `decorate (a stick) with stripes, different colors' \td `sever sticklike things by burning' \td `sever by burning as a stick' \td `paint black as a stick' \td `scorch black as a stick' \td `paint red as a stick' \td `be a stick or stickline thing painted red' \td `stroke as a stick (said of bows, a pole, etc.)' \td `cut off the bark of' \td `cut off the bark of' \td `tie (a stick or sticklike thing) crossways' \td `be tied crossways as a stick' \td `tie (a stick or sticklike thing) crossways' \td `lay (a stick or sticklike thing) crossways' \td `lie crossways as a stick or sticklike thing' \td `peel (a stick) with a knife' \td `straighten (a stick or sticklike thing) by hand' \td `bite (a tree) there' \td `cover (a stick or sticklike thing) with white clay' \td `be burned to a point' \co postradical, prefinal \rel AI final -ike* [2] `using a stick' \log postradical/prefinal -ihk- `mass, totality' \parse: ~~ \m -ikahkwane*- \gp shin \td `hit and break the leg of' \co This old medial for `shin' has stepped up to mean `leg', often. \rel dependent noun kahkwan- \parse: -i-kahkwan-e*- \m -ikamik- \gp household \td <-ikamikesi> `be of N households' \td <-ikamiki> `N households' \parse: -ik-amik- ? \m -ikane*- \gp bone \td `with one's knees up' \td `move fast rattling one's bones' \td `collide with each other as rattling bones' \td `be a yellow bone' \td `cause to lie so emaciated' \td `be so emaciated' \td `lie with wretched bones?' \td `make strong by heat (e.g. by medicine)' \td `give stamina to by internal action' \td `walk with stamina' \td `lie extremely emaciated' \td `have one's bones lie around' \td `be big bones' \td `cause to rush together as bones' \td `rush together as bones' \td `have the flesh come off of one's bones' \td `lie or fall with flesh on one's bones' \td `cause to have straight bones' \td `lie with punky bones' \td `lie with punky bones' \td `have a bone broken by gunfire' \td `break a bone, have a bone break' \td `make listless by eating' \td `cut remnants from the bones of' \td `come back together as bones (sharply)' \td `lie with narrow bones' \rel IN ahkan- `bone' \parse: -i-?-e*- (-kan-) \m -ikashe*- \gp nail/claw/talon/hoof \gf nail, claw, talon, hoof \td `have one's nails, claws come out' \rel dependent noun shkash(y)- \rel TI1 instrumental final -ikasha*t \parse: -i-?-e*- (-kash-) \m -ika*- \gp foot \td `he sits moving his feet' \co Medial -ika*- historically meant `leg'. In Meskwaki, it replaced the old medial for `foot'. \rel dependent noun hka*t- \rel final -ika*te* \parse: ? (-ika*-) \m -ikehchi*pi*he*- \gp belt \td `sever the belt of' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: -i-kehchi*pi*h-e* \m -ikene*- \gp forehead \td `wash one's forehead' \co PA -nke0- \rel dependent noun hkeshw- \rel particle final -ikeshe \parse: -i-?-e*- (-ken-) \m -ikepwiti*he*- \gp pants \td `sit with pants on' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: -i-kepwiti*h-e*- \m -iki*kehchina*hkwapiso*ne*- \gp going.around.wearing.full.dress \gf going around wearing full dress \td `lie down dressed in full outfit of clothes' \parse: -i-ki*kehchina*hkwapiso*n-e*- \m -ikome*- \gp nose/beak/point/tip \gp nose, beak, point, tip \td <-anakikome-> `nostril' \td `harden the point of in the fire' \td `have tips tied together' \td `cut to a small point' \td `blow one's nose with handkerchief or other tool' \td `twitch one's nose' \td `wipe the nose of' \td `have a long nose, tip' \td `hit on the nose' \td `try sticking one's snout in' \td `wrinkle one's nose' \td `bump one's nose' \td `bite the nose of' \td `paint the nose or tip of by hand' \td `sharpen to a point' \parse: -i-kom-e*- ? \m -ikopye*- \gp (piece.of)basswood.inner.bark \gf (piece of) basswood inner bark \td `pick up tiny pieces of basswood inner bark' \td `twist and tighten (a rope with a stick)' \rel IN wi*kopy- \parse: -i-?-e*- (-kopy-) \m -ikota*kane*- \gp throat \td `?' \rel IN kota*kan- `throat' \parse: -i-kota*kan-e*- \m -ikw- \gp through.a.small.opening/sew \gf through a small opening; sew \td `through the eye, through a socket, through a small hole' \td <-ikwan> `sew' \td <-ikwat> `sew' \td <-ikwaso> `sew' \td <-ikwate> `sew' \td `go in through a small opening by tool' \td `go in through a small opening by body' \co postradical, prefinal \parse: ~~ \m -ikwayawe*- \gp neck \td `wash one's neck' \td `twist the neck of' \td `be tied by the neck' \td `twist one's neck around, bend one's neck' \parse: -i-?-e*- (-kwayaw-) \m -ikwe*- \gp neck \td <-ikwato> `bore (a hole in)' \td <-ikwat> `bore (a hole in)' \td `pull one's penis out' \td `sever the head of' \td `wring the neck of' \td `lie headless' \td `pull off the head of' \td `lie headless' \td `cut off the head of' \td `retract one's foreskin' \td `hold by the neck' \td `tie by the neck' \td `grab by the neck' \td `wrap and tie the neck of' \log medial -i*kwe*- `eye, face' \parse: ? (-ikwe*-) \m -imahkesene*- \gp moccasin \td `lie with rusty moccasins' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: -i-mahkesen-e*- \m -ima*ma*we*- \gp eyebrow \td `have one's eyebrows move thither' \td `fall and cut one's eyebrow to the bone' \rel dependent noun ma*ma*w- \parse: -i-ma*ma*w-e*- \m -imeshkwa*he*- \gp anus \td `have one's anus become exposed' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: -i-meshkwa*h-e* \m -imin- \gp ? \td <-iminak-> `lump, lumpy thing' \parse: medial derived from the noun final -imin ? \m -iminak- \gp lump \gf lump, lumpy thing \td `be one lump' \td `be a lump' \td `be lumpy liquid' \parse: -imin-ak- \m -imi*nechy- \gp pieces.of.dung \gf pieces of dung \td <-iminech-> [JPSPFRL2.NOT] \td `scrape off pieces of dung from the bottom of' \parse: -i-mi*nechy- \m -imi*setone*- \gp mustache/beard \gf mustache, beard \td `tweezer' \co Form entered in notes, but otherwise unattested. \parse: -i-mi*seton-e* ? \m -imi*shikwe*- \gp pubic.hair \gf pubic hair \td `quickly expose one's pubic hair' \co Possibly this means `pubic area' in general. \rel AI final -imi*shikwe* \rel AI mi*shikwe*- \parse: medial derived from the AI final -imi*shikwe* `pubic hair'. \m -imote*- \gp belly \td `warm one's belly' \td `scrape the belly of by tool' \td `lie with belly exposed' \td `pinch up a fold of belly on people' \td `be thin-skinned at the belly' \td `lie thin-skinned at the belly' \parse: -i-?-e*- (-mot-) \m -imowe*- \gp dung \td `take dung of away by hand' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: ? (-imowe*-) \m -imo*sho*ne*- \gp scalp-lock \td `stroke indef's scalp-lock' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \rel IN mo*sho*n- \parse: -i-mo*sho*n-e*- \m -inahake*- \gp bark/rind/scales \gf bark, rind, scales \td `?' \td `stand with such bark' \td `have rough bark' \td `pull off scales of by hand' \rel AI onahake*- \rel AN/IN onahakay- \rel final -inahake*, -anahake*, -inahakaye* \parse: -i-nahak-e* ? \m -inakahkwe*- \gp throat \td `sting piercing the throat of' \td `have one's throat ache from the cold' \co This entry includes every instance of -inakahkwe*- attested in the edited corpus as of February 2021. \rel dependent noun nakahkw- `throat; palate, back of mouth' \parse: -i-nakahkw-e*- \m -inakaye*- \gp penis \td `?' \td `cut off the penis of' \td `burn one's penis painfully' \co Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel dependent noun i*nakay- \parse: -?-e*- (-inakay-) \m -inakeshe*- \gp entrails \td `have one's stomach growl, make noise from hunger' \td `have one's guts warmed by heat' \td `eviscerate' \td `freeze the entrails of' \rel dependent noun nakeshy- \parse: -i-nakeshy-e*- \m -inake*hkwe*- \gp bark \td <-inakekwe-> [SKFW.NOT] \td `shellbark hickory and/or shagbark hickory' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: -i-nake*hkw-e* \m -inameshke*- \gp (human)skin \gf (human) skin \td `become green-skinned' \td `scratch the skin of with a shot' \td `wash one's skin' \td `have one's skin become numb' \td `strip naked' \co Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel dependent noun nemashkay-, nameshkay- \parse: -i-nameshk(ay)-e*- \m -inani- \gp butchered \td `painfully butcher' \td `butcher on leaves' \td `derisively butcher' \parse: ? (-inani-) \m -inaniwe*- \gp tongue \td `cut out the tongue of' \td `have one's tongue shoot out' \td `lie with tongue hanging out' \td `cut off the tongue of' \td `stick one's tongue out at' \td `stick out one's tongue' \rel dependent noun i*naniw- \parse: -i-?-e*- (-naniw-) \m -inaw- \gp body/appearance/perception/mind/emotion/feelings \gf body, appearance, perception, mind, emotion, feelings \td <-inawe> `body' \td <-inawe-> `mind, emotion, feelings; body' \td <-inawi> `slide, wriggle; move in a way that's not walking or running' \td <-inakosi> `look, seem' \td <-inakwat> `look, seem' \td <-inakwih> `make look' \td <-inakwito> `make look' \td `?' \td `through the wall' \parse: ? (-inaw-) \m -inawe*- \gp mind/emotion/feelings/body \gf mind, emotion, feelings; body \td `get on the nerves of, bother, disturb' \td `prick the feelings of by speech' \td `cause to be amused by speech' \td `leave a trail (said of a snake)' \td `undress, take off one's clothes' \td `remind each other by speech' \td `have a tingling sensation' \co The AI final corresponding to this medial is -ite*he. \parse: -inaw-e*- \m -ina*- \gp boil? \td <-ina-> [SHFAPAY] \td <-inas> `boil' \td <-inaso> `boil' \td <-inate> `boil' \co prefinal \parse: ? (-ina*-) \m -ina*kan- \gp bowl \td `be four dishes or bowls of' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \rel IN ana*kan- \parse: -i-?- (-na*kan-) \m -ina*kane*- \vr -ana*kane*- \gp bowl \td `cause to sit having a bowl' \td `lie in a bowl' \td `place in a bowl' \td `lie in a bowl' \td `have set out the dishes' \td `place in a bowl' \td `have lain in a bowl' \td `bowl-filling?' \rel IN ana*kan- \parse: -i-?-e*- (-na*kan-) \m -ina*ne*- \gp calf.of.the.leg \gf calf of the leg \td <-inane-> [FN 99-1] \td `poke in the calf' \rel dependent noun na*n- \parse: -i-na*n-e*- \m -ina*we*h- \gp hour \td `be two hours' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \rel IN? na*we*h- \parse: English loan \m -ineche*- \gp hand \td `wash the hands of' \rel dependent noun nechy- `paw' \parse: -i-nechy-e*- \m -inehke*- \gp arm/hand \gf arm, hand \td `take by the hand' \rel dependent noun nehk- \parse: -i-nehk-e*- \m -inehp- \gp high \td `high' \co postradical \co Historically, postradical -inehp- is related to initial ahp-. \parse: -iN-ahp- ? \m -inekw- \gp arm/wing \gf arm, wing \td <-inekw-> [AKFPICH.NOT] \td <-inekoh> `using upper arm as a tool' \td <-inekow> `using upper arm as a tool' \co prefinal \rel dependent noun nekwi*kan- `arm, wing' \parse: -i-? (-nekw-) \m -inekwe*- \gp arm/wing \gf arm, wing \td <-inekwe-> [AKFPICH.NOT] \td `be quick with one's arms' \td `look as if have only one arm' \td `armband' \td `have one's arms tire from moving fast' \td `have short sleeves' \td `fly dipping one's wings in the water' \td `armband' \td `wear an armband?' \td `be long-sleeved' \td `jacket' \td `try moving one's arms fast' \td `wash the arms of' \td `have one's arm severed by a trap' \td `have tattered sleeves' \td `spread one's arms or wings' \td `cross' \td `graze each other with wings' \td `sit with one's arms inside' \td `have one's arm inside' \td `fall with one's arm awry' \td `be held by the hands' \td `take by the arm' \td `bite on the wing' \td `grab by the arm' \td `lie with one's arms sticking out' \td `hang with one's arm wedged in' \td `have one's arm wedged in quickly' \td `hold arms of behind back' \td `tie with arms behind back' \td `be tied with one's arms behind one's back' \td `sleep with one's arms spread' \td `sit with one's arms or wings spread' \td `tie with arms spread' \td `jump with one's arms spread' \td `fall with wings spread (out)' \td `spread one's wings' \td `fall with one's arm twisted back' \td `straighten one's arms or wings' \td `flap one's wings noisily there' \td `have that number of wings or star points or petals' \td `speed with arms touching, fly with wings touching' \td `touch each other with wings' \td `swing one's arm at' \td `swing one's arm quickly' \td `hold by both arms' \rel dependent noun nekwi*kan- `arm, wing' \parse: -i-?+e* (-nekw-) \m -inene*we*- \gp smokehole \td `be a smokehole glow' \td `cover a smokehole by tool?' \td `tie covering a smokehole?' \rel IN anene*w- \parse: -i-nene*w-e*- ? \m -inenwe*- \gp fat \td `have the fat on' \rel dependent noun i*nenw- `fat' \parse: -i-nenw-e*- ? \m -inenye*- \gp mamma/teat \gf mamma, teat, (woman's) breast, (cow's) udder \td `milk' \td `wipe one's breasts' \td `wear covering one's breasts' \td `dirty the breasts of by suckling' \parse: -i-?-e*- (-neny-) \m -ineshiwe*- \gp testicles \td `prod the testicles of' \td `scratch one's testicles' \td `sit with loose and wrinkled testicles' \td `be caught in a trap by one's testicles' \rel dependent noun neshiw- \parse: -i-neshiw-e*- \m -ineshkwe*- \gp lower.abdomen \gf lower abdomen \td `?' \td `have one's groin show' \td `flex one's groin repeatedly' \rel noun neshkw- \parse: -i-neshkw-e* \m -ine*we*- \gp throat \td `choke by biting' \td `choke with a tool' \td `strangle, choke using hands' \td `choke with a shot' \td `choke with a cord' \td `choker (necklace, neckpiece)' \td `get a grip on the throat of' \parse: -?-e*- (-ne*w-) \m -inihk- \gp hollow.space \gf hollow space \td `place filling a hollow space' \td `fall into the space between' \td `chop a hole through into intervening space in' \td `be hollow, have a hole' \parse: ? (-inihk-) \m -ini*kwe*- \gp eye/face \gf eye, face \td `lie with a fixed stare in one's eyes' \td `poke in the eye' \td `blink' \td `wipe one's eyes' \td `peck out the eyes of' \td `rub one's eyes' \td `have one's eyelids droop' \td `stand shedding tears' \td `sting the face of' \td `cause the eyes of to tear up by a speech' \td `have one's eyes shine, sparkle' \rel medial -i*kwe*- `eye, face' \parse: -i-?-e*- (-ni*kw-) \m -ini*si*panasite*- \vr -inesipanasite*- \gp toe \td <-nesipanasite-> [GELS5] \td `grip the toes of by foot or by body' \td `lie with toes exposed' \rel IN ni*si*panasit- \rel dependent noun ni*si*panasita*kan-, nesi*panasit- \parse: -i-ni*si*panasit-e*-; -i-nesipanasit-e*- \m -ini*si*pineche*- \gp finger \td `bite fingers off people' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \rel IN ni*si*pinecha*kan- \parse: -i-?-ineche*- (-ni*si*p-) \m -inowe*tiye*- \gp buttocks \td `have one's hinder parts be all cut up by tool' \td `poke in the buttocks' \td `stab the buttocks of' \td `float along with big buttocks' \td `lie with big buttocks' \td `rip off a chunk of the buttocks of' \td `slap the rear end of' \td `bite on the rear end' \rel dependent noun nowe*t- \parse: -i-nowe*tiy-e*- \m -ino*kane*- \gp hip \td `have callouses on one's hips?' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \rel dependent noun no*kan- \parse: -i-no*kan-e* \m -ip- \gp leaf \td <-ip-> [SKFRL2.NOT] \td <-ipak-> `leaf' \td <-ipye> `leaf' \td `bud out' \co premedial, prefinal \parse: ~~ \m -ipak- \gp leaf \td `green or blue' \td <-ipakat> `leaved' \co Compare medial -ip- `leaf'. \parse: -ip-ak- \m -ipehkwane*- \gp back/roof \gf back, roof \td `scratch the back of with a shot' \td `scratch one's back by tool' \td `be flat-roofed' \td `graze the back of with a shot' \td `graze the back of with a shot' \td `sit with one's back turned' \td `have a sharp-pointed roof' \co The medial never occurs as *-ihpehkwane*-. \rel dependent noun pehkwan- `back' \parse: -i-pehkwan-e*- \m -ipekwe*- \gp dust/ash \gf dust, ash \td `cover with ashes' \td `stir the ashes with a tool' \td `burn with lye' \parse: -i-pekw-e*- \m -ipemye*- \gp grease \td <-ipemye-> [X6FMARKS.NOT] \td `fry' \td `fry' \td `fry' \td `frybread' \rel IN pemy- `oil, grease, lard' \parse: -i-pemy-e* \m -ipepo*nak- \gp N.winters \gf N winters \td <-ipeponakat> `be N winters' \td <-ipeponakesi> `be N winters' \rel II pepo*- `be winter' \rel prenoun/preverb pepo*ni \parse: -i-?-ak- (-pepo*n-) \m -ipishkwaye*- \gp bladder \td `take out the bladder of' \td `punch a hole in the abdomen of' \co Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel IN opishkway- \parse: -i-pishkway-e*- \m -ipiwe*- \gp feather/fur \gf feather, fur \td `down feather' \td `have one's fur move in waves' \co Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel AN pi*way- \rel AN opi*way- \parse: -i-?-e*- (-piw(ay)-) \m -ipi*sehka*he*- \gp shirt \td `take off the shirt of' \td `sit wearing a shirt' \co As of March 2021, there are only two instances of medial -ipi*sehka*he*-. \rel IN pi*sehka*h- \parse: -i-pi*sehka*h-e*- \m -ipwa*me*- \gp thigh \gf thigh, leg \td `nibble the thighs of' \td `stand with big thighs' \td `lie with big thighs' \td `make stand with exposed thighs' \td `expose the thighs of' \td `have thighs become bare' \td `have thighs become partly exposed' \td `pound one's thigh' \rel IN mepwa*m- \rel IN opwa*m-, apwa*m- \rel dependent noun pwa*m- \parse: -i-pwa*m-e*- \m -ipye*- \gp leaf \td <-ipye> [SKFRL2.NOT] \td `have leaves' \td `be leafed out thickly' \td `break off (a leafy branch)' \td `tear leaves in two' \td `be leaves in bud' \td `be bending, flexible branches' \parse: -ip-ye*- \m -isaketone*pichikane*- \gp bit/bridle \gf bit, bridle \td `hang bridle and all' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: -i-saketone*pichikan-e*- \m -isikiwe*- \vr -isikowe*- \vr -esikowe*- \vr -esokiwe*- \vr -esokowe*- \vr -eso*we*- \gp back \td `warm one's back' \td `poke in the back' \td `scratch the back of lightly by foot' \td `break the backbone of by hand' \td `have roof stick out partly in view above water' \td `lie with one's back there' \td `lie with a crooked spine' \td `work with bent back' \td `have one's back hurt from a weight' \td `lie warming one's back' \td `warm one's back' \td <-esokiwe-> [SHFELM.NOT] \td `lie warming one's back' \td `warm one's back' \td `sit warming one's back' \td `lie warming one's back' \td `warm one's back' \parse: -i-?-e*- (-sikiw-); -i-?-e* (-sikow-); ?-e* (-esikow-); ?-e* (-esokiw); ?-e* (-esokow); ?-e* (-eso*w-) \m -isopye*- \gp gall.bladder/bile \gf gall bladder, bile \td `poke a hole in the gall bladder of by tool' \rel IN owi*sopy-, wi*sopy- \parse: -i-?-e*- (-sopy-) \m -ishimo- \gp lie/fall \gf lie, fall \td `pretend to speak with such voice' \td `sneak into bed with' \td `pretend to stumble' \co Medial -ishimo- occurs only in secondary derivatives. It can't be used to form independent stems. \parse: -ishim-o- \m -ishi*kane*- \gp small.of.back/lower.back/hindquarters/hip \gf small of one's back, lower back, hindquarters, hip \td `stroke the hindquarters of' \td `slap the hindquarters of by tool' \rel dependent noun shi*kan- \parse: -i-shi*kan-e*- \m -ishk- [1] \gp mucky \td `muddy, mucky, wet' \td `come out (said of liquid)' \td `mattery, bleary' \td `have dirty eyes (from crying)' \td `have dirty, cruddy eyes (from crying)' \rel IN ashishkiw-, ashkishkiw- `mud, clay' \rel particle final -ishkiwe `mud' \rel medial -ishkiwe*- `mud, thick mass' \parse: ? (-ishk-) \m -ishk- [2] \gp ? \td `twist (grass?)' \co IG's comment regarding pekihk-: "There's a whole set of violent-motion verbs with -ihk- or -ishk-". \parse: ~~ \m -ishkawane*- \gp loin? \td `burst open the (unidentified body part) of' \rel dependent noun shkawan- \parse: -i-shkawan-e*- \m -ishkiwe*- \vr -ichishkiwe*- \gp mud/thick.mass \gf mud, thick mass \td <-ishkiwe-> [BLFWAP.NOT, NOTEMSC2] \td <-ichishkiwe-> [NOTEMSC2] \td `run on the mud's surface' \td `be unable to stir a thick mass of' \td `look for by tool in mud' \td `lie in the mud' \td `sink under the mud, slip under the mud' \td `run on soft mud' \td `lie in the mud' \co Classifier for mud. Not terribly common. \rel AN ashishkiw- \parse: -i-shkiw-e*- ?; -i-chishkiw-e*- ? \m -ishkw- \gp blood \td `welt' \td <-ishkwek-> `blood' \parse: medial derived by recut from the noun meshkw: -i-shkw- \m -ishkwa*tawe*- \vr -ishkwa*te*- \gp have.door.face.in(that)direction \gf have one's door face in (that) direction \td `have one's door face thither' \td `use indef as a door-flap' \td `use a door-flap' \td `open the door-flap' \td `open the door-flap' \td `have one's door face hither' \parse: -i-ashkwa*-etawe*-; -i-ashkwa*-ete*- (-ete* [2]) \m -ishkwe*k- \gp blood \td <-ishkwekito> `leave a trail of blood' \td `be a bloody trail' \td `be oozing blood' \co prefinal \co This is a VERY odd form. \parse: -ishkw-e*-ak- (-e*- [2]) \m -isho*shi*he*- \gp shoes \td `sit with shoes on' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \parse: -i-sho*shi*h-e*- \m -it- \gp ? \td <-it-> [1860.NOT] \td `encircle squeezing' \td `encircle squeezing' \td `over, beyond the appropriate stopping place, across what is in between (?)' \td `crossways, sideways, to one side, at one side' \co postradical \parse: ~~ \m -ita*- \gp ? \td `push down (to the ground)' \co This postradical occurs only in combination with initial ka*t- `push'. \parse: ? (-ita*-) \m -ita*mihkane*- \vr -ita*pihkane*- \vr -a*pihkane*- \gp jaw \td `fall and break one's jaw, lie with a broken jaw' \td `?' \td `?' \td `pull the jaws of open' \td `tear the jaws of open' \td `?' \td `have one's jaw tremble' \td `have one's jaw tremble from cold' \td `bite the jaws of apart' \td `pry the jaws of apart' \td `come shaking jaw noisily' \rel dependent noun ta*pihkan- \parse: -i-ta*mihkan-e*-; -i-ta*pihkan-e*-; -a*mihkan-e*-; -a*pihkan-e* \m -itehk- \gp name \td <-itekan> `name' \td <-itekat> `name' \td <-itekaso> `be named' \td <-itekate> `be named' \co prefinal \parse: ? (-itehk-) \m -itehkone*- \gp branch/burl \gf branch; burl \td `have branches' \rel IN otehkon- `branch; burl' \parse: -i-?-e*- (-tehkon-) \m -itenye*- \gp shoulder \td `run flexing one's shoulders' \td `have one's shoulders twitch' \td `shoot through the shoulder of' \td `redden one's shoulders, paint one's shoulders red' \td `sit with shoulders hunched together' \rel dependent noun teny- `shoulder' \parse: -i-teny-e*- \m -itepe*- \gp head \td `stand with head so high' \td `thump on the head' \td `have one's head bandaged' \td `tie around one's head' \td `treestump' \td `touch the head of' \td `yank out the hair of' \td `stroke the head of' \td `float with head out of sight' \td `sit with unkempt hair' \td `ruffle the hair of, muss up the hair of' \td `have one's hair stand on end' \td `strike at the head of and miss' \td `become bald-headed' \td `swat on the top of the head' \td `dust off one's head' \td `grease the head of' \td `poke a hole in the head of' \td `sit with one's head exposed, in view, sticking out' \td `smooth one's hair' \td `lie with head there' \td `fall and hurt one's head, bump one's head' \td `bump the heads of (two people) together' \parse: -i-?-e*- (-tep-) \m -ite*hte*kwe*- \gp temple(of.head) \gf temple (of head) \td `fall and skin one's temple' \td `smear on the temple of' \co Historically, denominal medials always omitted noun final -ay. In 20th and 21st-century Meskwaki, noun final -ay is sometimes included in derivatives, and sometimes not. \rel dependent noun te*hte*hkway- `temple (of head)' \parse: -i-te*hte*kw(ay)-e*- \m -itiye*- \gp rump \gf tail, tail end, butt, rump \td <-anakitiye-> `anus' \td <-inowetiye-> `buttocks' \td `sit with one's rump on somethuing' \td `scratch the rear end of' \td `fall with one's rump sticking up' \td `jab in the rear end' \td `give a push to the rump of' \td `cover one's rear end with one's hands' \td `chop off the tail of' \td `sit with one's tail cut off' \td `walk wiggling one's rear end' \td `strip naked, uncover the bottom of' \td `expose the rump of' \td `fall splat on one's rump' \td `have a hollow base' \td `sting, pinch on the buttocks' \rel AI final -eti `nether regions, butt end' \parse: -i-?-e*- (-tiy-) \m -ito*shkwane*- \gp elbow \td `hook.elbow.through.the.arm.of' \td `hook elbow through the bail of (a bucket or pail) \td `bend one's elbow' \rel dependent noun to*shkwan- `elbow' \parse: -i-to*shkwan-e*- \m -ito*tane*- \gp heel \td `have such heels running' \td `leave marks of one's heels sitting' \td `have a splinter in one's heel' \td `sit with chapped heels' \td `stand with heel hither' \td `sprain one's foot' \td `sprain one's foot' \td `pinch the heel of' \td `hurt one's heel' \td `cause pain to the heel of by hand (said of a beetle with pincers)' \rel dependent noun to*tan- `heel' \parse: -i-to*tan-e*- \m -ito*w- \gp bloodshot \td `have bloodshot eyes' \td `have bloodshot eyes' \td `have bloodshot eyes' \co prefinal \co Compare AN ato*w- `blood clot, coagulated blood', IN ato*wa*h- `bundle of elm bark', AI ato*wi- `be bloodshot', animate noun final -ato*w `ball', AI final -ato*we*, -atowe* `ball'. \parse: ? (-ito*w-) \m -iwan- \gp load/bundle/bag/pack \gf load, bundle, bag, pack \td <-iwanakat> `weigh' \td <-iwanakesi> `weigh' \td `untie a pack' \co Originally, probably, -iwan- meant `backloads'. Etymologically, it's the same morpheme as in AI final -iwanakesi `weigh' and II final -iwanakat `weigh'. \rel medial -iwane*- \parse: ? (-iwan-) \m -iwanak- \gp weigh \td `test the weight of' \parse: -iwan-ak- \m -iwane*- \gp load/bundle/bag/pack \gf load, bundle, bag, pack \td <-iwane-> [SKFRL2.NOT] \td `be sacks having' \td `run with sagging bundle' \td `make have an overhanging load' \td `lie in a row of bundles or bags' \td `have a row of bundles or bags of' \td `lie in a row of bundles or bags' \rel medial -iwan- `load, bundle, bag, pack' \parse: -iwan-e*- \m -iwine*- \gp horn \td `lie with horns sticking up' \td `lie having horns' \td `wash the horns of' \td `lie.weighted.down.with.horns' \td `fall and break one's horn, lie with a broken horn \td `break each other's horn(s) by foot or body' \td `seize by the horns' \td `float with one's horns exposed' \td `jar striking the horns of' \rel dependent noun i*wi*n- `horn; braid' \parse: -i-?-e*- (-win-) \m -iwi*she*- \gp head \td `lie having a head' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \rel dependent noun i*sh-, wi*sh- `head' \parse: -i-wi*sh-e*- \m -iya*- \gp smell \td <-iyakosi> `smell' \td <-iyakwat> `smell' \td `smell so in cooking, burning' \td `smell of burning kinnikinnick, red-willow bark' \td `smell good in cooking or burning, be a good smell of cooking' \td `have one's cooking give off a nice odor' \td `smell good in cooking or burning' \td `burn with a good smell' \td `have a pleasant smell in cooking or burning' \td `be an overpowering smell' \td `waft hither as a smell of cooking' \td `be a tasty smell' \td `cook things with a confusion of smells' \co prefinal \parse: ? (-iya*-) \m -iya*kw- \gp smell \td `have one's mouth smell good, have a good-smelling mouth' \td `have a fragrant tail' \td `make oneself smell nice' \td `have a fragrant eye' \td `have one's mouth smell dungy' \td `have a terrible-smelling head' \td `have one's mouth smell of flowers' \td `have one's mouth smell yummy' \td `have a dirty-dog smelling body' \td `have a dirty-dog smelling body' \co prefinal? \parse: -iya*-ekw- \m -i*kwe*- \gp eye/face \gf eye, face \td <-anakikwe-> `eye' \td `fall and hit one's face on the ground' \td `be made with a yellow vamp' \td `put mud on one's face' \td `have one's face become angry' \td `leer, make an amorous face, make a lascivious face' \td `batter the face of' \td `stand with a smiling face' \td `cause to stand facing thither' \td `tie facing thither' \td `lie facing hither' \td `wipe the face of' \td `have one's head emerge into view' \td `paint one's face with charcoal' \td `sit with a quiet face' \td `cover one's face' \td `be carved as a human face' \td `stand shamefaced' \td `put one's head down, duck one's head' \td `make horrid faces at' \td `lie with heads filling the space' \td `sit facing thence' \td `get smoke in one's eyes, have one's eyes hurt, stung by smoke' \td `strike at the head of and miss' \td `uncover the face of' \td `open one's eyes' \td `sit with a greasy face' \td `stand in a row facing' \td `poke in the eye with one's finger' \td `sit facing hither' \td `stick one's head out at' \td `dance peeping (through half-open eyes)' \td `have one's face convulse in fear' \td `have one's face become taut, have one's face become smooth' \td `lie with faces in a row' \td `deceive, fool' \td `make a pained face' \log medial -ikwe*- `neck' \rel medial -ini*kwe*- `eye, face' \parse: ? (-i*kwe*-) \m -i*ne*tepye*- \gp brain \td `have one's brains get cool in the wind' \co There is only a single attestation of this medial. \rel dependent noun i*ne*tepy- `brain' \parse: -i-i*ne*tepy-e*- \m -i*tem- \gp deep.water \gf deep water \td <-itemi> `go so deep in the water' \td <-itemya> `be a body of water' \co prefinal \parse: ? (-i*tem-) \m -okon- \gp N.days \gf N days \td <-okoni> `N days' \td <-okoni> `fast for N days' \td `be many days' \td `be ten days' \td `be absent ten days' \td `be several days' \td `go one day' \td `be absent one day' \td `be three days' \td `be three days old' \td `be two days' \td `go two days' \td `be absent two days' \td `go five days' \td `be four days' \td `be absent four days' \td `be so many days' \td `go so many days' \td `be absent so many days' \parse: ? (-okon-) \m -o*mye*- \gp on.the.back \gf on the back \td `carry perched high on one's back' \td `carry sticking up on one's back running' \td `dance having on one's back' \td `stand having on one's back' \td `run having on one's back' \td `sit having on one's back' \td `take from the back of' \td `take from one's own back' \td `take from someone's back' \td `remove from the back of by tool' \rel TA final -o*m `carry on one's back' \parse: ? (-o*mye*-) \m -o*n- \gp volumar.container \gf volumar container (canoes, cauldrons, large boxes open at the top, etc.) \td <-onak-> `volumar container' \co premedial \co Derived from -wen [1] `watercraft'. \parse: ? (-o*n-) \m -o*nak- \gp volumar.container \gf volumar container (canoes, cauldrons, large boxes open at the top, etc.) \td `paddle a boat with noise' \td `lie tipped on one's side as volumar container' \td `sit in a canoe, boat, car, or wagon' \td `lie in a volumar container' \td `have sat in a volumar container' \td `have put in a volumar container' \td `rapidly move right side up as a volumar container' \td `sit in a volumar container' \td `pack a canoe (or other volumar container)' \td `put in a volumar container' \td `one canoe, kettle, cauldron' \td `give off steam (said of bowls)' \td `rim of canoe, kettle, cauldron' \td `sit in (a volumar container)' \td `inside a volumar container' \td `put quickly into a volumar container' \td `nest inside another (e.g., put a box in a box, a pail in a pail)' \td `nest inside another (e.g., put a kettle in a kettle)' \parse: -o*n-ak- \m -o*nwe*- \gp penis \td `cut off the penis of' \td `expose one's penis by hand' \td `tie with penis exposed' \rel medial -anwe*- `arrow; penis' \parse: ? (-o*nwe*-) \m -o*sha*- \gp section/offspring \gf section; offspring \td `two sections' \td `four sections' \co IG (personal communication, 4 December 2019) says that -o*sha*- is related to -o*she* `(have) offspring'. \parse: ? (-o*sha*-) \m -o*sha*ne*- \gp baby \td `sit holding a baby' \rel medial -o*sha*- `section' \rel AI final -o*she* `(have) baby' \rel TA no*sha*N- `give birth to' \rel TA no*she*- `give birth' \parse: ?-e*- (-o*sha*n-) \m -o*t- \gp ? \td `next in order' \td `secretly, stealthily, privately' \td `as it were, as though like' \td `inwardly; inside out of sight' \td `next in order' ? \td `wrong way' ? \td `offensively inappropriate/breaking taboos' ? \td `heat, burn' ? \td `persisting to the end' ? \td `?' \td `far (away)' ? \td `perchance, (if) it should happen' ? \td `no end, limitlessly, overboard' ? \co postradical \parse: ? (-o*t-) \m -w- \gp (derived.initial) \gf (derived initial) \td `burning' \td `warmly' \td `decapitatingly' \td `tiny hoof' \td `soldier' \td `reaching the bottom' \td `dirty-footed' \td `early morning' \td `look deep' \td `have a ruffled head' \td `have a ruffled head' \td `jail' \td `love medicine?' \td `love medicine' \td `happily' \td `angry' \td `old' \td `jealously' \td `sweat' \td `courtingly' \td `?' \td `noon' \td `?' \td `smoke, fog, steam' \td `iron' \td `saloon' \td `oozing?' \co Derives an initial from a noun stem, verb stem, or particle. \parse: ~~ \m -we*- \gp noise \td <-wek-> `noise' \td `go about wailing' \td `have one's voice grow faint as one moves away' \td `flute' \td `go around crying out the news, announcement' \td `come crying' \td `be wailing, shouting, making one's voice sound; wail there' \co Compare medial -we*we*-. \parse: ~~ \m -we*k- \gp noise \td <-wekesi> `make noise' \co This is an odd medial; it's almost as if it contains two postmedials, -e*- and -ak-. \parse: -we*-ak- \m -we*we*- \gp noise \td <-wewek-> `noise' \td `make such noise' \td `creak, squeak' \td `wail seeking for' \td `run by with noise' \td `blow a smooth blast on' \co Compare medial -we*-. \parse: ? (-we*we*-) \m -we*we*k- \gp noise \td <-wewekat> `be noise' \td <-wewekesi> `make noise' \td <-wewekih> `make cry out, weep, wail' \td <-wewekito> `make cry out, weep, wail' \td `summon, draw by sounding a drum' \td `summon, draw by sounding a drum' \td `put to sleep with sound' \td `make come by sounding a drum' \co PA -weeweek- [BLA] \parse: -we*we*-ak- \m -we*we*ya*ke*- \vr -we*ya*ke*- \gp noise.of.flying \gf noise of flying \td <-weweyake-> [SHFELM] \td `whiz tremendously loudly' \td `go whizzing away' \co Originally, literally, -we*(we*)ya*ke*- meant `noise of flying wings'. \parse: -we*we*-(y)-a*ke*- (-a*ke* [1]); -we*-(y)-a*ke* (-a*ke* [1]) \m -ye*- \gp grow \td <-ipye-> `leaf' \td <-yek-> `grow' \parse: ~~ \m -ye*k- [1] \gp grow \td <-yeken> `grow' \td <-yeki> `grow' \hom medial -ye*k- `cloth; leather, hide, skin' \rel -ye*w- `flesh' \parse: -ye*-ak- \m -ye*k- [2] \vr -e*k- \gp cloth \gf cloth; leather, hide, skin \td <-yek-> [JPFDOCT.NOT] \td <-ek-> [JPFDOCT.NOT] \td <-yekat> `be cloth or hide' \td <-yekenw> `cloth, hide' \td <-ekenw> `cloth, hide' \td `be smoke-cured, be made into yellow leather' \td `smoke-cure (a hide), make into yellow leather' \td `be a long garment (item of cloth, leather, hide, skin)' \td `long-tailed coat' \td `fine broadcloth' \td `hide-working stick' \td `raise up with something (said of cloth)' \td `lie partly in view as cloth' \td `make limber (said of a hide)' \td `spread out a cloth' \td `lie spread out (said of a cloth)' \td `smooth cloth' \td `flatiron' \td `be white leather, cloth, skin' \co The older meaning of this medial is `hide'. \co This medial triggers a special rule, causing a following -ah to change to -ih in some instances. Compare medial -ye*n-. \hom medial -ye*k- `grow' \parse: -ye*w-ak- ? \m -ye*n- \gp body? \td `tap a drum' \td `tap' \td `tap a drum' \td `tap (said of a drum)' \td `sit hunched over' \co This medial triggers a special rule, causing a following -ah to change to -ih in some instances. Compare -ye*k- [2]. \parse: -ye*w-?- ? (-en-) \m -ye*w- \gp flesh \td `raw meat' \td <-yewak-> `muscles' \td <-yewe> `muscles' \td <-yewe-> `muscles' \td <-yewi> `act, work' \td `make the body of striped or spotted' \td `make the body of white' \rel -ye*k- `grow' \parse: ? (-ye*w-) \m -ye*wak- \vr -we*wak- \vr -e*wak- \gp muscles \td <-yewak-> [2008.NOT] \td `open flesh wound' \td `have one's flesh twitch' \td `have sore muscles, have aching muscles' \td `quake with muscle spasms' \td `have one's surface crack apart' \td `rub down the muscles of, give a massage to' \co There is only a single attestation of the variant -we*wak-. \parse: -ye*w-ak-; ? (-we*wak-) \m -ye*we*- \gp muscles \td `have one's muscles be stiff' \td `get some flesh back on one's bones (after starving)' \td `lie with muscles quivering' \td `tremble, shake, have one's muscles quiver' \td `lose flesh?' \td `have muscles relax' \td `have taut muscles' \parse: -ye*w-e*-